text: In the early 1880s, Kanehiro Takaki observed that Japanese sailors (whose diets consisted almost entirely of white rice) developed beriberi (or endemic neuritis, a disease causing heart problems and paralysis), but British sailors and Japanese naval officers did not. Adding various types of vegetables and meats to the diets of Japanese sailors prevented the disease, (not because of the increased protein as Takaki supposed but because it introduced a few parts per million of thiamine to the diet, later understood as a cure).

title: Nutrition

title: Nutrition

text: In

text: the

text: early

text: Kanehiro

text: Takaki

text: observed

text: that

text: Japanese

text: sailors

text: whose

text: diets

text: consisted

text: almost

text: entirely

text: of

text: white

text: rice

text: developed

text: beriberi

text: or

text: endemic

text: neuritis

text: a

text: disease

text: causing

text: heart

text: problems

text: and

text: paralysis

text: but

text: British

text: sailors

text: and

text: Japanese

text: naval

text: officers

text: did

text: not

text: Adding

text: various

text: types

text: of

text: vegetables

text: and

text: meats

text: to

text: the

text: diets

text: of

text: Japanese

text: sailors

text: prevented

text: the

text: disease

text: not

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: increased

text: protein

text: as

text: Takaki

text: supposed

text: but

text: because

text: it

text: introduced

text: a

text: few

text: parts

text: per

text: million

text: of

text: thiamine

text: to

text: the

text: diet

text: later

text: understood

text: as

text: a

text: cure

question: What was the main component of Japanese sailor's diet?

answer: white rice

text: white rice

question: What is the scientific term for beriberi?

answer: endemic neuritis

text: endemic neuritis

question: What major symptom other than heart problems did beriberi cause?

answer: paralysis

text: paralysis

question: Who made the observation that the Japanese sailor's diet was the cause for them developing beriberi?

answer: Kanehiro Takaki

text: Kanehiro Takaki

question: What was introduced to the diet on a molecular level that prevented the sailors from contracting the disease?

answer: thiamine

text: thiamine


text: The most-commonly accepted theory is that these events were triggered by the onset of an ice age, in the Hirnantian faunal stage that ended the long, stable greenhouse conditions typical of the Ordovician. The ice age was probably not as long-lasting as once thought; study of oxygen isotopes in fossil brachiopods shows that it was probably no longer than 0.5 to 1.5 million years. The event was preceded by a fall in atmospheric carbon dioxide (from 7000ppm to 4400ppm) which selectively affected the shallow seas where most organisms lived. As the southern supercontinent Gondwana drifted over the South Pole, ice caps formed on it. Evidence of these ice caps have been detected in Upper Ordovician rock strata of North Africa and then-adjacent northeastern South America, which were south-polar locations at the time.

title: Geological_history_of_Earth

title: Geological_history_of_Earth

text: The

text: most

text: commonly

text: accepted

text: theory

text: is

text: that

text: these

text: events

text: were

text: triggered

text: by

text: the

text: onset

text: of

text: an

text: ice

text: age

text: in

text: the

text: Hirnantian

text: faunal

text: stage

text: that

text: ended

text: the

text: long

text: stable

text: greenhouse

text: conditions

text: typical

text: of

text: the

text: Ordovician

text: The

text: ice

text: age

text: was

text: probably

text: not

text: as

text: long

text: lasting

text: as

text: once

text: thought

text: study

text: of

text: oxygen

text: isotopes

text: in

text: fossil

text: brachiopods

text: shows

text: that

text: it

text: was

text: probably

text: no

text: longer

text: than

text: to

text: million

text: years

text: The

text: event

text: was

text: preceded

text: by

text: a

text: fall

text: in

text: atmospheric

text: carbon

text: dioxide

text: from

text: to

text: which

text: selectively

text: affected

text: the

text: shallow

text: seas

text: where

text: most

text: organisms

text: lived

text: As

text: the

text: southern

text: supercontinent

text: Gondwana

text: drifted

text: over

text: the

text: South

text: Pole

text: ice

text: caps

text: formed

text: on

text: it

text: Evidence

text: of

text: these

text: ice

text: caps

text: have

text: been

text: detected

text: in

text: Upper

text: Ordovician

text: rock

text: strata

text: of

text: North

text: Africa

text: and

text: then

text: adjacent

text: northeastern

text: South

text: America

text: which

text: were

text: south

text: polar

text: locations

text: at

text: the

text: time

question: What type of climate was normal in the Ordovician period?

answer: stable greenhouse conditions

text: stable greenhouse conditions

question: What ice age signaled the end of the normal climate in the Ordovician period?

answer: the Hirnantian faunal stage

text: the Hirnantian faunal stage

question: Oxygen from what kind of fossil were used to date the Hirnantian faunal stage?

answer: brachiopods

text: brachiopods

question: How many years is the Hirnantian faunal stage believed to have lasted?

answer: 0.5 to 1.5 million years

text: 0.5 to 1.5 million years

question: What started to develop on Gondwana as it moved over the south pole?

answer: ice caps

text: ice caps


text: By developing commercial centres and routes, encouraging people to extend the area of cultivated land in the country and international trade through its dominions, the state performed basic economic functions in the Empire. But in all this the financial and political interests of the state were dominant. Within the social and political system they were living in Ottoman administrators could not have comprehended or seen the desirability of the dynamics and principles of the capitalist and mercantile economies developing in Western Europe.

title: Ottoman_Empire

title: Ottoman_Empire

text: By

text: developing

text: commercial

text: centres

text: and

text: routes

text: encouraging

text: people

text: to

text: extend

text: the

text: area

text: of

text: cultivated

text: land

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: and

text: international

text: trade

text: through

text: its

text: dominions

text: the

text: state

text: performed

text: basic

text: economic

text: functions

text: in

text: the

text: Empire

text: But

text: in

text: all

text: this

text: the

text: financial

text: and

text: political

text: interests

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: were

text: dominant

text: Within

text: the

text: social

text: and

text: political

text: system

text: they

text: were

text: living

text: in

text: Ottoman

text: administrators

text: could

text: not

text: have

text: comprehended

text: or

text: seen

text: the

text: desirability

text: of

text: the

text: dynamics

text: and

text: principles

text: of

text: the

text: capitalist

text: and

text: mercantile

text: economies

text: developing

text: in

text: Western

text: Europe

question: The development of what caused people to expand areas of cultivation in the Ottoman Empire?

answer: commercial centres and routes

text: commercial centres and routes

question: What dominated all economic and political interests?

answer: interests of the state

text: interests of the state

question: What were the types of economies that were being developed in western Europe?

answer: capitalist and mercantile economies

text: capitalist and mercantile economies

question: The expansion of international trade through the Empire was the result of what?

answer: developing commercial centres and routes

text: developing commercial centres and routes


text: In addition to and independent of the division into suras, there are various ways of dividing the Quran into parts of approximately equal length for convenience in reading. The 30 juz' (plural ajzāʼ) can be used to read through the entire Quran in a month. Some of these parts are known by names—which are the first few words by which the juzʼ starts. A juz' is sometimes further divided into two ḥizb (plural aḥzāb), and each hizb subdivided into four rubʻ al-ahzab. The Quran is also divided into seven approximately equal parts, manzil (plural manāzil), for it to be recited in a week.

title: Quran

title: Quran

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: and

text: independent

text: of

text: the

text: division

text: into

text: suras

text: there

text: are

text: various

text: ways

text: of

text: dividing

text: the

text: Quran

text: into

text: parts

text: of

text: approximately

text: equal

text: length

text: for

text: convenience

text: in

text: reading

text: The

text: juz

text: plural

text: ajzāʼ

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: read

text: through

text: the

text: entire

text: Quran

text: in

text: a

text: month

text: Some

text: of

text: these

text: parts

text: are

text: known

text: by

text: names

text: which

text: are

text: the

text: first

text: few

text: words

text: by

text: which

text: the

text: juzʼ

text: starts

text: A

text: juz

text: is

text: sometimes

text: further

text: divided

text: into

text: two

text: ḥizb

text: plural

text: aḥzāb

text: and

text: each

text: hizb

text: subdivided

text: into

text: four

text: rubʻ

text: al

text: ahzab

text: The

text: Quran

text: is

text: also

text: divided

text: into

text: seven

text: approximately

text: equal

text: parts

text: manzil

text: plural

text: manāzil

text: for

text: it

text: to

text: be

text: recited

text: in

text: a

text: week

question: What division of the Quran is used for a month-long reading?

answer: juz'

text: juz'

question: How many ajzā cover the entire Quran?

answer: 30

question: How many ahzab are in a juz'?

answer: two

text: two

question: What is the term for a subdivision of a hizb?

answer: rubʻ al-ahzab

text: rubʻ al-ahzab

question: What division is used for a week-long recital of the Quran?

answer: manzil

text: manzil


text: In addition to the use of the multiprotein complexes listed above, Gram-negative bacteria possess another method for release of material: the formation of outer membrane vesicles. Portions of the outer membrane pinch off, forming spherical structures made of a lipid bilayer enclosing periplasmic materials. Vesicles from a number of bacterial species have been found to contain virulence factors, some have immunomodulatory effects, and some can directly adhere to and intoxicate host cells. While release of vesicles has been demonstrated as a general response to stress conditions, the process of loading cargo proteins seems to be selective.

title: Digestion

title: Digestion

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: multiprotein

text: complexes

text: listed

text: above

text: Gram

text: negative

text: bacteria

text: possess

text: another

text: method

text: for

text: release

text: of

text: material

text: the

text: formation

text: of

text: outer

text: membrane

text: vesicles

text: Portions

text: of

text: the

text: outer

text: membrane

text: pinch

text: off

text: forming

text: spherical

text: structures

text: made

text: of

text: a

text: lipid

text: bilayer

text: enclosing

text: periplasmic

text: materials

text: Vesicles

text: from

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: bacterial

text: species

text: have

text: been

text: found

text: to

text: contain

text: virulence

text: factors

text: some

text: have

text: immunomodulatory

text: effects

text: and

text: some

text: can

text: directly

text: adhere

text: to

text: and

text: intoxicate

text: host

text: cells

text: While

text: release

text: of

text: vesicles

text: has

text: been

text: demonstrated

text: as

text: a

text: general

text: response

text: to

text: stress

text: conditions

text: the

text: process

text: of

text: loading

text: cargo

text: proteins

text: seems

text: to

text: be

text: selective

question: What other method does Gram-negative bacters use to release material?

answer: the formation of outer membrane vesicles

text: the formation of outer membrane vesicles

question: What happens with the pinch off part of the outer membrane?

answer: , forming spherical structures made of a lipid bilayer enclosing periplasmic materials

text: , forming spherical structures made of a lipid bilayer enclosing periplasmic materials

question: What does the release of vesicles seem to demenstrate?

answer: response to stress conditions

text: response to stress conditions

question: What virulence factors do some bacterial species have?

answer: some have immunomodulatory effects, and some can directly adhere to and intoxicate host cells

text: some have immunomodulatory effects, and some can directly adhere to and intoxicate host cells


text: The growth, development, and reproduction of organisms relies on cell division, or the process by which a single cell divides into two usually identical daughter cells. This requires first making a duplicate copy of every gene in the genome in a process called DNA replication.:5.2 The copies are made by specialized enzymes known as DNA polymerases, which "read" one strand of the double-helical DNA, known as the template strand, and synthesize a new complementary strand. Because the DNA double helix is held together by base pairing, the sequence of one strand completely specifies the sequence of its complement; hence only one strand needs to be read by the enzyme to produce a faithful copy. The process of DNA replication is semiconservative; that is, the copy of the genome inherited by each daughter cell contains one original and one newly synthesized strand of DNA.:5.2

title: Gene

title: Gene

text: The

text: growth

text: development

text: and

text: reproduction

text: of

text: organisms

text: relies

text: on

text: cell

text: division

text: or

text: the

text: process

text: by

text: which

text: a

text: single

text: cell

text: divides

text: into

text: two

text: usually

text: identical

text: daughter

text: cells

text: This

text: requires

text: first

text: making

text: a

text: duplicate

text: copy

text: of

text: every

text: gene

text: in

text: the

text: genome

text: in

text: a

text: process

text: called

text: DNA

text: The

text: copies

text: are

text: made

text: by

text: specialized

text: enzymes

text: known

text: as

text: DNA

text: polymerases

text: which

text: read

text: one

text: strand

text: of

text: the

text: double

text: helical

text: DNA

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: template

text: strand

text: and

text: synthesize

text: a

text: new

text: complementary

text: strand

text: Because

text: the

text: DNA

text: double

text: helix

text: is

text: held

text: together

text: by

text: base

text: pairing

text: the

text: sequence

text: of

text: one

text: strand

text: completely

text: specifies

text: the

text: sequence

text: of

text: its

text: complement

text: hence

text: only

text: one

text: strand

text: needs

text: to

text: be

text: read

text: by

text: the

text: enzyme

text: to

text: produce

text: a

text: faithful

text: copy

text: The

text: process

text: of

text: DNA

text: replication

text: is

text: semiconservative

text: that

text: is

text: the

text: copy

text: of

text: the

text: genome

text: inherited

text: by

text: each

text: daughter

text: cell

text: contains

text: one

text: original

text: and

text: one

text: newly

text: synthesized

text: strand

text: of

question: What does the growth, development, and reproduction of organisms rely on?

answer: cell division

text: cell division

question: In cell division, what two cells are created?

answer: identical daughter cells

text: identical daughter cells

question: What specialized enzyme is responsible DNA replication?

answer: DNA polymerases

text: DNA polymerases

question: Why does the sequence of one strand completely specify the sequence of its complement?

answer: Because the DNA double helix is held together by base pairing

text: Because the DNA double helix is held together by base pairing

question: What one word characterizes the process of DNA replication?

answer: semiconservative

text: semiconservative


text: At the dawn of the Grand Lodge era, during the 1720s, James Anderson composed the first printed constitutions for Freemasons, the basis for most subsequent constitutions, which specifically excluded women from Freemasonry. As Freemasonry spread, continental masons began to include their ladies in Lodges of Adoption, which worked three degrees with the same names as the men's but different content. The French officially abandoned the experiment in the early 19th century. Later organisations with a similar aim emerged in the United States, but distinguished the names of the degrees from those of male masonry.

title: Freemasonry

title: Freemasonry

text: At

text: the

text: dawn

text: of

text: the

text: Grand

text: Lodge

text: era

text: during

text: the

text: James

text: Anderson

text: composed

text: the

text: first

text: printed

text: constitutions

text: for

text: Freemasons

text: the

text: basis

text: for

text: most

text: subsequent

text: constitutions

text: which

text: specifically

text: excluded

text: women

text: from

text: Freemasonry

text: As

text: Freemasonry

text: spread

text: continental

text: masons

text: began

text: to

text: include

text: their

text: ladies

text: in

text: Lodges

text: of

text: Adoption

text: which

text: worked

text: three

text: degrees

text: with

text: the

text: same

text: names

text: as

text: the

text: men

text: 's

text: but

text: different

text: content

text: The

text: French

text: officially

text: abandoned

text: the

text: experiment

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: Later

text: organisations

text: with

text: a

text: similar

text: aim

text: emerged

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: but

text: distinguished

text: the

text: names

text: of

text: the

text: degrees

text: from

text: those

text: of

text: male

text: masonry

question: When were the first constitutions for Freemasonry printed?

answer: during the 1720s

text: during the 1720s

question: Who composed the first printed constitutions for Freemasonry?

answer: James Anderson

text: James Anderson

question: Which group was specifically excluded from Freemasonry in the printed constitutions?

answer: women

text: women

question: What was created for women as Freemasonry began to spread?

answer: Lodges of Adoption

text: Lodges of Adoption

question: When was the idea of the Lodges for Adoption abandoned?

answer: early 19th century

text: early 19th century

question: When was the dawn of the Grand Lodge era?

answer: during the 1720s

text: during the 1720s

question: Who composed the first printed constitutions for Freemasons?

answer: James Anderson

text: James Anderson

question: Who is excluded from Freemasonry?

answer: women

text: women

question: What were lodges called that included women?

answer: Lodges of Adoption

text: Lodges of Adoption

question: Who abandoned the including of women in Freemasonry experiment in the early 19'th century?

answer: The French

text: The French


text: The basis of Simpson's unity is color and colonial subjection. His color chart recognizes a spectrum of black, brown and yellow, which at the time had been traditional since the late 19th century. Apart from these was "the great white race", which the moderate Simpson tones down to simply the white race. The great whites were appearing as late as the 1920s works of James Henry Breasted, which were taught as the gospel of ancient history throughout the entire first half of the 20th century. A red wavelength was mainly of interest in America. The eastern question was modified by Simpson to "The Problem of the Nearer East," which had nothing to do with the Ottomans but everything to do with British colonialism. Simpson wrote of the white man:

title: Near_East

title: Near_East

text: The

text: basis

text: of

text: Simpson

text: 's

text: unity

text: is

text: color

text: and

text: colonial

text: subjection

text: His

text: color

text: chart

text: recognizes

text: a

text: spectrum

text: of

text: black

text: brown

text: and

text: yellow

text: which

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: had

text: been

text: traditional

text: since

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: Apart

text: from

text: these

text: was

text: the

text: great

text: white

text: race

text: which

text: the

text: moderate

text: Simpson

text: tones

text: down

text: to

text: simply

text: the

text: white

text: race

text: The

text: great

text: whites

text: were

text: appearing

text: as

text: late

text: as

text: the

text: works

text: of

text: James

text: Henry

text: Breasted

text: which

text: were

text: taught

text: as

text: the

text: gospel

text: of

text: ancient

text: history

text: throughout

text: the

text: entire

text: first

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: A

text: red

text: wavelength

text: was

text: mainly

text: of

text: interest

text: in

text: America

text: The

text: eastern

text: question

text: was

text: modified

text: by

text: Simpson

text: to

text: The

text: Problem

text: of

text: the

text: Nearer

text: East

text: which

text: had

text: nothing

text: to

text: do

text: with

text: the

text: Ottomans

text: but

text: everything

text: to

text: do

text: with

text: British

text: colonialism

text: Simpson

text: wrote

text: of

text: the

text: white

text: man

question: What is the basis of Simpson's unity?

answer: color and colonial subjection

text: color and colonial subjection

question: The great whites were appearing as late as what time?

answer: the 1920s

text: the 1920s

question: In whose works were the great whites appearing?

answer: James Henry Breasted

text: James Henry Breasted

question: What was mainly of interest in America?

answer: A red wavelength

text: A red wavelength


text: The 2006 renewal and re-equipment effort has resulted in the acquisition of specific equipment (main battle tanks, artillery, unmanned air vehicles and other systems) to support the mission in Afghanistan. It has also encompassed initiatives to renew certain so-called "core capabilities" (such as the air force's medium range transport aircraft fleet – the C-130 Hercules – and the army's truck and armoured vehicle fleets). In addition, new systems (such as C-17 Globemaster III strategic transport aircraft and CH-47 Chinook heavy-lift helicopters) have also been acquired for the Armed Forces. Although the viability of the Canada First Defence Strategy continues to suffer setbacks from challenging and evolving fiscal and other factors, it originally aimed to:

title: Canadian_Armed_Forces

title: Canadian_Armed_Forces

text: The

text: renewal

text: and

text: re

text: equipment

text: effort

text: has

text: resulted

text: in

text: the

text: acquisition

text: of

text: specific

text: equipment

text: main

text: battle

text: tanks

text: artillery

text: unmanned

text: air

text: vehicles

text: and

text: other

text: systems

text: to

text: support

text: the

text: mission

text: in

text: Afghanistan

text: It

text: has

text: also

text: encompassed

text: initiatives

text: to

text: renew

text: certain

text: so

text: called

text: core

text: capabilities

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: air

text: force

text: 's

text: medium

text: range

text: transport

text: aircraft

text: fleet

text: the

text: Hercules

text: and

text: the

text: army

text: 's

text: truck

text: and

text: armoured

text: vehicle

text: fleets

text: In

text: addition

text: new

text: systems

text: such

text: as

text: Globemaster

text: III

text: strategic

text: transport

text: aircraft

text: and

text: Chinook

text: heavy

text: lift

text: helicopters

text: have

text: also

text: been

text: acquired

text: for

text: the

text: Armed

text: Forces

text: Although

text: the

text: viability

text: of

text: the

text: Canada

text: First

text: Defence

text: Strategy

text: continues

text: to

text: suffer

text: setbacks

text: from

text: challenging

text: and

text: evolving

text: fiscal

text: and

text: other

text: factors

text: it

text: originally

text: aimed

text: to

question: What equipment was acquired to aid in Afghanistan?

answer: main battle tanks, artillery, unmanned air vehicles

text: main battle tanks, artillery, unmanned air vehicles

question: What large transport plane is part of the CAF mission?

answer: C-130 Hercules

text: C-130 Hercules

question: What new type of helicopter was recently acquired?

answer: CH-47 Chinook heavy-lift helicopters

text: CH-47 Chinook heavy-lift helicopters

question: When was the renewal and re-equipment effort started?

answer: 2006


text: The Battle of Wörth (also known as Fröschwiller or Reichshoffen) began when the two armies clashed again on 6 August near Wörth in the town of Fröschwiller, about 10 miles (16 km) from Wissembourg. The Crown Prince of Prussia's 3rd army had, on the quick reaction of his Chief of Staff General von Blumenthal, drawn reinforcements which brought its strength up to 140,000 troops. The French had been slowly reinforced and their force numbered only 35,000. Although badly outnumbered, the French defended their position just outside Fröschwiller. By afternoon, the Germans had suffered c. 10,500 killed or wounded and the French had lost a similar number of casualties and another c. 9,200 men taken prisoner, a loss of about 50%. The Germans captured Fröschwiller which sat on a hilltop in the centre of the French line. Having lost any hope for victory and facing a massacre, the French army disengaged and retreated in a westerly direction towards Bitche and Saverne, hoping to join French forces on the other side of the Vosges mountains. The German 3rd army did not pursue the French but remained in Alsace and moved slowly south, attacking and destroying the French garrisons in the vicinity.

title: Franco-Prussian_War

title: Franco

title: Prussian_War

text: The

text: Battle

text: of

text: Wörth

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Fröschwiller

text: or

text: Reichshoffen

text: began

text: when

text: the

text: two

text: armies

text: clashed

text: again

text: on

text: August

text: near

text: Wörth

text: in

text: the

text: town

text: of

text: Fröschwiller

text: about

text: miles

text: km

text: from

text: Wissembourg

text: The

text: Crown

text: Prince

text: of

text: Prussia

text: 's

text: army

text: had

text: on

text: the

text: quick

text: reaction

text: of

text: his

text: Chief

text: of

text: Staff

text: General

text: von

text: Blumenthal

text: drawn

text: reinforcements

text: which

text: brought

text: its

text: strength

text: up

text: to

text: troops

text: The

text: French

text: had

text: been

text: slowly

text: reinforced

text: and

text: their

text: force

text: numbered

text: only

text: Although

text: badly

text: outnumbered

text: the

text: French

text: defended

text: their

text: position

text: just

text: outside

text: Fröschwiller

text: By

text: afternoon

text: the

text: Germans

text: had

text: suffered

text: c.

text: killed

text: or

text: wounded

text: and

text: the

text: French

text: had

text: lost

text: a

text: similar

text: number

text: of

text: casualties

text: and

text: another

text: c.

text: men

text: taken

text: prisoner

text: a

text: loss

text: of

text: about

text: The

text: Germans

text: captured

text: Fröschwiller

text: which

text: sat

text: on

text: a

text: hilltop

text: in

text: the

text: centre

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: line

text: Having

text: lost

text: any

text: hope

text: for

text: victory

text: and

text: facing

text: a

text: massacre

text: the

text: French

text: army

text: disengaged

text: and

text: retreated

text: in

text: a

text: westerly

text: direction

text: towards

text: Bitche

text: and

text: Saverne

text: hoping

text: to

text: join

text: French

text: forces

text: on

text: the

text: other

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: Vosges

text: mountains

text: The

text: German

text: army

text: did

text: not

text: pursue

text: the

text: French

text: but

text: remained

text: in

text: Alsace

text: and

text: moved

text: slowly

text: south

text: attacking

text: and

text: destroying

text: the

text: French

text: garrisons

text: in

text: the

text: vicinity

question: What battle began when two armies collided in the town of Froschwiller?

answer: The Battle of Wörth

text: The Battle of Wörth

question: On what date did the Battle of Worth begin?

answer: 6 August

text: 6 August

question: What was the estimated number of troops in Prussia's 3rd Army?

answer: 140,000 troops

text: 140,000 troops

question: What number of troops did France have to contend with?

answer: 35,000

question: Instead of pursuing the French as they retreated, the Germans decided to remain where?

answer: Alsace

text: Alsace


text: In the Romantic era, the modern piano, with a more powerful, sustained tone and a wider range took over from the more delicate-sounding fortepiano. In the orchestra, the existing Classical instruments and sections were retained (string section, woodwinds, brass and percussion), but these sections were typically expanded to make a fuller, bigger sound. For example, while a Baroque orchestra may have had two double bass players, a Romantic orchestra could have as many as ten. "As music grew more expressive, the standard orchestral palette just wasn't rich enough for many Romantic composers."  New woodwind instruments were added, such as the contrabassoon, bass clarinet and piccolo and new percussion instruments were added, including xylophones, drums, celestes (a bell-like keyboard instrument), large orchestral harps, bells, and triangles  and even wind machines for sound effects.

title: Classical_music

title: Classical_music

text: In

text: the

text: Romantic

text: era

text: the

text: modern

text: piano

text: with

text: a

text: more

text: powerful

text: sustained

text: tone

text: and

text: a

text: wider

text: range

text: took

text: over

text: from

text: the

text: more

text: delicate

text: sounding

text: fortepiano

text: In

text: the

text: orchestra

text: the

text: existing

text: Classical

text: instruments

text: and

text: sections

text: were

text: retained

text: string

text: section

text: woodwinds

text: brass

text: and

text: percussion

text: but

text: these

text: sections

text: were

text: typically

text: expanded

text: to

text: make

text: a

text: fuller

text: bigger

text: sound

text: For

text: example

text: while

text: a

text: Baroque

text: orchestra

text: may

text: have

text: had

text: two

text: double

text: bass

text: players

text: a

text: Romantic

text: orchestra

text: could

text: have

text: as

text: many

text: as

text: ten

text: As

text: music

text: grew

text: more

text: expressive

text: the

text: standard

text: orchestral

text: palette

text: just

text: was

text: n't

text: rich

text: enough

text: for

text: many

text: Romantic

text: composers

text: New

text: woodwind

text: instruments

text: were

text: added

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: contrabassoon

text: bass

text: clarinet

text: and

text: piccolo

text: and

text: new

text: percussion

text: instruments

text: were

text: added

text: including

text: xylophones

text: drums

text: celestes

text: a

text: bell

text: like

text: keyboard

text: instrument

text: large

text: orchestral

text: harps

text: bells

text: and

text: triangles

text: and

text: even

text: wind

text: machines

text: for

text: sound

text: effects

question: What instrument did the modern piano take over for in the Romantic era?

answer: fortepiano

text: fortepiano

question: How many double bass players were typically used in the Baroque orchestra?

answer: two

text: two

question: What wasn't rich enough for many Romantic composers?

answer: the standard orchestral palette

text: the standard orchestral palette

question: Classical sections were expanded in the Romantic era for a fuller and bigger what?

answer: sound

text: sound

question: What is a celestes?

answer: a bell-like keyboard instrument

text: a bell-like keyboard instrument


text: Catalan has few suppletive couplets, like Italian and Spanish, and unlike French. Thus, Catalan has noi/noia ("boy"/"girl") and gall/gallina ("cock"/"hen"), whereas French has garçon/fille and coq/poule.

title: Catalan_language

title: Catalan_language

text: Catalan

text: has

text: few

text: suppletive

text: couplets

text: like

text: Italian

text: and

text: Spanish

text: and

text: unlike

text: French

text: Thus

text: Catalan

text: has

text: noi

text: noia

text: boy"/"girl

text: and

text: gall

text: gallina

text: cock"/"hen

text: whereas

text: French

text: has

text: garçon

text: fille

text: and

text: coq

text: poule

question: What kind of words does Catalan have few of?

answer: suppletive couplets

text: suppletive couplets

question: What languages have more couplets than Catalan?

answer: French

text: French

question: What languages are  similar to Catalan in numbers of  couplets?

answer: Italian and Spanish

text: Italian and Spanish

question: What language is not like Catalan in suppletive couplets?

answer: French

text: French


text: According to the Institute of Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences, an optional acute accent (знак ударения) may, and sometimes should, be used to mark stress. For example, it is used to distinguish between otherwise identical words, especially when context does not make it obvious: замо́к/за́мок (lock/castle), сто́ящий/стоя́щий (worthwhile/standing), чудно́/чу́дно (this is odd/this is marvelous), молоде́ц/мо́лодец (attaboy/fine young man), узна́ю/узнаю́ (I shall learn it/I recognize it), отреза́ть/отре́зать (to be cutting/to have cut); to indicate the proper pronunciation of uncommon words, especially personal and family names (афе́ра, гу́ру, Гарси́я, Оле́ша, Фе́рми), and to show which is the stressed word in a sentence (Ты́ съел печенье?/Ты съе́л печенье?/Ты съел пече́нье? – Was it you who ate the cookie?/Did you eat the cookie?/Was it the cookie that you ate?). Stress marks are mandatory in lexical dictionaries and books for children or Russian learners.

title: Russian_language

title: Russian_language

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: Institute

text: of

text: Russian

text: Language

text: of

text: the

text: Russian

text: Academy

text: of

text: Sciences

text: an

text: optional

text: acute

text: accent

text: знак

text: ударения

text: may

text: and

text: sometimes

text: should

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: mark

text: stress

text: For

text: example

text: it

text: is

text: used

text: to

text: distinguish

text: between

text: otherwise

text: identical

text: words

text: especially

text: when

text: context

text: does

text: not

text: make

text: it

text: obvious

text: замо́к/за́мок

text: lock

text: castle

text: сто́ящий/стоя́щий

text: worthwhile

text: standing

text: чудно́/чу́дно

text: this

text: is

text: odd

text: this

text: is

text: marvelous

text: молоде́ц/мо́лодец

text: attaboy

text: fine

text: young

text: man

text: узна́ю/узнаю́

text: I

text: shall

text: learn

text: it

text: I

text: recognize

text: it

text: отреза́ть/отре́зать

text: to

text: be

text: cutting

text: to

text: have

text: cut

text: to

text: indicate

text: the

text: proper

text: pronunciation

text: of

text: uncommon

text: words

text: especially

text: personal

text: and

text: family

text: names

text: афе́ра

text: гу́ру

text: Гарси́я

text: Оле́ша

text: Фе́рми

text: and

text: to

text: show

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: stressed

text: word

text: in

text: a

text: sentence

text: Ты́

text: съел

text: печенье?/Ты

text: съе́л

text: печенье?/Ты

text: съел

text: пече́нье

text: Was

text: it

text: you

text: who

text: ate

text: the

text: cookie?/Did

text: you

text: eat

text: the

text: cookie?/Was

text: it

text: the

text: cookie

text: that

text: you

text: ate

text: Stress

text: marks

text: are

text: mandatory

text: in

text: lexical

text: dictionaries

text: and

text: books

text: for

text: children

text: or

text: Russian

text: learners

question: What organization is the Institute of Russian Language part of?

answer: Russian Academy of Sciences

text: Russian Academy of Sciences

question: What can optional acute accents indicate?

answer: stress

text: stress

question: What is distinguished from 'lock' only by an accent, in Russian?

answer: castle

text: castle

question: What is distinguished from 'this is odd' only by an accent, in Russian?

answer: this is marvelous

text: this is marvelous

question: What is distinguished from 'wothwhile' only by an accent, in Russian?

answer: standing

text: standing


text: Feynman has been called the "Great Explainer". He gained a reputation for taking great care when giving explanations to his students and for making it a moral duty to make the topic accessible. His guiding principle was that, if a topic could not be explained in a freshman lecture, it was not yet fully understood. Feynman gained great pleasure from coming up with such a "freshman-level" explanation, for example, of the connection between spin and statistics. What he said was that groups of particles with spin ½ "repel", whereas groups with integer spin "clump". This was a brilliantly simplified way of demonstrating how Fermi–Dirac statistics and Bose–Einstein statistics evolved as a consequence of studying how fermions and bosons behave under a rotation of 360°. This was also a question he pondered in his more advanced lectures, and to which he demonstrated the solution in the 1986 Dirac memorial lecture. In the same lecture, he further explained that antiparticles must exist, for if particles had only positive energies, they would not be restricted to a so-called "light cone".

title: Richard_Feynman

title: Richard_Feynman

text: Feynman

text: has

text: been

text: called

text: the

text: Great

text: Explainer

text: He

text: gained

text: a

text: reputation

text: for

text: taking

text: great

text: care

text: when

text: giving

text: explanations

text: to

text: his

text: students

text: and

text: for

text: making

text: it

text: a

text: moral

text: duty

text: to

text: make

text: the

text: topic

text: accessible

text: His

text: guiding

text: principle

text: was

text: that

text: if

text: a

text: topic

text: could

text: not

text: be

text: explained

text: in

text: a

text: freshman

text: lecture

text: it

text: was

text: not

text: yet

text: fully

text: understood

text: Feynman

text: gained

text: great

text: pleasure

text: from

text: coming

text: up

text: with

text: such

text: a

text: freshman

text: level

text: explanation

text: for

text: example

text: of

text: the

text: connection

text: between

text: spin

text: and

text: statistics

text: What

text: he

text: said

text: was

text: that

text: groups

text: of

text: particles

text: with

text: spin

text: ½

text: repel

text: whereas

text: groups

text: with

text: integer

text: spin

text: clump

text: This

text: was

text: a

text: brilliantly

text: simplified

text: way

text: of

text: demonstrating

text: how

text: Fermi

text: Dirac

text: statistics

text: and

text: Bose

text: Einstein

text: statistics

text: evolved

text: as

text: a

text: consequence

text: of

text: studying

text: how

text: fermions

text: and

text: bosons

text: behave

text: under

text: a

text: rotation

text: of

text: This

text: was

text: also

text: a

text: question

text: he

text: pondered

text: in

text: his

text: more

text: advanced

text: lectures

text: and

text: to

text: which

text: he

text: demonstrated

text: the

text: solution

text: in

text: the

text: Dirac

text: memorial

text: lecture

text: In

text: the

text: same

text: lecture

text: he

text: further

text: explained

text: that

text: antiparticles

text: must

text: exist

text: for

text: if

text: particles

text: had

text: only

text: positive

text: energies

text: they

text: would

text: not

text: be

text: restricted

text: to

text: a

text: so

text: called

text: light

text: cone

question: Which nickname did Feynman receive?

answer: Great Explainer

text: Great Explainer

question: Feynman believed that if a topic was not easily accessible to freshmen than it was not yet what?

answer: fully understood

text: fully understood

question: In a lecture, Feynman said that what had to exist?

answer: antiparticles

text: antiparticles

question: Antiparticles had to exist because if particles only were of positive energy, they would not be in what?

answer: light cone

text: light cone


text: The SCN projects to a set of areas in the hypothalamus, brainstem, and midbrain that are involved in implementing sleep-wake cycles. An important component of the system is the reticular formation, a group of neuron-clusters scattered diffusely through the core of the lower brain. Reticular neurons send signals to the thalamus, which in turn sends activity-level-controlling signals to every part of the cortex. Damage to the reticular formation can produce a permanent state of coma.

title: Brain

title: Brain

text: The

text: SCN

text: projects

text: to

text: a

text: set

text: of

text: areas

text: in

text: the

text: hypothalamus

text: brainstem

text: and

text: midbrain

text: that

text: are

text: involved

text: in

text: implementing

text: sleep

text: wake

text: cycles

text: An

text: important

text: component

text: of

text: the

text: system

text: is

text: the

text: reticular

text: formation

text: a

text: group

text: of

text: neuron

text: clusters

text: scattered

text: diffusely

text: through

text: the

text: core

text: of

text: the

text: lower

text: brain

text: Reticular

text: neurons

text: send

text: signals

text: to

text: the

text: thalamus

text: which

text: in

text: turn

text: sends

text: activity

text: level

text: controlling

text: signals

text: to

text: every

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: cortex

text: Damage

text: to

text: the

text: reticular

text: formation

text: can

text: produce

text: a

text: permanent

text: state

text: of

text: coma

question: A group of neuron-clusters scattered in the core of the lower brain is called what?

answer: the reticular formation

text: the reticular formation

question: Reticular neurons transfer signals to what part of the brain?

answer: the thalamus

text: the thalamus

question: Damage to the reticular formation can cause what?

answer: state of coma

text: state of coma

question: The SCN transfers signals to a set of areas that implement what?

answer: sleep-wake cycles.

text: sleep-wake cycles.


text: In contrast to this viewpoint, an article and associated editorial in the New England Journal of Medicine in May 2015 emphasized the importance of pharmaceutical industry-physician interactions for the development of novel treatments, and argued that moral outrage over industry malfeasance had unjustifiably led many to overemphasize the problems created by financial conflicts of interest. The article noted that major healthcare organizations such as National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health, the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology, the World Economic Forum, the Gates Foundation, the Wellcome Trust, and the Food and Drug Administration had encouraged greater interactions between physicians and industry in order to bring greater benefits to patients.

title: Pharmaceutical_industry

title: Pharmaceutical_industry

text: In

text: contrast

text: to

text: this

text: viewpoint

text: an

text: article

text: and

text: associated

text: editorial

text: in

text: the

text: New

text: England

text: Journal

text: of

text: Medicine

text: in

text: May

text: emphasized

text: the

text: importance

text: of

text: pharmaceutical

text: industry

text: physician

text: interactions

text: for

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: novel

text: treatments

text: and

text: argued

text: that

text: moral

text: outrage

text: over

text: industry

text: malfeasance

text: had

text: unjustifiably

text: led

text: many

text: to

text: overemphasize

text: the

text: problems

text: created

text: by

text: financial

text: conflicts

text: of

text: interest

text: The

text: article

text: noted

text: that

text: major

text: healthcare

text: organizations

text: such

text: as

text: National

text: Center

text: for

text: Advancing

text: Translational

text: Sciences

text: of

text: the

text: National

text: Institutes

text: of

text: Health

text: the

text: President

text: ’s

text: Council

text: of

text: Advisors

text: on

text: Science

text: and

text: Technology

text: the

text: World

text: Economic

text: Forum

text: the

text: Gates

text: Foundation

text: the

text: Wellcome

text: Trust

text: and

text: the

text: Food

text: and

text: Drug

text: Administration

text: had

text: encouraged

text: greater

text: interactions

text: between

text: physicians

text: and

text: industry

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: bring

text: greater

text: benefits

text: to

text: patients

question: Who were some of the companies that encouraged the interactions between doctors and the pharmaceutical industry?

answer: World Economic Forum, the Gates Foundation, the Wellcome Trust, and the Food and Drug Administration

text: World Economic Forum, the Gates Foundation, the Wellcome Trust, and the Food and Drug Administration

question: When did the article come out about the importance of interactions?

answer: May 2015

text: May 2015

question: What was the reason behind these interactions?

answer: bring greater benefits to patients

text: bring greater benefits to patients

question: What was believed to have created a financial conflict of interest?

answer: moral outrage over industry malfeasance

text: moral outrage over industry malfeasance

question: Who printed the article about the importance of interactions?

answer: New England Journal of Medicine

text: New England Journal of Medicine

question: What publication had an article about the importance of pharmaceutical industry-physician interactions in 2015?

answer: New England Journal of Medicine

text: New England Journal of Medicine

question: When was the editorial published?

answer: May 2015

text: May 2015

question: Did major healthcare organizations support or discourage interactions between doctors and industries?

answer: encouraged greater interactions

text: encouraged greater interactions


text: At a professional level, most matches produce only a few goals. For example, the 2005–06 season of the English Premier League produced an average of 2.48 goals per match. The Laws of the Game do not specify any player positions other than goalkeeper, but a number of specialised roles have evolved. Broadly, these include three main categories: strikers, or forwards, whose main task is to score goals; defenders, who specialise in preventing their opponents from scoring; and midfielders, who dispossess the opposition and keep possession of the ball to pass it to the forwards on their team. Players in these positions are referred to as outfield players, to distinguish them from the goalkeeper. These positions are further subdivided according to the area of the field in which the player spends most time. For example, there are central defenders, and left and right midfielders. The ten outfield players may be arranged in any combination. The number of players in each position determines the style of the team's play; more forwards and fewer defenders creates a more aggressive and offensive-minded game, while the reverse creates a slower, more defensive style of play. While players typically spend most of the game in a specific position, there are few restrictions on player movement, and players can switch positions at any time. The layout of a team's players is known as a formation. Defining the team's formation and tactics is usually the prerogative of the team's manager.

title: Association_football

title: Association_football

text: At

text: a

text: professional

text: level

text: most

text: matches

text: produce

text: only

text: a

text: few

text: goals

text: For

text: example

text: the

text: season

text: of

text: the

text: English

text: Premier

text: League

text: produced

text: an

text: average

text: of

text: goals

text: per

text: match

text: The

text: Laws

text: of

text: the

text: Game

text: do

text: not

text: specify

text: any

text: player

text: positions

text: other

text: than

text: goalkeeper

text: but

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: specialised

text: roles

text: have

text: evolved

text: Broadly

text: these

text: include

text: three

text: main

text: categories

text: strikers

text: or

text: forwards

text: whose

text: main

text: task

text: is

text: to

text: score

text: goals

text: defenders

text: who

text: specialise

text: in

text: preventing

text: their

text: opponents

text: from

text: scoring

text: and

text: midfielders

text: who

text: dispossess

text: the

text: opposition

text: and

text: keep

text: possession

text: of

text: the

text: ball

text: to

text: pass

text: it

text: to

text: the

text: forwards

text: on

text: their

text: team

text: Players

text: in

text: these

text: positions

text: are

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: outfield

text: players

text: to

text: distinguish

text: them

text: from

text: the

text: goalkeeper

text: These

text: positions

text: are

text: further

text: subdivided

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: area

text: of

text: the

text: field

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: player

text: spends

text: most

text: time

text: For

text: example

text: there

text: are

text: central

text: defenders

text: and

text: left

text: and

text: right

text: midfielders

text: The

text: ten

text: outfield

text: players

text: may

text: be

text: arranged

text: in

text: any

text: combination

text: The

text: number

text: of

text: players

text: in

text: each

text: position

text: determines

text: the

text: style

text: of

text: the

text: team

text: 's

text: play

text: more

text: forwards

text: and

text: fewer

text: defenders

text: creates

text: a

text: more

text: aggressive

text: and

text: offensive

text: minded

text: game

text: while

text: the

text: reverse

text: creates

text: a

text: slower

text: more

text: defensive

text: style

text: of

text: play

text: While

text: players

text: typically

text: spend

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: game

text: in

text: a

text: specific

text: position

text: there

text: are

text: few

text: restrictions

text: on

text: player

text: movement

text: and

text: players

text: can

text: switch

text: positions

text: at

text: any

text: time

text: The

text: layout

text: of

text: a

text: team

text: 's

text: players

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: a

text: formation

text: Defining

text: the

text: team

text: 's

text: formation

text: and

text: tactics

text: is

text: usually

text: the

text: prerogative

text: of

text: the

text: team

text: 's

text: manager

question: What is the only position specified by the Laws of the Game

answer: goalkeeper

text: goalkeeper

question: The focus of strikers and forwards are to do what?

answer: score goals

text: score goals

question: A team players layout is a what?

answer: formation

text: formation

question: Who's job is to prevent the opponents from scoring?

answer: defenders

text: defenders

question: Who's the most responsible for the teams tactics?

answer: team's manager

text: team's manager


text: After its return in 2010, the AFL had its national television deal with the NFL Network for a weekly Friday night game. All AFL games not on the NFL Network could be seen for free online, provided by Ustream.

title: Arena_Football_League

title: Arena_Football_League

text: After

text: its

text: return

text: in

text: the

text: AFL

text: had

text: its

text: national

text: television

text: deal

text: with

text: the

text: NFL

text: Network

text: for

text: a

text: weekly

text: Friday

text: night

text: game

text: All

text: AFL

text: games

text: not

text: on

text: the

text: NFL

text: Network

text: could

text: be

text: seen

text: for

text: free

text: online

text: provided

text: by

text: Ustream

question: After a hiatus, in what year did the AFL begin operations again?

answer: 2010

question: What cable television network signed a broadcast deal with the AFL in 2010?

answer: NFL Network

text: NFL Network

question: On what day would AFL games be shown on NFL Network?

answer: Friday

text: Friday

question: What streaming service broadcast AFL games that were not on NFL Network?

answer: Ustream

text: Ustream

question: What was the cost to watch AFL games on Ustream?

answer: free

text: free


text: The area's many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination, as the city has evolved into an educational and economic hub. With a gross domestic product of $388 billion, Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation. Philadelphia is the center of economic activity in Pennsylvania and is home to seven Fortune 1000 companies. The Philadelphia skyline is growing, with several nationally prominent skyscrapers. The city is known for its arts, culture, and history, attracting over 39 million domestic tourists in 2013. Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city, and Fairmount Park is the largest landscaped urban park in the world. The 67 National Historic Landmarks in the city helped account for the $10 billion generated by tourism. Philadelphia is the birthplace of the United States Marine Corps, and is also the home of many U.S. firsts, including the first library (1731), first hospital (1751) and medical school (1765), first Capitol (1777), first stock exchange (1790), first zoo (1874), and first business school (1881). Philadelphia is the only World Heritage City in the United States.

title: Philadelphia

title: Philadelphia

text: The

text: area

text: 's

text: many

text: universities

text: and

text: colleges

text: make

text: Philadelphia

text: a

text: top

text: international

text: study

text: destination

text: as

text: the

text: city

text: has

text: evolved

text: into

text: an

text: educational

text: and

text: economic

text: hub

text: With

text: a

text: gross

text: domestic

text: product

text: of

text: billion

text: Philadelphia

text: ranks

text: ninth

text: among

text: world

text: cities

text: and

text: fourth

text: in

text: the

text: nation

text: Philadelphia

text: is

text: the

text: center

text: of

text: economic

text: activity

text: in

text: Pennsylvania

text: and

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: seven

text: Fortune

text: companies

text: The

text: Philadelphia

text: skyline

text: is

text: growing

text: with

text: several

text: nationally

text: prominent

text: skyscrapers

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: known

text: for

text: its

text: arts

text: culture

text: and

text: history

text: attracting

text: over

text: million

text: domestic

text: tourists

text: in

text: Philadelphia

text: has

text: more

text: outdoor

text: sculptures

text: and

text: murals

text: than

text: any

text: other

text: American

text: city

text: and

text: Fairmount

text: Park

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: landscaped

text: urban

text: park

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: The

text: National

text: Historic

text: Landmarks

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: helped

text: account

text: for

text: the

text: billion

text: generated

text: by

text: tourism

text: Philadelphia

text: is

text: the

text: birthplace

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Marine

text: Corps

text: and

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: home

text: of

text: many

text: U.S.

text: firsts

text: including

text: the

text: first

text: library

text: first

text: hospital

text: and

text: medical

text: school

text: first

text: Capitol

text: first

text: stock

text: exchange

text: first

text: zoo

text: and

text: first

text: business

text: school

text: Philadelphia

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: World

text: Heritage

text: City

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

question: What is the GDP of the city?

answer: $388 billion

text: $388 billion

question: Where does it rank in comparison to other US cities in GDP?

answer: fourth

text: fourth

question: How many Fortune 500 companies call Philadelpia home?

answer: seven

text: seven

question: How many domestic tourists visit annually?

answer: 39 million

text: 39 million

question: What branch of the US military was born in Philadelphia?

answer: United States Marine Corps

text: United States Marine Corps


text: Commentaries dealing with the zahir (outward aspects) of the text are called tafsir, and hermeneutic and esoteric commentaries dealing with the batin are called ta'wil ("interpretation" or "explanation"), which involves taking the text back to its beginning. Commentators with an esoteric slant believe that the ultimate meaning of the Quran is known only to God. In contrast, Quranic literalism, followed by Salafis and Zahiris, is the belief that the Quran should only be taken at its apparent meaning.[citation needed]

title: Quran

title: Quran

text: Commentaries

text: dealing

text: with

text: the

text: zahir

text: outward

text: aspects

text: of

text: the

text: text

text: are

text: called

text: tafsir

text: and

text: hermeneutic

text: and

text: esoteric

text: commentaries

text: dealing

text: with

text: the

text: batin

text: are

text: called

text: ta'wil

text: interpretation

text: or

text: explanation

text: which

text: involves

text: taking

text: the

text: text

text: back

text: to

text: its

text: beginning

text: Commentators

text: with

text: an

text: esoteric

text: slant

text: believe

text: that

text: the

text: ultimate

text: meaning

text: of

text: the

text: Quran

text: is

text: known

text: only

text: to

text: God

text: In

text: contrast

text: Quranic

text: literalism

text: followed

text: by

text: Salafis

text: and

text: Zahiris

text: is

text: the

text: belief

text: that

text: the

text: Quran

text: should

text: only

text: be

text: taken

text: at

text: its

text: apparent

text: meaning.[citation

text: needed

question: What is the Arabic term for the surface-level aspects of a text?

answer: zahir

text: zahir

question: What Arabic term applies to interpretations aimed at the deeper, esoteric meanings of a text?

answer: ta'wil

text: ta'wil

question: Who is the only one who ever knows the full meaning of Quranic verses in the esoteric view?

answer: God

text: God

question: Which two groups are examples of Muslims who advocate a very literal reading of the Quran?

answer: Salafis and Zahiris

text: Salafis and Zahiris


text: Located in the American South, Houston is a diverse city with a large and growing international community. The metropolitan area is home to an estimated 1.1 million (21.4 percent) residents who were born outside the United States, with nearly two-thirds of the area's foreign-born population from south of the United States–Mexico border. Additionally, more than one in five foreign-born residents are from Asia. The city is home to the nation's third-largest concentration of consular offices, representing 86 countries.

title: Houston

title: Houston

text: Located

text: in

text: the

text: American

text: South

text: Houston

text: is

text: a

text: diverse

text: city

text: with

text: a

text: large

text: and

text: growing

text: international

text: community

text: The

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: an

text: estimated

text: million

text: percent

text: residents

text: who

text: were

text: born

text: outside

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: with

text: nearly

text: two

text: thirds

text: of

text: the

text: area

text: 's

text: foreign

text: born

text: population

text: from

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Mexico

text: border

text: Additionally

text: more

text: than

text: one

text: in

text: five

text: foreign

text: born

text: residents

text: are

text: from

text: Asia

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: the

text: nation

text: 's

text: third

text: largest

text: concentration

text: of

text: consular

text: offices

text: representing

text: countries

question: In what part of the United States is Houston located?

answer: South

text: South

question: What part of the Houston population is growing?

answer: international community

text: international community

question: How many of the people who live in Houston were foreign born?

answer: 1.1 million

text: 1.1 million

question: What percentage of Houston's foreign born population is from south of the U.S.-Mexican border?

answer: two-thirds

text: two-thirds

question: How many foreign born Houstonites are from Asia?

answer: one in five

text: one in five


text: Meanwhile, the Chinese Ming dynasty fell to the rebellion of Li Zicheng (1606–1645) in 1644, yet his short-lived Shun dynasty was crushed by the Manchu invasion and the Han Chinese general Wu Sangui (1612–1678). China Daily states that when the following Qing dynasty replaced the Ming dynasty, it merely "strengthened administration of Tibet." However, Kolmaš states that the Dalai Lama was very observant of what was going on in China and accepted a Manchu invitation in 1640 to send envoys to their capital at Mukden in 1642, before the Ming collapsed. Dawa Norbu, William Rockhill, and George N. Patterson write that when the Shunzhi Emperor (r. 1644–1661) of the subsequent Qing dynasty invited the fifth Dalai Lama Lozang Gyatso to Beijing in 1652, Shunzhi treated the Dalai Lama as an independent sovereign of Tibet. Patterson writes that this was an effort of Shunzhi to secure an alliance with Tibet that would ultimately lead to the establishment of Manchu rule over Mongolia. In this meeting with the Qing emperor, Goldstein asserts that the Dalai Lama was not someone to be trifled with due to his alliance with Mongol tribes, some of which were declared enemies of the Qing. Van Praag states that Tibet and the Dalai Lama's power was recognized by the "Manchu Emperor, the Mongolian Khans and Princes, and the rulers of Ladakh, Nepal, India, Bhutan, and Sikkim."

title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty

title: Sino

text: Meanwhile

text: the

text: Chinese

text: Ming

text: dynasty

text: fell

text: to

text: the

text: rebellion

text: of

text: Li

text: Zicheng

text: in

text: yet

text: his

text: short

text: lived

text: Shun

text: dynasty

text: was

text: crushed

text: by

text: the

text: Manchu

text: invasion

text: and

text: the

text: Han

text: Chinese

text: general

text: Wu

text: Sangui

text: China

text: Daily

text: states

text: that

text: when

text: the

text: following

text: Qing

text: dynasty

text: replaced

text: the

text: Ming

text: dynasty

text: it

text: merely

text: strengthened

text: administration

text: of

text: Tibet

text: However

text: Kolmaš

text: states

text: that

text: the

text: Dalai

text: Lama

text: was

text: very

text: observant

text: of

text: what

text: was

text: going

text: on

text: in

text: China

text: and

text: accepted

text: a

text: Manchu

text: invitation

text: in

text: to

text: send

text: envoys

text: to

text: their

text: capital

text: at

text: Mukden

text: in

text: before

text: the

text: Ming

text: collapsed

text: Dawa

text: Norbu

text: William

text: Rockhill

text: and

text: George

text: N.

text: Patterson

text: write

text: that

text: when

text: the

text: Shunzhi

text: Emperor

text: r.

text: of

text: the

text: subsequent

text: Qing

text: dynasty

text: invited

text: the

text: fifth

text: Dalai

text: Lama

text: Lozang

text: Gyatso

text: to

text: Beijing

text: in

text: Shunzhi

text: treated

text: the

text: Dalai

text: Lama

text: as

text: an

text: independent

text: sovereign

text: of

text: Tibet

text: Patterson

text: writes

text: that

text: this

text: was

text: an

text: effort

text: of

text: Shunzhi

text: to

text: secure

text: an

text: alliance

text: with

text: Tibet

text: that

text: would

text: ultimately

text: lead

text: to

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: Manchu

text: rule

text: over

text: Mongolia

text: In

text: this

text: meeting

text: with

text: the

text: Qing

text: emperor

text: Goldstein

text: asserts

text: that

text: the

text: Dalai

text: Lama

text: was

text: not

text: someone

text: to

text: be

text: trifled

text: with

text: due

text: to

text: his

text: alliance

text: with

text: Mongol

text: tribes

text: some

text: of

text: which

text: were

text: declared

text: enemies

text: of

text: the

text: Qing

text: Van

text: Praag

text: states

text: that

text: Tibet

text: and

text: the

text: Dalai

text: Lama

text: 's

text: power

text: was

text: recognized

text: by

text: the

text: Manchu

text: Emperor

text: the

text: Mongolian

text: Khans

text: and

text: Princes

text: and

text: the

text: rulers

text: of

text: Ladakh

text: Nepal

text: India

text: Bhutan

text: and

text: Sikkim

question: Who did the the Chinese Ming dynasty fall to?

answer: the rebellion of Li Zicheng

text: the rebellion of Li Zicheng

question: According to Kolmaš who accepted an invite from a Manchu to send envoys to the capital at Mukden?

answer: the Dalai Lama

text: the Dalai Lama

question: Who was said to have treated the Dalai Lama as an independent sovereign of Tibet?

answer: Shunzhi

text: Shunzhi


text: The official published membership statistics, such as those mentioned above, include only those who submit reports for their personal ministry; official statistics do not include inactive and disfellowshipped individuals or others who might attend their meetings. As a result, only about half of those who self-identified as Jehovah's Witnesses in independent demographic studies are considered active by the faith itself. The 2008 US Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life survey found a low retention rate among members of the religion: about 37% of people raised in the religion continued to identify themselves as Jehovah's Witnesses.

title: Jehovah%27s_Witnesses

title: Jehovah%27s_Witnesses

text: The

text: official

text: published

text: membership

text: statistics

text: such

text: as

text: those

text: mentioned

text: above

text: include

text: only

text: those

text: who

text: submit

text: reports

text: for

text: their

text: personal

text: ministry

text: official

text: statistics

text: do

text: not

text: include

text: inactive

text: and

text: disfellowshipped

text: individuals

text: or

text: others

text: who

text: might

text: attend

text: their

text: meetings

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: only

text: about

text: half

text: of

text: those

text: who

text: self

text: identified

text: as

text: Jehovah

text: 's

text: Witnesses

text: in

text: independent

text: demographic

text: studies

text: are

text: considered

text: active

text: by

text: the

text: faith

text: itself

text: The

text: US

text: Pew

text: Forum

text: on

text: Religion

text: Public

text: Life

text: survey

text: found

text: a

text: low

text: retention

text: rate

text: among

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: religion

text: about

text: of

text: people

text: raised

text: in

text: the

text: religion

text: continued

text: to

text: identify

text: themselves

text: as

text: Jehovah

text: 's

text: Witnesses

question: Where do the officially published membership statistics come from?

answer: those who submit reports for their personal ministry

text: those who submit reports for their personal ministry

question: Only about half all Jehovah's Witnesses are actually considered what in the faith itself?

answer: active

text: active

question: What did a 2008 US Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life survey discover about Jehovah's Witnesses' retention rate?

answer: low

text: low

question: Only about what percentage of the people raised in the religion continue to identify themselves as Jehovah's Witnesses?

answer: 37%


text: The Díaz administration made political decisions and took legal measures that allowed the elite throughout Mexico to concentrate the nation's wealth by favoring monopolies. During this time, two-fifths of the state's territory was divided among 17 rich families which owned practically all of the arable land in Chihuahua. The state economy grew at a rapid pace during the Porfiriato; the economy in Chihuahua was dominated by agriculture and mining. The Díaz administration helped Governor Luis Terrazas by funding the Municipal Public Library in Chihuahua City and passing a federal initiative for the construction of the railroad from Chihuahua City to Ciudad Júarez. By 1881, the Central Mexican Railroad was completed which connected Mexico City to Ciudad Juárez. In 1883 telephone lines were installed throughout the state, allowing communication between Chihuahua City and Aldama. By 1888 the telephone services were extended from the capital to the cites of Julimes, Meoqui, and Hidalgo del Parral; the telecommunication network in the state covered an estimated 3,500 kilometers. The need of laborers to construct the extensive infrastructure projects resulted in a significant Asian immigration, mostly from China. Asian immigrants soon become integral to the state economy by opening restaurants, small grocery stores, and hotels. By the end of the Terrazas term, the state experienced an increase in commerce, mining, and banking. When the banks were nationalized, Chihuahua became the most important banking state in Mexico.

title: Chihuahua_(state)

title: Chihuahua_(state

text: The

text: Díaz

text: administration

text: made

text: political

text: decisions

text: and

text: took

text: legal

text: measures

text: that

text: allowed

text: the

text: elite

text: throughout

text: Mexico

text: to

text: concentrate

text: the

text: nation

text: 's

text: wealth

text: by

text: favoring

text: monopolies

text: During

text: this

text: time

text: two

text: fifths

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: 's

text: territory

text: was

text: divided

text: among

text: rich

text: families

text: which

text: owned

text: practically

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: arable

text: land

text: in

text: Chihuahua

text: The

text: state

text: economy

text: grew

text: at

text: a

text: rapid

text: pace

text: during

text: the

text: Porfiriato

text: the

text: economy

text: in

text: Chihuahua

text: was

text: dominated

text: by

text: agriculture

text: and

text: mining

text: The

text: Díaz

text: administration

text: helped

text: Governor

text: Luis

text: Terrazas

text: by

text: funding

text: the

text: Municipal

text: Public

text: Library

text: in

text: Chihuahua

text: City

text: and

text: passing

text: a

text: federal

text: initiative

text: for

text: the

text: construction

text: of

text: the

text: railroad

text: from

text: Chihuahua

text: City

text: to

text: Ciudad

text: Júarez

text: By

text: the

text: Central

text: Mexican

text: Railroad

text: was

text: completed

text: which

text: connected

text: Mexico

text: City

text: to

text: Ciudad

text: Juárez

text: In

text: telephone

text: lines

text: were

text: installed

text: throughout

text: the

text: state

text: allowing

text: communication

text: between

text: Chihuahua

text: City

text: and

text: Aldama

text: By

text: the

text: telephone

text: services

text: were

text: extended

text: from

text: the

text: capital

text: to

text: the

text: cites

text: of

text: Julimes

text: Meoqui

text: and

text: Hidalgo

text: del

text: Parral

text: the

text: telecommunication

text: network

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: covered

text: an

text: estimated

text: kilometers

text: The

text: need

text: of

text: laborers

text: to

text: construct

text: the

text: extensive

text: infrastructure

text: projects

text: resulted

text: in

text: a

text: significant

text: Asian

text: immigration

text: mostly

text: from

text: China

text: Asian

text: immigrants

text: soon

text: become

text: integral

text: to

text: the

text: state

text: economy

text: by

text: opening

text: restaurants

text: small

text: grocery

text: stores

text: and

text: hotels

text: By

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Terrazas

text: term

text: the

text: state

text: experienced

text: an

text: increase

text: in

text: commerce

text: mining

text: and

text: banking

text: When

text: the

text: banks

text: were

text: nationalized

text: Chihuahua

text: became

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: banking

text: state

text: in

text: Mexico

question: The Diaz administration allowed the elite to concentrate wealth by favoring what?

answer: monopolies

text: monopolies

question: Two-fifths of the state's territory was divided between how many families?

answer: 17

question: This state grew at a rapid pace during the Porfiriato.

answer: Chihuahua

text: Chihuahua

question: What were installed throughout the state in 1883?

answer: telephone lines

text: telephone lines

question: Asian immigrants became integral to the state economy by opening what businesses?

answer: restaurants, small grocery stores, and hotels.

text: restaurants, small grocery stores, and hotels.


text: Knowledge, for Popper, was objective, both in the sense that it is objectively true (or truthlike), and also in the sense that knowledge has an ontological status (i.e., knowledge as object) independent of the knowing subject (Objective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach, 1972). He proposed three worlds: World One, being the physical world, or physical states; World Two, being the world of mind, or mental states, ideas, and perceptions; and World Three, being the body of human knowledge expressed in its manifold forms, or the products of the second world made manifest in the materials of the first world (i.e., books, papers, paintings, symphonies, and all the products of the human mind). World Three, he argued, was the product of individual human beings in exactly the same sense that an animal path is the product of individual animals, and that, as such, has an existence and evolution independent of any individual knowing subjects. The influence of World Three, in his view, on the individual human mind (World Two) is at least as strong as the influence of World One. In other words, the knowledge held by a given individual mind owes at least as much to the total accumulated wealth of human knowledge, made manifest, as to the world of direct experience. As such, the growth of human knowledge could be said to be a function of the independent evolution of World Three. Many contemporary philosophers, such as Daniel Dennett, have not embraced Popper's Three World conjecture, due mostly, it seems, to its resemblance to mind-body dualism.

title: Karl_Popper

title: Karl_Popper

text: Knowledge

text: for

text: Popper

text: was

text: objective

text: both

text: in

text: the

text: sense

text: that

text: it

text: is

text: objectively

text: true

text: or

text: truthlike

text: and

text: also

text: in

text: the

text: sense

text: that

text: knowledge

text: has

text: an

text: ontological

text: status

text: i.e.

text: knowledge

text: as

text: object

text: independent

text: of

text: the

text: knowing

text: subject

text: Objective

text: Knowledge

text: An

text: Evolutionary

text: Approach

text: He

text: proposed

text: three

text: worlds

text: World

text: One

text: being

text: the

text: physical

text: world

text: or

text: physical

text: states

text: World

text: Two

text: being

text: the

text: world

text: of

text: mind

text: or

text: mental

text: states

text: ideas

text: and

text: perceptions

text: and

text: World

text: Three

text: being

text: the

text: body

text: of

text: human

text: knowledge

text: expressed

text: in

text: its

text: manifold

text: forms

text: or

text: the

text: products

text: of

text: the

text: second

text: world

text: made

text: manifest

text: in

text: the

text: materials

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: world

text: i.e.

text: books

text: papers

text: paintings

text: symphonies

text: and

text: all

text: the

text: products

text: of

text: the

text: human

text: mind

text: World

text: Three

text: he

text: argued

text: was

text: the

text: product

text: of

text: individual

text: human

text: beings

text: in

text: exactly

text: the

text: same

text: sense

text: that

text: an

text: animal

text: path

text: is

text: the

text: product

text: of

text: individual

text: animals

text: and

text: that

text: as

text: such

text: has

text: an

text: existence

text: and

text: evolution

text: independent

text: of

text: any

text: individual

text: knowing

text: subjects

text: The

text: influence

text: of

text: World

text: Three

text: in

text: his

text: view

text: on

text: the

text: individual

text: human

text: mind

text: World

text: Two

text: is

text: at

text: least

text: as

text: strong

text: as

text: the

text: influence

text: of

text: World

text: One

text: In

text: other

text: words

text: the

text: knowledge

text: held

text: by

text: a

text: given

text: individual

text: mind

text: owes

text: at

text: least

text: as

text: much

text: to

text: the

text: total

text: accumulated

text: wealth

text: of

text: human

text: knowledge

text: made

text: manifest

text: as

text: to

text: the

text: world

text: of

text: direct

text: experience

text: As

text: such

text: the

text: growth

text: of

text: human

text: knowledge

text: could

text: be

text: said

text: to

text: be

text: a

text: function

text: of

text: the

text: independent

text: evolution

text: of

text: World

text: Three

text: Many

text: contemporary

text: philosophers

text: such

text: as

text: Daniel

text: Dennett

text: have

text: not

text: embraced

text: Popper

text: 's

text: Three

text: World

text: conjecture

text: due

text: mostly

text: it

text: seems

text: to

text: its

text: resemblance

text: to

text: mind

text: body

text: dualism

question: What did Popper argue was objective and independent of its subject?

answer: knowledge

text: knowledge

question: How many different worlds or realities did Popper differentiate in Objective Knowledge?

answer: three

text: three

question: What constituted World One in Popper's theory?

answer: the physical world

text: the physical world

question: Who produced the contents of World Three?

answer: individual human beings

text: individual human beings

question: Which world's evolution corresponds to the growth of human knowledge?

answer: World Three

text: World Three


text: Various owners leased it from royal landlords and the freehold was the subject of frenzied speculation during the 17th century. By then, the old village of Eye Cross had long since fallen into decay, and the area was mostly wasteland. Needing money, James I sold off part of the Crown freehold but retained part of the site on which he established a 4-acre (16,000 m2) mulberry garden for the production of silk. (This is at the northwest corner of today's palace.) Clement Walker in Anarchia Anglicana (1649) refers to "new-erected sodoms and spintries at the Mulberry Garden at S. James's"; this suggests it may have been a place of debauchery. Eventually, in the late 17th century, the freehold was inherited from the property tycoon Sir Hugh Audley by the great heiress Mary Davies.

title: Buckingham_Palace

title: Buckingham_Palace

text: Various

text: owners

text: leased

text: it

text: from

text: royal

text: landlords

text: and

text: the

text: freehold

text: was

text: the

text: subject

text: of

text: frenzied

text: speculation

text: during

text: the

text: century

text: By

text: then

text: the

text: old

text: village

text: of

text: Eye

text: Cross

text: had

text: long

text: since

text: fallen

text: into

text: decay

text: and

text: the

text: area

text: was

text: mostly

text: wasteland

text: Needing

text: money

text: James

text: I

text: sold

text: off

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Crown

text: freehold

text: but

text: retained

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: site

text: on

text: which

text: he

text: established

text: a

text: mulberry

text: garden

text: for

text: the

text: production

text: of

text: silk

text: This

text: is

text: at

text: the

text: northwest

text: corner

text: of

text: today

text: 's

text: palace

text: Clement

text: Walker

text: in

text: Anarchia

text: Anglicana

text: refers

text: to

text: new

text: erected

text: sodoms

text: and

text: spintries

text: at

text: the

text: Mulberry

text: Garden

text: at

text: S.

text: James

text: 's

text: this

text: suggests

text: it

text: may

text: have

text: been

text: a

text: place

text: of

text: debauchery

text: Eventually

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: the

text: freehold

text: was

text: inherited

text: from

text: the

text: property

text: tycoon

text: Sir

text: Hugh

text: Audley

text: by

text: the

text: great

text: heiress

text: Mary

text: Davies

question: Which property tycoon inherited the property in the late 17th century?

answer: Sir Hugh Audley

text: Sir Hugh Audley

question: Which village had fallen into decay?

answer: Eye Cross

text: Eye Cross

question: Who established a mulberry garden on the property?

answer: James I

text: James I

question: What product did the mulberry garden produce?

answer: silk

text: silk

question: Who suggests that the mulberry garden is likely a place for debauchery?

answer: Clement Walker

text: Clement Walker

question: What about the palace was subject to speculation in the 17th century?

answer: the freehold

text: the freehold

question: Which village had fallen into decay but the 17th century?

answer: Eye Cross

text: Eye Cross

question: Who sold off part of the Crown Freehold?

answer: James I

text: James I

question: What type of garden did James I create?

answer: mulberry

text: mulberry

question: What did the mulberry garden produce?

answer: silk.

text: silk.


text: As a result of the Libyan Civil War, the United Nations enacted United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973, which imposed a no-fly zone over Libya, and the protection of civilians from the forces of Muammar Gaddafi. The United States, along with Britain, France and several other nations, committed a coalition force against Gaddafi's forces. On 19 March, the first U.S. action was taken when 114 Tomahawk missiles launched by US and UK warships destroyed shoreline air defenses of the Gaddafi regime. The U.S. continued to play a major role in Operation Unified Protector, the NATO-directed mission that eventually incorporated all of the military coalition's actions in the theater. Throughout the conflict however, the U.S. maintained it was playing a supporting role only and was following the UN mandate to protect civilians, while the real conflict was between Gaddafi's loyalists and Libyan rebels fighting to depose him. During the conflict, American drones were also deployed.

title: Military_history_of_the_United_States

title: Military_history_of_the_United_States

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: the

text: Libyan

text: Civil

text: War

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: enacted

text: United

text: Nations

text: Security

text: Council

text: Resolution

text: which

text: imposed

text: a

text: no

text: fly

text: zone

text: over

text: Libya

text: and

text: the

text: protection

text: of

text: civilians

text: from

text: the

text: forces

text: of

text: Muammar

text: Gaddafi

text: The

text: United

text: States

text: along

text: with

text: Britain

text: France

text: and

text: several

text: other

text: nations

text: committed

text: a

text: coalition

text: force

text: against

text: Gaddafi

text: 's

text: forces

text: On

text: March

text: the

text: first

text: U.S.

text: action

text: was

text: taken

text: when

text: Tomahawk

text: missiles

text: launched

text: by

text: US

text: and

text: UK

text: warships

text: destroyed

text: shoreline

text: air

text: defenses

text: of

text: the

text: Gaddafi

text: regime

text: The

text: U.S.

text: continued

text: to

text: play

text: a

text: major

text: role

text: in

text: Operation

text: Unified

text: Protector

text: the

text: NATO

text: directed

text: mission

text: that

text: eventually

text: incorporated

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: military

text: coalition

text: 's

text: actions

text: in

text: the

text: theater

text: Throughout

text: the

text: conflict

text: however

text: the

text: U.S.

text: maintained

text: it

text: was

text: playing

text: a

text: supporting

text: role

text: only

text: and

text: was

text: following

text: the

text: UN

text: mandate

text: to

text: protect

text: civilians

text: while

text: the

text: real

text: conflict

text: was

text: between

text: Gaddafi

text: 's

text: loyalists

text: and

text: Libyan

text: rebels

text: fighting

text: to

text: depose

text: him

text: During

text: the

text: conflict

text: American

text: drones

text: were

text: also

text: deployed

question: What declaration established a no-fly zone over Libya?

answer: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973

text: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973

question: What is the name of the Libyan leader opposed by US and UN forces?

answer: Muammar Gaddafi

text: Muammar Gaddafi

question: What was the name of the military action against Libya?

answer: Operation Unified Protector

text: Operation Unified Protector

question: What was the goal of this operation?

answer: to protect civilians

text: to protect civilians

question: The Libyan conflict was primarily fought between which groups?

answer: Gaddafi's loyalists and Libyan rebels fighting to depose him

text: Gaddafi's loyalists and Libyan rebels fighting to depose him


text: Post-European-contact Chamorro culture is a combination of American, Spanish, Filipino, other Micronesian Islander and Mexican traditions, with few remaining indigenous pre-Hispanic customs. These influences are manifested in the local language, music, dance, sea navigation, cuisine, fishing, games (such as batu, chonka, estuleks, and bayogu), songs and fashion. During Spanish colonial rule (1668–1898) the majority of the population was converted to Roman Catholicism and religious festivities such as Easter and Christmas became widespread. Post-contact Chamorro cuisine is largely based on corn, and includes tortillas, tamales, atole and chilaquiles, which are a clear influence from Spanish trade between Mesoamerica and Asia. The modern Chamorro language is a Malayo-Polynesian language with much Spanish and Filipino influence. Many Chamorros also have Spanish surnames because of their conversion to Roman Catholic Christianity and the adoption of names from the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos, a phenomenon also common to the Philippines.

title: Guam

title: Guam

text: Post

text: European

text: contact

text: Chamorro

text: culture

text: is

text: a

text: combination

text: of

text: American

text: Spanish

text: Filipino

text: other

text: Micronesian

text: Islander

text: and

text: Mexican

text: traditions

text: with

text: few

text: remaining

text: indigenous

text: pre

text: Hispanic

text: customs

text: These

text: influences

text: are

text: manifested

text: in

text: the

text: local

text: language

text: music

text: dance

text: sea

text: navigation

text: cuisine

text: fishing

text: games

text: such

text: as

text: batu

text: chonka

text: estuleks

text: and

text: bayogu

text: songs

text: and

text: fashion

text: During

text: Spanish

text: colonial

text: rule

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: was

text: converted

text: to

text: Roman

text: Catholicism

text: and

text: religious

text: festivities

text: such

text: as

text: Easter

text: and

text: Christmas

text: became

text: widespread

text: Post

text: contact

text: Chamorro

text: cuisine

text: is

text: largely

text: based

text: on

text: corn

text: and

text: includes

text: tortillas

text: tamales

text: atole

text: and

text: chilaquiles

text: which

text: are

text: a

text: clear

text: influence

text: from

text: Spanish

text: trade

text: between

text: Mesoamerica

text: and

text: Asia

text: The

text: modern

text: Chamorro

text: language

text: is

text: a

text: Malayo

text: Polynesian

text: language

text: with

text: much

text: Spanish

text: and

text: Filipino

text: influence

text: Many

text: Chamorros

text: also

text: have

text: Spanish

text: surnames

text: because

text: of

text: their

text: conversion

text: to

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: Christianity

text: and

text: the

text: adoption

text: of

text: names

text: from

text: the

text: Catálogo

text: alfabético

text: de

text: apellidos

text: a

text: phenomenon

text: also

text: common

text: to

text: the

text: Philippines

question: hat years did the Spanish rule Guam?

answer: 1668–1898

question: What religion was the general population converted to?

answer: Roman Catholicism

text: Roman Catholicism

question: Which two major holidays become popular in Guam?

answer: Easter and Christmas

text: Easter and Christmas

question: What is the name of the modern Chamorro language?

answer: Malayo-Polynesian

text: Malayo-Polynesian


text: The Métropole du Grand Paris, or Metropolis of Greater Paris, formally came into existence on January 1, 2016. It is an administrative structure for cooperation between the City of Paris and its nearest suburbs. It includes the City of Paris, plus the communes, or towns of the three departments of the inner suburbs; Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne; plus seven communes in the outer suburbs, including Argenteuil in Val d'Oise and Paray-Vieille-Poste in Essonne, which were added to include the major airports of Paris. The Metropole covers 814 square kilometers and has a population of 6.945 million persons.

title: Paris

title: Paris

text: The

text: Métropole

text: du

text: Grand

text: Paris

text: or

text: Metropolis

text: of

text: Greater

text: Paris

text: formally

text: came

text: into

text: existence

text: on

text: January

text: It

text: is

text: an

text: administrative

text: structure

text: for

text: cooperation

text: between

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: Paris

text: and

text: its

text: nearest

text: suburbs

text: It

text: includes

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: Paris

text: plus

text: the

text: communes

text: or

text: towns

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: departments

text: of

text: the

text: inner

text: suburbs

text: Hauts

text: de

text: Seine

text: Seine

text: Saint

text: Denis

text: and

text: Val

text: de

text: Marne

text: plus

text: seven

text: communes

text: in

text: the

text: outer

text: suburbs

text: including

text: Argenteuil

text: in

text: Val

text: d'Oise

text: and

text: Paray

text: Vieille

text: Poste

text: in

text: Essonne

text: which

text: were

text: added

text: to

text: include

text: the

text: major

text: airports

text: of

text: Paris

text: The

text: Metropole

text: covers

text: square

text: kilometers

text: and

text: has

text: a

text: population

text: of

text: million

text: persons

question: When did the Metropole du Grand Paris come into existence?

answer: January 1, 2016

text: January 1, 2016

question: How large is the Metropole?

answer: 814 square kilometers

text: 814 square kilometers

question: What is the population of the metropole?

answer: 6.945 million

text: 6.945 million

question: What three departments of the inner suburbs are included in the metropole?

answer: Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne

text: Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne

question: How many communes of the outer suburbs are included in the metropole?

answer: seven

text: seven


text: Arsenal fans often refer to themselves as "Gooners", the name derived from the team's nickname, "The Gunners". The fanbase is large and generally loyal, and virtually all home matches sell out; in 2007–08 Arsenal had the second-highest average League attendance for an English club (60,070, which was 99.5% of available capacity), and, as of 2015, the third-highest all-time average attendance. Arsenal have the seventh highest average attendance of European football clubs only behind Borussia Dortmund, FC Barcelona, Manchester United, Real Madrid, Bayern Munich, and Schalke. The club's location, adjoining wealthy areas such as Canonbury and Barnsbury, mixed areas such as Islington, Holloway, Highbury, and the adjacent London Borough of Camden, and largely working-class areas such as Finsbury Park and Stoke Newington, has meant that Arsenal's supporters have come from a variety of social classes.

title: Arsenal_F.C.

title: Arsenal_F.C.

text: Arsenal

text: fans

text: often

text: refer

text: to

text: themselves

text: as

text: Gooners

text: the

text: name

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: team

text: 's

text: nickname

text: The

text: Gunners

text: The

text: fanbase

text: is

text: large

text: and

text: generally

text: loyal

text: and

text: virtually

text: all

text: home

text: matches

text: sell

text: out

text: in

text: Arsenal

text: had

text: the

text: second

text: highest

text: average

text: League

text: attendance

text: for

text: an

text: English

text: club

text: which

text: was

text: of

text: available

text: capacity

text: and

text: as

text: of

text: the

text: third

text: highest

text: all

text: time

text: average

text: attendance

text: Arsenal

text: have

text: the

text: seventh

text: highest

text: average

text: attendance

text: of

text: European

text: football

text: clubs

text: only

text: behind

text: Borussia

text: Dortmund

text: FC

text: Barcelona

text: Manchester

text: United

text: Real

text: Madrid

text: Bayern

text: Munich

text: and

text: Schalke

text: The

text: club

text: 's

text: location

text: adjoining

text: wealthy

text: areas

text: such

text: as

text: Canonbury

text: and

text: Barnsbury

text: mixed

text: areas

text: such

text: as

text: Islington

text: Holloway

text: Highbury

text: and

text: the

text: adjacent

text: London

text: Borough

text: of

text: Camden

text: and

text: largely

text: working

text: class

text: areas

text: such

text: as

text: Finsbury

text: Park

text: and

text: Stoke

text: Newington

text: has

text: meant

text: that

text: Arsenal

text: 's

text: supporters

text: have

text: come

text: from

text: a

text: variety

text: of

text: social

text: classes

question: What is the common nickname of Arsenal supporters?

answer: Gooners

text: Gooners

question: From what name does Gooners come?

answer: The Gunners

text: The Gunners

question: From what groups do the supporters of Arsenal come?

answer: variety of social classes

text: variety of social classes

question: Where did the attendance at Arsenal games rank in relation to other English clubs?

answer: second-highest average

text: second-highest average

question: What aspect of the fan base is one of the  reasons for large game attendance?

answer: location

text: location