text: In 1578, Elizabeth I granted a patent to Humphrey Gilbert for discovery and overseas exploration. That year, Gilbert sailed for the West Indies with the intention of engaging in piracy and establishing a colony in North America, but the expedition was aborted before it had crossed the Atlantic. In 1583 he embarked on a second attempt, on this occasion to the island of Newfoundland whose harbour he formally claimed for England, although no settlers were left behind. Gilbert did not survive the return journey to England, and was succeeded by his half-brother, Walter Raleigh, who was granted his own patent by Elizabeth in 1584. Later that year, Raleigh founded the colony of Roanoke on the coast of present-day North Carolina, but lack of supplies caused the colony to fail.

title: British_Empire

title: British_Empire

text: In

text: Elizabeth

text: I

text: granted

text: a

text: patent

text: to

text: Humphrey

text: Gilbert

text: for

text: discovery

text: and

text: overseas

text: exploration

text: That

text: year

text: Gilbert

text: sailed

text: for

text: the

text: West

text: Indies

text: with

text: the

text: intention

text: of

text: engaging

text: in

text: piracy

text: and

text: establishing

text: a

text: colony

text: in

text: North

text: America

text: but

text: the

text: expedition

text: was

text: aborted

text: before

text: it

text: had

text: crossed

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: In

text: he

text: embarked

text: on

text: a

text: second

text: attempt

text: on

text: this

text: occasion

text: to

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Newfoundland

text: whose

text: harbour

text: he

text: formally

text: claimed

text: for

text: England

text: although

text: no

text: settlers

text: were

text: left

text: behind

text: Gilbert

text: did

text: not

text: survive

text: the

text: return

text: journey

text: to

text: England

text: and

text: was

text: succeeded

text: by

text: his

text: half

text: brother

text: Walter

text: Raleigh

text: who

text: was

text: granted

text: his

text: own

text: patent

text: by

text: Elizabeth

text: in

text: Later

text: that

text: year

text: Raleigh

text: founded

text: the

text: colony

text: of

text: Roanoke

text: on

text: the

text: coast

text: of

text: present

text: day

text: North

text: Carolina

text: but

text: lack

text: of

text: supplies

text: caused

text: the

text: colony

text: to

text: fail

question: When did Humphrey Gilbert first set sail for the West Indies?

answer: 1578

question: When was Humphrey Gilbert's second attempt to set sail?

answer: 1583

question: What was Humphrey Gilbert's second destination?

answer: Newfoundland

text: Newfoundland

question: Who was Humphrey Gilbert's half-brother?

answer: Walter Raleigh

text: Walter Raleigh

question: What colony did Walter Raleigh found?

answer: Roanoke

text: Roanoke


text: Throughout the 17th century Plymouth had gradually lost its pre-eminence as a trading port. By the mid-17th century commodities manufactured elsewhere in England cost too much to transport to Plymouth and the city had no means of processing sugar or tobacco imports, although it did play a relatively small part in the Atlantic slave trade during the early 18th century.

title: Plymouth

title: Plymouth

text: Throughout

text: the

text: century

text: Plymouth

text: had

text: gradually

text: lost

text: its

text: pre

text: eminence

text: as

text: a

text: trading

text: port

text: By

text: the

text: century

text: commodities

text: manufactured

text: elsewhere

text: in

text: England

text: cost

text: too

text: much

text: to

text: transport

text: to

text: Plymouth

text: and

text: the

text: city

text: had

text: no

text: means

text: of

text: processing

text: sugar

text: or

text: tobacco

text: imports

text: although

text: it

text: did

text: play

text: a

text: relatively

text: small

text: part

text: in

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: slave

text: trade

text: during

text: the

text: early

text: century

question: During what century was Plymouth involved with the Atlantic slave trade?

answer: 18th

question: In what century did Plymouth cease to be a vital trading port?

answer: 17th


text: In the early 20th century Valencia was an industrialised city. The silk industry had disappeared, but there was a large production of hides and skins, wood, metals and foodstuffs, this last with substantial exports, particularly of wine and citrus. Small businesses predominated, but with the rapid mechanisation of industry larger companies were being formed. The best expression of this dynamic was in the regional exhibitions, including that of 1909 held next to the pedestrian avenue L'Albereda (Paseo de la Alameda), which depicted the progress of agriculture and industry. Among the most architecturally successful buildings of the era were those designed in the Art Nouveau style, such as the North Station (Gare du Nord) and the Central and Columbus markets.

title: Valencia

title: Valencia

text: In

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: Valencia

text: was

text: an

text: industrialised

text: city

text: The

text: silk

text: industry

text: had

text: disappeared

text: but

text: there

text: was

text: a

text: large

text: production

text: of

text: hides

text: and

text: skins

text: wood

text: metals

text: and

text: foodstuffs

text: this

text: last

text: with

text: substantial

text: exports

text: particularly

text: of

text: wine

text: and

text: citrus

text: Small

text: businesses

text: predominated

text: but

text: with

text: the

text: rapid

text: mechanisation

text: of

text: industry

text: larger

text: companies

text: were

text: being

text: formed

text: The

text: best

text: expression

text: of

text: this

text: dynamic

text: was

text: in

text: the

text: regional

text: exhibitions

text: including

text: that

text: of

text: held

text: next

text: to

text: the

text: pedestrian

text: avenue

text: L'Albereda

text: Paseo

text: de

text: la

text: Alameda

text: which

text: depicted

text: the

text: progress

text: of

text: agriculture

text: and

text: industry

text: Among

text: the

text: most

text: architecturally

text: successful

text: buildings

text: of

text: the

text: era

text: were

text: those

text: designed

text: in

text: the

text: Art

text: Nouveau

text: style

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: North

text: Station

text: Gare

text: du

text: Nord

text: and

text: the

text: Central

text: and

text: Columbus

text: markets

question: What were Valencia's main food exports in the early 20th century?

answer: wine and citrus

text: wine and citrus

question: When was an exhibition held that showed agricultural and industrial progress?

answer: 1909

question: What architectural style was particularly successful?

answer: Art Nouveau

text: Art Nouveau

question: What station was built in the Art Nouveau style?

answer: North Station (Gare du Nord)

text: North Station (Gare du Nord)

question: What markets were built in the Art Nouveau style?

answer: Central and Columbus

text: Central and Columbus


text: Schwarzenegger's commercial peak was his return as the title character in 1991's Terminator 2: Judgment Day, which was the highest-grossing film of 1991. In 1993, the National Association of Theatre Owners named him the "International Star of the Decade". His next film project, the 1993 self-aware action comedy spoof Last Action Hero, was released opposite Jurassic Park, and did not do well at the box office. His next film, the comedy drama True Lies (1994), was a popular spy film, and saw Schwarzenegger reunited with James Cameron.

title: Arnold_Schwarzenegger

title: Arnold_Schwarzenegger

text: Schwarzenegger

text: 's

text: commercial

text: peak

text: was

text: his

text: return

text: as

text: the

text: title

text: character

text: in

text: 's

text: Terminator

text: Judgment

text: Day

text: which

text: was

text: the

text: highest

text: grossing

text: film

text: of

text: In

text: the

text: National

text: Association

text: of

text: Theatre

text: Owners

text: named

text: him

text: the

text: International

text: Star

text: of

text: the

text: Decade

text: His

text: next

text: film

text: project

text: the

text: self

text: aware

text: action

text: comedy

text: spoof

text: Last

text: Action

text: Hero

text: was

text: released

text: opposite

text: Jurassic

text: Park

text: and

text: did

text: not

text: do

text: well

text: at

text: the

text: box

text: office

text: His

text: next

text: film

text: the

text: comedy

text: drama

text: True

text: Lies

text: was

text: a

text: popular

text: spy

text: film

text: and

text: saw

text: Schwarzenegger

text: reunited

text: with

text: James

text: Cameron

question: What Schwarzenegger film was 1991's highest-grossing movie?

answer: Terminator 2: Judgment Day

text: Terminator 2: Judgment Day

question: What organization named Schwarzenegger the "International Star of the Decade" in 1993?

answer: the National Association of Theatre Owners

text: the National Association of Theatre Owners

question: What 1994 film brought Schwarzenegger back together with director James Cameron?

answer: True Lies

text: True Lies


text: Improved sanitation in the developing world is a global need, but a neglected priority as shown by the data collected by the Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP) of UNICEF and WHO. This program is tasked to monitor progress towards the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) relating to drinking water and sanitation. About one billion people have no sanitation facility whatsoever and continue to defecate in gutters, behind bushes or in open water bodies, with no dignity or privacy - which is called open defecation and which poses significant health risks. India is the country with the highest number of people practicing open defecation: around 600 million people. India has also become a focus country for the foundation's sanitation activities which has become evident since the "Reinvent the Toilet Fair" in Delhi, India in March 2014.

title: Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation

title: Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation

text: Improved

text: sanitation

text: in

text: the

text: developing

text: world

text: is

text: a

text: global

text: need

text: but

text: a

text: neglected

text: priority

text: as

text: shown

text: by

text: the

text: data

text: collected

text: by

text: the

text: Joint

text: Monitoring

text: Programme

text: for

text: Water

text: Supply

text: and

text: Sanitation

text: JMP

text: of

text: UNICEF

text: and

text: WHO

text: This

text: program

text: is

text: tasked

text: to

text: monitor

text: progress

text: towards

text: the

text: Millennium

text: Development

text: Goal

text: MDG

text: relating

text: to

text: drinking

text: water

text: and

text: sanitation

text: About

text: one

text: billion

text: people

text: have

text: no

text: sanitation

text: facility

text: whatsoever

text: and

text: continue

text: to

text: defecate

text: in

text: gutters

text: behind

text: bushes

text: or

text: in

text: open

text: water

text: bodies

text: with

text: no

text: dignity

text: or

text: privacy

text: which

text: is

text: called

text: open

text: defecation

text: and

text: which

text: poses

text: significant

text: health

text: risks

text: India

text: is

text: the

text: country

text: with

text: the

text: highest

text: number

text: of

text: people

text: practicing

text: open

text: defecation

text: around

text: million

text: people

text: India

text: has

text: also

text: become

text: a

text: focus

text: country

text: for

text: the

text: foundation

text: 's

text: sanitation

text: activities

text: which

text: has

text: become

text: evident

text: since

text: the

text: Reinvent

text: the

text: Toilet

text: Fair

text: in

text: Delhi

text: India

text: in

text: March

question: What is need in the developing world

answer: Improved sanitation in the developing world is a global need

text: Improved sanitation in the developing world is a global need

question: What does data collected by unicef and Who show

answer: Improved sanitation in the developing world is a global need, but a neglected priority as shown by the data collected

text: Improved sanitation in the developing world is a global need, but a neglected priority as shown by the data collected

question: How many people have no sanatation facilities

answer: About one billion people have no sanitation facility whatsoever and continue to defecate in gutters, behind bushes or in open water bodies

text: About one billion people have no sanitation facility whatsoever and continue to defecate in gutters, behind bushes or in open water bodies

question: What country is the worst violator

answer: India is the country with the highest number of people practicing open defecation: around 600 million people

text: India is the country with the highest number of people practicing open defecation: around 600 million people

question: India is host to what activity

answer: "Reinvent the Toilet Fair" in Delhi, India in March 2014.

text: "Reinvent the Toilet Fair" in Delhi, India in March 2014.


text: Boston has teams in the four major North American professional sports leagues plus Major League Soccer, and has won 36 championships in these leagues, As of 2014[update]. It is one of six cities (along with Chicago, Detroit, Los Angeles, New York and Philadelphia) to have won championships in all four major sports. It has been suggested that Boston is the new "TitleTown, USA", as the city's professional sports teams have won nine championships since 2001: Patriots (2001, 2003, 2004, and 2014), Red Sox (2004, 2007, and 2013), Celtics (2008), and Bruins (2011). This love of sports has made Boston the United States Olympic Committee's choice to bid to hold the 2024 Summer Olympic Games, but the city cited financial concerns when it withdrew its bid on July 27, 2015.

title: Boston

title: Boston

text: Boston

text: has

text: teams

text: in

text: the

text: four

text: major

text: North

text: American

text: professional

text: sports

text: leagues

text: plus

text: Major

text: League

text: Soccer

text: and

text: has

text: won

text: championships

text: in

text: these

text: leagues

text: As

text: of

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: six

text: cities

text: along

text: with

text: Chicago

text: Detroit

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: New

text: York

text: and

text: Philadelphia

text: to

text: have

text: won

text: championships

text: in

text: all

text: four

text: major

text: sports

text: It

text: has

text: been

text: suggested

text: that

text: Boston

text: is

text: the

text: new

text: TitleTown

text: USA

text: as

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: professional

text: sports

text: teams

text: have

text: won

text: nine

text: championships

text: since

text: Patriots

text: and

text: Red

text: Sox

text: and

text: Celtics

text: and

text: Bruins

text: This

text: love

text: of

text: sports

text: has

text: made

text: Boston

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Olympic

text: Committee

text: 's

text: choice

text: to

text: bid

text: to

text: hold

text: the

text: Summer

text: Olympic

text: Games

text: but

text: the

text: city

text: cited

text: financial

text: concerns

text: when

text: it

text: withdrew

text: its

text: bid

text: on

text: July

question: How many major North American sports leagues are there?

answer: four

text: four

question: How many championships has Boston won in these leagues?

answer: 36 championships

text: 36 championships

question: How many championships have the sports leagues won since 2001?

answer: nine

text: nine

question: Why did the city turn down the chance to host the 2024 Olympic games?

answer: financial concerns

text: financial concerns

question: When did Boston withdraw its bid for hosting the Olympic games?

answer: July 27, 2015

text: July 27, 2015


text: He worked in street construction for a short amount of time, but was unable to cope with the heavy labour. Continuing to attend university as a guest student, he started an apprenticeship as cabinetmaker, which he completed as a journeyman. He was dreaming at that time of starting a daycare facility for children, for which he assumed the ability to make furniture might be useful. After that he did voluntary service in one of psychoanalyst Alfred Adler's clinics for children. In 1922, he did his matura by way of a second chance education and finally joined the University as an ordinary student. He completed his examination as an elementary teacher in 1924 and started working at an after-school care club for socially endangered children. In 1925, he went to the newly founded Pädagogisches Institut and continued studying philosophy and psychology. Around that time he started courting Josefine Anna Henninger, who later became his wife.

title: Karl_Popper

title: Karl_Popper

text: He

text: worked

text: in

text: street

text: construction

text: for

text: a

text: short

text: amount

text: of

text: time

text: but

text: was

text: unable

text: to

text: cope

text: with

text: the

text: heavy

text: labour

text: Continuing

text: to

text: attend

text: university

text: as

text: a

text: guest

text: student

text: he

text: started

text: an

text: apprenticeship

text: as

text: cabinetmaker

text: which

text: he

text: completed

text: as

text: a

text: journeyman

text: He

text: was

text: dreaming

text: at

text: that

text: time

text: of

text: starting

text: a

text: daycare

text: facility

text: for

text: children

text: for

text: which

text: he

text: assumed

text: the

text: ability

text: to

text: make

text: furniture

text: might

text: be

text: useful

text: After

text: that

text: he

text: did

text: voluntary

text: service

text: in

text: one

text: of

text: psychoanalyst

text: Alfred

text: Adler

text: 's

text: clinics

text: for

text: children

text: In

text: he

text: did

text: his

text: matura

text: by

text: way

text: of

text: a

text: second

text: chance

text: education

text: and

text: finally

text: joined

text: the

text: University

text: as

text: an

text: ordinary

text: student

text: He

text: completed

text: his

text: examination

text: as

text: an

text: elementary

text: teacher

text: in

text: and

text: started

text: working

text: at

text: an

text: after

text: school

text: care

text: club

text: for

text: socially

text: endangered

text: children

text: In

text: he

text: went

text: to

text: the

text: newly

text: founded

text: Pädagogisches

text: Institut

text: and

text: continued

text: studying

text: philosophy

text: and

text: psychology

text: Around

text: that

text: time

text: he

text: started

text: courting

text: Josefine

text: Anna

text: Henninger

text: who

text: later

text: became

text: his

text: wife

question: What trade did Popper enter as an apprentice?

answer: cabinetmaker

text: cabinetmaker

question: What type of facility did Popper plan to open that would benefit from his furniture-making skills?

answer: daycare

text: daycare

question: In which psychoanalysts clinics did Popper volunteer?

answer: Alfred Adler

text: Alfred Adler

question: When did Popper become an ordinary student rather than a guest at university?

answer: 1922

question: For which vocation did Popper complete his university examinations?

answer: elementary teacher

text: elementary teacher


text: After agreeing to sign the Boxer Protocol the government then initiated unprecedented fiscal and administrative reforms, including elections, a new legal code, and abolition of the examination system. Sun Yat-sen and other revolutionaries competed with reformers such as Liang Qichao and monarchists such as Kang Youwei to transform the Qing empire into a modern nation. After the death of Empress Dowager Cixi and the Guangxu Emperor in 1908, the hardline Manchu court alienated reformers and local elites alike. Local uprisings starting on October 11, 1911 led to the Xinhai Revolution. Puyi, the last emperor, abdicated on February 12, 1912.

title: Qing_dynasty

title: Qing_dynasty

text: After

text: agreeing

text: to

text: sign

text: the

text: Boxer

text: Protocol

text: the

text: government

text: then

text: initiated

text: unprecedented

text: fiscal

text: and

text: administrative

text: reforms

text: including

text: elections

text: a

text: new

text: legal

text: code

text: and

text: abolition

text: of

text: the

text: examination

text: system

text: Sun

text: Yat

text: sen

text: and

text: other

text: revolutionaries

text: competed

text: with

text: reformers

text: such

text: as

text: Liang

text: Qichao

text: and

text: monarchists

text: such

text: as

text: Kang

text: Youwei

text: to

text: transform

text: the

text: Qing

text: empire

text: into

text: a

text: modern

text: nation

text: After

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: Empress

text: Dowager

text: Cixi

text: and

text: the

text: Guangxu

text: Emperor

text: in

text: the

text: hardline

text: Manchu

text: court

text: alienated

text: reformers

text: and

text: local

text: elites

text: alike

text: Local

text: uprisings

text: starting

text: on

text: October

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: Xinhai

text: Revolution

text: Puyi

text: the

text: last

text: emperor

text: abdicated

text: on

text: February

question: What started on October 11, 1911?

answer: Xinhai Revolution

text: Xinhai Revolution

question: Who was the last Qing emperor?

answer: Puyi

text: Puyi

question: When did he step down?

answer: February 12, 1912

text: February 12, 1912


text: The origin of Tom Robinson is less clear, although many have speculated that his character was inspired by several models. When Lee was 10 years old, a white woman near Monroeville accused a black man named Walter Lett of raping her. The story and the trial were covered by her father's newspaper which reported that Lett was convicted and sentenced to death. After a series of letters appeared claiming Lett had been falsely accused, his sentence was commuted to life in prison. He died there of tuberculosis in 1937. Scholars believe that Robinson's difficulties reflect the notorious case of the Scottsboro Boys, in which nine black men were convicted of raping two white women on negligible evidence. However, in 2005, Lee stated that she had in mind something less sensational, although the Scottsboro case served "the same purpose" to display Southern prejudices. Emmett Till, a black teenager who was murdered for flirting with a white woman in Mississippi in 1955, and whose death is credited as a catalyst for the Civil Rights Movement, is also considered a model for Tom Robinson.

title: To_Kill_a_Mockingbird

title: To_Kill_a_Mockingbird

text: The

text: origin

text: of

text: Tom

text: Robinson

text: is

text: less

text: clear

text: although

text: many

text: have

text: speculated

text: that

text: his

text: character

text: was

text: inspired

text: by

text: several

text: models

text: When

text: Lee

text: was

text: years

text: old

text: a

text: white

text: woman

text: near

text: Monroeville

text: accused

text: a

text: black

text: man

text: named

text: Walter

text: Lett

text: of

text: raping

text: her

text: The

text: story

text: and

text: the

text: trial

text: were

text: covered

text: by

text: her

text: father

text: 's

text: newspaper

text: which

text: reported

text: that

text: Lett

text: was

text: convicted

text: and

text: sentenced

text: to

text: death

text: After

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: letters

text: appeared

text: claiming

text: Lett

text: had

text: been

text: falsely

text: accused

text: his

text: sentence

text: was

text: commuted

text: to

text: life

text: in

text: prison

text: He

text: died

text: there

text: of

text: tuberculosis

text: in

text: Scholars

text: believe

text: that

text: Robinson

text: 's

text: difficulties

text: reflect

text: the

text: notorious

text: case

text: of

text: the

text: Scottsboro

text: Boys

text: in

text: which

text: nine

text: black

text: men

text: were

text: convicted

text: of

text: raping

text: two

text: white

text: women

text: on

text: negligible

text: evidence

text: However

text: in

text: Lee

text: stated

text: that

text: she

text: had

text: in

text: mind

text: something

text: less

text: sensational

text: although

text: the

text: Scottsboro

text: case

text: served

text: the

text: same

text: purpose

text: to

text: display

text: Southern

text: prejudices

text: Emmett

text: Till

text: a

text: black

text: teenager

text: who

text: was

text: murdered

text: for

text: flirting

text: with

text: a

text: white

text: woman

text: in

text: Mississippi

text: in

text: and

text: whose

text: death

text: is

text: credited

text: as

text: a

text: catalyst

text: for

text: the

text: Civil

text: Rights

text: Movement

text: is

text: also

text: considered

text: a

text: model

text: for

text: Tom

text: Robinson

question: At what age was Lee when a white woman accused a black guy of rape?

answer: 10

question: What was the name of the black man who was accused of rape in Lee's town when she was 10?

answer: Walter Lett

text: Walter Lett

question: What was the name of the black teenager that Tom Robinson was supposedly based on?

answer: Emmett Till

text: Emmett Till

question: Emmett Till's death sparked which political movement in the '50s?

answer: Civil Rights Movement

text: Civil Rights Movement

question: What purpose did Tom Robinson's trial serve in the book?

answer: display Southern prejudices

text: display Southern prejudices

question: Who's death was a catalyst for the Civil Rights Movement?

answer: Emmett Till

text: Emmett Till


text: In Latin, on the other hand, the [First name] Cardinal [Surname] order is used in the proclamation of the election of a new pope by the cardinal protodeacon: "Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum; habemus Papam: Eminentissimum ac Reverendissimum Dominum, Dominum (first name) Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae Cardinalem (last name), ..." (Meaning: "I announce to you a great joy; we have a Pope: The Most Eminent and Most Reverend Lord, Lord (first name) Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church (last name), ...") This assumes that the new pope had been a cardinal just before becoming pope; the most recent election of a non-cardinal as pope was in 1378.

title: Cardinal_(Catholicism)

title: Cardinal_(Catholicism

text: In

text: Latin

text: on

text: the

text: other

text: hand

text: the

text: First

text: name

text: Cardinal

text: Surname

text: order

text: is

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: proclamation

text: of

text: the

text: election

text: of

text: a

text: new

text: pope

text: by

text: the

text: cardinal

text: protodeacon

text: Annuntio

text: vobis

text: gaudium

text: magnum

text: habemus

text: Papam

text: Eminentissimum

text: ac

text: Reverendissimum

text: Dominum

text: Dominum

text: first

text: name

text: Sanctae

text: Romanae

text: Ecclesiae

text: Cardinalem

text: last

text: name

text: Meaning

text: I

text: announce

text: to

text: you

text: a

text: great

text: joy

text: we

text: have

text: a

text: Pope

text: The

text: Most

text: Eminent

text: and

text: Most

text: Reverend

text: Lord

text: Lord

text: first

text: name

text: Cardinal

text: of

text: the

text: Holy

text: Roman

text: Church

text: last

text: name

text: This

text: assumes

text: that

text: the

text: new

text: pope

text: had

text: been

text: a

text: cardinal

text: just

text: before

text: becoming

text: pope

text: the

text: most

text: recent

text: election

text: of

text: a

text: non

text: cardinal

text: as

text: pope

text: was

text: in

question: What way is used to announce the election of a new pope in Latin?

answer: [First name] Cardinal [Surname]

text: [First name] Cardinal [Surname]

question: What should the new pople have been before becoming a pope?

answer: Cardinal

text: Cardinal

question: When was the most recent election of a non-cardinal?

answer: 1378

question: When is the last time a non cardinal was elected as pope?

answer: 1378


text: About 98% of Antarctica is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet, a sheet of ice averaging at least 1.6 km (1.0 mi) thick. The continent has about 90% of the world's ice (and thereby about 70% of the world's fresh water). If all of this ice were melted, sea levels would rise about 60 m (200 ft). In most of the interior of the continent, precipitation is very low, down to 20 mm (0.8 in) per year; in a few "blue ice" areas precipitation is lower than mass loss by sublimation and so the local mass balance is negative. In the dry valleys, the same effect occurs over a rock base, leading to a desiccated landscape.

title: Antarctica

title: Antarctica

text: About

text: of

text: Antarctica

text: is

text: covered

text: by

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: ice

text: sheet

text: a

text: sheet

text: of

text: ice

text: averaging

text: at

text: least

text: km

text: mi

text: thick

text: The

text: continent

text: has

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: ice

text: and

text: thereby

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: fresh

text: water

text: If

text: all

text: of

text: this

text: ice

text: were

text: melted

text: sea

text: levels

text: would

text: rise

text: about

text: m

text: ft

text: In

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: interior

text: of

text: the

text: continent

text: precipitation

text: is

text: very

text: low

text: down

text: to

text: mm

text: in

text: per

text: year

text: in

text: a

text: few

text: blue

text: ice

text: areas

text: precipitation

text: is

text: lower

text: than

text: mass

text: loss

text: by

text: sublimation

text: and

text: so

text: the

text: local

text: mass

text: balance

text: is

text: negative

text: In

text: the

text: dry

text: valleys

text: the

text: same

text: effect

text: occurs

text: over

text: a

text: rock

text: base

text: leading

text: to

text: a

text: desiccated

text: landscape

question: How much of Antarctica is covered by ice?

answer: 98%

question: How much of Earth's ice is in Antarctica?

answer: 90%

question: How thick is the ice that covers Antarctica?

answer: 1.6 km

text: 1.6 km

question: How much of the Earth's fresh water is held in Antarctica?

answer: 70%

question: What is the amount of precipitation per year in the interior of Antarctica?

answer: 20 mm

text: 20 mm


text: Charleston is the oldest and second-largest city in the U.S. state of South Carolina, the county seat of Charleston County, and the principal city in the Charleston–North Charleston–Summerville Metropolitan Statistical Area. The city lies just south of the geographical midpoint of South Carolina's coastline and is located on Charleston Harbor, an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean formed by the confluence of the Ashley and Cooper Rivers, or, as is locally expressed, "where the Cooper and Ashley Rivers come together to form the Atlantic Ocean."

title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

text: Charleston

text: is

text: the

text: oldest

text: and

text: second

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: state

text: of

text: South

text: Carolina

text: the

text: county

text: seat

text: of

text: Charleston

text: County

text: and

text: the

text: principal

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: Charleston

text: North

text: Charleston

text: Summerville

text: Metropolitan

text: Statistical

text: Area

text: The

text: city

text: lies

text: just

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: geographical

text: midpoint

text: of

text: South

text: Carolina

text: 's

text: coastline

text: and

text: is

text: located

text: on

text: Charleston

text: Harbor

text: an

text: inlet

text: of

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: formed

text: by

text: the

text: confluence

text: of

text: the

text: Ashley

text: and

text: Cooper

text: Rivers

text: or

text: as

text: is

text: locally

text: expressed

text: where

text: the

text: Cooper

text: and

text: Ashley

text: Rivers

text: come

text: together

text: to

text: form

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

question: What is the oldest city in South Carolina?

answer: Charleston

text: Charleston

question: What county is Charleston, South Carolina located in?

answer: Charleston County

text: Charleston County

question: Charleston is located on what harbor?

answer: Charleston Harbor

text: Charleston Harbor

question: Charleston Harbor is an inlet of what ocean?

answer: Atlantic Ocean

text: Atlantic Ocean

question: What river mergers with the Cooper River to form Charleston Harbor?

answer: Ashley Rivers

text: Ashley Rivers

question: What county is Charleston located in?

answer: Charleston County

text: Charleston County

question: Charleston Harbor is formed on what ocean?

answer: Atlantic Ocean

text: Atlantic Ocean

question: What river merges with the Ashley River to from the Charleston Harbor?

answer: Cooper Rivers

text: Cooper Rivers


text: Snyder and Strömberg found "that a poor fit between newspaper markets and political districts reduces press coverage of politics. ... Congressmen who are less covered by the local press work less for their constituencies: they are less likely to stand witness before congressional hearings ... . Federal spending is lower in areas where there is less press coverage of the local members of congress." Schulhofer-Wohl and Garrido found that the year after the Cincinnati Post closed in 2007, "fewer candidates ran for municipal office in the Kentucky suburbs most reliant on the Post, incumbents became more likely to win reelection, and voter turnout and campaign spending fell.

title: Political_corruption

title: Political_corruption

text: Snyder

text: and

text: Strömberg

text: found

text: that

text: a

text: poor

text: fit

text: between

text: newspaper

text: markets

text: and

text: political

text: districts

text: reduces

text: press

text: coverage

text: of

text: politics

text: Congressmen

text: who

text: are

text: less

text: covered

text: by

text: the

text: local

text: press

text: work

text: less

text: for

text: their

text: constituencies

text: they

text: are

text: less

text: likely

text: to

text: stand

text: witness

text: before

text: congressional

text: hearings

text: Federal

text: spending

text: is

text: lower

text: in

text: areas

text: where

text: there

text: is

text: less

text: press

text: coverage

text: of

text: the

text: local

text: members

text: of

text: congress

text: Schulhofer

text: Wohl

text: and

text: Garrido

text: found

text: that

text: the

text: year

text: after

text: the

text: Cincinnati

text: Post

text: closed

text: in

text: fewer

text: candidates

text: ran

text: for

text: municipal

text: office

text: in

text: the

text: Kentucky

text: suburbs

text: most

text: reliant

text: on

text: the

text: Post

text: incumbents

text: became

text: more

text: likely

text: to

text: win

text: reelection

text: and

text: voter

text: turnout

text: and

text: campaign

text: spending

text: fell

question: Who discovered the correlation that congressman who have less local press coverage work less for the people who elected them?

answer: Snyder and Strömberg

text: Snyder and Strömberg

question: What newspaper stopped publishing in 2007?

answer: Cincinnati Post

text: Cincinnati Post

question: Who was most likely to get reelected after the Post shut down?

answer: incumbents

text: incumbents

question: Campaign spending and what fell after the Post stopped publishing?

answer: voter turnout

text: voter turnout


text: Denial of service attacks are designed to make a machine or network resource unavailable to its intended users. Attackers can deny service to individual victims, such as by deliberately entering a wrong password enough consecutive times to cause the victim account to be locked, or they may overload the capabilities of a machine or network and block all users at once. While a network attack from a single IP address can be blocked by adding a new firewall rule, many forms of Distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks are possible, where the attack comes from a large number of points – and defending is much more difficult. Such attacks can originate from the zombie computers of a botnet, but a range of other techniques are possible including reflection and amplification attacks, where innocent systems are fooled into sending traffic to the victim.

title: Computer_security

title: Computer_security

text: Denial

text: of

text: service

text: attacks

text: are

text: designed

text: to

text: make

text: a

text: machine

text: or

text: network

text: resource

text: unavailable

text: to

text: its

text: intended

text: users

text: Attackers

text: can

text: deny

text: service

text: to

text: individual

text: victims

text: such

text: as

text: by

text: deliberately

text: entering

text: a

text: wrong

text: password

text: enough

text: consecutive

text: times

text: to

text: cause

text: the

text: victim

text: account

text: to

text: be

text: locked

text: or

text: they

text: may

text: overload

text: the

text: capabilities

text: of

text: a

text: machine

text: or

text: network

text: and

text: block

text: all

text: users

text: at

text: once

text: While

text: a

text: network

text: attack

text: from

text: a

text: single

text: IP

text: address

text: can

text: be

text: blocked

text: by

text: adding

text: a

text: new

text: firewall

text: rule

text: many

text: forms

text: of

text: Distributed

text: denial

text: of

text: service

text: DDoS

text: attacks

text: are

text: possible

text: where

text: the

text: attack

text: comes

text: from

text: a

text: large

text: number

text: of

text: points

text: and

text: defending

text: is

text: much

text: more

text: difficult

text: Such

text: attacks

text: can

text: originate

text: from

text: the

text: zombie

text: computers

text: of

text: a

text: botnet

text: but

text: a

text: range

text: of

text: other

text: techniques

text: are

text: possible

text: including

text: reflection

text: and

text: amplification

text: attacks

text: where

text: innocent

text: systems

text: are

text: fooled

text: into

text: sending

text: traffic

text: to

text: the

text: victim

question: What are attacks designed to make a machine or network unavailable to its intended users?

answer: Denial of service attacks

text: Denial of service attacks

question: What does deliberately entering the wrong password enough consecutive times cause?

answer: the victim account to be locked

text: the victim account to be locked

question: What are attacks where innocent systems are fooled into sending traffic to the victom called?

answer: reflection and amplification attacks

text: reflection and amplification attacks

question: What does DDoS stand for?

answer: Distributed denial of service

text: Distributed denial of service

question: How can a network attack from a single IP address be blocked?

answer: by adding a new firewall rule

text: by adding a new firewall rule


text: Everton originally played in the southeast corner of Stanley Park, which was the site for the new Liverpool F.C. stadium, with the first official match taking place in 1879. In 1882, a man named J. Cruitt donated land at Priory Road which became the club's home before they moved to Anfield, which was Everton's home until 1892. At this time, a dispute of how the club was to be owned and run emerged with Anfield's owner and Everton's chairman, John Houlding. A dispute between Houlding and the club's committee over how the club should be run, led to Houlding attempting to gain full control of the club by registering the company, "Everton F.C. and Athletic Grounds Ltd". In response, Everton left Anfield for a new ground, Goodison Park, where the club have played ever since. Houlding attempted to take over Everton's name, colours, fixtures and league position, but was denied by The Football Association. Instead, Houlding formed a new club, Liverpool F.C.

title: Everton_F.C.

title: Everton_F.C.

text: Everton

text: originally

text: played

text: in

text: the

text: southeast

text: corner

text: of

text: Stanley

text: Park

text: which

text: was

text: the

text: site

text: for

text: the

text: new

text: Liverpool

text: F.C.

text: stadium

text: with

text: the

text: first

text: official

text: match

text: taking

text: place

text: in

text: In

text: a

text: man

text: named

text: J.

text: Cruitt

text: donated

text: land

text: at

text: Priory

text: Road

text: which

text: became

text: the

text: club

text: 's

text: home

text: before

text: they

text: moved

text: to

text: Anfield

text: which

text: was

text: Everton

text: 's

text: home

text: until

text: At

text: this

text: time

text: a

text: dispute

text: of

text: how

text: the

text: club

text: was

text: to

text: be

text: owned

text: and

text: run

text: emerged

text: with

text: Anfield

text: 's

text: owner

text: and

text: Everton

text: 's

text: chairman

text: John

text: Houlding

text: A

text: dispute

text: between

text: Houlding

text: and

text: the

text: club

text: 's

text: committee

text: over

text: how

text: the

text: club

text: should

text: be

text: run

text: led

text: to

text: Houlding

text: attempting

text: to

text: gain

text: full

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: club

text: by

text: registering

text: the

text: company

text: Everton

text: F.C.

text: and

text: Athletic

text: Grounds

text: Ltd

text: In

text: response

text: Everton

text: left

text: Anfield

text: for

text: a

text: new

text: ground

text: Goodison

text: Park

text: where

text: the

text: club

text: have

text: played

text: ever

text: since

text: Houlding

text: attempted

text: to

text: take

text: over

text: Everton

text: 's

text: name

text: colours

text: fixtures

text: and

text: league

text: position

text: but

text: was

text: denied

text: by

text: The

text: Football

text: Association

text: Instead

text: Houlding

text: formed

text: a

text: new

text: club

text: Liverpool

text: F.C.

question: In which park did Everton FC originally play?

answer: Stanley

text: Stanley

question: Where was the new Liverpool FC stadium located in 1879?

answer: Stanley Park

text: Stanley Park

question: Who donated land to Everton FC in 1882?

answer: J. Cruitt

text: J. Cruitt

question: Who was the chairman of the Everton FC in 1892?

answer: John Houlding

text: John Houlding

question: Where did Everton FC relocate their games to in 1892?

answer: Anfield

text: Anfield


text: New York City has been described as the cultural capital of the world by the diplomatic consulates of Iceland and Latvia and by New York's Baruch College. A book containing a series of essays titled New York, culture capital of the world, 1940–1965 has also been published as showcased by the National Library of Australia. In describing New York, author Tom Wolfe said, "Culture just seems to be in the air, like part of the weather."

title: New_York_City

title: New_York_City

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: has

text: been

text: described

text: as

text: the

text: cultural

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: by

text: the

text: diplomatic

text: consulates

text: of

text: Iceland

text: and

text: Latvia

text: and

text: by

text: New

text: York

text: 's

text: Baruch

text: College

text: A

text: book

text: containing

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: essays

text: titled

text: New

text: York

text: culture

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: has

text: also

text: been

text: published

text: as

text: showcased

text: by

text: the

text: National

text: Library

text: of

text: Australia

text: In

text: describing

text: New

text: York

text: author

text: Tom

text: Wolfe

text: said

text: Culture

text: just

text: seems

text: to

text: be

text: in

text: the

text: air

text: like

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: weather

question: Who commented on New York that "culture just seems to be in the air, like part of the weather"?

answer: Tom Wolfe

text: Tom Wolfe

question: In what library can the book New York, culture capital of the world, 1940–1965 be found?

answer: the National Library of Australia

text: the National Library of Australia

question: What institution of higher education has described New York as the cultural capital of the world?

answer: Baruch College

text: Baruch College

question: Along with Latvia, the consulate of what country has called New York the cultural capital of the world?

answer: Iceland

text: Iceland


text: According to Vetter, the description of the Buddhist path may initially have been as simple as the term "the middle way". In time, this short description was elaborated, resulting in the description of the eightfold path.

title: Buddhism

title: Buddhism

text: According

text: to

text: Vetter

text: the

text: description

text: of

text: the

text: Buddhist

text: path

text: may

text: initially

text: have

text: been

text: as

text: simple

text: as

text: the

text: term

text: the

text: middle

text: way

text: In

text: time

text: this

text: short

text: description

text: was

text: elaborated

text: resulting

text: in

text: the

text: description

text: of

text: the

text: eightfold

text: path

question: A description of the Buddhist path may have been as simplistic as what term?

answer: the middle way

text: the middle way

question: The description of buddhism was broadened resulting in what path?

answer: eightfold

text: eightfold


text: In 1983 the historic old town in the centre of Bern became a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Bern is ranked among the world’s top ten cities for the best quality of life (2010).

title: Bern

title: Bern

text: In

text: the

text: historic

text: old

text: town

text: in

text: the

text: centre

text: of

text: Bern

text: became

text: a

text: UNESCO

text: World

text: Heritage

text: Site

text: Bern

text: is

text: ranked

text: among

text: the

text: world

text: ’s

text: top

text: ten

text: cities

text: for

text: the

text: best

text: quality

text: of

text: life

question: In what year did the historic old town in the center of Bern become a UNESCO World Heritage Site?

answer: 1983

question: What is Bern's ranking for the best quality of life?

answer: the world’s top ten

text: the world’s top ten

question: Where is the UNESCO World Heritage Site located?

answer: the centre of Bern

text: the centre of Bern

question: In what year was Bern ranked as one of the 10 best cities for their quality of life?

answer: 2010

question: Where is the UNESCO World Heritage Site?

answer: centre of Bern

text: centre of Bern

question: Where does Bern rank for top cities for the best quality of life?

answer: top ten

text: top ten

question: When did the centre of Bern become the UNESCO World Heritage Site?

answer: 1983


text: Chapter VIII addresses the idea that species had special characteristics that prevented hybrids from being fertile in order to preserve separately created species. Darwin said that, far from being constant, the difficulty in producing hybrids of related species, and the viability and fertility of the hybrids, varied greatly, especially among plants. Sometimes what were widely considered to be separate species produced fertile hybrid offspring freely, and in other cases what were considered to be mere varieties of the same species could only be crossed with difficulty. Darwin concluded: "Finally, then, the facts briefly given in this chapter do not seem to me opposed to, but even rather to support the view, that there is no fundamental distinction between species and varieties."

title: On_the_Origin_of_Species

title: On_the_Origin_of_Species

text: Chapter

text: VIII

text: addresses

text: the

text: idea

text: that

text: species

text: had

text: special

text: characteristics

text: that

text: prevented

text: hybrids

text: from

text: being

text: fertile

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: preserve

text: separately

text: created

text: species

text: Darwin

text: said

text: that

text: far

text: from

text: being

text: constant

text: the

text: difficulty

text: in

text: producing

text: hybrids

text: of

text: related

text: species

text: and

text: the

text: viability

text: and

text: fertility

text: of

text: the

text: hybrids

text: varied

text: greatly

text: especially

text: among

text: plants

text: Sometimes

text: what

text: were

text: widely

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: separate

text: species

text: produced

text: fertile

text: hybrid

text: offspring

text: freely

text: and

text: in

text: other

text: cases

text: what

text: were

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: mere

text: varieties

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: species

text: could

text: only

text: be

text: crossed

text: with

text: difficulty

text: Darwin

text: concluded

text: Finally

text: then

text: the

text: facts

text: briefly

text: given

text: in

text: this

text: chapter

text: do

text: not

text: seem

text: to

text: me

text: opposed

text: to

text: but

text: even

text: rather

text: to

text: support

text: the

text: view

text: that

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: fundamental

text: distinction

text: between

text: species

text: and

text: varieties

question: Why would hybrids have characteristics that keep them from being fertile?

answer: in order to preserve separately created species

text: in order to preserve separately created species

question: What are Darwin's thoughts on producing hybrids of related species?

answer: the viability and fertility of the hybrids, varied greatly, especially among plants

text: the viability and fertility of the hybrids, varied greatly, especially among plants

question: What conclusion did Darwin come to after realizing that some diverse species were able to create variations easily, while other species thought to be closely related had difficulty?

answer: support the view, that there is no fundamental distinction between species and varieties

text: support the view, that there is no fundamental distinction between species and varieties


text: Bell was a supporter of aerospace engineering research through the Aerial Experiment Association (AEA), officially formed at Baddeck, Nova Scotia, in October 1907 at the suggestion of his wife Mabel and with her financial support after the sale of some of her real estate. The AEA was headed by Bell and the founding members were four young men: American Glenn H. Curtiss, a motorcycle manufacturer at the time and who held the title "world's fastest man", having ridden his self-constructed motor bicycle around in the shortest time, and who was later awarded the Scientific American Trophy for the first official one-kilometre flight in the Western hemisphere, and who later became a world-renowned airplane manufacturer; Lieutenant Thomas Selfridge, an official observer from the U.S. Federal government and one of the few people in the army who believed that aviation was the future; Frederick W. Baldwin, the first Canadian and first British subject to pilot a public flight in Hammondsport, New York, and J.A.D. McCurdy —Baldwin and McCurdy being new engineering graduates from the University of Toronto.

title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

text: Bell

text: was

text: a

text: supporter

text: of

text: aerospace

text: engineering

text: research

text: through

text: the

text: Aerial

text: Experiment

text: Association

text: AEA

text: officially

text: formed

text: at

text: Baddeck

text: Nova

text: Scotia

text: in

text: October

text: at

text: the

text: suggestion

text: of

text: his

text: wife

text: Mabel

text: and

text: with

text: her

text: financial

text: support

text: after

text: the

text: sale

text: of

text: some

text: of

text: her

text: real

text: estate

text: The

text: AEA

text: was

text: headed

text: by

text: Bell

text: and

text: the

text: founding

text: members

text: were

text: four

text: young

text: men

text: American

text: Glenn

text: H.

text: Curtiss

text: a

text: motorcycle

text: manufacturer

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: and

text: who

text: held

text: the

text: title

text: world

text: 's

text: fastest

text: man

text: having

text: ridden

text: his

text: self

text: constructed

text: motor

text: bicycle

text: around

text: in

text: the

text: shortest

text: time

text: and

text: who

text: was

text: later

text: awarded

text: the

text: Scientific

text: American

text: Trophy

text: for

text: the

text: first

text: official

text: one

text: kilometre

text: flight

text: in

text: the

text: Western

text: hemisphere

text: and

text: who

text: later

text: became

text: a

text: world

text: renowned

text: airplane

text: manufacturer

text: Lieutenant

text: Thomas

text: Selfridge

text: an

text: official

text: observer

text: from

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Federal

text: government

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: few

text: people

text: in

text: the

text: army

text: who

text: believed

text: that

text: aviation

text: was

text: the

text: future

text: Frederick

text: W.

text: Baldwin

text: the

text: first

text: Canadian

text: and

text: first

text: British

text: subject

text: to

text: pilot

text: a

text: public

text: flight

text: in

text: Hammondsport

text: New

text: York

text: and

text: J.A.D.

text: McCurdy

text: —Baldwin

text: and

text: McCurdy

text: being

text: new

text: engineering

text: graduates

text: from

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Toronto

question: What organization did Bell set up due to his interest in aerospace?

answer: Aerial Experiment Association

text: Aerial Experiment Association

question: When was the AEA founded?

answer: 1907

question: Which original member of the AEA held motorcycle speed records?

answer: Glenn H. Curtiss

text: Glenn H. Curtiss

question: Which branch of the military was Lieutenant Thomas Selfridge in?

answer: army

text: army


text: USB 2.0 devices use a special protocol during reset, called chirping, to negotiate the high bandwidth mode with the host/hub. A device that is HS capable first connects as an FS device (D+ pulled high), but upon receiving a USB RESET (both D+ and D− driven LOW by host for 10 to 20 ms) it pulls the D− line high, known as chirp K. This indicates to the host that the device is high bandwidth. If the host/hub is also HS capable, it chirps (returns alternating J and K states on D− and D+ lines) letting the device know that the hub operates at high bandwidth. The device has to receive at least three sets of KJ chirps before it changes to high bandwidth terminations and begins high bandwidth signaling. Because USB 3.0 uses wiring separate and additional to that used by USB 2.0 and USB 1.x, such bandwidth negotiation is not required.

title: USB

title: USB

text: USB

text: devices

text: use

text: a

text: special

text: protocol

text: during

text: reset

text: called

text: chirping

text: to

text: negotiate

text: the

text: high

text: bandwidth

text: mode

text: with

text: the

text: host

text: hub

text: A

text: device

text: that

text: is

text: HS

text: capable

text: first

text: connects

text: as

text: an

text: FS

text: device

text: D+

text: pulled

text: high

text: but

text: upon

text: receiving

text: a

text: USB

text: RESET

text: both

text: D+

text: and

text: D−

text: driven

text: LOW

text: by

text: host

text: for

text: to

text: ms

text: it

text: pulls

text: the

text: D−

text: line

text: high

text: known

text: as

text: chirp

text: K.

text: This

text: indicates

text: to

text: the

text: host

text: that

text: the

text: device

text: is

text: high

text: bandwidth

text: If

text: the

text: host

text: hub

text: is

text: also

text: HS

text: capable

text: it

text: chirps

text: returns

text: alternating

text: J

text: and

text: K

text: states

text: on

text: D−

text: and

text: D+

text: lines

text: letting

text: the

text: device

text: know

text: that

text: the

text: hub

text: operates

text: at

text: high

text: bandwidth

text: The

text: device

text: has

text: to

text: receive

text: at

text: least

text: three

text: sets

text: of

text: KJ

text: chirps

text: before

text: it

text: changes

text: to

text: high

text: bandwidth

text: terminations

text: and

text: begins

text: high

text: bandwidth

text: signaling

text: Because

text: USB

text: uses

text: wiring

text: separate

text: and

text: additional

text: to

text: that

text: used

text: by

text: USB

text: and

text: USB

text: such

text: bandwidth

text: negotiation

text: is

text: not

text: required

question: What type of protocol is used for USB 2.0 devices during a reset?

answer: a special protocol

text: a special protocol

question: What is the special protocol during a USB 2.0 device reset called?

answer: chirping

text: chirping

question: A device that is HS capable first connects as a what?

answer: an FS device (D+ pulled high)

text: an FS device (D+ pulled high)


text: In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries the RIBA and its members had a leading part in the promotion of architectural education in the United Kingdom, including the establishment of the Architects' Registration Council of the United Kingdom (ARCUK) and the Board of Architectural Education under the Architects (Registration) Acts, 1931 to 1938. A member of the RIBA, Lionel Bailey Budden, then Associate Professor in the Liverpool University School of Architecture, had contributed the article on Architectural Education published in the fourteenth edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica (1929). His School, Liverpool, was one of the twenty schools named for the purpose of constituting the statutory Board of Architectural Education when the 1931 Act was passed.

title: Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

title: Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

text: In

text: the

text: nineteenth

text: and

text: twentieth

text: centuries

text: the

text: RIBA

text: and

text: its

text: members

text: had

text: a

text: leading

text: part

text: in

text: the

text: promotion

text: of

text: architectural

text: education

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: including

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: the

text: Architects

text: Registration

text: Council

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: ARCUK

text: and

text: the

text: Board

text: of

text: Architectural

text: Education

text: under

text: the

text: Architects

text: Registration

text: Acts

text: to

text: A

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: RIBA

text: Lionel

text: Bailey

text: Budden

text: then

text: Associate

text: Professor

text: in

text: the

text: Liverpool

text: University

text: School

text: of

text: Architecture

text: had

text: contributed

text: the

text: article

text: on

text: Architectural

text: Education

text: published

text: in

text: the

text: fourteenth

text: edition

text: of

text: the

text: Encyclopædia

text: Britannica

text: His

text: School

text: Liverpool

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: twenty

text: schools

text: named

text: for

text: the

text: purpose

text: of

text: constituting

text: the

text: statutory

text: Board

text: of

text: Architectural

text: Education

text: when

text: the

text: Act

text: was

text: passed

question: What organization was the Royal Institute instrumental in establishing?

answer: the Architects' Registration Council of the United Kingdom

text: the Architects' Registration Council of the United Kingdom

question: Which items of legislation did the Royal Institute play a large role in promoting?

answer: the Board of Architectural Education under the Architects (Registration) Acts, 1931 to 1938

text: the Board of Architectural Education under the Architects (Registration) Acts, 1931 to 1938

question: Where did Lional Bailey Budden teach?

answer: the Liverpool University School of Architecture

text: the Liverpool University School of Architecture

question: What major compendium did Budden help write an article for?

answer: Encyclopædia Britannica

text: Encyclopædia Britannica

question: How many schools formed the Board of Architectural Education?

answer: twenty

text: twenty


text: In the 16th century, Count Hieronymus Schlick of Bohemia began minting coins known as Joachimstalers (from German thal, or nowadays usually Tal, "valley", cognate with "dale" in English), named for Joachimstal, the valley where the silver was mined (St. Joachim's Valley, now Jáchymov; then part of the Kingdom of Bohemia, now part of the Czech Republic). Joachimstaler was later shortened to the German Taler, a word that eventually found its way into Danish and Swedish as daler, Norwegian as dalar and daler, Dutch as daler or daalder, Ethiopian as ታላሪ (talari), Hungarian as tallér, Italian as tallero, and English as dollar. Alternatively, thaler is said to come from the German coin Guldengroschen ("great guilder", being of silver but equal in value to a gold guilder), minted from the silver from Joachimsthal.

title: United_States_dollar

title: United_States_dollar

text: In

text: the

text: century

text: Count

text: Hieronymus

text: Schlick

text: of

text: Bohemia

text: began

text: minting

text: coins

text: known

text: as

text: Joachimstalers

text: from

text: German

text: thal

text: or

text: nowadays

text: usually

text: Tal

text: valley

text: cognate

text: with

text: dale

text: in

text: English

text: named

text: for

text: Joachimstal

text: the

text: valley

text: where

text: the

text: silver

text: was

text: mined

text: St.

text: Joachim

text: 's

text: Valley

text: now

text: Jáchymov

text: then

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Bohemia

text: now

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Czech

text: Republic

text: Joachimstaler

text: was

text: later

text: shortened

text: to

text: the

text: German

text: Taler

text: a

text: word

text: that

text: eventually

text: found

text: its

text: way

text: into

text: Danish

text: and

text: Swedish

text: as

text: daler

text: Norwegian

text: as

text: dalar

text: and

text: daler

text: Dutch

text: as

text: daler

text: or

text: daalder

text: Ethiopian

text: as

text: ታላሪ

text: talari

text: Hungarian

text: as

text: tallér

text: Italian

text: as

text: tallero

text: and

text: English

text: as

text: dollar

text: Alternatively

text: thaler

text: is

text: said

text: to

text: come

text: from

text: the

text: German

text: coin

text: Guldengroschen

text: great

text: guilder

text: being

text: of

text: silver

text: but

text: equal

text: in

text: value

text: to

text: a

text: gold

text: guilder

text: minted

text: from

text: the

text: silver

text: from

text: Joachimsthal

question: Who began minting the coins known as Joachimstalers?

answer: Count Hieronymus Schlick of Bohemia

text: Count Hieronymus Schlick of Bohemia

question: What is the modern name for St. Joachim's Valley?

answer: Jáchymov

text: Jáchymov

question: What were the Joachimstalers composed of?

answer: silver

text: silver

question: How did the word "taler" translate into Italian?

answer: tallero

text: tallero

question: Other than "taler", what is the other name of the German coin?

answer: Guldengroschen

text: Guldengroschen


text: In the 1990s, initiatives were taken at an international level (in particular by the European Community, the Council of Europe, the OECD) to put a ban on corruption: in 1996, the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe, for instance, adopted a comprehensive Programme of Action against Corruption and, subsequently, issued a series of anti-corruption standard-setting instruments:

title: Political_corruption

title: Political_corruption

text: In

text: the

text: initiatives

text: were

text: taken

text: at

text: an

text: international

text: level

text: in

text: particular

text: by

text: the

text: European

text: Community

text: the

text: Council

text: of

text: Europe

text: the

text: OECD

text: to

text: put

text: a

text: ban

text: on

text: corruption

text: in

text: the

text: Committee

text: of

text: Ministers

text: of

text: the

text: Council

text: of

text: Europe

text: for

text: instance

text: adopted

text: a

text: comprehensive

text: Programme

text: of

text: Action

text: against

text: Corruption

text: and

text: subsequently

text: issued

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: anti

text: corruption

text: standard

text: setting

text: instruments

question: What decade saw international initiatives to combat corruption?

answer: 1990s

question: Who started the Programme of Action?

answer: Ministers of the Council of Europe

text: Ministers of the Council of Europe

question: What did the Programme of Action issue?

answer: a series of anti-corruption standard-setting instruments

text: a series of anti-corruption standard-setting instruments


text: By law, religious communities must register by the State Committee on Religious Affairs (SCRA) and with local authorities. Registration with the SCRA requires a charter, a list of 10 or more members, and evidence of local government approval prayer site location. Religious groups who do not have a physical structure are not allowed to gather publicly for prayer. Failure to register can result in large fines and closure of place of worship. There are reports that registration on the local level is sometimes difficult to obtain. People under the age of 18 are also barred from public religious practice.

title: Tajikistan

title: Tajikistan

text: By

text: law

text: religious

text: communities

text: must

text: register

text: by

text: the

text: State

text: Committee

text: on

text: Religious

text: Affairs

text: SCRA

text: and

text: with

text: local

text: authorities

text: Registration

text: with

text: the

text: SCRA

text: requires

text: a

text: charter

text: a

text: list

text: of

text: or

text: more

text: members

text: and

text: evidence

text: of

text: local

text: government

text: approval

text: prayer

text: site

text: location

text: Religious

text: groups

text: who

text: do

text: not

text: have

text: a

text: physical

text: structure

text: are

text: not

text: allowed

text: to

text: gather

text: publicly

text: for

text: prayer

text: Failure

text: to

text: register

text: can

text: result

text: in

text: large

text: fines

text: and

text: closure

text: of

text: place

text: of

text: worship

text: There

text: are

text: reports

text: that

text: registration

text: on

text: the

text: local

text: level

text: is

text: sometimes

text: difficult

text: to

text: obtain

text: People

text: under

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: are

text: also

text: barred

text: from

text: public

text: religious

text: practice

question: What do religions communities have to register with?

answer: State Committee on Religious Affairs (SCRA) and with local authorities

text: State Committee on Religious Affairs (SCRA) and with local authorities

question: What does the SCRA require?

answer: a charter, a list of 10 or more members, and evidence of local government approval prayer site location

text: a charter, a list of 10 or more members, and evidence of local government approval prayer site location

question: What do you have to have to gather for public prayer?

answer: a physical structure

text: a physical structure

question: What can happen if you do not register?

answer: can result in large fines and closure of place of worship

text: can result in large fines and closure of place of worship


text: Plymouth is often used as a base by visitors to Dartmoor, the Tamar Valley and the beaches of south-east Cornwall. Kingsand, Cawsand and Whitsand Bay are popular.

title: Plymouth

title: Plymouth

text: Plymouth

text: is

text: often

text: used

text: as

text: a

text: base

text: by

text: visitors

text: to

text: Dartmoor

text: the

text: Tamar

text: Valley

text: and

text: the

text: beaches

text: of

text: south

text: east

text: Cornwall

text: Kingsand

text: Cawsand

text: and

text: Whitsand

text: Bay

text: are

text: popular

question: Visitors to what region's beaches often stop at Plymouth?

answer: south-east Cornwall

text: south-east Cornwall

question: Along with Whitsand Bay and Cawsand, what Plymouth-area beaches are popular with tourists?

answer: Kingsand

text: Kingsand

question: Visitors to what local valley often stop over in Plymouth?

answer: Tamar Valley

text: Tamar Valley


text: It was believed that when people died, they would be confined to a gloomy world of Ereshkigal, whose realm was guarded by gateways with various monsters designed to prevent people entering or leaving. The dead were buried outside the city walls in graveyards where a small mound covered the corpse, along with offerings to monsters and a small amount of food. Those who could afford it sought burial at Dilmun. Human sacrifice was found in the death pits at the Ur royal cemetery where Queen Puabi was accompanied in death by her servants. It is also said that the Sumerians invented the first oboe-like instrument, and used them at royal funerals.

title: Sumer

title: Sumer

text: It

text: was

text: believed

text: that

text: when

text: people

text: died

text: they

text: would

text: be

text: confined

text: to

text: a

text: gloomy

text: world

text: of

text: Ereshkigal

text: whose

text: realm

text: was

text: guarded

text: by

text: gateways

text: with

text: various

text: monsters

text: designed

text: to

text: prevent

text: people

text: entering

text: or

text: leaving

text: The

text: dead

text: were

text: buried

text: outside

text: the

text: city

text: walls

text: in

text: graveyards

text: where

text: a

text: small

text: mound

text: covered

text: the

text: corpse

text: along

text: with

text: offerings

text: to

text: monsters

text: and

text: a

text: small

text: amount

text: of

text: food

text: Those

text: who

text: could

text: afford

text: it

text: sought

text: burial

text: at

text: Dilmun

text: Human

text: sacrifice

text: was

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: death

text: pits

text: at

text: the

text: Ur

text: royal

text: cemetery

text: where

text: Queen

text: Puabi

text: was

text: accompanied

text: in

text: death

text: by

text: her

text: servants

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: said

text: that

text: the

text: Sumerians

text: invented

text: the

text: first

text: oboe

text: like

text: instrument

text: and

text: used

text: them

text: at

text: royal

text: funerals

question: What type of afterlife could Sumerians look forward to?

answer: confined to a gloomy world

text: confined to a gloomy world

question: Where were dead Sumerians buried?

answer: outside the city walls in graveyards

text: outside the city walls in graveyards

question: What realm was guarded by gateways containing various monsters?

answer: Ereshkigal

text: Ereshkigal

question: Who was Queen Puabi accompanied in death by?

answer: her servants

text: her servants

question: What type of instrument are the Sumerians thought to have invented to use at royal funerals?

answer: oboe-like

text: oboe-like


text: Pakistan: The Olympic torch reached Islamabad for the first time ever on April 16. President Pervez Musharraf and Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani spoke at the opening ceremony of the relay. Security was high, for what one newspaper called the "most sensitive leg" of the torch's Olympic journey. The relay was initially supposed to carry the torch around Islamabad, but the entire relay was cancelled due to security concerns regarding "militant threats or anti-China protests", and replaced by an indoors ceremony with the torch carried around the track of Jinnah Stadium. In fear of violent protests and bomb attacks, the torch relay in Pakistan took place in a stadium behind closed doors. Although the relay was behind closed doors, thousands of policemen and soldiers guarded the flame. As a consequence, no incidents arose.

title: 2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay

title: 2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay

text: Pakistan

text: The

text: Olympic

text: torch

text: reached

text: Islamabad

text: for

text: the

text: first

text: time

text: ever

text: on

text: April

text: President

text: Pervez

text: Musharraf

text: and

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: Yousaf

text: Raza

text: Gillani

text: spoke

text: at

text: the

text: opening

text: ceremony

text: of

text: the

text: relay

text: Security

text: was

text: high

text: for

text: what

text: one

text: newspaper

text: called

text: the

text: most

text: sensitive

text: leg

text: of

text: the

text: torch

text: 's

text: Olympic

text: journey

text: The

text: relay

text: was

text: initially

text: supposed

text: to

text: carry

text: the

text: torch

text: around

text: Islamabad

text: but

text: the

text: entire

text: relay

text: was

text: cancelled

text: due

text: to

text: security

text: concerns

text: regarding

text: militant

text: threats

text: or

text: anti

text: China

text: protests

text: and

text: replaced

text: by

text: an

text: indoors

text: ceremony

text: with

text: the

text: torch

text: carried

text: around

text: the

text: track

text: of

text: Jinnah

text: Stadium

text: In

text: fear

text: of

text: violent

text: protests

text: and

text: bomb

text: attacks

text: the

text: torch

text: relay

text: in

text: Pakistan

text: took

text: place

text: in

text: a

text: stadium

text: behind

text: closed

text: doors

text: Although

text: the

text: relay

text: was

text: behind

text: closed

text: doors

text: thousands

text: of

text: policemen

text: and

text: soldiers

text: guarded

text: the

text: flame

text: As

text: a

text: consequence

text: no

text: incidents

text: arose

question: When did the torch arrive in Islamabad?

answer: April 16

text: April 16

question: Where was an indoor ceremony held since the outdoor relay was cancelled?

answer: Jinnah Stadium

text: Jinnah Stadium

question: Who spoke at the opening ceremony in Islamabad in addition to President Musharraf?

answer: Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani

text: Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani

question: Where did the Olympic torch relay start in Pakistan?

answer: Islamabad

text: Islamabad

question: Instead of a traditinal relay, where was the track the torch was carried in Pakistan?

answer: Jinnah Stadium.

text: Jinnah Stadium.


text: Until the 1950s guns firing ballistic munitions were the standard weapon; guided missiles then became dominant, except at the very shortest ranges. However, the type of shell or warhead and its fuzing and, with missiles the guidance arrangement, were and are varied. Targets are not always easy to destroy; nonetheless, damaged aircraft may be forced to abort their mission and, even if they manage to return and land in friendly territory, may be out of action for days or permanently. Ignoring small arms and smaller machine-guns, ground-based air defence guns have varied in calibre from 20 mm to at least 150 mm.

title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

title: Anti

title: aircraft_warfare

text: Until

text: the

text: guns

text: firing

text: ballistic

text: munitions

text: were

text: the

text: standard

text: weapon

text: guided

text: missiles

text: then

text: became

text: dominant

text: except

text: at

text: the

text: very

text: shortest

text: ranges

text: However

text: the

text: type

text: of

text: shell

text: or

text: warhead

text: and

text: its

text: fuzing

text: and

text: with

text: missiles

text: the

text: guidance

text: arrangement

text: were

text: and

text: are

text: varied

text: Targets

text: are

text: not

text: always

text: easy

text: to

text: destroy

text: nonetheless

text: damaged

text: aircraft

text: may

text: be

text: forced

text: to

text: abort

text: their

text: mission

text: and

text: even

text: if

text: they

text: manage

text: to

text: return

text: and

text: land

text: in

text: friendly

text: territory

text: may

text: be

text: out

text: of

text: action

text: for

text: days

text: or

text: permanently

text: Ignoring

text: small

text: arms

text: and

text: smaller

text: machine

text: guns

text: ground

text: based

text: air

text: defence

text: guns

text: have

text: varied

text: in

text: calibre

text: from

text: mm

text: to

text: at

text: least

text: mm

question: What was the standard weapon until the 1950s?

answer: guns firing ballistic munitions

text: guns firing ballistic munitions

question: After guns firing ballistic munitions lost their appeal, what weapon took their place?

answer: guided missiles

text: guided missiles

question: Which range did not use guided missiles?

answer: the very shortest ranges

text: the very shortest ranges

question: Damaged aircraft can be out of action for days or what?

answer: permanently

text: permanently

question: What is the largest calibre ground-based air defence guns?

answer: at least 150 mm

text: at least 150 mm


text: East 2nd Street begins just North of East Houston Street at Avenue C and also continues to Bowery. The East end of East 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 7th Streets is Avenue D, with East 6th Street continuing further Eastward and connecting to FDR Drive.

title: List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan

title: List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan

text: East

text: Street

text: begins

text: just

text: North

text: of

text: East

text: Houston

text: Street

text: at

text: Avenue

text: C

text: and

text: also

text: continues

text: to

text: Bowery

text: The

text: East

text: end

text: of

text: East

text: and

text: Streets

text: is

text: Avenue

text: D

text: with

text: East

text: Street

text: continuing

text: further

text: Eastward

text: and

text: connecting

text: to

text: FDR

text: Drive

question: East 6th Street continues further Eastward and connects to which Drive?

answer: FDR

text: FDR

question: Where is the East end of East 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 7th Streets?

answer: Avenue D

text: Avenue D

question: Which Avenue is the starting location for East 2nd Street?

answer: C

text: C

question: Which street begins just North of East Huston Street and continues to Bowery?

answer: East 2nd Street

text: East 2nd Street


text: The median household income in Boston was $51,739, while the median income for a family was $61,035. Full-time year-round male workers had a median income of $52,544 versus $46,540 for full-time year-round female workers. The per capita income for the city was $33,158. 21.4% of the population and 16.0% of families are below the poverty line. Of the total population, 28.8% of those under the age of 18 and 20.4% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.

title: Boston

title: Boston

text: The

text: median

text: household

text: income

text: in

text: Boston

text: was

text: while

text: the

text: median

text: income

text: for

text: a

text: family

text: was

text: Full

text: time

text: year

text: round

text: male

text: workers

text: had

text: a

text: median

text: income

text: of

text: versus

text: for

text: full

text: time

text: year

text: round

text: female

text: workers

text: The

text: per

text: capita

text: income

text: for

text: the

text: city

text: was

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: and

text: of

text: families

text: are

text: below

text: the

text: poverty

text: line

text: Of

text: the

text: total

text: population

text: of

text: those

text: under

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: and

text: of

text: those

text: and

text: older

text: were

text: living

text: below

text: the

text: poverty

text: line

question: What is the average household income in Boston?

answer: $51,739

question: What is the average family income in Boston?

answer: $61,035

question: What is the average income for a full time male worker?

answer: $52,544

question: What is the average income for a full time female worker?

answer: $46,540

question: What percent of families fall below the poverty line?

answer: 16.0%


text: It was situated precisely in the western part of Central Asia that borders present-day Russia (and present-day Kazakhstan). It was in relative proximity to the other satem ethno-linguistic groups of the Indo-European family, like Thracian, Balto-Slavic and others, and to common Indo-European's original homeland (more precisely, the steppes of southern Russia to the north of the Caucasus), according to the reconstructed linguistic relationships of common Indo-European.

title: Iranian_languages

title: Iranian_languages

text: It

text: was

text: situated

text: precisely

text: in

text: the

text: western

text: part

text: of

text: Central

text: Asia

text: that

text: borders

text: present

text: day

text: Russia

text: and

text: present

text: day

text: Kazakhstan

text: It

text: was

text: in

text: relative

text: proximity

text: to

text: the

text: other

text: satem

text: ethno

text: linguistic

text: groups

text: of

text: the

text: Indo

text: European

text: family

text: like

text: Thracian

text: Balto

text: Slavic

text: and

text: others

text: and

text: to

text: common

text: Indo

text: European

text: 's

text: original

text: homeland

text: more

text: precisely

text: the

text: steppes

text: of

text: southern

text: Russia

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: of

text: the

text: Caucasus

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: reconstructed

text: linguistic

text: relationships

text: of

text: common

text: Indo

text: European

question: What language family did Thracian and Balto-Slavic belong to?

answer: Indo-European

text: Indo-European


text: In The Open Society and Its Enemies and The Poverty of Historicism, Popper developed a critique of historicism and a defence of the "Open Society". Popper considered historicism to be the theory that history develops inexorably and necessarily according to knowable general laws towards a determinate end. He argued that this view is the principal theoretical presupposition underpinning most forms of authoritarianism and totalitarianism. He argued that historicism is founded upon mistaken assumptions regarding the nature of scientific law and prediction. Since the growth of human knowledge is a causal factor in the evolution of human history, and since "no society can predict, scientifically, its own future states of knowledge", it follows, he argued, that there can be no predictive science of human history. For Popper, metaphysical and historical indeterminism go hand in hand.

title: Karl_Popper

title: Karl_Popper

text: In

text: The

text: Open

text: Society

text: and

text: Its

text: Enemies

text: and

text: The

text: Poverty

text: of

text: Historicism

text: Popper

text: developed

text: a

text: critique

text: of

text: historicism

text: and

text: a

text: defence

text: of

text: the

text: Open

text: Society

text: Popper

text: considered

text: historicism

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: theory

text: that

text: history

text: develops

text: inexorably

text: and

text: necessarily

text: according

text: to

text: knowable

text: general

text: laws

text: towards

text: a

text: determinate

text: end

text: He

text: argued

text: that

text: this

text: view

text: is

text: the

text: principal

text: theoretical

text: presupposition

text: underpinning

text: most

text: forms

text: of

text: authoritarianism

text: and

text: totalitarianism

text: He

text: argued

text: that

text: historicism

text: is

text: founded

text: upon

text: mistaken

text: assumptions

text: regarding

text: the

text: nature

text: of

text: scientific

text: law

text: and

text: prediction

text: Since

text: the

text: growth

text: of

text: human

text: knowledge

text: is

text: a

text: causal

text: factor

text: in

text: the

text: evolution

text: of

text: human

text: history

text: and

text: since

text: no

text: society

text: can

text: predict

text: scientifically

text: its

text: own

text: future

text: states

text: of

text: knowledge

text: it

text: follows

text: he

text: argued

text: that

text: there

text: can

text: be

text: no

text: predictive

text: science

text: of

text: human

text: history

text: For

text: Popper

text: metaphysical

text: and

text: historical

text: indeterminism

text: go

text: hand

text: in

text: hand

question: What is the term for the view that there are discoverable general laws constraining history's development?

answer: historicism

text: historicism

question: What political forms did Popper believe historicism supported?

answer: authoritarianism and totalitarianism

text: authoritarianism and totalitarianism

question: What unpredictable feature of the world did Popper say refuted historicism?

answer: the growth of human knowledge

text: the growth of human knowledge

question: Which of Popper's works criticized the idea that history has an inexorable developmental path?

answer: The Poverty of Historicism

text: The Poverty of Historicism


text: The first commutator DC electric motor capable of turning machinery was invented by the British scientist William Sturgeon in 1832. Following Sturgeon's work, a commutator-type direct-current electric motor made with the intention of commercial use was built by the American inventor Thomas Davenport, which he patented in 1837. The motors ran at up to 600 revolutions per minute, and powered machine tools and a printing press. Due to the high cost of primary battery power, the motors were commercially unsuccessful and Davenport went bankrupt. Several inventors followed Sturgeon in the development of DC motors but all encountered the same battery power cost issues. No electricity distribution had been developed at the time. Like Sturgeon's motor, there was no practical commercial market for these motors.

title: Electric_motor

title: Electric_motor

text: The

text: first

text: commutator

text: DC

text: electric

text: motor

text: capable

text: of

text: turning

text: machinery

text: was

text: invented

text: by

text: the

text: British

text: scientist

text: William

text: Sturgeon

text: in

text: Following

text: Sturgeon

text: 's

text: work

text: a

text: commutator

text: type

text: direct

text: current

text: electric

text: motor

text: made

text: with

text: the

text: intention

text: of

text: commercial

text: use

text: was

text: built

text: by

text: the

text: American

text: inventor

text: Thomas

text: Davenport

text: which

text: he

text: patented

text: in

text: The

text: motors

text: ran

text: at

text: up

text: to

text: revolutions

text: per

text: minute

text: and

text: powered

text: machine

text: tools

text: and

text: a

text: printing

text: press

text: Due

text: to

text: the

text: high

text: cost

text: of

text: primary

text: battery

text: power

text: the

text: motors

text: were

text: commercially

text: unsuccessful

text: and

text: Davenport

text: went

text: bankrupt

text: Several

text: inventors

text: followed

text: Sturgeon

text: in

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: DC

text: motors

text: but

text: all

text: encountered

text: the

text: same

text: battery

text: power

text: cost

text: issues

text: No

text: electricity

text: distribution

text: had

text: been

text: developed

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: Like

text: Sturgeon

text: 's

text: motor

text: there

text: was

text: no

text: practical

text: commercial

text: market

text: for

text: these

text: motors

question: Who developed the first mnotor capable of being used for machinery?

answer: William Sturgeon

text: William Sturgeon

question: Which inventor went bankrupt?

answer: Thomas Davenport

text: Thomas Davenport

question: What was the main problem with applying early electric motors to industry?

answer: the high cost of primary battery power

text: the high cost of primary battery power

question: What necessary technical development had yet to occur to make electric motors useful?

answer: electricity distribution

text: electricity distribution

question: How fast did Sturgeon and Davenport's motors run?

answer: 600 revolutions per minute

text: 600 revolutions per minute


text: By the verse Quran, 2:124, Shias believe that Imamah is a divine position always Imamah is accompanied by the word guidance, of course a guidance by God's Command.A kind of guidance which brings humanity to the goal. Regarding 17:71, no age can be without an Imam. So, according to the upper verse 1.Imamah is a position which is appointed by God and must be specified by Him 2.Imam is protected by a divine protection and no one exceles him in nobility 3. No age can be without an Imam and finally Imam knows everything which is needed for human being to get to the truth and goal.

title: Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)

title: Imamah_(Shia_doctrine

text: By

text: the

text: verse

text: Quran

text: Shias

text: believe

text: that

text: Imamah

text: is

text: a

text: divine

text: position

text: always

text: Imamah

text: is

text: accompanied

text: by

text: the

text: word

text: guidance

text: of

text: course

text: a

text: guidance

text: by

text: God

text: 's

text: Command

text: A

text: kind

text: of

text: guidance

text: which

text: brings

text: humanity

text: to

text: the

text: goal

text: Regarding

text: no

text: age

text: can

text: be

text: without

text: an

text: Imam

text: So

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: upper

text: verse

text: is

text: a

text: position

text: which

text: is

text: appointed

text: by

text: God

text: and

text: must

text: be

text: specified

text: by

text: Him

text: is

text: protected

text: by

text: a

text: divine

text: protection

text: and

text: no

text: one

text: exceles

text: him

text: in

text: nobility

text: No

text: age

text: can

text: be

text: without

text: an

text: Imam

text: and

text: finally

text: Imam

text: knows

text: everything

text: which

text: is

text: needed

text: for

text: human

text: being

text: to

text: get

text: to

text: the

text: truth

text: and

text: goal

question: By what Quran verse to Shias believe that Imamah is a divine position?

answer: 2:124

question: What does the Quran verse 17:71 say?

answer: no age can be without an Imam

text: no age can be without an Imam

question: Imamah is a position appointed by who?

answer: God

text: God

question: What is an Imam protected by?

answer: divine protection

text: divine protection

question: Who knows everything that is needed to get to the truth and goal?

answer: Imam

text: Imam


text: From April 20–23, 1989, pre-election meetings were held in Lviv for four consecutive days, drawing crowds of up to 25,000. The action included an one-hour warning strike at eight local factories and institutions. It was the first labor strike in Lviv since 1944. On May 3, a pre-election rally attracted 30,000 in Lviv. On May 7, The Memorial Society organized a mass meeting at Bykivnia, site of a mass grave of Ukrainian and Polish victims of Stalinist terror. After a march from Kiev to the site, a memorial service was staged.

title: Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

title: Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

text: From

text: April

text: pre

text: election

text: meetings

text: were

text: held

text: in

text: Lviv

text: for

text: four

text: consecutive

text: days

text: drawing

text: crowds

text: of

text: up

text: to

text: The

text: action

text: included

text: an

text: one

text: hour

text: warning

text: strike

text: at

text: eight

text: local

text: factories

text: and

text: institutions

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: labor

text: strike

text: in

text: Lviv

text: since

text: On

text: May

text: a

text: pre

text: election

text: rally

text: attracted

text: in

text: Lviv

text: On

text: May

text: The

text: Memorial

text: Society

text: organized

text: a

text: mass

text: meeting

text: at

text: Bykivnia

text: site

text: of

text: a

text: mass

text: grave

text: of

text: Ukrainian

text: and

text: Polish

text: victims

text: of

text: Stalinist

text: terror

text: After

text: a

text: march

text: from

text: Kiev

text: to

text: the

text: site

text: a

text: memorial

text: service

text: was

text: staged

question: How many people attended the Lviv pre-election meetings?

answer: 25,000

question: How long did the warning strike last?

answer: one-hour

text: one-hour

question: Where did the strike take place?

answer: eight local factories and institutions

text: eight local factories and institutions

question: Prior to the warning strike when was the last labor strike in Lviv?

answer: 1944

question: At what sight was the Bykivnia meeting held?

answer: mass grave

text: mass grave


text: Many Sanskrit dramas also indicate that the language coexisted with Prakrits, spoken by multilingual speakers with a more extensive education. Sanskrit speakers were almost always multilingual. In the medieval era, Sanskrit continued to be spoken and written, particularly by learned Brahmins for scholarly communication. This was a thin layer of Indian society, but covered a wide geography. Centres like Varanasi, Paithan, Pune and Kanchipuram had a strong presence of teaching and debating institutions, and high classical Sanskrit was maintained until British times.

title: Sanskrit

title: Sanskrit

text: Many

text: Sanskrit

text: dramas

text: also

text: indicate

text: that

text: the

text: language

text: coexisted

text: with

text: Prakrits

text: spoken

text: by

text: multilingual

text: speakers

text: with

text: a

text: more

text: extensive

text: education

text: Sanskrit

text: speakers

text: were

text: almost

text: always

text: multilingual

text: In

text: the

text: medieval

text: era

text: Sanskrit

text: continued

text: to

text: be

text: spoken

text: and

text: written

text: particularly

text: by

text: learned

text: Brahmins

text: for

text: scholarly

text: communication

text: This

text: was

text: a

text: thin

text: layer

text: of

text: Indian

text: society

text: but

text: covered

text: a

text: wide

text: geography

text: Centres

text: like

text: Varanasi

text: Paithan

text: Pune

text: and

text: Kanchipuram

text: had

text: a

text: strong

text: presence

text: of

text: teaching

text: and

text: debating

text: institutions

text: and

text: high

text: classical

text: Sanskrit

text: was

text: maintained

text: until

text: British

text: times

question: What form of speech shows that Sanskrit and Prakrits existed together?

answer: Sanskrit dramas

text: Sanskrit dramas

question: What type of speakers spoke Sanskrit?

answer: multilingual

text: multilingual

question: For what did Brahmins use Sanskrit?

answer: scholarly communication

text: scholarly communication

question: Until what period was high Sanskrit used?

answer: British times

text: British times

question: How large of a group in society use Sanskrit?

answer: thin layer

text: thin layer


text: Bern was the site of the 1954 Football (Soccer) World Cup Final, a huge upset for the Hungarian Golden Team, who were beaten 3–2 by West Germany. The football team BSC Young Boys is based in Bern at the Stade de Suisse Wankdorf, which also was one of the venues for the European football championship 2008 in which it hosted 3 matches.

title: Bern

title: Bern

text: Bern

text: was

text: the

text: site

text: of

text: the

text: Football

text: Soccer

text: World

text: Cup

text: Final

text: a

text: huge

text: upset

text: for

text: the

text: Hungarian

text: Golden

text: Team

text: who

text: were

text: beaten

text: by

text: West

text: Germany

text: The

text: football

text: team

text: BSC

text: Young

text: Boys

text: is

text: based

text: in

text: Bern

text: at

text: the

text: Stade

text: de

text: Suisse

text: Wankdorf

text: which

text: also

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: venues

text: for

text: the

text: European

text: football

text: championship

text: in

text: which

text: it

text: hosted

text: matches

question: What year was the Football World Cup Final in Bern?

answer: 1954

question: Who won the game?

answer: West Germany

text: West Germany

question: What football team is based in Bern?

answer: BSC Young Boys

text: BSC Young Boys