text: Contemporary Eastern Orthodox Christians often object to the dogmatic declaration of her immaculate conception as an "over-elaboration" of the faith and because they see it as too closely connected with a particular interpretation of the doctrine of ancestral sin. All the same, the historical and authentic tradition of Mariology in Byzantium took its historical point of departure from Sophronios, Damascene, and their imitators. The most famous Eastern Orthodox theologian to imply Mary's Immaculate Conception was St. Gregory Palamas. Though many passages from his works were long known to extol and attribute to Mary a Christlike holiness in her human nature, traditional objections to Palamas' disposition toward the Immaculate Conception typically rely on a poor understanding of his doctrine of "the purification of Mary" at the Annunciation. Not only did he explicitly cite St. Gregory Nazianzen for his understanding of Jesus' purification at His baptism and Mary's at the Annunciation, but Theophanes of Nicaea, Joseph Bryennius, and Gennadios Scholarios all explicitly placed Mary's Conception as the first moment of her all-immaculate participation in the divine energies to such a degree that she was always completely without spot and graced. In addition to Emperor Manuel II and Gennadius Scholarius, St. Mark of Ephesus also fervently defended Mary's title as "prepurified" against the Dominican, Manuel Calecas, who was perhaps promoting thomistic Mariology that denied Mary's all-holiness from the first moment of her existence.

title: Immaculate_Conception

title: Immaculate_Conception

text: Contemporary

text: Eastern

text: Orthodox

text: Christians

text: often

text: object

text: to

text: the

text: dogmatic

text: declaration

text: of

text: her

text: immaculate

text: conception

text: as

text: an

text: over

text: elaboration

text: of

text: the

text: faith

text: and

text: because

text: they

text: see

text: it

text: as

text: too

text: closely

text: connected

text: with

text: a

text: particular

text: interpretation

text: of

text: the

text: doctrine

text: of

text: ancestral

text: sin

text: All

text: the

text: same

text: the

text: historical

text: and

text: authentic

text: tradition

text: of

text: Mariology

text: in

text: Byzantium

text: took

text: its

text: historical

text: point

text: of

text: departure

text: from

text: Sophronios

text: Damascene

text: and

text: their

text: imitators

text: The

text: most

text: famous

text: Eastern

text: Orthodox

text: theologian

text: to

text: imply

text: Mary

text: 's

text: Immaculate

text: Conception

text: was

text: St.

text: Gregory

text: Palamas

text: Though

text: many

text: passages

text: from

text: his

text: works

text: were

text: long

text: known

text: to

text: extol

text: and

text: attribute

text: to

text: Mary

text: a

text: Christlike

text: holiness

text: in

text: her

text: human

text: nature

text: traditional

text: objections

text: to

text: Palamas

text: disposition

text: toward

text: the

text: Immaculate

text: Conception

text: typically

text: rely

text: on

text: a

text: poor

text: understanding

text: of

text: his

text: doctrine

text: of

text: the

text: purification

text: of

text: Mary

text: at

text: the

text: Annunciation

text: Not

text: only

text: did

text: he

text: explicitly

text: cite

text: St.

text: Gregory

text: Nazianzen

text: for

text: his

text: understanding

text: of

text: Jesus

text: purification

text: at

text: His

text: baptism

text: and

text: Mary

text: 's

text: at

text: the

text: Annunciation

text: but

text: Theophanes

text: of

text: Nicaea

text: Joseph

text: Bryennius

text: and

text: Gennadios

text: Scholarios

text: all

text: explicitly

text: placed

text: Mary

text: 's

text: Conception

text: as

text: the

text: first

text: moment

text: of

text: her

text: all

text: immaculate

text: participation

text: in

text: the

text: divine

text: energies

text: to

text: such

text: a

text: degree

text: that

text: she

text: was

text: always

text: completely

text: without

text: spot

text: and

text: graced

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: Emperor

text: Manuel

text: II

text: and

text: Gennadius

text: Scholarius

text: St.

text: Mark

text: of

text: Ephesus

text: also

text: fervently

text: defended

text: Mary

text: 's

text: title

text: as

text: prepurified

text: against

text: the

text: Dominican

text: Manuel

text: Calecas

text: who

text: was

text: perhaps

text: promoting

text: thomistic

text: Mariology

text: that

text: denied

text: Mary

text: 's

text: all

text: holiness

text: from

text: the

text: first

text: moment

text: of

text: her

text: existence

question: What sect often stands in disagreement over the virginal inception of Mary ?

answer: Contemporary Eastern Orthodox Christians often object to the dogmatic declaration of her immaculate conception

text: Contemporary Eastern Orthodox Christians often object to the dogmatic declaration of her immaculate conception

question: What does this group believe of the story of a Virgin mother for Mary and those who follow its teaching ?

answer: dogmatic declaration of her immaculate conception as an "over-elaboration"

text: dogmatic declaration of her immaculate conception as an "over-elaboration"

question: What in particular does the group feels is impossible to believe ?

answer: because they see it as too closely connected with a particular interpretation of the doctrine of ancestral sin.

text: because they see it as too closely connected with a particular interpretation of the doctrine of ancestral sin.

question: What did this theological study do to set itself apart from the other groups ?

answer: took its historical point of departure from Sophronios, Damascene, and their imitators.

text: took its historical point of departure from Sophronios, Damascene, and their imitators.

question: What is the theological study of Mary called ?

answer: Mariology

text: Mariology


text: Under Governor Miguel Ahumada, the education system in the state was unified and brought under tighter control by the state government, and the metric system was standardized throughout the state to replace the colonial system of weights and measures. On September 16, 1897, the Civilian Hospital of Chihuahua was inaugurated in Chihuahua City and became known among the best in the country. In 1901 the Heroes Theater (Teatro de los Héroes) opened in Chihuahua City. On August 18, 1904, Governor Terrazas was replaced by Governor Enrique C. Creel. From 1907 to 1911, the Creel administration succeeded in advancing the state's legal system, modernizing the mining industry, and raising public education standards. In 1908 the Chihuahuan State Penitentiary was built, and the construction on the first large scale dam project was initiated on the Chuviscar River. During the same time, the streets of Chihuahua City were paved and numerous monuments were built in Chihuahua City and Ciudad Juárez.

title: Chihuahua_(state)

title: Chihuahua_(state

text: Under

text: Governor

text: Miguel

text: Ahumada

text: the

text: education

text: system

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: was

text: unified

text: and

text: brought

text: under

text: tighter

text: control

text: by

text: the

text: state

text: government

text: and

text: the

text: metric

text: system

text: was

text: standardized

text: throughout

text: the

text: state

text: to

text: replace

text: the

text: colonial

text: system

text: of

text: weights

text: and

text: measures

text: On

text: September

text: the

text: Civilian

text: Hospital

text: of

text: Chihuahua

text: was

text: inaugurated

text: in

text: Chihuahua

text: City

text: and

text: became

text: known

text: among

text: the

text: best

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: In

text: the

text: Heroes

text: Theater

text: Teatro

text: de

text: los

text: Héroes

text: opened

text: in

text: Chihuahua

text: City

text: On

text: August

text: Governor

text: Terrazas

text: was

text: replaced

text: by

text: Governor

text: Enrique

text: C.

text: Creel

text: From

text: to

text: the

text: Creel

text: administration

text: succeeded

text: in

text: advancing

text: the

text: state

text: 's

text: legal

text: system

text: modernizing

text: the

text: mining

text: industry

text: and

text: raising

text: public

text: education

text: standards

text: In

text: the

text: Chihuahuan

text: State

text: Penitentiary

text: was

text: built

text: and

text: the

text: construction

text: on

text: the

text: first

text: large

text: scale

text: dam

text: project

text: was

text: initiated

text: on

text: the

text: Chuviscar

text: River

text: During

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: the

text: streets

text: of

text: Chihuahua

text: City

text: were

text: paved

text: and

text: numerous

text: monuments

text: were

text: built

text: in

text: Chihuahua

text: City

text: and

text: Ciudad

text: Juárez

question: Under which governor was the education system unified?

answer: Miguel Ahumada

text: Miguel Ahumada

question: Which system of measurement was standardized?

answer: metric system

text: metric system

question: What was inaugurated in Chihuahua City on September 16, 1897?

answer: Civilian Hospital

text: Civilian Hospital

question: The first large scale dam project was initiated on which river?

answer: Chuviscar River

text: Chuviscar River


text: Dominic's search for a close relationship with God was determined and unceasing. He rarely spoke, so little of his interior life is known. What is known about it comes from accounts written by people near to him. St. Cecilia remembered him as cheerful, charitable and full of unceasing vigor. From a number of accounts, singing was apparently one of Dominic's great delights. Dominic practiced self-scourging and would mortify himself as he prayed alone in the chapel at night for 'poor sinners.' He owned a single habit, refused to carry money, and would allow no one to serve him.

title: Dominican_Order

title: Dominican_Order

text: Dominic

text: 's

text: search

text: for

text: a

text: close

text: relationship

text: with

text: God

text: was

text: determined

text: and

text: unceasing

text: He

text: rarely

text: spoke

text: so

text: little

text: of

text: his

text: interior

text: life

text: is

text: known

text: What

text: is

text: known

text: about

text: it

text: comes

text: from

text: accounts

text: written

text: by

text: people

text: near

text: to

text: him

text: St.

text: Cecilia

text: remembered

text: him

text: as

text: cheerful

text: charitable

text: and

text: full

text: of

text: unceasing

text: vigor

text: From

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: accounts

text: singing

text: was

text: apparently

text: one

text: of

text: Dominic

text: 's

text: great

text: delights

text: Dominic

text: practiced

text: self

text: scourging

text: and

text: would

text: mortify

text: himself

text: as

text: he

text: prayed

text: alone

text: in

text: the

text: chapel

text: at

text: night

text: for

text: poor

text: sinners

text: He

text: owned

text: a

text: single

text: habit

text: refused

text: to

text: carry

text: money

text: and

text: would

text: allow

text: no

text: one

text: to

text: serve

text: him

question: What did Dominic greatly struggle with?

answer: relationship with God

text: relationship with God

question: Who remembered Dominic as a cheerful fellow?

answer: St. Cecilia

text: St. Cecilia

question: What did Dominic enjoy doing?

answer: sing

text: sing

question: Who did Dominic pray for?

answer: poor sinners

text: poor sinners

question: What did Dominic refuse to do?

answer: carry money

text: carry money


text: Ottoman illumination covers non-figurative painted or drawn decorative art in books or on sheets in muraqqa or albums, as opposed to the figurative images of the Ottoman miniature. It was a part of the Ottoman Book Arts together with the Ottoman miniature (taswir), calligraphy (hat), Islamic calligraphy, bookbinding (cilt) and paper marbling (ebru). In the Ottoman Empire, illuminated and illustrated manuscripts were commissioned by the Sultan or the administrators of the court. In Topkapi Palace, these manuscripts were created by the artists working in Nakkashane, the atelier of the miniature and illumination artists. Both religious and non-religious books could be illuminated. Also sheets for albums levha consisted of illuminated calligraphy (hat) of tughra, religious texts, verses from poems or proverbs, and purely decorative drawings.

title: Ottoman_Empire

title: Ottoman_Empire

text: Ottoman

text: illumination

text: covers

text: non

text: figurative

text: painted

text: or

text: drawn

text: decorative

text: art

text: in

text: books

text: or

text: on

text: sheets

text: in

text: muraqqa

text: or

text: albums

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: the

text: figurative

text: images

text: of

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: miniature

text: It

text: was

text: a

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Book

text: Arts

text: together

text: with

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: miniature

text: taswir

text: calligraphy

text: hat

text: Islamic

text: calligraphy

text: bookbinding

text: cilt

text: and

text: paper

text: marbling

text: ebru

text: In

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: illuminated

text: and

text: illustrated

text: manuscripts

text: were

text: commissioned

text: by

text: the

text: Sultan

text: or

text: the

text: administrators

text: of

text: the

text: court

text: In

text: Topkapi

text: Palace

text: these

text: manuscripts

text: were

text: created

text: by

text: the

text: artists

text: working

text: in

text: Nakkashane

text: the

text: atelier

text: of

text: the

text: miniature

text: and

text: illumination

text: artists

text: Both

text: religious

text: and

text: non

text: religious

text: books

text: could

text: be

text: illuminated

text: Also

text: sheets

text: for

text: albums

text: levha

text: consisted

text: of

text: illuminated

text: calligraphy

text: hat

text: of

text: tughra

text: religious

text: texts

text: verses

text: from

text: poems

text: or

text: proverbs

text: and

text: purely

text: decorative

text: drawings

question: Were would one find the sheets where Ottoman's created illuminated decorations?

answer: muraqqa

text: muraqqa

question: What is another name for an Ottoman miniature?

answer: taswir

text: taswir

question: Ottoman calligraphy can also be referred to as what?

answer: hat

text: hat

question: Who commissioned illustrated manuscripts in the Ottoman empire?

answer: the Sultan or the administrators of the court

text: the Sultan or the administrators of the court

question: What palace was the place of creation for illustrated manuscripts?

answer: Topkapi Palace

text: Topkapi Palace


text: The first session ended in a solemn ceremony on 8 December 1962 with the next session scheduled to occur in 1963 from 12 May to 29 June – this was announced on 12 November 1962. John XXIII's closing speech made subtle references to Pope Pius IX, and he had expressed the desire to see Pius IX beatified and eventually canonized. In his journal in 1959 during a spiritual retreat, John XXIII made this remark: "I always think of Pius IX of holy and glorious memory, and by imitating him in his sacrifices, I would like to be worthy to celebrate his canonization".

title: Pope_John_XXIII

title: Pope_John_XXIII

text: The

text: first

text: session

text: ended

text: in

text: a

text: solemn

text: ceremony

text: on

text: December

text: with

text: the

text: next

text: session

text: scheduled

text: to

text: occur

text: in

text: from

text: May

text: to

text: June

text: this

text: was

text: announced

text: on

text: November

text: John

text: XXIII

text: 's

text: closing

text: speech

text: made

text: subtle

text: references

text: to

text: Pope

text: Pius

text: IX

text: and

text: he

text: had

text: expressed

text: the

text: desire

text: to

text: see

text: Pius

text: IX

text: beatified

text: and

text: eventually

text: canonized

text: In

text: his

text: journal

text: in

text: during

text: a

text: spiritual

text: retreat

text: John

text: XXIII

text: made

text: this

text: remark

text: I

text: always

text: think

text: of

text: Pius

text: IX

text: of

text: holy

text: and

text: glorious

text: memory

text: and

text: by

text: imitating

text: him

text: in

text: his

text: sacrifices

text: I

text: would

text: like

text: to

text: be

text: worthy

text: to

text: celebrate

text: his

text: canonization

question: A solemn ceremony ended the first session on what day?

answer: 8 December 1962

text: 8 December 1962

question: When was the next session scheduled?

answer: 1963 from 12 May to 29 June

text: 1963 from 12 May to 29 June

question: When was the next session announced?

answer: 12 November 1962

text: 12 November 1962

question: Who did John XXIII wish to see canonized?

answer: Pope Pius IX

text: Pope Pius IX


text: Unarmed fox hunting on horseback with hounds is the type of hunting most closely associated with the United Kingdom; in fact, "hunting" without qualification implies fox hunting. What in other countries is called "hunting" is called "shooting" (birds) or "stalking" (deer) in Britain. Originally a form of vermin control to protect livestock, fox hunting became a popular social activity for newly wealthy upper classes in Victorian times and a traditional rural activity for riders and foot followers alike. Similar to fox hunting in many ways is the chasing of hares with hounds. Pairs of Sight hounds (or long-dogs), such as greyhounds, may be used to pursue a hare in coursing, where the greyhounds are marked as to their skill in coursing the hare (but are not intended to actually catch it), or the hare may be pursued with scent hounds such as beagles or harriers. Other sorts of foxhounds may also be used for hunting stags (deer) or mink. Deer stalking with rifles is carried out on foot without hounds, using stealth.

title: Hunting

title: Hunting

text: Unarmed

text: fox

text: hunting

text: on

text: horseback

text: with

text: hounds

text: is

text: the

text: type

text: of

text: hunting

text: most

text: closely

text: associated

text: with

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: in

text: fact

text: hunting

text: without

text: qualification

text: implies

text: fox

text: hunting

text: What

text: in

text: other

text: countries

text: is

text: called

text: hunting

text: is

text: called

text: shooting

text: birds

text: or

text: stalking

text: deer

text: in

text: Britain

text: Originally

text: a

text: form

text: of

text: vermin

text: control

text: to

text: protect

text: livestock

text: fox

text: hunting

text: became

text: a

text: popular

text: social

text: activity

text: for

text: newly

text: wealthy

text: upper

text: classes

text: in

text: Victorian

text: times

text: and

text: a

text: traditional

text: rural

text: activity

text: for

text: riders

text: and

text: foot

text: followers

text: alike

text: Similar

text: to

text: fox

text: hunting

text: in

text: many

text: ways

text: is

text: the

text: chasing

text: of

text: hares

text: with

text: hounds

text: Pairs

text: of

text: Sight

text: hounds

text: or

text: long

text: dogs

text: such

text: as

text: greyhounds

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: pursue

text: a

text: hare

text: in

text: coursing

text: where

text: the

text: greyhounds

text: are

text: marked

text: as

text: to

text: their

text: skill

text: in

text: coursing

text: the

text: hare

text: but

text: are

text: not

text: intended

text: to

text: actually

text: catch

text: it

text: or

text: the

text: hare

text: may

text: be

text: pursued

text: with

text: scent

text: hounds

text: such

text: as

text: beagles

text: or

text: harriers

text: Other

text: sorts

text: of

text: foxhounds

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: used

text: for

text: hunting

text: stags

text: deer

text: or

text: mink

text: Deer

text: stalking

text: with

text: rifles

text: is

text: carried

text: out

text: on

text: foot

text: without

text: hounds

text: using

text: stealth

question: What type of hunting is most closely associated with the UK?

answer: fox hunting

text: fox hunting

question: How do the English hunt foxes?

answer: on horseback with hounds

text: on horseback with hounds

question: In England, what is hunted when "shooting" is called for?

answer: birds

text: birds

question: Why were foxes originally hunted?

answer: form of vermin control to protect livestock

text: form of vermin control to protect livestock

question: How is deer stalking with rifles carried out?

answer: on foot without hounds, using stealth

text: on foot without hounds, using stealth

question: What hunting is done on horseback with hounds?

answer: fox

text: fox

question: Hunting horseback with hound is associated with whom?

answer: United Kingdom

text: United Kingdom

question: In Victorian times a popular social activity was?

answer: fox hunting

text: fox hunting

question: What is carried out on foot without hounds?

answer: Deer stalking

text: Deer stalking

question: Hounds were used for what purpose?

answer: to pursue

text: to pursue


text: The first legislation providing federal authority for regulating pesticides was enacted in 1910; however, decades later during the 1940s manufacturers began to produce large amounts of synthetic pesticides and their use became widespread. Some sources consider the 1940s and 1950s to have been the start of the "pesticide era." Although the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency was established in 1970 and amendments to the pesticide law in 1972, pesticide use has increased 50-fold since 1950 and 2.3 million tonnes (2.5 million short tons) of industrial pesticides are now[when?] used each year. Seventy-five percent of all pesticides in the world are used in developed countries, but use in developing countries is increasing. A study of USA pesticide use trends through 1997 was published in 2003 by the National Science Foundation's Center for Integrated Pest Management.

title: Pesticide

title: Pesticide

text: The

text: first

text: legislation

text: providing

text: federal

text: authority

text: for

text: regulating

text: pesticides

text: was

text: enacted

text: in

text: however

text: decades

text: later

text: during

text: the

text: manufacturers

text: began

text: to

text: produce

text: large

text: amounts

text: of

text: synthetic

text: pesticides

text: and

text: their

text: use

text: became

text: widespread

text: Some

text: sources

text: consider

text: the

text: and

text: to

text: have

text: been

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: the

text: pesticide

text: era

text: Although

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Environmental

text: Protection

text: Agency

text: was

text: established

text: in

text: and

text: amendments

text: to

text: the

text: pesticide

text: law

text: in

text: pesticide

text: use

text: has

text: increased

text: since

text: and

text: million

text: tonnes

text: million

text: short

text: tons

text: of

text: industrial

text: pesticides

text: are

text: now[when

text: used

text: each

text: year

text: Seventy

text: five

text: percent

text: of

text: all

text: pesticides

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: are

text: used

text: in

text: developed

text: countries

text: but

text: use

text: in

text: developing

text: countries

text: is

text: increasing

text: A

text: study

text: of

text: USA

text: pesticide

text: use

text: trends

text: through

text: was

text: published

text: in

text: by

text: the

text: National

text: Science

text: Foundation

text: 's

text: Center

text: for

text: Integrated

text: Pest

text: Management

question: When were laws first created to regulate pesticides?

answer: 1910

question: What might someone knowledgable about the history of pesticides call ther period of the 1940s and 1950s?

answer: pesticide era

text: pesticide era

question: When did America establish the Environmental Protection Agency?

answer: 1970

question: Countries which are established use what amount of pesticides?

answer: Seventy-five percent

text: Seventy-five percent

question: Trends about use of pesticides have been published from which country?

answer: USA

text: USA


text: The Germanic superstrate has had different outcomes in Spanish and Catalan. For example, Catalan fang "mud" and rostir "to roast", of Germanic origin, contrast with Spanish lodo and asar, of Latin origin; whereas Catalan filosa "spinning wheel" and pols "temple", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish rueca and sien, of Germanic origin.

title: Catalan_language

title: Catalan_language

text: The

text: Germanic

text: superstrate

text: has

text: had

text: different

text: outcomes

text: in

text: Spanish

text: and

text: Catalan

text: For

text: example

text: Catalan

text: fang

text: mud

text: and

text: rostir

text: to

text: roast

text: of

text: Germanic

text: origin

text: contrast

text: with

text: Spanish

text: lodo

text: and

text: asar

text: of

text: Latin

text: origin

text: whereas

text: Catalan

text: filosa

text: spinning

text: wheel

text: and

text: pols

text: temple

text: of

text: Latin

text: origin

text: contrast

text: with

text: Spanish

text: rueca

text: and

text: sien

text: of

text: Germanic

text: origin

question: What is the origin of language elements found in Catalan and not in Spanish?

answer: Germanic

text: Germanic

question: What is the origin of some Spanish words?

answer: Latin origin

text: Latin origin

question: What has different results in Spanish and Catalan?

answer: Germanic superstrate

text: Germanic superstrate


text: Next, Spielberg teamed with Star Wars creator and friend George Lucas on an action adventure film, Raiders of the Lost Ark, the first of the Indiana Jones films. The archaeologist and adventurer hero Indiana Jones was played by Harrison Ford (whom Lucas had previously cast in his Star Wars films as Han Solo). The film was considered an homage to the cliffhanger serials of the Golden Age of Hollywood. It became the biggest film at the box office in 1981, and the recipient of numerous Oscar nominations including Best Director (Spielberg's second nomination) and Best Picture (the second Spielberg film to be nominated for Best Picture). Raiders is still considered a landmark example of the action-adventure genre. The film also led to Ford's casting in Ridley Scott's Blade Runner.

title: Steven_Spielberg

title: Steven_Spielberg

text: Next

text: Spielberg

text: teamed

text: with

text: Star

text: Wars

text: creator

text: and

text: friend

text: George

text: Lucas

text: on

text: an

text: action

text: adventure

text: film

text: Raiders

text: of

text: the

text: Lost

text: Ark

text: the

text: first

text: of

text: the

text: Indiana

text: Jones

text: films

text: The

text: archaeologist

text: and

text: adventurer

text: hero

text: Indiana

text: Jones

text: was

text: played

text: by

text: Harrison

text: Ford

text: whom

text: Lucas

text: had

text: previously

text: cast

text: in

text: his

text: Star

text: Wars

text: films

text: as

text: Han

text: Solo

text: The

text: film

text: was

text: considered

text: an

text: homage

text: to

text: the

text: cliffhanger

text: serials

text: of

text: the

text: Golden

text: Age

text: of

text: Hollywood

text: It

text: became

text: the

text: biggest

text: film

text: at

text: the

text: box

text: office

text: in

text: and

text: the

text: recipient

text: of

text: numerous

text: Oscar

text: nominations

text: including

text: Best

text: Director

text: Spielberg

text: 's

text: second

text: nomination

text: and

text: Best

text: Picture

text: the

text: second

text: Spielberg

text: film

text: to

text: be

text: nominated

text: for

text: Best

text: Picture

text: Raiders

text: is

text: still

text: considered

text: a

text: landmark

text: example

text: of

text: the

text: action

text: adventure

text: genre

text: The

text: film

text: also

text: led

text: to

text: Ford

text: 's

text: casting

text: in

text: Ridley

text: Scott

text: 's

text: Blade

text: Runner

question: Who was responsible for Star Wars?

answer: George Lucas

text: George Lucas

question: Who played Indiana Jones?

answer: Harrison Ford

text: Harrison Ford

question: Who played Han Solo?

answer: Harrison Ford

text: Harrison Ford

question: What was the first Indiana Jones movie?

answer: Raiders of the Lost Ark

text: Raiders of the Lost Ark

question: When did the first Indiana Jones movie come out?

answer: 1981


text: In 1863, the newly founded Football Association (the FA) published the Laws of the Game of Association Football, unifying the various different rules in use before then. On 20 July 1871, in the offices of The Sportsman newspaper, the FA Secretary C. W. Alcock proposed to the FA committee that "it is desirable that a Challenge Cup should be established in connection with the Association for which all clubs belonging to the Association should be invited to compete". The inaugural FA Cup tournament kicked off in November 1871. After thirteen games in all, Wanderers were crowned the winners in the final, on 16 March 1872. Wanderers retained the trophy the following year. The modern cup was beginning to be established by the 1888–89 season, when qualifying rounds were introduced.

title: FA_Cup

title: FA_Cup

text: In

text: the

text: newly

text: founded

text: Football

text: Association

text: the

text: FA

text: published

text: the

text: Laws

text: of

text: the

text: Game

text: of

text: Association

text: Football

text: unifying

text: the

text: various

text: different

text: rules

text: in

text: use

text: before

text: then

text: On

text: July

text: in

text: the

text: offices

text: of

text: The

text: Sportsman

text: newspaper

text: the

text: FA

text: Secretary

text: C.

text: W.

text: Alcock

text: proposed

text: to

text: the

text: FA

text: committee

text: that

text: it

text: is

text: desirable

text: that

text: a

text: Challenge

text: Cup

text: should

text: be

text: established

text: in

text: connection

text: with

text: the

text: Association

text: for

text: which

text: all

text: clubs

text: belonging

text: to

text: the

text: Association

text: should

text: be

text: invited

text: to

text: compete

text: The

text: inaugural

text: FA

text: Cup

text: tournament

text: kicked

text: off

text: in

text: November

text: After

text: thirteen

text: games

text: in

text: all

text: Wanderers

text: were

text: crowned

text: the

text: winners

text: in

text: the

text: final

text: on

text: March

text: Wanderers

text: retained

text: the

text: trophy

text: the

text: following

text: year

text: The

text: modern

text: cup

text: was

text: beginning

text: to

text: be

text: established

text: by

text: the

text: season

text: when

text: qualifying

text: rounds

text: were

text: introduced

question: When was the laws of the Game of Asscociation Football published?

answer: 1863

question: Who was the FA secretary in 1871?

answer: C. W. Alcock

text: C. W. Alcock

question: When did the inaugural  FA cup tournament take place?

answer: November 1871

text: November 1871

question: Who won the first and second cups?

answer: Wanderers were crowned the winners

text: Wanderers were crowned the winners

question: When was the modern cup established?

answer: modern cup was beginning to be established by the 1888–89 season,

text: modern cup was beginning to be established by the 1888–89 season,


text: CNET awarded PS3 Slim four out of five stars praising its Blu-ray capabilities, 120 GB hard drive, free online gaming service and more affordable pricing point, but complained about the lack of backward compatibility for PlayStation 2 games. TechRadar gave PS3 Slim four and a half stars out of five praising its new smaller size and summed up its review stating "Over all, the PS3 Slim is a phenomenal piece of kit. It's amazing that something so small can do so much". However, they criticized the exterior design and the build quality in relation to the original model.

title: PlayStation_3

title: PlayStation_3

text: CNET

text: awarded

text: Slim

text: four

text: out

text: of

text: five

text: stars

text: praising

text: its

text: Blu

text: ray

text: capabilities

text: GB

text: hard

text: drive

text: free

text: online

text: gaming

text: service

text: and

text: more

text: affordable

text: pricing

text: point

text: but

text: complained

text: about

text: the

text: lack

text: of

text: backward

text: compatibility

text: for

text: PlayStation

text: games

text: TechRadar

text: gave

text: Slim

text: four

text: and

text: a

text: half

text: stars

text: out

text: of

text: five

text: praising

text: its

text: new

text: smaller

text: size

text: and

text: summed

text: up

text: its

text: review

text: stating

text: Over

text: all

text: the

text: Slim

text: is

text: a

text: phenomenal

text: piece

text: of

text: kit

text: It

text: 's

text: amazing

text: that

text: something

text: so

text: small

text: can

text: do

text: so

text: much

text: However

text: they

text: criticized

text: the

text: exterior

text: design

text: and

text: the

text: build

text: quality

text: in

text: relation

text: to

text: the

text: original

text: model

question: What aspect of the PS3 Slim was CNET unhappy was missing for PS2 games?

answer: backward compatibility

text: backward compatibility

question: How many of five possible stars did CNET give the PS3 Slim?

answer: four

text: four

question: How many of its own five stars did TechRadar award the PS3 Slim?

answer: four and a half

text: four and a half

question: What area of the console did TechRadar feel was designed poorly compared to the original PS3?

answer: exterior

text: exterior


text: There is archaeological evidence that parts of the foundations of The Old Ferryboat Inn in Holywell may date to AD 460, and there is evidence of ale being served as early as AD 560.

title: Pub

title: Pub

text: There

text: is

text: archaeological

text: evidence

text: that

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: foundations

text: of

text: The

text: Old

text: Ferryboat

text: Inn

text: in

text: Holywell

text: may

text: date

text: to

text: AD

text: and

text: there

text: is

text: evidence

text: of

text: ale

text: being

text: served

text: as

text: early

text: as

text: AD

question: Where is The Old Ferryboat Inn located?

answer: Holywell

text: Holywell

question: How far back does the foundation of The Old Ferryboat Inn date?

answer: 460

question: When was ale first served at the site of The Old Ferryboat Inn?

answer: 560


text: On March 15, 1915,:8 Laemmle opened the world's largest motion picture production facility, Universal City Studios, on a 230-acre (0.9-km²) converted farm just over the Cahuenga Pass from Hollywood. Studio management became the third facet of Universal's operations, with the studio incorporated as a distinct subsidiary organization. Unlike other movie moguls, Laemmle opened his studio to tourists. Universal became the largest studio in Hollywood, and remained so for a decade. However, it sought an audience mostly in small towns, producing mostly inexpensive melodramas, westerns and serials.

title: Universal_Studios

title: Universal_Studios

text: On

text: March

text: Laemmle

text: opened

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: motion

text: picture

text: production

text: facility

text: Universal

text: City

text: Studios

text: on

text: a

text: converted

text: farm

text: just

text: over

text: the

text: Cahuenga

text: Pass

text: from

text: Hollywood

text: Studio

text: management

text: became

text: the

text: third

text: facet

text: of

text: Universal

text: 's

text: operations

text: with

text: the

text: studio

text: incorporated

text: as

text: a

text: distinct

text: subsidiary

text: organization

text: Unlike

text: other

text: movie

text: moguls

text: Laemmle

text: opened

text: his

text: studio

text: to

text: tourists

text: Universal

text: became

text: the

text: largest

text: studio

text: in

text: Hollywood

text: and

text: remained

text: so

text: for

text: a

text: decade

text: However

text: it

text: sought

text: an

text: audience

text: mostly

text: in

text: small

text: towns

text: producing

text: mostly

text: inexpensive

text: melodramas

text: westerns

text: and

text: serials

question: On what date did Universal City Studios open?

answer: March 15, 1915

text: March 15, 1915

question: In square kilometers, what was the size of Universal City Studios?

answer: 0.9

question: What geographical feature separated Universal City Studios from Hollywood?

answer: Cahuenga Pass

text: Cahuenga Pass

question: What was the biggest Hollywood studio during this period?

answer: Universal

text: Universal


text: Energy transformations in the universe over time are characterized by various kinds of potential energy that has been available since the Big Bang later being "released" (transformed to more active types of energy such as kinetic or radiant energy) when a triggering mechanism is available. Familiar examples of such processes include nuclear decay, in which energy is released that was originally "stored" in heavy isotopes (such as uranium and thorium), by nucleosynthesis, a process ultimately using the gravitational potential energy released from the gravitational collapse of supernovae, to store energy in the creation of these heavy elements before they were incorporated into the solar system and the Earth. This energy is triggered and released in nuclear fission bombs or in civil nuclear power generation. Similarly, in the case of a chemical explosion, chemical potential energy is transformed to kinetic energy and thermal energy in a very short time. Yet another example is that of a pendulum. At its highest points the kinetic energy is zero and the gravitational potential energy is at maximum. At its lowest point the kinetic energy is at maximum and is equal to the decrease of potential energy. If one (unrealistically) assumes that there is no friction or other losses, the conversion of energy between these processes would be perfect, and the pendulum would continue swinging forever.

title: Energy

title: Energy

text: Energy

text: transformations

text: in

text: the

text: universe

text: over

text: time

text: are

text: characterized

text: by

text: various

text: kinds

text: of

text: potential

text: energy

text: that

text: has

text: been

text: available

text: since

text: the

text: Big

text: Bang

text: later

text: being

text: released

text: transformed

text: to

text: more

text: active

text: types

text: of

text: energy

text: such

text: as

text: kinetic

text: or

text: radiant

text: energy

text: when

text: a

text: triggering

text: mechanism

text: is

text: available

text: Familiar

text: examples

text: of

text: such

text: processes

text: include

text: nuclear

text: decay

text: in

text: which

text: energy

text: is

text: released

text: that

text: was

text: originally

text: stored

text: in

text: heavy

text: isotopes

text: such

text: as

text: uranium

text: and

text: thorium

text: by

text: nucleosynthesis

text: a

text: process

text: ultimately

text: using

text: the

text: gravitational

text: potential

text: energy

text: released

text: from

text: the

text: gravitational

text: collapse

text: of

text: supernovae

text: to

text: store

text: energy

text: in

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: these

text: heavy

text: elements

text: before

text: they

text: were

text: incorporated

text: into

text: the

text: solar

text: system

text: and

text: the

text: Earth

text: This

text: energy

text: is

text: triggered

text: and

text: released

text: in

text: nuclear

text: fission

text: bombs

text: or

text: in

text: civil

text: nuclear

text: power

text: generation

text: Similarly

text: in

text: the

text: case

text: of

text: a

text: chemical

text: explosion

text: chemical

text: potential

text: energy

text: is

text: transformed

text: to

text: kinetic

text: energy

text: and

text: thermal

text: energy

text: in

text: a

text: very

text: short

text: time

text: Yet

text: another

text: example

text: is

text: that

text: of

text: a

text: pendulum

text: At

text: its

text: highest

text: points

text: the

text: kinetic

text: energy

text: is

text: zero

text: and

text: the

text: gravitational

text: potential

text: energy

text: is

text: at

text: maximum

text: At

text: its

text: lowest

text: point

text: the

text: kinetic

text: energy

text: is

text: at

text: maximum

text: and

text: is

text: equal

text: to

text: the

text: decrease

text: of

text: potential

text: energy

text: If

text: one

text: unrealistically

text: assumes

text: that

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: friction

text: or

text: other

text: losses

text: the

text: conversion

text: of

text: energy

text: between

text: these

text: processes

text: would

text: be

text: perfect

text: and

text: the

text: pendulum

text: would

text: continue

text: swinging

text: forever

question: Name an example of a heavy isotope?

answer: uranium

text: uranium

question: Name another example of a heavy isotope.

answer: thorium

text: thorium

question: What is a process ultimately using the gravitational potential energy in the creation of these heavy elements before they were incorporated into the solar system and the Earth?

answer: nucleosynthesis

text: nucleosynthesis

question: In the case of a chemical explosion, what is transformed to kinetic energy and thermal energy in a short time?

answer: chemical potential energy

text: chemical potential energy


text: On August 6, 2010, the CBC issued a press release stating that due to financial reasons, the CBC and Radio-Canada would only transition 27 transmitters total, one in each market where there was an originating station (i.e. a CBC or Radio-Canada television station located in that market). Further, the CBC stated in the release, that only 15 of the transmitters would be in place by August 31, 2011 due to lack of available funds, and that the remainder would not be on the air until as late as August 31, 2012. Additionally, the CBC stated in the release that it was asking the CRTC for permission to continue broadcasting in analogue until the identified transmitters for transition were up and running. At the time of the press release, only eight of the corporation's transmitters (four CBC and four Radio Canada) were broadcasting in digital.

title: CBC_Television

title: CBC_Television

text: On

text: August

text: the

text: CBC

text: issued

text: a

text: press

text: release

text: stating

text: that

text: due

text: to

text: financial

text: reasons

text: the

text: CBC

text: and

text: Radio

text: Canada

text: would

text: only

text: transition

text: transmitters

text: total

text: one

text: in

text: each

text: market

text: where

text: there

text: was

text: an

text: originating

text: station

text: i.e.

text: a

text: CBC

text: or

text: Radio

text: Canada

text: television

text: station

text: located

text: in

text: that

text: market

text: Further

text: the

text: CBC

text: stated

text: in

text: the

text: release

text: that

text: only

text: of

text: the

text: transmitters

text: would

text: be

text: in

text: place

text: by

text: August

text: due

text: to

text: lack

text: of

text: available

text: funds

text: and

text: that

text: the

text: remainder

text: would

text: not

text: be

text: on

text: the

text: air

text: until

text: as

text: late

text: as

text: August

text: Additionally

text: the

text: CBC

text: stated

text: in

text: the

text: release

text: that

text: it

text: was

text: asking

text: the

text: CRTC

text: for

text: permission

text: to

text: continue

text: broadcasting

text: in

text: analogue

text: until

text: the

text: identified

text: transmitters

text: for

text: transition

text: were

text: up

text: and

text: running

text: At

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: the

text: press

text: release

text: only

text: eight

text: of

text: the

text: corporation

text: 's

text: transmitters

text: four

text: CBC

text: and

text: four

text: Radio

text: Canada

text: were

text: broadcasting

text: in

text: digital

question: How many transmitters did CBC intend to upgrade before August 2011?

answer: 15

question: For what reason did CBC attribute to delayed upgrades?

answer: financial reasons

text: financial reasons

question: How many transmitters did CBC plan to upgrade total?

answer: 27


text: Southampton Water has the benefit of a double high tide, with two high tide peaks, making the movement of large ships easier. This is not caused as popularly supposed by the presence of the Isle of Wight, but is a function of the shape and depth of the English Channel. In this area the general water flow is distorted by more local conditions reaching across to France.

title: Southampton

title: Southampton

text: Southampton

text: Water

text: has

text: the

text: benefit

text: of

text: a

text: double

text: high

text: tide

text: with

text: two

text: high

text: tide

text: peaks

text: making

text: the

text: movement

text: of

text: large

text: ships

text: easier

text: This

text: is

text: not

text: caused

text: as

text: popularly

text: supposed

text: by

text: the

text: presence

text: of

text: the

text: Isle

text: of

text: Wight

text: but

text: is

text: a

text: function

text: of

text: the

text: shape

text: and

text: depth

text: of

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: In

text: this

text: area

text: the

text: general

text: water

text: flow

text: is

text: distorted

text: by

text: more

text: local

text: conditions

text: reaching

text: across

text: to

text: France

question: How many high tide peaks does Southampton Water get?

answer: two

text: two

question: What island do many people think causes the double high tide in Southampton Water?

answer: Isle of Wight

text: Isle of Wight

question: What body of water is actually responsible for the unusual double high tide?

answer: English Channel

text: English Channel

question: What size ships can move through Southampton Water more easily because of the double high tide?

answer: large

text: large

question: In addition to its shape, what property of the English Channel affects water flow in Southampton Water?

answer: depth

text: depth


text: The roots of hard rock can be traced back to the 1950s, particularly electric blues, which laid the foundations for key elements such as a rough declamatory vocal style, heavy guitar riffs, string-bending blues-scale guitar solos, strong beat, thick riff-laden texture, and posturing performances. Electric blues guitarists began experimenting with hard rock elements such as driving rhythms, distorted guitar solos and power chords in the 1950s, evident in the work of Memphis blues guitarists such as Joe Hill Louis, Willie Johnson, and particularly Pat Hare, who captured a "grittier, nastier, more ferocious electric guitar sound" on records such as James Cotton's "Cotton Crop Blues" (1954). Other antecedents include Link Wray's instrumental "Rumble" in 1958, and the surf rock instrumentals of Dick Dale, such as "Let's Go Trippin'" (1961) and "Misirlou" (1962).

title: Hard_rock

title: Hard_rock

text: The

text: roots

text: of

text: hard

text: rock

text: can

text: be

text: traced

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: particularly

text: electric

text: blues

text: which

text: laid

text: the

text: foundations

text: for

text: key

text: elements

text: such

text: as

text: a

text: rough

text: declamatory

text: vocal

text: style

text: heavy

text: guitar

text: riffs

text: string

text: bending

text: blues

text: scale

text: guitar

text: solos

text: strong

text: beat

text: thick

text: riff

text: laden

text: texture

text: and

text: posturing

text: performances

text: Electric

text: blues

text: guitarists

text: began

text: experimenting

text: with

text: hard

text: rock

text: elements

text: such

text: as

text: driving

text: rhythms

text: distorted

text: guitar

text: solos

text: and

text: power

text: chords

text: in

text: the

text: evident

text: in

text: the

text: work

text: of

text: Memphis

text: blues

text: guitarists

text: such

text: as

text: Joe

text: Hill

text: Louis

text: Willie

text: Johnson

text: and

text: particularly

text: Pat

text: Hare

text: who

text: captured

text: a

text: grittier

text: nastier

text: more

text: ferocious

text: electric

text: guitar

text: sound

text: on

text: records

text: such

text: as

text: James

text: Cotton

text: 's

text: Cotton

text: Crop

text: Blues

text: Other

text: antecedents

text: include

text: Link

text: Wray

text: 's

text: instrumental

text: Rumble

text: in

text: and

text: the

text: surf

text: rock

text: instrumentals

text: of

text: Dick

text: Dale

text: such

text: as

text: Let

text: 's

text: Go

text: Trippin

text: and

text: Misirlou

question: What genre laid the roots for hard rock?

answer: electric blues

text: electric blues

question: Who recorded "Rumble"?

answer: Link Wray

text: Link Wray

question: When was "Rumble" released?

answer: 1958

question: What were two of Dick Dale's better known songs?

answer: "Let's Go Trippin'" (1961) and "Misirlou" (1962)

text: "Let's Go Trippin'" (1961) and "Misirlou" (1962)

question: What city's blues style produced hard rock precursors in electric blues?

answer: Memphis

text: Memphis


text: In 1526, Babur, a Timurid descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan from Fergana Valley (modern day Uzbekistan), swept across the Khyber Pass and established the Mughal Empire, which at its zenith covered modern day Afghanistan, Pakistan, India and Bangladesh. However, his son Humayun was defeated by the Afghan warrior Sher Shah Suri in the year 1540, and Humayun was forced to retreat to Kabul. After Sher Shah's death, his son Islam Shah Suri and the Hindu emperor Hemu Vikramaditya, who had won 22 battles against Afghan rebels and forces of Akbar, from Punjab to Bengal and had established a secular rule in North India from Delhi till 1556 after winning Battle of Delhi. Akbar's forces defeated and killed Hemu in the Second Battle of Panipat on 6 November 1556.

title: History_of_India

title: History_of_India

text: In

text: Babur

text: a

text: Timurid

text: descendant

text: of

text: Timur

text: and

text: Genghis

text: Khan

text: from

text: Fergana

text: Valley

text: modern

text: day

text: Uzbekistan

text: swept

text: across

text: the

text: Khyber

text: Pass

text: and

text: established

text: the

text: Mughal

text: Empire

text: which

text: at

text: its

text: zenith

text: covered

text: modern

text: day

text: Afghanistan

text: Pakistan

text: India

text: and

text: Bangladesh

text: However

text: his

text: son

text: Humayun

text: was

text: defeated

text: by

text: the

text: Afghan

text: warrior

text: Sher

text: Shah

text: Suri

text: in

text: the

text: year

text: and

text: Humayun

text: was

text: forced

text: to

text: retreat

text: to

text: Kabul

text: After

text: Sher

text: Shah

text: 's

text: death

text: his

text: son

text: Islam

text: Shah

text: Suri

text: and

text: the

text: Hindu

text: emperor

text: Hemu

text: Vikramaditya

text: who

text: had

text: won

text: battles

text: against

text: Afghan

text: rebels

text: and

text: forces

text: of

text: Akbar

text: from

text: Punjab

text: to

text: Bengal

text: and

text: had

text: established

text: a

text: secular

text: rule

text: in

text: North

text: India

text: from

text: Delhi

text: till

text: after

text: winning

text: Battle

text: of

text: Delhi

text: Akbar

text: 's

text: forces

text: defeated

text: and

text: killed

text: Hemu

text: in

text: the

text: Second

text: Battle

text: of

text: Panipat

text: on

text: November

question: What empire did Babur found in northern India?

answer: Mughal Empire

text: Mughal Empire

question: Who defeated Babur's son in 1540?

answer: Sher Shah Suri

text: Sher Shah Suri

question: Of what nationality was Sher Shah Suri?

answer: Afghan

text: Afghan

question: At what place did Akbar's army defeat Hemu in 1556?

answer: Second Battle of Panipat

text: Second Battle of Panipat

question: By what route did Babur enter India?

answer: Khyber Pass

text: Khyber Pass


text: Gothic architecture is a style of architecture that flourished during the high and late medieval period. It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture. Originating in 12th-century France and lasting into the 16th century, Gothic architecture was known during the period as Opus Francigenum ("French work") with the term Gothic first appearing during the later part of the Renaissance. Its characteristics include the pointed arch, the ribbed vault and the flying buttress. Gothic architecture is most familiar as the architecture of many of the great cathedrals, abbeys and churches of Europe. It is also the architecture of many castles, palaces, town halls, guild halls, universities and to a less prominent extent, private dwellings, such as dorms and rooms.

title: Gothic_architecture

title: Gothic_architecture

text: Gothic

text: architecture

text: is

text: a

text: style

text: of

text: architecture

text: that

text: flourished

text: during

text: the

text: high

text: and

text: late

text: medieval

text: period

text: It

text: evolved

text: from

text: Romanesque

text: architecture

text: and

text: was

text: succeeded

text: by

text: Renaissance

text: architecture

text: Originating

text: in

text: century

text: France

text: and

text: lasting

text: into

text: the

text: century

text: Gothic

text: architecture

text: was

text: known

text: during

text: the

text: period

text: as

text: Opus

text: Francigenum

text: French

text: work

text: with

text: the

text: term

text: Gothic

text: first

text: appearing

text: during

text: the

text: later

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Renaissance

text: Its

text: characteristics

text: include

text: the

text: pointed

text: arch

text: the

text: ribbed

text: vault

text: and

text: the

text: flying

text: buttress

text: Gothic

text: architecture

text: is

text: most

text: familiar

text: as

text: the

text: architecture

text: of

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: great

text: cathedrals

text: abbeys

text: and

text: churches

text: of

text: Europe

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: architecture

text: of

text: many

text: castles

text: palaces

text: town

text: halls

text: guild

text: halls

text: universities

text: and

text: to

text: a

text: less

text: prominent

text: extent

text: private

text: dwellings

text: such

text: as

text: dorms

text: and

text: rooms

question: What is one time period in which Gothic architecture flourished?

answer: late medieval period

text: late medieval period

question: What style of architecture did Gothic architecture evolve from?

answer: Romanesque architecture

text: Romanesque architecture

question: What style of architecture came after the Gothic style?

answer: Renaissance architecture

text: Renaissance architecture

question: Where did the Gothic architecture style originate?

answer: France

text: France

question: Gothic architecture is known for being commonly used in cathedrals and churches, what is one example of a lesser known type of structure in which Gothic architecture has been used?

answer: private dwellings, such as dorms and rooms

text: private dwellings, such as dorms and rooms


text: President Bush denied funding to the UNFPA. Over the course of the Bush Administration, a total of $244 million in Congressionally approved funding was blocked by the Executive Branch.

title: United_Nations_Population_Fund

title: United_Nations_Population_Fund

text: President

text: Bush

text: denied

text: funding

text: to

text: the

text: UNFPA

text: Over

text: the

text: course

text: of

text: the

text: Bush

text: Administration

text: a

text: total

text: of

text: million

text: in

text: Congressionally

text: approved

text: funding

text: was

text: blocked

text: by

text: the

text: Executive

text: Branch

question: Which government official blocked funding to the UNFPA?

answer: President

text: President

question: What was the name of the official who blocked UNFPA funding?

answer: Bush

text: Bush

question: How much funding was blocked?

answer: $244 million

text: $244 million

question: Which branch of government denied the UNFPA funding?

answer: the Executive Branch

text: the Executive Branch

question: How had the UNFPA funding been initially approved?

answer: Congressionally

text: Congressionally


text: By the 1840s, India was no longer capable of supplying the vast quantities of cotton fibers needed by mechanized British factories, while shipping bulky, low-price cotton from India to Britain was time-consuming and expensive. This, coupled with the emergence of American cotton as a superior type (due to the longer, stronger fibers of the two domesticated native American species, Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium barbadense), encouraged British traders to purchase cotton from plantations in the United States and plantations in the Caribbean. By the mid-19th century, "King Cotton" had become the backbone of the southern American economy. In the United States, cultivating and harvesting cotton became the leading occupation of slaves.

title: Cotton

title: Cotton

text: By

text: the

text: India

text: was

text: no

text: longer

text: capable

text: of

text: supplying

text: the

text: vast

text: quantities

text: of

text: cotton

text: fibers

text: needed

text: by

text: mechanized

text: British

text: factories

text: while

text: shipping

text: bulky

text: low

text: price

text: cotton

text: from

text: India

text: to

text: Britain

text: was

text: time

text: consuming

text: and

text: expensive

text: This

text: coupled

text: with

text: the

text: emergence

text: of

text: American

text: cotton

text: as

text: a

text: superior

text: type

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: longer

text: stronger

text: fibers

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: domesticated

text: native

text: American

text: species

text: Gossypium

text: hirsutum

text: and

text: Gossypium

text: barbadense

text: encouraged

text: British

text: traders

text: to

text: purchase

text: cotton

text: from

text: plantations

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: plantations

text: in

text: the

text: Caribbean

text: By

text: the

text: century

text: King

text: Cotton

text: had

text: become

text: the

text: backbone

text: of

text: the

text: southern

text: American

text: economy

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: cultivating

text: and

text: harvesting

text: cotton

text: became

text: the

text: leading

text: occupation

text: of

text: slaves

question: What was the difference that made American cotton preferred over Indian cotton?

answer: longer, stronger fibers

text: longer, stronger fibers

question: In the 1840s, what country could no longer adequately supply the British cotton mills?

answer: India

text: India

question: Besides buying from the American plantations, where else in the western hemisphere did Britain buy cotton?

answer: Caribbean

text: Caribbean

question: By what time had cotton become prominent in the American economy of the south?

answer: mid-19th century

text: mid-19th century

question: What was cotton called in the 19th century?

answer: King Cotton

text: King Cotton


text: Hitler's interest in this strategy forced Göring and Jeschonnek to review the air war against Britain in January 1941. This led to Göring and Jeschonnek agreeing to Hitler's Directive 23, Directions for operations against the British War Economy, which was published on 6 February 1941 and gave aerial interdiction of British imports by sea top priority. This strategy had been recognised before the war, but Operation Eagle Attack and the following Battle of Britain had got in the way of striking at Britain's sea communications and diverted German air strength to the campaign against the RAF and its supporting structures. The OKL had always regarded the interdiction of sea communications of less importance than bombing land-based aircraft industries.

title: The_Blitz

title: The_Blitz

text: Hitler

text: 's

text: interest

text: in

text: this

text: strategy

text: forced

text: Göring

text: and

text: Jeschonnek

text: to

text: review

text: the

text: air

text: war

text: against

text: Britain

text: in

text: January

text: This

text: led

text: to

text: Göring

text: and

text: Jeschonnek

text: agreeing

text: to

text: Hitler

text: 's

text: Directive

text: Directions

text: for

text: operations

text: against

text: the

text: British

text: War

text: Economy

text: which

text: was

text: published

text: on

text: February

text: and

text: gave

text: aerial

text: interdiction

text: of

text: British

text: imports

text: by

text: sea

text: top

text: priority

text: This

text: strategy

text: had

text: been

text: recognised

text: before

text: the

text: war

text: but

text: Operation

text: Eagle

text: Attack

text: and

text: the

text: following

text: Battle

text: of

text: Britain

text: had

text: got

text: in

text: the

text: way

text: of

text: striking

text: at

text: Britain

text: 's

text: sea

text: communications

text: and

text: diverted

text: German

text: air

text: strength

text: to

text: the

text: campaign

text: against

text: the

text: RAF

text: and

text: its

text: supporting

text: structures

text: The

text: OKL

text: had

text: always

text: regarded

text: the

text: interdiction

text: of

text: sea

text: communications

text: of

text: less

text: importance

text: than

text: bombing

text: land

text: based

text: aircraft

text: industries

question: What was Hitler's Directive 23?

answer: Directions for operations against the British War Economy

text: Directions for operations against the British War Economy

question: What was a top priority of Directive 23?

answer: aerial interdiction of British imports by sea

text: aerial interdiction of British imports by sea

question: What prevented the targeting of sea communications before?

answer: Operation Eagle Attack and the following Battle of Britain

text: Operation Eagle Attack and the following Battle of Britain

question: What was considered more important than the interdiction of sea communications?

answer: bombing land-based aircraft industries

text: bombing land-based aircraft industries


text: While worship in the Temple in Jerusalem included musical instruments (2 Chronicles 29:25–27), traditional Jewish religious services in the Synagogue, both before and after the last destruction of the Temple, did not include musical instruments given the practice of scriptural cantillation. The use of musical instruments is traditionally forbidden on the Sabbath out of concern that players would be tempted to repair (or tune) their instruments, which is forbidden on those days. (This prohibition has been relaxed in many Reform and some Conservative congregations.) Similarly, when Jewish families and larger groups sing traditional Sabbath songs known as zemirot outside the context of formal religious services, they usually do so a cappella, and Bar and Bat Mitzvah celebrations on the Sabbath sometimes feature entertainment by a cappella ensembles. During the Three Weeks musical instruments are prohibited. Many Jews consider a portion of the 49-day period of the counting of the omer between Passover and Shavuot to be a time of semi-mourning and instrumental music is not allowed during that time. This has led to a tradition of a cappella singing sometimes known as sefirah music.

title: A_cappella

title: A_cappella

text: While

text: worship

text: in

text: the

text: Temple

text: in

text: Jerusalem

text: included

text: musical

text: instruments

text: Chronicles

text: traditional

text: Jewish

text: religious

text: services

text: in

text: the

text: Synagogue

text: both

text: before

text: and

text: after

text: the

text: last

text: destruction

text: of

text: the

text: Temple

text: did

text: not

text: include

text: musical

text: instruments

text: given

text: the

text: practice

text: of

text: scriptural

text: cantillation

text: The

text: use

text: of

text: musical

text: instruments

text: is

text: traditionally

text: forbidden

text: on

text: the

text: Sabbath

text: out

text: of

text: concern

text: that

text: players

text: would

text: be

text: tempted

text: to

text: repair

text: or

text: tune

text: their

text: instruments

text: which

text: is

text: forbidden

text: on

text: those

text: days

text: This

text: prohibition

text: has

text: been

text: relaxed

text: in

text: many

text: Reform

text: and

text: some

text: Conservative

text: congregations

text: Similarly

text: when

text: Jewish

text: families

text: and

text: larger

text: groups

text: sing

text: traditional

text: Sabbath

text: songs

text: known

text: as

text: zemirot

text: outside

text: the

text: context

text: of

text: formal

text: religious

text: services

text: they

text: usually

text: do

text: so

text: a

text: cappella

text: and

text: Bar

text: and

text: Bat

text: Mitzvah

text: celebrations

text: on

text: the

text: Sabbath

text: sometimes

text: feature

text: entertainment

text: by

text: a

text: cappella

text: ensembles

text: During

text: the

text: Three

text: Weeks

text: musical

text: instruments

text: are

text: prohibited

text: Many

text: Jews

text: consider

text: a

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: period

text: of

text: the

text: counting

text: of

text: the

text: omer

text: between

text: Passover

text: and

text: Shavuot

text: to

text: be

text: a

text: time

text: of

text: semi

text: mourning

text: and

text: instrumental

text: music

text: is

text: not

text: allowed

text: during

text: that

text: time

text: This

text: has

text: led

text: to

text: a

text: tradition

text: of

text: a

text: cappella

text: singing

text: sometimes

text: known

text: as

text: sefirah

text: music

question: On what day is using musical instruments not allowed?

answer: Sabbath

text: Sabbath

question: In what style do Jewish families typically sing Sabbath songs?

answer: a cappella

text: a cappella

question: What is a cappella music occasionally called among those of Jewish faith?

answer: sefirah music

text: sefirah music

question: How many days are counted between Passover and Shavuot?

answer: 49

question: What is part of the time between Passover and Shavuot thought to be?

answer: a time of semi-mourning

text: a time of semi-mourning


text: In the instance when the Presidency and both Houses of Congress are controlled by one party, the Speaker normally assumes a lower profile and defers to the President. For that situation the House Minority Leader can play the role of a de facto "leader of the opposition", often more so than the Senate Minority Leader, due to the more partisan nature of the House and the greater role of leadership. Minority Leaders who have played prominent roles in opposing the incumbent President have included Gerald Ford, Richard Gephardt, Nancy Pelosi, and John Boehner.

title: Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives

text: In

text: the

text: instance

text: when

text: the

text: Presidency

text: and

text: both

text: Houses

text: of

text: Congress

text: are

text: controlled

text: by

text: one

text: party

text: the

text: Speaker

text: normally

text: assumes

text: a

text: lower

text: profile

text: and

text: defers

text: to

text: the

text: President

text: For

text: that

text: situation

text: the

text: House

text: Minority

text: Leader

text: can

text: play

text: the

text: role

text: of

text: a

text: de

text: facto

text: leader

text: of

text: the

text: opposition

text: often

text: more

text: so

text: than

text: the

text: Senate

text: Minority

text: Leader

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: more

text: partisan

text: nature

text: of

text: the

text: House

text: and

text: the

text: greater

text: role

text: of

text: leadership

text: Minority

text: Leaders

text: who

text: have

text: played

text: prominent

text: roles

text: in

text: opposing

text: the

text: incumbent

text: President

text: have

text: included

text: Gerald

text: Ford

text: Richard

text: Gephardt

text: Nancy

text: Pelosi

text: and

text: John

text: Boehner

question: What is the leadership structure when party controls house and presidency?

answer: Speaker normally assumes a lower profile and defers to the President

text: Speaker normally assumes a lower profile and defers to the President

question: Is the Senate or the House more partisan?

answer: more partisan nature of the House

text: more partisan nature of the House

question: What minority leaders have played prominenct roles to opposing incumbent president?

answer: Gerald Ford, Richard Gephardt, Nancy Pelosi, and John Boehner

text: Gerald Ford, Richard Gephardt, Nancy Pelosi, and John Boehner


text: "I have sometimes wondered whether a brain like von Neumann's does not indicate a species superior to that of man", said Nobel Laureate Hans Bethe of Cornell University. "It seems fair to say that if the influence of a scientist is interpreted broadly enough to include impact on fields beyond science proper, then John von Neumann was probably the most influential mathematician who ever lived," wrote Miklós Rédei in "Selected Letters." James Glimm wrote: "he is regarded as one of the giants of modern mathematics". The mathematician Jean Dieudonné called von Neumann "the last of the great mathematicians", while Peter Lax described him as possessing the "most scintillating intellect of this century".

title: John_von_Neumann

title: John_von_Neumann

text: I

text: have

text: sometimes

text: wondered

text: whether

text: a

text: brain

text: like

text: von

text: Neumann

text: 's

text: does

text: not

text: indicate

text: a

text: species

text: superior

text: to

text: that

text: of

text: man

text: said

text: Nobel

text: Laureate

text: Hans

text: Bethe

text: of

text: Cornell

text: University

text: It

text: seems

text: fair

text: to

text: say

text: that

text: if

text: the

text: influence

text: of

text: a

text: scientist

text: is

text: interpreted

text: broadly

text: enough

text: to

text: include

text: impact

text: on

text: fields

text: beyond

text: science

text: proper

text: then

text: John

text: von

text: Neumann

text: was

text: probably

text: the

text: most

text: influential

text: mathematician

text: who

text: ever

text: lived

text: wrote

text: Miklós

text: Rédei

text: in

text: Selected

text: Letters

text: James

text: Glimm

text: wrote

text: he

text: is

text: regarded

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: giants

text: of

text: modern

text: mathematics

text: The

text: mathematician

text: Jean

text: Dieudonné

text: called

text: von

text: Neumann

text: the

text: last

text: of

text: the

text: great

text: mathematicians

text: while

text: Peter

text: Lax

text: described

text: him

text: as

text: possessing

text: the

text: most

text: scintillating

text: intellect

text: of

text: this

text: century

question: What did Nobel Laureate Hans Bethe think of von NEumann's ability?

answer: I have sometimes wondered whether a brain like von Neumann's does not indicate a species superior to that of man

text: I have sometimes wondered whether a brain like von Neumann's does not indicate a species superior to that of man

question: What did James Glimm have to say about von Nuemann?

answer: he is regarded as one of the giants of modern mathematics

text: he is regarded as one of the giants of modern mathematics

question: What description did Peter Lax use for von Neumann?

answer: most scintillating intellect of this century

text: most scintillating intellect of this century


text: Disagreements following the war have resulted in stalemate punctuated by periods of elevated tension and renewed threats of war. The stalemate led the President of Eritrea to urge the UN to take action on Ethiopia with the Eleven Letters penned by the President to the United Nations Security Council. The situation has been further escalated by the continued efforts of the Eritrean and Ethiopian leaders in supporting opposition in one another's countries.[citation needed] In 2011, Ethiopia accused Eritrea of planting bombs at an African Union summit in Addis Ababa, which was later supported by a UN report. Eritrea denied the claims.

title: Eritrea

title: Eritrea

text: Disagreements

text: following

text: the

text: war

text: have

text: resulted

text: in

text: stalemate

text: punctuated

text: by

text: periods

text: of

text: elevated

text: tension

text: and

text: renewed

text: threats

text: of

text: war

text: The

text: stalemate

text: led

text: the

text: President

text: of

text: Eritrea

text: to

text: urge

text: the

text: UN

text: to

text: take

text: action

text: on

text: Ethiopia

text: with

text: the

text: Eleven

text: Letters

text: penned

text: by

text: the

text: President

text: to

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: Security

text: Council

text: The

text: situation

text: has

text: been

text: further

text: escalated

text: by

text: the

text: continued

text: efforts

text: of

text: the

text: Eritrean

text: and

text: Ethiopian

text: leaders

text: in

text: supporting

text: opposition

text: in

text: one

text: another

text: 's

text: countries.[citation

text: needed

text: In

text: Ethiopia

text: accused

text: Eritrea

text: of

text: planting

text: bombs

text: at

text: an

text: African

text: Union

text: summit

text: in

text: Addis

text: Ababa

text: which

text: was

text: later

text: supported

text: by

text: a

text: UN

text: report

text: Eritrea

text: denied

text: the

text: claims

question: What did disagreements following the Eritrean War result in?

answer: stalemate

text: stalemate

question: What did the stalemate lead the President of Eritrea to urge the UN to do?

answer: take action on Ethiopia

text: take action on Ethiopia

question: Who accused Eritrea of planting bombs at an African Union summit?

answer: Ethiopia

text: Ethiopia

question: What supported the accusation that Eritrea planted bombs at the African Union summit?

answer: a UN report

text: a UN report

question: What did Eritrea do when it was accused of planting bombs at the African Union summit?

answer: denied the claims

text: denied the claims


text: Windows 8 was released to a mixed critical reception. Although reaction towards its performance improvements, security enhancements, and improved support for touchscreen devices was positive, the new user interface of the operating system was widely criticized for being potentially confusing and difficult to learn (especially when used with a keyboard and mouse instead of a touchscreen). Despite these shortcomings, 60 million Windows 8 licenses have been sold through January 2013, a number which included both upgrades and sales to OEMs for new PCs.

title: Windows_8

title: Windows_8

text: Windows

text: was

text: released

text: to

text: a

text: mixed

text: critical

text: reception

text: Although

text: reaction

text: towards

text: its

text: performance

text: improvements

text: security

text: enhancements

text: and

text: improved

text: support

text: for

text: touchscreen

text: devices

text: was

text: positive

text: the

text: new

text: user

text: interface

text: of

text: the

text: operating

text: system

text: was

text: widely

text: criticized

text: for

text: being

text: potentially

text: confusing

text: and

text: difficult

text: to

text: learn

text: especially

text: when

text: used

text: with

text: a

text: keyboard

text: and

text: mouse

text: instead

text: of

text: a

text: touchscreen

text: Despite

text: these

text: shortcomings

text: million

text: Windows

text: licenses

text: have

text: been

text: sold

text: through

text: January

text: a

text: number

text: which

text: included

text: both

text: upgrades

text: and

text: sales

text: to

text: OEMs

text: for

text: new

text: PCs

question: What about Windows 8 was well received?

answer: its performance improvements, security enhancements, and improved support for touchscreen devices

text: its performance improvements, security enhancements, and improved support for touchscreen devices

question: What were the perceived problems with the new Windows 8 user interface?

answer: being potentially confusing and difficult to learn

text: being potentially confusing and difficult to learn

question: How many Windows 8 licenses were purchased by January 2013?

answer: 60 million

text: 60 million


text: Most hunter-gatherers are nomadic or semi-nomadic and live in temporary settlements. Mobile communities typically construct shelters using impermanent building materials, or they may use natural rock shelters, where they are available.

title: Hunter-gatherer

title: Hunter

title: gatherer

text: Most

text: hunter

text: gatherers

text: are

text: nomadic

text: or

text: semi

text: nomadic

text: and

text: live

text: in

text: temporary

text: settlements

text: Mobile

text: communities

text: typically

text: construct

text: shelters

text: using

text: impermanent

text: building

text: materials

text: or

text: they

text: may

text: use

text: natural

text: rock

text: shelters

text: where

text: they

text: are

text: available

question: What is the lifestyle of hunter-gatherers?

answer: nomadic or semi-nomadic

text: nomadic or semi-nomadic

question: What is the permanence of hunter-gatherer settlements?

answer: temporary

text: temporary

question: What kind of building materials do they use?

answer: impermanent

text: impermanent

question: What kind of natural structure do hunter-gatherers use?

answer: rock shelters

text: rock shelters

question: What is the movement ability of hunter-gathers?

answer: Mobile communities

text: Mobile communities


text: In Book 11 of St. Augustine's Confessions, he ruminates on the nature of time, asking, "What then is time? If no one asks me, I know: if I wish to explain it to one that asketh, I know not." He goes on to comment on the difficulty of thinking about time, pointing out the inaccuracy of common speech: "For but few things are there of which we speak properly; of most things we speak improperly, still the things intended are understood."  But Augustine presented the first philosophical argument for the reality of Creation (against Aristotle) in the context of his discussion of time, saying that knowledge of time depends on the knowledge of the movement of things, and therefore time cannot be where there are no creatures to measure its passing (Confessions Book XI ¶30; City of God Book XI ch.6).

title: Philosophy_of_space_and_time

title: Philosophy_of_space_and_time

text: In

text: Book

text: of

text: St.

text: Augustine

text: 's

text: Confessions

text: he

text: ruminates

text: on

text: the

text: nature

text: of

text: time

text: asking

text: What

text: then

text: is

text: time

text: If

text: no

text: one

text: asks

text: me

text: I

text: know

text: if

text: I

text: wish

text: to

text: explain

text: it

text: to

text: one

text: that

text: asketh

text: I

text: know

text: not

text: He

text: goes

text: on

text: to

text: comment

text: on

text: the

text: difficulty

text: of

text: thinking

text: about

text: time

text: pointing

text: out

text: the

text: inaccuracy

text: of

text: common

text: speech

text: For

text: but

text: few

text: things

text: are

text: there

text: of

text: which

text: we

text: speak

text: properly

text: of

text: most

text: things

text: we

text: speak

text: improperly

text: still

text: the

text: things

text: intended

text: are

text: understood

text: But

text: Augustine

text: presented

text: the

text: first

text: philosophical

text: argument

text: for

text: the

text: reality

text: of

text: Creation

text: against

text: Aristotle

text: in

text: the

text: context

text: of

text: his

text: discussion

text: of

text: time

text: saying

text: that

text: knowledge

text: of

text: time

text: depends

text: on

text: the

text: knowledge

text: of

text: the

text: movement

text: of

text: things

text: and

text: therefore

text: time

text: can

text: not

text: be

text: where

text: there

text: are

text: no

text: creatures

text: to

text: measure

text: its

text: passing

text: Confessions

text: Book

text: XI

text: City

text: of

text: God

text: Book

text: XI

question: Which christian philosopher ruminated on time?

answer: St. Augustine

text: St. Augustine

question: What did St. Augustine comment on in Book 11, regarding thinking about time?

answer: the difficulty

text: the difficulty

question: Who presented the first philosophical argument for the reality of Creation?

answer: Augustine

text: Augustine

question: What did Augustine say that the knowledge of time depended on?

answer: the knowledge of the movement of things

text: the knowledge of the movement of things

question: Where did Augustine say time could not appear?

answer: where there are no creatures to measure its passing

text: where there are no creatures to measure its passing


text: Rear Admiral Bradley A. Fiske was at the vanguard of new technology in naval guns and gunnery, thanks to his innovations in fire control 1890–1910. He immediately grasped the potential for air power, and called for the development of a torpedo plane. Fiske, as aide for operations in 1913–15 to Assistant Secretary Franklin D. Roosevelt, proposed a radical reorganization of the Navy to make it a war-fighting instrument. Fiske wanted to centralize authority in a chief of naval operations and an expert staff that would develop new strategies, oversee the construction of a larger fleet, coordinate war planning including force structure, mobilization plans, and industrial base, and ensure that the US Navy possessed the best possible war machines. Eventually, the Navy adopted his reforms and by 1915 started to reorganize for possible involvement in the World War then underway.

title: Military_history_of_the_United_States

title: Military_history_of_the_United_States

text: Rear

text: Admiral

text: Bradley

text: A.

text: Fiske

text: was

text: at

text: the

text: vanguard

text: of

text: new

text: technology

text: in

text: naval

text: guns

text: and

text: gunnery

text: thanks

text: to

text: his

text: innovations

text: in

text: fire

text: control

text: He

text: immediately

text: grasped

text: the

text: potential

text: for

text: air

text: power

text: and

text: called

text: for

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: a

text: torpedo

text: plane

text: Fiske

text: as

text: aide

text: for

text: operations

text: in

text: to

text: Assistant

text: Secretary

text: Franklin

text: D.

text: Roosevelt

text: proposed

text: a

text: radical

text: reorganization

text: of

text: the

text: Navy

text: to

text: make

text: it

text: a

text: war

text: fighting

text: instrument

text: Fiske

text: wanted

text: to

text: centralize

text: authority

text: in

text: a

text: chief

text: of

text: naval

text: operations

text: and

text: an

text: expert

text: staff

text: that

text: would

text: develop

text: new

text: strategies

text: oversee

text: the

text: construction

text: of

text: a

text: larger

text: fleet

text: coordinate

text: war

text: planning

text: including

text: force

text: structure

text: mobilization

text: plans

text: and

text: industrial

text: base

text: and

text: ensure

text: that

text: the

text: US

text: Navy

text: possessed

text: the

text: best

text: possible

text: war

text: machines

text: Eventually

text: the

text: Navy

text: adopted

text: his

text: reforms

text: and

text: by

text: started

text: to

text: reorganize

text: for

text: possible

text: involvement

text: in

text: the

text: World

text: War

text: then

text: underway

question: What naval officer developed new doctrines for gunnery at the turn of the 20th Century?

answer: Rear Admiral Bradley A. Fiske

text: Rear Admiral Bradley A. Fiske

question: What aircraft did Fiske call for the development of?

answer: torpedo plane

text: torpedo plane

question: What assistant naval secretary did Fiske serve under?

answer: Franklin D. Roosevelt

text: Franklin D. Roosevelt

question: When did Fiske propose his reforms to the way the Navy operated?

answer: 1913–15


text: If the Governor General of Canada is unable to give assent, it can be done by either the Deputy of the Governor General of Canada—the Chief Justice of Canada—or another justice of the Supreme Court of Canada. It is not actually necessary for the governor general to sign a bill passed by a legislature, the signature being merely an attestation. In each case, the parliament must be apprised of the granting of assent before the bill is considered to have become law. Two methods are available: the sovereign's representatives may grant assent in the presence of both houses of parliament; alternatively, each house may be notified separately, usually by the speaker of that house. However, though both houses must be notified on the same day, notice to the House of Commons while it is not in session may be given by way of publishing a special issue of the Journals of the House of Commons, whereas the Senate must be sitting and the governor general's letter read aloud by the speaker.

title: Royal_assent

title: Royal_assent

text: If

text: the

text: Governor

text: General

text: of

text: Canada

text: is

text: unable

text: to

text: give

text: assent

text: it

text: can

text: be

text: done

text: by

text: either

text: the

text: Deputy

text: of

text: the

text: Governor

text: General

text: of

text: Canada

text: the

text: Chief

text: Justice

text: of

text: Canada

text: or

text: another

text: justice

text: of

text: the

text: Supreme

text: Court

text: of

text: Canada

text: It

text: is

text: not

text: actually

text: necessary

text: for

text: the

text: governor

text: general

text: to

text: sign

text: a

text: bill

text: passed

text: by

text: a

text: legislature

text: the

text: signature

text: being

text: merely

text: an

text: attestation

text: In

text: each

text: case

text: the

text: parliament

text: must

text: be

text: apprised

text: of

text: the

text: granting

text: of

text: assent

text: before

text: the

text: bill

text: is

text: considered

text: to

text: have

text: become

text: law

text: Two

text: methods

text: are

text: available

text: the

text: sovereign

text: 's

text: representatives

text: may

text: grant

text: assent

text: in

text: the

text: presence

text: of

text: both

text: houses

text: of

text: parliament

text: alternatively

text: each

text: house

text: may

text: be

text: notified

text: separately

text: usually

text: by

text: the

text: speaker

text: of

text: that

text: house

text: However

text: though

text: both

text: houses

text: must

text: be

text: notified

text: on

text: the

text: same

text: day

text: notice

text: to

text: the

text: House

text: of

text: Commons

text: while

text: it

text: is

text: not

text: in

text: session

text: may

text: be

text: given

text: by

text: way

text: of

text: publishing

text: a

text: special

text: issue

text: of

text: the

text: Journals

text: of

text: the

text: House

text: of

text: Commons

text: whereas

text: the

text: Senate

text: must

text: be

text: sitting

text: and

text: the

text: governor

text: general

text: 's

text: letter

text: read

text: aloud

text: by

text: the

text: speaker

question: In the Canadian federal government, who is typically responsible for deciding wether to give assent?

answer: the Governor General of Canada

text: the Governor General of Canada

question: Which positions from the Canadian Supreme Court may also give assent if need be?

answer: Chief Justice of Canada—or another justice

text: Chief Justice of Canada—or another justice

question: Who has the capability of granting assent if the Governer General of Canada cannot?

answer: the Deputy of the Governor General of Canada—the Chief Justice of Canada—or another justice of the Supreme Court of Canada

text: the Deputy of the Governor General of Canada—the Chief Justice of Canada—or another justice of the Supreme Court of Canada

question: How many methods are available to grant assent in Canada?

answer: Two

text: Two

question: If each house of parliament is notified seperately, what regulation applies?

answer: both houses must be notified on the same day

text: both houses must be notified on the same day

question: How can the House of Commons be notified of assent if it is not in session?

answer: publishing a special issue of the Journals of the House of Commons

text: publishing a special issue of the Journals of the House of Commons

question: In contrast to the House of Commons, how must the Senate be notified of assent?

answer: governor general's letter read aloud by the speaker

text: governor general's letter read aloud by the speaker


text: Since re-establishing independence, Estonia has styled itself as the gateway between East and West and aggressively pursued economic reform and integration with the West. Estonia's market reforms put it among the economic leaders in the former COMECON area.[citation needed] In 1994, based on the economic theories of Milton Friedman, Estonia became one of the first countries to adopt a flat tax, with a uniform rate of 26% regardless of personal income. In January 2005, the personal income tax rate was reduced to 24%. Another reduction to 23% followed in January 2006. The income tax rate was decreased to 21% by January 2008. The Government of Estonia finalised the design of Estonian euro coins in late 2004, and adopted the euro as the country's currency on 1 January 2011, later than planned due to continued high inflation. A Land Value Tax is levied which is used to fund local municipalities. It is a state level tax, however 100% of the revenue is used to fund Local Councils. The rate is set by the Local Council within the limits of 0.1–2.5%. It is one of the most important sources of funding for municipalities. The Land Value Tax is levied on the value of the land only with improvements and buildings not considered. Very few exemptions are considered on the land value tax and even public institutions are subject to the tax. The tax has contributed to a high rate (~90%) of owner-occupied residences within Estonia, compared to a rate of 67.4% in the United States.

title: Estonia

title: Estonia

text: Since

text: re

text: establishing

text: independence

text: Estonia

text: has

text: styled

text: itself

text: as

text: the

text: gateway

text: between

text: East

text: and

text: West

text: and

text: aggressively

text: pursued

text: economic

text: reform

text: and

text: integration

text: with

text: the

text: West

text: Estonia

text: 's

text: market

text: reforms

text: put

text: it

text: among

text: the

text: economic

text: leaders

text: in

text: the

text: former

text: COMECON

text: area.[citation

text: needed

text: In

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: economic

text: theories

text: of

text: Milton

text: Friedman

text: Estonia

text: became

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: countries

text: to

text: adopt

text: a

text: flat

text: tax

text: with

text: a

text: uniform

text: rate

text: of

text: regardless

text: of

text: personal

text: income

text: In

text: January

text: the

text: personal

text: income

text: tax

text: rate

text: was

text: reduced

text: to

text: Another

text: reduction

text: to

text: followed

text: in

text: January

text: The

text: income

text: tax

text: rate

text: was

text: decreased

text: to

text: by

text: January

text: The

text: Government

text: of

text: Estonia

text: finalised

text: the

text: design

text: of

text: Estonian

text: euro

text: coins

text: in

text: late

text: and

text: adopted

text: the

text: euro

text: as

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: currency

text: on

text: January

text: later

text: than

text: planned

text: due

text: to

text: continued

text: high

text: inflation

text: A

text: Land

text: Value

text: Tax

text: is

text: levied

text: which

text: is

text: used

text: to

text: fund

text: local

text: municipalities

text: It

text: is

text: a

text: state

text: level

text: tax

text: however

text: of

text: the

text: revenue

text: is

text: used

text: to

text: fund

text: Local

text: Councils

text: The

text: rate

text: is

text: set

text: by

text: the

text: Local

text: Council

text: within

text: the

text: limits

text: of

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: sources

text: of

text: funding

text: for

text: municipalities

text: The

text: Land

text: Value

text: Tax

text: is

text: levied

text: on

text: the

text: value

text: of

text: the

text: land

text: only

text: with

text: improvements

text: and

text: buildings

text: not

text: considered

text: Very

text: few

text: exemptions

text: are

text: considered

text: on

text: the

text: land

text: value

text: tax

text: and

text: even

text: public

text: institutions

text: are

text: subject

text: to

text: the

text: tax

text: The

text: tax

text: has

text: contributed

text: to

text: a

text: high

text: rate

text: of

text: owner

text: occupied

text: residences

text: within

text: Estonia

text: compared

text: to

text: a

text: rate

text: of

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

question: What Estonia view itself as after winning independence?

answer: the gateway between East and West

text: the gateway between East and West

question: What year did Estonia establish a flat tax?

answer: 1994

question: Who was the source of influence for the flat tax?

answer: Milton Friedman

text: Milton Friedman

question: What was tax rate imposed on the personal income?

answer: a uniform rate of 26%

text: a uniform rate of 26%


text: The Library of Congress (LoC) is an institution established by Congress to provide a research library for the government of the United States and serve as a national library. It is under the supervision of the United States Congress Joint Committee on the Library and the Librarian of Congress. The Near East is a separate topic and subdivision of the African and Middle Eastern division. The Middle East contains a Hebraic section consisting of only Israel for a country, but including eleven modern and ancient languages relating to Judaism, such as Yiddish, a European pidgin language. The Near East is otherwise nearly identical to the Middle East, except that it extends partly into Central Asia and the Caucasus, regions that the State Department considers to be in Asia.

title: Near_East

title: Near_East

text: The

text: Library

text: of

text: Congress

text: LoC

text: is

text: an

text: institution

text: established

text: by

text: Congress

text: to

text: provide

text: a

text: research

text: library

text: for

text: the

text: government

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: serve

text: as

text: a

text: national

text: library

text: It

text: is

text: under

text: the

text: supervision

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Congress

text: Joint

text: Committee

text: on

text: the

text: Library

text: and

text: the

text: Librarian

text: of

text: Congress

text: The

text: Near

text: East

text: is

text: a

text: separate

text: topic

text: and

text: subdivision

text: of

text: the

text: African

text: and

text: Middle

text: Eastern

text: division

text: The

text: Middle

text: East

text: contains

text: a

text: Hebraic

text: section

text: consisting

text: of

text: only

text: Israel

text: for

text: a

text: country

text: but

text: including

text: eleven

text: modern

text: and

text: ancient

text: languages

text: relating

text: to

text: Judaism

text: such

text: as

text: Yiddish

text: a

text: European

text: pidgin

text: language

text: The

text: Near

text: East

text: is

text: otherwise

text: nearly

text: identical

text: to

text: the

text: Middle

text: East

text: except

text: that

text: it

text: extends

text: partly

text: into

text: Central

text: Asia

text: and

text: the

text: Caucasus

text: regions

text: that

text: the

text: State

text: Department

text: considers

text: to

text: be

text: in

text: Asia

question: What does LoC stand for?

answer: The Library of Congress

text: The Library of Congress

question: What is the Library of Congress?

answer: an institution established by Congress to provide a research library for the government

text: an institution established by Congress to provide a research library for the government

question: The Library of Congress is under whose supervision?

answer: the United States Congress Joint Committee on the Library

text: the United States Congress Joint Committee on the Library