text: It would appear that living organisms are remarkably inefficient (in the physical sense) in their use of the energy they receive (chemical energy or radiation), and it is true that most real machines manage higher efficiencies. In growing organisms the energy that is converted to heat serves a vital purpose, as it allows the organism tissue to be highly ordered with regard to the molecules it is built from. The second law of thermodynamics states that energy (and matter) tends to become more evenly spread out across the universe: to concentrate energy (or matter) in one specific place, it is necessary to spread out a greater amount of energy (as heat) across the remainder of the universe ("the surroundings").[note 3] Simpler organisms can achieve higher energy efficiencies than more complex ones, but the complex organisms can occupy ecological niches that are not available to their simpler brethren. The conversion of a portion of the chemical energy to heat at each step in a metabolic pathway is the physical reason behind the pyramid of biomass observed in ecology: to take just the first step in the food chain, of the estimated 124.7 Pg/a of carbon that is fixed by photosynthesis, 64.3 Pg/a (52%) are used for the metabolism of green plants, i.e. reconverted into carbon dioxide and heat.

title: Energy

title: Energy

text: It

text: would

text: appear

text: that

text: living

text: organisms

text: are

text: remarkably

text: inefficient

text: in

text: the

text: physical

text: sense

text: in

text: their

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: energy

text: they

text: receive

text: chemical

text: energy

text: or

text: radiation

text: and

text: it

text: is

text: true

text: that

text: most

text: real

text: machines

text: manage

text: higher

text: efficiencies

text: In

text: growing

text: organisms

text: the

text: energy

text: that

text: is

text: converted

text: to

text: heat

text: serves

text: a

text: vital

text: purpose

text: as

text: it

text: allows

text: the

text: organism

text: tissue

text: to

text: be

text: highly

text: ordered

text: with

text: regard

text: to

text: the

text: molecules

text: it

text: is

text: built

text: from

text: The

text: second

text: law

text: of

text: thermodynamics

text: states

text: that

text: energy

text: and

text: matter

text: tends

text: to

text: become

text: more

text: evenly

text: spread

text: out

text: across

text: the

text: universe

text: to

text: concentrate

text: energy

text: or

text: matter

text: in

text: one

text: specific

text: place

text: it

text: is

text: necessary

text: to

text: spread

text: out

text: a

text: greater

text: amount

text: of

text: energy

text: as

text: heat

text: across

text: the

text: remainder

text: of

text: the

text: universe

text: the

text: surroundings").[note

text: Simpler

text: organisms

text: can

text: achieve

text: higher

text: energy

text: efficiencies

text: than

text: more

text: complex

text: ones

text: but

text: the

text: complex

text: organisms

text: can

text: occupy

text: ecological

text: niches

text: that

text: are

text: not

text: available

text: to

text: their

text: simpler

text: brethren

text: The

text: conversion

text: of

text: a

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: chemical

text: energy

text: to

text: heat

text: at

text: each

text: step

text: in

text: a

text: metabolic

text: pathway

text: is

text: the

text: physical

text: reason

text: behind

text: the

text: pyramid

text: of

text: biomass

text: observed

text: in

text: ecology

text: to

text: take

text: just

text: the

text: first

text: step

text: in

text: the

text: food

text: chain

text: of

text: the

text: estimated

text: Pg

text: a

text: of

text: carbon

text: that

text: is

text: fixed

text: by

text: photosynthesis

text: Pg

text: a

text: are

text: used

text: for

text: the

text: metabolism

text: of

text: green

text: plants

text: i.e.

text: reconverted

text: into

text: carbon

text: dioxide

text: and

text: heat

question: What states that energy tends to become more evenly spread out across the universe?

answer: The second law of thermodynamics

text: The second law of thermodynamics

question: What are remarkably inefficient in their use of the energy they receive?

answer: living organisms

text: living organisms

question: Complex organisms can occupy this, that are not available to their simpler brethern?

answer: ecological niches

text: ecological niches


text: The iTunes Store (introduced April 29, 2003) is an online media store run by Apple and accessed through iTunes. The store became the market leader soon after its launch and Apple announced the sale of videos through the store on October 12, 2005. Full-length movies became available on September 12, 2006.

title: IPod

title: IPod

text: The

text: iTunes

text: Store

text: introduced

text: April

text: is

text: an

text: online

text: media

text: store

text: run

text: by

text: Apple

text: and

text: accessed

text: through

text: iTunes

text: The

text: store

text: became

text: the

text: market

text: leader

text: soon

text: after

text: its

text: launch

text: and

text: Apple

text: announced

text: the

text: sale

text: of

text: videos

text: through

text: the

text: store

text: on

text: October

text: Full

text: length

text: movies

text: became

text: available

text: on

text: September

question: When was the Apple iTunes Store launched?

answer: April 29, 2003

text: April 29, 2003

question: What program is required to access the iTunes Store?

answer: iTunes

text: iTunes

question: When were videos made available through the iTunes store?

answer: October 12, 2005

text: October 12, 2005

question: When did Apple begin selling entire films through the iTunes store?

answer: September 12, 2006

text: September 12, 2006

question: In what year was the iTunes store established?

answer: 2003

question: In what year did videos first become available on iTunes?

answer: 2005

question: When were full-length moved added to the iTunes store?

answer: 2006


text: According to most scholars, the ancient Land of Punt and its inhabitants formed part of the ethnogenesis of the Somali people. The ancient Puntites were a nation of people that had close relations with Pharaonic Egypt during the times of Pharaoh Sahure and Queen Hatshepsut. The pyramidal structures, temples and ancient houses of dressed stone littered around Somalia are said to date from this period.

title: Somalis

title: Somalis

text: According

text: to

text: most

text: scholars

text: the

text: ancient

text: Land

text: of

text: Punt

text: and

text: its

text: inhabitants

text: formed

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: ethnogenesis

text: of

text: the

text: Somali

text: people

text: The

text: ancient

text: Puntites

text: were

text: a

text: nation

text: of

text: people

text: that

text: had

text: close

text: relations

text: with

text: Pharaonic

text: Egypt

text: during

text: the

text: times

text: of

text: Pharaoh

text: Sahure

text: and

text: Queen

text: Hatshepsut

text: The

text: pyramidal

text: structures

text: temples

text: and

text: ancient

text: houses

text: of

text: dressed

text: stone

text: littered

text: around

text: Somalia

text: are

text: said

text: to

text: date

text: from

text: this

text: period

question: What ancient land was connected to the modern Somali people?

answer: Land of Punt

text: Land of Punt

question: What nation did the Land of Put have a close relationship with?

answer: Pharaonic Egypt

text: Pharaonic Egypt

question: Who was a Queen of Egypt during the time when Punt and Egypt were close?

answer: Hatshepsut

text: Hatshepsut

question: Along with houses of dressed stone, what ancient architecture may have been influenced by Egypt?

answer: pyramidal structures

text: pyramidal structures


text: Although testing can determine the correctness of software under the assumption of some specific hypotheses (see hierarchy of testing difficulty below), testing cannot identify all the defects within software. Instead, it furnishes a criticism or comparison that compares the state and behavior of the product against oracles—principles or mechanisms by which someone might recognize a problem. These oracles may include (but are not limited to) specifications, contracts, comparable products, past versions of the same product, inferences about intended or expected purpose, user or customer expectations, relevant standards, applicable laws, or other criteria.

title: Software_testing

title: Software_testing

text: Although

text: testing

text: can

text: determine

text: the

text: correctness

text: of

text: software

text: under

text: the

text: assumption

text: of

text: some

text: specific

text: hypotheses

text: see

text: hierarchy

text: of

text: testing

text: difficulty

text: below

text: testing

text: can

text: not

text: identify

text: all

text: the

text: defects

text: within

text: software

text: Instead

text: it

text: furnishes

text: a

text: criticism

text: or

text: comparison

text: that

text: compares

text: the

text: state

text: and

text: behavior

text: of

text: the

text: product

text: against

text: oracles

text: principles

text: or

text: mechanisms

text: by

text: which

text: someone

text: might

text: recognize

text: a

text: problem

text: These

text: oracles

text: may

text: include

text: but

text: are

text: not

text: limited

text: to

text: specifications

text: contracts

text: comparable

text: products

text: past

text: versions

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: product

text: inferences

text: about

text: intended

text: or

text: expected

text: purpose

text: user

text: or

text: customer

text: expectations

text: relevant

text: standards

text: applicable

text: laws

text: or

text: other

text: criteria

question: What can testing not completely find?

answer: all the defects

text: all the defects

question: While looking for bugs, what else can testing do?

answer: furnishes a criticism or comparison

text: furnishes a criticism or comparison

question: What does the software compare during testing against?

answer: oracles—principles or mechanisms

text: oracles—principles or mechanisms

question: What make up the oracle during testing?

answer: specifications, contracts, comparable products, past versions

text: specifications, contracts, comparable products, past versions


text: Bacteria (i/bækˈtɪəriə/; singular: bacterium) constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a number of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats. Bacteria inhabit soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, and the deep portions of Earth's crust. Bacteria also live in symbiotic and parasitic relationships with plants and animals. They are also known to have flourished in manned spacecraft.

title: Bacteria

title: Bacteria

text: Bacteria

text: i

text: bækˈtɪəriə/

text: singular

text: bacterium

text: constitute

text: a

text: large

text: domain

text: of

text: prokaryotic

text: microorganisms

text: Typically

text: a

text: few

text: micrometres

text: in

text: length

text: bacteria

text: have

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: shapes

text: ranging

text: from

text: spheres

text: to

text: rods

text: and

text: spirals

text: Bacteria

text: were

text: among

text: the

text: first

text: life

text: forms

text: to

text: appear

text: on

text: Earth

text: and

text: are

text: present

text: in

text: most

text: of

text: its

text: habitats

text: Bacteria

text: inhabit

text: soil

text: water

text: acidic

text: hot

text: springs

text: radioactive

text: waste

text: and

text: the

text: deep

text: portions

text: of

text: Earth

text: 's

text: crust

text: Bacteria

text: also

text: live

text: in

text: symbiotic

text: and

text: parasitic

text: relationships

text: with

text: plants

text: and

text: animals

text: They

text: are

text: also

text: known

text: to

text: have

text: flourished

text: in

text: manned

text: spacecraft

question: What is a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms?

answer: Bacteria

text: Bacteria

question: What configurations can bacteria can bacteria take?

answer: spheres to rods and spirals

text: spheres to rods and spirals

question: When is the typical lenght  for bacteria?

answer: few micrometres

text: few micrometres

question: What environments can bacteria live?

answer: present in most of its habitats

text: present in most of its habitats

question: What is the relationships between plants animals and bacteria?

answer: symbiotic and parasitic relationships

text: symbiotic and parasitic relationships


text: Laird writes that Altan Khan abolished the native Mongol practices of shamanism and blood sacrifice, while the Mongol princes and subjects were coerced by Altan to convert to Gelug Buddhism—or face execution if they persisted in their shamanistic ways. Committed to their religious leader, Mongol princes began requesting the Dalai Lama to bestow titles on them, which demonstrated "the unique fusion of religious and political power" wielded by the Dalai Lama, as Laird writes. Kolmaš states that the spiritual and secular Mongol-Tibetan alliance of the 13th century was renewed by this alliance constructed by Altan Khan and Sönam Gyatso. Van Praag writes that this restored the original Mongol patronage of a Tibetan lama and "to this day, Mongolians are among the most devout followers of the Gelugpa and the Dalai Lama." Angela F. Howard writes that this unique relationship not only provided the Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama with religious and political authority in Tibet, but that Altan Khan gained "enormous power among the entire Mongol population."

title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty

title: Sino

text: Laird

text: writes

text: that

text: Altan

text: Khan

text: abolished

text: the

text: native

text: Mongol

text: practices

text: of

text: shamanism

text: and

text: blood

text: sacrifice

text: while

text: the

text: Mongol

text: princes

text: and

text: subjects

text: were

text: coerced

text: by

text: Altan

text: to

text: convert

text: to

text: Gelug

text: Buddhism

text: or

text: face

text: execution

text: if

text: they

text: persisted

text: in

text: their

text: shamanistic

text: ways

text: Committed

text: to

text: their

text: religious

text: leader

text: Mongol

text: princes

text: began

text: requesting

text: the

text: Dalai

text: Lama

text: to

text: bestow

text: titles

text: on

text: them

text: which

text: demonstrated

text: the

text: unique

text: fusion

text: of

text: religious

text: and

text: political

text: power

text: wielded

text: by

text: the

text: Dalai

text: Lama

text: as

text: Laird

text: writes

text: Kolmaš

text: states

text: that

text: the

text: spiritual

text: and

text: secular

text: Mongol

text: Tibetan

text: alliance

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: was

text: renewed

text: by

text: this

text: alliance

text: constructed

text: by

text: Altan

text: Khan

text: and

text: Sönam

text: Gyatso

text: Van

text: Praag

text: writes

text: that

text: this

text: restored

text: the

text: original

text: Mongol

text: patronage

text: of

text: a

text: Tibetan

text: lama

text: and

text: to

text: this

text: day

text: Mongolians

text: are

text: among

text: the

text: most

text: devout

text: followers

text: of

text: the

text: Gelugpa

text: and

text: the

text: Dalai

text: Lama

text: Angela

text: F.

text: Howard

text: writes

text: that

text: this

text: unique

text: relationship

text: not

text: only

text: provided

text: the

text: Dalai

text: Lama

text: and

text: Panchen

text: Lama

text: with

text: religious

text: and

text: political

text: authority

text: in

text: Tibet

text: but

text: that

text: Altan

text: Khan

text: gained

text: enormous

text: power

text: among

text: the

text: entire

text: Mongol

text: population

question: What practice did Altan Khan put to an end?

answer: the native Mongol practices of shamanism and blood sacrifice

text: the native Mongol practices of shamanism and blood sacrifice

question: Who did Altan Khan persuade to convert to Gelug Buddhism?

answer: the Mongol princes and subjects

text: the Mongol princes and subjects

question: What did Altan Khan threaten the Mongol princes and subjects with if they did not convert?

answer: execution

text: execution

question: Who did the Mongol princes ask to grant them titles?

answer: the Dalai Lama

text: the Dalai Lama

question: Why did the Mongol princes ask for titles?

answer: Committed to their religious leader

text: Committed to their religious leader


text: After World War II, Europe was informally split into Western and Soviet spheres of influence. Western Europe later aligned as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and Eastern Europe as the Warsaw Pact. There was a shift in power from Western Europe and the British Empire to the two new superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union. These two rivals would later face off in the Cold War. In Asia, the defeat of Japan led to its democratization. China's civil war continued through and after the war, resulting eventually in the establishment of the People's Republic of China. The former colonies of the European powers began their road to independence.

title: Modern_history

title: Modern_history

text: After

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: Europe

text: was

text: informally

text: split

text: into

text: Western

text: and

text: Soviet

text: spheres

text: of

text: influence

text: Western

text: Europe

text: later

text: aligned

text: as

text: the

text: North

text: Atlantic

text: Treaty

text: Organization

text: NATO

text: and

text: Eastern

text: Europe

text: as

text: the

text: Warsaw

text: Pact

text: There

text: was

text: a

text: shift

text: in

text: power

text: from

text: Western

text: Europe

text: and

text: the

text: British

text: Empire

text: to

text: the

text: two

text: new

text: superpowers

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: These

text: two

text: rivals

text: would

text: later

text: face

text: off

text: in

text: the

text: Cold

text: War

text: In

text: Asia

text: the

text: defeat

text: of

text: Japan

text: led

text: to

text: its

text: democratization

text: China

text: 's

text: civil

text: war

text: continued

text: through

text: and

text: after

text: the

text: war

text: resulting

text: eventually

text: in

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: The

text: former

text: colonies

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: powers

text: began

text: their

text: road

text: to

text: independence

question: What was Europe split into after World War II?

answer: Western and Soviet spheres of influence.

text: Western and Soviet spheres of influence.

question: Who battled in the cold war?

answer: United States and the Soviet Union.

text: United States and the Soviet Union.

question: What does the term NATO represent?

answer: North Atlantic Treaty Organization

text: North Atlantic Treaty Organization

question: What did the defeat of Japan mean for Asia?

answer: led to its democratization.

text: led to its democratization.

question: What did China name themselves after the war?

answer: the People's Republic of China.

text: the People's Republic of China.


text: Matte solder is usually fused to provide a better bonding surface or stripped to bare copper. Treatments, such as benzimidazolethiol, prevent surface oxidation of bare copper. The places to which components will be mounted are typically plated, because untreated bare copper oxidizes quickly, and therefore is not readily solderable. Traditionally, any exposed copper was coated with solder by hot air solder levelling (HASL). The HASL finish prevents oxidation from the underlying copper, thereby guaranteeing a solderable surface. This solder was a tin-lead alloy, however new solder compounds are now used to achieve compliance with the RoHS directive in the EU and US, which restricts the use of lead. One of these lead-free compounds is SN100CL, made up of 99.3% tin, 0.7% copper, 0.05% nickel, and a nominal of 60ppm germanium.

title: Printed_circuit_board

title: Printed_circuit_board

text: Matte

text: solder

text: is

text: usually

text: fused

text: to

text: provide

text: a

text: better

text: bonding

text: surface

text: or

text: stripped

text: to

text: bare

text: copper

text: Treatments

text: such

text: as

text: benzimidazolethiol

text: prevent

text: surface

text: oxidation

text: of

text: bare

text: copper

text: The

text: places

text: to

text: which

text: components

text: will

text: be

text: mounted

text: are

text: typically

text: plated

text: because

text: untreated

text: bare

text: copper

text: oxidizes

text: quickly

text: and

text: therefore

text: is

text: not

text: readily

text: solderable

text: Traditionally

text: any

text: exposed

text: copper

text: was

text: coated

text: with

text: solder

text: by

text: hot

text: air

text: solder

text: levelling

text: HASL

text: The

text: HASL

text: finish

text: prevents

text: oxidation

text: from

text: the

text: underlying

text: copper

text: thereby

text: guaranteeing

text: a

text: solderable

text: surface

text: This

text: solder

text: was

text: a

text: tin

text: lead

text: alloy

text: however

text: new

text: solder

text: compounds

text: are

text: now

text: used

text: to

text: achieve

text: compliance

text: with

text: the

text: RoHS

text: directive

text: in

text: the

text: EU

text: and

text: US

text: which

text: restricts

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: lead

text: One

text: of

text: these

text: lead

text: free

text: compounds

text: is

text: made

text: up

text: of

text: tin

text: copper

text: nickel

text: and

text: a

text: nominal

text: of

text: germanium

question: What happens to untreated copper that makes it difficult to solder?

answer: oxidizes

text: oxidizes

question: What chemical treatment will prevent bare copper from oxidizing?

answer: benzimidazolethiol

text: benzimidazolethiol

question: What's the process by which bare copper gets covered in solder?

answer: hot air solder levelling

text: hot air solder levelling

question: What does hot air solder leveling ensure the coated copper will have?

answer: solderable surface

text: solderable surface

question: What alloy can no longer be used in HASL because of restrictions on the use of one of its metal components?

answer: tin-lead

text: tin-lead


text: In process known as the Marian reforms, Roman consul Gaius Marius carried out a programme of reform of the Roman military. In 107 BC, all citizens, regardless of their wealth or social class, were made eligible for entry into the Roman army. This move formalised and concluded a gradual process that had been growing for centuries, of removing property requirements for military service. The distinction between the three heavy infantry classes, which had already become blurred, had collapsed into a single class of heavy legionary infantry. The heavy infantry legionaries were drawn from citizen stock, while non-citizens came to dominate the ranks of the light infantry. The army's higher-level officers and commanders were still drawn exclusively from the Roman aristocracy.

title: Roman_Republic

title: Roman_Republic

text: In

text: process

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Marian

text: reforms

text: Roman

text: consul

text: Gaius

text: Marius

text: carried

text: out

text: a

text: programme

text: of

text: reform

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: military

text: In

text: BC

text: all

text: citizens

text: regardless

text: of

text: their

text: wealth

text: or

text: social

text: class

text: were

text: made

text: eligible

text: for

text: entry

text: into

text: the

text: Roman

text: army

text: This

text: move

text: formalised

text: and

text: concluded

text: a

text: gradual

text: process

text: that

text: had

text: been

text: growing

text: for

text: centuries

text: of

text: removing

text: property

text: requirements

text: for

text: military

text: service

text: The

text: distinction

text: between

text: the

text: three

text: heavy

text: infantry

text: classes

text: which

text: had

text: already

text: become

text: blurred

text: had

text: collapsed

text: into

text: a

text: single

text: class

text: of

text: heavy

text: legionary

text: infantry

text: The

text: heavy

text: infantry

text: legionaries

text: were

text: drawn

text: from

text: citizen

text: stock

text: while

text: non

text: citizens

text: came

text: to

text: dominate

text: the

text: ranks

text: of

text: the

text: light

text: infantry

text: The

text: army

text: 's

text: higher

text: level

text: officers

text: and

text: commanders

text: were

text: still

text: drawn

text: exclusively

text: from

text: the

text: Roman

text: aristocracy

question: Who was now able to join military service in 107 BC?

answer: all citizens

text: all citizens

question: Where would legionaries in the Roman army likely to be sourced from?

answer: citizen stock

text: citizen stock

question: Who would likely make up the majority of the Roman army's light infantry?

answer: non-citizens

text: non-citizens

question: Which consul was responsible for the reforms that allowed all citizens access to join the Roman army?

answer: Gaius Marius

text: Gaius Marius

question: What was the process that removed the property requirement for the Roman military called?

answer: Marian reforms

text: Marian reforms


text: Despite delays in some countries, the number of European HD channels and viewers has risen steadily since the first HDTV broadcasts, with SES's annual Satellite Monitor market survey for 2010 reporting more than 200 commercial channels broadcasting in HD from Astra satellites, 185 million HD capable TVs sold in Europe (£60 million in 2010 alone), and 20 million households (27% of all European digital satellite TV homes) watching HD satellite broadcasts (16 million via Astra satellites).

title: High-definition_television

title: High

title: definition_television

text: Despite

text: delays

text: in

text: some

text: countries

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: European

text: HD

text: channels

text: and

text: viewers

text: has

text: risen

text: steadily

text: since

text: the

text: first

text: HDTV

text: broadcasts

text: with

text: SES

text: 's

text: annual

text: Satellite

text: Monitor

text: market

text: survey

text: for

text: reporting

text: more

text: than

text: commercial

text: channels

text: broadcasting

text: in

text: HD

text: from

text: Astra

text: satellites

text: million

text: HD

text: capable

text: TVs

text: sold

text: in

text: Europe

text: million

text: in

text: alone

text: and

text: million

text: households

text: of

text: all

text: European

text: digital

text: satellite

text: TV

text: homes

text: watching

text: HD

text: satellite

text: broadcasts

text: million

text: via

text: Astra

text: satellites

question: According to the 2010 Satellite Monitor market survey, how many HD capable TV's were sold in Europe?

answer: 185 million

text: 185 million

question: According to the 2010 Satellite Monitor market survey, how many European households were watching HD broadcasts?

answer: 20 million

text: 20 million

question: How many pounds were spent in Europe on HD capable TVs in 2010?

answer: £60 million

text: £60 million

question: What percentage of European digital satellite TV homes were watching HD broadcasts in 2010?

answer: 27%

question: The number of European HD channels and viewers has done what since the first HDTV broadcasts?

answer: risen steadily

text: risen steadily


text: The initial cost of an incandescent bulb is small compared to the cost of the energy it uses over its lifetime. Incandescent bulbs have a shorter life than most other lighting, an important factor if replacement is inconvenient or expensive. Some types of lamp, including incandescent and fluorescent, emit less light as they age; this may be an inconvenience, or may reduce effective lifetime due to lamp replacement before total failure. A comparison of incandescent lamp operating cost with other light sources must include illumination requirements, cost of the lamp and labor cost to replace lamps (taking into account effective lamp lifetime), cost of electricity used, effect of lamp operation on heating and air conditioning systems. When used for lighting in houses and commercial buildings, the energy lost to heat can significantly increase the energy required by a building's air conditioning system. During the heating season heat produced by the bulbs is not wasted, although in most cases it is more cost effective to obtain heat from the heating system. Regardless, over the course of a year a more efficient lighting system saves energy in nearly all climates.

title: Incandescent_light_bulb

title: Incandescent_light_bulb

text: The

text: initial

text: cost

text: of

text: an

text: incandescent

text: bulb

text: is

text: small

text: compared

text: to

text: the

text: cost

text: of

text: the

text: energy

text: it

text: uses

text: over

text: its

text: lifetime

text: Incandescent

text: bulbs

text: have

text: a

text: shorter

text: life

text: than

text: most

text: other

text: lighting

text: an

text: important

text: factor

text: if

text: replacement

text: is

text: inconvenient

text: or

text: expensive

text: Some

text: types

text: of

text: lamp

text: including

text: incandescent

text: and

text: fluorescent

text: emit

text: less

text: light

text: as

text: they

text: age

text: this

text: may

text: be

text: an

text: inconvenience

text: or

text: may

text: reduce

text: effective

text: lifetime

text: due

text: to

text: lamp

text: replacement

text: before

text: total

text: failure

text: A

text: comparison

text: of

text: incandescent

text: lamp

text: operating

text: cost

text: with

text: other

text: light

text: sources

text: must

text: include

text: illumination

text: requirements

text: cost

text: of

text: the

text: lamp

text: and

text: labor

text: cost

text: to

text: replace

text: lamps

text: taking

text: into

text: account

text: effective

text: lamp

text: lifetime

text: cost

text: of

text: electricity

text: used

text: effect

text: of

text: lamp

text: operation

text: on

text: heating

text: and

text: air

text: conditioning

text: systems

text: When

text: used

text: for

text: lighting

text: in

text: houses

text: and

text: commercial

text: buildings

text: the

text: energy

text: lost

text: to

text: heat

text: can

text: significantly

text: increase

text: the

text: energy

text: required

text: by

text: a

text: building

text: 's

text: air

text: conditioning

text: system

text: During

text: the

text: heating

text: season

text: heat

text: produced

text: by

text: the

text: bulbs

text: is

text: not

text: wasted

text: although

text: in

text: most

text: cases

text: it

text: is

text: more

text: cost

text: effective

text: to

text: obtain

text: heat

text: from

text: the

text: heating

text: system

text: Regardless

text: over

text: the

text: course

text: of

text: a

text: year

text: a

text: more

text: efficient

text: lighting

text: system

text: saves

text: energy

text: in

text: nearly

text: all

text: climates

question: What appliance requires more energy due to the use of incandescent lighting?

answer: a building's air conditioning system

text: a building's air conditioning system

question: Do incandescent lights have a longer or shorter life than other lighting sources?

answer: shorter

text: shorter

question: What are some factors to consider in calculating operating costs of lighting?

answer: illumination requirements, cost of the lamp and labor cost to replace lamps (taking into account effective lamp lifetime), cost of electricity used

text: illumination requirements, cost of the lamp and labor cost to replace lamps (taking into account effective lamp lifetime), cost of electricity used

question: Do incandescent lights emit more, less, or the same amount of light as they age?

answer: less

text: less

question: What is more cost-effective, heat from incandescent bulbs or heat from a building's heating system?

answer: heat from the heating system

text: heat from the heating system


text: New Haven is served by the daily New Haven Register, the weekly "alternative" New Haven Advocate (which is run by Tribune, the corporation owning the Hartford Courant), the online daily New Haven Independent, and the monthly Grand News Community Newspaper. Downtown New Haven is covered by an in-depth civic news forum, Design New Haven. The Register also backs PLAY magazine, a weekly entertainment publication. The city is also served by several student-run papers, including the Yale Daily News, the weekly Yale Herald and a humor tabloid, Rumpus Magazine. WTNH Channel 8, the ABC affiliate for Connecticut, WCTX Channel 59, the MyNetworkTV affiliate for the state, and Connecticut Public Television station WEDY channel 65, a PBS affiliate, broadcast from New Haven. All New York City news and sports team stations broadcast to New Haven County.

title: New_Haven,_Connecticut

title: New_Haven,_Connecticut

text: New

text: Haven

text: is

text: served

text: by

text: the

text: daily

text: New

text: Haven

text: Register

text: the

text: weekly

text: alternative

text: New

text: Haven

text: Advocate

text: which

text: is

text: run

text: by

text: Tribune

text: the

text: corporation

text: owning

text: the

text: Hartford

text: Courant

text: the

text: online

text: daily

text: New

text: Haven

text: Independent

text: and

text: the

text: monthly

text: Grand

text: News

text: Community

text: Newspaper

text: Downtown

text: New

text: Haven

text: is

text: covered

text: by

text: an

text: in

text: depth

text: civic

text: news

text: forum

text: Design

text: New

text: Haven

text: The

text: Register

text: also

text: backs

text: PLAY

text: magazine

text: a

text: weekly

text: entertainment

text: publication

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: also

text: served

text: by

text: several

text: student

text: run

text: papers

text: including

text: the

text: Yale

text: Daily

text: News

text: the

text: weekly

text: Yale

text: Herald

text: and

text: a

text: humor

text: tabloid

text: Rumpus

text: Magazine

text: WTNH

text: Channel

text: the

text: ABC

text: affiliate

text: for

text: Connecticut

text: WCTX

text: Channel

text: the

text: MyNetworkTV

text: affiliate

text: for

text: the

text: state

text: and

text: Connecticut

text: Public

text: Television

text: station

text: WEDY

text: channel

text: a

text: PBS

text: affiliate

text: broadcast

text: from

text: New

text: Haven

text: All

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: news

text: and

text: sports

text: team

text: stations

text: broadcast

text: to

text: New

text: Haven

text: County

question: What is the name of the major daily editorial newspaper for the city of New Haven?

answer: New Haven Register

text: New Haven Register

question: What is the civic news forum that specifically reports on downtown New Haven?

answer: Design New Haven

text: Design New Haven

question: What weekly entertainment print news source for New Haven is backed by The Register?

answer: PLAY magazine

text: PLAY magazine

question: Channel 65 is New Haven's home to what PBS affiliate?

answer: Connecticut Public Television

text: Connecticut Public Television

question: What weekly publication in New Haven is issued by Yale University?

answer: Yale Herald

text: Yale Herald

question: What is the main newspaper company for New Haven?

answer: New Haven Register

text: New Haven Register

question: The other newspaper, New Haven Advocate is run by which company?

answer: Tribune

text: Tribune

question: There is newspaper company within the city that runs monthly, it's name ?

answer: Grand News Community Newspaper

text: Grand News Community Newspaper

question: What is the name of the tabloid that is run by mainly college students?

answer: Rumpus Magazine

text: Rumpus Magazine

question: In terms of news and sports does New Haven receive television broadcasting from other cities?

answer: All New York City news and sports

text: All New York City news and sports


text: There is a close connection between machine learning and compression: a system that predicts the posterior probabilities of a sequence given its entire history can be used for optimal data compression (by using arithmetic coding on the output distribution) while an optimal compressor can be used for prediction (by finding the symbol that compresses best, given the previous history). This equivalence has been used as a justification for using data compression as a benchmark for "general intelligence."

title: Data_compression

title: Data_compression

text: There

text: is

text: a

text: close

text: connection

text: between

text: machine

text: learning

text: and

text: compression

text: a

text: system

text: that

text: predicts

text: the

text: posterior

text: probabilities

text: of

text: a

text: sequence

text: given

text: its

text: entire

text: history

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: for

text: optimal

text: data

text: compression

text: by

text: using

text: arithmetic

text: coding

text: on

text: the

text: output

text: distribution

text: while

text: an

text: optimal

text: compressor

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: for

text: prediction

text: by

text: finding

text: the

text: symbol

text: that

text: compresses

text: best

text: given

text: the

text: previous

text: history

text: This

text: equivalence

text: has

text: been

text: used

text: as

text: a

text: justification

text: for

text: using

text: data

text: compression

text: as

text: a

text: benchmark

text: for

text: general

text: intelligence

question: What is Machine learning closely related to?

answer: compression

text: compression

question: What type of compressor can be used for prediction?

answer: optimal

text: optimal

question: What has been used as a benchmark for "general intelligence"?

answer: data compression

text: data compression


text: Philosophical empiricists hold no knowledge to be properly inferred or deduced unless it is derived from one's sense-based experience. This view is commonly contrasted with rationalism, which states that knowledge may be derived from reason independently of the senses. For example, John Locke held that some knowledge (e.g. knowledge of God's existence) could be arrived at through intuition and reasoning alone. Similarly Robert Boyle, a prominent advocate of the experimental method, held that we have innate ideas. The main continental rationalists (Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz) were also advocates of the empirical "scientific method".

title: Empiricism

title: Empiricism

text: Philosophical

text: empiricists

text: hold

text: no

text: knowledge

text: to

text: be

text: properly

text: inferred

text: or

text: deduced

text: unless

text: it

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: one

text: 's

text: sense

text: based

text: experience

text: This

text: view

text: is

text: commonly

text: contrasted

text: with

text: rationalism

text: which

text: states

text: that

text: knowledge

text: may

text: be

text: derived

text: from

text: reason

text: independently

text: of

text: the

text: senses

text: For

text: example

text: John

text: Locke

text: held

text: that

text: some

text: knowledge

text: e.g.

text: knowledge

text: of

text: God

text: 's

text: existence

text: could

text: be

text: arrived

text: at

text: through

text: intuition

text: and

text: reasoning

text: alone

text: Similarly

text: Robert

text: Boyle

text: a

text: prominent

text: advocate

text: of

text: the

text: experimental

text: method

text: held

text: that

text: we

text: have

text: innate

text: ideas

text: The

text: main

text: continental

text: rationalists

text: Descartes

text: Spinoza

text: and

text: Leibniz

text: were

text: also

text: advocates

text: of

text: the

text: empirical

text: scientific

text: method

question: What is commonly contrasted with empiricism?

answer: rationalism

text: rationalism

question: Where does rationalism say knowledge comes from?

answer: reason independently of the senses

text: reason independently of the senses

question: What is an example knowledge being derived from intuition?

answer: knowledge of God's existence

text: knowledge of God's existence

question: What did Locke think some knowledge could come from?

answer: intuition and reasoning alone

text: intuition and reasoning alone

question: Where were the main European rationalists?

answer: Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz

text: Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz


text: The preludes, many of which are very brief (some consisting of simple statements and developments of a single theme or figure), were described by Schumann as "the beginnings of studies". Inspired by J.S. Bach's The Well-Tempered Clavier, Chopin's preludes move up the circle of fifths (rather than Bach's chromatic scale sequence) to create a prelude in each major and minor tonality. The preludes were perhaps not intended to be played as a group, and may even have been used by him and later pianists as generic preludes to others of his pieces, or even to music by other composers, as Kenneth Hamilton suggests: he has noted a recording by Ferruccio Busoni of 1922, in which the Prelude Op. 28 No. 7 is followed by the Étude Op. 10 No. 5.

title: Frédéric_Chopin

title: Frédéric_Chopin

text: The

text: preludes

text: many

text: of

text: which

text: are

text: very

text: brief

text: some

text: consisting

text: of

text: simple

text: statements

text: and

text: developments

text: of

text: a

text: single

text: theme

text: or

text: figure

text: were

text: described

text: by

text: Schumann

text: as

text: the

text: beginnings

text: of

text: studies

text: Inspired

text: by

text: J.S.

text: Bach

text: 's

text: The

text: Well

text: Tempered

text: Clavier

text: Chopin

text: 's

text: preludes

text: move

text: up

text: the

text: circle

text: of

text: fifths

text: rather

text: than

text: Bach

text: 's

text: chromatic

text: scale

text: sequence

text: to

text: create

text: a

text: prelude

text: in

text: each

text: major

text: and

text: minor

text: tonality

text: The

text: preludes

text: were

text: perhaps

text: not

text: intended

text: to

text: be

text: played

text: as

text: a

text: group

text: and

text: may

text: even

text: have

text: been

text: used

text: by

text: him

text: and

text: later

text: pianists

text: as

text: generic

text: preludes

text: to

text: others

text: of

text: his

text: pieces

text: or

text: even

text: to

text: music

text: by

text: other

text: composers

text: as

text: Kenneth

text: Hamilton

text: suggests

text: he

text: has

text: noted

text: a

text: recording

text: by

text: Ferruccio

text: Busoni

text: of

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: Prelude

text: Op

text: No

text: is

text: followed

text: by

text: the

text: Étude

text: Op

text: No

question: What piece of Bach's did Chopin take inspiration for his preludes?

answer: The Well-Tempered Clavier

text: The Well-Tempered Clavier

question: Who suggested that Chopin's preludes were not intended to be played as a group?

answer: Kenneth Hamilton

text: Kenneth Hamilton

question: What was described as "the beginning of studies" by Schumann?

answer: The preludes

text: The preludes

question: What inspired Chopin for his preludes?

answer: J.S. Bach's The Well-Tempered Clavier

text: J.S. Bach's The Well-Tempered Clavier

question: Kenneth Hamilton suggests that the preludes may not have been meant as a group but rather as what?

answer: generic preludes to others of his pieces

text: generic preludes to others of his pieces

question: Who did a recording where Étude Op. 10 No. 5. follows relude Op. 28 No. 7?

answer: Ferruccio Busoni

text: Ferruccio Busoni


text: People of Irish descent form the largest single ethnic group in the city, making up 15.8% of the population, followed by Italians, accounting for 8.3% of the population. People of West Indian and Caribbean ancestry are another sizable group, at 6.0%, about half of whom are of Haitian ancestry. Over 27,000 Chinese Americans made their home in Boston city proper in 2013, and the city hosts a growing Chinatown accommodating heavily traveled Chinese-owned bus lines to and from Chinatown, Manhattan. Some neighborhoods, such as Dorchester, have received an influx of people of Vietnamese ancestry in recent decades. Neighborhoods such as Jamaica Plain and Roslindale have experienced a growing number of Dominican Americans. The city and greater area also has a growing immigrant population of South Asians, including the tenth-largest Indian community in the country.

title: Boston

title: Boston

text: People

text: of

text: Irish

text: descent

text: form

text: the

text: largest

text: single

text: ethnic

text: group

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: making

text: up

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: followed

text: by

text: Italians

text: accounting

text: for

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: People

text: of

text: West

text: Indian

text: and

text: Caribbean

text: ancestry

text: are

text: another

text: sizable

text: group

text: at

text: about

text: half

text: of

text: whom

text: are

text: of

text: Haitian

text: ancestry

text: Over

text: Chinese

text: Americans

text: made

text: their

text: home

text: in

text: Boston

text: city

text: proper

text: in

text: and

text: the

text: city

text: hosts

text: a

text: growing

text: Chinatown

text: accommodating

text: heavily

text: traveled

text: Chinese

text: owned

text: bus

text: lines

text: to

text: and

text: from

text: Chinatown

text: Manhattan

text: Some

text: neighborhoods

text: such

text: as

text: Dorchester

text: have

text: received

text: an

text: influx

text: of

text: people

text: of

text: Vietnamese

text: ancestry

text: in

text: recent

text: decades

text: Neighborhoods

text: such

text: as

text: Jamaica

text: Plain

text: and

text: Roslindale

text: have

text: experienced

text: a

text: growing

text: number

text: of

text: Dominican

text: Americans

text: The

text: city

text: and

text: greater

text: area

text: also

text: has

text: a

text: growing

text: immigrant

text: population

text: of

text: South

text: Asians

text: including

text: the

text: tenth

text: largest

text: Indian

text: community

text: in

text: the

text: country

question: What people form the largest ethnic group in the city?

answer: People of Irish descent

text: People of Irish descent

question: What percentage of the city's population is Irish?

answer: 15.8%

question: What is the second largest ethnic group in the city?

answer: Italians

text: Italians

question: What percentage of the citys population is italian?

answer: 8.3%

question: How many Chinese Americans lived in Boston City proper in 2013?

answer: Over 27,000

text: Over 27,000


text: San Diego's roadway system provides an extensive network of routes for travel by bicycle. The dry and mild climate of San Diego makes cycling a convenient and pleasant year-round option. At the same time, the city's hilly, canyon-like terrain and significantly long average trip distances—brought about by strict low-density zoning laws—somewhat restrict cycling for utilitarian purposes. Older and denser neighborhoods around the downtown tend to be utility cycling oriented. This is partly because of the grid street patterns now absent in newer developments farther from the urban core, where suburban style arterial roads are much more common. As a result, a vast majority of cycling-related activities are recreational. Testament to San Diego's cycling efforts, in 2006, San Diego was rated as the best city for cycling for U.S. cities with a population over 1 million.

title: San_Diego

title: San_Diego

text: San

text: Diego

text: 's

text: roadway

text: system

text: provides

text: an

text: extensive

text: network

text: of

text: routes

text: for

text: travel

text: by

text: bicycle

text: The

text: dry

text: and

text: mild

text: climate

text: of

text: San

text: Diego

text: makes

text: cycling

text: a

text: convenient

text: and

text: pleasant

text: year

text: round

text: option

text: At

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: hilly

text: canyon

text: like

text: terrain

text: and

text: significantly

text: long

text: average

text: trip

text: distances

text: brought

text: about

text: by

text: strict

text: low

text: density

text: zoning

text: laws

text: somewhat

text: restrict

text: cycling

text: for

text: utilitarian

text: purposes

text: Older

text: and

text: denser

text: neighborhoods

text: around

text: the

text: downtown

text: tend

text: to

text: be

text: utility

text: cycling

text: oriented

text: This

text: is

text: partly

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: grid

text: street

text: patterns

text: now

text: absent

text: in

text: newer

text: developments

text: farther

text: from

text: the

text: urban

text: core

text: where

text: suburban

text: style

text: arterial

text: roads

text: are

text: much

text: more

text: common

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: a

text: vast

text: majority

text: of

text: cycling

text: related

text: activities

text: are

text: recreational

text: Testament

text: to

text: San

text: Diego

text: 's

text: cycling

text: efforts

text: in

text: San

text: Diego

text: was

text: rated

text: as

text: the

text: best

text: city

text: for

text: cycling

text: for

text: U.S.

text: cities

text: with

text: a

text: population

text: over

text: million

question: In what year was San Diego rated as the country's best densely populated city for cycling?

answer: 2006

question: Why are older neighborhoods in San Diego popular with cyclists?

answer: the grid street patterns

text: the grid street patterns

question: What makes San Diego the ideal city to commute via bike?

answer: dry and mild climate

text: dry and mild climate

question: Why are average trip distances so lengthy in San Diego?

answer: the city's hilly, canyon-like terrain

text: the city's hilly, canyon-like terrain


text: Despite these criticisms, Comcast has appeared on multiple "top places to work" lists. In 2009, it was included on CableFAX magazine's "Top 10 Places to Work in Cable", which cited its "scale, savvy and vision". Similarly, the Philadelphia Business Journal awarded Comcast the silver medal among extra-large companies in Philadelphia, with the gold medal going to partner organization, Comcast-Spectacor. The Boston Globe found Comcast to be that city's top place to work in 2009. Employee diversity is also an attribute upon which Comcast receives strong marks. In 2008, Black Enterprise magazine rated Comcast among the top 15 companies for workforce diversity. Comcast was also named a "Top 2014 Workplace" by the Washington Post in their annual feature.

title: Comcast

title: Comcast

text: Despite

text: these

text: criticisms

text: Comcast

text: has

text: appeared

text: on

text: multiple

text: top

text: places

text: to

text: work

text: lists

text: In

text: it

text: was

text: included

text: on

text: CableFAX

text: magazine

text: 's

text: Top

text: Places

text: to

text: Work

text: in

text: Cable

text: which

text: cited

text: its

text: scale

text: savvy

text: and

text: vision

text: Similarly

text: the

text: Philadelphia

text: Business

text: Journal

text: awarded

text: Comcast

text: the

text: silver

text: medal

text: among

text: extra

text: large

text: companies

text: in

text: Philadelphia

text: with

text: the

text: gold

text: medal

text: going

text: to

text: partner

text: organization

text: Comcast

text: Spectacor

text: The

text: Boston

text: Globe

text: found

text: Comcast

text: to

text: be

text: that

text: city

text: 's

text: top

text: place

text: to

text: work

text: in

text: Employee

text: diversity

text: is

text: also

text: an

text: attribute

text: upon

text: which

text: Comcast

text: receives

text: strong

text: marks

text: In

text: Black

text: Enterprise

text: magazine

text: rated

text: Comcast

text: among

text: the

text: top

text: companies

text: for

text: workforce

text: diversity

text: Comcast

text: was

text: also

text: named

text: a

text: Top

text: Workplace

text: by

text: the

text: Washington

text: Post

text: in

text: their

text: annual

text: feature

question: What magazine listed Comcast as one of its top places to work?

answer: CableFAX

text: CableFAX

question: What is Comcast's affiliated entity in Philadelphia?

answer: Comcast-Spectacor

text: Comcast-Spectacor

question: What newspaper named Comcast it's top place to work?

answer: The Boston Globe

text: The Boston Globe

question: In what year did this newspaper confer this honor on Comcast?

answer: 2009

question: On what aspect did Black Enterprise Magazine name Comcast a top 15 employer?

answer: workforce diversity

text: workforce diversity


text: The end of the Porfiriato came in 1910 with the beginning of the Mexican Revolution. Díaz had stated that Mexico was ready for democracy and he would step down to allow other candidates to compete for the presidency, but Díaz decided to run again in 1910 for the last time against Francisco I. Madero. During the campaign Díaz incarcerated Madero on election day in 1910. Díaz was announced the winner of the election by a landslide, triggering the revolution. Madero supporter Toribio Ortega took up arms with a group of followers at Cuchillo Parado, Chihuahua on November 10, 1910.

title: Chihuahua_(state)

title: Chihuahua_(state

text: The

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Porfiriato

text: came

text: in

text: with

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Mexican

text: Revolution

text: Díaz

text: had

text: stated

text: that

text: Mexico

text: was

text: ready

text: for

text: democracy

text: and

text: he

text: would

text: step

text: down

text: to

text: allow

text: other

text: candidates

text: to

text: compete

text: for

text: the

text: presidency

text: but

text: Díaz

text: decided

text: to

text: run

text: again

text: in

text: for

text: the

text: last

text: time

text: against

text: Francisco

text: I.

text: Madero

text: During

text: the

text: campaign

text: Díaz

text: incarcerated

text: Madero

text: on

text: election

text: day

text: in

text: Díaz

text: was

text: announced

text: the

text: winner

text: of

text: the

text: election

text: by

text: a

text: landslide

text: triggering

text: the

text: revolution

text: Madero

text: supporter

text: Toribio

text: Ortega

text: took

text: up

text: arms

text: with

text: a

text: group

text: of

text: followers

text: at

text: Cuchillo

text: Parado

text: Chihuahua

text: on

text: November

question: The Porfiriato ended in which year?

answer: 1910

question: The beginning of what ended the Porfiriato?

answer: Mexican Revolution

text: Mexican Revolution

question: Who stated that Mexico was ready for a Democracy and that he would step down?

answer: Díaz

text: Díaz

question: Who was incarcerated while running against Diaz?

answer: Madero

text: Madero

question: Who took up arms in support of Madero?

answer: Toribio Ortega

text: Toribio Ortega


text: New security features in Windows 8 include two new authentication methods tailored towards touchscreens (PINs and picture passwords), the addition of antivirus capabilities to Windows Defender (bringing it in parity with Microsoft Security Essentials). SmartScreen filtering integrated into Windows, Family Safety offers Parental controls, which allows parents to monitor and manage their children's activities on a device with activity reports and safety controls. Windows 8 also provides integrated system recovery through the new "Refresh" and "Reset" functions, including system recovery from USB drive. Windows 8's first security patches would be released on November 13, 2012; it would contain three fixes deemed "critical" by the company.

title: Windows_8

title: Windows_8

text: New

text: security

text: features

text: in

text: Windows

text: include

text: two

text: new

text: authentication

text: methods

text: tailored

text: towards

text: touchscreens

text: PINs

text: and

text: picture

text: passwords

text: the

text: addition

text: of

text: antivirus

text: capabilities

text: to

text: Windows

text: Defender

text: bringing

text: it

text: in

text: parity

text: with

text: Microsoft

text: Security

text: Essentials

text: SmartScreen

text: filtering

text: integrated

text: into

text: Windows

text: Family

text: Safety

text: offers

text: Parental

text: controls

text: which

text: allows

text: parents

text: to

text: monitor

text: and

text: manage

text: their

text: children

text: 's

text: activities

text: on

text: a

text: device

text: with

text: activity

text: reports

text: and

text: safety

text: controls

text: Windows

text: also

text: provides

text: integrated

text: system

text: recovery

text: through

text: the

text: new

text: Refresh

text: and

text: Reset

text: functions

text: including

text: system

text: recovery

text: from

text: USB

text: drive

text: Windows

text: 's

text: first

text: security

text: patches

text: would

text: be

text: released

text: on

text: November

text: it

text: would

text: contain

text: three

text: fixes

text: deemed

text: critical

text: by

text: the

text: company

question: What new security features did Windows 8 provide?

answer: PINs and picture passwords

text: PINs and picture passwords

question: What were the new security features in Windows 8 geared at?

answer: touchscreens

text: touchscreens

question: What options do Parental controls provide?

answer: allows parents to monitor and manage their children's activities on a device with activity reports and safety controls

text: allows parents to monitor and manage their children's activities on a device with activity reports and safety controls

question: What new recovery options did Windows 8 implement?

answer: "Refresh" and "Reset" functions, including system recovery from USB drive

text: "Refresh" and "Reset" functions, including system recovery from USB drive

question: When was the first Windows 8 patch sent out?

answer: November 13, 2012

text: November 13, 2012


text: Brazilian census data (PNAD, 1999) indicate that 2.55 million 10-14 year-olds were illegally holding jobs. They were joined by 3.7 million 15-17 year-olds and about 375,000 5-9 year-olds. Due to the raised age restriction of 14, at least half of the recorded young workers had been employed illegally which lead to many not being protect by important labour laws. Although substantial time has passed since the time of regulated child labour, there is still a large number of children working illegally in Brazil. Many children are used by drug cartels to sell and carry drugs, guns, and other illegal substances because of their perception of innocence. This type of work that youth are taking part in is very dangerous due to the physical and psychological implications that come with these jobs. Yet despite the hazards that come with working with drug dealers, there has been an increase in this area of employment throughout the country.

title: Child_labour

title: Child_labour

text: Brazilian

text: census

text: data

text: PNAD

text: indicate

text: that

text: million

text: year

text: olds

text: were

text: illegally

text: holding

text: jobs

text: They

text: were

text: joined

text: by

text: million

text: year

text: olds

text: and

text: about

text: year

text: olds

text: Due

text: to

text: the

text: raised

text: age

text: restriction

text: of

text: at

text: least

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: recorded

text: young

text: workers

text: had

text: been

text: employed

text: illegally

text: which

text: lead

text: to

text: many

text: not

text: being

text: protect

text: by

text: important

text: labour

text: laws

text: Although

text: substantial

text: time

text: has

text: passed

text: since

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: regulated

text: child

text: labour

text: there

text: is

text: still

text: a

text: large

text: number

text: of

text: children

text: working

text: illegally

text: in

text: Brazil

text: Many

text: children

text: are

text: used

text: by

text: drug

text: cartels

text: to

text: sell

text: and

text: carry

text: drugs

text: guns

text: and

text: other

text: illegal

text: substances

text: because

text: of

text: their

text: perception

text: of

text: innocence

text: This

text: type

text: of

text: work

text: that

text: youth

text: are

text: taking

text: part

text: in

text: is

text: very

text: dangerous

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: physical

text: and

text: psychological

text: implications

text: that

text: come

text: with

text: these

text: jobs

text: Yet

text: despite

text: the

text: hazards

text: that

text: come

text: with

text: working

text: with

text: drug

text: dealers

text: there

text: has

text: been

text: an

text: increase

text: in

text: this

text: area

text: of

text: employment

text: throughout

text: the

text: country

question: In 1999 how many children were working illegally in Brazil?

answer: 2.55 million

text: 2.55 million

question: What do drug cartels do with child workers?

answer: sell and carry drugs, guns, and other illegal substances

text: sell and carry drugs, guns, and other illegal substances

question: What are the risks of child labour in drug cartels?

answer: physical and psychological implications

text: physical and psychological implications

question: Has these dangers caused and increase or decrease in child labour with drug cartels?

answer: an increase

text: an increase


text: Public institutions of higher education in Charleston include the College of Charleston (the nation's 13th-oldest university), The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, and the Medical University of South Carolina. The city is also home to private universities, including the Charleston School of Law . Charleston is also home to the Roper Hospital School of Practical Nursing, and the city has a downtown satellite campus for the region's technical school, Trident Technical College. Charleston is also the location for the only college in the country that offers bachelor's degrees in the building arts, The American College of the Building Arts. The Art Institute of Charleston, located downtown on North Market Street, opened in 2007.

title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

text: Public

text: institutions

text: of

text: higher

text: education

text: in

text: Charleston

text: include

text: the

text: College

text: of

text: Charleston

text: the

text: nation

text: 's

text: oldest

text: university

text: The

text: Citadel

text: The

text: Military

text: College

text: of

text: South

text: Carolina

text: and

text: the

text: Medical

text: University

text: of

text: South

text: Carolina

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: also

text: home

text: to

text: private

text: universities

text: including

text: the

text: Charleston

text: School

text: of

text: Law

text: Charleston

text: is

text: also

text: home

text: to

text: the

text: Roper

text: Hospital

text: School

text: of

text: Practical

text: Nursing

text: and

text: the

text: city

text: has

text: a

text: downtown

text: satellite

text: campus

text: for

text: the

text: region

text: 's

text: technical

text: school

text: Trident

text: Technical

text: College

text: Charleston

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: location

text: for

text: the

text: only

text: college

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: that

text: offers

text: bachelor

text: 's

text: degrees

text: in

text: the

text: building

text: arts

text: The

text: American

text: College

text: of

text: the

text: Building

text: Arts

text: The

text: Art

text: Institute

text: of

text: Charleston

text: located

text: downtown

text: on

text: North

text: Market

text: Street

text: opened

text: in

question: What is the nation's 13th-oldest university?

answer: College of Charleston

text: College of Charleston

question: Where is the Art Institute of Charleston located?

answer: downtown on North Market Street

text: downtown on North Market Street

question: What year did the Art institute of Charleston open?

answer: 2007

question: What Charleston College offers a degree in Building Arts?

answer: The American College of the Building Arts

text: The American College of the Building Arts

question: What Technical college have a campus at downtown Charleston?

answer: Trident Technical College

text: Trident Technical College


text: Nasser had few personal vices other than chain smoking. He maintained 18-hour workdays and rarely took time off for vacations. The combination of smoking and working long hours contributed to his poor health. He was diagnosed with diabetes in the early 1960s and by the time of his death in 1970, he also had arteriosclerosis, heart disease, and high blood pressure. He suffered two major heart attacks (in 1966 and 1969), and was on bed rest for six weeks after the second episode. State media reported that Nasser's absence from the public view at that time was a result of influenza.

title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

text: Nasser

text: had

text: few

text: personal

text: vices

text: other

text: than

text: chain

text: smoking

text: He

text: maintained

text: workdays

text: and

text: rarely

text: took

text: time

text: off

text: for

text: vacations

text: The

text: combination

text: of

text: smoking

text: and

text: working

text: long

text: hours

text: contributed

text: to

text: his

text: poor

text: health

text: He

text: was

text: diagnosed

text: with

text: diabetes

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: and

text: by

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: his

text: death

text: in

text: he

text: also

text: had

text: arteriosclerosis

text: heart

text: disease

text: and

text: high

text: blood

text: pressure

text: He

text: suffered

text: two

text: major

text: heart

text: attacks

text: in

text: and

text: and

text: was

text: on

text: bed

text: rest

text: for

text: six

text: weeks

text: after

text: the

text: second

text: episode

text: State

text: media

text: reported

text: that

text: Nasser

text: 's

text: absence

text: from

text: the

text: public

text: view

text: at

text: that

text: time

text: was

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: influenza

question: What was Nasser's principle vice?

answer: chain smoking

text: chain smoking

question: How long was a typical workday for Nasser?

answer: 18-hour

question: What illness was Nasser diagnosed with in 1960?

answer: diabetes

text: diabetes

question: What year did Nasser die?

answer: 1970

question: What did Egyptian state media claim was the reason for Nasser's absence after his second heart attack?

answer: influenza

text: influenza


text: The first permanent settler was Jonathan Lambert, from Salem, Massachusetts, United States, who arrived at the islands in December 1810 with two other men. Lambert publicly declared the islands his property and named them the Islands of Refreshment. After being joined by an Andrew Millet, three of the four men died in 1812; however, the survivor among the original three permanent settlers, Thomas Currie (or Tommaso Corri) remained as a farmer on the island.

title: Tristan_da_Cunha

title: Tristan_da_Cunha

text: The

text: first

text: permanent

text: settler

text: was

text: Jonathan

text: Lambert

text: from

text: Salem

text: Massachusetts

text: United

text: States

text: who

text: arrived

text: at

text: the

text: islands

text: in

text: December

text: with

text: two

text: other

text: men

text: Lambert

text: publicly

text: declared

text: the

text: islands

text: his

text: property

text: and

text: named

text: them

text: the

text: Islands

text: of

text: Refreshment

text: After

text: being

text: joined

text: by

text: an

text: Andrew

text: Millet

text: three

text: of

text: the

text: four

text: men

text: died

text: in

text: however

text: the

text: survivor

text: among

text: the

text: original

text: three

text: permanent

text: settlers

text: Thomas

text: Currie

text: or

text: Tommaso

text: Corri

text: remained

text: as

text: a

text: farmer

text: on

text: the

text: island

question: what was the name of the first long term settler?

answer: Jonathan Lambert

text: Jonathan Lambert

question: what year did the first permanent settler arrive?

answer: December 1810

text: December 1810

question: what did one of the settlers rename the islands?

answer: Islands of Refreshment

text: Islands of Refreshment


text: Bridgwater was developed during the Industrial Revolution as the area's leading port. The River Parrett was navigable by large ships as far as Bridgwater. Cargoes were then loaded onto smaller boats at Langport Quay, next to the Bridgwater Bridge, to be carried further up river to Langport; or they could turn off at Burrowbridge and then travel via the River Tone to Taunton. The Parrett is now only navigable as far as Dunball Wharf. Bridgwater, in the 19th and 20th centuries, was a centre for the manufacture of bricks and clay roof tiles, and later cellophane, but those industries have now stopped. With its good links to the motorway system, Bridgwater has developed as a distribution hub for companies such as Argos, Toolstation, Morrisons and Gerber Juice. AgustaWestland manufactures helicopters in Yeovil, and Normalair Garratt, builder of aircraft oxygen systems, is also based in the town. Many towns have encouraged small-scale light industries, such as Crewkerne's Ariel Motor Company, one of the UK's smallest car manufacturers.

title: Somerset

title: Somerset

text: Bridgwater

text: was

text: developed

text: during

text: the

text: Industrial

text: Revolution

text: as

text: the

text: area

text: 's

text: leading

text: port

text: The

text: River

text: Parrett

text: was

text: navigable

text: by

text: large

text: ships

text: as

text: far

text: as

text: Bridgwater

text: Cargoes

text: were

text: then

text: loaded

text: onto

text: smaller

text: boats

text: at

text: Langport

text: Quay

text: next

text: to

text: the

text: Bridgwater

text: Bridge

text: to

text: be

text: carried

text: further

text: up

text: river

text: to

text: Langport

text: or

text: they

text: could

text: turn

text: off

text: at

text: Burrowbridge

text: and

text: then

text: travel

text: via

text: the

text: River

text: Tone

text: to

text: Taunton

text: The

text: Parrett

text: is

text: now

text: only

text: navigable

text: as

text: far

text: as

text: Dunball

text: Wharf

text: Bridgwater

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

text: was

text: a

text: centre

text: for

text: the

text: manufacture

text: of

text: bricks

text: and

text: clay

text: roof

text: tiles

text: and

text: later

text: cellophane

text: but

text: those

text: industries

text: have

text: now

text: stopped

text: With

text: its

text: good

text: links

text: to

text: the

text: motorway

text: system

text: Bridgwater

text: has

text: developed

text: as

text: a

text: distribution

text: hub

text: for

text: companies

text: such

text: as

text: Argos

text: Toolstation

text: Morrisons

text: and

text: Gerber

text: Juice

text: AgustaWestland

text: manufactures

text: helicopters

text: in

text: Yeovil

text: and

text: Normalair

text: Garratt

text: builder

text: of

text: aircraft

text: oxygen

text: systems

text: is

text: also

text: based

text: in

text: the

text: town

text: Many

text: towns

text: have

text: encouraged

text: small

text: scale

text: light

text: industries

text: such

text: as

text: Crewkerne

text: 's

text: Ariel

text: Motor

text: Company

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: UK

text: 's

text: smallest

text: car

text: manufacturers

question: What is the leading port of somerset

answer: Bridgwater was developed during the Industrial Revolution as the area's leading port

text: Bridgwater was developed during the Industrial Revolution as the area's leading port

question: what was manufacture in Bridgeport in the 19th and 20th century

answer: was a centre for the manufacture of bricks and clay roof tiles, and later cellophane, but those industries have now stopped

text: was a centre for the manufacture of bricks and clay roof tiles, and later cellophane, but those industries have now stopped

question: The good motor system presently allows for

answer: Bridgwater has developed as a distribution hub for companies such as Argos, Toolstation, Morrisons and Gerber Juice

text: Bridgwater has developed as a distribution hub for companies such as Argos, Toolstation, Morrisons and Gerber Juice

question: where are aircraft manufactured

answer: AgustaWestland manufactures helicopters in Yeovil, and Normalair Garratt, builder of aircraft oxygen systems

text: AgustaWestland manufactures helicopters in Yeovil, and Normalair Garratt, builder of aircraft oxygen systems

question: What do many towns encourage

answer: Many towns have encouraged small-scale light industries, such as Crewkerne's Ariel Motor Company, one of the UK's smallest car manufacturers

text: Many towns have encouraged small-scale light industries, such as Crewkerne's Ariel Motor Company, one of the UK's smallest car manufacturers


text: The crusades were intended to seize Jerusalem from Muslim control. The First Crusade was proclaimed by Pope Urban II (pope 1088–99) at the Council of Clermont in 1095 in response to a request from the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081–1118) for aid against further Muslim advances. Urban promised indulgence to anyone who took part. Tens of thousands of people from all levels of society mobilised across Europe and captured Jerusalem in 1099. One feature of the crusades was the pogroms against local Jews that often took place as the crusaders left their countries for the East. These were especially brutal during the First Crusade, when the Jewish communities in Cologne, Mainz, and Worms were destroyed, and other communities in cities between the rivers Seine and Rhine suffered destruction. Another outgrowth of the crusades was the foundation of a new type of monastic order, the military orders of the Templars and Hospitallers, which fused monastic life with military service.

title: Middle_Ages

title: Middle_Ages

text: The

text: crusades

text: were

text: intended

text: to

text: seize

text: Jerusalem

text: from

text: Muslim

text: control

text: The

text: First

text: Crusade

text: was

text: proclaimed

text: by

text: Pope

text: Urban

text: II

text: pope

text: at

text: the

text: Council

text: of

text: Clermont

text: in

text: in

text: response

text: to

text: a

text: request

text: from

text: the

text: Byzantine

text: Emperor

text: Alexios

text: I

text: Komnenos

text: r.

text: for

text: aid

text: against

text: further

text: Muslim

text: advances

text: Urban

text: promised

text: indulgence

text: to

text: anyone

text: who

text: took

text: part

text: Tens

text: of

text: thousands

text: of

text: people

text: from

text: all

text: levels

text: of

text: society

text: mobilised

text: across

text: Europe

text: and

text: captured

text: Jerusalem

text: in

text: One

text: feature

text: of

text: the

text: crusades

text: was

text: the

text: pogroms

text: against

text: local

text: Jews

text: that

text: often

text: took

text: place

text: as

text: the

text: crusaders

text: left

text: their

text: countries

text: for

text: the

text: East

text: These

text: were

text: especially

text: brutal

text: during

text: the

text: First

text: Crusade

text: when

text: the

text: Jewish

text: communities

text: in

text: Cologne

text: Mainz

text: and

text: Worms

text: were

text: destroyed

text: and

text: other

text: communities

text: in

text: cities

text: between

text: the

text: rivers

text: Seine

text: and

text: Rhine

text: suffered

text: destruction

text: Another

text: outgrowth

text: of

text: the

text: crusades

text: was

text: the

text: foundation

text: of

text: a

text: new

text: type

text: of

text: monastic

text: order

text: the

text: military

text: orders

text: of

text: the

text: Templars

text: and

text: Hospitallers

text: which

text: fused

text: monastic

text: life

text: with

text: military

text: service

question: What pope launched the First crusade?

answer: Urban II

text: Urban II

question: At what gathering was the First Crusade preached?

answer: the Council of Clermont

text: the Council of Clermont

question: In what year was the First Crusade proclaimed?

answer: 1095

question: What Byzantine Emperor's request for assistance led to the First Crusade?

answer: Alexios I Komnenos

text: Alexios I Komnenos

question: In what year did the First Crusade take Jerusalem?

answer: 1099


text: Concerns have often been raised over the buying public's moral complicity in purchasing products assembled or otherwise manufactured in developing countries with child labour. However, others have raised concerns that boycotting products manufactured through child labour may force these children to turn to more dangerous or strenuous professions, such as prostitution or agriculture. For example, a UNICEF study found that after the Child Labour Deterrence Act was introduced in the US, an estimated 50,000 children were dismissed from their garment industry jobs in Bangladesh, leaving many to resort to jobs such as "stone-crushing, street hustling, and prostitution", jobs that are "more hazardous and exploitative than garment production". The study suggests that boycotts are "blunt instruments with long-term consequences, that can actually harm rather than help the children involved."

title: Child_labour

title: Child_labour

text: Concerns

text: have

text: often

text: been

text: raised

text: over

text: the

text: buying

text: public

text: 's

text: moral

text: complicity

text: in

text: purchasing

text: products

text: assembled

text: or

text: otherwise

text: manufactured

text: in

text: developing

text: countries

text: with

text: child

text: labour

text: However

text: others

text: have

text: raised

text: concerns

text: that

text: boycotting

text: products

text: manufactured

text: through

text: child

text: labour

text: may

text: force

text: these

text: children

text: to

text: turn

text: to

text: more

text: dangerous

text: or

text: strenuous

text: professions

text: such

text: as

text: prostitution

text: or

text: agriculture

text: For

text: example

text: a

text: UNICEF

text: study

text: found

text: that

text: after

text: the

text: Child

text: Labour

text: Deterrence

text: Act

text: was

text: introduced

text: in

text: the

text: US

text: an

text: estimated

text: children

text: were

text: dismissed

text: from

text: their

text: garment

text: industry

text: jobs

text: in

text: Bangladesh

text: leaving

text: many

text: to

text: resort

text: to

text: jobs

text: such

text: as

text: stone

text: crushing

text: street

text: hustling

text: and

text: prostitution

text: jobs

text: that

text: are

text: more

text: hazardous

text: and

text: exploitative

text: than

text: garment

text: production

text: The

text: study

text: suggests

text: that

text: boycotts

text: are

text: blunt

text: instruments

text: with

text: long

text: term

text: consequences

text: that

text: can

text: actually

text: harm

text: rather

text: than

text: help

text: the

text: children

text: involved

question: What do some feel may happen if child labour products were completely rejected by society as a whole?

answer: may force these children to turn to more dangerous or strenuous professions, such as prostitution

text: may force these children to turn to more dangerous or strenuous professions, such as prostitution

question: What happened to the 50,000 children in the UNICEF study?

answer: stone-crushing, street hustling, and prostitution"

text: stone-crushing, street hustling, and prostitution"

question: What does the study say in regards to boycotts?

answer: that can actually harm rather than help the children involved."

text: that can actually harm rather than help the children involved."


text: The control of migration, its timing and response are genetically controlled and appear to be a primitive trait that is present even in non-migratory species of birds. The ability to navigate and orient themselves during migration is a much more complex phenomenon that may include both endogenous programs as well as learning.

title: Bird_migration

title: Bird_migration

text: The

text: control

text: of

text: migration

text: its

text: timing

text: and

text: response

text: are

text: genetically

text: controlled

text: and

text: appear

text: to

text: be

text: a

text: primitive

text: trait

text: that

text: is

text: present

text: even

text: in

text: non

text: migratory

text: species

text: of

text: birds

text: The

text: ability

text: to

text: navigate

text: and

text: orient

text: themselves

text: during

text: migration

text: is

text: a

text: much

text: more

text: complex

text: phenomenon

text: that

text: may

text: include

text: both

text: endogenous

text: programs

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: learning

question: What controls a birds migration?

answer: a primitive trait

text: a primitive trait

question: How do birds navigate and orient themselves during migration?

answer: endogenous programs as well as learning

text: endogenous programs as well as learning

question: What is a primitive trait present even in non migrating birds?

answer: migration

text: migration

question: What is a complex phenomenon in regards to migration?

answer: The ability to navigate

text: The ability to navigate


text: Unlike the Baroque style that it replaced, which was mostly used for palaces and churches, and had little representation in the British colonies, simpler Georgian styles were widely used by the upper and middle classes. Perhaps the best remaining house is the pristine Hammond-Harwood House (1774) in Annapolis, Maryland, designed by the colonial architect William Buckland and modelled on the Villa Pisani at Montagnana, Italy as depicted in Andrea Palladio's I quattro libri dell'architettura ("Four Books of Architecture").

title: Georgian_architecture

title: Georgian_architecture

text: Unlike

text: the

text: Baroque

text: style

text: that

text: it

text: replaced

text: which

text: was

text: mostly

text: used

text: for

text: palaces

text: and

text: churches

text: and

text: had

text: little

text: representation

text: in

text: the

text: British

text: colonies

text: simpler

text: Georgian

text: styles

text: were

text: widely

text: used

text: by

text: the

text: upper

text: and

text: middle

text: classes

text: Perhaps

text: the

text: best

text: remaining

text: house

text: is

text: the

text: pristine

text: Hammond

text: Harwood

text: House

text: in

text: Annapolis

text: Maryland

text: designed

text: by

text: the

text: colonial

text: architect

text: William

text: Buckland

text: and

text: modelled

text: on

text: the

text: Villa

text: Pisani

text: at

text: Montagnana

text: Italy

text: as

text: depicted

text: in

text: Andrea

text: Palladio

text: 's

text: I

text: quattro

text: libri

text: dell'architettura

text: Four

text: Books

text: of

text: Architecture

question: What style did was little represented in British colonies?

answer: Baroque

text: Baroque

question: Baroque style was mostly used for which buildings?

answer: palaces and churches

text: palaces and churches

question: What is considered to be the best remaining example of a house from the Georgian period and style?

answer: Hammond-Harwood House

text: Hammond-Harwood House

question: What year was the Hammond-Harwood House built?

answer: 1774

question: What building did William Buckland model the Hammon-Harwood House?

answer: Villa Pisani at Montagnana, Italy

text: Villa Pisani at Montagnana, Italy


text: Ertuğrul, the father of Osman I (founder of the Ottoman Empire), arrived in Anatolia from Merv (Turkmenistan) with 400 horsemen to aid the Seljuks of Rum against the Byzantines. After the demise of the Turkish Seljuk Sultanate of Rum in the 14th century, Anatolia was divided into a patchwork of independent, mostly Turkish states, the so-called Ghazi emirates. One of the emirates was led by Osman I (1258–1326), from whom the name Ottoman is derived. Osman I extended the frontiers of Turkish settlement toward the edge of the Byzantine Empire. It is not well understood how the early Ottomans came to dominate their neighbours, as the history of medieval Anatolia is still little known.

title: Ottoman_Empire

title: Ottoman_Empire

text: Ertuğrul

text: the

text: father

text: of

text: Osman

text: I

text: founder

text: of

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: arrived

text: in

text: Anatolia

text: from

text: Merv

text: Turkmenistan

text: with

text: horsemen

text: to

text: aid

text: the

text: Seljuks

text: of

text: Rum

text: against

text: the

text: Byzantines

text: After

text: the

text: demise

text: of

text: the

text: Turkish

text: Seljuk

text: Sultanate

text: of

text: Rum

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: Anatolia

text: was

text: divided

text: into

text: a

text: patchwork

text: of

text: independent

text: mostly

text: Turkish

text: states

text: the

text: so

text: called

text: Ghazi

text: emirates

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: emirates

text: was

text: led

text: by

text: Osman

text: I

text: from

text: whom

text: the

text: name

text: Ottoman

text: is

text: derived

text: Osman

text: I

text: extended

text: the

text: frontiers

text: of

text: Turkish

text: settlement

text: toward

text: the

text: edge

text: of

text: the

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: It

text: is

text: not

text: well

text: understood

text: how

text: the

text: early

text: Ottomans

text: came

text: to

text: dominate

text: their

text: neighbours

text: as

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: medieval

text: Anatolia

text: is

text: still

text: little

text: known

question: Who was the father of Osman I?

answer: Ertuğrul

text: Ertuğrul

question: How many horsemen did Osman I's father bring to aid the Seljuks of Rum?

answer: 400 horsemen

text: 400 horsemen

question: When did the Turkish Seljuk Sultanate of Rum reach its demise?

answer: 14th century

text: 14th century

question: What did the divided Anatolia end up being referred to as?

answer: Ghazi emirates

text: Ghazi emirates

question: To the edge of what empire did Osman I push Turkish settlements?

answer: Byzantine Empire

text: Byzantine Empire


text: At the University of Arizona, where records have been kept since 1894, the record maximum temperature was 115 °F (46 °C) on June 19, 1960, and July 28, 1995, and the record minimum temperature was 6 °F (−14 °C) on January 7, 1913. There are an average of 150.1 days annually with highs of 90 °F (32 °C) or higher and an average of 26.4 days with lows reaching or below the freezing mark. Average annual precipitation is 11.15 in (283 mm). There is an average of 49 days with measurable precipitation. The wettest year was 1905 with 24.17 in (614 mm) and the driest year was 1924 with 5.07 in (129 mm). The most precipitation in one month was 7.56 in (192 mm) in July 1984. The most precipitation in 24 hours was 4.16 in (106 mm) on October 1, 1983. Annual snowfall averages 0.7 in (1.8 cm). The most snow in one year was 7.2 in (18 cm) in 1987. The most snow in one month was 6.0 in (15 cm) in January 1898 and March 1922.

title: Tucson,_Arizona

title: Tucson,_Arizona

text: At

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Arizona

text: where

text: records

text: have

text: been

text: kept

text: since

text: the

text: record

text: maximum

text: temperature

text: was

text: F

text: C

text: on

text: June

text: and

text: July

text: and

text: the

text: record

text: minimum

text: temperature

text: was

text: F

text: C

text: on

text: January

text: There

text: are

text: an

text: average

text: of

text: days

text: annually

text: with

text: highs

text: of

text: F

text: C

text: or

text: higher

text: and

text: an

text: average

text: of

text: days

text: with

text: lows

text: reaching

text: or

text: below

text: the

text: freezing

text: mark

text: Average

text: annual

text: precipitation

text: is

text: in

text: mm

text: There

text: is

text: an

text: average

text: of

text: days

text: with

text: measurable

text: precipitation

text: The

text: wettest

text: year

text: was

text: with

text: in

text: mm

text: and

text: the

text: driest

text: year

text: was

text: with

text: in

text: mm

text: The

text: most

text: precipitation

text: in

text: one

text: month

text: was

text: in

text: mm

text: in

text: July

text: The

text: most

text: precipitation

text: in

text: hours

text: was

text: in

text: mm

text: on

text: October

text: Annual

text: snowfall

text: averages

text: in

text: cm

text: The

text: most

text: snow

text: in

text: one

text: year

text: was

text: in

text: cm

text: in

text: The

text: most

text: snow

text: in

text: one

text: month

text: was

text: in

text: cm

text: in

text: January

text: and

text: March

question: On what two occasions was Tucson's record high?

answer: June 19, 1960, and July 28, 1995

text: June 19, 1960, and July 28, 1995

question: What was Tucson's record high?

answer: 115 °F (46 °C)

text: 115 °F (46 °C)

question: What was Tucson's record low?

answer: 6 °F (−14 °C)

text: 6 °F (−14 °C)

question: When was Tucson's record low?

answer: January 7, 1913

text: January 7, 1913

question: What was Tucson's wettest year?

answer: 1905


text: Egypt was producing 691,000 bbl/d of oil and 2,141.05 Tcf of natural gas (in 2013), which makes Egypt as the largest oil producer not member of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and the second-largest dry natural gas producer in Africa. In 2013, Egypt was the largest consumer of oil and natural gas in Africa, as more than 20% of total oil consumption and more than 40% of total dry natural gas consumption in Africa. Also, Egypt possesses the largest oil refinery capacity in Africa 726,000 bbl/d (in 2012). Egypt is currently planning to build its first nuclear power plant in El Dabaa city, northern Egypt.

title: Egypt

title: Egypt

text: Egypt

text: was

text: producing

text: bbl

text: d

text: of

text: oil

text: and

text: Tcf

text: of

text: natural

text: gas

text: in

text: which

text: makes

text: Egypt

text: as

text: the

text: largest

text: oil

text: producer

text: not

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Organization

text: of

text: the

text: Petroleum

text: Exporting

text: Countries

text: OPEC

text: and

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: dry

text: natural

text: gas

text: producer

text: in

text: Africa

text: In

text: Egypt

text: was

text: the

text: largest

text: consumer

text: of

text: oil

text: and

text: natural

text: gas

text: in

text: Africa

text: as

text: more

text: than

text: of

text: total

text: oil

text: consumption

text: and

text: more

text: than

text: of

text: total

text: dry

text: natural

text: gas

text: consumption

text: in

text: Africa

text: Also

text: Egypt

text: possesses

text: the

text: largest

text: oil

text: refinery

text: capacity

text: in

text: Africa

text: bbl

text: d

text: in

text: Egypt

text: is

text: currently

text: planning

text: to

text: build

text: its

text: first

text: nuclear

text: power

text: plant

text: in

text: El

text: Dabaa

text: city

text: northern

text: Egypt

question: How much oil is Egypt producing in a day?

answer: 691,000 bbl/d

text: 691,000 bbl/d

question: How much natural gas is Egypt producing in a day?

answer: 2,141.05 Tcf

text: 2,141.05 Tcf

question: Where does Egypt rank among oil and natural gas sonsumers in Africa?

answer: largest consumer

text: largest consumer

question: Where is Egypt planning to build is first nuclear power plant?

answer: El Dabaa city

text: El Dabaa city


text: The Twelve Tables forbade any harmful incantation (malum carmen, or 'noisome metrical charm'); this included the "charming of crops from one field to another" (excantatio frugum) and any rite that sought harm or death to others. Chthonic deities functioned at the margins of Rome's divine and human communities; although sometimes the recipients of public rites, these were conducted outside the sacred boundary of the pomerium. Individuals seeking their aid did so away from the public gaze, during the hours of darkness. Burial grounds and isolated crossroads were among the likely portals. The barrier between private religious practices and "magic" is permeable, and Ovid gives a vivid account of rites at the fringes of the public Feralia festival that are indistinguishable from magic: an old woman squats among a circle of younger women, sews up a fish-head, smears it with pitch, then pierces and roasts it to "bind hostile tongues to silence". By this she invokes Tacita, the "Silent One" of the underworld.

title: Religion_in_ancient_Rome

title: Religion_in_ancient_Rome

text: The

text: Twelve

text: Tables

text: forbade

text: any

text: harmful

text: incantation

text: malum

text: carmen

text: or

text: noisome

text: metrical

text: charm

text: this

text: included

text: the

text: charming

text: of

text: crops

text: from

text: one

text: field

text: to

text: another

text: excantatio

text: frugum

text: and

text: any

text: rite

text: that

text: sought

text: harm

text: or

text: death

text: to

text: others

text: Chthonic

text: deities

text: functioned

text: at

text: the

text: margins

text: of

text: Rome

text: 's

text: divine

text: and

text: human

text: communities

text: although

text: sometimes

text: the

text: recipients

text: of

text: public

text: rites

text: these

text: were

text: conducted

text: outside

text: the

text: sacred

text: boundary

text: of

text: the

text: pomerium

text: Individuals

text: seeking

text: their

text: aid

text: did

text: so

text: away

text: from

text: the

text: public

text: gaze

text: during

text: the

text: hours

text: of

text: darkness

text: Burial

text: grounds

text: and

text: isolated

text: crossroads

text: were

text: among

text: the

text: likely

text: portals

text: The

text: barrier

text: between

text: private

text: religious

text: practices

text: and

text: magic

text: is

text: permeable

text: and

text: Ovid

text: gives

text: a

text: vivid

text: account

text: of

text: rites

text: at

text: the

text: fringes

text: of

text: the

text: public

text: Feralia

text: festival

text: that

text: are

text: indistinguishable

text: from

text: magic

text: an

text: old

text: woman

text: squats

text: among

text: a

text: circle

text: of

text: younger

text: women

text: sews

text: up

text: a

text: fish

text: head

text: smears

text: it

text: with

text: pitch

text: then

text: pierces

text: and

text: roasts

text: it

text: to

text: bind

text: hostile

text: tongues

text: to

text: silence

text: By

text: this

text: she

text: invokes

text: Tacita

text: the

text: Silent

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: underworld

question: What forbid harmful  incantations?

answer: Twelve Tables

text: Twelve Tables

question: What deities were on the edge of Roman religious community?

answer: Chthonic

text: Chthonic

question: What could public rites and magic easily become in some circumstances?

answer: indistinguishable

text: indistinguishable

question: What did people seeking the aid of magicians avoid?

answer: public gaze

text: public gaze

question: Where was magic conducted in Rome?

answer: outside the sacred boundary

text: outside the sacred boundary