text: The electrolysis of water is a simple method of producing hydrogen. A low voltage current is run through the water, and gaseous oxygen forms at the anode while gaseous hydrogen forms at the cathode. Typically the cathode is made from platinum or another inert metal when producing hydrogen for storage. If, however, the gas is to be burnt on site, oxygen is desirable to assist the combustion, and so both electrodes would be made from inert metals. (Iron, for instance, would oxidize, and thus decrease the amount of oxygen given off.) The theoretical maximum efficiency (electricity used vs. energetic value of hydrogen produced) is in the range 80–94%.

title: Hydrogen

title: Hydrogen

text: The

text: electrolysis

text: of

text: water

text: is

text: a

text: simple

text: method

text: of

text: producing

text: hydrogen

text: A

text: low

text: voltage

text: current

text: is

text: run

text: through

text: the

text: water

text: and

text: gaseous

text: oxygen

text: forms

text: at

text: the

text: anode

text: while

text: gaseous

text: hydrogen

text: forms

text: at

text: the

text: cathode

text: Typically

text: the

text: cathode

text: is

text: made

text: from

text: platinum

text: or

text: another

text: inert

text: metal

text: when

text: producing

text: hydrogen

text: for

text: storage

text: If

text: however

text: the

text: gas

text: is

text: to

text: be

text: burnt

text: on

text: site

text: oxygen

text: is

text: desirable

text: to

text: assist

text: the

text: combustion

text: and

text: so

text: both

text: electrodes

text: would

text: be

text: made

text: from

text: inert

text: metals

text: Iron

text: for

text: instance

text: would

text: oxidize

text: and

text: thus

text: decrease

text: the

text: amount

text: of

text: oxygen

text: given

text: off

text: The

text: theoretical

text: maximum

text: efficiency

text: electricity

text: used

text: vs.

text: energetic

text: value

text: of

text: hydrogen

text: produced

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: range

question: What is an easy way to produce hydrogen?

answer: electrolysis of water

text: electrolysis of water

question: Where does the gaseous oxygen form at?

answer: anode

text: anode

question: Where does the gaseous hydrogen form at?

answer: cathode

text: cathode


text: During his brief majority reign, Murad IV (1612–1640) reasserted central authority and recaptured Iraq (1639) from the Safavids. The resulting Treaty of Zuhab of that same year decisively parted the Caucasus and adjacent regions between the two neighbouring empires as it had already been defined in the 1555 Peace of Amasya. The Sultanate of women (1648–1656) was a period in which the mothers of young sultans exercised power on behalf of their sons. The most prominent women of this period were Kösem Sultan and her daughter-in-law Turhan Hatice, whose political rivalry culminated in Kösem's murder in 1651. During the Köprülü Era (1656–1703), effective control of the Empire was exercised by a sequence of Grand Viziers from the Köprülü family. The Köprülü Vizierate saw renewed military success with authority restored in Transylvania, the conquest of Crete completed in 1669, and expansion into Polish southern Ukraine, with the strongholds of Khotyn and Kamianets-Podilskyi and the territory of Podolia ceding to Ottoman control in 1676.

title: Ottoman_Empire

title: Ottoman_Empire

text: During

text: his

text: brief

text: majority

text: reign

text: Murad

text: IV

text: reasserted

text: central

text: authority

text: and

text: recaptured

text: Iraq

text: from

text: the

text: Safavids

text: The

text: resulting

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Zuhab

text: of

text: that

text: same

text: year

text: decisively

text: parted

text: the

text: Caucasus

text: and

text: adjacent

text: regions

text: between

text: the

text: two

text: neighbouring

text: empires

text: as

text: it

text: had

text: already

text: been

text: defined

text: in

text: the

text: Peace

text: of

text: Amasya

text: The

text: Sultanate

text: of

text: women

text: was

text: a

text: period

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: mothers

text: of

text: young

text: sultans

text: exercised

text: power

text: on

text: behalf

text: of

text: their

text: sons

text: The

text: most

text: prominent

text: women

text: of

text: this

text: period

text: were

text: Kösem

text: Sultan

text: and

text: her

text: daughter

text: in

text: law

text: Turhan

text: Hatice

text: whose

text: political

text: rivalry

text: culminated

text: in

text: Kösem

text: 's

text: murder

text: in

text: During

text: the

text: Köprülü

text: Era

text: effective

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: Empire

text: was

text: exercised

text: by

text: a

text: sequence

text: of

text: Grand

text: Viziers

text: from

text: the

text: Köprülü

text: family

text: The

text: Köprülü

text: Vizierate

text: saw

text: renewed

text: military

text: success

text: with

text: authority

text: restored

text: in

text: Transylvania

text: the

text: conquest

text: of

text: Crete

text: completed

text: in

text: and

text: expansion

text: into

text: Polish

text: southern

text: Ukraine

text: with

text: the

text: strongholds

text: of

text: Khotyn

text: and

text: Kamianets

text: Podilskyi

text: and

text: the

text: territory

text: of

text: Podolia

text: ceding

text: to

text: Ottoman

text: control

text: in

question: Who recaptured Iraq in 1639?

answer: Murad IV

text: Murad IV

question: Who had control over Iraq before it was recaptured in 1639?

answer: the Safavids

text: the Safavids

question: When was Kösem murdered?

answer: 1651

question: What years define the Köprülü Era?

answer: 1656–1703

question: What territory was conquered by the Köprülü Vizierate in 1669?

answer: Crete

text: Crete


text: Valleys and plains are found along the coastline and rivers. The north of the province lies just south of the Yangtze Delta, and consists of plains around the cities of Hangzhou, Jiaxing, and Huzhou, where the Grand Canal of China enters from the northern border to end at Hangzhou. Another relatively flat area is found along the Qu River around the cities of Quzhou and Jinhua. Major rivers include the Qiangtang and Ou Rivers. Most rivers carve out valleys in the highlands, with plenty of rapids and other features associated with such topography. Well-known lakes include the West Lake of Hangzhou and the South Lake of Jiaxing.

title: Zhejiang

title: Zhejiang

text: Valleys

text: and

text: plains

text: are

text: found

text: along

text: the

text: coastline

text: and

text: rivers

text: The

text: north

text: of

text: the

text: province

text: lies

text: just

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: Yangtze

text: Delta

text: and

text: consists

text: of

text: plains

text: around

text: the

text: cities

text: of

text: Hangzhou

text: Jiaxing

text: and

text: Huzhou

text: where

text: the

text: Grand

text: Canal

text: of

text: China

text: enters

text: from

text: the

text: northern

text: border

text: to

text: end

text: at

text: Hangzhou

text: Another

text: relatively

text: flat

text: area

text: is

text: found

text: along

text: the

text: Qu

text: River

text: around

text: the

text: cities

text: of

text: Quzhou

text: and

text: Jinhua

text: Major

text: rivers

text: include

text: the

text: Qiangtang

text: and

text: Ou

text: Rivers

text: Most

text: rivers

text: carve

text: out

text: valleys

text: in

text: the

text: highlands

text: with

text: plenty

text: of

text: rapids

text: and

text: other

text: features

text: associated

text: with

text: such

text: topography

text: Well

text: known

text: lakes

text: include

text: the

text: West

text: Lake

text: of

text: Hangzhou

text: and

text: the

text: South

text: Lake

text: of

text: Jiaxing

question: What does the north of the province lie just south of?

answer: the Yangtze Delta

text: the Yangtze Delta

question: Where does the Grand Canal of China end?

answer: Hangzhou

text: Hangzhou

question: What is a major river of the province in addition to the Qiangtang River?

answer: Ou Rivers

text: Ou Rivers

question: What is a well-known lake of Hangzhou?

answer: West Lake

text: West Lake

question: What is a well-known lake of Jiaxing?

answer: South Lake

text: South Lake


text: The principal official languages (German, French, and Italian) have terms, not used outside of Switzerland, known as Helvetisms. German Helvetisms are, roughly speaking, a large group of words typical of Swiss Standard German, which do not appear either in Standard German, nor in other German dialects. These include terms from Switzerland's surrounding language cultures (German Billette from French), from similar term in another language (Italian azione used not only as act but also as discount from German Aktion). The French spoken in Switzerland has similar terms, which are equally known as Helvetisms. The most frequent characteristics of Helvetisms are in vocabulary, phrases, and pronunciation, but certain Helvetisms denote themselves as special in syntax and orthography likewise. Duden, one of the prescriptive sources for Standard German, is aware of about 3000 Helvetisms. Current French dictionaries, such as the Petit Larousse, include several hundred Helvetisms.

title: Switzerland

title: Switzerland

text: The

text: principal

text: official

text: languages

text: German

text: French

text: and

text: Italian

text: have

text: terms

text: not

text: used

text: outside

text: of

text: Switzerland

text: known

text: as

text: Helvetisms

text: German

text: Helvetisms

text: are

text: roughly

text: speaking

text: a

text: large

text: group

text: of

text: words

text: typical

text: of

text: Swiss

text: Standard

text: German

text: which

text: do

text: not

text: appear

text: either

text: in

text: Standard

text: German

text: nor

text: in

text: other

text: German

text: dialects

text: These

text: include

text: terms

text: from

text: Switzerland

text: 's

text: surrounding

text: language

text: cultures

text: German

text: Billette

text: from

text: French

text: from

text: similar

text: term

text: in

text: another

text: language

text: Italian

text: azione

text: used

text: not

text: only

text: as

text: act

text: but

text: also

text: as

text: discount

text: from

text: German

text: Aktion

text: The

text: French

text: spoken

text: in

text: Switzerland

text: has

text: similar

text: terms

text: which

text: are

text: equally

text: known

text: as

text: Helvetisms

text: The

text: most

text: frequent

text: characteristics

text: of

text: Helvetisms

text: are

text: in

text: vocabulary

text: phrases

text: and

text: pronunciation

text: but

text: certain

text: Helvetisms

text: denote

text: themselves

text: as

text: special

text: in

text: syntax

text: and

text: orthography

text: likewise

text: Duden

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: prescriptive

text: sources

text: for

text: Standard

text: German

text: is

text: aware

text: of

text: about

text: Helvetisms

text: Current

text: French

text: dictionaries

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Petit

text: Larousse

text: include

text: several

text: hundred

text: Helvetisms

question: What are terms that are not used outside of Switzerland known as?

answer: Helvetisms

text: Helvetisms

question: Where are the most frequent characteristics of Helvetisms found?

answer: vocabulary, phrases, and pronunciation

text: vocabulary, phrases, and pronunciation

question: What do current French dictionaries include several hundred of?

answer: Helvetisms

text: Helvetisms


text: Aspiration varies with place of articulation. The Spanish voiceless stops /p t k/ have voice-onset times (VOTs) of about 5, 10, and 30 milliseconds, whereas English aspirated /p t k/ have VOTs of about 60, 70, and 80 ms. Voice-onset time in Korean has been measured at 20, 25, and 50 ms for /p t k/ and 90, 95, and 125 for /pʰ tʰ kʰ/.

title: Aspirated_consonant

title: Aspirated_consonant

text: Aspiration

text: varies

text: with

text: place

text: of

text: articulation

text: The

text: Spanish

text: voiceless

text: stops

text: /p

text: t

text: k/

text: have

text: voice

text: onset

text: times

text: VOTs

text: of

text: about

text: and

text: milliseconds

text: whereas

text: English

text: aspirated

text: /p

text: t

text: k/

text: have

text: VOTs

text: of

text: about

text: and

text: ms

text: Voice

text: onset

text: time

text: in

text: Korean

text: has

text: been

text: measured

text: at

text: and

text: ms

text: for

text: /p

text: t

text: k/

text: and

text: and

text: for

text: /pʰ

text: tʰ

text: kʰ/.

question: Aspiration alters with what?

answer: place of articulation

text: place of articulation


text: Married women tend to sport headscarves referred to as shaash. They also often cover their upper body with a shawl, which is known as garbasaar. Unmarried or young women, however, do not always cover their heads. Traditional Arabian garb, such as the jilbab and abaya, is also commonly worn.

title: Somalis

title: Somalis

text: Married

text: women

text: tend

text: to

text: sport

text: headscarves

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: shaash

text: They

text: also

text: often

text: cover

text: their

text: upper

text: body

text: with

text: a

text: shawl

text: which

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: garbasaar

text: Unmarried

text: or

text: young

text: women

text: however

text: do

text: not

text: always

text: cover

text: their

text: heads

text: Traditional

text: Arabian

text: garb

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: jilbab

text: and

text: abaya

text: is

text: also

text: commonly

text: worn

question: What is the name of the headscarf worn by married women?

answer: shaash

text: shaash

question: What is the name of the shawl that married women wear on their upper bodies?

answer: garbasaar

text: garbasaar

question: Along with abaya, what is a traditional Arab garment sometimes worn by Somali women?

answer: the jilbab

text: the jilbab


text: Besides lossy compression methods, lossless formats are a significant alternative to MP3 because they provide unaltered audio content, though with an increased file size compared to lossy compression. Lossless formats include FLAC (Free Lossless Audio Codec), Apple Lossless and many others.

title: MP3

title: MP3

text: Besides

text: lossy

text: compression

text: methods

text: lossless

text: formats

text: are

text: a

text: significant

text: alternative

text: to

text: because

text: they

text: provide

text: unaltered

text: audio

text: content

text: though

text: with

text: an

text: increased

text: file

text: size

text: compared

text: to

text: lossy

text: compression

text: Lossless

text: formats

text: include

text: FLAC

text: Free

text: Lossless

text: Audio

text: Codec

text: Apple

text: Lossless

text: and

text: many

text: others

question: What is a significant alternative to MP3?

answer: lossless formats

text: lossless formats

question: What can lossless formats provide?

answer: unaltered audio content

text: unaltered audio content

question: What is the downside of using a lossless format?

answer: increased file size

text: increased file size

question: What is another example of a lossless format other than Apple Lossless?

answer: FLAC

text: FLAC

question: What does FLAC stand for?

answer: Free Lossless Audio Codec

text: Free Lossless Audio Codec


text: New chemical glass compositions or new treatment techniques can be initially investigated in small-scale laboratory experiments. The raw materials for laboratory-scale glass melts are often different from those used in mass production because the cost factor has a low priority. In the laboratory mostly pure chemicals are used. Care must be taken that the raw materials have not reacted with moisture or other chemicals in the environment (such as alkali or alkaline earth metal oxides and hydroxides, or boron oxide), or that the impurities are quantified (loss on ignition). Evaporation losses during glass melting should be considered during the selection of the raw materials, e.g., sodium selenite may be preferred over easily evaporating SeO2. Also, more readily reacting raw materials may be preferred over relatively inert ones, such as Al(OH)3 over Al2O3. Usually, the melts are carried out in platinum crucibles to reduce contamination from the crucible material. Glass homogeneity is achieved by homogenizing the raw materials mixture (glass batch), by stirring the melt, and by crushing and re-melting the first melt. The obtained glass is usually annealed to prevent breakage during processing.

title: Glass

title: Glass

text: New

text: chemical

text: glass

text: compositions

text: or

text: new

text: treatment

text: techniques

text: can

text: be

text: initially

text: investigated

text: in

text: small

text: scale

text: laboratory

text: experiments

text: The

text: raw

text: materials

text: for

text: laboratory

text: scale

text: glass

text: melts

text: are

text: often

text: different

text: from

text: those

text: used

text: in

text: mass

text: production

text: because

text: the

text: cost

text: factor

text: has

text: a

text: low

text: priority

text: In

text: the

text: laboratory

text: mostly

text: pure

text: chemicals

text: are

text: used

text: Care

text: must

text: be

text: taken

text: that

text: the

text: raw

text: materials

text: have

text: not

text: reacted

text: with

text: moisture

text: or

text: other

text: chemicals

text: in

text: the

text: environment

text: such

text: as

text: alkali

text: or

text: alkaline

text: earth

text: metal

text: oxides

text: and

text: hydroxides

text: or

text: boron

text: oxide

text: or

text: that

text: the

text: impurities

text: are

text: quantified

text: loss

text: on

text: ignition

text: Evaporation

text: losses

text: during

text: glass

text: melting

text: should

text: be

text: considered

text: during

text: the

text: selection

text: of

text: the

text: raw

text: materials

text: e.g.

text: sodium

text: selenite

text: may

text: be

text: preferred

text: over

text: easily

text: evaporating

text: Also

text: more

text: readily

text: reacting

text: raw

text: materials

text: may

text: be

text: preferred

text: over

text: relatively

text: inert

text: ones

text: such

text: as

text: over

text: Usually

text: the

text: melts

text: are

text: carried

text: out

text: in

text: platinum

text: crucibles

text: to

text: reduce

text: contamination

text: from

text: the

text: crucible

text: material

text: Glass

text: homogeneity

text: is

text: achieved

text: by

text: homogenizing

text: the

text: raw

text: materials

text: mixture

text: glass

text: batch

text: by

text: stirring

text: the

text: melt

text: and

text: by

text: crushing

text: and

text: re

text: melting

text: the

text: first

text: melt

text: The

text: obtained

text: glass

text: is

text: usually

text: annealed

text: to

text: prevent

text: breakage

text: during

text: processing

question: What material is useful in glassmaking because of its slow evaporation?

answer: sodium selenite

text: sodium selenite

question: What containers are used for melting?

answer: platinum crucibles

text: platinum crucibles

question: Why are different materials used in a lab than are used in factory production?

answer: the cost factor has a low priority

text: the cost factor has a low priority

question: What is the reason for crushing the glass and melting it again?

answer: homogeneity

text: homogeneity

question: Why is glass annealed?

answer: to prevent breakage

text: to prevent breakage


text: Sahih al-Bukhari narrates Muhammad describing the revelations as, "Sometimes it is (revealed) like the ringing of a bell" and Aisha reported, "I saw the Prophet being inspired Divinely on a very cold day and noticed the sweat dropping from his forehead (as the Inspiration was over)." Muhammad's first revelation, according to the Quran, was accompanied with a vision. The agent of revelation is mentioned as the "one mighty in power", the one who "grew clear to view when he was on the uppermost horizon. Then he drew nigh and came down till he was (distant) two bows' length or even nearer." The Islamic studies scholar Welch states in the Encyclopaedia of Islam that he believes the graphic descriptions of Muhammad's condition at these moments may be regarded as genuine, because he was severely disturbed after these revelations. According to Welch, these seizures would have been seen by those around him as convincing evidence for the superhuman origin of Muhammad's inspirations. However, Muhammad's critics accused him of being a possessed man, a soothsayer or a magician since his experiences were similar to those claimed by such figures well known in ancient Arabia. Welch additionally states that it remains uncertain whether these experiences occurred before or after Muhammad's initial claim of prophethood.

title: Quran

title: Quran

text: Sahih

text: al

text: Bukhari

text: narrates

text: Muhammad

text: describing

text: the

text: revelations

text: as

text: Sometimes

text: it

text: is

text: revealed

text: like

text: the

text: ringing

text: of

text: a

text: bell

text: and

text: Aisha

text: reported

text: I

text: saw

text: the

text: Prophet

text: being

text: inspired

text: Divinely

text: on

text: a

text: very

text: cold

text: day

text: and

text: noticed

text: the

text: sweat

text: dropping

text: from

text: his

text: forehead

text: as

text: the

text: Inspiration

text: was

text: over

text: Muhammad

text: 's

text: first

text: revelation

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: Quran

text: was

text: accompanied

text: with

text: a

text: vision

text: The

text: agent

text: of

text: revelation

text: is

text: mentioned

text: as

text: the

text: one

text: mighty

text: in

text: power

text: the

text: one

text: who

text: grew

text: clear

text: to

text: view

text: when

text: he

text: was

text: on

text: the

text: uppermost

text: horizon

text: Then

text: he

text: drew

text: nigh

text: and

text: came

text: down

text: till

text: he

text: was

text: distant

text: two

text: bows

text: length

text: or

text: even

text: nearer

text: The

text: Islamic

text: studies

text: scholar

text: Welch

text: states

text: in

text: the

text: Encyclopaedia

text: of

text: Islam

text: that

text: he

text: believes

text: the

text: graphic

text: descriptions

text: of

text: Muhammad

text: 's

text: condition

text: at

text: these

text: moments

text: may

text: be

text: regarded

text: as

text: genuine

text: because

text: he

text: was

text: severely

text: disturbed

text: after

text: these

text: revelations

text: According

text: to

text: Welch

text: these

text: seizures

text: would

text: have

text: been

text: seen

text: by

text: those

text: around

text: him

text: as

text: convincing

text: evidence

text: for

text: the

text: superhuman

text: origin

text: of

text: Muhammad

text: 's

text: inspirations

text: However

text: Muhammad

text: 's

text: critics

text: accused

text: him

text: of

text: being

text: a

text: possessed

text: man

text: a

text: soothsayer

text: or

text: a

text: magician

text: since

text: his

text: experiences

text: were

text: similar

text: to

text: those

text: claimed

text: by

text: such

text: figures

text: well

text: known

text: in

text: ancient

text: Arabia

text: Welch

text: additionally

text: states

text: that

text: it

text: remains

text: uncertain

text: whether

text: these

text: experiences

text: occurred

text: before

text: or

text: after

text: Muhammad

text: 's

text: initial

text: claim

text: of

text: prophethood

question: What physical symptom accompanied Muhammad's revelations?

answer: seizures

text: seizures

question: What measure of distance described the nearness of the Angel's approach to Mohammad?

answer: two bows' length

text: two bows' length

question: In which work did Welch express his belief that Mohammad's physical reaction to the revelation was historically accurate?

answer: Encyclopaedia of Islam

text: Encyclopaedia of Islam

question: Which people would Mohammad's critics have compared him to at the time?

answer: a possessed man, a soothsayer or a magician

text: a possessed man, a soothsayer or a magician


text: ELPJ, a Japanese-based company, sells a laser turntable that uses a laser to read vinyl discs optically, without physical contact. The laser turntable eliminates record wear and the possibility of accidental scratches, which degrade the sound, but its expense limits use primarily to digital archiving of analog records, and the laser does not play back colored vinyl or picture discs. Various other laser-based turntables were tried during the 1990s, but while a laser reads the groove very accurately, since it does not touch the record, the dust that vinyl attracts due to static electric charge is not mechanically pushed out of the groove, worsening sound quality in casual use compared to conventional stylus playback.

title: Gramophone_record

title: Gramophone_record

text: ELPJ

text: a

text: Japanese

text: based

text: company

text: sells

text: a

text: laser

text: turntable

text: that

text: uses

text: a

text: laser

text: to

text: read

text: vinyl

text: discs

text: optically

text: without

text: physical

text: contact

text: The

text: laser

text: turntable

text: eliminates

text: record

text: wear

text: and

text: the

text: possibility

text: of

text: accidental

text: scratches

text: which

text: degrade

text: the

text: sound

text: but

text: its

text: expense

text: limits

text: use

text: primarily

text: to

text: digital

text: archiving

text: of

text: analog

text: records

text: and

text: the

text: laser

text: does

text: not

text: play

text: back

text: colored

text: vinyl

text: or

text: picture

text: discs

text: Various

text: other

text: laser

text: based

text: turntables

text: were

text: tried

text: during

text: the

text: but

text: while

text: a

text: laser

text: reads

text: the

text: groove

text: very

text: accurately

text: since

text: it

text: does

text: not

text: touch

text: the

text: record

text: the

text: dust

text: that

text: vinyl

text: attracts

text: due

text: to

text: static

text: electric

text: charge

text: is

text: not

text: mechanically

text: pushed

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: groove

text: worsening

text: sound

text: quality

text: in

text: casual

text: use

text: compared

text: to

text: conventional

text: stylus

text: playback

question: What company out of Japan offered laser turntables that read vinyl discs optically?

answer: ELPJ

text: ELPJ

question: What was a benedit of laser read discs?

answer: eliminates record wear

text: eliminates record wear

question: What was a drawback of laser read discs?

answer: degrade the sound

text: degrade the sound

question: What was the primary use of laser read discs?

answer: archiving of analog records

text: archiving of analog records

question: What was a major issue for laser read discs?

answer: dust

text: dust


text: Federations often have special procedures for amendment of the federal constitution. As well as reflecting the federal structure of the state this may guarantee that the self-governing status of the component states cannot be abolished without their consent. An amendment to the constitution of the United States must be ratified by three-quarters of either the state legislatures, or of constitutional conventions specially elected in each of the states, before it can come into effect. In referendums to amend the constitutions of Australia and Switzerland it is required that a proposal be endorsed not just by an overall majority of the electorate in the nation as a whole, but also by separate majorities in each of a majority of the states or cantons. In Australia, this latter requirement is known as a double majority.

title: Federalism

title: Federalism

text: Federations

text: often

text: have

text: special

text: procedures

text: for

text: amendment

text: of

text: the

text: federal

text: constitution

text: As

text: well

text: as

text: reflecting

text: the

text: federal

text: structure

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: this

text: may

text: guarantee

text: that

text: the

text: self

text: governing

text: status

text: of

text: the

text: component

text: states

text: can

text: not

text: be

text: abolished

text: without

text: their

text: consent

text: An

text: amendment

text: to

text: the

text: constitution

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: must

text: be

text: ratified

text: by

text: three

text: quarters

text: of

text: either

text: the

text: state

text: legislatures

text: or

text: of

text: constitutional

text: conventions

text: specially

text: elected

text: in

text: each

text: of

text: the

text: states

text: before

text: it

text: can

text: come

text: into

text: effect

text: In

text: referendums

text: to

text: amend

text: the

text: constitutions

text: of

text: Australia

text: and

text: Switzerland

text: it

text: is

text: required

text: that

text: a

text: proposal

text: be

text: endorsed

text: not

text: just

text: by

text: an

text: overall

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: electorate

text: in

text: the

text: nation

text: as

text: a

text: whole

text: but

text: also

text: by

text: separate

text: majorities

text: in

text: each

text: of

text: a

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: states

text: or

text: cantons

text: In

text: Australia

text: this

text: latter

text: requirement

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: a

text: double

text: majority

question: What does federations have for amendments of the constitution?

answer: special procedures

text: special procedures

question: What may guarantee the self-governing status of the competent states?

answer: federal structure

text: federal structure

question: What needs to be done in order to amend the Australia and Switzerland Constitution?

answer: required that a proposal be endorsed not just by an overall majority of the electorate in the nation as a whole

text: required that a proposal be endorsed not just by an overall majority of the electorate in the nation as a whole


text: In 1968, Tito offered Czechoslovak leader Alexander Dubček to fly to Prague on three hours notice if Dubček needed help in facing down the Soviets. In April 1969, Tito removed generals Ivan Gošnjak and Rade Hamović in the aftermath of the invasion of Czechoslovakia due to the unpreparedness of the Yugoslav army to respond to a similar invasion of Yugoslavia.

title: Josip_Broz_Tito

title: Josip_Broz_Tito

text: In

text: Tito

text: offered

text: Czechoslovak

text: leader

text: Alexander

text: Dubček

text: to

text: fly

text: to

text: Prague

text: on

text: three

text: hours

text: notice

text: if

text: Dubček

text: needed

text: help

text: in

text: facing

text: down

text: the

text: Soviets

text: In

text: April

text: Tito

text: removed

text: generals

text: Ivan

text: Gošnjak

text: and

text: Rade

text: Hamović

text: in

text: the

text: aftermath

text: of

text: the

text: invasion

text: of

text: Czechoslovakia

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: unpreparedness

text: of

text: the

text: Yugoslav

text: army

text: to

text: respond

text: to

text: a

text: similar

text: invasion

text: of

text: Yugoslavia

question: What country did Dubcek lead?

answer: Czechoslovak

text: Czechoslovak

question: How much time did Tito give Dubcek to fly to Prague?

answer: three hours

text: three hours

question: Where did Tito send Dubcek in 1968?

answer: Prague

text: Prague

question: Who removed generals Gosnjak and Hamovic?

answer: Tito

text: Tito

question: What army was unprepared for the invasion of Czechoslovakia?

answer: Yugoslavia

text: Yugoslavia


text: Beer was spread through Europe by Germanic and Celtic tribes as far back as 3000 BC, and it was mainly brewed on a domestic scale. The product that the early Europeans drank might not be recognised as beer by most people today. Alongside the basic starch source, the early European beers might contain fruits, honey, numerous types of plants, spices and other substances such as narcotic herbs. What they did not contain was hops, as that was a later addition, first mentioned in Europe around 822 by a Carolingian Abbot and again in 1067 by Abbess Hildegard of Bingen.

title: Beer

title: Beer

text: Beer

text: was

text: spread

text: through

text: Europe

text: by

text: Germanic

text: and

text: Celtic

text: tribes

text: as

text: far

text: back

text: as

text: BC

text: and

text: it

text: was

text: mainly

text: brewed

text: on

text: a

text: domestic

text: scale

text: The

text: product

text: that

text: the

text: early

text: Europeans

text: drank

text: might

text: not

text: be

text: recognised

text: as

text: beer

text: by

text: most

text: people

text: today

text: Alongside

text: the

text: basic

text: starch

text: source

text: the

text: early

text: European

text: beers

text: might

text: contain

text: fruits

text: honey

text: numerous

text: types

text: of

text: plants

text: spices

text: and

text: other

text: substances

text: such

text: as

text: narcotic

text: herbs

text: What

text: they

text: did

text: not

text: contain

text: was

text: hops

text: as

text: that

text: was

text: a

text: later

text: addition

text: first

text: mentioned

text: in

text: Europe

text: around

text: by

text: a

text: Carolingian

text: Abbot

text: and

text: again

text: in

text: by

text: Abbess

text: Hildegard

text: of

text: Bingen

question: What year were hops first believed to be added to beer?

answer: 822

question: On what continent were hops first added to beer?

answer: Europe

text: Europe

question: What was a Carolingian Abbot credited for adding to beer in 822?

answer: hops

text: hops

question: Who was believed to have added hops to beer in 1067?

answer: Abbess Hildegard

text: Abbess Hildegard

question: Where did Abbess Hildegard live?

answer: Bingen

text: Bingen


text: Marien Ngouabi, who had participated in the coup, assumed the presidency on December 31, 1968. One year later, President Ngouabi proclaimed Congo Africa's first "people's republic", the People's Republic of the Congo, and announced the decision of the National Revolutionary Movement to change its name to the Congolese Labour Party (PCT). Ngouabi survived an attempted coup in 1972 but was assassinated on March 16, 1977. An 11-member Military Committee of the Party (CMP) was then named to head an interim government with Joachim Yhombi-Opango to serve as President of the Republic. Two years later, Yhombi-Opango was forced from power and Denis Sassou Nguesso become the new president.

title: Republic_of_the_Congo

title: Republic_of_the_Congo

text: Marien

text: Ngouabi

text: who

text: had

text: participated

text: in

text: the

text: coup

text: assumed

text: the

text: presidency

text: on

text: December

text: One

text: year

text: later

text: President

text: Ngouabi

text: proclaimed

text: Congo

text: Africa

text: 's

text: first

text: people

text: 's

text: republic

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: the

text: Congo

text: and

text: announced

text: the

text: decision

text: of

text: the

text: National

text: Revolutionary

text: Movement

text: to

text: change

text: its

text: name

text: to

text: the

text: Congolese

text: Labour

text: Party

text: PCT

text: Ngouabi

text: survived

text: an

text: attempted

text: coup

text: in

text: but

text: was

text: assassinated

text: on

text: March

text: An

text: Military

text: Committee

text: of

text: the

text: Party

text: CMP

text: was

text: then

text: named

text: to

text: head

text: an

text: interim

text: government

text: with

text: Joachim

text: Yhombi

text: Opango

text: to

text: serve

text: as

text: President

text: of

text: the

text: Republic

text: Two

text: years

text: later

text: Yhombi

text: Opango

text: was

text: forced

text: from

text: power

text: and

text: Denis

text: Sassou

text: Nguesso

text: become

text: the

text: new

text: president

question: Who became president of the Congo in 1968?

answer: Marien Ngouabi

text: Marien Ngouabi

question: What did the Congo's name become under Ngouabi?

answer: People's Republic of the Congo

text: People's Republic of the Congo

question: What did the National Revolutionary Movement's name become?

answer: Congolese Labour Party

text: Congolese Labour Party

question: In what year was a coup attempted against Ngouabi?

answer: 1972

question: On what date was Ngouabi assassinated?

answer: March 16, 1977

text: March 16, 1977


text: human activities are more likely to affect the habitat in areas of permanent water (oases) or where water comes close to the surface. Here, the local pressure on natural resources can be intense. The remaining populations of large mammals have been greatly reduced by hunting for food and recreation. In recent years development projects have started in the deserts of Algeria and Tunisia using irrigated water pumped from underground aquifers. These schemes often lead to soil degradation and salinization.

title: Sahara

title: Sahara

text: human

text: activities

text: are

text: more

text: likely

text: to

text: affect

text: the

text: habitat

text: in

text: areas

text: of

text: permanent

text: water

text: oases

text: or

text: where

text: water

text: comes

text: close

text: to

text: the

text: surface

text: Here

text: the

text: local

text: pressure

text: on

text: natural

text: resources

text: can

text: be

text: intense

text: The

text: remaining

text: populations

text: of

text: large

text: mammals

text: have

text: been

text: greatly

text: reduced

text: by

text: hunting

text: for

text: food

text: and

text: recreation

text: In

text: recent

text: years

text: development

text: projects

text: have

text: started

text: in

text: the

text: deserts

text: of

text: Algeria

text: and

text: Tunisia

text: using

text: irrigated

text: water

text: pumped

text: from

text: underground

text: aquifers

text: These

text: schemes

text: often

text: lead

text: to

text: soil

text: degradation

text: and

text: salinization

question: What activities from these mammals will likely affect   habitat areas?

answer: human activities

text: human activities

question: What underground items have lead to soil degradation?

answer: irrigated water pumped

text: irrigated water pumped

question: What kind of pressure can be intense in the Sahara?

answer: natural resources

text: natural resources


text: Alaska has few road connections compared to the rest of the U.S. The state's road system covers a relatively small area of the state, linking the central population centers and the Alaska Highway, the principal route out of the state through Canada. The state capital, Juneau, is not accessible by road, only a car ferry, which has spurred several debates over the decades about moving the capital to a city on the road system, or building a road connection from Haines. The western part of Alaska has no road system connecting the communities with the rest of Alaska.

title: Alaska

title: Alaska

text: Alaska

text: has

text: few

text: road

text: connections

text: compared

text: to

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: The

text: state

text: 's

text: road

text: system

text: covers

text: a

text: relatively

text: small

text: area

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: linking

text: the

text: central

text: population

text: centers

text: and

text: the

text: Alaska

text: Highway

text: the

text: principal

text: route

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: through

text: Canada

text: The

text: state

text: capital

text: Juneau

text: is

text: not

text: accessible

text: by

text: road

text: only

text: a

text: car

text: ferry

text: which

text: has

text: spurred

text: several

text: debates

text: over

text: the

text: decades

text: about

text: moving

text: the

text: capital

text: to

text: a

text: city

text: on

text: the

text: road

text: system

text: or

text: building

text: a

text: road

text: connection

text: from

text: Haines

text: The

text: western

text: part

text: of

text: Alaska

text: has

text: no

text: road

text: system

text: connecting

text: the

text: communities

text: with

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: Alaska

question: Why is there a debate about moving the capital of Alaska to another town?

answer: Juneau, is not accessible by road

text: Juneau, is not accessible by road

question: Which part of Alaska has no road system connecting it to other areas?

answer: western part

text: western part

question: Compared to the rest of the US, does Alaska has many or few road connections?

answer: few

text: few


text: The transition from the mandolino to the mandolin began around 1744 with the designing of the metal-string mandolin by the Vinaccia family, 3 brass strings and one of gut, using friction tuning pegs on a fingerboard that sat "flush" with the sound table. The mandolin grew in popularity over the next 60 years, in the streets where it was used by young men courting and by street musicians, and in the concert hall. After the Napoleonic Wars of 1815, however, its popularity began to fall. The 19th century produced some prominent players, including Bartolomeo Bortolazzi of Venice and Pietro Vimercati. However, professional virtuosity was in decline, and the mandolin music changed as the mandolin became a folk instrument; "the large repertoire of notated instrumental music for the mandolino and the mandoline was completely forgotten". The export market for mandolins from Italy dried up around 1815, and when Carmine de Laurentiis wrote a mandolin method in 1874, the Music World magazine wrote that the mandolin was "out of date." Salvador Léonardi mentioned this decline in his 1921 book, Méthode pour Banjoline ou Mandoline-Banjo, saying that the mandolin had been declining in popularity from previous times.

title: Mandolin

title: Mandolin

text: The

text: transition

text: from

text: the

text: mandolino

text: to

text: the

text: mandolin

text: began

text: around

text: with

text: the

text: designing

text: of

text: the

text: metal

text: string

text: mandolin

text: by

text: the

text: Vinaccia

text: family

text: brass

text: strings

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: gut

text: using

text: friction

text: tuning

text: pegs

text: on

text: a

text: fingerboard

text: that

text: sat

text: flush

text: with

text: the

text: sound

text: table

text: The

text: mandolin

text: grew

text: in

text: popularity

text: over

text: the

text: next

text: years

text: in

text: the

text: streets

text: where

text: it

text: was

text: used

text: by

text: young

text: men

text: courting

text: and

text: by

text: street

text: musicians

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: concert

text: hall

text: After

text: the

text: Napoleonic

text: Wars

text: of

text: however

text: its

text: popularity

text: began

text: to

text: fall

text: The

text: century

text: produced

text: some

text: prominent

text: players

text: including

text: Bartolomeo

text: Bortolazzi

text: of

text: Venice

text: and

text: Pietro

text: Vimercati

text: However

text: professional

text: virtuosity

text: was

text: in

text: decline

text: and

text: the

text: mandolin

text: music

text: changed

text: as

text: the

text: mandolin

text: became

text: a

text: folk

text: instrument

text: the

text: large

text: repertoire

text: of

text: notated

text: instrumental

text: music

text: for

text: the

text: mandolino

text: and

text: the

text: mandoline

text: was

text: completely

text: forgotten

text: The

text: export

text: market

text: for

text: mandolins

text: from

text: Italy

text: dried

text: up

text: around

text: and

text: when

text: Carmine

text: de

text: Laurentiis

text: wrote

text: a

text: mandolin

text: method

text: in

text: the

text: Music

text: World

text: magazine

text: wrote

text: that

text: the

text: mandolin

text: was

text: out

text: of

text: date

text: Salvador

text: Léonardi

text: mentioned

text: this

text: decline

text: in

text: his

text: book

text: Méthode

text: pour

text: Banjoline

text: ou

text: Mandoline

text: Banjo

text: saying

text: that

text: the

text: mandolin

text: had

text: been

text: declining

text: in

text: popularity

text: from

text: previous

text: times

question: What year was the beginning of the transition from mandolino to mandolin?

answer: 1744

question: Where did the mandolin grow in popularity?

answer: in the streets where it was used by young men courting and by street musicians, and in the concert hall

text: in the streets where it was used by young men courting and by street musicians, and in the concert hall

question: When did the mandolin's popularity begin to fall?

answer: After the Napoleonic Wars of 1815, however, its popularity began to fall

text: After the Napoleonic Wars of 1815, however, its popularity began to fall

question: Who were two of the promiment players in the 19th century?

answer: Bartolomeo Bortolazzi of Venice and Pietro Vimercati

text: Bartolomeo Bortolazzi of Venice and Pietro Vimercati

question: What year did the export market for manodlins from Italy dry up?

answer: 1815


text: Although the firearms used by the infantry, particularly machine guns, can be used to engage low altitude air targets, on occasion with notable success, their effectiveness is generally limited and the muzzle flashes reveal infantry positions. Speed and altitude of modern jet aircraft limit target opportunities, and critical systems may be armored in aircraft designed for the ground attack role. Adaptations of the standard autocannon, originally intended for air-to-ground use, and heavier artillery systems were commonly used for most anti-aircraft gunnery, starting with standard pieces on new mountings, and evolving to specially designed guns with much higher performance prior to World War II.

title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

title: Anti

title: aircraft_warfare

text: Although

text: the

text: firearms

text: used

text: by

text: the

text: infantry

text: particularly

text: machine

text: guns

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: engage

text: low

text: altitude

text: air

text: targets

text: on

text: occasion

text: with

text: notable

text: success

text: their

text: effectiveness

text: is

text: generally

text: limited

text: and

text: the

text: muzzle

text: flashes

text: reveal

text: infantry

text: positions

text: Speed

text: and

text: altitude

text: of

text: modern

text: jet

text: aircraft

text: limit

text: target

text: opportunities

text: and

text: critical

text: systems

text: may

text: be

text: armored

text: in

text: aircraft

text: designed

text: for

text: the

text: ground

text: attack

text: role

text: Adaptations

text: of

text: the

text: standard

text: autocannon

text: originally

text: intended

text: for

text: air

text: to

text: ground

text: use

text: and

text: heavier

text: artillery

text: systems

text: were

text: commonly

text: used

text: for

text: most

text: anti

text: aircraft

text: gunnery

text: starting

text: with

text: standard

text: pieces

text: on

text: new

text: mountings

text: and

text: evolving

text: to

text: specially

text: designed

text: guns

text: with

text: much

text: higher

text: performance

text: prior

text: to

text: World

text: War

text: II

question: What did the muzzle flashes of the firearms used by the infantry reveal?

answer: infantry positions

text: infantry positions

question: Along with speed of the modern jet, what else limits target opportunities?

answer: altitude

text: altitude

question: Heavier artillery systems were typically used for what?

answer: most anti-aircraft gunnery

text: most anti-aircraft gunnery


text: Metro Detroit has an extensive toll-free network of freeways administered by the Michigan Department of Transportation. Four major Interstate Highways surround the city. Detroit is connected via Interstate 75 (I-75) and I-96 to Kings Highway 401 and to major Southern Ontario cities such as London, Ontario and the Greater Toronto Area. I-75 (Chrysler and Fisher freeways) is the region's main north–south route, serving Flint, Pontiac, Troy, and Detroit, before continuing south (as the Detroit–Toledo and Seaway Freeways) to serve many of the communities along the shore of Lake Erie.

title: Detroit

title: Detroit

text: Metro

text: Detroit

text: has

text: an

text: extensive

text: toll

text: free

text: network

text: of

text: freeways

text: administered

text: by

text: the

text: Michigan

text: Department

text: of

text: Transportation

text: Four

text: major

text: Interstate

text: Highways

text: surround

text: the

text: city

text: Detroit

text: is

text: connected

text: via

text: Interstate

text: and

text: to

text: Kings

text: Highway

text: and

text: to

text: major

text: Southern

text: Ontario

text: cities

text: such

text: as

text: London

text: Ontario

text: and

text: the

text: Greater

text: Toronto

text: Area

text: Chrysler

text: and

text: Fisher

text: freeways

text: is

text: the

text: region

text: 's

text: main

text: north

text: south

text: route

text: serving

text: Flint

text: Pontiac

text: Troy

text: and

text: Detroit

text: before

text: continuing

text: south

text: as

text: the

text: Detroit

text: Toledo

text: and

text: Seaway

text: Freeways

text: to

text: serve

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: communities

text: along

text: the

text: shore

text: of

text: Lake

text: Erie

question: Which Interstate is the major north-south route?

answer: I-75

question: Which of the Great Lakes does I-75 pass next to?

answer: Lake Erie

text: Lake Erie

question: How many major interstates are serve Detroit?

answer: Four

text: Four


text: Mexico City is served by the Sistema de Transporte Colectivo, a 225.9 km (140 mi) metro system, which is the largest in Latin America. The first portions were opened in 1969 and it has expanded to 12 lines with 195 stations. The metro is one of the busiest in the world transporting approximately 4.5 million people every day, surpassed only by subway lines in Moscow (7.5 million), Tokyo (5.9 million), and New York City (5.1 million). It is heavily subsidized, and has some of the lowest fares in the world, each trip costing 5.00 pesos from 05:00 am to midnight. Several stations display pre-Columbian artifacts and architecture that were discovered during the metro's construction.[citation needed] However, the metro covers less than half of the total urban area. The Metro stations are also differentiated by the use of icons and glyphs which were proposed for people who could not read. The specific icons were developed based on historical (characters, sites, pre-Hispanic motifs), linguistic, symbolic (glyphs) or location references and has being emulated in further transportations alternatives in the City and in other Mexican cities. Mexico City is the only city in the world to use the icon reference and has become a popular culture trademark for the city.

title: Mexico_City

title: Mexico_City

text: Mexico

text: City

text: is

text: served

text: by

text: the

text: Sistema

text: de

text: Transporte

text: Colectivo

text: a

text: km

text: mi

text: metro

text: system

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: in

text: Latin

text: America

text: The

text: first

text: portions

text: were

text: opened

text: in

text: and

text: it

text: has

text: expanded

text: to

text: lines

text: with

text: stations

text: The

text: metro

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: busiest

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: transporting

text: approximately

text: million

text: people

text: every

text: day

text: surpassed

text: only

text: by

text: subway

text: lines

text: in

text: Moscow

text: million

text: Tokyo

text: million

text: and

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: million

text: It

text: is

text: heavily

text: subsidized

text: and

text: has

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: lowest

text: fares

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: each

text: trip

text: costing

text: pesos

text: from

text: am

text: to

text: midnight

text: Several

text: stations

text: display

text: pre

text: Columbian

text: artifacts

text: and

text: architecture

text: that

text: were

text: discovered

text: during

text: the

text: metro

text: 's

text: construction.[citation

text: needed

text: However

text: the

text: metro

text: covers

text: less

text: than

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: total

text: urban

text: area

text: The

text: Metro

text: stations

text: are

text: also

text: differentiated

text: by

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: icons

text: and

text: glyphs

text: which

text: were

text: proposed

text: for

text: people

text: who

text: could

text: not

text: read

text: The

text: specific

text: icons

text: were

text: developed

text: based

text: on

text: historical

text: characters

text: sites

text: pre

text: Hispanic

text: motifs

text: linguistic

text: symbolic

text: glyphs

text: or

text: location

text: references

text: and

text: has

text: being

text: emulated

text: in

text: further

text: transportations

text: alternatives

text: in

text: the

text: City

text: and

text: in

text: other

text: Mexican

text: cities

text: Mexico

text: City

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: to

text: use

text: the

text: icon

text: reference

text: and

text: has

text: become

text: a

text: popular

text: culture

text: trademark

text: for

text: the

text: city

question: How large is the metro system of Mexico City?

answer: 225.9 km (140 mi)

text: 225.9 km (140 mi)

question: When was the Mexico City metro system first opened?

answer: 1969

question: How many lines are in the metro system?

answer: 12

question: How many people ride the metro system each day?

answer: 4.5 million

text: 4.5 million

question: How many stations are in the Mexico City metro system?

answer: 195


text: Saint Helena (/ˌseɪnt həˈliːnə/ SAYNT-hə-LEE-nə) is a volcanic tropical island in the South Atlantic Ocean, 4,000 kilometres (2,500 mi) east of Rio de Janeiro and 1,950 kilometres (1,210 mi) west of the Cunene River, which marks the border between Namibia and Angola in southwestern Africa. It is part of the British Overseas Territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. Saint Helena measures about 16 by 8 kilometres (10 by 5 mi) and has a population of 4,255 (2008 census). It was named after Saint Helena of Constantinople.

title: Saint_Helena

title: Saint_Helena

text: Saint

text: Helena

text: /ˌseɪnt

text: həˈliːnə/

text: SAYNT

text: hə

text: LEE

text: nə

text: is

text: a

text: volcanic

text: tropical

text: island

text: in

text: the

text: South

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: kilometres

text: mi

text: east

text: of

text: Rio

text: de

text: Janeiro

text: and

text: kilometres

text: mi

text: west

text: of

text: the

text: Cunene

text: River

text: which

text: marks

text: the

text: border

text: between

text: Namibia

text: and

text: Angola

text: in

text: southwestern

text: Africa

text: It

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: Overseas

text: Territory

text: of

text: Saint

text: Helena

text: Ascension

text: and

text: Tristan

text: da

text: Cunha

text: Saint

text: Helena

text: measures

text: about

text: by

text: kilometres

text: by

text: mi

text: and

text: has

text: a

text: population

text: of

text: census

text: It

text: was

text: named

text: after

text: Saint

text: Helena

text: of

text: Constantinople

question: What is Saint Helena tropical island named after?

answer: Saint Helena of Constantinople

text: Saint Helena of Constantinople

question: What ocean is Saint Helena located in?

answer: South Atlantic Ocean

text: South Atlantic Ocean

question: What is the population of Saint Helena?

answer: 4,255

question: How big is Saint Helena tropical Island?

answer: 16 by 8 kilometres

text: 16 by 8 kilometres


text: The pagan Slavic populations were Christianized between the 6th and 10th centuries. Orthodox Christianity is predominant in the East and South Slavs, while Roman Catholicism is predominant in West Slavs and the western South Slavs. The religious borders are largely comparable to the East–West Schism which began in the 11th century. The majority of contemporary Slavic populations who profess a religion are Orthodox, followed by Catholic, while a small minority are Protestant. There are minor Slavic Muslim groups. Religious delineations by nationality can be very sharp; usually in the Slavic ethnic groups the vast majority of religious people share the same religion. Some Slavs are atheist or agnostic: only 19% of Czechs professed belief in god/s in the 2005 Eurobarometer survey.

title: Slavs

title: Slavs

text: The

text: pagan

text: Slavic

text: populations

text: were

text: Christianized

text: between

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

text: Orthodox

text: Christianity

text: is

text: predominant

text: in

text: the

text: East

text: and

text: South

text: Slavs

text: while

text: Roman

text: Catholicism

text: is

text: predominant

text: in

text: West

text: Slavs

text: and

text: the

text: western

text: South

text: Slavs

text: The

text: religious

text: borders

text: are

text: largely

text: comparable

text: to

text: the

text: East

text: West

text: Schism

text: which

text: began

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: The

text: majority

text: of

text: contemporary

text: Slavic

text: populations

text: who

text: profess

text: a

text: religion

text: are

text: Orthodox

text: followed

text: by

text: Catholic

text: while

text: a

text: small

text: minority

text: are

text: Protestant

text: There

text: are

text: minor

text: Slavic

text: Muslim

text: groups

text: Religious

text: delineations

text: by

text: nationality

text: can

text: be

text: very

text: sharp

text: usually

text: in

text: the

text: Slavic

text: ethnic

text: groups

text: the

text: vast

text: majority

text: of

text: religious

text: people

text: share

text: the

text: same

text: religion

text: Some

text: Slavs

text: are

text: atheist

text: or

text: agnostic

text: only

text: of

text: Czechs

text: professed

text: belief

text: in

text: god

text: s

text: in

text: the

text: Eurobarometer

text: survey

question: When were pagan Slavic populations Christianized?

answer: between the 6th and 10th centuries

text: between the 6th and 10th centuries

question: What religion is predominant in the East and South Slavs?

answer: Orthodox Christianity

text: Orthodox Christianity

question: What religion is predominant in the West and western South Slavs?

answer: Roman Catholicism

text: Roman Catholicism

question: When did the East-West Schism begin?

answer: 11th century

text: 11th century

question: The majority of contemporary Slavic populations who profess a religion are what?

answer: Orthodox

text: Orthodox


text: In 1207, the Mongol ruler Genghis Khan (r. 1206–1227) conquered and subjugated the ethnic Tangut state of the Western Xia (1038–1227). In the same year, he established diplomatic relations with Tibet by sending envoys there. The conquest of the Western Xia alarmed Tibetan rulers, who decided to pay tribute to the Mongols. However, when they ceased to pay tribute after Genghis Khan's death, his successor Ögedei Khan (r. 1229–1241) launched an invasion into Tibet.

title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty

title: Sino

text: In

text: the

text: Mongol

text: ruler

text: Genghis

text: Khan

text: r.

text: conquered

text: and

text: subjugated

text: the

text: ethnic

text: Tangut

text: state

text: of

text: the

text: Western

text: Xia

text: In

text: the

text: same

text: year

text: he

text: established

text: diplomatic

text: relations

text: with

text: Tibet

text: by

text: sending

text: envoys

text: there

text: The

text: conquest

text: of

text: the

text: Western

text: Xia

text: alarmed

text: Tibetan

text: rulers

text: who

text: decided

text: to

text: pay

text: tribute

text: to

text: the

text: Mongols

text: However

text: when

text: they

text: ceased

text: to

text: pay

text: tribute

text: after

text: Genghis

text: Khan

text: 's

text: death

text: his

text: successor

text: Ögedei

text: Khan

text: r.

text: launched

text: an

text: invasion

text: into

text: Tibet

question: Which ruler took Western Xia under their control?

answer: Genghis Khan

text: Genghis Khan

question: Who was Genghis Khan's successor?

answer: Ögedei Khan

text: Ögedei Khan

question: What years did Ögedei Khan rule?

answer: 1229–1241

question: Who invaded Tibet?

answer: Ögedei Khan

text: Ögedei Khan


text: Birds have one of the most complex respiratory systems of all animal groups. Upon inhalation, 75% of the fresh air bypasses the lungs and flows directly into a posterior air sac which extends from the lungs and connects with air spaces in the bones and fills them with air. The other 25% of the air goes directly into the lungs. When the bird exhales, the used air flows out of the lung and the stored fresh air from the posterior air sac is simultaneously forced into the lungs. Thus, a bird's lungs receive a constant supply of fresh air during both inhalation and exhalation. Sound production is achieved using the syrinx, a muscular chamber incorporating multiple tympanic membranes which diverges from the lower end of the trachea; the trachea being elongated in some species, increasing the volume of vocalizations and the perception of the bird's size.

title: Bird

title: Bird

text: Birds

text: have

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: complex

text: respiratory

text: systems

text: of

text: all

text: animal

text: groups

text: Upon

text: inhalation

text: of

text: the

text: fresh

text: air

text: bypasses

text: the

text: lungs

text: and

text: flows

text: directly

text: into

text: a

text: posterior

text: air

text: sac

text: which

text: extends

text: from

text: the

text: lungs

text: and

text: connects

text: with

text: air

text: spaces

text: in

text: the

text: bones

text: and

text: fills

text: them

text: with

text: air

text: The

text: other

text: of

text: the

text: air

text: goes

text: directly

text: into

text: the

text: lungs

text: When

text: the

text: bird

text: exhales

text: the

text: used

text: air

text: flows

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: lung

text: and

text: the

text: stored

text: fresh

text: air

text: from

text: the

text: posterior

text: air

text: sac

text: is

text: simultaneously

text: forced

text: into

text: the

text: lungs

text: Thus

text: a

text: bird

text: 's

text: lungs

text: receive

text: a

text: constant

text: supply

text: of

text: fresh

text: air

text: during

text: both

text: inhalation

text: and

text: exhalation

text: Sound

text: production

text: is

text: achieved

text: using

text: the

text: syrinx

text: a

text: muscular

text: chamber

text: incorporating

text: multiple

text: tympanic

text: membranes

text: which

text: diverges

text: from

text: the

text: lower

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: trachea

text: the

text: trachea

text: being

text: elongated

text: in

text: some

text: species

text: increasing

text: the

text: volume

text: of

text: vocalizations

text: and

text: the

text: perception

text: of

text: the

text: bird

text: 's

text: size

question: Upon inhalation, what percentage of fresh air bypasses the lungs and flows directly into a posterior air sac?

answer: 75%

question: Where does the other 25 percent of fresh air go?

answer: directly into the lungs

text: directly into the lungs

question: What is the syrinx?

answer: a muscular chamber incorporating multiple tympanic membranes

text: a muscular chamber incorporating multiple tympanic membranes

question: Sound production is achieved using what muscular chamber?

answer: syrinx

text: syrinx

question: Which animal has one of the most complex respiratory system of all animal groups?

answer: Birds

text: Birds


text: Ultimately, the distinction between public and private sector corruption sometimes appears rather artificial, and national anti-corruption initiatives may need to avoid legal and other loopholes in the coverage of the instruments.

title: Political_corruption

title: Political_corruption

text: Ultimately

text: the

text: distinction

text: between

text: public

text: and

text: private

text: sector

text: corruption

text: sometimes

text: appears

text: rather

text: artificial

text: and

text: national

text: anti

text: corruption

text: initiatives

text: may

text: need

text: to

text: avoid

text: legal

text: and

text: other

text: loopholes

text: in

text: the

text: coverage

text: of

text: the

text: instruments

question: The difference between corruption that is public or private looks like what?

answer: artificial

text: artificial

question: What needs to stay away from loopholes?

answer: national anti-corruption initiatives

text: national anti-corruption initiatives


text: Perceived quality can be influenced by listening environment (ambient noise), listener attention, and listener training and in most cases by listener audio equipment (such as sound cards, speakers and headphones).

title: MP3

title: MP3

text: Perceived

text: quality

text: can

text: be

text: influenced

text: by

text: listening

text: environment

text: ambient

text: noise

text: listener

text: attention

text: and

text: listener

text: training

text: and

text: in

text: most

text: cases

text: by

text: listener

text: audio

text: equipment

text: such

text: as

text: sound

text: cards

text: speakers

text: and

text: headphones

question: A listening environment is also know by which term?

answer: ambient noise

text: ambient noise

question: Other than speakers and headphones, what other piece of equipment affects the listener's perceived quality?

answer: sound cards

text: sound cards

question: Listening environment, listener attention, listener training and listener audio equipment can all affect what kind of quality?

answer: Perceived quality

text: Perceived quality


text: Oxidation of hydrogen removes its electron and gives H+, which contains no electrons and a nucleus which is usually composed of one proton. That is why H+ is often called a proton. This species is central to discussion of acids. Under the Bronsted-Lowry theory, acids are proton donors, while bases are proton acceptors.

title: Hydrogen

title: Hydrogen

text: Oxidation

text: of

text: hydrogen

text: removes

text: its

text: electron

text: and

text: gives

text: H+

text: which

text: contains

text: no

text: electrons

text: and

text: a

text: nucleus

text: which

text: is

text: usually

text: composed

text: of

text: one

text: proton

text: That

text: is

text: why

text: H+

text: is

text: often

text: called

text: a

text: proton

text: This

text: species

text: is

text: central

text: to

text: discussion

text: of

text: acids

text: Under

text: the

text: Bronsted

text: Lowry

text: theory

text: acids

text: are

text: proton

text: donors

text: while

text: bases

text: are

text: proton

text: acceptors

question: When hydrogen oxidates, what is it removing?

answer: electrons

text: electrons

question: When hydrogen oxidates, what does it end up giving?

answer: H+

text: H+

question: What theory suggests that acids are proton donors?

answer: Bronsted-Lowry

text: Bronsted-Lowry


text: Paris' most popular sport clubs are the association football club Paris Saint-Germain F.C. and the rugby union club Stade Français. The 80,000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the commune of Saint-Denis. It is used for football, rugby union and track and field athletics. It hosts the French national football team for friendlies and major tournaments qualifiers, annually hosts the French national rugby team's home matches of the Six Nations Championship, and hosts several important matches of the Stade Français rugby team. In addition to Paris Saint-Germain FC, the city has a number of other amateur football clubs: Paris FC, Red Star, RCF Paris and Stade Français Paris.

title: Paris

title: Paris

text: Paris

text: most

text: popular

text: sport

text: clubs

text: are

text: the

text: association

text: football

text: club

text: Paris

text: Saint

text: Germain

text: F.C.

text: and

text: the

text: rugby

text: union

text: club

text: Stade

text: Français

text: The

text: Stade

text: de

text: France

text: built

text: for

text: the

text: FIFA

text: World

text: Cup

text: is

text: located

text: just

text: north

text: of

text: Paris

text: in

text: the

text: commune

text: of

text: Saint

text: Denis

text: It

text: is

text: used

text: for

text: football

text: rugby

text: union

text: and

text: track

text: and

text: field

text: athletics

text: It

text: hosts

text: the

text: French

text: national

text: football

text: team

text: for

text: friendlies

text: and

text: major

text: tournaments

text: qualifiers

text: annually

text: hosts

text: the

text: French

text: national

text: rugby

text: team

text: 's

text: home

text: matches

text: of

text: the

text: Six

text: Nations

text: Championship

text: and

text: hosts

text: several

text: important

text: matches

text: of

text: the

text: Stade

text: Français

text: rugby

text: team

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: Paris

text: Saint

text: Germain

text: FC

text: the

text: city

text: has

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: other

text: amateur

text: football

text: clubs

text: Paris

text: FC

text: Red

text: Star

text: RCF

text: Paris

text: and

text: Stade

text: Français

text: Paris

question: How many seats are in the State de France?

answer: 80,000

question: What was the State de France built for?

answer: 1998 FIFA World Cup

text: 1998 FIFA World Cup

question: What is the most popular football club in Paris?

answer: Paris Saint-Germain F.C.

text: Paris Saint-Germain F.C.

question: What is the rugby club in Paris?

answer: Stade Français

text: Stade Français


text: Average annual precipitation is 15 inches (380 mm), but great variations are seen. The mountain ranges block the moist Pacific air, holding moisture in the western valleys, and creating rain shadows to the east. Heron, in the west, receives the most precipitation, 34.70 inches (881 mm). On the eastern (leeward) side of a mountain range, the valleys are much drier; Lonepine averages 11.45 inches (291 mm), and Deer Lodge 11.00 inches (279 mm) of precipitation. The mountains themselves can receive over 100 inches (2,500 mm), for example the Grinnell Glacier in Glacier National Park gets 105 inches (2,700 mm). An area southwest of Belfry averaged only 6.59 inches (167 mm) over a sixteen-year period. Most of the larger cities get 30 to 50 inches or 0.76 to 1.27 metres of snow each year. Mountain ranges themselves can accumulate 300 inches or 7.62 metres of snow during a winter. Heavy snowstorms may occur any time from September through May, though most snow falls from November to March.

title: Montana

title: Montana

text: Average

text: annual

text: precipitation

text: is

text: inches

text: mm

text: but

text: great

text: variations

text: are

text: seen

text: The

text: mountain

text: ranges

text: block

text: the

text: moist

text: Pacific

text: air

text: holding

text: moisture

text: in

text: the

text: western

text: valleys

text: and

text: creating

text: rain

text: shadows

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Heron

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: receives

text: the

text: most

text: precipitation

text: inches

text: mm

text: On

text: the

text: eastern

text: leeward

text: side

text: of

text: a

text: mountain

text: range

text: the

text: valleys

text: are

text: much

text: drier

text: Lonepine

text: averages

text: inches

text: mm

text: and

text: Deer

text: Lodge

text: inches

text: mm

text: of

text: precipitation

text: The

text: mountains

text: themselves

text: can

text: receive

text: over

text: inches

text: mm

text: for

text: example

text: the

text: Grinnell

text: Glacier

text: in

text: Glacier

text: National

text: Park

text: gets

text: inches

text: mm

text: An

text: area

text: southwest

text: of

text: Belfry

text: averaged

text: only

text: inches

text: mm

text: over

text: a

text: sixteen

text: year

text: period

text: Most

text: of

text: the

text: larger

text: cities

text: get

text: to

text: inches

text: or

text: to

text: metres

text: of

text: snow

text: each

text: year

text: Mountain

text: ranges

text: themselves

text: can

text: accumulate

text: inches

text: or

text: metres

text: of

text: snow

text: during

text: a

text: winter

text: Heavy

text: snowstorms

text: may

text: occur

text: any

text: time

text: from

text: September

text: through

text: May

text: though

text: most

text: snow

text: falls

text: from

text: November

text: to

text: March

question: What is the annual precipitation?

answer: 15 inches

text: 15 inches

question: How much precipitation does Heron recieve?

answer: 34.70 inches

text: 34.70 inches

question: How much precipitation does the  Grinnell Glacier recieve?

answer: 105 inches

text: 105 inches


text: The 1920s, with tourism at its peak, are considered by many historians as Atlantic City's golden age. During Prohibition, which was enacted nationally in 1919 and lasted until 1933, much liquor was consumed and gambling regularly took place in the back rooms of nightclubs and restaurants. It was during Prohibition that racketeer and political boss Enoch L. "Nucky" Johnson rose to power. Prohibition was largely unenforced in Atlantic City, and, because alcohol that had been smuggled into the city with the acquiescence of local officials could be readily obtained at restaurants and other establishments, the resort's popularity grew further. The city then dubbed itself as "The World's Playground". Nucky Johnson's income, which reached as much as $500,000 annually, came from the kickbacks he took on illegal liquor, gambling and prostitution operating in the city, as well as from kickbacks on construction projects.

title: Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey

title: Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey

text: The

text: with

text: tourism

text: at

text: its

text: peak

text: are

text: considered

text: by

text: many

text: historians

text: as

text: Atlantic

text: City

text: 's

text: golden

text: age

text: During

text: Prohibition

text: which

text: was

text: enacted

text: nationally

text: in

text: and

text: lasted

text: until

text: much

text: liquor

text: was

text: consumed

text: and

text: gambling

text: regularly

text: took

text: place

text: in

text: the

text: back

text: rooms

text: of

text: nightclubs

text: and

text: restaurants

text: It

text: was

text: during

text: Prohibition

text: that

text: racketeer

text: and

text: political

text: boss

text: Enoch

text: L.

text: Nucky

text: Johnson

text: rose

text: to

text: power

text: Prohibition

text: was

text: largely

text: unenforced

text: in

text: Atlantic

text: City

text: and

text: because

text: alcohol

text: that

text: had

text: been

text: smuggled

text: into

text: the

text: city

text: with

text: the

text: acquiescence

text: of

text: local

text: officials

text: could

text: be

text: readily

text: obtained

text: at

text: restaurants

text: and

text: other

text: establishments

text: the

text: resort

text: 's

text: popularity

text: grew

text: further

text: The

text: city

text: then

text: dubbed

text: itself

text: as

text: The

text: World

text: 's

text: Playground

text: Nucky

text: Johnson

text: 's

text: income

text: which

text: reached

text: as

text: much

text: as

text: annually

text: came

text: from

text: the

text: kickbacks

text: he

text: took

text: on

text: illegal

text: liquor

text: gambling

text: and

text: prostitution

text: operating

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: from

text: kickbacks

text: on

text: construction

text: projects

question: What years do many historians consider Atlantic City's golden age?

answer: 1920s

question: What year was Prohibition enacted nationally?

answer: 1919

question: During Prohibition what name was given to Atlantic City?

answer: The World's Playground

text: The World's Playground

question: During Prohibition how high was Nucky Johnson's income?

answer: as much as $500,000 annually

text: as much as $500,000 annually

question: How long did Prohibition last?

answer: until 1933

text: until 1933


text: Dell committed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from its global activities by 40% by 2015, with 2008 fiscal year as the baseline year. It is listed in Greenpeace’s Guide to Greener Electronics that scores leading electronics manufacturers according to their policies on sustainability, climate and energy and how green their products are. In November 2011, Dell ranked 2nd out of 15 listed electronics makers (increasing its score to 5.1 from 4.9, which it gained in the previous ranking from October 2010).

title: Dell

title: Dell

text: Dell

text: committed

text: to

text: reduce

text: greenhouse

text: gas

text: emissions

text: from

text: its

text: global

text: activities

text: by

text: by

text: with

text: fiscal

text: year

text: as

text: the

text: baseline

text: year

text: It

text: is

text: listed

text: in

text: Greenpeace

text: ’s

text: Guide

text: to

text: Greener

text: Electronics

text: that

text: scores

text: leading

text: electronics

text: manufacturers

text: according

text: to

text: their

text: policies

text: on

text: sustainability

text: climate

text: and

text: energy

text: and

text: how

text: green

text: their

text: products

text: are

text: In

text: November

text: Dell

text: ranked

text: out

text: of

text: listed

text: electronics

text: makers

text: increasing

text: its

text: score

text: to

text: from

text: which

text: it

text: gained

text: in

text: the

text: previous

text: ranking

text: from

text: October

question: What emissions did Dell strive to reduce?

answer: greenhouse gas

text: greenhouse gas

question: By 2015, how much did Dell slate to reduce its emissions?

answer: 40%

question: What year did Dell rank 2nd for product greenness?

answer: 2011

question: What organization scores electronics manufacturers based on how environmentally friendly their products are?

answer: Greenpeace

text: Greenpeace


text: When the war began, the French government ordered a blockade of the North German coasts, which the small North German navy (Norddeutsche Bundesmarine) with only five ironclads could do little to oppose. For most of the war, the three largest German ironclads were out of service with engine troubles; only the turret ship SMS Arminius was available to conduct operations. By the time engine repairs had been completed, the French fleet had already departed. The blockade proved only partially successful due to crucial oversights by the planners in Paris. Reservists that were supposed to be at the ready in case of war, were working in the Newfoundland fisheries or in Scotland. Only part of the 470-ship French Navy put to sea on 24 July. Before long, the French navy ran short of coal, needing 200 short tons (180 t) per day and having a bunker capacity in the fleet of only 250 short tons (230 t). A blockade of Wilhelmshaven failed and conflicting orders about operations in the Baltic Sea or a return to France, made the French naval efforts futile. Spotting a blockade-runner became unwelcome because of the question du charbon; pursuit of Prussian ships quickly depleted the coal reserves of the French ships.

title: Franco-Prussian_War

title: Franco

title: Prussian_War

text: When

text: the

text: war

text: began

text: the

text: French

text: government

text: ordered

text: a

text: blockade

text: of

text: the

text: North

text: German

text: coasts

text: which

text: the

text: small

text: North

text: German

text: navy

text: Norddeutsche

text: Bundesmarine

text: with

text: only

text: five

text: ironclads

text: could

text: do

text: little

text: to

text: oppose

text: For

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: war

text: the

text: three

text: largest

text: German

text: ironclads

text: were

text: out

text: of

text: service

text: with

text: engine

text: troubles

text: only

text: the

text: turret

text: ship

text: SMS

text: Arminius

text: was

text: available

text: to

text: conduct

text: operations

text: By

text: the

text: time

text: engine

text: repairs

text: had

text: been

text: completed

text: the

text: French

text: fleet

text: had

text: already

text: departed

text: The

text: blockade

text: proved

text: only

text: partially

text: successful

text: due

text: to

text: crucial

text: oversights

text: by

text: the

text: planners

text: in

text: Paris

text: Reservists

text: that

text: were

text: supposed

text: to

text: be

text: at

text: the

text: ready

text: in

text: case

text: of

text: war

text: were

text: working

text: in

text: the

text: Newfoundland

text: fisheries

text: or

text: in

text: Scotland

text: Only

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: Navy

text: put

text: to

text: sea

text: on

text: July

text: Before

text: long

text: the

text: French

text: navy

text: ran

text: short

text: of

text: coal

text: needing

text: short

text: tons

text: t

text: per

text: day

text: and

text: having

text: a

text: bunker

text: capacity

text: in

text: the

text: fleet

text: of

text: only

text: short

text: tons

text: t

text: A

text: blockade

text: of

text: Wilhelmshaven

text: failed

text: and

text: conflicting

text: orders

text: about

text: operations

text: in

text: the

text: Baltic

text: Sea

text: or

text: a

text: return

text: to

text: France

text: made

text: the

text: French

text: naval

text: efforts

text: futile

text: Spotting

text: a

text: blockade

text: runner

text: became

text: unwelcome

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: question

text: du

text: charbon

text: pursuit

text: of

text: Prussian

text: ships

text: quickly

text: depleted

text: the

text: coal

text: reserves

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: ships

question: A blockade of what coastline was ordered by the French government at the start of the war?

answer: North German coasts

text: North German coasts

question: The small North German navy had how many ironclads at their disposal?

answer: only five

text: only five

question: What was the name of the only turret ship that was able to conduct operations?

answer: SMS Arminius

text: SMS Arminius

question: How many ships was the French navy able to dispatch to sea?

answer: 470

question: In pursuing Prussian ships, what resource was quickly depleted?

answer: coal reserves

text: coal reserves


text: In 2015, fragments of a very early Quran, dating back to 1370 years ago, were discovered in the library of the University of Birmingham, England. According to the tests carried out by Oxford University Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, "with a probability of more than 95%, the parchment was from between 568 and 645". The manuscript is written in Hijazi script, an early form of written Arabic. This is possibly the earliest extant exemplar of the Quran, but as the tests allow a range of possible dates, it cannot be said with certainty which of the existing versions is the oldest. Saudi scholar Saud al-Sarhan has expressed doubt over the age of the fragments as they contain dots and chapter separators that are believed to have originated later.

title: Quran

title: Quran

text: In

text: fragments

text: of

text: a

text: very

text: early

text: Quran

text: dating

text: back

text: to

text: years

text: ago

text: were

text: discovered

text: in

text: the

text: library

text: of

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Birmingham

text: England

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: tests

text: carried

text: out

text: by

text: Oxford

text: University

text: Radiocarbon

text: Accelerator

text: Unit

text: with

text: a

text: probability

text: of

text: more

text: than

text: the

text: parchment

text: was

text: from

text: between

text: and

text: The

text: manuscript

text: is

text: written

text: in

text: Hijazi

text: script

text: an

text: early

text: form

text: of

text: written

text: Arabic

text: This

text: is

text: possibly

text: the

text: earliest

text: extant

text: exemplar

text: of

text: the

text: Quran

text: but

text: as

text: the

text: tests

text: allow

text: a

text: range

text: of

text: possible

text: dates

text: it

text: can

text: not

text: be

text: said

text: with

text: certainty

text: which

text: of

text: the

text: existing

text: versions

text: is

text: the

text: oldest

text: Saudi

text: scholar

text: Saud

text: al

text: Sarhan

text: has

text: expressed

text: doubt

text: over

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: the

text: fragments

text: as

text: they

text: contain

text: dots

text: and

text: chapter

text: separators

text: that

text: are

text: believed

text: to

text: have

text: originated

text: later

question: What script were the Birmingham Quran fragments written in?

answer: Hijazi

text: Hijazi

question: Which modern script descends from the script on the Birmingham Quran fragments?

answer: Arabic

text: Arabic

question: What feature of the Birmingham Quran fragments' text make some doubt that it is older than other known versions of the Quran?

answer: dots and chapter separators

text: dots and chapter separators

question: How many years old were the Quran fragments discovered in Birmingham in 2015?

answer: 1370


text: Coca-Cola's archrival PepsiCo declined to sponsor American Idol at the show's start. What the Los Angeles Times later called "missing one of the biggest marketing opportunities in a generation" contributed to Pepsi losing market share, by 2010 falling to third place from second in the United States. PepsiCo sponsored the American version of Cowell's The X Factor in hopes of not repeating its Idol mistake until its cancellation.

title: American_Idol

title: American_Idol

text: Coca

text: Cola

text: 's

text: archrival

text: PepsiCo

text: declined

text: to

text: sponsor

text: American

text: Idol

text: at

text: the

text: show

text: 's

text: start

text: What

text: the

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: Times

text: later

text: called

text: missing

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: biggest

text: marketing

text: opportunities

text: in

text: a

text: generation

text: contributed

text: to

text: Pepsi

text: losing

text: market

text: share

text: by

text: falling

text: to

text: third

text: place

text: from

text: second

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: PepsiCo

text: sponsored

text: the

text: American

text: version

text: of

text: Cowell

text: 's

text: The

text: X

text: Factor

text: in

text: hopes

text: of

text: not

text: repeating

text: its

text: Idol

text: mistake

text: until

text: its

text: cancellation

question: Which major drink manufacturer decided at the beginning of American Idol not to be a sponsor?

answer: PepsiCo

text: PepsiCo

question: What show did PepsiCo begin sponsoring in hopes of not missing another opportunity like American Idol?

answer: The X Factor

text: The X Factor

question: Which soda company did not want to sponsor American Idol?

answer: PepsiCo

text: PepsiCo

question: In hopes of not repeating another mistake, which show did PepsiCo sponsor?

answer: The X Factor

text: The X Factor

question: PepsiCo fell to what place by 2010, which is in part credited with refusing to sponsor American Idol?

answer: third

text: third


text: Ethnic tensions had escalated between the Armenians and Azerbaijanis in spring and summer 1988. On January 9, 1990, after the Armenian parliament voted to include Nagorno-Karabakh within its budget, renewed fighting broke out, hostages were taken, and four Soviet soldiers were killed. On January 11, Popular Front radicals stormed party buildings and effectively overthrew the communist powers in the southern town of Lenkoran. Gorbachev resolved to regain control of Azerbaijan; the events that ensued are known as "Black January." Late on January 19, 1990, after blowing up the central television station and cutting the phone and radio lines, 26,000 Soviet troops entered the Azerbaijani capital Baku, smashing barricades, attacking protesters, and firing into crowds. On that night and during subsequent confrontations (which lasted until February), more than 130 people died – the majority of whom were civilians. More than 700 civilians were wounded, hundreds were detained, but only a few were actually tried for alleged criminal offenses.

title: Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

title: Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

text: Ethnic

text: tensions

text: had

text: escalated

text: between

text: the

text: Armenians

text: and

text: Azerbaijanis

text: in

text: spring

text: and

text: summer

text: On

text: January

text: after

text: the

text: Armenian

text: parliament

text: voted

text: to

text: include

text: Nagorno

text: Karabakh

text: within

text: its

text: budget

text: renewed

text: fighting

text: broke

text: out

text: hostages

text: were

text: taken

text: and

text: four

text: Soviet

text: soldiers

text: were

text: killed

text: On

text: January

text: Popular

text: Front

text: radicals

text: stormed

text: party

text: buildings

text: and

text: effectively

text: overthrew

text: the

text: communist

text: powers

text: in

text: the

text: southern

text: town

text: of

text: Lenkoran

text: Gorbachev

text: resolved

text: to

text: regain

text: control

text: of

text: Azerbaijan

text: the

text: events

text: that

text: ensued

text: are

text: known

text: as

text: Black

text: January

text: Late

text: on

text: January

text: after

text: blowing

text: up

text: the

text: central

text: television

text: station

text: and

text: cutting

text: the

text: phone

text: and

text: radio

text: lines

text: Soviet

text: troops

text: entered

text: the

text: Azerbaijani

text: capital

text: Baku

text: smashing

text: barricades

text: attacking

text: protesters

text: and

text: firing

text: into

text: crowds

text: On

text: that

text: night

text: and

text: during

text: subsequent

text: confrontations

text: which

text: lasted

text: until

text: February

text: more

text: than

text: people

text: died

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: whom

text: were

text: civilians

text: More

text: than

text: civilians

text: were

text: wounded

text: hundreds

text: were

text: detained

text: but

text: only

text: a

text: few

text: were

text: actually

text: tried

text: for

text: alleged

text: criminal

text: offenses

question: Which two groups saw increasing ethnic conflicts in 1988?

answer: Armenians and Azerbaijanis

text: Armenians and Azerbaijanis

question: Who was killed in the January 9 riots?

answer: four Soviet soldiers

text: four Soviet soldiers

question: How many people died in the Soviet response to the clashes?

answer: more than 130

text: more than 130

question: What were the January incidents called?

answer: Black January

text: Black January

question: How many Soviet troops occupied Baku?

answer: 26,000


text: Unlike in Westminster style legislatures or as with the Senate Majority Leader, the House Majority Leader's duties and prominence vary depending upon the style and power of the Speaker of the House. Typically, the Speaker does not participate in debate and rarely votes on the floor. In some cases, Majority Leaders have been more influential than the Speaker; notably Tom DeLay who was more prominent than Speaker Dennis Hastert. In addition, Speaker Newt Gingrich delegated to Dick Armey an unprecedented level of authority over scheduling legislation on the House floor.

title: Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives

text: Unlike

text: in

text: Westminster

text: style

text: legislatures

text: or

text: as

text: with

text: the

text: Senate

text: Majority

text: Leader

text: the

text: House

text: Majority

text: Leader

text: 's

text: duties

text: and

text: prominence

text: vary

text: depending

text: upon

text: the

text: style

text: and

text: power

text: of

text: the

text: Speaker

text: of

text: the

text: House

text: Typically

text: the

text: Speaker

text: does

text: not

text: participate

text: in

text: debate

text: and

text: rarely

text: votes

text: on

text: the

text: floor

text: In

text: some

text: cases

text: Majority

text: Leaders

text: have

text: been

text: more

text: influential

text: than

text: the

text: Speaker

text: notably

text: Tom

text: DeLay

text: who

text: was

text: more

text: prominent

text: than

text: Speaker

text: Dennis

text: Hastert

text: In

text: addition

text: Speaker

text: Newt

text: Gingrich

text: delegated

text: to

text: Dick

text: Armey

text: an

text: unprecedented

text: level

text: of

text: authority

text: over

text: scheduling

text: legislation

text: on

text: the

text: House

text: floor

question: Does speaker of the House participate in dbate?

answer: Typically, the Speaker does not participate in debate

text: Typically, the Speaker does not participate in debate

question: Are snate majority leaders more influential than Speaker of the house??

answer: Majority Leaders have been more influential than the Speaker

text: Majority Leaders have been more influential than the Speaker

question: Who did Newt Gingrich delegate much authority to?

answer: Dick Armey

text: Dick Armey

question: Who was speaker of the house When Tom Delay was Majority leader?

answer: Dennis Hastert

text: Dennis Hastert


text: In 1965, Pope Paul VI decreed in his motu proprio Ad Purpuratorum Patrum that patriarchs of the Eastern Catholic Churches who were named cardinals (i.e., patriarch cardinals) would also be part of the episcopal order, ranking after the six cardinal bishops of the suburbicarian sees (who had been relieved of direct responsibilities for those sees by Pope John XXIII three years earlier). Patriarch cardinals do not receive title of a suburbicarian see, and as such they cannot elect the dean or become dean. There are currently three Eastern Patriarchs who are cardinal bishops:

title: Cardinal_(Catholicism)

title: Cardinal_(Catholicism

text: In

text: Pope

text: Paul

text: VI

text: decreed

text: in

text: his

text: motu

text: proprio

text: Ad

text: Purpuratorum

text: Patrum

text: that

text: patriarchs

text: of

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Catholic

text: Churches

text: who

text: were

text: named

text: cardinals

text: i.e.

text: patriarch

text: cardinals

text: would

text: also

text: be

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: episcopal

text: order

text: ranking

text: after

text: the

text: six

text: cardinal

text: bishops

text: of

text: the

text: suburbicarian

text: sees

text: who

text: had

text: been

text: relieved

text: of

text: direct

text: responsibilities

text: for

text: those

text: sees

text: by

text: Pope

text: John

text: XXIII

text: three

text: years

text: earlier

text: Patriarch

text: cardinals

text: do

text: not

text: receive

text: title

text: of

text: a

text: suburbicarian

text: see

text: and

text: as

text: such

text: they

text: can

text: not

text: elect

text: the

text: dean

text: or

text: become

text: dean

text: There

text: are

text: currently

text: three

text: Eastern

text: Patriarchs

text: who

text: are

text: cardinal

text: bishops

question: Patriarch cardinals are not given what title?

answer: a suburbicarian see

text: a suburbicarian see