text: Environmental sustainability has become a mainstream issue, with profound effect on the architectural profession. Many developers, those who support the financing of buildings, have become educated to encourage the facilitation of environmentally sustainable design, rather than solutions based primarily on immediate cost. Major examples of this can be found in Passive solar building design, greener roof designs, biodegradable materials, and more attention to a structure's energy usage. This major shift in architecture has also changed architecture schools to focus more on the environment. Sustainability in architecture was pioneered by Frank Lloyd Wright, in the 1960s by Buckminster Fuller and in the 1970s by architects such as Ian McHarg and Sim Van der Ryn in the US and Brenda and Robert Vale in the UK and New Zealand. There has been an acceleration in the number of buildings which seek to meet green building sustainable design principles. Sustainable practices that were at the core of vernacular architecture increasingly provide inspiration for environmentally and socially sustainable contemporary techniques. The U.S. Green Building Council's LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) rating system has been instrumental in this.

title: Architecture

title: Architecture

text: Environmental

text: sustainability

text: has

text: become

text: a

text: mainstream

text: issue

text: with

text: profound

text: effect

text: on

text: the

text: architectural

text: profession

text: Many

text: developers

text: those

text: who

text: support

text: the

text: financing

text: of

text: buildings

text: have

text: become

text: educated

text: to

text: encourage

text: the

text: facilitation

text: of

text: environmentally

text: sustainable

text: design

text: rather

text: than

text: solutions

text: based

text: primarily

text: on

text: immediate

text: cost

text: Major

text: examples

text: of

text: this

text: can

text: be

text: found

text: in

text: Passive

text: solar

text: building

text: design

text: greener

text: roof

text: designs

text: biodegradable

text: materials

text: and

text: more

text: attention

text: to

text: a

text: structure

text: 's

text: energy

text: usage

text: This

text: major

text: shift

text: in

text: architecture

text: has

text: also

text: changed

text: architecture

text: schools

text: to

text: focus

text: more

text: on

text: the

text: environment

text: Sustainability

text: in

text: architecture

text: was

text: pioneered

text: by

text: Frank

text: Lloyd

text: Wright

text: in

text: the

text: by

text: Buckminster

text: Fuller

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: by

text: architects

text: such

text: as

text: Ian

text: McHarg

text: and

text: Sim

text: Van

text: der

text: Ryn

text: in

text: the

text: US

text: and

text: Brenda

text: and

text: Robert

text: Vale

text: in

text: the

text: UK

text: and

text: New

text: Zealand

text: There

text: has

text: been

text: an

text: acceleration

text: in

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: buildings

text: which

text: seek

text: to

text: meet

text: green

text: building

text: sustainable

text: design

text: principles

text: Sustainable

text: practices

text: that

text: were

text: at

text: the

text: core

text: of

text: vernacular

text: architecture

text: increasingly

text: provide

text: inspiration

text: for

text: environmentally

text: and

text: socially

text: sustainable

text: contemporary

text: techniques

text: The

text: U.S.

text: Green

text: Building

text: Council

text: 's

text: LEED

text: Leadership

text: in

text: Energy

text: and

text: Environmental

text: Design

text: rating

text: system

text: has

text: been

text: instrumental

text: in

text: this

question: What issue has moved to the forefront in recent years?

answer: Environmental sustainability

text: Environmental sustainability

question: What do architecture schools look at more and more nowadays?

answer: the environment

text: the environment

question: Who was the first to design architecture environmentally?

answer: Frank Lloyd Wright

text: Frank Lloyd Wright

question: Who was known for focusing on the environment in the 1960s?

answer: Buckminster Fuller

text: Buckminster Fuller

question: What organization's rating system promotes sustainability?

answer: The U.S. Green Building Council

text: The U.S. Green Building Council


text: At the start of her reign Victoria was popular, but her reputation suffered in an 1839 court intrigue when one of her mother's ladies-in-waiting, Lady Flora Hastings, developed an abdominal growth that was widely rumoured to be an out-of-wedlock pregnancy by Sir John Conroy. Victoria believed the rumours. She hated Conroy, and despised "that odious Lady Flora", because she had conspired with Conroy and the Duchess of Kent in the Kensington System. At first, Lady Flora refused to submit to a naked medical examination, until in mid-February she eventually agreed, and was found to be a virgin. Conroy, the Hastings family and the opposition Tories organised a press campaign implicating the Queen in the spreading of false rumours about Lady Flora. When Lady Flora died in July, the post-mortem revealed a large tumour on her liver that had distended her abdomen. At public appearances, Victoria was hissed and jeered as "Mrs. Melbourne".

title: Queen_Victoria

title: Queen_Victoria

text: At

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: her

text: reign

text: Victoria

text: was

text: popular

text: but

text: her

text: reputation

text: suffered

text: in

text: an

text: court

text: intrigue

text: when

text: one

text: of

text: her

text: mother

text: 's

text: ladies

text: in

text: waiting

text: Lady

text: Flora

text: Hastings

text: developed

text: an

text: abdominal

text: growth

text: that

text: was

text: widely

text: rumoured

text: to

text: be

text: an

text: out

text: of

text: wedlock

text: pregnancy

text: by

text: Sir

text: John

text: Conroy

text: Victoria

text: believed

text: the

text: rumours

text: She

text: hated

text: Conroy

text: and

text: despised

text: that

text: odious

text: Lady

text: Flora

text: because

text: she

text: had

text: conspired

text: with

text: Conroy

text: and

text: the

text: Duchess

text: of

text: Kent

text: in

text: the

text: Kensington

text: System

text: At

text: first

text: Lady

text: Flora

text: refused

text: to

text: submit

text: to

text: a

text: naked

text: medical

text: examination

text: until

text: in

text: mid

text: February

text: she

text: eventually

text: agreed

text: and

text: was

text: found

text: to

text: be

text: a

text: virgin

text: Conroy

text: the

text: Hastings

text: family

text: and

text: the

text: opposition

text: Tories

text: organised

text: a

text: press

text: campaign

text: implicating

text: the

text: Queen

text: in

text: the

text: spreading

text: of

text: false

text: rumours

text: about

text: Lady

text: Flora

text: When

text: Lady

text: Flora

text: died

text: in

text: July

text: the

text: post

text: mortem

text: revealed

text: a

text: large

text: tumour

text: on

text: her

text: liver

text: that

text: had

text: distended

text: her

text: abdomen

text: At

text: public

text: appearances

text: Victoria

text: was

text: hissed

text: and

text: jeered

text: as

text: Mrs.

text: Melbourne

question: What health issue did Flora hastings develope that began to ruin Victorias reputation?

answer: an abdominal growth

text: an abdominal growth

question: What was the job of lady Flora Hastings in Victorias household?

answer: one of her mother's ladies-in-waiting

text: one of her mother's ladies-in-waiting

question: What was Flora hastings abdominal growth rumored to be?

answer: an out-of-wedlock pregnancy

text: an out-of-wedlock pregnancy

question: Who was rumored to be the father of Flora Hastings "pregnancy"?

answer: Sir John Conroy

text: Sir John Conroy

question: What year did Victorias reputation begin to suffer?

answer: 1839

question: What lady in waiting was at the heart of a 1839 court scandal?

answer: Lady Flora Hastings

text: Lady Flora Hastings

question: What was the cause of Lady Flora's death in July?

answer: large tumour on her liver

text: large tumour on her liver

question: With whom did Lady Flora consipire against Queen Victoria?

answer: Conroy and the Duchess of Kent

text: Conroy and the Duchess of Kent

question: What was Queen Victoria called after Lady Flora's death due?

answer: Mrs. Melbourne

text: Mrs. Melbourne

question: Who, in Victoria's court, was accused of having a pregnancy outside of mariage?

answer: one of her mother's ladies-in-waiting, Lady Flora Hastings

text: one of her mother's ladies-in-waiting, Lady Flora Hastings

question: Who was believed to be the father of Lady Flor's "baby"?

answer: Sir John Conroy

text: Sir John Conroy

question: What did Victoria think of Lady Flora?

answer: despised

text: despised

question: Why did Victoria hate Sir Conroy and Lady Flora?

answer: the Kensington System

text: the Kensington System

question: What was actually the cause of Lady Flora's "pregnancy"?

answer: large tumour on her liver that had distended her abdomen

text: large tumour on her liver that had distended her abdomen


text: In the Roman Church, universal positive ecclesiastical laws, based upon either immutable divine and natural law, or changeable circumstantial and merely positive law, derive formal authority and promulgation from the office of pope, who as Supreme Pontiff possesses the totality of legislative, executive, and judicial power in his person. The actual subject material of the canons is not just doctrinal or moral in nature, but all-encompassing of the human condition.

title: Canon_law

title: Canon_law

text: In

text: the

text: Roman

text: Church

text: universal

text: positive

text: ecclesiastical

text: laws

text: based

text: upon

text: either

text: immutable

text: divine

text: and

text: natural

text: law

text: or

text: changeable

text: circumstantial

text: and

text: merely

text: positive

text: law

text: derive

text: formal

text: authority

text: and

text: promulgation

text: from

text: the

text: office

text: of

text: pope

text: who

text: as

text: Supreme

text: Pontiff

text: possesses

text: the

text: totality

text: of

text: legislative

text: executive

text: and

text: judicial

text: power

text: in

text: his

text: person

text: The

text: actual

text: subject

text: material

text: of

text: the

text: canons

text: is

text: not

text: just

text: doctrinal

text: or

text: moral

text: in

text: nature

text: but

text: all

text: encompassing

text: of

text: the

text: human

text: condition

question: What are the permanent sources of positive ecclesiastical law?

answer: immutable divine and natural law

text: immutable divine and natural law

question: What are the impermanent sources of positive ecclesiastical law?

answer: changeable circumstantial and merely positive law

text: changeable circumstantial and merely positive law

question: What is given to the universal positive law of the Roman Catholic Church by its leader?

answer: formal authority and promulgation

text: formal authority and promulgation

question: What is the pope's official title?

answer: Supreme Pontiff

text: Supreme Pontiff

question: What three divisions of power often found in government does the pope hold?

answer: legislative, executive, and judicial

text: legislative, executive, and judicial


text: In Britain and some other armies, the single artillery branch has been responsible for both home and overseas ground-based air defence, although there was divided responsibility with the Royal Navy for air defence of the British Isles in World War I. However, during the Second World War the RAF Regiment was formed to protect airfields everywhere, and this included light air defences. In the later decades of the Cold War this included the United States Air Force's operating bases in UK. However, all ground-based air defence was removed from Royal Air Force (RAF) jurisdiction in 2004. The British Army's Anti-Aircraft Command was disbanded in March 1955, but during the 1960s and 1970s the RAF's Fighter Command operated long-range air -defence missiles to protect key areas in the UK. During World War II the Royal Marines also provided air defence units; formally part of the mobile naval base defence organisation, they were handled as an integral part of the army-commanded ground based air defences.

title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

title: Anti

title: aircraft_warfare

text: In

text: Britain

text: and

text: some

text: other

text: armies

text: the

text: single

text: artillery

text: branch

text: has

text: been

text: responsible

text: for

text: both

text: home

text: and

text: overseas

text: ground

text: based

text: air

text: defence

text: although

text: there

text: was

text: divided

text: responsibility

text: with

text: the

text: Royal

text: Navy

text: for

text: air

text: defence

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: Isles

text: in

text: World

text: War

text: I.

text: However

text: during

text: the

text: Second

text: World

text: War

text: the

text: RAF

text: Regiment

text: was

text: formed

text: to

text: protect

text: airfields

text: everywhere

text: and

text: this

text: included

text: light

text: air

text: defences

text: In

text: the

text: later

text: decades

text: of

text: the

text: Cold

text: War

text: this

text: included

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Air

text: Force

text: 's

text: operating

text: bases

text: in

text: UK

text: However

text: all

text: ground

text: based

text: air

text: defence

text: was

text: removed

text: from

text: Royal

text: Air

text: Force

text: RAF

text: jurisdiction

text: in

text: The

text: British

text: Army

text: 's

text: Anti

text: Aircraft

text: Command

text: was

text: disbanded

text: in

text: March

text: but

text: during

text: the

text: and

text: the

text: RAF

text: 's

text: Fighter

text: Command

text: operated

text: long

text: range

text: air

text: -defence

text: missiles

text: to

text: protect

text: key

text: areas

text: in

text: the

text: UK

text: During

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: the

text: Royal

text: Marines

text: also

text: provided

text: air

text: defence

text: units

text: formally

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: mobile

text: naval

text: base

text: defence

text: organisation

text: they

text: were

text: handled

text: as

text: an

text: integral

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: army

text: commanded

text: ground

text: based

text: air

text: defences

question: Who provided part of the air defence of the British Isles in WWI

answer: Royal Navy

text: Royal Navy

question: Who protected airfields in WWII?

answer: RAF Regiment

text: RAF Regiment

question: The United States Air Force helped protect the UK during what 'war'?

answer: Cold War

text: Cold War

question: What year was ground-based air defence taken from RAF?

answer: 2004

question: What was disbanded in 1955?

answer: British Army's Anti-Aircraft Command

text: British Army's Anti-Aircraft Command


text: The Samoan islands have been produced by vulcanism, the source of which is the Samoa hotspot which is probably the result of a mantle plume. While all of the islands have volcanic origins, only Savai'i, the western most island in Samoa, is volcanically active with the most recent eruptions in Mt Matavanu (1905–1911), Mata o le Afi (1902) and Mauga Afi (1725). The highest point in Samoa is Mt Silisili, at 1858 m (6,096 ft). The Saleaula lava fields situated on the central north coast of Savai'i are the result of the Mt Matavanu eruptions which left 50 km² (20 sq mi) of solidified lava.

title: Samoa

title: Samoa

text: The

text: Samoan

text: islands

text: have

text: been

text: produced

text: by

text: vulcanism

text: the

text: source

text: of

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: Samoa

text: hotspot

text: which

text: is

text: probably

text: the

text: result

text: of

text: a

text: mantle

text: plume

text: While

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: islands

text: have

text: volcanic

text: origins

text: only

text: Savai'i

text: the

text: western

text: most

text: island

text: in

text: Samoa

text: is

text: volcanically

text: active

text: with

text: the

text: most

text: recent

text: eruptions

text: in

text: Mt

text: Matavanu

text: Mata

text: o

text: le

text: Afi

text: and

text: Mauga

text: Afi

text: The

text: highest

text: point

text: in

text: Samoa

text: is

text: Mt

text: Silisili

text: at

text: m

text: ft

text: The

text: Saleaula

text: lava

text: fields

text: situated

text: on

text: the

text: central

text: north

text: coast

text: of

text: Savai'i

text: are

text: the

text: result

text: of

text: the

text: Mt

text: Matavanu

text: eruptions

text: which

text: left

text: sq

text: mi

text: of

text: solidified

text: lava

question: What natural process formed the land masses that would become the Samoan islands?

answer: vulcanism

text: vulcanism

question: Which of the Samoan islands has active volcanoes?

answer: Savai'i

text: Savai'i

question: What's the name of the highest peak in Samoa?

answer: Mt Silisili,

text: Mt Silisili,

question: How many meters is 6,096 feet?

answer: 1858

question: What volcano created the Saleaula lava fields?

answer: Mt Matavanu

text: Mt Matavanu


text: Friedrich Hayek CH (German: [ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈaʊ̯ɡʊst ˈhaɪ̯ɛk]; 8 May 1899 – 23 March 1992), born in Austria-Hungary as Friedrich August von Hayek and frequently referred to as F. A. Hayek, was an Austrian and British economist and philosopher best known for his defense of classical liberalism. Hayek shared the 1974 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with Gunnar Myrdal for his "pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and ... penetrating analysis of the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena."

title: Friedrich_Hayek

title: Friedrich_Hayek

text: Friedrich

text: Hayek

text: CH

text: German

text: ˈfʁiːdʁɪç

text: ˈaʊ̯ɡʊst

text: ˈhaɪ̯ɛk

text: May

text: March

text: born

text: in

text: Austria

text: Hungary

text: as

text: Friedrich

text: August

text: von

text: Hayek

text: and

text: frequently

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: F.

text: A.

text: Hayek

text: was

text: an

text: Austrian

text: and

text: British

text: economist

text: and

text: philosopher

text: best

text: known

text: for

text: his

text: defense

text: of

text: classical

text: liberalism

text: Hayek

text: shared

text: the

text: Nobel

text: Memorial

text: Prize

text: in

text: Economic

text: Sciences

text: with

text: Gunnar

text: Myrdal

text: for

text: his

text: pioneering

text: work

text: in

text: the

text: theory

text: of

text: money

text: and

text: economic

text: fluctuations

text: and

text: penetrating

text: analysis

text: of

text: the

text: interdependence

text: of

text: economic

text: social

text: and

text: institutional

text: phenomena

question: In which nation was Friedrich Hayek born?

answer: Austria-Hungary

text: Austria-Hungary

question: Friedrich Hayek name was commonly shortened to what?

answer: F. A. Hayek

text: F. A. Hayek

question: What award did Hayek receive in 1974?

answer: Nobel Memorial Prize

text: Nobel Memorial Prize

question: With whom did Hayek share his 1974 award?

answer: Gunnar Myrdal

text: Gunnar Myrdal

question: Along with being an economist, what else was Hayek known as?

answer: philosopher

text: philosopher


text: In the 20th century, as Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, and Wuhan had all been occupied by the Japanese during the Second Sino-Japanese War, the capital of the Republic of China had been temporary relocated to Chongqing, then a major city in Sichuan. An enduring legacy of this move is that nearby inland provinces, such as Shaanxi, Gansu, and Guizhou, which previously never had modern Western-style universities, began to be developed in this regard. The difficulty of accessing the region overland from the eastern part of China and the foggy climate hindering the accuracy of Japanese bombing of the Sichuan Basin, made the region the stronghold of Chiang Kai-Shek's Kuomintang government during 1938-45, and led to the Bombing of Chongqing.

title: Sichuan

title: Sichuan

text: In

text: the

text: century

text: as

text: Beijing

text: Shanghai

text: Nanjing

text: and

text: Wuhan

text: had

text: all

text: been

text: occupied

text: by

text: the

text: Japanese

text: during

text: the

text: Second

text: Sino

text: Japanese

text: War

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: had

text: been

text: temporary

text: relocated

text: to

text: Chongqing

text: then

text: a

text: major

text: city

text: in

text: Sichuan

text: An

text: enduring

text: legacy

text: of

text: this

text: move

text: is

text: that

text: nearby

text: inland

text: provinces

text: such

text: as

text: Shaanxi

text: Gansu

text: and

text: Guizhou

text: which

text: previously

text: never

text: had

text: modern

text: Western

text: style

text: universities

text: began

text: to

text: be

text: developed

text: in

text: this

text: regard

text: The

text: difficulty

text: of

text: accessing

text: the

text: region

text: overland

text: from

text: the

text: eastern

text: part

text: of

text: China

text: and

text: the

text: foggy

text: climate

text: hindering

text: the

text: accuracy

text: of

text: Japanese

text: bombing

text: of

text: the

text: Sichuan

text: Basin

text: made

text: the

text: region

text: the

text: stronghold

text: of

text: Chiang

text: Kai

text: Shek

text: 's

text: Kuomintang

text: government

text: during

text: and

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: Bombing

text: of

text: Chongqing

question: To which city was the Chinese capitol relocated to during Japanese occupation in the 20th century?

answer: Chongqing

text: Chongqing

question: What are some major cities occupied by the Chinese during the Second Sino-Japanese War?

answer: Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, and Wuhan

text: Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, and Wuhan

question: What are some inland provinces that began to develop modern, westernized education systems?

answer: Shaanxi, Gansu, and Guizhou

text: Shaanxi, Gansu, and Guizhou

question: What are some reasons for the lack of accurate Japanese bombing during the Second Sino-Japanese War in the Sichuan Basin?

answer: The difficulty of accessing the region overland from the eastern part of China and the foggy climate

text: The difficulty of accessing the region overland from the eastern part of China and the foggy climate


text: Originally, Dell did not emphasize the consumer market, due to the higher costs and unacceptably low profit margins in selling to individuals and households; this changed when the company’s Internet site took off in 1996 and 1997. While the industry’s average selling price to individuals was going down, Dell's was going up, as second- and third-time computer buyers who wanted powerful computers with multiple features and did not need much technical support were choosing Dell. Dell found an opportunity among PC-savvy individuals who liked the convenience of buying direct, customizing their PC to their means, and having it delivered in days. In early 1997, Dell created an internal sales and marketing group dedicated to serving the home market and introduced a product line designed especially for individual users.

title: Dell

title: Dell

text: Originally

text: Dell

text: did

text: not

text: emphasize

text: the

text: consumer

text: market

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: higher

text: costs

text: and

text: unacceptably

text: low

text: profit

text: margins

text: in

text: selling

text: to

text: individuals

text: and

text: households

text: this

text: changed

text: when

text: the

text: company

text: ’s

text: Internet

text: site

text: took

text: off

text: in

text: and

text: While

text: the

text: industry

text: ’s

text: average

text: selling

text: price

text: to

text: individuals

text: was

text: going

text: down

text: Dell

text: 's

text: was

text: going

text: up

text: as

text: second-

text: and

text: third

text: time

text: computer

text: buyers

text: who

text: wanted

text: powerful

text: computers

text: with

text: multiple

text: features

text: and

text: did

text: not

text: need

text: much

text: technical

text: support

text: were

text: choosing

text: Dell

text: Dell

text: found

text: an

text: opportunity

text: among

text: PC

text: savvy

text: individuals

text: who

text: liked

text: the

text: convenience

text: of

text: buying

text: direct

text: customizing

text: their

text: PC

text: to

text: their

text: means

text: and

text: having

text: it

text: delivered

text: in

text: days

text: In

text: early

text: Dell

text: created

text: an

text: internal

text: sales

text: and

text: marketing

text: group

text: dedicated

text: to

text: serving

text: the

text: home

text: market

text: and

text: introduced

text: a

text: product

text: line

text: designed

text: especially

text: for

text: individual

text: users

question: What market did Dell ignore at first?

answer: consumer market

text: consumer market

question: When did Dell's internet site gain popularity?

answer: 1996

question: What was happening to Dell's average sale to individuals?

answer: going up

text: going up

question: When did Dell create their internal marketing group?

answer: 1997


text: Realizing that war was imminent, Prussia preemptively struck Saxony and quickly overran it. The result caused uproar across Europe. Because of Prussia's alliance with Britain, Austria formed an alliance with France, seeing an opportunity to recapture Silesia, which had been lost in a previous war. Reluctantly, by following the imperial diet, most of the states of the empire joined Austria's cause. The Anglo-Prussian alliance was joined by smaller German states (especially Hanover). Sweden, fearing Prussia's expansionist tendencies, went to war in 1757 to protect its Baltic dominions, seeing its chance when virtually all of Europe opposed Prussia. Spain, bound by the Pacte de Famille, intervened on behalf of France and together they launched a disastrous invasion of Portugal in 1762. The Russian Empire was originally aligned with Austria, fearing Prussia's ambition on the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, but switched sides upon the succession of Tsar Peter III in 1762.

title: Seven_Years%27_War

title: Seven_Years%27_War

text: Realizing

text: that

text: war

text: was

text: imminent

text: Prussia

text: preemptively

text: struck

text: Saxony

text: and

text: quickly

text: overran

text: it

text: The

text: result

text: caused

text: uproar

text: across

text: Europe

text: Because

text: of

text: Prussia

text: 's

text: alliance

text: with

text: Britain

text: Austria

text: formed

text: an

text: alliance

text: with

text: France

text: seeing

text: an

text: opportunity

text: to

text: recapture

text: Silesia

text: which

text: had

text: been

text: lost

text: in

text: a

text: previous

text: war

text: Reluctantly

text: by

text: following

text: the

text: imperial

text: diet

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: states

text: of

text: the

text: empire

text: joined

text: Austria

text: 's

text: cause

text: The

text: Anglo

text: Prussian

text: alliance

text: was

text: joined

text: by

text: smaller

text: German

text: states

text: especially

text: Hanover

text: Sweden

text: fearing

text: Prussia

text: 's

text: expansionist

text: tendencies

text: went

text: to

text: war

text: in

text: to

text: protect

text: its

text: Baltic

text: dominions

text: seeing

text: its

text: chance

text: when

text: virtually

text: all

text: of

text: Europe

text: opposed

text: Prussia

text: Spain

text: bound

text: by

text: the

text: Pacte

text: de

text: Famille

text: intervened

text: on

text: behalf

text: of

text: France

text: and

text: together

text: they

text: launched

text: a

text: disastrous

text: invasion

text: of

text: Portugal

text: in

text: The

text: Russian

text: Empire

text: was

text: originally

text: aligned

text: with

text: Austria

text: fearing

text: Prussia

text: 's

text: ambition

text: on

text: the

text: Polish

text: Lithuanian

text: Commonwealth

text: but

text: switched

text: sides

text: upon

text: the

text: succession

text: of

text: Tsar

text: Peter

text: III

text: in

question: What was Sweden's motivation to join the war?

answer: Sweden, fearing Prussia's expansionist tendencies, went to war in 1757 to protect its Baltic dominions,

text: Sweden, fearing Prussia's expansionist tendencies, went to war in 1757 to protect its Baltic dominions,

question: What country did Spain invade?

answer: Spain, bound by the Pacte de Famille, intervened on behalf of France and together they launched a disastrous invasion of Portugal

text: Spain, bound by the Pacte de Famille, intervened on behalf of France and together they launched a disastrous invasion of Portugal

question: When did Spain invade?

answer: Spain, bound by the Pacte de Famille, intervened on behalf of France and together they launched a disastrous invasion of Portugal in 1762

text: Spain, bound by the Pacte de Famille, intervened on behalf of France and together they launched a disastrous invasion of Portugal in 1762

question: What region did Austria hope to recapture?

answer: Austria formed an alliance with France, seeing an opportunity to recapture Silesia, which had been lost in a previous war

text: Austria formed an alliance with France, seeing an opportunity to recapture Silesia, which had been lost in a previous war

question: What was the result of the invasion by Spain?

answer: Spain, bound by the Pacte de Famille, intervened on behalf of France and together they launched a disastrous invasion

text: Spain, bound by the Pacte de Famille, intervened on behalf of France and together they launched a disastrous invasion


text: Conflict with Arius and Arianism as well as successive Roman emperors shaped Athanasius's career. In 325, at the age of 27, Athanasius began his leading role against the Arians as his bishop's assistant during the First Council of Nicaea. Roman emperor Constantine the Great had convened the council in May–August 325 to address the Arian position that the Son of God, Jesus of Nazareth, is of a distinct substance from the Father. Three years after that council, Athanasius succeeded his mentor as archbishop of Alexandria. In addition to the conflict with the Arians (including powerful and influential Arian churchmen led by Eusebius of Nicomedia), he struggled against the Emperors Constantine, Constantius II, Julian the Apostate and Valens. He was known as "Athanasius Contra Mundum" (Latin for Athanasius Against the World).

title: Athanasius_of_Alexandria

title: Athanasius_of_Alexandria

text: Conflict

text: with

text: Arius

text: and

text: Arianism

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: successive

text: Roman

text: emperors

text: shaped

text: Athanasius

text: 's

text: career

text: In

text: at

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: Athanasius

text: began

text: his

text: leading

text: role

text: against

text: the

text: Arians

text: as

text: his

text: bishop

text: 's

text: assistant

text: during

text: the

text: First

text: Council

text: of

text: Nicaea

text: Roman

text: emperor

text: Constantine

text: the

text: Great

text: had

text: convened

text: the

text: council

text: in

text: May

text: August

text: to

text: address

text: the

text: Arian

text: position

text: that

text: the

text: Son

text: of

text: God

text: Jesus

text: of

text: Nazareth

text: is

text: of

text: a

text: distinct

text: substance

text: from

text: the

text: Father

text: Three

text: years

text: after

text: that

text: council

text: Athanasius

text: succeeded

text: his

text: mentor

text: as

text: archbishop

text: of

text: Alexandria

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: the

text: conflict

text: with

text: the

text: Arians

text: including

text: powerful

text: and

text: influential

text: Arian

text: churchmen

text: led

text: by

text: Eusebius

text: of

text: Nicomedia

text: he

text: struggled

text: against

text: the

text: Emperors

text: Constantine

text: Constantius

text: II

text: Julian

text: the

text: Apostate

text: and

text: Valens

text: He

text: was

text: known

text: as

text: Athanasius

text: Contra

text: Mundum

text: Latin

text: for

text: Athanasius

text: Against

text: the

text: World

question: Athanasius began his leading role at what age?

answer: 27

question: In what year was the First Council of Nicaea?

answer: 325

question: Athanasius was also known as what?

answer: Athanasius Contra Mundum

text: Athanasius Contra Mundum

question: How many years after the First Council of Nicaea did Athanasius become archbishop?

answer: Three years

text: Three years

question: Who is one emporer Athanasius struggled against?

answer: Constantine

text: Constantine

question: What conflict shaped his career?

answer: Conflict with Arius and Arianism

text: Conflict with Arius and Arianism

question: Why was the First Council of Nicaea convened?

answer: Jesus of Nazareth, is of a distinct substance from the Father

text: Jesus of Nazareth, is of a distinct substance from the Father

question: Because of his conflicts with the emperors, how was he known?

answer: Athanasius Against the World

text: Athanasius Against the World

question: Whose position was it that Jesus was the Son of God?

answer: the Arian position

text: the Arian position


text: The Byzantine Empire ruled the northern shores of the Sahara from the 5th to the 7th centuries. After the Muslim conquest of Arabia (Arabian peninsula) the Muslim conquest of North Africa began in the mid-7th to early 8th centuries, Islamic influence expanded rapidly on the Sahara. By the end of 641 all of Egypt was in Muslim hands. The trade across the desert intensified. A significant slave trade crossed the desert. It has been estimated that from the 10th to 19th centuries some 6,000 to 7,000 slaves were transported north each year.

title: Sahara

title: Sahara

text: The

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: ruled

text: the

text: northern

text: shores

text: of

text: the

text: Sahara

text: from

text: the

text: to

text: the

text: centuries

text: After

text: the

text: Muslim

text: conquest

text: of

text: Arabia

text: Arabian

text: peninsula

text: the

text: Muslim

text: conquest

text: of

text: North

text: Africa

text: began

text: in

text: the

text: to

text: early

text: centuries

text: Islamic

text: influence

text: expanded

text: rapidly

text: on

text: the

text: Sahara

text: By

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: all

text: of

text: Egypt

text: was

text: in

text: Muslim

text: hands

text: The

text: trade

text: across

text: the

text: desert

text: intensified

text: A

text: significant

text: slave

text: trade

text: crossed

text: the

text: desert

text: It

text: has

text: been

text: estimated

text: that

text: from

text: the

text: to

text: centuries

text: some

text: to

text: slaves

text: were

text: transported

text: north

text: each

text: year

question: What group of people ruled the northern shoes of the   Sahara?

answer: Byzantine Empire

text: Byzantine Empire

question: What time period did the Muslim conquest of North Africa   take place?

answer: mid-7th to early 8th centuries

text: mid-7th to early 8th centuries

question: What is the estimated number of slaves that were   transported each year?

answer: 6,000 to 7,000 slaves

text: 6,000 to 7,000 slaves


text: Classification seeks to describe the diversity of bacterial species by naming and grouping organisms based on similarities. Bacteria can be classified on the basis of cell structure, cellular metabolism or on differences in cell components, such as DNA, fatty acids, pigments, antigens and quinones. While these schemes allowed the identification and classification of bacterial strains, it was unclear whether these differences represented variation between distinct species or between strains of the same species. This uncertainty was due to the lack of distinctive structures in most bacteria, as well as lateral gene transfer between unrelated species. Due to lateral gene transfer, some closely related bacteria can have very different morphologies and metabolisms. To overcome this uncertainty, modern bacterial classification emphasizes molecular systematics, using genetic techniques such as guanine cytosine ratio determination, genome-genome hybridization, as well as sequencing genes that have not undergone extensive lateral gene transfer, such as the rRNA gene. Classification of bacteria is determined by publication in the International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, and Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. The International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology (ICSB) maintains international rules for the naming of bacteria and taxonomic categories and for the ranking of them in the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria.

title: Bacteria

title: Bacteria

text: Classification

text: seeks

text: to

text: describe

text: the

text: diversity

text: of

text: bacterial

text: species

text: by

text: naming

text: and

text: grouping

text: organisms

text: based

text: on

text: similarities

text: Bacteria

text: can

text: be

text: classified

text: on

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: cell

text: structure

text: cellular

text: metabolism

text: or

text: on

text: differences

text: in

text: cell

text: components

text: such

text: as

text: DNA

text: fatty

text: acids

text: pigments

text: antigens

text: and

text: quinones

text: While

text: these

text: schemes

text: allowed

text: the

text: identification

text: and

text: classification

text: of

text: bacterial

text: strains

text: it

text: was

text: unclear

text: whether

text: these

text: differences

text: represented

text: variation

text: between

text: distinct

text: species

text: or

text: between

text: strains

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: species

text: This

text: uncertainty

text: was

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: lack

text: of

text: distinctive

text: structures

text: in

text: most

text: bacteria

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: lateral

text: gene

text: transfer

text: between

text: unrelated

text: species

text: Due

text: to

text: lateral

text: gene

text: transfer

text: some

text: closely

text: related

text: bacteria

text: can

text: have

text: very

text: different

text: morphologies

text: and

text: metabolisms

text: To

text: overcome

text: this

text: uncertainty

text: modern

text: bacterial

text: classification

text: emphasizes

text: molecular

text: systematics

text: using

text: genetic

text: techniques

text: such

text: as

text: guanine

text: cytosine

text: ratio

text: determination

text: genome

text: genome

text: hybridization

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: sequencing

text: genes

text: that

text: have

text: not

text: undergone

text: extensive

text: lateral

text: gene

text: transfer

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: rRNA

text: gene

text: Classification

text: of

text: bacteria

text: is

text: determined

text: by

text: publication

text: in

text: the

text: International

text: Journal

text: of

text: Systematic

text: Bacteriology

text: and

text: Bergey

text: 's

text: Manual

text: of

text: Systematic

text: Bacteriology

text: The

text: International

text: Committee

text: on

text: Systematic

text: Bacteriology

text: ICSB

text: maintains

text: international

text: rules

text: for

text: the

text: naming

text: of

text: bacteria

text: and

text: taxonomic

text: categories

text: and

text: for

text: the

text: ranking

text: of

text: them

text: in

text: the

text: International

text: Code

text: of

text: Nomenclature

text: of

text: Bacteria

question: How can we classify the vast variety of bacterial species?

answer: grouping organisms based on similarities

text: grouping organisms based on similarities

question: Can classification be helpful in determining differences between distinct species?

answer: unclear

text: unclear

question: What supports the uncertainty in classification between the same kind of bacteria?

answer: lack of distinctive structures in most bacteria,

text: lack of distinctive structures in most bacteria,

question: What can lateral gene transfer create in bacteria?

answer: different morphologies and metabolisms

text: different morphologies and metabolisms

question: What is the way modern classification tries to determine species?

answer: emphasizes molecular systematics

text: emphasizes molecular systematics


text: Colloquially, the term university may be used to describe a phase in one's life: "When I was at university..." (in the United States and Ireland, college is often used instead: "When I was in college..."). In Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Nigeria, the Netherlands, Spain and the German-speaking countries university is often contracted to uni. In Ghana, New Zealand and in South Africa it is sometimes called "varsity" (although this has become uncommon in New Zealand in recent years). "Varsity" was also common usage in the UK in the 19th century.[citation needed] "Varsity" is still in common usage in Scotland.

title: University

title: University

text: Colloquially

text: the

text: term

text: university

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: describe

text: a

text: phase

text: in

text: one

text: 's

text: life

text: When

text: I

text: was

text: at

text: university

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: Ireland

text: college

text: is

text: often

text: used

text: instead

text: When

text: I

text: was

text: in

text: college

text: In

text: Australia

text: Canada

text: New

text: Zealand

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: Nigeria

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: Spain

text: and

text: the

text: German

text: speaking

text: countries

text: university

text: is

text: often

text: contracted

text: to

text: uni

text: In

text: Ghana

text: New

text: Zealand

text: and

text: in

text: South

text: Africa

text: it

text: is

text: sometimes

text: called

text: varsity

text: although

text: this

text: has

text: become

text: uncommon

text: in

text: New

text: Zealand

text: in

text: recent

text: years

text: Varsity

text: was

text: also

text: common

text: usage

text: in

text: the

text: UK

text: in

text: the

text: century.[citation

text: needed

text: Varsity

text: is

text: still

text: in

text: common

text: usage

text: in

text: Scotland

question: In Ireland what word is mainly used instead of university?

answer: college

text: college

question: Scotland is said to frequently refer to university as what?

answer: Varsity

text: Varsity

question: Spain refers to a university in what other way?

answer: uni

text: uni

question: The nation of Ghana shortens university to what?

answer: varsity

text: varsity

question: In what century was it believed that the UK used the word varsity to refer to a university?

answer: 19th


text: During his term as praetor in the Iberian Peninsula (modern Portugal and Spain), Pompey's contemporary Julius Caesar defeated two local tribes in battle. After his term as consul in 59 BC, he was appointed to a five-year term as the proconsular Governor of Cisalpine Gaul (part of current northern Italy), Transalpine Gaul (current southern France) and Illyria (part of the modern Balkans). Not content with an idle governorship, Caesar strove to find reason to invade Gaul (modern France and Belgium), which would give him the dramatic military success he sought. When two local tribes began to migrate on a route that would take them near (not into) the Roman province of Transalpine Gaul, Caesar had the barely sufficient excuse he needed for his Gallic Wars, fought between 58 BC and 49 BC.

title: Roman_Republic

title: Roman_Republic

text: During

text: his

text: term

text: as

text: praetor

text: in

text: the

text: Iberian

text: Peninsula

text: modern

text: Portugal

text: and

text: Spain

text: Pompey

text: 's

text: contemporary

text: Julius

text: Caesar

text: defeated

text: two

text: local

text: tribes

text: in

text: battle

text: After

text: his

text: term

text: as

text: consul

text: in

text: BC

text: he

text: was

text: appointed

text: to

text: a

text: five

text: year

text: term

text: as

text: the

text: proconsular

text: Governor

text: of

text: Cisalpine

text: Gaul

text: part

text: of

text: current

text: northern

text: Italy

text: Transalpine

text: Gaul

text: current

text: southern

text: France

text: and

text: Illyria

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: modern

text: Balkans

text: Not

text: content

text: with

text: an

text: idle

text: governorship

text: Caesar

text: strove

text: to

text: find

text: reason

text: to

text: invade

text: Gaul

text: modern

text: France

text: and

text: Belgium

text: which

text: would

text: give

text: him

text: the

text: dramatic

text: military

text: success

text: he

text: sought

text: When

text: two

text: local

text: tribes

text: began

text: to

text: migrate

text: on

text: a

text: route

text: that

text: would

text: take

text: them

text: near

text: not

text: into

text: the

text: Roman

text: province

text: of

text: Transalpine

text: Gaul

text: Caesar

text: had

text: the

text: barely

text: sufficient

text: excuse

text: he

text: needed

text: for

text: his

text: Gallic

text: Wars

text: fought

text: between

text: BC

text: and

text: BC

question: Who held  a term as praetor in the Iberian Peninsula?

answer: Julius Caesar

text: Julius Caesar

question: Why did Julius Caesar wish to invade Gaul?

answer: would give him the dramatic military success he sought

text: would give him the dramatic military success he sought

question: When did Julius Caesar's term as consul end?

answer: 59 BC

text: 59 BC

question: What military leader was Julius Caesar a contemporary of?

answer: Pompey

text: Pompey

question: What was the reasoning Julius Caesar used to start the Gallic Wars?

answer: two local tribes began to migrate on a route that would take them near (not into) the Roman province of Transalpine Gaul

text: two local tribes began to migrate on a route that would take them near (not into) the Roman province of Transalpine Gaul


text: According to Orthodox Judaism, Jewish law today is based on the commandments in the Torah, as viewed through the discussions and debates contained in classical rabbinic literature, especially the Mishnah and the Talmud. Orthodox Judaism thus holds that the halakha represents the "will of God", either directly, or as closely to directly as possible. The laws are from the word of God in the Torah, using a set of rules also revealed by God to Moses on Mount Sinai, and have been derived with the utmost accuracy and care, and thus the Oral Law is considered to be no less the word of God. If some of the details of Jewish law may have been lost over the millennia, they were reconstructed in accordance with internally consistent rules; see The 13 rules by which Jewish law was derived.

title: Orthodox_Judaism

title: Orthodox_Judaism

text: According

text: to

text: Orthodox

text: Judaism

text: Jewish

text: law

text: today

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: commandments

text: in

text: the

text: Torah

text: as

text: viewed

text: through

text: the

text: discussions

text: and

text: debates

text: contained

text: in

text: classical

text: rabbinic

text: literature

text: especially

text: the

text: Mishnah

text: and

text: the

text: Talmud

text: Orthodox

text: Judaism

text: thus

text: holds

text: that

text: the

text: halakha

text: represents

text: the

text: will

text: of

text: God

text: either

text: directly

text: or

text: as

text: closely

text: to

text: directly

text: as

text: possible

text: The

text: laws

text: are

text: from

text: the

text: word

text: of

text: God

text: in

text: the

text: Torah

text: using

text: a

text: set

text: of

text: rules

text: also

text: revealed

text: by

text: God

text: to

text: Moses

text: on

text: Mount

text: Sinai

text: and

text: have

text: been

text: derived

text: with

text: the

text: utmost

text: accuracy

text: and

text: care

text: and

text: thus

text: the

text: Oral

text: Law

text: is

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: no

text: less

text: the

text: word

text: of

text: God

text: If

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: details

text: of

text: Jewish

text: law

text: may

text: have

text: been

text: lost

text: over

text: the

text: millennia

text: they

text: were

text: reconstructed

text: in

text: accordance

text: with

text: internally

text: consistent

text: rules

text: see

text: The

text: rules

text: by

text: which

text: Jewish

text: law

text: was

text: derived

question: What is jewish law today based on?

answer: Torah

text: Torah

question: what does the halakha represent to orthodox judiasm?

answer: will of God

text: will of God

question: Where were the rules about the Torah revealed to Moses by God?

answer: Mount Sinai

text: Mount Sinai

question: How many rules are jewish law derived from?

answer: 13

question: What law is considered to be no less the word of god?

answer: Oral Law

text: Oral Law


text: A major international priority for Tuvalu in the UN, at the 2002 Earth Summit in Johannesburg, South Africa and in other international fora, is promoting concern about global warming and the possible sea level rising. Tuvalu advocates ratification and implementation of the Kyoto Protocol. In December 2009 the islands stalled talks on climate change at the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, fearing some other developing countries were not committing fully to binding deals on a reduction in carbon emissions. Their chief negotiator stated, "Tuvalu is one of the most vulnerable countries in the world to climate change and our future rests on the outcome of this meeting."

title: Tuvalu

title: Tuvalu

text: A

text: major

text: international

text: priority

text: for

text: Tuvalu

text: in

text: the

text: UN

text: at

text: the

text: Earth

text: Summit

text: in

text: Johannesburg

text: South

text: Africa

text: and

text: in

text: other

text: international

text: fora

text: is

text: promoting

text: concern

text: about

text: global

text: warming

text: and

text: the

text: possible

text: sea

text: level

text: rising

text: Tuvalu

text: advocates

text: ratification

text: and

text: implementation

text: of

text: the

text: Kyoto

text: Protocol

text: In

text: December

text: the

text: islands

text: stalled

text: talks

text: on

text: climate

text: change

text: at

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: Climate

text: Change

text: Conference

text: in

text: Copenhagen

text: fearing

text: some

text: other

text: developing

text: countries

text: were

text: not

text: committing

text: fully

text: to

text: binding

text: deals

text: on

text: a

text: reduction

text: in

text: carbon

text: emissions

text: Their

text: chief

text: negotiator

text: stated

text: Tuvalu

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: vulnerable

text: countries

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: to

text: climate

text: change

text: and

text: our

text: future

text: rests

text: on

text: the

text: outcome

text: of

text: this

text: meeting

question: What crisis is a major concern for Tuvalu at the UN?

answer: global warming

text: global warming

question: In concert with global warming, what is Tuvalu's other envirnmental priority?

answer: sea level rising

text: sea level rising

question: What agreement does Tuvalu advocate ratification?

answer: Kyoto Protocol

text: Kyoto Protocol

question: What did Tuvalu call for from other nations concerning reduction of carbon emissions?

answer: binding deals

text: binding deals

question: What does Tuvalu feel its position to be in climate change?

answer: vulnerable

text: vulnerable


text: On October 2, the Popular Front formally launched its political platform at a two-day congress. Väljas attended, gambling that the front could help Estonia become a model of economic and political revival, while moderating separatist and other radical tendencies. On November 16, 1988, the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR adopted a declaration of national sovereignty under which Estonian laws would take precedence over those of the Soviet Union. Estonia's parliament also laid claim to the republic's natural resources including land, inland waters, forests, mineral deposits, and to the means of industrial production, agriculture, construction, state banks, transportation, and municipal services within the territory of Estonia's borders.

title: Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

title: Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

text: On

text: October

text: the

text: Popular

text: Front

text: formally

text: launched

text: its

text: political

text: platform

text: at

text: a

text: two

text: day

text: congress

text: Väljas

text: attended

text: gambling

text: that

text: the

text: front

text: could

text: help

text: Estonia

text: become

text: a

text: model

text: of

text: economic

text: and

text: political

text: revival

text: while

text: moderating

text: separatist

text: and

text: other

text: radical

text: tendencies

text: On

text: November

text: the

text: Supreme

text: Soviet

text: of

text: the

text: Estonian

text: SSR

text: adopted

text: a

text: declaration

text: of

text: national

text: sovereignty

text: under

text: which

text: Estonian

text: laws

text: would

text: take

text: precedence

text: over

text: those

text: of

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: Estonia

text: 's

text: parliament

text: also

text: laid

text: claim

text: to

text: the

text: republic

text: 's

text: natural

text: resources

text: including

text: land

text: inland

text: waters

text: forests

text: mineral

text: deposits

text: and

text: to

text: the

text: means

text: of

text: industrial

text: production

text: agriculture

text: construction

text: state

text: banks

text: transportation

text: and

text: municipal

text: services

text: within

text: the

text: territory

text: of

text: Estonia

text: 's

text: borders

question: Whose laws would take precedence according to the declaration of national sovereignty?

answer: Estonian

text: Estonian

question: Who claimed Estonia's national resources?

answer: Estonia's parliament

text: Estonia's parliament

question: What was the name of the group that made its platform known on October 2?

answer: the Popular Front

text: the Popular Front


text: From the fifth century to the thirteenth, Śrauta sacrifices declined, and initiatory traditions of Buddhism, Jainism or more commonly Shaivism, Vaishnavism and Shaktism expanded in royal courts. This period produced some of India's finest art, considered the epitome of classical development, and the development of the main spiritual and philosophical systems which continued to be in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. Emperor Harsha of Kannauj succeeded in reuniting northern India during his reign in the 7th century, after the collapse of the Gupta dynasty. His empire collapsed after his death.

title: History_of_India

title: History_of_India

text: From

text: the

text: fifth

text: century

text: to

text: the

text: thirteenth

text: Śrauta

text: sacrifices

text: declined

text: and

text: initiatory

text: traditions

text: of

text: Buddhism

text: Jainism

text: or

text: more

text: commonly

text: Shaivism

text: Vaishnavism

text: and

text: Shaktism

text: expanded

text: in

text: royal

text: courts

text: This

text: period

text: produced

text: some

text: of

text: India

text: 's

text: finest

text: art

text: considered

text: the

text: epitome

text: of

text: classical

text: development

text: and

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: the

text: main

text: spiritual

text: and

text: philosophical

text: systems

text: which

text: continued

text: to

text: be

text: in

text: Hinduism

text: Buddhism

text: and

text: Jainism

text: Emperor

text: Harsha

text: of

text: Kannauj

text: succeeded

text: in

text: reuniting

text: northern

text: India

text: during

text: his

text: reign

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: after

text: the

text: collapse

text: of

text: the

text: Gupta

text: dynasty

text: His

text: empire

text: collapsed

text: after

text: his

text: death

question: What declined from the 5th to the 13th centuries

answer: Śrauta sacrifices

text: Śrauta sacrifices

question: What philosophical traditions developed during the period of the 5th to the 13th centuries?

answer: Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism

text: Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism

question: In what century was Harsha's rule?

answer: 7th century

text: 7th century

question: What happened to Harsha's empire after his death?

answer: collapsed

text: collapsed

question: What area did Harsha unite during his reign?

answer: northern India

text: northern India


text: Despite its domestic focus, the FBI also maintains a significant international footprint, operating 60 Legal Attache (LEGAT) offices and 15 sub-offices in U.S. embassies and consulates across the globe. These overseas offices exist primarily for the purpose of coordination with foreign security services and do not usually conduct unilateral operations in the host countries. The FBI can and does at times carry out secret activities overseas, just as the CIA has a limited domestic function; these activities generally require coordination across government agencies.

title: Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation

title: Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation

text: Despite

text: its

text: domestic

text: focus

text: the

text: FBI

text: also

text: maintains

text: a

text: significant

text: international

text: footprint

text: operating

text: Legal

text: Attache

text: LEGAT

text: offices

text: and

text: sub

text: offices

text: in

text: U.S.

text: embassies

text: and

text: consulates

text: across

text: the

text: globe

text: These

text: overseas

text: offices

text: exist

text: primarily

text: for

text: the

text: purpose

text: of

text: coordination

text: with

text: foreign

text: security

text: services

text: and

text: do

text: not

text: usually

text: conduct

text: unilateral

text: operations

text: in

text: the

text: host

text: countries

text: The

text: FBI

text: can

text: and

text: does

text: at

text: times

text: carry

text: out

text: secret

text: activities

text: overseas

text: just

text: as

text: the

text: CIA

text: has

text: a

text: limited

text: domestic

text: function

text: these

text: activities

text: generally

text: require

text: coordination

text: across

text: government

text: agencies

question: What kind of work was the FBI focused on?

answer: domestic

text: domestic

question: How many LEGAT offices does the FBI operate?

answer: 60

question: Why does the FBI operate LEGAT offices?

answer: coordination with foreign security services

text: coordination with foreign security services

question: Do LEGAT offices conduct unilateral operations in host countries?

answer: not usually

text: not usually

question: What do oversea operations require?

answer: coordination

text: coordination


text: US troops participated in a UN peacekeeping mission in Somalia beginning in 1992. By 1993 the US troops were augmented with Rangers and special forces with the aim of capturing warlord Mohamed Farrah Aidid, whose forces had massacred peacekeepers from Pakistan. During a raid in downtown Mogadishu, US troops became trapped overnight by a general uprising in the Battle of Mogadishu. Eighteen American soldiers were killed, and a US television crew filmed graphic images of the body of one soldier being dragged through the streets by an angry mob. Somali guerrillas paid a staggering toll at an estimated 1,000–5,000 total casualties during the conflict. After much public disapproval, American forces were quickly withdrawn by President Bill Clinton. The incident profoundly affected US thinking about peacekeeping and intervention. The book Black Hawk Down was written about the battle, and was the basis for the later movie of the same name.

title: Military_history_of_the_United_States

title: Military_history_of_the_United_States

text: US

text: troops

text: participated

text: in

text: a

text: UN

text: peacekeeping

text: mission

text: in

text: Somalia

text: beginning

text: in

text: By

text: the

text: US

text: troops

text: were

text: augmented

text: with

text: Rangers

text: and

text: special

text: forces

text: with

text: the

text: aim

text: of

text: capturing

text: warlord

text: Mohamed

text: Farrah

text: Aidid

text: whose

text: forces

text: had

text: massacred

text: peacekeepers

text: from

text: Pakistan

text: During

text: a

text: raid

text: in

text: downtown

text: Mogadishu

text: US

text: troops

text: became

text: trapped

text: overnight

text: by

text: a

text: general

text: uprising

text: in

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Mogadishu

text: Eighteen

text: American

text: soldiers

text: were

text: killed

text: and

text: a

text: US

text: television

text: crew

text: filmed

text: graphic

text: images

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: of

text: one

text: soldier

text: being

text: dragged

text: through

text: the

text: streets

text: by

text: an

text: angry

text: mob

text: Somali

text: guerrillas

text: paid

text: a

text: staggering

text: toll

text: at

text: an

text: estimated

text: total

text: casualties

text: during

text: the

text: conflict

text: After

text: much

text: public

text: disapproval

text: American

text: forces

text: were

text: quickly

text: withdrawn

text: by

text: President

text: Bill

text: Clinton

text: The

text: incident

text: profoundly

text: affected

text: US

text: thinking

text: about

text: peacekeeping

text: and

text: intervention

text: The

text: book

text: Black

text: Hawk

text: Down

text: was

text: written

text: about

text: the

text: battle

text: and

text: was

text: the

text: basis

text: for

text: the

text: later

text: movie

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: name

question: In what African country did US troops participate in peacekeeping operations?

answer: Somalia

text: Somalia

question: What was the name of the Somalian warlord who directed massacres of peacekeeping troops?

answer: Mohamed Farrah Aidid

text: Mohamed Farrah Aidid

question: In what Somalian city did American troops become trapped?

answer: Mogadishu

text: Mogadishu

question: How many US soldiers were killed in the battle of Mogadishu?

answer: Eighteen

text: Eighteen

question: What is the title of the book and movie about the Mogadishu uprising?

answer: Black Hawk Down

text: Black Hawk Down


text: The domestication of poultry took place several thousand years ago. This may have originally been as a result of people hatching and rearing young birds from eggs collected from the wild, but later involved keeping the birds permanently in captivity. Domesticated chickens may have been used for cockfighting at first and quail kept for their songs, but soon it was realised how useful it was having a captive-bred source of food. Selective breeding for fast growth, egg-laying ability, conformation, plumage and docility took place over the centuries, and modern breeds often look very different from their wild ancestors. Although some birds are still kept in small flocks in extensive systems, most birds available in the market today are reared in intensive commercial enterprises. Poultry is the second most widely eaten type of meat globally and, along with eggs, provides nutritionally beneficial food containing high-quality protein accompanied by a low proportion of fat. All poultry meat should be properly handled and sufficiently cooked in order to reduce the risk of food poisoning.

title: Poultry

title: Poultry

text: The

text: domestication

text: of

text: poultry

text: took

text: place

text: several

text: thousand

text: years

text: ago

text: This

text: may

text: have

text: originally

text: been

text: as

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: people

text: hatching

text: and

text: rearing

text: young

text: birds

text: from

text: eggs

text: collected

text: from

text: the

text: wild

text: but

text: later

text: involved

text: keeping

text: the

text: birds

text: permanently

text: in

text: captivity

text: Domesticated

text: chickens

text: may

text: have

text: been

text: used

text: for

text: cockfighting

text: at

text: first

text: and

text: quail

text: kept

text: for

text: their

text: songs

text: but

text: soon

text: it

text: was

text: realised

text: how

text: useful

text: it

text: was

text: having

text: a

text: captive

text: bred

text: source

text: of

text: food

text: Selective

text: breeding

text: for

text: fast

text: growth

text: egg

text: laying

text: ability

text: conformation

text: plumage

text: and

text: docility

text: took

text: place

text: over

text: the

text: centuries

text: and

text: modern

text: breeds

text: often

text: look

text: very

text: different

text: from

text: their

text: wild

text: ancestors

text: Although

text: some

text: birds

text: are

text: still

text: kept

text: in

text: small

text: flocks

text: in

text: extensive

text: systems

text: most

text: birds

text: available

text: in

text: the

text: market

text: today

text: are

text: reared

text: in

text: intensive

text: commercial

text: enterprises

text: Poultry

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: widely

text: eaten

text: type

text: of

text: meat

text: globally

text: and

text: along

text: with

text: eggs

text: provides

text: nutritionally

text: beneficial

text: food

text: containing

text: high

text: quality

text: protein

text: accompanied

text: by

text: a

text: low

text: proportion

text: of

text: fat

text: All

text: poultry

text: meat

text: should

text: be

text: properly

text: handled

text: and

text: sufficiently

text: cooked

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: reduce

text: the

text: risk

text: of

text: food

text: poisoning

question: How long have humans used domsticated poultry ?

answer: domestication of poultry took place several thousand years ago

text: domestication of poultry took place several thousand years ago

question: What have people use domesticated poultry for besides food ?

answer: cockfighting at first and quail kept for their songs

text: cockfighting at first and quail kept for their songs

question: Why did humans feel that addtional breeding tatics were necessary in poulty?

answer: Selective breeding for fast growth, egg-laying ability, conformation, plumage and docility took place

text: Selective breeding for fast growth, egg-laying ability, conformation, plumage and docility took place

question: Has breeding changed the original characterictics of the animals ?

answer: modern breeds often look very different from their wild ancestors.

text: modern breeds often look very different from their wild ancestors.

question: How popular is poultry as a consumable among humans ?

answer: Poultry is the second most widely eaten type of meat globally

text: Poultry is the second most widely eaten type of meat globally


text: Portuguese universities have existed since 1290. The oldest Portuguese university was first established in Lisbon before moving to Coimbra. Historically, within the scope of the Portuguese Empire, the Portuguese founded the oldest engineering school of the Americas (the Real Academia de Artilharia, Fortificação e Desenho of Rio de Janeiro) in 1792, as well as the oldest medical college in Asia (the Escola Médico-Cirúrgica of Goa) in 1842. The largest university in Portugal is the University of Lisbon.

title: Portugal

title: Portugal

text: Portuguese

text: universities

text: have

text: existed

text: since

text: The

text: oldest

text: Portuguese

text: university

text: was

text: first

text: established

text: in

text: Lisbon

text: before

text: moving

text: to

text: Coimbra

text: Historically

text: within

text: the

text: scope

text: of

text: the

text: Portuguese

text: Empire

text: the

text: Portuguese

text: founded

text: the

text: oldest

text: engineering

text: school

text: of

text: the

text: Americas

text: the

text: Real

text: Academia

text: de

text: Artilharia

text: Fortificação

text: e

text: Desenho

text: of

text: Rio

text: de

text: Janeiro

text: in

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: oldest

text: medical

text: college

text: in

text: Asia

text: the

text: Escola

text: Médico

text: Cirúrgica

text: of

text: Goa

text: in

text: The

text: largest

text: university

text: in

text: Portugal

text: is

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Lisbon

question: Since when have Portuguese universities existed?

answer: 1290

question: Where was the oldest Portuguese university established?

answer: Lisbon

text: Lisbon

question: Where did the oldest Portuguese university relocate to?

answer: Coimbra

text: Coimbra

question: What is the oldest engineering school of the Americas?

answer: the Real Academia de Artilharia, Fortificação e Desenho of Rio de Janeiro

text: the Real Academia de Artilharia, Fortificação e Desenho of Rio de Janeiro

question: What is the oldest medical college in Asia?

answer: the Escola Médico-Cirúrgica of Goa

text: the Escola Médico-Cirúrgica of Goa


text: Although the Arenafootball2 league played its tenth season in 2009, a conference call in December 2008 resulted in enough votes from owners and cooperation from the AFLPA for the AFL to suspend the entire 2009 season in order to create "a long-term plan to improve its economic model". In doing so, the AFL became the second sports league to cancel an entire season, after the National Hockey League cancelled the 2004-05 season because of a lockout. The AFL also became the third sports league to lose its postseason (the first being Major League Baseball, which lost its postseason in 1994 because of a strike). Efforts to reformat the league's business model were placed under the leadership of Columbus Destroyers owner Jim Renacci and interim commissioner Policy.

title: Arena_Football_League

title: Arena_Football_League

text: Although

text: the

text: league

text: played

text: its

text: tenth

text: season

text: in

text: a

text: conference

text: call

text: in

text: December

text: resulted

text: in

text: enough

text: votes

text: from

text: owners

text: and

text: cooperation

text: from

text: the

text: AFLPA

text: for

text: the

text: AFL

text: to

text: suspend

text: the

text: entire

text: season

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: create

text: a

text: long

text: term

text: plan

text: to

text: improve

text: its

text: economic

text: model

text: In

text: doing

text: so

text: the

text: AFL

text: became

text: the

text: second

text: sports

text: league

text: to

text: cancel

text: an

text: entire

text: season

text: after

text: the

text: National

text: Hockey

text: League

text: cancelled

text: the

text: season

text: because

text: of

text: a

text: lockout

text: The

text: AFL

text: also

text: became

text: the

text: third

text: sports

text: league

text: to

text: lose

text: its

text: postseason

text: the

text: first

text: being

text: Major

text: League

text: Baseball

text: which

text: lost

text: its

text: postseason

text: in

text: because

text: of

text: a

text: strike

text: Efforts

text: to

text: reformat

text: the

text: league

text: 's

text: business

text: model

text: were

text: placed

text: under

text: the

text: leadership

text: of

text: Columbus

text: Destroyers

text: owner

text: Jim

text: Renacci

text: and

text: interim

text: commissioner

text: Policy

question: What numbered season did Arenafootball2 in 2009?

answer: tenth

text: tenth

question: In what month and year was it decided to suspend the 2009 Arena Football League season?

answer: December 2008

text: December 2008

question: What National Hockey League season was cancelled?

answer: 2004-05

question: What led the National Hockey League to cancel the 2004-2005 season?

answer: a lockout

text: a lockout

question: Who owned the Columbus Destroyers in 2008?

answer: Jim Renacci

text: Jim Renacci


text: In military affairs, the use of infantry with specialised roles increased. Along with the still-dominant heavy cavalry, armies often included mounted and infantry crossbowmen, as well as sappers and engineers. Crossbows, which had been known in Late Antiquity, increased in use partly because of the increase in siege warfare in the 10th and 11th centuries.[AB] The increasing use of crossbows during the 12th and 13th centuries led to the use of closed-face helmets, heavy body armour, as well as horse armour. Gunpowder was known in Europe by the mid-13th century with a recorded use in European warfare by the English against the Scots in 1304, although it was merely used as an explosive and not as a weapon. Cannon were being used for sieges in the 1320s, and hand-held guns were in use by the 1360s.

title: Middle_Ages

title: Middle_Ages

text: In

text: military

text: affairs

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: infantry

text: with

text: specialised

text: roles

text: increased

text: Along

text: with

text: the

text: still

text: dominant

text: heavy

text: cavalry

text: armies

text: often

text: included

text: mounted

text: and

text: infantry

text: crossbowmen

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: sappers

text: and

text: engineers

text: Crossbows

text: which

text: had

text: been

text: known

text: in

text: Late

text: Antiquity

text: increased

text: in

text: use

text: partly

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: increase

text: in

text: siege

text: warfare

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: centuries.[AB

text: The

text: increasing

text: use

text: of

text: crossbows

text: during

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: closed

text: face

text: helmets

text: heavy

text: body

text: armour

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: horse

text: armour

text: Gunpowder

text: was

text: known

text: in

text: Europe

text: by

text: the

text: century

text: with

text: a

text: recorded

text: use

text: in

text: European

text: warfare

text: by

text: the

text: English

text: against

text: the

text: Scots

text: in

text: although

text: it

text: was

text: merely

text: used

text: as

text: an

text: explosive

text: and

text: not

text: as

text: a

text: weapon

text: Cannon

text: were

text: being

text: used

text: for

text: sieges

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: hand

text: held

text: guns

text: were

text: in

text: use

text: by

text: the

question: In what century did Europeans become aware of gunpowder?

answer: 13th

question: Who was recorded as using gunpowder in 1304?

answer: the English

text: the English

question: Against whom was gunpowder used in 1304?

answer: the Scots

text: the Scots

question: In what decade were siege cannon known to have been used?

answer: 1320s

question: What led to the increased use of armor in the 12th century?

answer: The increasing use of crossbows

text: The increasing use of crossbows


text: Mutual exchange and sharing of resources (i.e., meat gained from hunting) are important in the economic systems of hunter-gatherer societies. Therefore, these societies can be described as based on a "gift economy."

title: Hunter-gatherer

title: Hunter

title: gatherer

text: Mutual

text: exchange

text: and

text: sharing

text: of

text: resources

text: i.e.

text: meat

text: gained

text: from

text: hunting

text: are

text: important

text: in

text: the

text: economic

text: systems

text: of

text: hunter

text: gatherer

text: societies

text: Therefore

text: these

text: societies

text: can

text: be

text: described

text: as

text: based

text: on

text: a

text: gift

text: economy

question: What other characteristic of group behavior is needed in a hunter-gatherer society?

answer: sharing

text: sharing

question: What is the basis of a hunting an gathering economy?

answer: gift economy

text: gift economy


text: Egypt has a wide range of beaches situated on the Mediterranean and the Red Sea that extend to over 3,000 km. The Red Sea has serene waters, coloured coral reefs, rare fish and beautiful mountains. The Akba Gulf beaches also provide facilities for practising sea sports. Safaga tops the Red Sea zone with its beautiful location on the Suez Gulf. Last but not least, Sharm el-Sheikh (or City of Peace), Hurghada, Luxor (known as world's greatest open-air museum/ or City of the ⅓ of world monuments), Dahab, Ras Sidr, Marsa Alam, Safaga and the northern coast of the Mediterranean are major tourist's destinations of the recreational tourism.

title: Egypt

title: Egypt

text: Egypt

text: has

text: a

text: wide

text: range

text: of

text: beaches

text: situated

text: on

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: and

text: the

text: Red

text: Sea

text: that

text: extend

text: to

text: over

text: km

text: The

text: Red

text: Sea

text: has

text: serene

text: waters

text: coloured

text: coral

text: reefs

text: rare

text: fish

text: and

text: beautiful

text: mountains

text: The

text: Akba

text: Gulf

text: beaches

text: also

text: provide

text: facilities

text: for

text: practising

text: sea

text: sports

text: Safaga

text: tops

text: the

text: Red

text: Sea

text: zone

text: with

text: its

text: beautiful

text: location

text: on

text: the

text: Suez

text: Gulf

text: Last

text: but

text: not

text: least

text: Sharm

text: el

text: Sheikh

text: or

text: City

text: of

text: Peace

text: Hurghada

text: Luxor

text: known

text: as

text: world

text: 's

text: greatest

text: open

text: air

text: museum/

text: or

text: City

text: of

text: the

text: ⅓

text: of

text: world

text: monuments

text: Dahab

text: Ras

text: Sidr

text: Marsa

text: Alam

text: Safaga

text: and

text: the

text: northern

text: coast

text: of

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: are

text: major

text: tourist

text: 's

text: destinations

text: of

text: the

text: recreational

text: tourism

question: Where are Egyptian beaches situated?

answer: Mediterranean and the Red Sea

text: Mediterranean and the Red Sea

question: How far do Egyptian beaches extend?

answer: 3,000 km

text: 3,000 km

question: What Egypt located body of water is known for its serenity?

answer: Red Sea

text: Red Sea

question: What locations on Egypt's northern coast are major tourist destinations for recreational tourism?

answer: Dahab, Ras Sidr, Marsa Alam, Safaga

text: Dahab, Ras Sidr, Marsa Alam, Safaga


text: Unlike other European nations, the Dutch chose not to follow a policy of language expansion amongst the indigenous peoples of their colonies. In the last quarter of the 19th century, however, a local elite gained proficiency in Dutch so as to meet the needs of expanding bureaucracy and business. Nevertheless, the Dutch government remained reluctant to teach Dutch on a large scale for fear of destabilising the colony. Dutch, the language of power, was supposed to remain in the hands of the leading elite.

title: Dutch_language

title: Dutch_language

text: Unlike

text: other

text: European

text: nations

text: the

text: Dutch

text: chose

text: not

text: to

text: follow

text: a

text: policy

text: of

text: language

text: expansion

text: amongst

text: the

text: indigenous

text: peoples

text: of

text: their

text: colonies

text: In

text: the

text: last

text: quarter

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: however

text: a

text: local

text: elite

text: gained

text: proficiency

text: in

text: Dutch

text: so

text: as

text: to

text: meet

text: the

text: needs

text: of

text: expanding

text: bureaucracy

text: and

text: business

text: Nevertheless

text: the

text: Dutch

text: government

text: remained

text: reluctant

text: to

text: teach

text: Dutch

text: on

text: a

text: large

text: scale

text: for

text: fear

text: of

text: destabilising

text: the

text: colony

text: Dutch

text: the

text: language

text: of

text: power

text: was

text: supposed

text: to

text: remain

text: in

text: the

text: hands

text: of

text: the

text: leading

text: elite

question: Towards the end of what century did it become important for more people in Dutch colonies to speak Dutch?

answer: 19th

question: What VIP segment of the population in Dutch colonies learned Dutch to participate in business and government?

answer: local elite

text: local elite

question: What was the Dutch government afraid of doing if they taught their colonies Dutch?

answer: destabilising the colony

text: destabilising the colony

question: Leaders wanted to hang onto knowledge of the Dutch language because it's the language of what?

answer: power

text: power


text: As it has on every aspect of Charleston culture, the Gullah community has had a tremendous influence on music in Charleston, especially when it comes to the early development of jazz music. In turn, the music of Charleston has had an influence on that of the rest of the country. The geechee dances that accompanied the music of the dock workers in Charleston followed a rhythm that inspired Eubie Blake's "Charleston Rag" and later James P. Johnson's "The Charleston", as well as the dance craze that defined a nation in the 1920s. "Ballin' the Jack", which was a popular dance in the years before "The Charleston", was written by native Charlestonian Chris Smith.

title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

text: As

text: it

text: has

text: on

text: every

text: aspect

text: of

text: Charleston

text: culture

text: the

text: Gullah

text: community

text: has

text: had

text: a

text: tremendous

text: influence

text: on

text: music

text: in

text: Charleston

text: especially

text: when

text: it

text: comes

text: to

text: the

text: early

text: development

text: of

text: jazz

text: music

text: In

text: turn

text: the

text: music

text: of

text: Charleston

text: has

text: had

text: an

text: influence

text: on

text: that

text: of

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: The

text: geechee

text: dances

text: that

text: accompanied

text: the

text: music

text: of

text: the

text: dock

text: workers

text: in

text: Charleston

text: followed

text: a

text: rhythm

text: that

text: inspired

text: Eubie

text: Blake

text: 's

text: Charleston

text: Rag

text: and

text: later

text: James

text: P.

text: Johnson

text: 's

text: The

text: Charleston

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: dance

text: craze

text: that

text: defined

text: a

text: nation

text: in

text: the

text: Ballin

text: the

text: Jack

text: which

text: was

text: a

text: popular

text: dance

text: in

text: the

text: years

text: before

text: The

text: Charleston

text: was

text: written

text: by

text: native

text: Charlestonian

text: Chris

text: Smith

question: Who wrote the "Charleston"?

answer: Chris Smith

text: Chris Smith

question: What decade was the Charleston dance popular nationally?

answer: 1920s

question: Who created the song "Charleston Rag"?

answer: Eubie Blake

text: Eubie Blake

question: Which Charleston community had a large influence on jazz music?

answer: the Gullah community

text: the Gullah community

question: Geechee dances are associated with the music of what type of worker?

answer: dock workers

text: dock workers


text: Some claim that there is education inequality because children did not exceed the education of their parents. This education inequality is then associated with income inequality. Although critical thinking is a goal of education, criticism and blame are often the unintended by products of our current educational process. Students often blame their teachers and their textbooks, despite the availability of libraries and the internet. When someone tries to improve education, the educational establishment itself occasionally showers the person with criticism rather than gratitude. Better by products of an educational system would be gratitude and determination.

title: Education

title: Education

text: Some

text: claim

text: that

text: there

text: is

text: education

text: inequality

text: because

text: children

text: did

text: not

text: exceed

text: the

text: education

text: of

text: their

text: parents

text: This

text: education

text: inequality

text: is

text: then

text: associated

text: with

text: income

text: inequality

text: Although

text: critical

text: thinking

text: is

text: a

text: goal

text: of

text: education

text: criticism

text: and

text: blame

text: are

text: often

text: the

text: unintended

text: by

text: products

text: of

text: our

text: current

text: educational

text: process

text: Students

text: often

text: blame

text: their

text: teachers

text: and

text: their

text: textbooks

text: despite

text: the

text: availability

text: of

text: libraries

text: and

text: the

text: internet

text: When

text: someone

text: tries

text: to

text: improve

text: education

text: the

text: educational

text: establishment

text: itself

text: occasionally

text: showers

text: the

text: person

text: with

text: criticism

text: rather

text: than

text: gratitude

text: Better

text: by

text: products

text: of

text: an

text: educational

text: system

text: would

text: be

text: gratitude

text: and

text: determination

question: What are some of the claims being pointed towards education inequality?

answer: children did not exceed the education of their parents

text: children did not exceed the education of their parents

question: Who do students often blame for their education short comings?

answer: teachers and their textbooks

text: teachers and their textbooks

question: What happens when someone tries to improve education?

answer: the educational establishment itself occasionally showers the person with criticism rather than gratitude

text: the educational establishment itself occasionally showers the person with criticism rather than gratitude


text: Classical statistical mechanics requires the existence of h (but does not define its value). Eventually, following upon Planck's discovery, it was recognized that physical action cannot take on an arbitrary value. Instead, it must be some multiple of a very small quantity, the "quantum of action", now called the Planck constant. Classical physics cannot explain this fact. In many cases, such as for monochromatic light or for atoms, this quantum of action also implies that only certain energy levels are allowed, and values in between are forbidden.

title: Planck_constant

title: Planck_constant

text: Classical

text: statistical

text: mechanics

text: requires

text: the

text: existence

text: of

text: h

text: but

text: does

text: not

text: define

text: its

text: value

text: Eventually

text: following

text: upon

text: Planck

text: 's

text: discovery

text: it

text: was

text: recognized

text: that

text: physical

text: action

text: can

text: not

text: take

text: on

text: an

text: arbitrary

text: value

text: Instead

text: it

text: must

text: be

text: some

text: multiple

text: of

text: a

text: very

text: small

text: quantity

text: the

text: quantum

text: of

text: action

text: now

text: called

text: the

text: Planck

text: constant

text: Classical

text: physics

text: can

text: not

text: explain

text: this

text: fact

text: In

text: many

text: cases

text: such

text: as

text: for

text: monochromatic

text: light

text: or

text: for

text: atoms

text: this

text: quantum

text: of

text: action

text: also

text: implies

text: that

text: only

text: certain

text: energy

text: levels

text: are

text: allowed

text: and

text: values

text: in

text: between

text: are

text: forbidden

question: What does classical statistics mechanics not define the value of?

answer: h

text: h

question: What is required to exist in classical statistics mechanics?

answer: h

text: h

question: After Planck's findings, what was determined could not take on an arbitrary value?

answer: physical action

text: physical action

question: What is the "quantum of action" called?

answer: the Planck constant

text: the Planck constant

question: What does the Planck Constant refer to?

answer: quantum of action

text: quantum of action

question: Classical statistical mechanics requires the existence of what?

answer: h

text: h

question: What was realized after Planck's discovery?

answer: that physical action cannot take on an arbitrary value

text: that physical action cannot take on an arbitrary value

question: What is the Planck constant formerly known as?

answer: quantum of action

text: quantum of action

question: Regarding atoms, what does the Planck constant imply?

answer: that only certain energy levels are allowed

text: that only certain energy levels are allowed

question: Regarding atoms, what are values in between certain energy levels considered by the Planck constant?

answer: forbidden

text: forbidden

question: Following Planck's discovery, what was realized about values of physical action?

answer: physical action cannot take on an arbitrary value

text: physical action cannot take on an arbitrary value

question: The Planck constant initially was given what name?

answer: the "quantum of action"

text: the "quantum of action"

question: How is the proportional nature of the Planck constant explained?

answer: Classical physics cannot explain this fact

text: Classical physics cannot explain this fact

question: For certain cases of light or atoms, what does the quantum of action yield?

answer: only certain energy levels are allowed, and values in between are forbidden.

text: only certain energy levels are allowed, and values in between are forbidden.


text: As with bacterial classification, identification of bacteria is increasingly using molecular methods. Diagnostics using DNA-based tools, such as polymerase chain reaction, are increasingly popular due to their specificity and speed, compared to culture-based methods. These methods also allow the detection and identification of "viable but nonculturable" cells that are metabolically active but non-dividing. However, even using these improved methods, the total number of bacterial species is not known and cannot even be estimated with any certainty. Following present classification, there are a little less than 9,300 known species of prokaryotes, which includes bacteria and archaea; but attempts to estimate the true number of bacterial diversity have ranged from 107 to 109 total species – and even these diverse estimates may be off by many orders of magnitude.

title: Bacteria

title: Bacteria

text: As

text: with

text: bacterial

text: classification

text: identification

text: of

text: bacteria

text: is

text: increasingly

text: using

text: molecular

text: methods

text: Diagnostics

text: using

text: DNA

text: based

text: tools

text: such

text: as

text: polymerase

text: chain

text: reaction

text: are

text: increasingly

text: popular

text: due

text: to

text: their

text: specificity

text: and

text: speed

text: compared

text: to

text: culture

text: based

text: methods

text: These

text: methods

text: also

text: allow

text: the

text: detection

text: and

text: identification

text: of

text: viable

text: but

text: nonculturable

text: cells

text: that

text: are

text: metabolically

text: active

text: but

text: non

text: dividing

text: However

text: even

text: using

text: these

text: improved

text: methods

text: the

text: total

text: number

text: of

text: bacterial

text: species

text: is

text: not

text: known

text: and

text: can

text: not

text: even

text: be

text: estimated

text: with

text: any

text: certainty

text: Following

text: present

text: classification

text: there

text: are

text: a

text: little

text: less

text: than

text: known

text: species

text: of

text: prokaryotes

text: which

text: includes

text: bacteria

text: and

text: archaea

text: but

text: attempts

text: to

text: estimate

text: the

text: true

text: number

text: of

text: bacterial

text: diversity

text: have

text: ranged

text: from

text: to

text: total

text: species

text: and

text: even

text: these

text: diverse

text: estimates

text: may

text: be

text: off

text: by

text: many

text: orders

text: of

text: magnitude

question: What technique has becoming more popular in classification of bacteria?

answer: molecular methods

text: molecular methods

question: What tool does DNA based diagnostics use?

answer: polymerase chain reaction

text: polymerase chain reaction

question: What else can molecular methods of classification reveal?

answer: identification of "viable but nonculturable" cells

text: identification of "viable but nonculturable" cells

question: Can new methods determine a total number of bacteria species?

answer: cannot even be estimated with any certainty

text: cannot even be estimated with any certainty


text: Many kinds of clothing are designed to be ironed before they are worn to remove wrinkles. Most modern formal and semi-formal clothing is in this category (for example, dress shirts and suits). Ironed clothes are believed to look clean, fresh, and neat. Much contemporary casual clothing is made of knit materials that do not readily wrinkle, and do not require ironing. Some clothing is permanent press, having been treated with a coating (such as polytetrafluoroethylene) that suppresses wrinkles and creates a smooth appearance without ironing.

title: Clothing

title: Clothing

text: Many

text: kinds

text: of

text: clothing

text: are

text: designed

text: to

text: be

text: ironed

text: before

text: they

text: are

text: worn

text: to

text: remove

text: wrinkles

text: Most

text: modern

text: formal

text: and

text: semi

text: formal

text: clothing

text: is

text: in

text: this

text: category

text: for

text: example

text: dress

text: shirts

text: and

text: suits

text: Ironed

text: clothes

text: are

text: believed

text: to

text: look

text: clean

text: fresh

text: and

text: neat

text: Much

text: contemporary

text: casual

text: clothing

text: is

text: made

text: of

text: knit

text: materials

text: that

text: do

text: not

text: readily

text: wrinkle

text: and

text: do

text: not

text: require

text: ironing

text: Some

text: clothing

text: is

text: permanent

text: press

text: having

text: been

text: treated

text: with

text: a

text: coating

text: such

text: as

text: polytetrafluoroethylene

text: that

text: suppresses

text: wrinkles

text: and

text: creates

text: a

text: smooth

text: appearance

text: without

text: ironing

question: What's the point of ironing clothing?

answer: to remove wrinkles

text: to remove wrinkles

question: What type of clothing is believed to look neat, fresh and clean?

answer: Ironed

text: Ironed

question: What material doesn't easily wrinkle?

answer: knit

text: knit

question: Permanent press materials have been treated with what?

answer: a coating

text: a coating

question: What does polytetrafluoroethylene suppress?

answer: wrinkles

text: wrinkles