text: The rise of Hitler and other dictators in the 1930s forced numerous Catholic intellectuals to flee Europe; president John O'Hara brought many to Notre Dame. From Germany came Anton-Hermann Chroust (1907–1982) in classics and law, and Waldemar Gurian a German Catholic intellectual of Jewish descent. Positivism dominated American intellectual life in the 1920s onward but in marked contrast, Gurian received a German Catholic education and wrote his doctoral dissertation under Max Scheler. Ivan Meštrović (1883–1962), a renowned sculptor, brought Croatian culture to campus, 1955–62. Yves Simon (1903–61), brought to ND in the 1940s the insights of French studies in the Aristotelian-Thomistic tradition of philosophy; his own teacher Jacques Maritain (1882–73) was a frequent visitor to campus.

title: University_of_Notre_Dame

title: University_of_Notre_Dame

text: The

text: rise

text: of

text: Hitler

text: and

text: other

text: dictators

text: in

text: the

text: forced

text: numerous

text: Catholic

text: intellectuals

text: to

text: flee

text: Europe

text: president

text: John

text: O'Hara

text: brought

text: many

text: to

text: Notre

text: Dame

text: From

text: Germany

text: came

text: Anton

text: Hermann

text: Chroust

text: in

text: classics

text: and

text: law

text: and

text: Waldemar

text: Gurian

text: a

text: German

text: Catholic

text: intellectual

text: of

text: Jewish

text: descent

text: Positivism

text: dominated

text: American

text: intellectual

text: life

text: in

text: the

text: onward

text: but

text: in

text: marked

text: contrast

text: Gurian

text: received

text: a

text: German

text: Catholic

text: education

text: and

text: wrote

text: his

text: doctoral

text: dissertation

text: under

text: Max

text: Scheler

text: Ivan

text: Meštrović

text: a

text: renowned

text: sculptor

text: brought

text: Croatian

text: culture

text: to

text: campus

text: Yves

text: Simon

text: brought

text: to

text: ND

text: in

text: the

text: the

text: insights

text: of

text: French

text: studies

text: in

text: the

text: Aristotelian

text: Thomistic

text: tradition

text: of

text: philosophy

text: his

text: own

text: teacher

text: Jacques

text: Maritain

text: was

text: a

text: frequent

text: visitor

text: to

text: campus

question: What caused many intellectual Catholics to leave europe in the 1930s?

answer: The rise of Hitler and other dictators

text: The rise of Hitler and other dictators

question: From where did Anton-Hermann Chroust come to reach Notre Dame?

answer: Germany

text: Germany

question: What field of study did Anton-Hermann Chroust specialize in?

answer: classics and law

text: classics and law

question: Who did Waldemar Gurian receive his tutelage under while seeking his doctorate?

answer: Max Scheler

text: Max Scheler

question: What was Ivan Meštrović known for being?

answer: a renowned sculptor

text: a renowned sculptor


text: The atmosphere is severely dry nine months of the year, and average annual snowfall is only 18 inches (46 cm), due to the rain shadow effect. Western passes receive small amounts of fresh snow each year but remain traversible all year round. Low temperatures are prevalent throughout these western regions, where bleak desolation is unrelieved by any vegetation bigger than a low bush, and where wind sweeps unchecked across vast expanses of arid plain. The Indian monsoon exerts some influence on eastern Tibet. Northern Tibet is subject to high temperatures in the summer and intense cold in the winter.

title: Tibet

title: Tibet

text: The

text: atmosphere

text: is

text: severely

text: dry

text: nine

text: months

text: of

text: the

text: year

text: and

text: average

text: annual

text: snowfall

text: is

text: only

text: inches

text: cm

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: rain

text: shadow

text: effect

text: Western

text: passes

text: receive

text: small

text: amounts

text: of

text: fresh

text: snow

text: each

text: year

text: but

text: remain

text: traversible

text: all

text: year

text: round

text: Low

text: temperatures

text: are

text: prevalent

text: throughout

text: these

text: western

text: regions

text: where

text: bleak

text: desolation

text: is

text: unrelieved

text: by

text: any

text: vegetation

text: bigger

text: than

text: a

text: low

text: bush

text: and

text: where

text: wind

text: sweeps

text: unchecked

text: across

text: vast

text: expanses

text: of

text: arid

text: plain

text: The

text: Indian

text: monsoon

text: exerts

text: some

text: influence

text: on

text: eastern

text: Tibet

text: Northern

text: Tibet

text: is

text: subject

text: to

text: high

text: temperatures

text: in

text: the

text: summer

text: and

text: intense

text: cold

text: in

text: the

text: winter

question: What is the average annual snowfall in Tibet?

answer: 18 inches

text: 18 inches

question: What weather pattern exerts some influence on eastern TIbet?

answer: Indian monsoon

text: Indian monsoon

question: What are winters like in Tibet?

answer: intense cold

text: intense cold


text: In the 1960s, the term bandes dessinées ("drawn strips") came into wide use in French to denote the medium. Cartoonists began creating comics for mature audiences, and the term "Ninth Art"[e] was coined, as comics began to attract public and academic attention as an artform. A group including René Goscinny and Albert Uderzo founded the magazine Pilote in 1959 to give artists greater freedom over their work. Goscinny and Uderzo's The Adventures of Asterix appeared in it and went on to become the best-selling French-language comics series. From 1960, the satirical and taboo-breaking Hara-Kiri defied censorship laws in the countercultural spirit that led to the May 1968 events.

title: Comics

title: Comics

text: In

text: the

text: the

text: term

text: bandes

text: dessinées

text: drawn

text: strips

text: came

text: into

text: wide

text: use

text: in

text: French

text: to

text: denote

text: the

text: medium

text: Cartoonists

text: began

text: creating

text: comics

text: for

text: mature

text: audiences

text: and

text: the

text: term

text: Ninth

text: Art"[e

text: was

text: coined

text: as

text: comics

text: began

text: to

text: attract

text: public

text: and

text: academic

text: attention

text: as

text: an

text: artform

text: A

text: group

text: including

text: René

text: Goscinny

text: and

text: Albert

text: Uderzo

text: founded

text: the

text: magazine

text: Pilote

text: in

text: to

text: give

text: artists

text: greater

text: freedom

text: over

text: their

text: work

text: Goscinny

text: and

text: Uderzo

text: 's

text: The

text: Adventures

text: of

text: Asterix

text: appeared

text: in

text: it

text: and

text: went

text: on

text: to

text: become

text: the

text: best

text: selling

text: French

text: language

text: comics

text: series

text: From

text: the

text: satirical

text: and

text: taboo

text: breaking

text: Hara

text: Kiri

text: defied

text: censorship

text: laws

text: in

text: the

text: countercultural

text: spirit

text: that

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: May

text: events

question: What does bandes dessinées mean?

answer: drawn strips

text: drawn strips

question: Comics for adults began to be called what?

answer: Ninth Art

text: Ninth Art

question: What year did Pilote begin?

answer: 1959

question: What became a best-seller comic in the French language?

answer: Adventures of Asterix

text: Adventures of Asterix


text: Twilight Princess received the awards for Best Artistic Design, Best Original Score, and Best Use of Sound from IGN for its GameCube version. Both IGN and Nintendo Power gave Twilight Princess the awards for Best Graphics and Best Story. Twilight Princess received Game of the Year awards from GameTrailers, 1UP.com, Electronic Gaming Monthly, Game Informer, Games Radar, GameSpy, Spacey Awards, X-Play and Nintendo Power. It was also given awards for Best Adventure Game from the Game Critics Awards, X-Play, IGN, GameTrailers, 1UP.com, and Nintendo Power. The game was considered the Best Console Game by the Game Critics Awards and GameSpy. The game placed 16th in Official Nintendo Magazine's list of the 100 Greatest Nintendo Games of All Time. IGN ranked the game as the 4th-best Wii game. Nintendo Power ranked the game as the third-best game to be released on a Nintendo system in the 2000s decade.

title: The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Twilight_Princess

title: The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Twilight_Princess

text: Twilight

text: Princess

text: received

text: the

text: awards

text: for

text: Best

text: Artistic

text: Design

text: Best

text: Original

text: Score

text: and

text: Best

text: Use

text: of

text: Sound

text: from

text: IGN

text: for

text: its

text: GameCube

text: version

text: Both

text: IGN

text: and

text: Nintendo

text: Power

text: gave

text: Twilight

text: Princess

text: the

text: awards

text: for

text: Best

text: Graphics

text: and

text: Best

text: Story

text: Twilight

text: Princess

text: received

text: Game

text: of

text: the

text: Year

text: awards

text: from

text: GameTrailers

text: Electronic

text: Gaming

text: Monthly

text: Game

text: Informer

text: Games

text: Radar

text: GameSpy

text: Spacey

text: Awards

text: X

text: Play

text: and

text: Nintendo

text: Power

text: It

text: was

text: also

text: given

text: awards

text: for

text: Best

text: Adventure

text: Game

text: from

text: the

text: Game

text: Critics

text: Awards

text: X

text: Play

text: IGN

text: GameTrailers

text: and

text: Nintendo

text: Power

text: The

text: game

text: was

text: considered

text: the

text: Best

text: Console

text: Game

text: by

text: the

text: Game

text: Critics

text: Awards

text: and

text: GameSpy

text: The

text: game

text: placed

text: in

text: Official

text: Nintendo

text: Magazine

text: 's

text: list

text: of

text: the

text: Greatest

text: Nintendo

text: Games

text: of

text: All

text: Time

text: IGN

text: ranked

text: the

text: game

text: as

text: the

text: best

text: Wii

text: game

text: Nintendo

text: Power

text: ranked

text: the

text: game

text: as

text: the

text: third

text: best

text: game

text: to

text: be

text: released

text: on

text: a

text: Nintendo

text: system

text: in

text: the

text: decade

question: The version of Twilight Princess fo which console won three IGN awards?

answer: GameCube

text: GameCube

question: What was Twilight Princess's rank among all Nintendo games according to Nintendo Magazine?

answer: 16th

question: Where did Twilight Princess place among Wii titles according to IGN?

answer: 4th

question: Where did Twilight Princess rank on Nintendo Power's list of Nintendo games in the 2000s?

answer: third

text: third

question: What 2 critics gave Twilight Princess awards for Best Graphics and Best Story?

answer: IGN and Nintendo Power

text: IGN and Nintendo Power

question: What award did Game Critics Awards and GameSpy give Twilight Princess?

answer: Best Console Game

text: Best Console Game

question: What place did the game take in Nintendo's Official list of 100 Greatest Nintendo Games of All Time?

answer: 16th

question: What place did IGN give the game on the Wii console?

answer: 4th


text: Muhammad Ali Pasha evolved the military from one that convened under the tradition of the corvée to a great modernised army. He introduced conscription of the male peasantry in 19th century Egypt, and took a novel approach to create his great army, strengthening it with numbers and in skill. Education and training of the new soldiers was not an option; the new concepts were furthermore enforced by isolation. The men were held in barracks to avoid distraction of their growth as a military unit to be reckoned with. The resentment for the military way of life eventually faded from the men and a new ideology took hold, one of nationalism and pride. It was with the help of this newly reborn martial unit that Muhammad Ali imposed his rule over Egypt.

title: Egypt

title: Egypt

text: Muhammad

text: Ali

text: Pasha

text: evolved

text: the

text: military

text: from

text: one

text: that

text: convened

text: under

text: the

text: tradition

text: of

text: the

text: corvée

text: to

text: a

text: great

text: modernised

text: army

text: He

text: introduced

text: conscription

text: of

text: the

text: male

text: peasantry

text: in

text: century

text: Egypt

text: and

text: took

text: a

text: novel

text: approach

text: to

text: create

text: his

text: great

text: army

text: strengthening

text: it

text: with

text: numbers

text: and

text: in

text: skill

text: Education

text: and

text: training

text: of

text: the

text: new

text: soldiers

text: was

text: not

text: an

text: option

text: the

text: new

text: concepts

text: were

text: furthermore

text: enforced

text: by

text: isolation

text: The

text: men

text: were

text: held

text: in

text: barracks

text: to

text: avoid

text: distraction

text: of

text: their

text: growth

text: as

text: a

text: military

text: unit

text: to

text: be

text: reckoned

text: with

text: The

text: resentment

text: for

text: the

text: military

text: way

text: of

text: life

text: eventually

text: faded

text: from

text: the

text: men

text: and

text: a

text: new

text: ideology

text: took

text: hold

text: one

text: of

text: nationalism

text: and

text: pride

text: It

text: was

text: with

text: the

text: help

text: of

text: this

text: newly

text: reborn

text: martial

text: unit

text: that

text: Muhammad

text: Ali

text: imposed

text: his

text: rule

text: over

text: Egypt

question: Who modernized Egyptian army?

answer: Muhammad Ali Pasha

text: Muhammad Ali Pasha

question: In what 2 ways was Army improved?

answer: strengthening it with numbers and in skill

text: strengthening it with numbers and in skill

question: Why did military use barracks?

answer: to avoid distraction of their growth

text: to avoid distraction of their growth

question: What traits grew among military men that helped Ali maintain rule?

answer: nationalism and pride

text: nationalism and pride


text: Old Persian is the Old Iranian dialect as it was spoken in south-western Iran by the inhabitants of Parsa, who also gave their name to their region and language. Genuine Old Persian is best attested in one of the three languages of the Behistun inscription, composed circa 520 BC, and which is the last inscription (and only inscription of significant length) in which Old Persian is still grammatically correct. Later inscriptions are comparatively brief, and typically simply copies of words and phrases from earlier ones, often with grammatical errors, which suggests that by the 4th century BC the transition from Old Persian to Middle Persian was already far advanced, but efforts were still being made to retain an "old" quality for official proclamations.

title: Iranian_languages

title: Iranian_languages

text: Old

text: Persian

text: is

text: the

text: Old

text: Iranian

text: dialect

text: as

text: it

text: was

text: spoken

text: in

text: south

text: western

text: Iran

text: by

text: the

text: inhabitants

text: of

text: Parsa

text: who

text: also

text: gave

text: their

text: name

text: to

text: their

text: region

text: and

text: language

text: Genuine

text: Old

text: Persian

text: is

text: best

text: attested

text: in

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: languages

text: of

text: the

text: Behistun

text: inscription

text: composed

text: circa

text: BC

text: and

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: last

text: inscription

text: and

text: only

text: inscription

text: of

text: significant

text: length

text: in

text: which

text: Old

text: Persian

text: is

text: still

text: grammatically

text: correct

text: Later

text: inscriptions

text: are

text: comparatively

text: brief

text: and

text: typically

text: simply

text: copies

text: of

text: words

text: and

text: phrases

text: from

text: earlier

text: ones

text: often

text: with

text: grammatical

text: errors

text: which

text: suggests

text: that

text: by

text: the

text: century

text: BC

text: the

text: transition

text: from

text: Old

text: Persian

text: to

text: Middle

text: Persian

text: was

text: already

text: far

text: advanced

text: but

text: efforts

text: were

text: still

text: being

text: made

text: to

text: retain

text: an

text: old

text: quality

text: for

text: official

text: proclamations

question: In which historical record does Old Persian appear in exemplary form?

answer: the Behistun inscription

text: the Behistun inscription

question: When was the Behistun inscription written?

answer: 520 BC

text: 520 BC

question: During what century was the change from Old to Middle Persian well underway?

answer: 4th century BC

text: 4th century BC


text: Though government support for universities declined in the 1970s and 1980s, President Arnold R. Weber was able to stabilize university finances, leading to a revitalization of the campuses. As admissions to colleges and universities grew increasingly competitive in the 1990s and 2000s, President Henry S. Bienen's tenure saw a notable increase in the number and quality of undergraduate applicants, continued expansion of the facilities and faculty, and renewed athletic competitiveness. In 1999, Northwestern student journalists uncovered information exonerating Illinois death row inmate Anthony Porter two days before his scheduled execution, and the Innocence Project has since exonerated 10 more men. On January 11, 2003, in a speech at Northwestern School of Law's Lincoln Hall, then Governor of Illinois George Ryan announced that he would commute the sentences of more than 150 death row inmates.

title: Northwestern_University

title: Northwestern_University

text: Though

text: government

text: support

text: for

text: universities

text: declined

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: President

text: Arnold

text: R.

text: Weber

text: was

text: able

text: to

text: stabilize

text: university

text: finances

text: leading

text: to

text: a

text: revitalization

text: of

text: the

text: campuses

text: As

text: admissions

text: to

text: colleges

text: and

text: universities

text: grew

text: increasingly

text: competitive

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: President

text: Henry

text: S.

text: Bienen

text: 's

text: tenure

text: saw

text: a

text: notable

text: increase

text: in

text: the

text: number

text: and

text: quality

text: of

text: undergraduate

text: applicants

text: continued

text: expansion

text: of

text: the

text: facilities

text: and

text: faculty

text: and

text: renewed

text: athletic

text: competitiveness

text: In

text: Northwestern

text: student

text: journalists

text: uncovered

text: information

text: exonerating

text: Illinois

text: death

text: row

text: inmate

text: Anthony

text: Porter

text: two

text: days

text: before

text: his

text: scheduled

text: execution

text: and

text: the

text: Innocence

text: Project

text: has

text: since

text: exonerated

text: more

text: men

text: On

text: January

text: in

text: a

text: speech

text: at

text: Northwestern

text: School

text: of

text: Law

text: 's

text: Lincoln

text: Hall

text: then

text: Governor

text: of

text: Illinois

text: George

text: Ryan

text: announced

text: that

text: he

text: would

text: commute

text: the

text: sentences

text: of

text: more

text: than

text: death

text: row

text: inmates

question: In 1999, who uncovered information that exonerated death row inmate Anthony Porter only 2 days before his scheduled death?

answer: Northwestern student journalists

text: Northwestern student journalists

question: What Northwestern program is responsible for exonerating more than 10 men?

answer: the Innocence Project

text: the Innocence Project

question: In 2003, where did Governor George Ryan announce that the sentences of more than 150 death row inmates would be commuted?

answer: Northwestern School of Law's Lincoln Hall

text: Northwestern School of Law's Lincoln Hall

question: What was President Arnold R. Weber able to do with Northwestern's finances as the government's support of universities declined in the 70's and 80's?

answer: stabilize

text: stabilize


text: The San Diego Symphony at Symphony Towers performs on a regular basis and is directed by Jahja Ling. The San Diego Opera at Civic Center Plaza, directed by Ian Campbell, was ranked by Opera America as one of the top 10 opera companies in the United States. Old Globe Theatre at Balboa Park produces about 15 plays and musicals annually. The La Jolla Playhouse at UCSD is directed by Christopher Ashley. Both the Old Globe Theatre and the La Jolla Playhouse have produced the world premieres of plays and musicals that have gone on to win Tony Awards or nominations on Broadway. The Joan B. Kroc Theatre at Kroc Center's Performing Arts Center is a 600-seat state-of-the-art theatre that hosts music, dance, and theatre performances. The San Diego Repertory Theatre at the Lyceum Theatres in Horton Plaza produces a variety of plays and musicals. Hundreds of movies and a dozen TV shows have been filmed in San Diego, a tradition going back as far as 1898.

title: San_Diego

title: San_Diego

text: The

text: San

text: Diego

text: Symphony

text: at

text: Symphony

text: Towers

text: performs

text: on

text: a

text: regular

text: basis

text: and

text: is

text: directed

text: by

text: Jahja

text: Ling

text: The

text: San

text: Diego

text: Opera

text: at

text: Civic

text: Center

text: Plaza

text: directed

text: by

text: Ian

text: Campbell

text: was

text: ranked

text: by

text: Opera

text: America

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: top

text: opera

text: companies

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Old

text: Globe

text: Theatre

text: at

text: Balboa

text: Park

text: produces

text: about

text: plays

text: and

text: musicals

text: annually

text: The

text: La

text: Jolla

text: Playhouse

text: at

text: UCSD

text: is

text: directed

text: by

text: Christopher

text: Ashley

text: Both

text: the

text: Old

text: Globe

text: Theatre

text: and

text: the

text: La

text: Jolla

text: Playhouse

text: have

text: produced

text: the

text: world

text: premieres

text: of

text: plays

text: and

text: musicals

text: that

text: have

text: gone

text: on

text: to

text: win

text: Tony

text: Awards

text: or

text: nominations

text: on

text: Broadway

text: The

text: Joan

text: B.

text: Kroc

text: Theatre

text: at

text: Kroc

text: Center

text: 's

text: Performing

text: Arts

text: Center

text: is

text: a

text: state

text: of

text: the

text: art

text: theatre

text: that

text: hosts

text: music

text: dance

text: and

text: theatre

text: performances

text: The

text: San

text: Diego

text: Repertory

text: Theatre

text: at

text: the

text: Lyceum

text: Theatres

text: in

text: Horton

text: Plaza

text: produces

text: a

text: variety

text: of

text: plays

text: and

text: musicals

text: Hundreds

text: of

text: movies

text: and

text: a

text: dozen

text: TV

text: shows

text: have

text: been

text: filmed

text: in

text: San

text: Diego

text: a

text: tradition

text: going

text: back

text: as

text: far

text: as

question: Who is the director of the San Diego Symphony?

answer: Jahja Ling

text: Jahja Ling

question: Where can one enjoy a performance directed by Christopher Ashley?

answer: La Jolla Playhouse at UCSD

text: La Jolla Playhouse at UCSD

question: What did Opera America call the San Diego Opera at the Civic Center Plaza?

answer: one of the top 10 opera companies in the United States

text: one of the top 10 opera companies in the United States

question: Which theater is known for hosting a variety of musicals and plays?

answer: San Diego Repertory Theatre at the Lyceum Theatres

text: San Diego Repertory Theatre at the Lyceum Theatres

question: How far back to San Diego's roots in the arts and theater sector go?

answer: 1898


text: Lester Brown states that the market "does not incorporate the indirect costs of providing goods or services into prices, it does not value nature's services adequately, and it does not respect the sustainable-yield thresholds of natural systems". It also favors the near term over the long term, thereby showing limited concern for future generations. Tax and subsidy shifting can help overcome these problems, though is also problematic to combine different international normative regimes regulating this issue.

title: Renewable_energy_commercialization

title: Renewable_energy_commercialization

text: Lester

text: Brown

text: states

text: that

text: the

text: market

text: does

text: not

text: incorporate

text: the

text: indirect

text: costs

text: of

text: providing

text: goods

text: or

text: services

text: into

text: prices

text: it

text: does

text: not

text: value

text: nature

text: 's

text: services

text: adequately

text: and

text: it

text: does

text: not

text: respect

text: the

text: sustainable

text: yield

text: thresholds

text: of

text: natural

text: systems

text: It

text: also

text: favors

text: the

text: near

text: term

text: over

text: the

text: long

text: term

text: thereby

text: showing

text: limited

text: concern

text: for

text: future

text: generations

text: Tax

text: and

text: subsidy

text: shifting

text: can

text: help

text: overcome

text: these

text: problems

text: though

text: is

text: also

text: problematic

text: to

text: combine

text: different

text: international

text: normative

text: regimes

text: regulating

text: this

text: issue

question: Lester Brown states that the market does not incorporate what?

answer: the indirect costs of providing goods or services into prices

text: the indirect costs of providing goods or services into prices

question: Who believes that the market does not value nature's service adequately?

answer: Lester Brown

text: Lester Brown

question: What can help over come the problems with the market?

answer: Tax and subsidy shifting

text: Tax and subsidy shifting


text: Neptune has a planetary ring system, though one much less substantial than that of Saturn. The rings may consist of ice particles coated with silicates or carbon-based material, which most likely gives them a reddish hue. The three main rings are the narrow Adams Ring, 63,000 km from the centre of Neptune, the Le Verrier Ring, at 53,000 km, and the broader, fainter Galle Ring, at 42,000 km. A faint outward extension to the Le Verrier Ring has been named Lassell; it is bounded at its outer edge by the Arago Ring at 57,000 km.

title: Neptune

title: Neptune

text: Neptune

text: has

text: a

text: planetary

text: ring

text: system

text: though

text: one

text: much

text: less

text: substantial

text: than

text: that

text: of

text: Saturn

text: The

text: rings

text: may

text: consist

text: of

text: ice

text: particles

text: coated

text: with

text: silicates

text: or

text: carbon

text: based

text: material

text: which

text: most

text: likely

text: gives

text: them

text: a

text: reddish

text: hue

text: The

text: three

text: main

text: rings

text: are

text: the

text: narrow

text: Adams

text: Ring

text: km

text: from

text: the

text: centre

text: of

text: Neptune

text: the

text: Le

text: Verrier

text: Ring

text: at

text: km

text: and

text: the

text: broader

text: fainter

text: Galle

text: Ring

text: at

text: km

text: A

text: faint

text: outward

text: extension

text: to

text: the

text: Le

text: Verrier

text: Ring

text: has

text: been

text: named

text: Lassell

text: it

text: is

text: bounded

text: at

text: its

text: outer

text: edge

text: by

text: the

text: Arago

text: Ring

text: at

text: km

question: What system, like Saturn, does Neptune have?

answer: planetary ring system

text: planetary ring system

question: What might Neptune's rings consist of?

answer: ice particles

text: ice particles

question: What might the ice particles of Neptune's rings be coated with?

answer: silicates or carbon-based material

text: silicates or carbon-based material

question: Where is Adams ring from the center of Neptune?

answer: 63,000 km

text: 63,000 km

question: Where is the La Verrier ring from the center of Neptune?

answer: 53,000 km

text: 53,000 km


text: Although the structural model provided by the University of Paris, where student members are controlled by faculty "masters," provided a standard for universities, the application of this model took at least three different forms. There were universities that had a system of faculties whose teaching addressed a very specific curriculum; this model tended to train specialists. There was a collegiate or tutorial model based on the system at University of Oxford where teaching and organization was decentralized and knowledge was more of a generalist nature. There were also universities that combined these models, using the collegiate model but having a centralized organization.

title: University

title: University

text: Although

text: the

text: structural

text: model

text: provided

text: by

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Paris

text: where

text: student

text: members

text: are

text: controlled

text: by

text: faculty

text: masters

text: provided

text: a

text: standard

text: for

text: universities

text: the

text: application

text: of

text: this

text: model

text: took

text: at

text: least

text: three

text: different

text: forms

text: There

text: were

text: universities

text: that

text: had

text: a

text: system

text: of

text: faculties

text: whose

text: teaching

text: addressed

text: a

text: very

text: specific

text: curriculum

text: this

text: model

text: tended

text: to

text: train

text: specialists

text: There

text: was

text: a

text: collegiate

text: or

text: tutorial

text: model

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: system

text: at

text: University

text: of

text: Oxford

text: where

text: teaching

text: and

text: organization

text: was

text: decentralized

text: and

text: knowledge

text: was

text: more

text: of

text: a

text: generalist

text: nature

text: There

text: were

text: also

text: universities

text: that

text: combined

text: these

text: models

text: using

text: the

text: collegiate

text: model

text: but

text: having

text: a

text: centralized

text: organization

question: What were the faculty who supervised students in the University of Paris called?

answer: masters

text: masters

question: The structure of the University of Paris served as what for other universities?

answer: a standard

text: a standard

question: What type of student did schools that focus on very specific topics aim to create?

answer: specialists

text: specialists

question: Which university had teaching which was more general, and not centralized?

answer: University of Oxford

text: University of Oxford

question: How many styles did the University of Paris model end up taking when applied to other universities?

answer: at least three

text: at least three


text: ASCII was incorporated into the Unicode character set as the first 128 symbols, so the 7-bit ASCII characters have the same numeric codes in both sets. This allows UTF-8 to be backward compatible with 7-bit ASCII, as a UTF-8 file containing only ASCII characters is identical to an ASCII file containing the same sequence of characters. Even more importantly, forward compatibility is ensured as software that recognizes only 7-bit ASCII characters as special and does not alter bytes with the highest bit set (as is often done to support 8-bit ASCII extensions such as ISO-8859-1) will preserve UTF-8 data unchanged.

title: ASCII

title: ASCII

text: ASCII

text: was

text: incorporated

text: into

text: the

text: Unicode

text: character

text: set

text: as

text: the

text: first

text: symbols

text: so

text: the

text: ASCII

text: characters

text: have

text: the

text: same

text: numeric

text: codes

text: in

text: both

text: sets

text: This

text: allows

text: to

text: be

text: backward

text: compatible

text: with

text: ASCII

text: as

text: a

text: file

text: containing

text: only

text: ASCII

text: characters

text: is

text: identical

text: to

text: an

text: ASCII

text: file

text: containing

text: the

text: same

text: sequence

text: of

text: characters

text: Even

text: more

text: importantly

text: forward

text: compatibility

text: is

text: ensured

text: as

text: software

text: that

text: recognizes

text: only

text: ASCII

text: characters

text: as

text: special

text: and

text: does

text: not

text: alter

text: bytes

text: with

text: the

text: highest

text: bit

text: set

text: as

text: is

text: often

text: done

text: to

text: support

text: ASCII

text: extensions

text: such

text: as

text: will

text: preserve

text: data

text: unchanged

question: ASCII was incorporated into what other character set?

answer: Unicode

text: Unicode

question: How many of the symbols are the same in the beginning of the ASCII and Unicode?

answer: 128 symbols

text: 128 symbols

question: What set is backward compatible with 7-bit ASCII?

answer: UTF-8


text: On 17 April 2015, The Sun's columnist Katie Hopkins called migrants to Britain "cockroaches" and "feral humans" and said they were "spreading like the norovirus". Her remarks were condemned by the United Nations High Commission for Human Rights. In a statement released on 24 April 2015, High Commissioner Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein stated that Hopkins' used "language very similar to that employed by Rwanda's Kangura newspaper and Radio Mille Collines during the run up to the 1994 genocide", and noted that both media organizations were subsequently convicted by an international tribunal of public incitement to commit genocide.

title: The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)

title: The_Sun_(United_Kingdom

text: On

text: April

text: The

text: Sun

text: 's

text: columnist

text: Katie

text: Hopkins

text: called

text: migrants

text: to

text: Britain

text: cockroaches

text: and

text: feral

text: humans

text: and

text: said

text: they

text: were

text: spreading

text: like

text: the

text: norovirus

text: Her

text: remarks

text: were

text: condemned

text: by

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: High

text: Commission

text: for

text: Human

text: Rights

text: In

text: a

text: statement

text: released

text: on

text: April

text: High

text: Commissioner

text: Zeid

text: Ra'ad

text: Al

text: Hussein

text: stated

text: that

text: Hopkins

text: used

text: language

text: very

text: similar

text: to

text: that

text: employed

text: by

text: Rwanda

text: 's

text: Kangura

text: newspaper

text: and

text: Radio

text: Mille

text: Collines

text: during

text: the

text: run

text: up

text: to

text: the

text: genocide

text: and

text: noted

text: that

text: both

text: media

text: organizations

text: were

text: subsequently

text: convicted

text: by

text: an

text: international

text: tribunal

text: of

text: public

text: incitement

text: to

text: commit

text: genocide

question: Which Sun columnist made controversial remarks about migrants to Britain in April 2015?

answer: Katie Hopkins

text: Katie Hopkins

question: What terms did Katie Hopkins use to describe migrants to Britain?

answer: "cockroaches" and "feral humans" and said they were "spreading like the norovirus"

text: "cockroaches" and "feral humans" and said they were "spreading like the norovirus"

question: Which organization sharply rebuked Hopkins' comments?

answer: the United Nations High Commission for Human Rights

text: the United Nations High Commission for Human Rights

question: Who was the High Commissioner of the United Nations High Commission for Human Rights?

answer: Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein

text: Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein

question: What did Hussein compare Hopkins' remarks to?

answer: that employed by Rwanda's Kangura newspaper and Radio Mille Collines during the run up to the 1994 genocide

text: that employed by Rwanda's Kangura newspaper and Radio Mille Collines during the run up to the 1994 genocide


text: In addition to the classical restaurants, Paris has several other kinds of traditional eating places. The café arrived in Paris in the 17th century, when the beverage was first brought from Turkey, and by the 18th century Parisian cafés were centres of the city's political and cultural life. The Cafe Procope on the Left Bank dates from this period. In the 20th century, the cafés of the Left Bank, especially Café de la Rotonde and Le Dôme Café in Montparnasse and Café de Flore and Les Deux Magots on Boulevard Saint Germain, all still in business, were important meeting places for painters, writers and philosophers. A bistro is a type of eating place loosely defined as a neighbourhood restaurant with a modest decor and prices and a regular clientele and a congenial atmosphere. Its name is said to have come in 1814 from the Russian soldiers who occupied the city; "bistro" means "quickly" in Russian, and they wanted their meals served rapidly so they could get back their encampment. Real bistros are increasingly rare in Paris, due to rising costs, competition from cheaper ethnic restaurants, and different eating habits of Parisian diners. A brasserie originally was a tavern located next to a brewery, which served beer and food at any hour. Beginning with the Paris Exposition of 1867; it became a popular kind of restaurant which featured beer and other beverages served by young women in the national costume associated with the beverage, particular German costumes for beer. Now brasseries, like cafés, serve food and drinks throughout the day.

title: Paris

title: Paris

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: the

text: classical

text: restaurants

text: Paris

text: has

text: several

text: other

text: kinds

text: of

text: traditional

text: eating

text: places

text: The

text: café

text: arrived

text: in

text: Paris

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: when

text: the

text: beverage

text: was

text: first

text: brought

text: from

text: Turkey

text: and

text: by

text: the

text: century

text: Parisian

text: cafés

text: were

text: centres

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: political

text: and

text: cultural

text: life

text: The

text: Cafe

text: Procope

text: on

text: the

text: Left

text: Bank

text: dates

text: from

text: this

text: period

text: In

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: cafés

text: of

text: the

text: Left

text: Bank

text: especially

text: Café

text: de

text: la

text: Rotonde

text: and

text: Le

text: Dôme

text: Café

text: in

text: Montparnasse

text: and

text: Café

text: de

text: Flore

text: and

text: Les

text: Deux

text: Magots

text: on

text: Boulevard

text: Saint

text: Germain

text: all

text: still

text: in

text: business

text: were

text: important

text: meeting

text: places

text: for

text: painters

text: writers

text: and

text: philosophers

text: A

text: bistro

text: is

text: a

text: type

text: of

text: eating

text: place

text: loosely

text: defined

text: as

text: a

text: neighbourhood

text: restaurant

text: with

text: a

text: modest

text: decor

text: and

text: prices

text: and

text: a

text: regular

text: clientele

text: and

text: a

text: congenial

text: atmosphere

text: Its

text: name

text: is

text: said

text: to

text: have

text: come

text: in

text: from

text: the

text: Russian

text: soldiers

text: who

text: occupied

text: the

text: city

text: bistro

text: means

text: quickly

text: in

text: Russian

text: and

text: they

text: wanted

text: their

text: meals

text: served

text: rapidly

text: so

text: they

text: could

text: get

text: back

text: their

text: encampment

text: Real

text: bistros

text: are

text: increasingly

text: rare

text: in

text: Paris

text: due

text: to

text: rising

text: costs

text: competition

text: from

text: cheaper

text: ethnic

text: restaurants

text: and

text: different

text: eating

text: habits

text: of

text: Parisian

text: diners

text: A

text: brasserie

text: originally

text: was

text: a

text: tavern

text: located

text: next

text: to

text: a

text: brewery

text: which

text: served

text: beer

text: and

text: food

text: at

text: any

text: hour

text: Beginning

text: with

text: the

text: Paris

text: Exposition

text: of

text: it

text: became

text: a

text: popular

text: kind

text: of

text: restaurant

text: which

text: featured

text: beer

text: and

text: other

text: beverages

text: served

text: by

text: young

text: women

text: in

text: the

text: national

text: costume

text: associated

text: with

text: the

text: beverage

text: particular

text: German

text: costumes

text: for

text: beer

text: Now

text: brasseries

text: like

text: cafés

text: serve

text: food

text: and

text: drinks

text: throughout

text: the

text: day

question: When was the first cafe opened in Paris?

answer: 17th century

text: 17th century

question: What is the oldest cafe in Paris?

answer: Cafe Procope

text: Cafe Procope

question: What type of eating place is defined as a neighborhood restaurant?

answer: bistro

text: bistro

question: When was the brasserie made popular?

answer: Paris Exposition of 1867

text: Paris Exposition of 1867


text: In single phase squirrel cage motors, the primary winding within the motor housing is not capable of starting a rotational motion on the rotor, but is capable of sustaining one. To start the motor, a secondary "start" winding has a series non-polarized starting capacitor to introduce a lead in the sinusoidal current. When the secondary (start) winding is placed at an angle with respect to the primary (run) winding, a rotating electric field is created. The force of the rotational field is not constant, but is sufficient to start the rotor spinning. When the rotor comes close to operating speed, a centrifugal switch (or current-sensitive relay in series with the main winding) disconnects the capacitor. The start capacitor is typically mounted to the side of the motor housing. These are called capacitor-start motors, that have relatively high starting torque. Typically they can have up-to four times as much starting torque than a split-phase motor and are used on applications such as compressors, pressure washers and any small device requiring high starting torques.

title: Capacitor

title: Capacitor

text: In

text: single

text: phase

text: squirrel

text: cage

text: motors

text: the

text: primary

text: winding

text: within

text: the

text: motor

text: housing

text: is

text: not

text: capable

text: of

text: starting

text: a

text: rotational

text: motion

text: on

text: the

text: rotor

text: but

text: is

text: capable

text: of

text: sustaining

text: one

text: To

text: start

text: the

text: motor

text: a

text: secondary

text: start

text: winding

text: has

text: a

text: series

text: non

text: polarized

text: starting

text: capacitor

text: to

text: introduce

text: a

text: lead

text: in

text: the

text: sinusoidal

text: current

text: When

text: the

text: secondary

text: start

text: winding

text: is

text: placed

text: at

text: an

text: angle

text: with

text: respect

text: to

text: the

text: primary

text: run

text: winding

text: a

text: rotating

text: electric

text: field

text: is

text: created

text: The

text: force

text: of

text: the

text: rotational

text: field

text: is

text: not

text: constant

text: but

text: is

text: sufficient

text: to

text: start

text: the

text: rotor

text: spinning

text: When

text: the

text: rotor

text: comes

text: close

text: to

text: operating

text: speed

text: a

text: centrifugal

text: switch

text: or

text: current

text: sensitive

text: relay

text: in

text: series

text: with

text: the

text: main

text: winding

text: disconnects

text: the

text: capacitor

text: The

text: start

text: capacitor

text: is

text: typically

text: mounted

text: to

text: the

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: motor

text: housing

text: These

text: are

text: called

text: capacitor

text: start

text: motors

text: that

text: have

text: relatively

text: high

text: starting

text: torque

text: Typically

text: they

text: can

text: have

text: up

text: to

text: four

text: times

text: as

text: much

text: starting

text: torque

text: than

text: a

text: split

text: phase

text: motor

text: and

text: are

text: used

text: on

text: applications

text: such

text: as

text: compressors

text: pressure

text: washers

text: and

text: any

text: small

text: device

text: requiring

text: high

text: starting

text: torques

question: What is the main winding on a squirrel cage motor capable of withstanding?

answer: a rotational motion on the rotor

text: a rotational motion on the rotor

question: What sort of capacitors are used on the second winding of a squirrel cage motor?

answer: series non-polarized starting capacitor

text: series non-polarized starting capacitor

question: What does the capacitor on the second winding of a squirrel cage motor do?

answer: introduce a lead in the sinusoidal current

text: introduce a lead in the sinusoidal current

question: What does the centrifugal switch do the capacitor when the rotor achieves operating speed?

answer: disconnects the capacitor

text: disconnects the capacitor

question: Where is the start capacitor commonly mounted?

answer: to the side of the motor housing

text: to the side of the motor housing


text: The city has a sizable Jewish population with an estimated 25,000 Jews within the city and 227,000 within the Boston metro area; the number of congregations in Boston is estimated at 22. The adjacent communities of Brookline and Newton are both approximately one-third Jewish.

title: Boston

title: Boston

text: The

text: city

text: has

text: a

text: sizable

text: Jewish

text: population

text: with

text: an

text: estimated

text: Jews

text: within

text: the

text: city

text: and

text: within

text: the

text: Boston

text: metro

text: area

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: congregations

text: in

text: Boston

text: is

text: estimated

text: at

text: The

text: adjacent

text: communities

text: of

text: Brookline

text: and

text: Newton

text: are

text: both

text: approximately

text: one

text: third

text: Jewish

question: How many Jewish people live in the City of Boston?

answer: 25,000

question: How many Jewish people live in the Boston Metro area?

answer: 227,000

question: What is the total number of congregations in Boston?

answer: 22

question: What adjascent communities also hold a high Jewish population?

answer: Brookline and Newton

text: Brookline and Newton

question: What is the estimated percentage of the population of Brookline and newton that are jewish?

answer: one-third

text: one-third


text: World literature was enriched by the works of Edmund Spenser, John Milton, John Bunyan, John Donne, John Dryden, Daniel Defoe, William Wordsworth, Jonathan Swift, Johann Wolfgang Goethe, Friedrich Schiller, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Edgar Allan Poe, Matthew Arnold, Conrad Ferdinand Meyer, Theodor Fontane, Washington Irving, Robert Browning, Emily Dickinson, Emily Brontë, Charles Dickens, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Thomas Stearns Eliot, John Galsworthy, Thomas Mann, William Faulkner, John Updike, and many others.

title: Protestantism

title: Protestantism

text: World

text: literature

text: was

text: enriched

text: by

text: the

text: works

text: of

text: Edmund

text: Spenser

text: John

text: Milton

text: John

text: Bunyan

text: John

text: Donne

text: John

text: Dryden

text: Daniel

text: Defoe

text: William

text: Wordsworth

text: Jonathan

text: Swift

text: Johann

text: Wolfgang

text: Goethe

text: Friedrich

text: Schiller

text: Samuel

text: Taylor

text: Coleridge

text: Edgar

text: Allan

text: Poe

text: Matthew

text: Arnold

text: Conrad

text: Ferdinand

text: Meyer

text: Theodor

text: Fontane

text: Washington

text: Irving

text: Robert

text: Browning

text: Emily

text: Dickinson

text: Emily

text: Brontë

text: Charles

text: Dickens

text: Nathaniel

text: Hawthorne

text: Thomas

text: Stearns

text: Eliot

text: John

text: Galsworthy

text: Thomas

text: Mann

text: William

text: Faulkner

text: John

text: Updike

text: and

text: many

text: others

question: What did John Milton do for world literature?

answer: enrich

text: enrich

question: Samuel Taylor is listed as enriching what?

answer: World literature

text: World literature

question: What women writers were listed as contributors to world literature?

answer: Emily Dickinson, Emily Brontë

text: Emily Dickinson, Emily Brontë

question: Edgar Allen Poe added value to literature in what area?

answer: World

text: World


text: International pressure led to a ceasefire, and by then 37% of the island had been taken over by the Turks and 180,000 Greek Cypriots had been evicted from their homes in the north. At the same time, around 50,000 Turkish Cypriots moved to the areas under the control of the Turkish Forces and settled in the properties of the displaced Greek Cypriots. Among a variety of sanctions against Turkey, in mid-1975 the US Congress imposed an arms embargo on Turkey for using American-supplied equipment during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974. There are 1,534 Greek Cypriots and 502 Turkish Cypriots missing as a result of the fighting.

title: Cyprus

title: Cyprus

text: International

text: pressure

text: led

text: to

text: a

text: ceasefire

text: and

text: by

text: then

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: had

text: been

text: taken

text: over

text: by

text: the

text: Turks

text: and

text: Greek

text: Cypriots

text: had

text: been

text: evicted

text: from

text: their

text: homes

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: At

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: around

text: Turkish

text: Cypriots

text: moved

text: to

text: the

text: areas

text: under

text: the

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: Turkish

text: Forces

text: and

text: settled

text: in

text: the

text: properties

text: of

text: the

text: displaced

text: Greek

text: Cypriots

text: Among

text: a

text: variety

text: of

text: sanctions

text: against

text: Turkey

text: in

text: the

text: US

text: Congress

text: imposed

text: an

text: arms

text: embargo

text: on

text: Turkey

text: for

text: using

text: American

text: supplied

text: equipment

text: during

text: the

text: Turkish

text: invasion

text: of

text: Cyprus

text: in

text: There

text: are

text: Greek

text: Cypriots

text: and

text: Turkish

text: Cypriots

text: missing

text: as

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: the

text: fighting

question: How much of the island was controlled by Turks after international pressure led to a ceasefire?

answer: 37%

question: How many Greek Cypriots had been displaced from their homes?

answer: 180,000

question: How many Turkish Cypriots moved into areas that were under Turkish control?

answer: 50,000

question: In what year did the US impose an arms embargo on Turkey?

answer: 1975

question: Why did the US impose an arms embargo on Turkey?

answer: using American-supplied equipment during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974

text: using American-supplied equipment during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974


text: His organisational skills led him to a career in the Roman Curia, the papal civil service. In 1931, Pacelli appointed him to teach history at the Papal Academy for Diplomats In 1937, after his mentor Giuseppe Pizzardo was named a cardinal and was succeeded by Domenico Tardini, Montini was named Substitute for Ordinary Affairs under Cardinal Pacelli, the Secretary of State under Pope Pius XI. From Pius XI, whom he viewed with awe, he adopted the view, that learning is a life long process, and that history was the magister vitae teacher of life His immediate supervisor in the Vatican was Domenico Tardini, with whom he got along well. The election of Pacelli to the papacy in 1939, anticipated by everybody and openly promoted by Pope Pius XI in his last years, was a good omen for Montini, whose position was confirmed in the position under the new Cardinal Secretary of State Luigi Maglione. He met the pope every morning until 1954 and thus developed a rather close relationship:

title: Pope_Paul_VI

title: Pope_Paul_VI

text: His

text: organisational

text: skills

text: led

text: him

text: to

text: a

text: career

text: in

text: the

text: Roman

text: Curia

text: the

text: papal

text: civil

text: service

text: In

text: Pacelli

text: appointed

text: him

text: to

text: teach

text: history

text: at

text: the

text: Papal

text: Academy

text: for

text: Diplomats

text: In

text: after

text: his

text: mentor

text: Giuseppe

text: Pizzardo

text: was

text: named

text: a

text: cardinal

text: and

text: was

text: succeeded

text: by

text: Domenico

text: Tardini

text: Montini

text: was

text: named

text: Substitute

text: for

text: Ordinary

text: Affairs

text: under

text: Cardinal

text: Pacelli

text: the

text: Secretary

text: of

text: State

text: under

text: Pope

text: Pius

text: XI

text: From

text: Pius

text: XI

text: whom

text: he

text: viewed

text: with

text: awe

text: he

text: adopted

text: the

text: view

text: that

text: learning

text: is

text: a

text: life

text: long

text: process

text: and

text: that

text: history

text: was

text: the

text: magister

text: vitae

text: teacher

text: of

text: life

text: His

text: immediate

text: supervisor

text: in

text: the

text: Vatican

text: was

text: Domenico

text: Tardini

text: with

text: whom

text: he

text: got

text: along

text: well

text: The

text: election

text: of

text: Pacelli

text: to

text: the

text: papacy

text: in

text: anticipated

text: by

text: everybody

text: and

text: openly

text: promoted

text: by

text: Pope

text: Pius

text: XI

text: in

text: his

text: last

text: years

text: was

text: a

text: good

text: omen

text: for

text: Montini

text: whose

text: position

text: was

text: confirmed

text: in

text: the

text: position

text: under

text: the

text: new

text: Cardinal

text: Secretary

text: of

text: State

text: Luigi

text: Maglione

text: He

text: met

text: the

text: pope

text: every

text: morning

text: until

text: and

text: thus

text: developed

text: a

text: rather

text: close

text: relationship

question: What type of natural ability helped Montini in his career in the Roman Curia?

answer: organisational skills

text: organisational skills

question: When was Paccelli elected to the papacy?

answer: 1939

question: With whom did Montini have a relationship with that eventually groomed him for the papacy?

answer: Pacelli

text: Pacelli

question: Where did Montini teach history?

answer: Papal Academy for Diplomats

text: Papal Academy for Diplomats

question: Who was Montini's mentor that eventually became a Cardinal?

answer: Giuseppe Pizzardo

text: Giuseppe Pizzardo


text: Plymouth City Council is responsible for waste management throughout the city and South West Water is responsible for sewerage. Plymouth's electricity is supplied from the National Grid and distributed to Plymouth via Western Power Distribution. On the outskirts of Plympton a combined cycle gas-powered station, the Langage Power Station, which started to produce electricity for Plymouth at the end of 2009.

title: Plymouth

title: Plymouth

text: Plymouth

text: City

text: Council

text: is

text: responsible

text: for

text: waste

text: management

text: throughout

text: the

text: city

text: and

text: South

text: West

text: Water

text: is

text: responsible

text: for

text: sewerage

text: Plymouth

text: 's

text: electricity

text: is

text: supplied

text: from

text: the

text: National

text: Grid

text: and

text: distributed

text: to

text: Plymouth

text: via

text: Western

text: Power

text: Distribution

text: On

text: the

text: outskirts

text: of

text: Plympton

text: a

text: combined

text: cycle

text: gas

text: powered

text: station

text: the

text: Langage

text: Power

text: Station

text: which

text: started

text: to

text: produce

text: electricity

text: for

text: Plymouth

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

question: What body handles waste management in Plymouth?

answer: Plymouth City Council

text: Plymouth City Council

question: Who oversees Plymouth's sewers?

answer: South West Water

text: South West Water

question: Who distributes electricity in Plymouth?

answer: Western Power Distribution

text: Western Power Distribution

question: In what year did Langage Power Station come on line?

answer: 2009

question: What settlement is Langage Power Station located near?

answer: Plympton

text: Plympton


text:
Apart from its use as a reactant, H
2 has wide applications in physics and engineering. It is used as a shielding gas in welding methods such as atomic hydrogen welding. H2 is used as the rotor coolant in electrical generators at power stations, because it has the highest thermal conductivity of any gas. Liquid H2 is used in cryogenic research, including superconductivity studies. Because H
2 is lighter than air, having a little more than 1⁄14 of the density of air, it was once widely used as a lifting gas in balloons and airships.

title: Hydrogen

title: Hydrogen

text: Apart

text: from

text: its

text: use

text: as

text: a

text: reactant

text: H

text: has

text: wide

text: applications

text: in

text: physics

text: and

text: engineering

text: It

text: is

text: used

text: as

text: a

text: shielding

text: gas

text: in

text: welding

text: methods

text: such

text: as

text: atomic

text: hydrogen

text: welding

text: is

text: used

text: as

text: the

text: rotor

text: coolant

text: in

text: electrical

text: generators

text: at

text: power

text: stations

text: because

text: it

text: has

text: the

text: highest

text: thermal

text: conductivity

text: of

text: any

text: gas

text: Liquid

text: is

text: used

text: in

text: cryogenic

text: research

text: including

text: superconductivity

text: studies

text: Because

text: H

text: is

text: lighter

text: than

text: air

text: having

text: a

text: little

text: more

text: than

text: of

text: the

text: density

text: of

text: air

text: it

text: was

text: once

text: widely

text: used

text: as

text: a

text: lifting

text: gas

text: in

text: balloons

text: and

text: airships

question: Where else is H2 applied?

answer: in physics and engineering

text: in physics and engineering

question: How is H2 used in electrical generators at power stations?

answer: as the rotor coolant

text: as the rotor coolant

question: Why is it used as the rotor coolant?

answer: it has the highest thermal conductivity of any gas

text: it has the highest thermal conductivity of any gas

question: What research uses liquid H2?

answer: cryogenic

text: cryogenic


text: With Burma preoccupied by the Chinese threat, Ayutthaya recovered its territories by 1770, and went on to capture Lan Na by 1776. Burma and Siam went to war until 1855, but all resulted in a stalemate, exchanging Tenasserim (to Burma) and Lan Na (to Ayutthaya). Faced with a powerful China and a resurgent Ayutthaya in the east, King Bodawpaya turned west, acquiring Arakan (1785), Manipur (1814) and Assam (1817). It was the second-largest empire in Burmese history but also one with a long ill-defined border with British India.

title: Myanmar

title: Myanmar

text: With

text: Burma

text: preoccupied

text: by

text: the

text: Chinese

text: threat

text: Ayutthaya

text: recovered

text: its

text: territories

text: by

text: and

text: went

text: on

text: to

text: capture

text: Lan

text: by

text: Burma

text: and

text: Siam

text: went

text: to

text: war

text: until

text: but

text: all

text: resulted

text: in

text: a

text: stalemate

text: exchanging

text: Tenasserim

text: to

text: Burma

text: and

text: Lan

text: to

text: Ayutthaya

text: Faced

text: with

text: a

text: powerful

text: China

text: and

text: a

text: resurgent

text: Ayutthaya

text: in

text: the

text: east

text: King

text: Bodawpaya

text: turned

text: west

text: acquiring

text: Arakan

text: Manipur

text: and

text: Assam

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: empire

text: in

text: Burmese

text: history

text: but

text: also

text: one

text: with

text: a

text: long

text: ill

text: defined

text: border

text: with

text: British

text: India

question: What was the event called that caused  Ayutthaya  to reclaim lost territories ?

answer: the Chinese threat

text: the Chinese threat

question: In what year did  Ayutthaya capture Lan Na  ?

answer: 1776.

question: What country was Burma at war with with until 1855 ?

answer: Arakan

text: Arakan

question: Who managed to eventually control the territory of Arakan

answer: King Bodawpaya

text: King Bodawpaya


text: A section of East 58th Street 40°45′40.3″N 73°57′56.9″W / 40.761194°N 73.965806°W / 40.761194; -73.965806 between Lexington and Second Avenues is known as Designers' Way and features a number of high end interior design and decoration establishments, including

title: List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan

title: List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan

text: A

text: section

text: of

text: East

text: Street

text: N

text: W

text: between

text: Lexington

text: and

text: Second

text: Avenues

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: Designers

text: Way

text: and

text: features

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: high

text: end

text: interior

text: design

text: and

text: decoration

text: establishments

text: including

question: What is the section of East 58th Street between Lexington and Second Avenues known as?

answer: Designers' Way

text: Designers' Way

question: Which section of Eat 58th Street features high end interior design and decoration establishments?

answer: Designers' Way

text: Designers' Way

question: Designers' Way occurs on East 58th Street between Lexington and which other Avenue?

answer: Second

text: Second


text: In the northeast, Slavs from the Kievan region colonized the territory that later would become the Grand Duchy of Moscow by subjugating and merging with the Finnic tribes already occupying the area. The city of Rostov, the oldest centre of the northeast, was supplanted first by Suzdal and then by the city of Vladimir, which become the capital of Vladimir-Suzdal'. The combined principality of Vladimir-Suzdal asserted itself as a major power in Kievan Rus' in the late 12th century. In 1169 Prince Andrey Bogolyubskiy of Vladimir-Suzdal sacked the city of Kiev and took over the title of the (Великий Князь/Velikiy Knyaz/Grand Prince or Grand Duke) to Vladimir, this way claiming the primacy in Rus'. Prince Andrey then installed his younger brother, who ruled briefly in Kiev while Andrey continued to rule his realm from Suzdal. In 1299, in the wake of the Mongol invasion, the metropolitan moved from Kiev to the city of Vladimir and Vladimir-Suzdal.

title: Kievan_Rus%27

title: Kievan_Rus%27

text: In

text: the

text: northeast

text: Slavs

text: from

text: the

text: Kievan

text: region

text: colonized

text: the

text: territory

text: that

text: later

text: would

text: become

text: the

text: Grand

text: Duchy

text: of

text: Moscow

text: by

text: subjugating

text: and

text: merging

text: with

text: the

text: Finnic

text: tribes

text: already

text: occupying

text: the

text: area

text: The

text: city

text: of

text: Rostov

text: the

text: oldest

text: centre

text: of

text: the

text: northeast

text: was

text: supplanted

text: first

text: by

text: Suzdal

text: and

text: then

text: by

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Vladimir

text: which

text: become

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: Vladimir

text: Suzdal

text: The

text: combined

text: principality

text: of

text: Vladimir

text: Suzdal

text: asserted

text: itself

text: as

text: a

text: major

text: power

text: in

text: Kievan

text: Rus

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: In

text: Prince

text: Andrey

text: Bogolyubskiy

text: of

text: Vladimir

text: Suzdal

text: sacked

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Kiev

text: and

text: took

text: over

text: the

text: title

text: of

text: the

text: Великий

text: Князь/Velikiy

text: Knyaz

text: Grand

text: Prince

text: or

text: Grand

text: Duke

text: to

text: Vladimir

text: this

text: way

text: claiming

text: the

text: primacy

text: in

text: Rus

text: Prince

text: Andrey

text: then

text: installed

text: his

text: younger

text: brother

text: who

text: ruled

text: briefly

text: in

text: Kiev

text: while

text: Andrey

text: continued

text: to

text: rule

text: his

text: realm

text: from

text: Suzdal

text: In

text: in

text: the

text: wake

text: of

text: the

text: Mongol

text: invasion

text: the

text: metropolitan

text: moved

text: from

text: Kiev

text: to

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Vladimir

text: and

text: Vladimir

text: Suzdal

question: The Slavs from Kievan would eventually settle in the North East of the region, What would this region later become?

answer: Grand Duchy of Moscow

text: Grand Duchy of Moscow

question: What was the name of the oldest city in the north east?

answer: Rostov

text: Rostov

question: In what year did the mongol invasion begin?

answer: In 1299

text: In 1299


text: Freemasonry consists of fraternal organisations that trace their origins to the local fraternities of stonemasons, which from the end of the fourteenth century regulated the qualifications of stonemasons and their interaction with authorities and clients. The degrees of freemasonry retain the three grades of medieval craft guilds, those of Apprentice, Journeyman or fellow (now called Fellowcraft), and Master Mason. These are the degrees offered by Craft (or Blue Lodge) Freemasonry. Members of these organisations are known as Freemasons or Masons. There are additional degrees, which vary with locality and jurisdiction, and are usually administered by different bodies than the craft degrees.

title: Freemasonry

title: Freemasonry

text: Freemasonry

text: consists

text: of

text: fraternal

text: organisations

text: that

text: trace

text: their

text: origins

text: to

text: the

text: local

text: fraternities

text: of

text: stonemasons

text: which

text: from

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: fourteenth

text: century

text: regulated

text: the

text: qualifications

text: of

text: stonemasons

text: and

text: their

text: interaction

text: with

text: authorities

text: and

text: clients

text: The

text: degrees

text: of

text: freemasonry

text: retain

text: the

text: three

text: grades

text: of

text: medieval

text: craft

text: guilds

text: those

text: of

text: Apprentice

text: Journeyman

text: or

text: fellow

text: now

text: called

text: Fellowcraft

text: and

text: Master

text: Mason

text: These

text: are

text: the

text: degrees

text: offered

text: by

text: Craft

text: or

text: Blue

text: Lodge

text: Freemasonry

text: Members

text: of

text: these

text: organisations

text: are

text: known

text: as

text: Freemasons

text: or

text: Masons

text: There

text: are

text: additional

text: degrees

text: which

text: vary

text: with

text: locality

text: and

text: jurisdiction

text: and

text: are

text: usually

text: administered

text: by

text: different

text: bodies

text: than

text: the

text: craft

text: degrees

question: Where are the origins of Freemasonry?

answer: local fraternities of stonemasons

text: local fraternities of stonemasons

question: What were the fraternaties of stonemasons origionally responsible for?

answer: regulated the qualifications of stonemasons and their interaction with authorities and clients

text: regulated the qualifications of stonemasons and their interaction with authorities and clients

question: Where did the degrees of Freemasonry derived from?

answer: the three grades of medieval craft guilds

text: the three grades of medieval craft guilds

question: What are the degrees of Freemasonry?

answer: Apprentice, Journeyman or fellow (now called Fellowcraft), and Master Mason

text: Apprentice, Journeyman or fellow (now called Fellowcraft), and Master Mason

question: Freemasons trace their origins to what?

answer: the local fraternities of stonemasons

text: the local fraternities of stonemasons

question: How many grades are there in medieval craft guilds?

answer: three grades

text: three grades

question: Craft Freemasonry is also known as what?

answer: Blue Lodge

text: Blue Lodge

question: Members of Craft Masonry are called what?

answer: Freemasons or Masons

text: Freemasons or Masons


text: Imported Chinese labourers arrived in 1810, reaching a peak of 618 in 1818, after which numbers were reduced. Only a few older men remained after the British Crown took over the government of the island from the East India Company in 1834. The majority were sent back to China, although records in the Cape suggest that they never got any farther than Cape Town. There were also a very few Indian lascars who worked under the harbour master.

title: Saint_Helena

title: Saint_Helena

text: Imported

text: Chinese

text: labourers

text: arrived

text: in

text: reaching

text: a

text: peak

text: of

text: in

text: after

text: which

text: numbers

text: were

text: reduced

text: Only

text: a

text: few

text: older

text: men

text: remained

text: after

text: the

text: British

text: Crown

text: took

text: over

text: the

text: government

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: from

text: the

text: East

text: India

text: Company

text: in

text: The

text: majority

text: were

text: sent

text: back

text: to

text: China

text: although

text: records

text: in

text: the

text: Cape

text: suggest

text: that

text: they

text: never

text: got

text: any

text: farther

text: than

text: Cape

text: Town

text: There

text: were

text: also

text: a

text: very

text: few

text: Indian

text: lascars

text: who

text: worked

text: under

text: the

text: harbour

text: master

question: When did Imported Chinese labor arrive?

answer: 1810

question: How many imported Chinese laborers were there at the peak of importation?

answer: 618

question: What year did importation of Chinese Laborers peak?

answer: 1818


text: Sometime after the publication of the Eclogues (probably before 37 BC), Virgil became part of the circle of Maecenas, Octavian's capable agent d'affaires who sought to counter sympathy for Antony among the leading families by rallying Roman literary figures to Octavian's side. Virgil came to know many of the other leading literary figures of the time, including Horace, in whose poetry he is often mentioned, and Varius Rufus, who later helped finish the Aeneid.

title: Virgil

title: Virgil

text: Sometime

text: after

text: the

text: publication

text: of

text: the

text: Eclogues

text: probably

text: before

text: BC

text: Virgil

text: became

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: circle

text: of

text: Maecenas

text: Octavian

text: 's

text: capable

text: agent

text: d'affaires

text: who

text: sought

text: to

text: counter

text: sympathy

text: for

text: Antony

text: among

text: the

text: leading

text: families

text: by

text: rallying

text: Roman

text: literary

text: figures

text: to

text: Octavian

text: 's

text: side

text: Virgil

text: came

text: to

text: know

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: other

text: leading

text: literary

text: figures

text: of

text: the

text: time

text: including

text: Horace

text: in

text: whose

text: poetry

text: he

text: is

text: often

text: mentioned

text: and

text: Varius

text: Rufus

text: who

text: later

text: helped

text: finish

text: the

text: Aeneid

question: Who helped finish the Aeneid?

answer: Varius Rufus

text: Varius Rufus

question: When where the Eclogues likely published?

answer: before 37 BC

text: before 37 BC

question: What were Octavian' s agent d'affaires called?

answer: Maecenas

text: Maecenas

question: Which leading literary figure often mentioned Virgin in his poetry?

answer: Horace

text: Horace


text: Pitt's Act was deemed a failure because it quickly became apparent that the boundaries between government control and the company's powers were nebulous and highly subjective. The government felt obliged to respond to humanitarian calls for better treatment of local peoples in British-occupied territories. Edmund Burke, a former East India Company shareholder and diplomat, was moved to address the situation and introduced a new Regulating Bill in 1783. The bill was defeated amid lobbying by company loyalists and accusations of nepotism in the bill's recommendations for the appointment of councillors.

title: East_India_Company

title: East_India_Company

text: Pitt

text: 's

text: Act

text: was

text: deemed

text: a

text: failure

text: because

text: it

text: quickly

text: became

text: apparent

text: that

text: the

text: boundaries

text: between

text: government

text: control

text: and

text: the

text: company

text: 's

text: powers

text: were

text: nebulous

text: and

text: highly

text: subjective

text: The

text: government

text: felt

text: obliged

text: to

text: respond

text: to

text: humanitarian

text: calls

text: for

text: better

text: treatment

text: of

text: local

text: peoples

text: in

text: British

text: occupied

text: territories

text: Edmund

text: Burke

text: a

text: former

text: East

text: India

text: Company

text: shareholder

text: and

text: diplomat

text: was

text: moved

text: to

text: address

text: the

text: situation

text: and

text: introduced

text: a

text: new

text: Regulating

text: Bill

text: in

text: The

text: bill

text: was

text: defeated

text: amid

text: lobbying

text: by

text: company

text: loyalists

text: and

text: accusations

text: of

text: nepotism

text: in

text: the

text: bill

text: 's

text: recommendations

text: for

text: the

text: appointment

text: of

text: councillors

question: The name of the Act that was a failure in creating bourdaries for the Crown and the EIC for being subjective?

answer: Pitt's Act

text: Pitt's Act

question: after the Pitt act the Crown began to focus more on _______ efforts of its people in it territories?

answer: humanitarian

text: humanitarian

question: what was the  name of the person who was once a large  shareholder in EIC and talk to the issues with with the new Regulating bill in 1793?

answer: Edmund Burke

text: Edmund Burke

question: Was the new Regulating Bill of 1793 passed or defeated?

answer: defeated

text: defeated


text: Poland's nobility were also more numerous than those of all other European countries, constituting some 10–12% of the total population of historic Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth also some 10–12% among ethnic Poles on ethnic Polish lands (part of Commonwealth), but up to 25% of all Poles worldwide (szlachta could dispose more of resources to travels and/or conquering), while in some poorer regions (e.g., Mazowsze, the area centred on Warsaw) nearly 30%. However, according to  szlachta comprised around 8% of the total population in 1791 (up from 6.6% in the 16th century), and no more than 16% of the Roman Catholic (mostly ethnically Polish) population. It should be noted, though, that Polish szlachta usually incorporated most local nobility from the areas that were absorbed by Poland–Lithuania (Ruthenian boyars, Livonian nobles, etc.) By contrast, the nobilities of other European countries, except for Spain, amounted to a mere 1–3%, however the era of sovereign rules of Polish nobility ended earlier than in other countries (excluding France) yet in 1795 (see: Partitions of Poland), since then their legitimation and future fate depended on legislature and procedures of Russian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia or Habsburg Monarchy. Gradually their privileges were under further limitations to be completely dissolved by March Constitution of Poland in 1921.

title: Szlachta

title: Szlachta

text: Poland

text: 's

text: nobility

text: were

text: also

text: more

text: numerous

text: than

text: those

text: of

text: all

text: other

text: European

text: countries

text: constituting

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: total

text: population

text: of

text: historic

text: Polish

text: Lithuanian

text: Commonwealth

text: also

text: some

text: among

text: ethnic

text: Poles

text: on

text: ethnic

text: Polish

text: lands

text: part

text: of

text: Commonwealth

text: but

text: up

text: to

text: of

text: all

text: Poles

text: worldwide

text: szlachta

text: could

text: dispose

text: more

text: of

text: resources

text: to

text: travels

text: and/or

text: conquering

text: while

text: in

text: some

text: poorer

text: regions

text: e.g.

text: Mazowsze

text: the

text: area

text: centred

text: on

text: Warsaw

text: nearly

text: However

text: according

text: to

text: szlachta

text: comprised

text: around

text: of

text: the

text: total

text: population

text: in

text: up

text: from

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: and

text: no

text: more

text: than

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: mostly

text: ethnically

text: Polish

text: population

text: It

text: should

text: be

text: noted

text: though

text: that

text: Polish

text: szlachta

text: usually

text: incorporated

text: most

text: local

text: nobility

text: from

text: the

text: areas

text: that

text: were

text: absorbed

text: by

text: Poland

text: Lithuania

text: Ruthenian

text: boyars

text: Livonian

text: nobles

text: etc

text: By

text: contrast

text: the

text: nobilities

text: of

text: other

text: European

text: countries

text: except

text: for

text: Spain

text: amounted

text: to

text: a

text: mere

text: however

text: the

text: era

text: of

text: sovereign

text: rules

text: of

text: Polish

text: nobility

text: ended

text: earlier

text: than

text: in

text: other

text: countries

text: excluding

text: France

text: yet

text: in

text: see

text: Partitions

text: of

text: Poland

text: since

text: then

text: their

text: legitimation

text: and

text: future

text: fate

text: depended

text: on

text: legislature

text: and

text: procedures

text: of

text: Russian

text: Empire

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Prussia

text: or

text: Habsburg

text: Monarchy

text: Gradually

text: their

text: privileges

text: were

text: under

text: further

text: limitations

text: to

text: be

text: completely

text: dissolved

text: by

text: March

text: Constitution

text: of

text: Poland

text: in

question: How much of the total population was polish common wealth?

answer: 10–12%

question: IN 1791 how much did the szalchta comprimise the total population?

answer: 8%

question: Polish szlachta usually incorporated who?

answer: most local nobility from the areas that were absorbed by Poland–Lithuania

text: most local nobility from the areas that were absorbed by Poland–Lithuania

question: How many nobilities made up other European countries besides poland lithuania?

answer: 1–3%

question: What dissolved the priveleges of Russian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia or Habsburg Monarchy?

answer: March Constitution of Poland

text: March Constitution of Poland


text: Pain is a distressing feeling often caused by intense or damaging stimuli, such as stubbing a toe, burning a finger, putting alcohol on a cut, and bumping the "funny bone". Because it is a complex, subjective phenomenon, defining pain has been a challenge. The International Association for the Study of Pain's widely used definition states: "Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage." In medical diagnosis, pain is a symptom.

title: Pain

title: Pain

text: Pain

text: is

text: a

text: distressing

text: feeling

text: often

text: caused

text: by

text: intense

text: or

text: damaging

text: stimuli

text: such

text: as

text: stubbing

text: a

text: toe

text: burning

text: a

text: finger

text: putting

text: alcohol

text: on

text: a

text: cut

text: and

text: bumping

text: the

text: funny

text: bone

text: Because

text: it

text: is

text: a

text: complex

text: subjective

text: phenomenon

text: defining

text: pain

text: has

text: been

text: a

text: challenge

text: The

text: International

text: Association

text: for

text: the

text: Study

text: of

text: Pain

text: 's

text: widely

text: used

text: definition

text: states

text: Pain

text: is

text: an

text: unpleasant

text: sensory

text: and

text: emotional

text: experience

text: associated

text: with

text: actual

text: or

text: potential

text: tissue

text: damage

text: or

text: described

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: such

text: damage

text: In

text: medical

text: diagnosis

text: pain

text: is

text: a

text: symptom

question: What type of stimuli causes pain?

answer: intense or damaging

text: intense or damaging

question: What type of feeling is pain?

answer: distressing

text: distressing

question: Why has defining pain been a challenge?

answer: complex, subjective phenomenon

text: complex, subjective phenomenon

question: What organization's definition is widely used?

answer: The International Association for the Study of Pain

text: The International Association for the Study of Pain

question: In medical diagnosis, what is pain considered?

answer: a symptom

text: a symptom


text: In some countries, such as Britain and Germany during the Second World War, the Soviet Union and NATO's Allied Command Europe, ground based air defence and air defence aircraft have been under integrated command and control. However, while overall air defence may be for homeland defence including military facilities, forces in the field, wherever they are, invariably deploy their own air defence capability if there is an air threat. A surface-based air defence capability can also be deployed offensively to deny the use of airspace to an opponent.

title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

title: Anti

title: aircraft_warfare

text: In

text: some

text: countries

text: such

text: as

text: Britain

text: and

text: Germany

text: during

text: the

text: Second

text: World

text: War

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: and

text: NATO

text: 's

text: Allied

text: Command

text: Europe

text: ground

text: based

text: air

text: defence

text: and

text: air

text: defence

text: aircraft

text: have

text: been

text: under

text: integrated

text: command

text: and

text: control

text: However

text: while

text: overall

text: air

text: defence

text: may

text: be

text: for

text: homeland

text: defence

text: including

text: military

text: facilities

text: forces

text: in

text: the

text: field

text: wherever

text: they

text: are

text: invariably

text: deploy

text: their

text: own

text: air

text: defence

text: capability

text: if

text: there

text: is

text: an

text: air

text: threat

text: A

text: surface

text: based

text: air

text: defence

text: capability

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: deployed

text: offensively

text: to

text: deny

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: airspace

text: to

text: an

text: opponent

question: Which country's air defence and aircraft has been under integrated command and control?

answer: Soviet Union

text: Soviet Union

question: What other group has also been under this integrated command and control?

answer: NATO's Allied Command Europe

text: NATO's Allied Command Europe

question: Who will deploy their own air defence if their is an air threat?

answer: forces in the field

text: forces in the field

question: What can be deployed as an offensive measure to refuse airspace use to an opponent?

answer: A surface-based air defence capability

text: A surface-based air defence capability


text: At the start of a classic valley glacier is a bowl-shaped cirque, which has escarped walls on three sides but is open on the side that descends into the valley. Cirques are where ice begins to accumulate in a glacier. Two glacial cirques may form back to back and erode their backwalls until only a narrow ridge, called an arête is left. This structure may result in a mountain pass. If multiple cirques encircle a single mountain, they create pointed pyramidal peaks; particularly steep examples are called horns.

title: Glacier

title: Glacier

text: At

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: a

text: classic

text: valley

text: glacier

text: is

text: a

text: bowl

text: shaped

text: cirque

text: which

text: has

text: escarped

text: walls

text: on

text: three

text: sides

text: but

text: is

text: open

text: on

text: the

text: side

text: that

text: descends

text: into

text: the

text: valley

text: Cirques

text: are

text: where

text: ice

text: begins

text: to

text: accumulate

text: in

text: a

text: glacier

text: Two

text: glacial

text: cirques

text: may

text: form

text: back

text: to

text: back

text: and

text: erode

text: their

text: backwalls

text: until

text: only

text: a

text: narrow

text: ridge

text: called

text: an

text: arête

text: is

text: left

text: This

text: structure

text: may

text: result

text: in

text: a

text: mountain

text: pass

text: If

text: multiple

text: cirques

text: encircle

text: a

text: single

text: mountain

text: they

text: create

text: pointed

text: pyramidal

text: peaks

text: particularly

text: steep

text: examples

text: are

text: called

text: horns

question: On which side is a cirque opened?

answer: the side that descends into the valley

text: the side that descends into the valley

question: Where does ice start accululating in a glacier?

answer: Cirques

text: Cirques

question: What is a narrow ridge formed by two cirques eroding back to back called?

answer: arête

text: arête

question: What are extremely steep cirques called?

answer: horns

text: horns

question: How many sides are closed in a typical cirque?

answer: three sides

text: three sides


text: Meanwhile, Le Verrier by letter urged Berlin Observatory astronomer Johann Gottfried Galle to search with the observatory's refractor. Heinrich d'Arrest, a student at the observatory, suggested to Galle that they could compare a recently drawn chart of the sky in the region of Le Verrier's predicted location with the current sky to seek the displacement characteristic of a planet, as opposed to a fixed star. On the evening of 23 September 1846, the day Galle received the letter, he discovered Neptune within 1° of where Le Verrier had predicted it to be, about 12° from Adams' prediction. Challis later realised that he had observed the planet twice, on 4 and 12 August, but did not recognise it as a planet because he lacked an up-to-date star map and was distracted by his concurrent work on comet observations.

title: Neptune

title: Neptune

text: Meanwhile

text: Le

text: Verrier

text: by

text: letter

text: urged

text: Berlin

text: Observatory

text: astronomer

text: Johann

text: Gottfried

text: Galle

text: to

text: search

text: with

text: the

text: observatory

text: 's

text: refractor

text: Heinrich

text: d'Arrest

text: a

text: student

text: at

text: the

text: observatory

text: suggested

text: to

text: Galle

text: that

text: they

text: could

text: compare

text: a

text: recently

text: drawn

text: chart

text: of

text: the

text: sky

text: in

text: the

text: region

text: of

text: Le

text: Verrier

text: 's

text: predicted

text: location

text: with

text: the

text: current

text: sky

text: to

text: seek

text: the

text: displacement

text: characteristic

text: of

text: a

text: planet

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: a

text: fixed

text: star

text: On

text: the

text: evening

text: of

text: September

text: the

text: day

text: Galle

text: received

text: the

text: letter

text: he

text: discovered

text: Neptune

text: within

text: of

text: where

text: Le

text: Verrier

text: had

text: predicted

text: it

text: to

text: be

text: about

text: from

text: Adams

text: prediction

text: Challis

text: later

text: realised

text: that

text: he

text: had

text: observed

text: the

text: planet

text: twice

text: on

text: and

text: August

text: but

text: did

text: not

text: recognise

text: it

text: as

text: a

text: planet

text: because

text: he

text: lacked

text: an

text: up

text: to

text: date

text: star

text: map

text: and

text: was

text: distracted

text: by

text: his

text: concurrent

text: work

text: on

text: comet

text: observations

question: Who was Henrich d'Arrest?

answer: student at the observatory

text: student at the observatory

question: When did Galle discover Neptune?

answer: 23 September 1846

text: 23 September 1846

question: How many degrees off was Adams' prediction?

answer: 12°

question: What did Henrich d'Arrest seek to find?

answer: the displacement characteristic of a planet

text: the displacement characteristic of a planet

question: What was Challis looking for when he saw Neptune the first two times?

answer: comet observations

text: comet observations


text: Plants synthesize a number of unique polymers like the polysaccharide molecules cellulose, pectin and xyloglucan from which the land plant cell wall is constructed. Vascular land plants make lignin, a polymer used to strengthen the secondary cell walls of xylem tracheids and vessels to keep them from collapsing when a plant sucks water through them under water stress. Lignin is also used in other cell types like sclerenchyma fibers that provide structural support for a plant and is a major constituent of wood. Sporopollenin is a chemically resistant polymer found in the outer cell walls of spores and pollen of land plants responsible for the survival of early land plant spores and the pollen of seed plants in the fossil record. It is widely regarded as a marker for the start of land plant evolution during the Ordovician period. The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere today is much lower than it was when plants emerged onto land during the Ordovician and Silurian periods. Many monocots like maize and the pineapple and some dicots like the Asteraceae have since independently evolved pathways like Crassulacean acid metabolism and the C4 carbon fixation pathway for photosynthesis which avoid the losses resulting from photorespiration in the more common C3 carbon fixation pathway. These biochemical strategies are unique to land plants.

title: Botany

title: Botany

text: Plants

text: synthesize

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: unique

text: polymers

text: like

text: the

text: polysaccharide

text: molecules

text: cellulose

text: pectin

text: and

text: xyloglucan

text: from

text: which

text: the

text: land

text: plant

text: cell

text: wall

text: is

text: constructed

text: Vascular

text: land

text: plants

text: make

text: lignin

text: a

text: polymer

text: used

text: to

text: strengthen

text: the

text: secondary

text: cell

text: walls

text: of

text: xylem

text: tracheids

text: and

text: vessels

text: to

text: keep

text: them

text: from

text: collapsing

text: when

text: a

text: plant

text: sucks

text: water

text: through

text: them

text: under

text: water

text: stress

text: Lignin

text: is

text: also

text: used

text: in

text: other

text: cell

text: types

text: like

text: sclerenchyma

text: fibers

text: that

text: provide

text: structural

text: support

text: for

text: a

text: plant

text: and

text: is

text: a

text: major

text: constituent

text: of

text: wood

text: Sporopollenin

text: is

text: a

text: chemically

text: resistant

text: polymer

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: outer

text: cell

text: walls

text: of

text: spores

text: and

text: pollen

text: of

text: land

text: plants

text: responsible

text: for

text: the

text: survival

text: of

text: early

text: land

text: plant

text: spores

text: and

text: the

text: pollen

text: of

text: seed

text: plants

text: in

text: the

text: fossil

text: record

text: It

text: is

text: widely

text: regarded

text: as

text: a

text: marker

text: for

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: land

text: plant

text: evolution

text: during

text: the

text: Ordovician

text: period

text: The

text: concentration

text: of

text: carbon

text: dioxide

text: in

text: the

text: atmosphere

text: today

text: is

text: much

text: lower

text: than

text: it

text: was

text: when

text: plants

text: emerged

text: onto

text: land

text: during

text: the

text: Ordovician

text: and

text: Silurian

text: periods

text: Many

text: monocots

text: like

text: maize

text: and

text: the

text: pineapple

text: and

text: some

text: dicots

text: like

text: the

text: Asteraceae

text: have

text: since

text: independently

text: evolved

text: pathways

text: like

text: Crassulacean

text: acid

text: metabolism

text: and

text: the

text: carbon

text: fixation

text: pathway

text: for

text: photosynthesis

text: which

text: avoid

text: the

text: losses

text: resulting

text: from

text: photorespiration

text: in

text: the

text: more

text: common

text: carbon

text: fixation

text: pathway

text: These

text: biochemical

text: strategies

text: are

text: unique

text: to

text: land

text: plants

question: What polymer is used to strengthen cell walls?

answer: lignin

text: lignin

question: What weakens cell walls?

answer: water stress

text: water stress

question: What gas is in lower concentration now due to plants?

answer: carbon dioxide

text: carbon dioxide

question: What polymer is found in spores and pollen?

answer: Sporopollenin

text: Sporopollenin

question: What polymer is a major part of wood?

answer: Lignin

text: Lignin