text: Another class of knights were granted land by the prince, allowing them the economic ability to serve the prince militarily. A Polish nobleman living at the time prior to the 15th century was referred to as a "rycerz", very roughly equivalent to the English "knight," the critical difference being the status of "rycerz" was almost strictly hereditary; the class of all such individuals was known as the "rycerstwo". Representing the wealthier families of Poland and itinerant knights from abroad seeking their fortunes, this other class of rycerstwo, which became the szlachta/nobility ("szlachta" becomes the proper term for Polish nobility beginning about the 15th century), gradually formed apart from Mieszko I's and his successors' elite retinues. This rycerstwo/nobility obtained more privileges granting them favored status. They were absolved from particular burdens and obligations under ducal law, resulting in the belief only rycerstwo (those combining military prowess with high/noble birth) could serve as officials in state administration.

title: Szlachta

title: Szlachta

text: Another

text: class

text: of

text: knights

text: were

text: granted

text: land

text: by

text: the

text: prince

text: allowing

text: them

text: the

text: economic

text: ability

text: to

text: serve

text: the

text: prince

text: militarily

text: A

text: Polish

text: nobleman

text: living

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: prior

text: to

text: the

text: century

text: was

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: a

text: rycerz

text: very

text: roughly

text: equivalent

text: to

text: the

text: English

text: knight

text: the

text: critical

text: difference

text: being

text: the

text: status

text: of

text: rycerz

text: was

text: almost

text: strictly

text: hereditary

text: the

text: class

text: of

text: all

text: such

text: individuals

text: was

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: rycerstwo

text: Representing

text: the

text: wealthier

text: families

text: of

text: Poland

text: and

text: itinerant

text: knights

text: from

text: abroad

text: seeking

text: their

text: fortunes

text: this

text: other

text: class

text: of

text: rycerstwo

text: which

text: became

text: the

text: szlachta

text: nobility

text: szlachta

text: becomes

text: the

text: proper

text: term

text: for

text: Polish

text: nobility

text: beginning

text: about

text: the

text: century

text: gradually

text: formed

text: apart

text: from

text: Mieszko

text: I

text: 's

text: and

text: his

text: successors

text: elite

text: retinues

text: This

text: rycerstwo

text: nobility

text: obtained

text: more

text: privileges

text: granting

text: them

text: favored

text: status

text: They

text: were

text: absolved

text: from

text: particular

text: burdens

text: and

text: obligations

text: under

text: ducal

text: law

text: resulting

text: in

text: the

text: belief

text: only

text: rycerstwo

text: those

text: combining

text: military

text: prowess

text: with

text: high

text: noble

text: birth

text: could

text: serve

text: as

text: officials

text: in

text: state

text: administration

question: WHat was a polish nobleman referred to as before the 15th century?

answer: rycerz

text: rycerz

question: What is roughly the same to the english version of rycerz?

answer: knight

text: knight

question: What people did the rycerstwo class represent?

answer: wealthier families of Poland and itinerant knights from abroad seeking their fortunes

text: wealthier families of Poland and itinerant knights from abroad seeking their fortunes

question: What positive did the szlachta class receive?

answer: gradually formed apart from Mieszko I's and his successors' elite retinues.

text: gradually formed apart from Mieszko I's and his successors' elite retinues.

question: What did ducal law implement for the rycerstwo/nobility?

answer: could serve as officials in state administration.

text: could serve as officials in state administration.


text: After the expulsion of the German population ethnic Russians, Belarusians, and Ukrainians were settled in the northern part. In the Soviet part of the region, a policy of eliminating all remnants of German history was pursued. All German place names were replaced by new Russian names. The exclave was a military zone, which was closed to foreigners; Soviet citizens could only enter with special permission. In 1967 the remnants of Königsberg Castle were demolished on the orders of Leonid Brezhnev to make way for a new "House of the Soviets".

title: East_Prussia

title: East_Prussia

text: After

text: the

text: expulsion

text: of

text: the

text: German

text: population

text: ethnic

text: Russians

text: Belarusians

text: and

text: Ukrainians

text: were

text: settled

text: in

text: the

text: northern

text: part

text: In

text: the

text: Soviet

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: region

text: a

text: policy

text: of

text: eliminating

text: all

text: remnants

text: of

text: German

text: history

text: was

text: pursued

text: All

text: German

text: place

text: names

text: were

text: replaced

text: by

text: new

text: Russian

text: names

text: The

text: exclave

text: was

text: a

text: military

text: zone

text: which

text: was

text: closed

text: to

text: foreigners

text: Soviet

text: citizens

text: could

text: only

text: enter

text: with

text: special

text: permission

text: In

text: the

text: remnants

text: of

text: Königsberg

text: Castle

text: were

text: demolished

text: on

text: the

text: orders

text: of

text: Leonid

text: Brezhnev

text: to

text: make

text: way

text: for

text: a

text: new

text: House

text: of

text: the

text: Soviets

question: Once the German populations was removed, what three groups  settled into the nothern area?

answer: ethnic Russians, Belarusians, and Ukrainians

text: ethnic Russians, Belarusians, and Ukrainians

question: In the Soviet section to the north, what did they want to expel from their land?

answer: eliminating all remnants of German history

text: eliminating all remnants of German history

question: What else happened in the northern part of East Prussia in the now Russian area?

answer: names were replaced by new Russian names

text: names were replaced by new Russian names


text: Despite these detailed standard definitions, cameras typically do not clearly indicate whether the user "ISO" setting refers to the noise-based speed, saturation-based speed, or the specified output sensitivity, or even some made-up number for marketing purposes. Because the 1998 version of ISO 12232 did not permit measurement of camera output that had lossy compression, it was not possible to correctly apply any of those measurements to cameras that did not produce sRGB files in an uncompressed format such as TIFF. Following the publication of CIPA DC-004 in 2006, Japanese manufacturers of digital still cameras are required to specify whether a sensitivity rating is REI or SOS.[citation needed]

title: Film_speed

title: Film_speed

text: Despite

text: these

text: detailed

text: standard

text: definitions

text: cameras

text: typically

text: do

text: not

text: clearly

text: indicate

text: whether

text: the

text: user

text: ISO

text: setting

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: noise

text: based

text: speed

text: saturation

text: based

text: speed

text: or

text: the

text: specified

text: output

text: sensitivity

text: or

text: even

text: some

text: made

text: up

text: number

text: for

text: marketing

text: purposes

text: Because

text: the

text: version

text: of

text: ISO

text: did

text: not

text: permit

text: measurement

text: of

text: camera

text: output

text: that

text: had

text: lossy

text: compression

text: it

text: was

text: not

text: possible

text: to

text: correctly

text: apply

text: any

text: of

text: those

text: measurements

text: to

text: cameras

text: that

text: did

text: not

text: produce

text: sRGB

text: files

text: in

text: an

text: uncompressed

text: format

text: such

text: as

text: TIFF

text: Following

text: the

text: publication

text: of

text: CIPA

text: in

text: Japanese

text: manufacturers

text: of

text: digital

text: still

text: cameras

text: are

text: required

text: to

text: specify

text: whether

text: a

text: sensitivity

text: rating

text: is

text: REI

text: or

text: SOS.[citation

text: needed

question: What measures might the user "ISO" setting correspond to?

answer: the noise-based speed, saturation-based speed, or the specified output sensitivity, or even some made-up number for marketing purposes

text: the noise-based speed, saturation-based speed, or the specified output sensitivity, or even some made-up number for marketing purposes

question: What did the 1998 version of ISO 12232 not permit?

answer: measurement of camera output that had lossy compression

text: measurement of camera output that had lossy compression

question: What types of sensitivity ratings can be specified by a camera?

answer: REI or SOS

text: REI or SOS

question: What standards changed what Japanese camera makers have to specify?

answer: CIPA DC-004

text: CIPA DC-004

question: In what year was CIPA DC-004 introduced?

answer: 2006


text: According to the canonical gospels, Jesus, whom Christians believe to be the Son of God as well as the Messiah (Christ), was arrested, tried, and sentenced by Pontius Pilate to be scourged, and finally crucified by the Romans. Jesus was stripped of his clothing and offered wine mixed with gall to drink, before being crucified. He was then hung for six hours (according to Mark's Gospel) between two convicted thieves. During this time, the soldiers affixed a sign to the top of the cross stating "Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews" in three languages. They then divided his garments among them, but cast lots for his seamless robe. After Jesus' death they pierced his side with a spear to be certain that he had died. The Bible records seven statements that Jesus made while he was on the cross, as well as several supernatural events that occurred.

title: Crucifixion_of_Jesus

title: Crucifixion_of_Jesus

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: canonical

text: gospels

text: Jesus

text: whom

text: Christians

text: believe

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: Son

text: of

text: God

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: Messiah

text: Christ

text: was

text: arrested

text: tried

text: and

text: sentenced

text: by

text: Pontius

text: Pilate

text: to

text: be

text: scourged

text: and

text: finally

text: crucified

text: by

text: the

text: Romans

text: Jesus

text: was

text: stripped

text: of

text: his

text: clothing

text: and

text: offered

text: wine

text: mixed

text: with

text: gall

text: to

text: drink

text: before

text: being

text: crucified

text: He

text: was

text: then

text: hung

text: for

text: six

text: hours

text: according

text: to

text: Mark

text: 's

text: Gospel

text: between

text: two

text: convicted

text: thieves

text: During

text: this

text: time

text: the

text: soldiers

text: affixed

text: a

text: sign

text: to

text: the

text: top

text: of

text: the

text: cross

text: stating

text: Jesus

text: of

text: Nazareth

text: King

text: of

text: the

text: Jews

text: in

text: three

text: languages

text: They

text: then

text: divided

text: his

text: garments

text: among

text: them

text: but

text: cast

text: lots

text: for

text: his

text: seamless

text: robe

text: After

text: Jesus

text: death

text: they

text: pierced

text: his

text: side

text: with

text: a

text: spear

text: to

text: be

text: certain

text: that

text: he

text: had

text: died

text: The

text: Bible

text: records

text: seven

text: statements

text: that

text: Jesus

text: made

text: while

text: he

text: was

text: on

text: the

text: cross

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: several

text: supernatural

text: events

text: that

text: occurred

question: Who was the person that tried Jesus?

answer: Pontius Pilate

text: Pontius Pilate

question: How long was Jesus hung for?

answer: six hours

text: six hours

question: What did the sign say on top of Jesus' cross?

answer: Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews

text: Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews

question: What was done to make sure Jesus was dead?

answer: they pierced his side with a spear

text: they pierced his side with a spear

question: How many statements did Jesus make on the cross?

answer: seven statements

text: seven statements


text: Qin armies finished their conquest of the kingdoms of Shu and Ba by 316 BC. Any written records and civil achievements of earlier kingdoms were destroyed. Qin administrators introduced improved agricultural technology. Li Bing, engineered the Dujiangyan irrigation system to control the Min River, a major tributary of the Yangtze. This innovative hydraulic system was composed of movable weirs which could be adjusted for high or low water flow according to the season, to either provide irrigation or prevent floods. The increased agricultural output and taxes made the area a source of provisions and men for Qin's unification of China.

title: Sichuan

title: Sichuan

text: Qin

text: armies

text: finished

text: their

text: conquest

text: of

text: the

text: kingdoms

text: of

text: Shu

text: and

text: Ba

text: by

text: BC

text: Any

text: written

text: records

text: and

text: civil

text: achievements

text: of

text: earlier

text: kingdoms

text: were

text: destroyed

text: Qin

text: administrators

text: introduced

text: improved

text: agricultural

text: technology

text: Li

text: Bing

text: engineered

text: the

text: Dujiangyan

text: irrigation

text: system

text: to

text: control

text: the

text: Min

text: River

text: a

text: major

text: tributary

text: of

text: the

text: Yangtze

text: This

text: innovative

text: hydraulic

text: system

text: was

text: composed

text: of

text: movable

text: weirs

text: which

text: could

text: be

text: adjusted

text: for

text: high

text: or

text: low

text: water

text: flow

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: season

text: to

text: either

text: provide

text: irrigation

text: or

text: prevent

text: floods

text: The

text: increased

text: agricultural

text: output

text: and

text: taxes

text: made

text: the

text: area

text: a

text: source

text: of

text: provisions

text: and

text: men

text: for

text: Qin

text: 's

text: unification

text: of

text: China

question: By what year did the Qin armies finish their conquest of Shu and Ba?

answer: 316 BC

text: 316 BC

question: What did Qin administrators introduce to Shu and Ba?

answer: improved agricultural technology.

text: improved agricultural technology.

question: Who engineered the Dujiangyan irrigation system to control the Min River?

answer: Li Bing

text: Li Bing

question: The Min River is a major tributary of what river?

answer: Yangtze

text: Yangtze

question: The Dujiangyan irrigation system was used for what purpose?

answer: to either provide irrigation or prevent floods.

text: to either provide irrigation or prevent floods.


text: A reference simulation software implementation, written in the C language and later known as ISO 11172-5, was developed (in 1991–1996) by the members of the ISO MPEG Audio committee in order to produce bit compliant MPEG Audio files (Layer 1, Layer 2, Layer 3). It was approved as a committee draft of ISO/IEC technical report in March 1994 and printed as document CD 11172-5 in April 1994. It was approved as a draft technical report (DTR/DIS) in November 1994, finalized in 1996 and published as international standard ISO/IEC TR 11172-5:1998 in 1998. The reference software in C language was later published as a freely available ISO standard. Working in non-real time on a number of operating systems, it was able to demonstrate the first real time hardware decoding (DSP based) of compressed audio. Some other real time implementation of MPEG Audio encoders were available for the purpose of digital broadcasting (radio DAB, television DVB) towards consumer receivers and set top boxes.

title: MP3

title: MP3

text: A

text: reference

text: simulation

text: software

text: implementation

text: written

text: in

text: the

text: C

text: language

text: and

text: later

text: known

text: as

text: ISO

text: was

text: developed

text: in

text: by

text: the

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: ISO

text: MPEG

text: Audio

text: committee

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: produce

text: bit

text: compliant

text: MPEG

text: Audio

text: files

text: Layer

text: Layer

text: Layer

text: It

text: was

text: approved

text: as

text: a

text: committee

text: draft

text: of

text: ISO

text: IEC

text: technical

text: report

text: in

text: March

text: and

text: printed

text: as

text: document

text: CD

text: in

text: April

text: It

text: was

text: approved

text: as

text: a

text: draft

text: technical

text: report

text: DTR

text: DIS

text: in

text: November

text: finalized

text: in

text: and

text: published

text: as

text: international

text: standard

text: ISO

text: IEC

text: TR

text: in

text: The

text: reference

text: software

text: in

text: C

text: language

text: was

text: later

text: published

text: as

text: a

text: freely

text: available

text: ISO

text: standard

text: Working

text: in

text: non

text: real

text: time

text: on

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: operating

text: systems

text: it

text: was

text: able

text: to

text: demonstrate

text: the

text: first

text: real

text: time

text: hardware

text: decoding

text: DSP

text: based

text: of

text: compressed

text: audio

text: Some

text: other

text: real

text: time

text: implementation

text: of

text: MPEG

text: Audio

text: encoders

text: were

text: available

text: for

text: the

text: purpose

text: of

text: digital

text: broadcasting

text: radio

text: DAB

text: television

text: DVB

text: towards

text: consumer

text: receivers

text: and

text: set

text: top

text: boxes

question: Who developed the reference simulation software?

answer: the ISO MPEG Audio committee

text: the ISO MPEG Audio committee

question: Which language was the reference simulation software written in?

answer: C

text: C

question: When was the reference software approved?

answer: March 1994

text: March 1994

question: When did the reference software become an international standard?

answer: 1998

question: What could the reference software demonstrate?

answer: real time hardware decoding

text: real time hardware decoding


text: Mexico City is one of the most important economic hubs in Latin America. The city proper (Federal District) produces 15.8% of the country's gross domestic product. According to a study conducted by PwC, Mexico City had a GDP of $390 billion, ranking it as the eighth richest city in the world after the greater metropolitan areas of Tokyo, New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Paris, London and Osaka/Kobe (and the richest in the whole of Latin America). Excluding the rest of the Mexican economy, Mexico City alone would rank as the 30th largest economy in the world. Mexico City is the greatest contributor to the country's industrial GDP (15.8%) and also the greatest contributor to the country's GDP in the service sector (25.3%). Due to the limited non-urbanized space at the south—most of which is protected through environmental laws—the contribution of the Federal District in agriculture is the smallest of all federal entities in the country. Mexico City has one of the world's fastest-growing economies and its GDP is set to double by 2020.

title: Mexico_City

title: Mexico_City

text: Mexico

text: City

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: economic

text: hubs

text: in

text: Latin

text: America

text: The

text: city

text: proper

text: Federal

text: District

text: produces

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: gross

text: domestic

text: product

text: According

text: to

text: a

text: study

text: conducted

text: by

text: PwC

text: Mexico

text: City

text: had

text: a

text: GDP

text: of

text: billion

text: ranking

text: it

text: as

text: the

text: eighth

text: richest

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: after

text: the

text: greater

text: metropolitan

text: areas

text: of

text: Tokyo

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: Chicago

text: Paris

text: London

text: and

text: Osaka

text: Kobe

text: and

text: the

text: richest

text: in

text: the

text: whole

text: of

text: Latin

text: America

text: Excluding

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: the

text: Mexican

text: economy

text: Mexico

text: City

text: alone

text: would

text: rank

text: as

text: the

text: largest

text: economy

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: Mexico

text: City

text: is

text: the

text: greatest

text: contributor

text: to

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: industrial

text: GDP

text: and

text: also

text: the

text: greatest

text: contributor

text: to

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: GDP

text: in

text: the

text: service

text: sector

text: Due

text: to

text: the

text: limited

text: non

text: urbanized

text: space

text: at

text: the

text: south

text: most

text: of

text: which

text: is

text: protected

text: through

text: environmental

text: laws

text: the

text: contribution

text: of

text: the

text: Federal

text: District

text: in

text: agriculture

text: is

text: the

text: smallest

text: of

text: all

text: federal

text: entities

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: Mexico

text: City

text: has

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: fastest

text: growing

text: economies

text: and

text: its

text: GDP

text: is

text: set

text: to

text: double

text: by

question: What percentage of the National GDP does the Federal District produce?

answer: 15.8

question: What is the GDP of Mexico City?

answer: $390 billion

text: $390 billion

question: What ranking in terms of GDP is Mexico City globally?

answer: eighth

text: eighth

question: What percentage of service sector national GDP does Mexico City account for?

answer: 25.3

question: By what year will the Mexico City GDP double by, according to research?

answer: 2020


text: Once the meditator achieves a strong and powerful concentration (jhāna, Sanskrit ध्यान dhyāna), his mind is ready to penetrate and gain insight (vipassanā) into the ultimate nature of reality, eventually obtaining release from all suffering. The cultivation of mindfulness is essential to mental concentration, which is needed to achieve insight.

title: Buddhism

title: Buddhism

text: Once

text: the

text: meditator

text: achieves

text: a

text: strong

text: and

text: powerful

text: concentration

text: jhāna

text: Sanskrit

text: ध्यान

text: dhyāna

text: his

text: mind

text: is

text: ready

text: to

text: penetrate

text: and

text: gain

text: insight

text: vipassanā

text: into

text: the

text: ultimate

text: nature

text: of

text: reality

text: eventually

text: obtaining

text: release

text: from

text: all

text: suffering

text: The

text: cultivation

text: of

text: mindfulness

text: is

text: essential

text: to

text: mental

text: concentration

text: which

text: is

text: needed

text: to

text: achieve

text: insight

question: What is powerful concentration called?

answer: jhāna

text: jhāna

question: What is the term when the mind is ready to penetrate and gain insight?

answer: vipassanā

text: vipassanā

question: Mindfulness is essential to concentration, which is neede to achieve what?

answer: insight

text: insight


text: In March 2008, it was announced that Avicenna's name would be used for new Directories of education institutions for health care professionals, worldwide. The Avicenna Directories will list universities and schools where doctors, public health practitioners, pharmacists and others, are educated. The project team stated "Why Avicenna? Avicenna ... was ... noted for his synthesis of knowledge from both east and west. He has had a lasting influence on the development of medicine and health sciences. The use of Avicenna's name symbolises the worldwide partnership that is needed for the promotion of health services of high quality."

title: Avicenna

title: Avicenna

text: In

text: March

text: it

text: was

text: announced

text: that

text: Avicenna

text: 's

text: name

text: would

text: be

text: used

text: for

text: new

text: Directories

text: of

text: education

text: institutions

text: for

text: health

text: care

text: professionals

text: worldwide

text: The

text: Avicenna

text: Directories

text: will

text: list

text: universities

text: and

text: schools

text: where

text: doctors

text: public

text: health

text: practitioners

text: pharmacists

text: and

text: others

text: are

text: educated

text: The

text: project

text: team

text: stated

text: Why

text: Avicenna

text: Avicenna

text: was

text: noted

text: for

text: his

text: synthesis

text: of

text: knowledge

text: from

text: both

text: east

text: and

text: west

text: He

text: has

text: had

text: a

text: lasting

text: influence

text: on

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: medicine

text: and

text: health

text: sciences

text: The

text: use

text: of

text: Avicenna

text: 's

text: name

text: symbolises

text: the

text: worldwide

text: partnership

text: that

text: is

text: needed

text: for

text: the

text: promotion

text: of

text: health

text: services

text: of

text: high

text: quality

question: When was it announced that Avicenna would have medical directories named after him?

answer: March 2008

text: March 2008

question: What does the Avicenna Directories contain?

answer: where doctors, public health practitioners, pharmacists and others, are educated

text: where doctors, public health practitioners, pharmacists and others, are educated

question: What was Avicenna known for?

answer: his synthesis of knowledge from both east and west

text: his synthesis of knowledge from both east and west

question: What is Avicenna's name needed for?

answer: worldwide partnership

text: worldwide partnership


text: In the context of chemistry, energy is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of its atomic, molecular or aggregate structure. Since a chemical transformation is accompanied by a change in one or more of these kinds of structure, it is invariably accompanied by an increase or decrease of energy of the substances involved. Some energy is transferred between the surroundings and the reactants of the reaction in the form of heat or light; thus the products of a reaction may have more or less energy than the reactants. A reaction is said to be exergonic if the final state is lower on the energy scale than the initial state; in the case of endergonic reactions the situation is the reverse. Chemical reactions are invariably not possible unless the reactants surmount an energy barrier known as the activation energy. The speed of a chemical reaction (at given temperature T) is related to the activation energy E, by the Boltzmann's population factor e−E/kT – that is the probability of molecule to have energy greater than or equal to E at the given temperature T. This exponential dependence of a reaction rate on temperature is known as the Arrhenius equation.The activation energy necessary for a chemical reaction can be in the form of thermal energy.

title: Energy

title: Energy

text: In

text: the

text: context

text: of

text: chemistry

text: energy

text: is

text: an

text: attribute

text: of

text: a

text: substance

text: as

text: a

text: consequence

text: of

text: its

text: atomic

text: molecular

text: or

text: aggregate

text: structure

text: Since

text: a

text: chemical

text: transformation

text: is

text: accompanied

text: by

text: a

text: change

text: in

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: of

text: these

text: kinds

text: of

text: structure

text: it

text: is

text: invariably

text: accompanied

text: by

text: an

text: increase

text: or

text: decrease

text: of

text: energy

text: of

text: the

text: substances

text: involved

text: Some

text: energy

text: is

text: transferred

text: between

text: the

text: surroundings

text: and

text: the

text: reactants

text: of

text: the

text: reaction

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: heat

text: or

text: light

text: thus

text: the

text: products

text: of

text: a

text: reaction

text: may

text: have

text: more

text: or

text: less

text: energy

text: than

text: the

text: reactants

text: A

text: reaction

text: is

text: said

text: to

text: be

text: exergonic

text: if

text: the

text: final

text: state

text: is

text: lower

text: on

text: the

text: energy

text: scale

text: than

text: the

text: initial

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: case

text: of

text: endergonic

text: reactions

text: the

text: situation

text: is

text: the

text: reverse

text: Chemical

text: reactions

text: are

text: invariably

text: not

text: possible

text: unless

text: the

text: reactants

text: surmount

text: an

text: energy

text: barrier

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: activation

text: energy

text: The

text: speed

text: of

text: a

text: chemical

text: reaction

text: at

text: given

text: temperature

text: T

text: is

text: related

text: to

text: the

text: activation

text: energy

text: E

text: by

text: the

text: Boltzmann

text: 's

text: population

text: factor

text: e−E

text: kT

text: that

text: is

text: the

text: probability

text: of

text: molecule

text: to

text: have

text: energy

text: greater

text: than

text: or

text: equal

text: to

text: E

text: at

text: the

text: given

text: temperature

text: T.

text: This

text: exponential

text: dependence

text: of

text: a

text: reaction

text: rate

text: on

text: temperature

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Arrhenius

text: equation

text: The

text: activation

text: energy

text: necessary

text: for

text: a

text: chemical

text: reaction

text: can

text: be

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: thermal

text: energy

question: In the context of chemistry, what is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of it's atomic, molecular or aggregate structure?

answer: energy

text: energy

question: What is not possible unless the reactants surmount an energy barrier known as the activation energy?

answer: Chemical reactions

text: Chemical reactions

question: What is the probability of molecule to have energy greater than or equal to E at the given temperature T?

answer: e−E/kT

text: e−E/kT

question: Who created the population factor e-E/kT?

answer: Boltzmann's

text: Boltzmann's

question: What is the exponential dependence of a reaction rate on temperature?

answer: Arrhenius equation

text: Arrhenius equation


text: Punjab (Urdu, Punjabi: پنجاب, panj-āb, "five waters":  listen (help·info)), also spelled Panjab, is the most populous of the four provinces of Pakistan. It has an area of 205,344 square kilometres (79,284 square miles) and a population of 91.379.615 in 2011, approximately 56% of the country's total population. Its provincial capital and largest city is Lahore. Punjab is bordered by the Indian states of Jammu and Kashmir to the northeast and Punjab and Rajasthan to the east. In Pakistan it is bordered by Sindh to the south, Balochistān and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to the west, and Islamabad and Azad Kashmir to the north.

title: Punjab,_Pakistan

title: Punjab,_Pakistan

text: Punjab

text: Urdu

text: Punjabi

text: پنجاب

text: panj

text: āb

text: five

text: waters

text: listen

text: help·info

text: also

text: spelled

text: Panjab

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: of

text: the

text: four

text: provinces

text: of

text: Pakistan

text: It

text: has

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: square

text: kilometres

text: square

text: miles

text: and

text: a

text: population

text: of

text: in

text: approximately

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: total

text: population

text: Its

text: provincial

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Lahore

text: Punjab

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: Indian

text: states

text: of

text: Jammu

text: and

text: Kashmir

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: and

text: Punjab

text: and

text: Rajasthan

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: In

text: Pakistan

text: it

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Sindh

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Balochistān

text: and

text: Khyber

text: Pakhtunkhwa

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: Islamabad

text: and

text: Azad

text: Kashmir

text: to

text: the

text: north

question: What does Punjab mean?

answer: five waters

text: five waters

question: How many provinces does Pakistan have?

answer: four

text: four

question: How large is Punjab?

answer: 205,344 square kilometres (79,284 square miles)

text: 205,344 square kilometres (79,284 square miles)

question: What is Punjab's population?

answer: 91.379.615

question: What is Punjab's biggest city?

answer: Lahore

text: Lahore


text: Even the Zhonghua Zihai does not include characters in the Chinese family of scripts created to represent non-Chinese languages. Characters formed by Chinese principles in other languages include the roughly 1,500 Japanese-made kokuji given in the Kokuji no Jiten, the Korean-made gukja, the over 10,000 Sawndip characters still in use in Guangxi, and the almost 20,000 Nôm characters formerly used in Vietnam.[citation needed] More divergent descendents of Chinese script include Tangut script, which created over 5,000 characters with similar strokes but different formation principles to Chinese characters.

title: Chinese_characters

title: Chinese_characters

text: Even

text: the

text: Zhonghua

text: Zihai

text: does

text: not

text: include

text: characters

text: in

text: the

text: Chinese

text: family

text: of

text: scripts

text: created

text: to

text: represent

text: non

text: Chinese

text: languages

text: Characters

text: formed

text: by

text: Chinese

text: principles

text: in

text: other

text: languages

text: include

text: the

text: roughly

text: Japanese

text: made

text: kokuji

text: given

text: in

text: the

text: Kokuji

text: no

text: Jiten

text: the

text: Korean

text: made

text: gukja

text: the

text: over

text: Sawndip

text: characters

text: still

text: in

text: use

text: in

text: Guangxi

text: and

text: the

text: almost

text: Nôm

text: characters

text: formerly

text: used

text: in

text: Vietnam.[citation

text: needed

text: More

text: divergent

text: descendents

text: of

text: Chinese

text: script

text: include

text: Tangut

text: script

text: which

text: created

text: over

text: characters

text: with

text: similar

text: strokes

text: but

text: different

text: formation

text: principles

text: to

text: Chinese

text: characters

question: What does not include characters in the Chinese family?

answer: Zhonghua Zihai

text: Zhonghua Zihai

question: What is formed by Chinese principles?

answer: Characters

text: Characters

question: What created over 5,000 characters with similar strokes?

answer: Tangut script

text: Tangut script


text: At the 2012 census, 59.5% of jobs in the Paris Region were in market services (12.0% in wholesale and retail trade, 9.7% in professional, scientific, and technical services, 6.5% in information and communication, 6.5% in transportation and warehousing, 5.9% in finance and insurance, 5.8% in administrative and support services, 4.6% in accommodation and food services, and 8.5% in various other market services), 26.9% in non-market services (10.4% in human health and social work activities, 9.6% in public administration and defence, and 6.9% in education), 8.2% in manufacturing and utilities (6.6% in manufacturing and 1.5% in utilities), 5.2% in construction, and 0.2% in agriculture.

title: Paris

title: Paris

text: At

text: the

text: census

text: of

text: jobs

text: in

text: the

text: Paris

text: Region

text: were

text: in

text: market

text: services

text: in

text: wholesale

text: and

text: retail

text: trade

text: in

text: professional

text: scientific

text: and

text: technical

text: services

text: in

text: information

text: and

text: communication

text: in

text: transportation

text: and

text: warehousing

text: in

text: finance

text: and

text: insurance

text: in

text: administrative

text: and

text: support

text: services

text: in

text: accommodation

text: and

text: food

text: services

text: and

text: in

text: various

text: other

text: market

text: services

text: in

text: non

text: market

text: services

text: in

text: human

text: health

text: and

text: social

text: work

text: activities

text: in

text: public

text: administration

text: and

text: defence

text: and

text: in

text: education

text: in

text: manufacturing

text: and

text: utilities

text: in

text: manufacturing

text: and

text: in

text: utilities

text: in

text: construction

text: and

text: in

text: agriculture

question: What percentage of jobs were market services in 2012?

answer: 59.5

question: What industry had the lowest percentage of jobs in Paris of 2012?

answer: agriculture

text: agriculture

question: What percentage of people worked in agriculture?

answer: 0.2

question: What percentage of people worked in finance and insurance?

answer: 5.9


text: Tibet retained nominal power over religious and regional political affairs, while the Mongols managed a structural and administrative rule over the region, reinforced by the rare military intervention. This existed as a "diarchic structure" under the Yuan emperor, with power primarily in favor of the Mongols. Mongolian prince Khuden gained temporal power in Tibet in the 1240s and sponsored Sakya Pandita, whose seat became the capital of Tibet. Drogön Chögyal Phagpa, Sakya Pandita's nephew became Imperial Preceptor of Kublai Khan, founder of the Yuan dynasty.

title: Tibet

title: Tibet

text: Tibet

text: retained

text: nominal

text: power

text: over

text: religious

text: and

text: regional

text: political

text: affairs

text: while

text: the

text: Mongols

text: managed

text: a

text: structural

text: and

text: administrative

text: rule

text: over

text: the

text: region

text: reinforced

text: by

text: the

text: rare

text: military

text: intervention

text: This

text: existed

text: as

text: a

text: diarchic

text: structure

text: under

text: the

text: Yuan

text: emperor

text: with

text: power

text: primarily

text: in

text: favor

text: of

text: the

text: Mongols

text: Mongolian

text: prince

text: Khuden

text: gained

text: temporal

text: power

text: in

text: Tibet

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: sponsored

text: Sakya

text: Pandita

text: whose

text: seat

text: became

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: Tibet

text: Drogön

text: Chögyal

text: Phagpa

text: Sakya

text: Pandita

text: 's

text: nephew

text: became

text: Imperial

text: Preceptor

text: of

text: Kublai

text: Khan

text: founder

text: of

text: the

text: Yuan

text: dynasty

question: Who managed religious and regional political affairs?

answer: Tibet

text: Tibet

question: Who managed structural and administrative rule?

answer: Mongols

text: Mongols

question: Who gained temporal power in Tibet in the 1240s?

answer: Mongolian prince Khuden

text: Mongolian prince Khuden

question: Who founded the Yuan dynasty?

answer: Imperial Preceptor of Kublai Khan

text: Imperial Preceptor of Kublai Khan


text: Feminist economists Ailsa McKay and Margunn Bjørnholt argue that the financial crisis and the response to it revealed a crisis of ideas in mainstream economics and within the economics profession, and call for a reshaping of both the economy, economic theory and the economics profession. They argue that such a reshaping should include new advances within feminist economics and ecological economics that take as their starting point the socially responsible, sensible and accountable subject in creating an economy and economic theories that fully acknowledge care for each other as well as the planet.

title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

text: Feminist

text: economists

text: Ailsa

text: McKay

text: and

text: Margunn

text: Bjørnholt

text: argue

text: that

text: the

text: financial

text: crisis

text: and

text: the

text: response

text: to

text: it

text: revealed

text: a

text: crisis

text: of

text: ideas

text: in

text: mainstream

text: economics

text: and

text: within

text: the

text: economics

text: profession

text: and

text: call

text: for

text: a

text: reshaping

text: of

text: both

text: the

text: economy

text: economic

text: theory

text: and

text: the

text: economics

text: profession

text: They

text: argue

text: that

text: such

text: a

text: reshaping

text: should

text: include

text: new

text: advances

text: within

text: feminist

text: economics

text: and

text: ecological

text: economics

text: that

text: take

text: as

text: their

text: starting

text: point

text: the

text: socially

text: responsible

text: sensible

text: and

text: accountable

text: subject

text: in

text: creating

text: an

text: economy

text: and

text: economic

text: theories

text: that

text: fully

text: acknowledge

text: care

text: for

text: each

text: other

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: planet

question: Who is one of the feminist economists that believe the financial crisis revealed a crisis of mainstream economics and call for a complete reshaping of the economy?

answer: Ailsa McKay

text: Ailsa McKay

question: Feminist economists Ailsa McKay and Margunn Bjornhold believe that the financial crisis and response reveal a crisis of ideas in this?

answer: mainstream economics

text: mainstream economics

question: According to feminist economists McKay and Bjornholt, would type economics should be included in a reshaping?

answer: feminist economics

text: feminist economics

question: What do economists McKay and Bjornholt want to occur in the economy, economic theory, and economics profession?

answer: a reshaping

text: a reshaping


text: The School of Architecture was established in 1899, although degrees in architecture were first awarded by the university in 1898. Today the school, housed in Bond Hall, offers a five-year undergraduate program leading to the Bachelor of Architecture degree. All undergraduate students study the third year of the program in Rome. The university is globally recognized for its Notre Dame School of Architecture, a faculty that teaches (pre-modernist) traditional and classical architecture and urban planning (e.g. following the principles of New Urbanism and New Classical Architecture). It also awards the renowned annual Driehaus Architecture Prize.

title: University_of_Notre_Dame

title: University_of_Notre_Dame

text: The

text: School

text: of

text: Architecture

text: was

text: established

text: in

text: although

text: degrees

text: in

text: architecture

text: were

text: first

text: awarded

text: by

text: the

text: university

text: in

text: Today

text: the

text: school

text: housed

text: in

text: Bond

text: Hall

text: offers

text: a

text: five

text: year

text: undergraduate

text: program

text: leading

text: to

text: the

text: Bachelor

text: of

text: Architecture

text: degree

text: All

text: undergraduate

text: students

text: study

text: the

text: third

text: year

text: of

text: the

text: program

text: in

text: Rome

text: The

text: university

text: is

text: globally

text: recognized

text: for

text: its

text: Notre

text: Dame

text: School

text: of

text: Architecture

text: a

text: faculty

text: that

text: teaches

text: pre

text: modernist

text: traditional

text: and

text: classical

text: architecture

text: and

text: urban

text: planning

text: e.g.

text: following

text: the

text: principles

text: of

text: New

text: Urbanism

text: and

text: New

text: Classical

text: Architecture

text: It

text: also

text: awards

text: the

text: renowned

text: annual

text: Driehaus

text: Architecture

text: Prize

question: In 1899 Notre Dame formed which college?

answer: School of Architecture

text: School of Architecture

question: In what building is the current School of Architecture housed at Notre Dame?

answer: Bond Hall

text: Bond Hall

question: What length is the course of study at the Notre Dame School of Architecture?

answer: five-year

text: five-year

question: In which location do students of the School of Architecture of Notre Dame spend their 3rd year?

answer: Rome

text: Rome

question: Which prestigious prize does the School of Architecture at Notre Dame give out?

answer: Driehaus Architecture Prize

text: Driehaus Architecture Prize


text: BBC Television is a service of the British Broadcasting Corporation. The corporation, which has operated in the United Kingdom under the terms of a Royal charter since 1927, has produced television programmes from its own since 1932, although the start of its regular service of television broadcasts is dated to 2 November 1936.

title: BBC_Television

title: BBC_Television

text: BBC

text: Television

text: is

text: a

text: service

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: Broadcasting

text: Corporation

text: The

text: corporation

text: which

text: has

text: operated

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: under

text: the

text: terms

text: of

text: a

text: Royal

text: charter

text: since

text: has

text: produced

text: television

text: programmes

text: from

text: its

text: own

text: since

text: although

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: its

text: regular

text: service

text: of

text: television

text: broadcasts

text: is

text: dated

text: to

text: November

question: What is the acronym for British Broadcasting Corporation?

answer: BBC

text: BBC

question: Under what auspices does the BBC exist?

answer: Royal charter

text: Royal charter

question: When did the BBC start creating its own programming?

answer: 1932

question: On what date did the BBC being its regular TV broadcasts?

answer: 2 November 1936

text: 2 November 1936

question: In what country is the BBC headquartered?

answer: United Kingdom

text: United Kingdom


text: The U.S. census race definitions says a "black" is a person having origins in any of the black (sub-Saharan) racial groups of Africa. It includes people who indicate their race as "Black, African Am., or Negro" or who provide written entries such as African American, Afro-American, Kenyan, Nigerian, or Haitian. The Census Bureau notes that these classifications are socio-political constructs and should not be interpreted as scientific or anthropological. Most African Americans also have European ancestry in varying amounts; a lesser proportion have some Native American ancestry. For instance, genetic studies of African Americans show an ancestry that is on average 17–18% European.

title: Black_people

title: Black_people

text: The

text: U.S.

text: census

text: race

text: definitions

text: says

text: a

text: black

text: is

text: a

text: person

text: having

text: origins

text: in

text: any

text: of

text: the

text: black

text: sub

text: Saharan

text: racial

text: groups

text: of

text: Africa

text: It

text: includes

text: people

text: who

text: indicate

text: their

text: race

text: as

text: Black

text: African

text: Am

text: or

text: Negro

text: or

text: who

text: provide

text: written

text: entries

text: such

text: as

text: African

text: American

text: Afro

text: American

text: Kenyan

text: Nigerian

text: or

text: Haitian

text: The

text: Census

text: Bureau

text: notes

text: that

text: these

text: classifications

text: are

text: socio

text: political

text: constructs

text: and

text: should

text: not

text: be

text: interpreted

text: as

text: scientific

text: or

text: anthropological

text: Most

text: African

text: Americans

text: also

text: have

text: European

text: ancestry

text: in

text: varying

text: amounts

text: a

text: lesser

text: proportion

text: have

text: some

text: Native

text: American

text: ancestry

text: For

text: instance

text: genetic

text: studies

text: of

text: African

text: Americans

text: show

text: an

text: ancestry

text: that

text: is

text: on

text: average

text: European

question: How does the U.S. census define "black" Americans?

answer: having origins in any of the black (sub-Saharan) racial groups of Africa

text: having origins in any of the black (sub-Saharan) racial groups of Africa

question: What classification are given?

answer: socio-political constructs

text: socio-political constructs

question: What percentage of African Americans have European ancestry?

answer: 17–18%

question: What is the Census definition not based on?

answer: scientific or anthropological

text: scientific or anthropological


text: Current manager, Roberto Martínez, is the fourteenth permanent holder of the position since it was established in 1939. There have also been four caretaker managers, and before 1939 the team was selected by either the club secretary or by committee. The club's longest-serving manager has been Harry Catterick, who was in charge of the team from 1961–73, taking in 594 first team matches. The Everton manager to win most domestic and international trophies is Howard Kendall, who won two Division One championships, the 1984 FA Cup, the 1984 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, and three Charity Shields.

title: Everton_F.C.

title: Everton_F.C.

text: Current

text: manager

text: Roberto

text: Martínez

text: is

text: the

text: fourteenth

text: permanent

text: holder

text: of

text: the

text: position

text: since

text: it

text: was

text: established

text: in

text: There

text: have

text: also

text: been

text: four

text: caretaker

text: managers

text: and

text: before

text: the

text: team

text: was

text: selected

text: by

text: either

text: the

text: club

text: secretary

text: or

text: by

text: committee

text: The

text: club

text: 's

text: longest

text: serving

text: manager

text: has

text: been

text: Harry

text: Catterick

text: who

text: was

text: in

text: charge

text: of

text: the

text: team

text: from

text: taking

text: in

text: first

text: team

text: matches

text: The

text: Everton

text: manager

text: to

text: win

text: most

text: domestic

text: and

text: international

text: trophies

text: is

text: Howard

text: Kendall

text: who

text: won

text: two

text: Division

text: One

text: championships

text: the

text: FA

text: Cup

text: the

text: UEFA

text: Cup

text: Winners

text: Cup

text: and

text: three

text: Charity

text: Shields

question: Who is the current manager of the Everton Football Club?

answer: Roberto Martínez

text: Roberto Martínez

question: How many caretaker managers have their been in the Everton FC's history?

answer: four

text: four

question: Who was the Everton FC team's longest serving manager?

answer: Harry Catterick

text: Harry Catterick

question: When did Harry Catterick manage the Everton Football Club?

answer: 1961–73

question: Which Everton manager won the most domestic and international trophies during his time?

answer: Howard Kendall

text: Howard Kendall


text: Numerous recordings of Chopin's works are available. On the occasion of the composer's bicentenary, the critics of The New York Times recommended performances by the following contemporary pianists (among many others): Martha Argerich, Vladimir Ashkenazy, Emanuel Ax, Evgeny Kissin, Murray Perahia, Maurizio Pollini and Krystian Zimerman. The Warsaw Chopin Society organizes the Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin for notable Chopin recordings, held every five years.

title: Frédéric_Chopin

title: Frédéric_Chopin

text: Numerous

text: recordings

text: of

text: Chopin

text: 's

text: works

text: are

text: available

text: On

text: the

text: occasion

text: of

text: the

text: composer

text: 's

text: bicentenary

text: the

text: critics

text: of

text: The

text: New

text: York

text: Times

text: recommended

text: performances

text: by

text: the

text: following

text: contemporary

text: pianists

text: among

text: many

text: others

text: Martha

text: Argerich

text: Vladimir

text: Ashkenazy

text: Emanuel

text: Ax

text: Evgeny

text: Kissin

text: Murray

text: Perahia

text: Maurizio

text: Pollini

text: and

text: Krystian

text: Zimerman

text: The

text: Warsaw

text: Chopin

text: Society

text: organizes

text: the

text: Grand

text: prix

text: du

text: disque

text: de

text: F.

text: Chopin

text: for

text: notable

text: Chopin

text: recordings

text: held

text: every

text: five

text: years

question: The Warsaw Chopin Society holds the Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin how often?

answer: every five years.

text: every five years.

question: What is the name of the event that The Warsaw Chopin Society holds?

answer: Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin

text: Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin

question: On Chopin's 200th anniversary critics of what publication made recommendations on recordings of Chopin's work?

answer: The New York Times

text: The New York Times

question: Who organizes the Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin for notable Chopin recordings?

answer: The Warsaw Chopin Society

text: The Warsaw Chopin Society

question: How often is the Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin for notable Chopin recordings held?

answer: every five years.

text: every five years.

question: Upon Chopin's bicentenary, who recommended a list of who should perform Chopin?

answer: The New York Times

text: The New York Times


text: This season saw the first Idol Gives Back telethon-inspired event, which raised more than $76 million in corporate and viewer donations. No contestant was eliminated that week, but two (Phil Stacey and Chris Richardson) were eliminated the next. Melinda Doolittle was eliminated in the final three.

title: American_Idol

title: American_Idol

text: This

text: season

text: saw

text: the

text: first

text: Idol

text: Gives

text: Back

text: telethon

text: inspired

text: event

text: which

text: raised

text: more

text: than

text: million

text: in

text: corporate

text: and

text: viewer

text: donations

text: No

text: contestant

text: was

text: eliminated

text: that

text: week

text: but

text: two

text: Phil

text: Stacey

text: and

text: Chris

text: Richardson

text: were

text: eliminated

text: the

text: next

text: Melinda

text: Doolittle

text: was

text: eliminated

text: in

text: the

text: final

text: three

question: What was the name of the charity event on season six of American Idol?

answer: Idol Gives Back

text: Idol Gives Back

question: How much money did the Idol Gives Back event raise in 2007?

answer: $76 million

text: $76 million

question: What singer came in third on the sixth season of American Idol?

answer: Melinda Doolittle

text: Melinda Doolittle

question: What was the charity event that occurred this season?

answer: Idol Gives Back

text: Idol Gives Back

question: Which two contestants were eliminated the following week?

answer: Phil Stacey and Chris Richardson

text: Phil Stacey and Chris Richardson

question: Who was eliminated on the Top 3 show?

answer: Melinda Doolittle

text: Melinda Doolittle


text: The current I(t) through any component in an electric circuit is defined as the rate of flow of a charge Q(t) passing through it, but actual charges—electrons—cannot pass through the dielectric layer of a capacitor. Rather, one electron accumulates on the negative plate for each one that leaves the positive plate, resulting in an electron depletion and consequent positive charge on one electrode that is equal and opposite to the accumulated negative charge on the other. Thus the charge on the electrodes is equal to the integral of the current as well as proportional to the voltage, as discussed above. As with any antiderivative, a constant of integration is added to represent the initial voltage V(t0). This is the integral form of the capacitor equation:

title: Capacitor

title: Capacitor

text: The

text: current

text: I(t

text: through

text: any

text: component

text: in

text: an

text: electric

text: circuit

text: is

text: defined

text: as

text: the

text: rate

text: of

text: flow

text: of

text: a

text: charge

text: Q(t

text: passing

text: through

text: it

text: but

text: actual

text: charges

text: electrons

text: cannot

text: pass

text: through

text: the

text: dielectric

text: layer

text: of

text: a

text: capacitor

text: Rather

text: one

text: electron

text: accumulates

text: on

text: the

text: negative

text: plate

text: for

text: each

text: one

text: that

text: leaves

text: the

text: positive

text: plate

text: resulting

text: in

text: an

text: electron

text: depletion

text: and

text: consequent

text: positive

text: charge

text: on

text: one

text: electrode

text: that

text: is

text: equal

text: and

text: opposite

text: to

text: the

text: accumulated

text: negative

text: charge

text: on

text: the

text: other

text: Thus

text: the

text: charge

text: on

text: the

text: electrodes

text: is

text: equal

text: to

text: the

text: integral

text: of

text: the

text: current

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: proportional

text: to

text: the

text: voltage

text: as

text: discussed

text: above

text: As

text: with

text: any

text: antiderivative

text: a

text: constant

text: of

text: integration

text: is

text: added

text: to

text: represent

text: the

text: initial

text: voltage

text: This

text: is

text: the

text: integral

text: form

text: of

text: the

text: capacitor

text: equation

question: What is the definition of the current I(t) through any component in an electric circuit?

answer: the rate of flow of a charge Q(t) passing through it

text: the rate of flow of a charge Q(t) passing through it

question: For each electron that departs the positive plate, how many electrons build up on the negative plate?

answer: one electron accumulates on the negative plate

text: one electron accumulates on the negative plate

question: To what is the charge on the electrodes of a capacitor equal to?

answer: the integral of the current

text: the integral of the current

question: To what is the charge on the electrodes of a capacitor proportional to?

answer: proportional to the voltage

text: proportional to the voltage

question: When calculating the integral to determine the charge on the electrodes of a capacitor, what does the constant of integration that must be added represent?

answer: the initial voltage V(t0)

text: the initial voltage V(t0)


text: Elizabeth's many historic visits and meetings include a state visit to the Republic of Ireland and reciprocal visits to and from the Pope. She has seen major constitutional changes, such as devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patriation, and the decolonisation of Africa. She has also reigned through various wars and conflicts involving many of her realms. She is the world's oldest reigning monarch as well as Britain's longest-lived. In 2015, she surpassed the reign of her great-great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, to become the longest-reigning British head of state and the longest-reigning queen regnant in world history.

title: Elizabeth_II

title: Elizabeth_II

text: Elizabeth

text: 's

text: many

text: historic

text: visits

text: and

text: meetings

text: include

text: a

text: state

text: visit

text: to

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Ireland

text: and

text: reciprocal

text: visits

text: to

text: and

text: from

text: the

text: Pope

text: She

text: has

text: seen

text: major

text: constitutional

text: changes

text: such

text: as

text: devolution

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: Canadian

text: patriation

text: and

text: the

text: decolonisation

text: of

text: Africa

text: She

text: has

text: also

text: reigned

text: through

text: various

text: wars

text: and

text: conflicts

text: involving

text: many

text: of

text: her

text: realms

text: She

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: oldest

text: reigning

text: monarch

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: Britain

text: 's

text: longest

text: lived

text: In

text: she

text: surpassed

text: the

text: reign

text: of

text: her

text: great

text: great

text: grandmother

text: Queen

text: Victoria

text: to

text: become

text: the

text: longest

text: reigning

text: British

text: head

text: of

text: state

text: and

text: the

text: longest

text: reigning

text: queen

text: regnant

text: in

text: world

text: history

question: Who is the world's oldest reigning monarch?

answer: Elizabeth

text: Elizabeth

question: Than which queen has Elizabeth ruled longer?

answer: Queen Victoria

text: Queen Victoria

question: How is Victoria related to Elizabeth?

answer: great-great-grandmother

text: great-great-grandmother

question: In what year did Elizabeth pass Victoria's length of rule?

answer: 2015

question: In the history of what is Elizabeth the longest reigning queen?

answer: world history

text: world history


text: By the mid-1870s, most scientists accepted evolution, but relegated natural selection to a minor role as they believed evolution was purposeful and progressive. The range of evolutionary theories during "the eclipse of Darwinism" included forms of "saltationism" in which new species were thought to arise through "jumps" rather than gradual adaptation, forms of orthogenesis claiming that species had an inherent tendency to change in a particular direction, and forms of neo-Lamarckism in which inheritance of acquired characteristics led to progress. The minority view of August Weismann, that natural selection was the only mechanism, was called neo-Darwinism. It was thought that the rediscovery of Mendelian inheritance invalidated Darwin's views.

title: On_the_Origin_of_Species

title: On_the_Origin_of_Species

text: By

text: the

text: most

text: scientists

text: accepted

text: evolution

text: but

text: relegated

text: natural

text: selection

text: to

text: a

text: minor

text: role

text: as

text: they

text: believed

text: evolution

text: was

text: purposeful

text: and

text: progressive

text: The

text: range

text: of

text: evolutionary

text: theories

text: during

text: the

text: eclipse

text: of

text: Darwinism

text: included

text: forms

text: of

text: saltationism

text: in

text: which

text: new

text: species

text: were

text: thought

text: to

text: arise

text: through

text: jumps

text: rather

text: than

text: gradual

text: adaptation

text: forms

text: of

text: orthogenesis

text: claiming

text: that

text: species

text: had

text: an

text: inherent

text: tendency

text: to

text: change

text: in

text: a

text: particular

text: direction

text: and

text: forms

text: of

text: neo

text: Lamarckism

text: in

text: which

text: inheritance

text: of

text: acquired

text: characteristics

text: led

text: to

text: progress

text: The

text: minority

text: view

text: of

text: August

text: Weismann

text: that

text: natural

text: selection

text: was

text: the

text: only

text: mechanism

text: was

text: called

text: neo

text: Darwinism

text: It

text: was

text: thought

text: that

text: the

text: rediscovery

text: of

text: Mendelian

text: inheritance

text: invalidated

text: Darwin

text: 's

text: views

question: Why did most scientists accept the validity of evolution by the 1870s, but considered natural selection a minor part of it?

answer: they believed evolution was purposeful and progressive.

text: they believed evolution was purposeful and progressive.

question: What was meant by the term saltationism?

answer: new species were thought to arise through "jumps" rather than gradual adaptation

text: new species were thought to arise through "jumps" rather than gradual adaptation

question: What is the term for the belief that species have a tendency to change and adapt in a certain direction?

answer: orthogenesis

text: orthogenesis

question: What was the minority view on evolution that was believed by August Weismann?

answer: neo-Darwinism

text: neo-Darwinism

question: What rediscovered inheritance was thought to invalidate Darwin's views on evolution?

answer: Mendelian inheritance

text: Mendelian inheritance


text: South Africa occupied the colony in 1915 after defeating the German force during World War I and administered it from 1919 onward as a League of Nations mandate territory. Although the South African government desired to incorporate 'South-West Africa' into its territory, it never officially did so, although it was administered as the de facto 'fifth province', with the white minority having representation in the whites-only Parliament of South Africa, as well as electing their own local administration the SWA Legislative Assembly. The South African government also appointed the SWA administrator, who had extensive powers. Following the League's replacement by the United Nations in 1946, South Africa refused to surrender its earlier mandate to be replaced by a United Nations Trusteeship agreement, requiring closer international monitoring of the territory's administration (along with a definite independence schedule). The Herero Chief's Council submitted a number of petitions to the UN calling for it to grant Namibia independence during the 1950s. During the 1960s, when European powers granted independence to their colonies and trust territories in Africa, pressure mounted on South Africa to do so in Namibia. In 1966 the International Court of Justice dismissed a complaint brought by Ethiopia and Liberia against South Africa's continued presence in the territory, but the U.N. General Assembly subsequently revoked South Africa's mandate, while in 1971 the International Court of Justice issued an "advisory opinion" declaring South Africa's continued administration to be illegal.

title: Namibia

title: Namibia

text: South

text: Africa

text: occupied

text: the

text: colony

text: in

text: after

text: defeating

text: the

text: German

text: force

text: during

text: World

text: War

text: I

text: and

text: administered

text: it

text: from

text: onward

text: as

text: a

text: League

text: of

text: Nations

text: mandate

text: territory

text: Although

text: the

text: South

text: African

text: government

text: desired

text: to

text: incorporate

text: South

text: West

text: Africa

text: into

text: its

text: territory

text: it

text: never

text: officially

text: did

text: so

text: although

text: it

text: was

text: administered

text: as

text: the

text: de

text: facto

text: fifth

text: province

text: with

text: the

text: white

text: minority

text: having

text: representation

text: in

text: the

text: whites

text: only

text: Parliament

text: of

text: South

text: Africa

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: electing

text: their

text: own

text: local

text: administration

text: the

text: SWA

text: Legislative

text: Assembly

text: The

text: South

text: African

text: government

text: also

text: appointed

text: the

text: SWA

text: administrator

text: who

text: had

text: extensive

text: powers

text: Following

text: the

text: League

text: 's

text: replacement

text: by

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: in

text: South

text: Africa

text: refused

text: to

text: surrender

text: its

text: earlier

text: mandate

text: to

text: be

text: replaced

text: by

text: a

text: United

text: Nations

text: Trusteeship

text: agreement

text: requiring

text: closer

text: international

text: monitoring

text: of

text: the

text: territory

text: 's

text: administration

text: along

text: with

text: a

text: definite

text: independence

text: schedule

text: The

text: Herero

text: Chief

text: 's

text: Council

text: submitted

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: petitions

text: to

text: the

text: UN

text: calling

text: for

text: it

text: to

text: grant

text: Namibia

text: independence

text: during

text: the

text: During

text: the

text: when

text: European

text: powers

text: granted

text: independence

text: to

text: their

text: colonies

text: and

text: trust

text: territories

text: in

text: Africa

text: pressure

text: mounted

text: on

text: South

text: Africa

text: to

text: do

text: so

text: in

text: Namibia

text: In

text: the

text: International

text: Court

text: of

text: Justice

text: dismissed

text: a

text: complaint

text: brought

text: by

text: Ethiopia

text: and

text: Liberia

text: against

text: South

text: Africa

text: 's

text: continued

text: presence

text: in

text: the

text: territory

text: but

text: the

text: U.N.

text: General

text: Assembly

text: subsequently

text: revoked

text: South

text: Africa

text: 's

text: mandate

text: while

text: in

text: the

text: International

text: Court

text: of

text: Justice

text: issued

text: an

text: advisory

text: opinion

text: declaring

text: South

text: Africa

text: 's

text: continued

text: administration

text: to

text: be

text: illegal

question: When did South Africa refuse to surrender Namibia?

answer: 1946

question: When did South Africa occupy Namibia?

answer: 1915

question: Which council submitted petitions for Namibia's independence?

answer: Herero Chief's Council

text: Herero Chief's Council

question: When was the League replaced by the United Nations?

answer: 1946

question: When did European powers grant independence to their colonies in Africa?

answer: 1960s


text: It has pleased western historians to write of a decline of the Ottoman Empire as though a stable and uncontested polity of that name once existed. The borders did expand and contract but they were always dynamic and always in "question" right from the beginning. The Ottoman Empire was created from the lands of the former eastern Roman Empire on the occasion of the latter's violent demise. The last Roman emperor died fighting hand-to-hand in the streets of his capital, Constantinople, overwhelmed by the Ottoman military, in May, 1453. The victors inherited his remaining territory in the Balkans.

title: Near_East

title: Near_East

text: It

text: has

text: pleased

text: western

text: historians

text: to

text: write

text: of

text: a

text: decline

text: of

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: as

text: though

text: a

text: stable

text: and

text: uncontested

text: polity

text: of

text: that

text: name

text: once

text: existed

text: The

text: borders

text: did

text: expand

text: and

text: contract

text: but

text: they

text: were

text: always

text: dynamic

text: and

text: always

text: in

text: question

text: right

text: from

text: the

text: beginning

text: The

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: was

text: created

text: from

text: the

text: lands

text: of

text: the

text: former

text: eastern

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: on

text: the

text: occasion

text: of

text: the

text: latter

text: 's

text: violent

text: demise

text: The

text: last

text: Roman

text: emperor

text: died

text: fighting

text: hand

text: to

text: hand

text: in

text: the

text: streets

text: of

text: his

text: capital

text: Constantinople

text: overwhelmed

text: by

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: military

text: in

text: May

text: The

text: victors

text: inherited

text: his

text: remaining

text: territory

text: in

text: the

text: Balkans

question: What has pleased western historians?

answer: to write of a decline of the Ottoman Empire

text: to write of a decline of the Ottoman Empire

question: What was always in question from the beginning of the Ottoman Empire?

answer: The borders

text: The borders

question: What was the Ottoman Empire created from?

answer: the lands of the former eastern Roman Empire

text: the lands of the former eastern Roman Empire

question: How did the last Roman emperor die?

answer: fighting hand-to-hand in the streets

text: fighting hand-to-hand in the streets

question: Where was the Roman emperor's capital?

answer: Constantinople

text: Constantinople


text: Hunter-gathering lifestyles remained prevalent in some parts of the New World, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Siberia, as well as all of Australia, until the European Age of Discovery. They still persist in some tribal societies, albeit in rapid decline. Peoples that preserved paleolithic hunting-gathering until the recent past include some indigenous peoples of the Amazonas (Aché), some Central and Southern African (San people), some peoples of New Guinea (Fayu), the Mlabri of Thailand and Laos, the Vedda people of Sri Lanka, and a handful of uncontacted peoples. In Africa, the only remaining full-time hunter-gatherers are the Hadza of Tanzania.[citation needed]

title: Hunting

title: Hunting

text: Hunter

text: gathering

text: lifestyles

text: remained

text: prevalent

text: in

text: some

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: New

text: World

text: Sub

text: Saharan

text: Africa

text: and

text: Siberia

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: all

text: of

text: Australia

text: until

text: the

text: European

text: Age

text: of

text: Discovery

text: They

text: still

text: persist

text: in

text: some

text: tribal

text: societies

text: albeit

text: in

text: rapid

text: decline

text: Peoples

text: that

text: preserved

text: paleolithic

text: hunting

text: gathering

text: until

text: the

text: recent

text: past

text: include

text: some

text: indigenous

text: peoples

text: of

text: the

text: Amazonas

text: Aché

text: some

text: Central

text: and

text: Southern

text: African

text: San

text: people

text: some

text: peoples

text: of

text: New

text: Guinea

text: Fayu

text: the

text: Mlabri

text: of

text: Thailand

text: and

text: Laos

text: the

text: Vedda

text: people

text: of

text: Sri

text: Lanka

text: and

text: a

text: handful

text: of

text: uncontacted

text: peoples

text: In

text: Africa

text: the

text: only

text: remaining

text: full

text: time

text: hunter

text: gatherers

text: are

text: the

text: Hadza

text: of

text: Tanzania.[citation

text: needed

question: What type of lifestyle was prevalent in Siberia until the European Age of Discovery?

answer: Hunter-gathering

text: Hunter-gathering

question: Where does the hunter-gathering lifestyle persist, though in decline?

answer: some tribal societies

text: some tribal societies

question: Indigenous peoples of the Amazonas preserved what until the recent past?

answer: paleolithic hunting-gathering

text: paleolithic hunting-gathering

question: Who are the only remaining full-time hunter-gatherers in Africa?

answer: the Hadza of Tanzania

text: the Hadza of Tanzania

question: Hunter-gathering lifestyles remained prevalent until when?

answer: European Age of Discovery

text: European Age of Discovery

question: What parts of the New World did the hunter-gathering lifestyles remain?

answer: Sub-Saharan Africa, and Siberia, as well as all of Australia

text: Sub-Saharan Africa, and Siberia, as well as all of Australia

question: Who are the only remaining full-time hunter-gatherers in Africa?

answer: Hadza of Tanzania

text: Hadza of Tanzania


text: A Frankish identity emerged and so did their Frankish or Franconian language. The language itself is poorly attested. A notable exception is the Bergakker inscription, found near the Dutch city of Tiel, which may represent a primary record of 5th-century Frankish. Although some placenames recorded in Roman texts could arguably be considered as the oldest "Dutch" single words, like vadam (modern Dutch: wad, English: "mudflat"), the Bergakker inscription yields the oldest evidence of Dutch morphology, but there is no consensus on the interpretation of the rest of the text.

title: Dutch_language

title: Dutch_language

text: A

text: Frankish

text: identity

text: emerged

text: and

text: so

text: did

text: their

text: Frankish

text: or

text: Franconian

text: language

text: The

text: language

text: itself

text: is

text: poorly

text: attested

text: A

text: notable

text: exception

text: is

text: the

text: Bergakker

text: inscription

text: found

text: near

text: the

text: Dutch

text: city

text: of

text: Tiel

text: which

text: may

text: represent

text: a

text: primary

text: record

text: of

text: century

text: Frankish

text: Although

text: some

text: placenames

text: recorded

text: in

text: Roman

text: texts

text: could

text: arguably

text: be

text: considered

text: as

text: the

text: oldest

text: Dutch

text: single

text: words

text: like

text: vadam

text: modern

text: Dutch

text: wad

text: English

text: mudflat

text: the

text: Bergakker

text: inscription

text: yields

text: the

text: oldest

text: evidence

text: of

text: Dutch

text: morphology

text: but

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: consensus

text: on

text: the

text: interpretation

text: of

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: the

text: text

question: What's another term for "Frankish"?

answer: Franconian

text: Franconian

question: What city is closest to the Bergakker inscription?

answer: Tiel

text: Tiel

question: To which century do some researchers attribute the Bergakker inscription?

answer: 5th

question: What word found in Roman writings became "wad" in modern Dutch?

answer: vadam

text: vadam

question: What does the Dutch word "wad" mean in English?

answer: mudflat

text: mudflat


text: Football is largely considered the Nigeria's national sport and the country has its own Premier League of football. Nigeria's national football team, known as the "Super Eagles", has made the World Cup on five occasions 1994, 1998, 2002, 2010, and most recently in 2014. In April 1994, the Super Eagles ranked 5th in the FIFA World Rankings, the highest ranking achieved by an African football team. They won the African Cup of Nations in 1980, 1994, and 2013, and have also hosted the U-17 & U-20 World Cup. They won the gold medal for football in the 1996 Summer Olympics (in which they beat Argentina) becoming the first African football team to win gold in Olympic Football.

title: Nigeria

title: Nigeria

text: Football

text: is

text: largely

text: considered

text: the

text: Nigeria

text: 's

text: national

text: sport

text: and

text: the

text: country

text: has

text: its

text: own

text: Premier

text: League

text: of

text: football

text: Nigeria

text: 's

text: national

text: football

text: team

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Super

text: Eagles

text: has

text: made

text: the

text: World

text: Cup

text: on

text: five

text: occasions

text: and

text: most

text: recently

text: in

text: In

text: April

text: the

text: Super

text: Eagles

text: ranked

text: in

text: the

text: FIFA

text: World

text: Rankings

text: the

text: highest

text: ranking

text: achieved

text: by

text: an

text: African

text: football

text: team

text: They

text: won

text: the

text: African

text: Cup

text: of

text: Nations

text: in

text: and

text: and

text: have

text: also

text: hosted

text: the

text: World

text: Cup

text: They

text: won

text: the

text: gold

text: medal

text: for

text: football

text: in

text: the

text: Summer

text: Olympics

text: in

text: which

text: they

text: beat

text: Argentina

text: becoming

text: the

text: first

text: African

text: football

text: team

text: to

text: win

text: gold

text: in

text: Olympic

text: Football

question: Which years did Nigeria win the African Cup of Nations?

answer: 1980, 1994, and 2013

text: 1980, 1994, and 2013

question: When did Nigeria win a Summer Olympics gold medal?

answer: 1996

question: What did Nigeria win a Summer Olympics gold medal for?

answer: football

text: football

question: What country did Nigeria beat to win a Summer Olympics gold medal?

answer: Argentina

text: Argentina

question: What is Nigeria's national football team called?

answer: Super Eagles

text: Super Eagles


text: The first road connecting the city to the mainland at Pleasantville was completed in 1870 and charged a 30-cent toll. Albany Avenue was the first road to the mainland that was available without a toll.

title: Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey

title: Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey

text: The

text: first

text: road

text: connecting

text: the

text: city

text: to

text: the

text: mainland

text: at

text: Pleasantville

text: was

text: completed

text: in

text: and

text: charged

text: a

text: toll

text: Albany

text: Avenue

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: road

text: to

text: the

text: mainland

text: that

text: was

text: available

text: without

text: a

text: toll

question: The first road connected Atlantic City to which mainland town?

answer: Pleasantville

text: Pleasantville

question: The first road that connected Atlantic City to the mainland was completed in what year?

answer: 1870

question: How much of a toll was charged on the first road to connect Atlantic City to the mainland?

answer: 30-cent

question: What was the name of the first road to the mainland that did not charge a toll?

answer: Albany Avenue

text: Albany Avenue


text: The "photoelectrons" emitted as a result of the photoelectric effect have a certain kinetic energy, which can be measured. This kinetic energy (for each photoelectron) is independent of the intensity of the light, but depends linearly on the frequency; and if the frequency is too low (corresponding to a photon energy that is less than the work function of the material), no photoelectrons are emitted at all, unless a plurality of photons, whose energetic sum is greater than the energy of the photoelectrons, acts virtually simultaneously (multiphoton effect)  Assuming the frequency is high enough to cause the photoelectric effect, a rise in intensity of the light source causes more photoelectrons to be emitted with the same kinetic energy, rather than the same number of photoelectrons to be emitted with higher kinetic energy.

title: Planck_constant

title: Planck_constant

text: The

text: photoelectrons

text: emitted

text: as

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: the

text: photoelectric

text: effect

text: have

text: a

text: certain

text: kinetic

text: energy

text: which

text: can

text: be

text: measured

text: This

text: kinetic

text: energy

text: for

text: each

text: photoelectron

text: is

text: independent

text: of

text: the

text: intensity

text: of

text: the

text: light

text: but

text: depends

text: linearly

text: on

text: the

text: frequency

text: and

text: if

text: the

text: frequency

text: is

text: too

text: low

text: corresponding

text: to

text: a

text: photon

text: energy

text: that

text: is

text: less

text: than

text: the

text: work

text: function

text: of

text: the

text: material

text: no

text: photoelectrons

text: are

text: emitted

text: at

text: all

text: unless

text: a

text: plurality

text: of

text: photons

text: whose

text: energetic

text: sum

text: is

text: greater

text: than

text: the

text: energy

text: of

text: the

text: photoelectrons

text: acts

text: virtually

text: simultaneously

text: multiphoton

text: effect

text: Assuming

text: the

text: frequency

text: is

text: high

text: enough

text: to

text: cause

text: the

text: photoelectric

text: effect

text: a

text: rise

text: in

text: intensity

text: of

text: the

text: light

text: source

text: causes

text: more

text: photoelectrons

text: to

text: be

text: emitted

text: with

text: the

text: same

text: kinetic

text: energy

text: rather

text: than

text: the

text: same

text: number

text: of

text: photoelectrons

text: to

text: be

text: emitted

text: with

text: higher

text: kinetic

text: energy

question: What is emitted as a result of the photoelectric effect?

answer: photoelectrons

text: photoelectrons

question: What does the kinetic energy of a photoelectron depend on?

answer: the frequency

text: the frequency

question: What happens if the photoelectron's frequency is too low?

answer: no photoelectrons are emitted at all

text: no photoelectrons are emitted at all

question: What is the term used when photoelectrons act virtually at the same time?

answer: multiphoton effect

text: multiphoton effect

question: What type of energy due photoelectrons emitted due to the photoelectric effect have?

answer: kinetic

text: kinetic

question: What factor of the initial light source does the energy of the photoelectrons depend on?

answer: frequency

text: frequency

question: When the photon energy is less than the work function of the material the light is shone upon, how many photoelectrons are emitted?

answer: no photoelectrons are emitted at all

text: no photoelectrons are emitted at all

question: If the photoelectric effect is occuring, increasing the intensity of the light source causes what?

answer: more photoelectrons to be emitted with the same kinetic energy

text: more photoelectrons to be emitted with the same kinetic energy


text: Scholars and historians are divided as to what event signals the end of the Hellenistic era. The Hellenistic period may be seen to end either with the final conquest of the Greek heartlands by Rome in 146 BC following the Achean War, with the final defeat of the Ptolemaic Kingdom at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, or even the move by Roman emperor Constantine the Great of the capital of the Roman Empire to Constantinople in 330 AD. "Hellenistic" is distinguished from "Hellenic" in that the first encompasses the entire sphere of direct ancient Greek influence, while the latter refers to Greece itself.

title: Hellenistic_period

title: Hellenistic_period

text: Scholars

text: and

text: historians

text: are

text: divided

text: as

text: to

text: what

text: event

text: signals

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Hellenistic

text: era

text: The

text: Hellenistic

text: period

text: may

text: be

text: seen

text: to

text: end

text: either

text: with

text: the

text: final

text: conquest

text: of

text: the

text: Greek

text: heartlands

text: by

text: Rome

text: in

text: BC

text: following

text: the

text: Achean

text: War

text: with

text: the

text: final

text: defeat

text: of

text: the

text: Ptolemaic

text: Kingdom

text: at

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Actium

text: in

text: BC

text: or

text: even

text: the

text: move

text: by

text: Roman

text: emperor

text: Constantine

text: the

text: Great

text: of

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: to

text: Constantinople

text: in

text: AD

text: Hellenistic

text: is

text: distinguished

text: from

text: Hellenic

text: in

text: that

text: the

text: first

text: encompasses

text: the

text: entire

text: sphere

text: of

text: direct

text: ancient

text: Greek

text: influence

text: while

text: the

text: latter

text: refers

text: to

text: Greece

text: itself

question: When was the final defeat of the Ptolemaic Kingdom?

answer: 31 BC

text: 31 BC

question: Who was the Roman emporer?

answer: Constantine the Great

text: Constantine the Great

question: Where did the Roman Empire move to in 330 AD?

answer: Constantinople

text: Constantinople

question: What term defines the influence of Greek culture?

answer: Hellenistic

text: Hellenistic

question: When did the capital of the Roman Empire move to Constantinople?

answer: 330 AD

text: 330 AD

question: Which era refers primarily to just Greece?

answer: Hellenic

text: Hellenic

question: Who moved the Roman Empire capital in 330 AD?

answer: Constantine

text: Constantine

question: Rome's final conquest of Greek lands followed which war?

answer: Achean War

text: Achean War

question: What is the period called that comprises all Greek influence?

answer: Hellenistic

text: Hellenistic


text: PAL consoles face another incompatibility when playing out-of-region cartridges: the NTSC video standard specifies video at 60 Hz while PAL operates at 50 Hz, resulting in approximately 16.7% slower gameplay. Additionally, PAL's higher resolution results in letterboxing of the output image. Some commercial PAL region releases exhibit this same problem and, therefore, can be played in NTSC systems without issue while others will face a 20% speedup if played in an NTSC console. To mostly correct this issue, a switch can be added to place the SNES PPU into a 60 Hz mode supported by most newer PAL televisions. Later games will detect this setting and refuse to run, requiring the switch to be thrown only after the check completes.

title: Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System

title: Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System

text: PAL

text: consoles

text: face

text: another

text: incompatibility

text: when

text: playing

text: out

text: of

text: region

text: cartridges

text: the

text: NTSC

text: video

text: standard

text: specifies

text: video

text: at

text: Hz

text: while

text: PAL

text: operates

text: at

text: Hz

text: resulting

text: in

text: approximately

text: slower

text: gameplay

text: Additionally

text: PAL

text: 's

text: higher

text: resolution

text: results

text: in

text: letterboxing

text: of

text: the

text: output

text: image

text: Some

text: commercial

text: PAL

text: region

text: releases

text: exhibit

text: this

text: same

text: problem

text: and

text: therefore

text: can

text: be

text: played

text: in

text: NTSC

text: systems

text: without

text: issue

text: while

text: others

text: will

text: face

text: a

text: speedup

text: if

text: played

text: in

text: an

text: NTSC

text: console

text: To

text: mostly

text: correct

text: this

text: issue

text: a

text: switch

text: can

text: be

text: added

text: to

text: place

text: the

text: SNES

text: PPU

text: into

text: a

text: Hz

text: mode

text: supported

text: by

text: most

text: newer

text: PAL

text: televisions

text: Later

text: games

text: will

text: detect

text: this

text: setting

text: and

text: refuse

text: to

text: run

text: requiring

text: the

text: switch

text: to

text: be

text: thrown

text: only

text: after

text: the

text: check

text: completes

question: What video frequency does NTSC use?

answer: 60 Hz

text: 60 Hz

question: What video frequency does PAL use?

answer: 50 Hz

text: 50 Hz

question: How much slower do games run on PAL consoles than NTSC due to frequency differences?

answer: 16.7% slower

text: 16.7% slower

question: What hardware modification could be made to the SNES to support game speed differences?

answer: a switch can be added to place the SNES PPU into a 60 Hz mode supported by most newer PAL televisions

text: a switch can be added to place the SNES PPU into a 60 Hz mode supported by most newer PAL televisions


text: Twilight Princess was released to universal critical acclaim and commercial success. It received perfect scores from major publications such as 1UP.com, Computer and Video Games, Electronic Gaming Monthly, Game Informer, GamesRadar, and GameSpy. On the review aggregators GameRankings and Metacritic, Twilight Princess has average scores of 95% and 95 for the Wii version and scores of 95% and 96 for the GameCube version. GameTrailers in their review called it one of the greatest games ever created.

title: The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Twilight_Princess

title: The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Twilight_Princess

text: Twilight

text: Princess

text: was

text: released

text: to

text: universal

text: critical

text: acclaim

text: and

text: commercial

text: success

text: It

text: received

text: perfect

text: scores

text: from

text: major

text: publications

text: such

text: as

text: Computer

text: and

text: Video

text: Games

text: Electronic

text: Gaming

text: Monthly

text: Game

text: Informer

text: GamesRadar

text: and

text: GameSpy

text: On

text: the

text: review

text: aggregators

text: GameRankings

text: and

text: Metacritic

text: Twilight

text: Princess

text: has

text: average

text: scores

text: of

text: and

text: for

text: the

text: Wii

text: version

text: and

text: scores

text: of

text: and

text: for

text: the

text: GameCube

text: version

text: GameTrailers

text: in

text: their

text: review

text: called

text: it

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: greatest

text: games

text: ever

text: created

question: What kind of scores did Twilight Princess receive from many video game review sources?

answer: perfect

text: perfect

question: Which sites gave the Wii copy of Twilight Princess scores of 95% and 95?

answer: GameRankings and Metacritic

text: GameRankings and Metacritic

question: Who counted the game among the best ever made?

answer: GameTrailers

text: GameTrailers

question: What was the reception of Twilight Princess?

answer: universal critical acclaim

text: universal critical acclaim

question: What scores did it receive from major game publications?

answer: perfect

text: perfect

question: What is the average score of Twilight Princess on Metacritic?

answer: 95

question: What reviewer called Twilight Princess "One of the greatest games ever created"?

answer: GameTrailers

text: GameTrailers


text: Elevators necessitated new social protocols. When Nicholas II of Russia visited the Hotel Adlon in Berlin, his courtiers panicked about who would enter the elevator first, and who would press the buttons. In Lifted: A Cultural History of the Elevator, author Andreas Bernard documents other social impacts caused by the modern elevator, including thriller movies about stuck elevators, casual encounters and sexual tension on elevators, the reduction of personal space, and concerns about personal hygiene.

title: Elevator

title: Elevator

text: Elevators

text: necessitated

text: new

text: social

text: protocols

text: When

text: Nicholas

text: II

text: of

text: Russia

text: visited

text: the

text: Hotel

text: Adlon

text: in

text: Berlin

text: his

text: courtiers

text: panicked

text: about

text: who

text: would

text: enter

text: the

text: elevator

text: first

text: and

text: who

text: would

text: press

text: the

text: buttons

text: In

text: Lifted

text: A

text: Cultural

text: History

text: of

text: the

text: Elevator

text: author

text: Andreas

text: Bernard

text: documents

text: other

text: social

text: impacts

text: caused

text: by

text: the

text: modern

text: elevator

text: including

text: thriller

text: movies

text: about

text: stuck

text: elevators

text: casual

text: encounters

text: and

text: sexual

text: tension

text: on

text: elevators

text: the

text: reduction

text: of

text: personal

text: space

text: and

text: concerns

text: about

text: personal

text: hygiene

question: The invention of elevators brought with it questions of social etiquette and formalities, generally referred to as what?

answer: social protocols

text: social protocols

question: The last tsar of Russia, Nicholas ll encountered his first elevator at the Hotel Adloin in what city?

answer: Berlin

text: Berlin

question: This caused a stir in deciding who should enter first and who should do what?

answer: press the buttons

text: press the buttons

question: Andreas Bernard wrote about the social aspects of the new elevators in what book?

answer: Lifted: A Cultural History of the Elevator

text: Lifted: A Cultural History of the Elevator