text: The most important archaeological discoveries in Sumer are a large number of tablets written in cuneiform. Sumerian writing, while proven to be not the oldest example of writing on earth, is considered to be a great milestone in the development of man's ability to not only create historical records but also in creating pieces of literature both in the form of poetic epics and stories as well as prayers and laws. Although pictures — that is, hieroglyphs — were first used, cuneiform and then Ideograms (where symbols were made to represent ideas) soon followed. Triangular or wedge-shaped reeds were used to write on moist clay. A large body of hundreds of thousands of texts in the Sumerian language have survived, such as personal or business letters, receipts, lexical lists, laws, hymns, prayers, stories, daily records, and even libraries full of clay tablets. Monumental inscriptions and texts on different objects like statues or bricks are also very common. Many texts survive in multiple copies because they were repeatedly transcribed by scribes-in-training. Sumerian continued to be the language of religion and law in Mesopotamia long after Semitic speakers had become dominant.

title: Sumer

title: Sumer

text: The

text: most

text: important

text: archaeological

text: discoveries

text: in

text: Sumer

text: are

text: a

text: large

text: number

text: of

text: tablets

text: written

text: in

text: cuneiform

text: Sumerian

text: writing

text: while

text: proven

text: to

text: be

text: not

text: the

text: oldest

text: example

text: of

text: writing

text: on

text: earth

text: is

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: a

text: great

text: milestone

text: in

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: man

text: 's

text: ability

text: to

text: not

text: only

text: create

text: historical

text: records

text: but

text: also

text: in

text: creating

text: pieces

text: of

text: literature

text: both

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: poetic

text: epics

text: and

text: stories

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: prayers

text: and

text: laws

text: Although

text: pictures

text: that

text: is

text: hieroglyphs

text: were

text: first

text: used

text: cuneiform

text: and

text: then

text: Ideograms

text: where

text: symbols

text: were

text: made

text: to

text: represent

text: ideas

text: soon

text: followed

text: Triangular

text: or

text: wedge

text: shaped

text: reeds

text: were

text: used

text: to

text: write

text: on

text: moist

text: clay

text: A

text: large

text: body

text: of

text: hundreds

text: of

text: thousands

text: of

text: texts

text: in

text: the

text: Sumerian

text: language

text: have

text: survived

text: such

text: as

text: personal

text: or

text: business

text: letters

text: receipts

text: lexical

text: lists

text: laws

text: hymns

text: prayers

text: stories

text: daily

text: records

text: and

text: even

text: libraries

text: full

text: of

text: clay

text: tablets

text: Monumental

text: inscriptions

text: and

text: texts

text: on

text: different

text: objects

text: like

text: statues

text: or

text: bricks

text: are

text: also

text: very

text: common

text: Many

text: texts

text: survive

text: in

text: multiple

text: copies

text: because

text: they

text: were

text: repeatedly

text: transcribed

text: by

text: scribes

text: in

text: training

text: Sumerian

text: continued

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: language

text: of

text: religion

text: and

text: law

text: in

text: Mesopotamia

text: long

text: after

text: Semitic

text: speakers

text: had

text: become

text: dominant

question: What were the most important discoveries for archaeologists from Sumer?

answer: tablets written in cuneiform

text: tablets written in cuneiform

question: What is Sumerian writing considered to be in the development of man's ability to create literature?

answer: milestone

text: milestone

question: What followed cuneiform in writing?

answer: Ideograms

text: Ideograms

question: How many texts in the Sumerian language have survived to modern day?

answer: hundreds of thousands

text: hundreds of thousands

question: What was the Sumerian language used for long have their civilization had diminished?

answer: religion and law in Mesopotamia

text: religion and law in Mesopotamia


text: From the 2011 Census, the Office for National Statistics published that Plymouth's unitary authority area population was 256,384; 15,664 more people than that of the last census from 2001, which indicated that Plymouth had a population of 240,720. The Plymouth urban area had a population of 260,203 in 2011 (the urban sprawl which extends outside the authority's boundaries). The city's average household size was 2.3 persons. At the time of the 2011 UK census, the ethnic composition of Plymouth's population was 96.2% White (of 92.9% was White British), with the largest minority ethnic group being Chinese at 0.5%. The white Irish ethnic group saw the largest decline in its share of the population since the 2001 Census (-24%), while the Other Asian and Black African had the largest increases (360% and 351% respectively). This excludes the two new ethnic groups added to the 2011 census of Gypsy or Irish Traveller and Arab. The population rose rapidly during the second half of the 19th century, but declined by over 1.6% from 1931 to 1951.

title: Plymouth

title: Plymouth

text: From

text: the

text: Census

text: the

text: Office

text: for

text: National

text: Statistics

text: published

text: that

text: Plymouth

text: 's

text: unitary

text: authority

text: area

text: population

text: was

text: more

text: people

text: than

text: that

text: of

text: the

text: last

text: census

text: from

text: which

text: indicated

text: that

text: Plymouth

text: had

text: a

text: population

text: of

text: The

text: Plymouth

text: urban

text: area

text: had

text: a

text: population

text: of

text: in

text: the

text: urban

text: sprawl

text: which

text: extends

text: outside

text: the

text: authority

text: 's

text: boundaries

text: The

text: city

text: 's

text: average

text: household

text: size

text: was

text: persons

text: At

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: the

text: UK

text: census

text: the

text: ethnic

text: composition

text: of

text: Plymouth

text: 's

text: population

text: was

text: White

text: of

text: was

text: White

text: British

text: with

text: the

text: largest

text: minority

text: ethnic

text: group

text: being

text: Chinese

text: at

text: The

text: white

text: Irish

text: ethnic

text: group

text: saw

text: the

text: largest

text: decline

text: in

text: its

text: share

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: since

text: the

text: Census

text: while

text: the

text: Other

text: Asian

text: and

text: Black

text: African

text: had

text: the

text: largest

text: increases

text: and

text: respectively

text: This

text: excludes

text: the

text: two

text: new

text: ethnic

text: groups

text: added

text: to

text: the

text: census

text: of

text: Gypsy

text: or

text: Irish

text: Traveller

text: and

text: Arab

text: The

text: population

text: rose

text: rapidly

text: during

text: the

text: second

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: but

text: declined

text: by

text: over

text: from

text: to

question: What was the population of Plymouth unitary authority circa 2011?

answer: 256,384

question: What was the population of Plymouth unitary authority circa 2001?

answer: 240,720

question: How many people did the Plymouth unitary authority gain between 2001 and 2011?

answer: 15,664

question: What was the average number of people in a Plymouth household?

answer: 2.3

question: What percentage of Plymouth residents in 2011 were of Chinese ancestry?

answer: 0.5


text: The international borders of the RSFSR touched Poland on the west; Norway and Finland on the northwest; and to its southeast were the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Mongolian People's Republic, and the People's Republic of China. Within the Soviet Union, the RSFSR bordered the Ukrainian, Belarusian, Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian SSRs to its west and Azerbaijan, Georgian and Kazakh SSRs to the south.

title: Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic

text: The

text: international

text: borders

text: of

text: the

text: RSFSR

text: touched

text: Poland

text: on

text: the

text: west

text: Norway

text: and

text: Finland

text: on

text: the

text: northwest

text: and

text: to

text: its

text: southeast

text: were

text: the

text: Democratic

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: Korea

text: Mongolian

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: and

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: Within

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: the

text: RSFSR

text: bordered

text: the

text: Ukrainian

text: Belarusian

text: Estonian

text: Latvian

text: and

text: Lithuanian

text: SSRs

text: to

text: its

text: west

text: and

text: Azerbaijan

text: Georgian

text: and

text: Kazakh

text: SSRs

text: to

text: the

text: south

question: Which country did the RSFSR border on the west?

answer: Poland

text: Poland

question: Which countries did the RSFSR border on the northwest?

answer: Norway and Finland

text: Norway and Finland

question: Which countries did the RSFSR border on the southeast?

answer: Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Mongolian People's Republic, and the People's Republic of China

text: Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Mongolian People's Republic, and the People's Republic of China

question: Which Soviet countries did the RSFSR border on the south?

answer: Azerbaijan, Georgian and Kazakh SSRs

text: Azerbaijan, Georgian and Kazakh SSRs

question: Which Soviet countries did the RSFSR border on the west?

answer: the Ukrainian, Belarusian, Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian SSRs

text: the Ukrainian, Belarusian, Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian SSRs

question: What country borders Russia on the west?

answer: Poland

text: Poland

question: Along with Norway, what country borders the RSFSR on the northwest?

answer: Finland

text: Finland

question: In the USSR, what SSR did the RSFSR border along with the Kazakh SSR?

answer: Georgian

text: Georgian

question: Along with the Mongolian People's Republic and the People's Republic of China, what country did the RSFSR border to its southeast?

answer: Democratic People's Republic of Korea

text: Democratic People's Republic of Korea


text: In 1260, control passed to the Mamluk sultans of Egypt. The country was located between the two centres of Mamluk power, Cairo and Damascus, and only saw some development along the postal road connecting the two cities. Jerusalem, although left without the protection of any city walls since 1219, also saw a flurry of new construction projects centred around the Al-Aqsa Mosque compound (the Temple Mount). In 1266 the Mamluk Sultan Baybars converted the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron into an exclusive Islamic sanctuary and banned Christians and Jews from entering, which previously would be able to enter it for a fee. The ban remained in place until Israel took control of the building in 1967.

title: Israel

title: Israel

text: In

text: control

text: passed

text: to

text: the

text: Mamluk

text: sultans

text: of

text: Egypt

text: The

text: country

text: was

text: located

text: between

text: the

text: two

text: centres

text: of

text: Mamluk

text: power

text: Cairo

text: and

text: Damascus

text: and

text: only

text: saw

text: some

text: development

text: along

text: the

text: postal

text: road

text: connecting

text: the

text: two

text: cities

text: Jerusalem

text: although

text: left

text: without

text: the

text: protection

text: of

text: any

text: city

text: walls

text: since

text: also

text: saw

text: a

text: flurry

text: of

text: new

text: construction

text: projects

text: centred

text: around

text: the

text: Al

text: Aqsa

text: Mosque

text: compound

text: the

text: Temple

text: Mount

text: In

text: the

text: Mamluk

text: Sultan

text: Baybars

text: converted

text: the

text: Cave

text: of

text: the

text: Patriarchs

text: in

text: Hebron

text: into

text: an

text: exclusive

text: Islamic

text: sanctuary

text: and

text: banned

text: Christians

text: and

text: Jews

text: from

text: entering

text: which

text: previously

text: would

text: be

text: able

text: to

text: enter

text: it

text: for

text: a

text: fee

text: The

text: ban

text: remained

text: in

text: place

text: until

text: Israel

text: took

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: building

text: in

question: When was control passed to the Mamluk sultans of Egypt?

answer: 1260

question: What two centres of Mamluk power was the country located?

answer: Cairo and Damascus

text: Cairo and Damascus

question: When did the Mamluk Sultan Baybars convert to the Cave of Patriarchs?

answer: 1266


text: China is the largest unitary state in the world by both population and land area. Although China has had long periods of central rule for centuries, it is often argued that the unitary structure of the Chinese government is far too unwieldy to effectively and equitably manage the country's affairs. On the other hand, Chinese nationalists are suspicious of decentralization as a form of secessionism and a backdoor for national disunity; still others argue that the degree of autonomy given to provincial-level officials in the People's Republic of China amounts to a de facto federalism.

title: Federalism

title: Federalism

text: China

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: unitary

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: by

text: both

text: population

text: and

text: land

text: area

text: Although

text: China

text: has

text: had

text: long

text: periods

text: of

text: central

text: rule

text: for

text: centuries

text: it

text: is

text: often

text: argued

text: that

text: the

text: unitary

text: structure

text: of

text: the

text: Chinese

text: government

text: is

text: far

text: too

text: unwieldy

text: to

text: effectively

text: and

text: equitably

text: manage

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: affairs

text: On

text: the

text: other

text: hand

text: Chinese

text: nationalists

text: are

text: suspicious

text: of

text: decentralization

text: as

text: a

text: form

text: of

text: secessionism

text: and

text: a

text: backdoor

text: for

text: national

text: disunity

text: still

text: others

text: argue

text: that

text: the

text: degree

text: of

text: autonomy

text: given

text: to

text: provincial

text: level

text: officials

text: in

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: amounts

text: to

text: a

text: de

text: facto

text: federalism

question: China is the largest what?

answer: China is the largest unitary state in the world by both population and land area

text: China is the largest unitary state in the world by both population and land area

question: What are Chinese nationalist suspicious of?

answer: decentralization

text: decentralization

question: Why is China's government similar to unity structure?

answer: Chinese government is far too unwieldy to effectively and equitably manage the country's affairs

text: Chinese government is far too unwieldy to effectively and equitably manage the country's affairs

question: How long has China been with centralized power?

answer: centuries

text: centuries


text: One of the first recorded instances of translation in the West was the rendering of the Old Testament into Greek in the 3rd century BCE. The translation is known as the "Septuagint", a name that refers to the seventy translators (seventy-two, in some versions) who were commissioned to translate the Bible at Alexandria, Egypt. Each translator worked in solitary confinement in his own cell, and according to legend all seventy versions proved identical. The Septuagint became the source text for later translations into many languages, including Latin, Coptic, Armenian and Georgian.

title: Translation

title: Translation

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: recorded

text: instances

text: of

text: translation

text: in

text: the

text: West

text: was

text: the

text: rendering

text: of

text: the

text: Old

text: Testament

text: into

text: Greek

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: BCE

text: The

text: translation

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Septuagint

text: a

text: name

text: that

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: seventy

text: translators

text: seventy

text: two

text: in

text: some

text: versions

text: who

text: were

text: commissioned

text: to

text: translate

text: the

text: Bible

text: at

text: Alexandria

text: Egypt

text: Each

text: translator

text: worked

text: in

text: solitary

text: confinement

text: in

text: his

text: own

text: cell

text: and

text: according

text: to

text: legend

text: all

text: seventy

text: versions

text: proved

text: identical

text: The

text: Septuagint

text: became

text: the

text: source

text: text

text: for

text: later

text: translations

text: into

text: many

text: languages

text: including

text: Latin

text: Coptic

text: Armenian

text: and

text: Georgian

question: What is one of the first known instances of translation in the West?

answer: rendering of the Old Testament into Greek

text: rendering of the Old Testament into Greek

question: When was the Old Testament translated into Greek?

answer: 3rd century BCE

text: 3rd century BCE

question: Why is the translation of the Old Testament into Greek known as the Septuagint?

answer: seventy translators

text: seventy translators

question: How did each translator of the Bible work in Alexandria?

answer: in solitary confinement

text: in solitary confinement

question: According to myth, what property did all seventy versions of the bible have?

answer: identical

text: identical


text: Burma continues to be used in English by the governments of many countries, such as Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom. Official United States policy retains Burma as the country's name, although the State Department's website lists the country as "Burma (Myanmar)" and Barack Obama has referred to the country by both names. The Czech Republic uses officially Myanmar, although its Ministry of Foreign Affairs mentions both Myanmar and Burma on its website. The United Nations uses Myanmar, as do the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, Russia, Germany, China, India, Norway, and Japan.

title: Myanmar

title: Myanmar

text: Burma

text: continues

text: to

text: be

text: used

text: in

text: English

text: by

text: the

text: governments

text: of

text: many

text: countries

text: such

text: as

text: Australia

text: Canada

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: Official

text: United

text: States

text: policy

text: retains

text: Burma

text: as

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: name

text: although

text: the

text: State

text: Department

text: 's

text: website

text: lists

text: the

text: country

text: as

text: Burma

text: Myanmar

text: and

text: Barack

text: Obama

text: has

text: referred

text: to

text: the

text: country

text: by

text: both

text: names

text: The

text: Czech

text: Republic

text: uses

text: officially

text: Myanmar

text: although

text: its

text: Ministry

text: of

text: Foreign

text: Affairs

text: mentions

text: both

text: Myanmar

text: and

text: Burma

text: on

text: its

text: website

text: The

text: United

text: Nations

text: uses

text: Myanmar

text: as

text: do

text: the

text: Association

text: of

text: Southeast

text: Asian

text: Nations

text: Russia

text: Germany

text: China

text: India

text: Norway

text: and

text: Japan

question: By which name is the country called by most English speaking countries?

answer: Burma continues to be used in English by the governments of many countries, such as Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom

text: Burma continues to be used in English by the governments of many countries, such as Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom

question: How is Burma officially identified in the United States

answer: Burma (Myanmar)

text: Burma (Myanmar)

question: What is the country called in sessions of the United Nations?

answer: United Nations uses Myanmar

text: United Nations uses Myanmar

question: What does the current president of the United States call the country in official settings?

answer: Burma (Myanmar)" and Barack Obama has referred to the country by both names

text: Burma (Myanmar)" and Barack Obama has referred to the country by both names


text: Yale's English and Comparative Literature departments were part of the New Criticism movement. Of the New Critics, Robert Penn Warren, W.K. Wimsatt, and Cleanth Brooks were all Yale faculty. Later, the Yale Comparative literature department became a center of American deconstruction. Jacques Derrida, the father of deconstruction, taught at the Department of Comparative Literature from the late seventies to mid-1980s. Several other Yale faculty members were also associated with deconstruction, forming the so-called "Yale School". These included Paul de Man who taught in the Departments of Comparative Literature and French, J. Hillis Miller, Geoffrey Hartman (both taught in the Departments of English and Comparative Literature), and Harold Bloom (English), whose theoretical position was always somewhat specific, and who ultimately took a very different path from the rest of this group. Yale's history department has also originated important intellectual trends. Historians C. Vann Woodward and David Brion Davis are credited with beginning in the 1960s and 1970s an important stream of southern historians; likewise, David Montgomery, a labor historian, advised many of the current generation of labor historians in the country. Yale's Music School and Department fostered the growth of Music Theory in the latter half of the 20th century. The Journal of Music Theory was founded there in 1957; Allen Forte and David Lewin were influential teachers and scholars.

title: Yale_University

title: Yale_University

text: Yale

text: 's

text: English

text: and

text: Comparative

text: Literature

text: departments

text: were

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: New

text: Criticism

text: movement

text: Of

text: the

text: New

text: Critics

text: Robert

text: Penn

text: Warren

text: W.K.

text: Wimsatt

text: and

text: Cleanth

text: Brooks

text: were

text: all

text: Yale

text: faculty

text: Later

text: the

text: Yale

text: Comparative

text: literature

text: department

text: became

text: a

text: center

text: of

text: American

text: deconstruction

text: Jacques

text: Derrida

text: the

text: father

text: of

text: deconstruction

text: taught

text: at

text: the

text: Department

text: of

text: Comparative

text: Literature

text: from

text: the

text: late

text: seventies

text: to

text: Several

text: other

text: Yale

text: faculty

text: members

text: were

text: also

text: associated

text: with

text: deconstruction

text: forming

text: the

text: so

text: called

text: Yale

text: School

text: These

text: included

text: Paul

text: de

text: Man

text: who

text: taught

text: in

text: the

text: Departments

text: of

text: Comparative

text: Literature

text: and

text: French

text: J.

text: Hillis

text: Miller

text: Geoffrey

text: Hartman

text: both

text: taught

text: in

text: the

text: Departments

text: of

text: English

text: and

text: Comparative

text: Literature

text: and

text: Harold

text: Bloom

text: English

text: whose

text: theoretical

text: position

text: was

text: always

text: somewhat

text: specific

text: and

text: who

text: ultimately

text: took

text: a

text: very

text: different

text: path

text: from

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: this

text: group

text: Yale

text: 's

text: history

text: department

text: has

text: also

text: originated

text: important

text: intellectual

text: trends

text: Historians

text: C.

text: Vann

text: Woodward

text: and

text: David

text: Brion

text: Davis

text: are

text: credited

text: with

text: beginning

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: an

text: important

text: stream

text: of

text: southern

text: historians

text: likewise

text: David

text: Montgomery

text: a

text: labor

text: historian

text: advised

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: current

text: generation

text: of

text: labor

text: historians

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: Yale

text: 's

text: Music

text: School

text: and

text: Department

text: fostered

text: the

text: growth

text: of

text: Music

text: Theory

text: in

text: the

text: latter

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: The

text: Journal

text: of

text: Music

text: Theory

text: was

text: founded

text: there

text: in

text: Allen

text: Forte

text: and

text: David

text: Lewin

text: were

text: influential

text: teachers

text: and

text: scholars

question: Which of the New Critics were staffed at Yale?

answer: Robert Penn Warren, W.K. Wimsatt, and Cleanth Brooks

text: Robert Penn Warren, W.K. Wimsatt, and Cleanth Brooks

question: Who is known as the father of deconstruction?

answer: Jacques Derrida

text: Jacques Derrida

question: Where did Jacques Derrida teach from the late 1970's to mid 1980's?

answer: Department of Comparative Literature

text: Department of Comparative Literature

question: Which Yale staffed labor historian advised other younger labor historians?

answer: David Montgomery

text: David Montgomery

question: When was The Journal of Music Theory founded?

answer: 1957


text: Nanjing is endowed with rich natural resources, which include more than 40 kinds of minerals. Among them, iron and sulfur reserves make up 40 percent of those of Jiangsu province. Its reserves of strontium rank first in East Asia and the South East Asia region. Nanjing also possesses abundant water resources, both from the Yangtze River and groundwater. In addition, it has several natural hot springs such as Tangshan Hot Spring in Jiangning and Tangquan Hot Spring in Pukou.

title: Nanjing

title: Nanjing

text: Nanjing

text: is

text: endowed

text: with

text: rich

text: natural

text: resources

text: which

text: include

text: more

text: than

text: kinds

text: of

text: minerals

text: Among

text: them

text: iron

text: and

text: sulfur

text: reserves

text: make

text: up

text: percent

text: of

text: those

text: of

text: Jiangsu

text: province

text: Its

text: reserves

text: of

text: strontium

text: rank

text: first

text: in

text: East

text: Asia

text: and

text: the

text: South

text: East

text: Asia

text: region

text: Nanjing

text: also

text: possesses

text: abundant

text: water

text: resources

text: both

text: from

text: the

text: Yangtze

text: River

text: and

text: groundwater

text: In

text: addition

text: it

text: has

text: several

text: natural

text: hot

text: springs

text: such

text: as

text: Tangshan

text: Hot

text: Spring

text: in

text: Jiangning

text: and

text: Tangquan

text: Hot

text: Spring

text: in

text: Pukou

question: How many types of minerals are found in Nanjing?

answer: 40

question: Which minerals comprise 40 percent of those in the province?

answer: iron and sulfur

text: iron and sulfur

question: For what mineral reserve does Nanjing rank first in both East Asia and the South East Asia areas?

answer: strontium

text: strontium

question: What are Nanjing's main water sources?

answer: the Yangtze River and groundwater

text: the Yangtze River and groundwater

question: What hot spring is in Jiangning?

answer: Tangshan Hot Spring

text: Tangshan Hot Spring


text: Christian theologians have held idealist views, often based on Neoplatonism, despite the influence of Aristotelian scholasticism from the 12th century onward. Later western theistic idealism such as that of Hermann Lotze offers a theory of the "world ground" in which all things find their unity: it has been widely accepted by Protestant theologians. Several modern religious movements, for example the organizations within the New Thought Movement and the Unity Church, may be said to have a particularly idealist orientation. The theology of Christian Science includes a form of idealism: it teaches that all that truly exists is God and God's ideas; that the world as it appears to the senses is a distortion of the underlying spiritual reality, a distortion that may be corrected (both conceptually and in terms of human experience) through a reorientation (spiritualization) of thought.

title: Idealism

title: Idealism

text: Christian

text: theologians

text: have

text: held

text: idealist

text: views

text: often

text: based

text: on

text: Neoplatonism

text: despite

text: the

text: influence

text: of

text: Aristotelian

text: scholasticism

text: from

text: the

text: century

text: onward

text: Later

text: western

text: theistic

text: idealism

text: such

text: as

text: that

text: of

text: Hermann

text: Lotze

text: offers

text: a

text: theory

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: ground

text: in

text: which

text: all

text: things

text: find

text: their

text: unity

text: it

text: has

text: been

text: widely

text: accepted

text: by

text: Protestant

text: theologians

text: Several

text: modern

text: religious

text: movements

text: for

text: example

text: the

text: organizations

text: within

text: the

text: New

text: Thought

text: Movement

text: and

text: the

text: Unity

text: Church

text: may

text: be

text: said

text: to

text: have

text: a

text: particularly

text: idealist

text: orientation

text: The

text: theology

text: of

text: Christian

text: Science

text: includes

text: a

text: form

text: of

text: idealism

text: it

text: teaches

text: that

text: all

text: that

text: truly

text: exists

text: is

text: God

text: and

text: God

text: 's

text: ideas

text: that

text: the

text: world

text: as

text: it

text: appears

text: to

text: the

text: senses

text: is

text: a

text: distortion

text: of

text: the

text: underlying

text: spiritual

text: reality

text: a

text: distortion

text: that

text: may

text: be

text: corrected

text: both

text: conceptually

text: and

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: human

text: experience

text: through

text: a

text: reorientation

text: spiritualization

text: of

text: thought

question: In what philosophy was Christian idealism often rooted?

answer: Neoplatonism

text: Neoplatonism

question: What philosophy influential in the medieval church was opposed to Christian idealism?

answer: Aristotelian scholasticism

text: Aristotelian scholasticism

question: In what century did Christian thought begin to be influenced by the scholasticism of Aristotle?

answer: 12th

question: Along with the Unity Church, what contemporary religious movement may be regarded as idealist?

answer: New Thought

text: New Thought

question: What notable idealist was responsible for a "world ground" theory?

answer: Hermann Lotze

text: Hermann Lotze


text: Post-war, Devonport Dockyard was kept busy refitting aircraft carriers such as the Ark Royal and, later, nuclear submarines while new light industrial factories were constructed in the newly zoned industrial sector attracting rapid growth of the urban population. The army had substantially left the city by 1971, with barracks pulled down in the 1960s, however the city remains home to the 42 Commando of the Royal Marines.

title: Plymouth

title: Plymouth

text: Post

text: war

text: Devonport

text: Dockyard

text: was

text: kept

text: busy

text: refitting

text: aircraft

text: carriers

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Ark

text: Royal

text: and

text: later

text: nuclear

text: submarines

text: while

text: new

text: light

text: industrial

text: factories

text: were

text: constructed

text: in

text: the

text: newly

text: zoned

text: industrial

text: sector

text: attracting

text: rapid

text: growth

text: of

text: the

text: urban

text: population

text: The

text: army

text: had

text: substantially

text: left

text: the

text: city

text: by

text: with

text: barracks

text: pulled

text: down

text: in

text: the

text: however

text: the

text: city

text: remains

text: home

text: to

text: the

text: Commando

text: of

text: the

text: Royal

text: Marines

question: What aircraft carrier received maintenance at Devonport Dockyard?

answer: Ark Royal

text: Ark Royal

question: By what year was the greater part of the army presence in Plymouth gone?

answer: 1971

question: What military unit is based in Plymouth?

answer: 42 Commando of the Royal Marines

text: 42 Commando of the Royal Marines


text: The Quranic text seems to have no beginning, middle, or end, its nonlinear structure being akin to a web or net. The textual arrangement is sometimes considered to exhibit lack of continuity, absence of any chronological or thematic order and repetitiousness. Michael Sells, citing the work of the critic Norman O. Brown, acknowledges Brown's observation that the seeming disorganization of Quranic literary expression – its scattered or fragmented mode of composition in Sells's phrase – is in fact a literary device capable of delivering profound effects as if the intensity of the prophetic message were shattering the vehicle of human language in which it was being communicated. Sells also addresses the much-discussed repetitiveness of the Quran, seeing this, too, as a literary device.

title: Quran

title: Quran

text: The

text: Quranic

text: text

text: seems

text: to

text: have

text: no

text: beginning

text: middle

text: or

text: end

text: its

text: nonlinear

text: structure

text: being

text: akin

text: to

text: a

text: web

text: or

text: net

text: The

text: textual

text: arrangement

text: is

text: sometimes

text: considered

text: to

text: exhibit

text: lack

text: of

text: continuity

text: absence

text: of

text: any

text: chronological

text: or

text: thematic

text: order

text: and

text: repetitiousness

text: Michael

text: Sells

text: citing

text: the

text: work

text: of

text: the

text: critic

text: Norman

text: O.

text: Brown

text: acknowledges

text: Brown

text: 's

text: observation

text: that

text: the

text: seeming

text: disorganization

text: of

text: Quranic

text: literary

text: expression

text: its

text: scattered

text: or

text: fragmented

text: mode

text: of

text: composition

text: in

text: Sells

text: 's

text: phrase

text: is

text: in

text: fact

text: a

text: literary

text: device

text: capable

text: of

text: delivering

text: profound

text: effects

text: as

text: if

text: the

text: intensity

text: of

text: the

text: prophetic

text: message

text: were

text: shattering

text: the

text: vehicle

text: of

text: human

text: language

text: in

text: which

text: it

text: was

text: being

text: communicated

text: Sells

text: also

text: addresses

text: the

text: much

text: discussed

text: repetitiveness

text: of

text: the

text: Quran

text: seeing

text: this

text: too

text: as

text: a

text: literary

text: device

question: What is lacking in the arrangement of the Quranic text?

answer: continuity

text: continuity

question: To which critic does Michael Sells refer on the subject of the Quran's disorganization?

answer: Norman O. Brown

text: Norman O. Brown

question: How does Sells describe the Quran's repetitiveness?

answer: a literary device

text: a literary device

question: Which scholar believes the Quran's fragmentary writing style is an effective literary device for a prophetic message?

answer: Michael Sells

text: Michael Sells


text: Besides singing Madonna has the ability to play several musical instruments. She learned to play drum and guitar from her then-boyfriend Dan Gilroy in the late 1970s before joining the Breakfast Club line-up as the drummer. This helped her to form the band Emmy, where she performed as the guitarist and lead vocalist. Madonna later played guitar on her demo recordings. On the liner notes of Pre-Madonna, Stephen Bray wrote: "I've always thought she passed up a brilliant career as a rhythm guitarist." After her career breakthrough, Madonna focused mainly in singing but was also credited for playing cowbell on Madonna (1983) and synthesizer on Like a Prayer (1989). In 1999, Madonna had studied for three months to play the violin for the role as a violin teacher in the film Music of the Heart, before eventually leaving the project. After two decades, Madonna decided to perform with guitar again during the promotion of Music (2000). She took further lessons from guitarist Monte Pittman to improve her guitar skill. Since then Madonna has played guitar on every tour, as well as her studio albums. At the 2002 Orville H. Gibson Guitar Awards, she received nomination for Les Paul Horizon Award, which honors the most promising up-and-coming guitarist.

title: Madonna_(entertainer)

title: Madonna_(entertainer

text: Besides

text: singing

text: Madonna

text: has

text: the

text: ability

text: to

text: play

text: several

text: musical

text: instruments

text: She

text: learned

text: to

text: play

text: drum

text: and

text: guitar

text: from

text: her

text: then

text: boyfriend

text: Dan

text: Gilroy

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: before

text: joining

text: the

text: Breakfast

text: Club

text: line

text: up

text: as

text: the

text: drummer

text: This

text: helped

text: her

text: to

text: form

text: the

text: band

text: Emmy

text: where

text: she

text: performed

text: as

text: the

text: guitarist

text: and

text: lead

text: vocalist

text: Madonna

text: later

text: played

text: guitar

text: on

text: her

text: demo

text: recordings

text: On

text: the

text: liner

text: notes

text: of

text: Pre

text: Madonna

text: Stephen

text: Bray

text: wrote

text: I

text: 've

text: always

text: thought

text: she

text: passed

text: up

text: a

text: brilliant

text: career

text: as

text: a

text: rhythm

text: guitarist

text: After

text: her

text: career

text: breakthrough

text: Madonna

text: focused

text: mainly

text: in

text: singing

text: but

text: was

text: also

text: credited

text: for

text: playing

text: cowbell

text: on

text: Madonna

text: and

text: synthesizer

text: on

text: Like

text: a

text: Prayer

text: In

text: Madonna

text: had

text: studied

text: for

text: three

text: months

text: to

text: play

text: the

text: violin

text: for

text: the

text: role

text: as

text: a

text: violin

text: teacher

text: in

text: the

text: film

text: Music

text: of

text: the

text: Heart

text: before

text: eventually

text: leaving

text: the

text: project

text: After

text: two

text: decades

text: Madonna

text: decided

text: to

text: perform

text: with

text: guitar

text: again

text: during

text: the

text: promotion

text: of

text: Music

text: She

text: took

text: further

text: lessons

text: from

text: guitarist

text: Monte

text: Pittman

text: to

text: improve

text: her

text: guitar

text: skill

text: Since

text: then

text: Madonna

text: has

text: played

text: guitar

text: on

text: every

text: tour

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: her

text: studio

text: albums

text: At

text: the

text: Orville

text: H.

text: Gibson

text: Guitar

text: Awards

text: she

text: received

text: nomination

text: for

text: Les

text: Paul

text: Horizon

text: Award

text: which

text: honors

text: the

text: most

text: promising

text: up

text: and

text: coming

text: guitarist

question: Which instruments can Madonna play?

answer: drum and guitar

text: drum and guitar

question: Who taught Madonna how to play the drum and guitar?

answer: Dan Gilroy

text: Dan Gilroy

question: What instrument does Madonna play on her demo recordings?

answer: guitar

text: guitar

question: How long did Madonna spent learning to play the violin?

answer: three months

text: three months

question: Who was the guitarist that Madonna learnt from to improve on her skills?

answer: Monte Pittman

text: Monte Pittman


text: In the mid-19th century, Serbian (led by self-taught writer and folklorist Vuk Stefanović Karadžić) and most Croatian writers and linguists (represented by the Illyrian movement and led by Ljudevit Gaj and Đuro Daničić), proposed the use of the most widespread dialect, Shtokavian, as the base for their common standard language. Karadžić standardised the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet, and Gaj and Daničić standardized the Croatian Latin alphabet, on the basis of vernacular speech phonemes and the principle of phonological spelling. In 1850 Serbian and Croatian writers and linguists signed the Vienna Literary Agreement, declaring their intention to create a unified standard. Thus a complex bi-variant language appeared, which the Serbs officially called "Serbo-Croatian" or "Serbian or Croatian" and the Croats "Croato-Serbian", or "Croatian or Serbian". Yet, in practice, the variants of the conceived common literary language served as different literary variants, chiefly differing in lexical inventory and stylistic devices. The common phrase describing this situation was that Serbo-Croatian or "Croatian or Serbian" was a single language. During the Austro-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the language of all three nations was called "Bosnian" until the death of administrator von Kállay in 1907, at which point the name was changed to "Serbo-Croatian".

title: Serbo-Croatian

title: Serbo

title: Croatian

text: In

text: the

text: century

text: Serbian

text: led

text: by

text: self

text: taught

text: writer

text: and

text: folklorist

text: Vuk

text: Stefanović

text: Karadžić

text: and

text: most

text: Croatian

text: writers

text: and

text: linguists

text: represented

text: by

text: the

text: Illyrian

text: movement

text: and

text: led

text: by

text: Ljudevit

text: Gaj

text: and

text: Đuro

text: Daničić

text: proposed

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: widespread

text: dialect

text: Shtokavian

text: as

text: the

text: base

text: for

text: their

text: common

text: standard

text: language

text: Karadžić

text: standardised

text: the

text: Serbian

text: Cyrillic

text: alphabet

text: and

text: Gaj

text: and

text: Daničić

text: standardized

text: the

text: Croatian

text: Latin

text: alphabet

text: on

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: vernacular

text: speech

text: phonemes

text: and

text: the

text: principle

text: of

text: phonological

text: spelling

text: In

text: Serbian

text: and

text: Croatian

text: writers

text: and

text: linguists

text: signed

text: the

text: Vienna

text: Literary

text: Agreement

text: declaring

text: their

text: intention

text: to

text: create

text: a

text: unified

text: standard

text: Thus

text: a

text: complex

text: bi

text: variant

text: language

text: appeared

text: which

text: the

text: Serbs

text: officially

text: called

text: Serbo

text: Croatian

text: or

text: Serbian

text: or

text: Croatian

text: and

text: the

text: Croats

text: Croato

text: Serbian

text: or

text: Croatian

text: or

text: Serbian

text: Yet

text: in

text: practice

text: the

text: variants

text: of

text: the

text: conceived

text: common

text: literary

text: language

text: served

text: as

text: different

text: literary

text: variants

text: chiefly

text: differing

text: in

text: lexical

text: inventory

text: and

text: stylistic

text: devices

text: The

text: common

text: phrase

text: describing

text: this

text: situation

text: was

text: that

text: Serbo

text: Croatian

text: or

text: Croatian

text: or

text: Serbian

text: was

text: a

text: single

text: language

text: During

text: the

text: Austro

text: Hungarian

text: occupation

text: of

text: Bosnia

text: and

text: Herzegovina

text: the

text: language

text: of

text: all

text: three

text: nations

text: was

text: called

text: Bosnian

text: until

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: administrator

text: von

text: Kállay

text: in

text: at

text: which

text: point

text: the

text: name

text: was

text: changed

text: to

text: Serbo

text: Croatian

question: Which dialect did writers and linguists of both Serbian and Croatian backgrounds wish to use as their common standard language?

answer: Shtokavian

text: Shtokavian

question: Why was Shtokavian suggested as a common language base?

answer: most widespread dialect

text: most widespread dialect

question: What 1850 document formally declared the intent to create a unified standard?

answer: Vienna Literary Agreement

text: Vienna Literary Agreement

question: After whose death in 1907 was the "Bosnian" name changed to "Serbo-Creation"?

answer: administrator von Kállay

text: administrator von Kállay


text: The late 1980s saw a series of liberalising economic reforms within Libya designed to cope with the decline in oil revenues. In May 1987, Gaddafi announced the start of the "Revolution within a Revolution", which began with reforms to industry and agriculture and saw the re-opening of small business. Restrictions were placed on the activities of the Revolutionary Committees; in March 1988, their role was narrowed by the newly created Ministry for Mass Mobilization and Revolutionary Leadership to restrict their violence and judicial role, while in August 1988 Gaddafi publicly criticised them, asserting that "they deviated, harmed, tortured" and that "the true revolutionary does not practise repression." In March, hundreds of political prisoners were freed, with Gaddafi falsely claiming that there were no further political prisoners in Libya. In June, Libya's government issued the Great Green Charter on Human Rights in the Era of the Masses, in which 27 articles laid out goals, rights and guarantees to improve the situation of human rights in Libya, restricting the use of the death penalty and calling for its eventual abolition. Many of the measures suggested in the charter would be implemented the following year, although others remained inactive. Also in 1989, the government founded the Al-Gaddafi International Prize for Human Rights, to be awarded to figures from the Third World who had struggled against colonialism and imperialism; the first year's winner was South African anti-apartheid activist Nelson Mandela. From 1994 through to 1997, the government initiated cleansing committees to root out corruption, particularly in the economic sector.

title: Muammar_Gaddafi

title: Muammar_Gaddafi

text: The

text: late

text: saw

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: liberalising

text: economic

text: reforms

text: within

text: Libya

text: designed

text: to

text: cope

text: with

text: the

text: decline

text: in

text: oil

text: revenues

text: In

text: May

text: Gaddafi

text: announced

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: the

text: Revolution

text: within

text: a

text: Revolution

text: which

text: began

text: with

text: reforms

text: to

text: industry

text: and

text: agriculture

text: and

text: saw

text: the

text: re

text: opening

text: of

text: small

text: business

text: Restrictions

text: were

text: placed

text: on

text: the

text: activities

text: of

text: the

text: Revolutionary

text: Committees

text: in

text: March

text: their

text: role

text: was

text: narrowed

text: by

text: the

text: newly

text: created

text: Ministry

text: for

text: Mass

text: Mobilization

text: and

text: Revolutionary

text: Leadership

text: to

text: restrict

text: their

text: violence

text: and

text: judicial

text: role

text: while

text: in

text: August

text: Gaddafi

text: publicly

text: criticised

text: them

text: asserting

text: that

text: they

text: deviated

text: harmed

text: tortured

text: and

text: that

text: the

text: true

text: revolutionary

text: does

text: not

text: practise

text: repression

text: In

text: March

text: hundreds

text: of

text: political

text: prisoners

text: were

text: freed

text: with

text: Gaddafi

text: falsely

text: claiming

text: that

text: there

text: were

text: no

text: further

text: political

text: prisoners

text: in

text: Libya

text: In

text: June

text: Libya

text: 's

text: government

text: issued

text: the

text: Great

text: Green

text: Charter

text: on

text: Human

text: Rights

text: in

text: the

text: Era

text: of

text: the

text: Masses

text: in

text: which

text: articles

text: laid

text: out

text: goals

text: rights

text: and

text: guarantees

text: to

text: improve

text: the

text: situation

text: of

text: human

text: rights

text: in

text: Libya

text: restricting

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: death

text: penalty

text: and

text: calling

text: for

text: its

text: eventual

text: abolition

text: Many

text: of

text: the

text: measures

text: suggested

text: in

text: the

text: charter

text: would

text: be

text: implemented

text: the

text: following

text: year

text: although

text: others

text: remained

text: inactive

text: Also

text: in

text: the

text: government

text: founded

text: the

text: Al

text: Gaddafi

text: International

text: Prize

text: for

text: Human

text: Rights

text: to

text: be

text: awarded

text: to

text: figures

text: from

text: the

text: Third

text: World

text: who

text: had

text: struggled

text: against

text: colonialism

text: and

text: imperialism

text: the

text: first

text: year

text: 's

text: winner

text: was

text: South

text: African

text: anti

text: apartheid

text: activist

text: Nelson

text: Mandela

text: From

text: through

text: to

text: the

text: government

text: initiated

text: cleansing

text: committees

text: to

text: root

text: out

text: corruption

text: particularly

text: in

text: the

text: economic

text: sector

question: In what year did the "Revolution within a Revolution" begin?

answer: 1987

question: In what year was the Ministry for Mass Mobilization and Revolutionary Leadership created?

answer: 1988

question: How many articles were contained in the Great Green Charter on Human Rights in the Era of the Masses?

answer: 27

question: Who won the Al-Gaddafi International Prize for Human Rights in 1989?

answer: Nelson Mandela

text: Nelson Mandela

question: What was Mandela's nationality?

answer: South African

text: South African


text: New York City is located on one of the world's largest natural harbors, and the boroughs of Manhattan and Staten Island are (primarily) coterminous with islands of the same names, while Queens and Brooklyn are located at the west end of the larger Long Island, and The Bronx is located at the southern tip of New York State's mainland. This situation of boroughs separated by water led to the development of an extensive infrastructure of bridges and tunnels. Nearly all of the city's major bridges and tunnels are notable, and several have broken or set records.

title: New_York_City

title: New_York_City

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: is

text: located

text: on

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: natural

text: harbors

text: and

text: the

text: boroughs

text: of

text: Manhattan

text: and

text: Staten

text: Island

text: are

text: primarily

text: coterminous

text: with

text: islands

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: names

text: while

text: Queens

text: and

text: Brooklyn

text: are

text: located

text: at

text: the

text: west

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: larger

text: Long

text: Island

text: and

text: The

text: Bronx

text: is

text: located

text: at

text: the

text: southern

text: tip

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: State

text: 's

text: mainland

text: This

text: situation

text: of

text: boroughs

text: separated

text: by

text: water

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: an

text: extensive

text: infrastructure

text: of

text: bridges

text: and

text: tunnels

text: Nearly

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: major

text: bridges

text: and

text: tunnels

text: are

text: notable

text: and

text: several

text: have

text: broken

text: or

text: set

text: records

question: What island is the borough of Brooklyn located on?

answer: Long Island

text: Long Island

question: Queens is located on what part of Long Island?

answer: the west end

text: the west end

question: The borough of Staten Island is primarily located on what island?

answer: Staten Island

text: Staten Island


text: In the 1980s, lush jazz-R&B fusion (George Benson, Patti Austin, Al Jarreau) and stylish crossover R&B (Anita Baker and Luther Vandross, New Edition and Keith Sweat) were equally successful within the mainstream. In the 1990s and early 2000s (decade), artists as sonically contrasting as R. Kelly, Leona Lewis (mainly ballads) and Jill Scott both fit the bill, provided the audience for the material was mature. By riding and contributing to nearly all of the trends, no one has exemplified the style more than Babyface, whose career thrived over 20 years as a member of the Deele (Two Occasions), a solo artist (Whip Appeal, When Can I See You), and a songwriter/producer (Toni Braxton's Breathe Again, Boyz II Men's I'll Make Love to You).

title: Adult_contemporary_music

title: Adult_contemporary_music

text: In

text: the

text: lush

text: jazz

text: R&B

text: fusion

text: George

text: Benson

text: Patti

text: Austin

text: Al

text: Jarreau

text: and

text: stylish

text: crossover

text: R&B

text: Anita

text: Baker

text: and

text: Luther

text: Vandross

text: New

text: Edition

text: and

text: Keith

text: Sweat

text: were

text: equally

text: successful

text: within

text: the

text: mainstream

text: In

text: the

text: and

text: early

text: decade

text: artists

text: as

text: sonically

text: contrasting

text: as

text: R.

text: Kelly

text: Leona

text: Lewis

text: mainly

text: ballads

text: and

text: Jill

text: Scott

text: both

text: fit

text: the

text: bill

text: provided

text: the

text: audience

text: for

text: the

text: material

text: was

text: mature

text: By

text: riding

text: and

text: contributing

text: to

text: nearly

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: trends

text: no

text: one

text: has

text: exemplified

text: the

text: style

text: more

text: than

text: Babyface

text: whose

text: career

text: thrived

text: over

text: years

text: as

text: a

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Deele

text: Two

text: Occasions

text: a

text: solo

text: artist

text: Whip

text: Appeal

text: When

text: Can

text: I

text: See

text: You

text: and

text: a

text: songwriter

text: producer

text: Toni

text: Braxton

text: 's

text: Breathe

text: Again

text: Boyz

text: II

text: Men

text: 's

text: I

text: 'll

text: Make

text: Love

text: to

text: You

question: What genre of music did Patti Austin perform?

answer: jazz-R&B fusion

text: jazz-R&B fusion

question: Of what genre was the musician Keith Sweat?

answer: crossover R&B

text: crossover R&B

question: During what decade were musicians like Al Jarreau and Luther Vandross notably successful?

answer: 1980s

question: What type of songs was Leona Lewis known for?

answer: ballads

text: ballads

question: Who wrote Boyz II Men's I'll Make Love to You?

answer: Babyface

text: Babyface


text: Tensions soon developed among different Greek factions, leading to two consecutive civil wars. Meanwhile, the Ottoman Sultan negotiated with Mehmet Ali of Egypt, who agreed to send his son Ibrahim Pasha to Greece with an army to suppress the revolt in return for territorial gain. Ibrahim landed in the Peloponnese in February 1825 and had immediate success: by the end of 1825, most of the Peloponnese was under Egyptian control, and the city of Missolonghi—put under siege by the Turks since April 1825—fell in April 1826. Although Ibrahim was defeated in Mani, he had succeeded in suppressing most of the revolt in the Peloponnese and Athens had been retaken.

title: Greece

title: Greece

text: Tensions

text: soon

text: developed

text: among

text: different

text: Greek

text: factions

text: leading

text: to

text: two

text: consecutive

text: civil

text: wars

text: Meanwhile

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Sultan

text: negotiated

text: with

text: Mehmet

text: Ali

text: of

text: Egypt

text: who

text: agreed

text: to

text: send

text: his

text: son

text: Ibrahim

text: Pasha

text: to

text: Greece

text: with

text: an

text: army

text: to

text: suppress

text: the

text: revolt

text: in

text: return

text: for

text: territorial

text: gain

text: Ibrahim

text: landed

text: in

text: the

text: Peloponnese

text: in

text: February

text: and

text: had

text: immediate

text: success

text: by

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: Peloponnese

text: was

text: under

text: Egyptian

text: control

text: and

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Missolonghi

text: put

text: under

text: siege

text: by

text: the

text: Turks

text: since

text: April

text: in

text: April

text: Although

text: Ibrahim

text: was

text: defeated

text: in

text: Mani

text: he

text: had

text: succeeded

text: in

text: suppressing

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: revolt

text: in

text: the

text: Peloponnese

text: and

text: Athens

text: had

text: been

text: retaken

question: How many successive civil wars occurred between Greek clans?

answer: two

text: two

question: Who did Egypt send to Greece with an Army?

answer: Ibrahim Pasha

text: Ibrahim Pasha

question: Ibrahim Pasha landed with his army when?

answer: February 1825

text: February 1825

question: In what year did Missolonghi fall to the Egyptians?

answer: 1826

question: Ibrahim Pasha finally faced defeat where?

answer: Mani

text: Mani


text: At the University of Manchester, a team under the leadership of Tom Kilburn designed and built a machine using the newly developed transistors instead of valves. Their first transistorised computer and the first in the world, was operational by 1953, and a second version was completed there in April 1955. However, the machine did make use of valves to generate its 125 kHz clock waveforms and in the circuitry to read and write on its magnetic drum memory, so it was not the first completely transistorized computer. That distinction goes to the Harwell CADET of 1955, built by the electronics division of the Atomic Energy Research Establishment at Harwell.

title: Computer

title: Computer

text: At

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Manchester

text: a

text: team

text: under

text: the

text: leadership

text: of

text: Tom

text: Kilburn

text: designed

text: and

text: built

text: a

text: machine

text: using

text: the

text: newly

text: developed

text: transistors

text: instead

text: of

text: valves

text: Their

text: first

text: transistorised

text: computer

text: and

text: the

text: first

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: was

text: operational

text: by

text: and

text: a

text: second

text: version

text: was

text: completed

text: there

text: in

text: April

text: However

text: the

text: machine

text: did

text: make

text: use

text: of

text: valves

text: to

text: generate

text: its

text: kHz

text: clock

text: waveforms

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: circuitry

text: to

text: read

text: and

text: write

text: on

text: its

text: magnetic

text: drum

text: memory

text: so

text: it

text: was

text: not

text: the

text: first

text: completely

text: transistorized

text: computer

text: That

text: distinction

text: goes

text: to

text: the

text: Harwell

text: CADET

text: of

text: built

text: by

text: the

text: electronics

text: division

text: of

text: the

text: Atomic

text: Energy

text: Research

text: Establishment

text: at

text: Harwell

question: At the University of Manchester, who oversaw the building of a computer using transistors instead of valves?

answer: Tom Kilburn

text: Tom Kilburn

question: The first transistorised computer was operational in what year?

answer: 1953

question: What did the machine use to generate its clock waveforms?

answer: valves

text: valves

question: Who built the Harwell CADET?

answer: electronics division of the Atomic Energy Research Establishment at Harwell

text: electronics division of the Atomic Energy Research Establishment at Harwell

question: In what year was the Harwell CADET built?

answer: 1955


text: In 1919, following the Treaty of Versailles, the city was restituted to France in accordance with U.S. President Woodrow Wilson's "Fourteen Points" without a referendum. The date of the assignment was retroactively established on Armistice Day. It is doubtful whether a referendum in Strasbourg would have ended in France's favour since the political parties striving for an autonomous Alsace or a connection to France accounted only for a small proportion of votes in the last Reichstag as well as in the local elections. The Alsatian autonomists who were pro French had won many votes in the more rural parts of the region and other towns since the annexation of the region by Germany in 1871. The movement started with the first election for the Reichstag; those elected were called "les députés protestataires", and until the fall of Bismarck in 1890, they were the only deputies elected by the Alsatians to the German parliament demanding the return of those territories to France. At the last Reichstag election in Strasbourg and its periphery, the clear winners were the Social Democrats; the city was the administrative capital of the region, was inhabited by many Germans appointed by the central government in Berlin and its flourishing economy attracted many Germans. This could explain the difference between the rural vote and the one in Strasbourg. After the war, many Germans left Strasbourg and went back to Germany; some of them were denounced by the locals or expelled by the newly appointed authorities. The Saverne Affair was vivid in the memory among the Alsatians.

title: Strasbourg

title: Strasbourg

text: In

text: following

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Versailles

text: the

text: city

text: was

text: restituted

text: to

text: France

text: in

text: accordance

text: with

text: U.S.

text: President

text: Woodrow

text: Wilson

text: 's

text: Fourteen

text: Points

text: without

text: a

text: referendum

text: The

text: date

text: of

text: the

text: assignment

text: was

text: retroactively

text: established

text: on

text: Armistice

text: Day

text: It

text: is

text: doubtful

text: whether

text: a

text: referendum

text: in

text: Strasbourg

text: would

text: have

text: ended

text: in

text: France

text: 's

text: favour

text: since

text: the

text: political

text: parties

text: striving

text: for

text: an

text: autonomous

text: Alsace

text: or

text: a

text: connection

text: to

text: France

text: accounted

text: only

text: for

text: a

text: small

text: proportion

text: of

text: votes

text: in

text: the

text: last

text: Reichstag

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: in

text: the

text: local

text: elections

text: The

text: Alsatian

text: autonomists

text: who

text: were

text: pro

text: French

text: had

text: won

text: many

text: votes

text: in

text: the

text: more

text: rural

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: region

text: and

text: other

text: towns

text: since

text: the

text: annexation

text: of

text: the

text: region

text: by

text: Germany

text: in

text: The

text: movement

text: started

text: with

text: the

text: first

text: election

text: for

text: the

text: Reichstag

text: those

text: elected

text: were

text: called

text: les

text: députés

text: protestataires

text: and

text: until

text: the

text: fall

text: of

text: Bismarck

text: in

text: they

text: were

text: the

text: only

text: deputies

text: elected

text: by

text: the

text: Alsatians

text: to

text: the

text: German

text: parliament

text: demanding

text: the

text: return

text: of

text: those

text: territories

text: to

text: France

text: At

text: the

text: last

text: Reichstag

text: election

text: in

text: Strasbourg

text: and

text: its

text: periphery

text: the

text: clear

text: winners

text: were

text: the

text: Social

text: Democrats

text: the

text: city

text: was

text: the

text: administrative

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: region

text: was

text: inhabited

text: by

text: many

text: Germans

text: appointed

text: by

text: the

text: central

text: government

text: in

text: Berlin

text: and

text: its

text: flourishing

text: economy

text: attracted

text: many

text: Germans

text: This

text: could

text: explain

text: the

text: difference

text: between

text: the

text: rural

text: vote

text: and

text: the

text: one

text: in

text: Strasbourg

text: After

text: the

text: war

text: many

text: Germans

text: left

text: Strasbourg

text: and

text: went

text: back

text: to

text: Germany

text: some

text: of

text: them

text: were

text: denounced

text: by

text: the

text: locals

text: or

text: expelled

text: by

text: the

text: newly

text: appointed

text: authorities

text: The

text: Saverne

text: Affair

text: was

text: vivid

text: in

text: the

text: memory

text: among

text: the

text: Alsatians

question: What year was it restituted to France?

answer: 1919

question: What autonomists were pro French?

answer: Alsatian

text: Alsatian

question: In what year did Bismarck fall?

answer: 1890

question: Who won the last election at Reichstag?

answer: Social Democrats

text: Social Democrats

question: Who had vivid memories of the Saverne Affair?

answer: Alsatians

text: Alsatians


text: Drinking habits and the motives behind them often reflect certain aspects of an individual's personality; in fact, four dimensions of the Five-Factor Model of personality demonstrate associations with drinking motives (all but 'Openness'). Greater enhancement motives for alcohol consumption tend to reflect high levels of extraversion and sensation-seeking in individuals; such enjoyment motivation often also indicates low conscientiousness, manifesting in lowered inhibition and a greater tendency towards aggression. On the other hand, drinking to cope with negative emotional states correlates strongly with high neuroticism and low agreeableness. Alcohol use as a negative emotion control mechanism often links with many other behavioral and emotional impairments, such as anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem.

title: Adolescence

title: Adolescence

text: Drinking

text: habits

text: and

text: the

text: motives

text: behind

text: them

text: often

text: reflect

text: certain

text: aspects

text: of

text: an

text: individual

text: 's

text: personality

text: in

text: fact

text: four

text: dimensions

text: of

text: the

text: Five

text: Factor

text: Model

text: of

text: personality

text: demonstrate

text: associations

text: with

text: drinking

text: motives

text: all

text: but

text: Openness

text: Greater

text: enhancement

text: motives

text: for

text: alcohol

text: consumption

text: tend

text: to

text: reflect

text: high

text: levels

text: of

text: extraversion

text: and

text: sensation

text: seeking

text: in

text: individuals

text: such

text: enjoyment

text: motivation

text: often

text: also

text: indicates

text: low

text: conscientiousness

text: manifesting

text: in

text: lowered

text: inhibition

text: and

text: a

text: greater

text: tendency

text: towards

text: aggression

text: On

text: the

text: other

text: hand

text: drinking

text: to

text: cope

text: with

text: negative

text: emotional

text: states

text: correlates

text: strongly

text: with

text: high

text: neuroticism

text: and

text: low

text: agreeableness

text: Alcohol

text: use

text: as

text: a

text: negative

text: emotion

text: control

text: mechanism

text: often

text: links

text: with

text: many

text: other

text: behavioral

text: and

text: emotional

text: impairments

text: such

text: as

text: anxiety

text: depression

text: and

text: low

text: self

text: esteem

question: Which of the Five-Factor Model dimensions does not demonstrate an association with drinking motives?

answer: Openness

text: Openness

question: Is alcohol use a positive or negative emotion control mechanism?

answer: negative

text: negative

question: Which motivation for drinking alcohol results in low conscientiousness, lowered inhibition, and greater tendency towards aggression?

answer: enjoyment

text: enjoyment

question: Drinking to cope with negative emotional states correlates strongly with what behavioral qualities?

answer: high neuroticism and low agreeableness

text: high neuroticism and low agreeableness


text: He turned to medicine at 16, and not only learned medical theory, but also by gratuitous attendance of the sick had, according to his own account, discovered new methods of treatment. The teenager achieved full status as a qualified physician at age 18, and found that "Medicine is no hard and thorny science, like mathematics and metaphysics, so I soon made great progress; I became an excellent doctor and began to treat patients, using approved remedies." The youthful physician's fame spread quickly, and he treated many patients without asking for payment.

title: Avicenna

title: Avicenna

text: He

text: turned

text: to

text: medicine

text: at

text: and

text: not

text: only

text: learned

text: medical

text: theory

text: but

text: also

text: by

text: gratuitous

text: attendance

text: of

text: the

text: sick

text: had

text: according

text: to

text: his

text: own

text: account

text: discovered

text: new

text: methods

text: of

text: treatment

text: The

text: teenager

text: achieved

text: full

text: status

text: as

text: a

text: qualified

text: physician

text: at

text: age

text: and

text: found

text: that

text: Medicine

text: is

text: no

text: hard

text: and

text: thorny

text: science

text: like

text: mathematics

text: and

text: metaphysics

text: so

text: I

text: soon

text: made

text: great

text: progress

text: I

text: became

text: an

text: excellent

text: doctor

text: and

text: began

text: to

text: treat

text: patients

text: using

text: approved

text: remedies

text: The

text: youthful

text: physician

text: 's

text: fame

text: spread

text: quickly

text: and

text: he

text: treated

text: many

text: patients

text: without

text: asking

text: for

text: payment

question: At what age did Avicenna turn to away from philosophy?

answer: 16

question: What subject did Avicenna start studying at 16?

answer: medicine

text: medicine

question: Avicenna became a qualified physician at what age?

answer: 18

question: Avicenna found medicine to be much easier than what subject?

answer: mathematics

text: mathematics


text: Phaininda and episkyros were Greek ball games. An image of an episkyros player depicted in low relief on a vase at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens appears on the UEFA European Championship Cup. Athenaeus, writing in 228 AD, referenced the Roman ball game harpastum. Phaininda, episkyros and harpastum were played involving hands and violence. They all appear to have resembled rugby football, wrestling and volleyball more than what is recognizable as modern football. As with pre-codified "mob football", the antecedent of all modern football codes, these three games involved more handling the ball than kicking. Non-competitive games included kemari in Japan, chuk-guk in Korea and woggabaliri in Australia.

title: Association_football

title: Association_football

text: Phaininda

text: and

text: episkyros

text: were

text: Greek

text: ball

text: games

text: An

text: image

text: of

text: an

text: episkyros

text: player

text: depicted

text: in

text: low

text: relief

text: on

text: a

text: vase

text: at

text: the

text: National

text: Archaeological

text: Museum

text: of

text: Athens

text: appears

text: on

text: the

text: UEFA

text: European

text: Championship

text: Cup

text: Athenaeus

text: writing

text: in

text: AD

text: referenced

text: the

text: Roman

text: ball

text: game

text: harpastum

text: Phaininda

text: episkyros

text: and

text: harpastum

text: were

text: played

text: involving

text: hands

text: and

text: violence

text: They

text: all

text: appear

text: to

text: have

text: resembled

text: rugby

text: football

text: wrestling

text: and

text: volleyball

text: more

text: than

text: what

text: is

text: recognizable

text: as

text: modern

text: football

text: As

text: with

text: pre

text: codified

text: mob

text: football

text: the

text: antecedent

text: of

text: all

text: modern

text: football

text: codes

text: these

text: three

text: games

text: involved

text: more

text: handling

text: the

text: ball

text: than

text: kicking

text: Non

text: competitive

text: games

text: included

text: kemari

text: in

text: Japan

text: chuk

text: guk

text: in

text: Korea

text: and

text: woggabaliri

text: in

text: Australia

question: What Museum has a vase with an image of an episkyros player?

answer: National Archaeological Museum of Athens

text: National Archaeological Museum of Athens

question: What game did Athenaeus reference in 228 AD?

answer: harpastum

text: harpastum

question: What is the name of a similar, non-competitive game in Japan called?

answer: kemari

text: kemari

question: What country is the game chuck-guk from?

answer: Korea

text: Korea

question: What country is the game wogabaliri from?

answer: Australia

text: Australia


text: DST's clock shifts have the obvious disadvantage of complexity. People must remember to change their clocks; this can be time-consuming, particularly for mechanical clocks that cannot be moved backward safely. People who work across time zone boundaries need to keep track of multiple DST rules, as not all locations observe DST or observe it the same way. The length of the calendar day becomes variable; it is no longer always 24 hours. Disruption to meetings, travel, broadcasts, billing systems, and records management is common, and can be expensive. During an autumn transition from 02:00 to 01:00, a clock reads times from 01:00:00 through 01:59:59 twice, possibly leading to confusion.

title: Daylight_saving_time

title: Daylight_saving_time

text: DST

text: 's

text: clock

text: shifts

text: have

text: the

text: obvious

text: disadvantage

text: of

text: complexity

text: People

text: must

text: remember

text: to

text: change

text: their

text: clocks

text: this

text: can

text: be

text: time

text: consuming

text: particularly

text: for

text: mechanical

text: clocks

text: that

text: can

text: not

text: be

text: moved

text: backward

text: safely

text: People

text: who

text: work

text: across

text: time

text: zone

text: boundaries

text: need

text: to

text: keep

text: track

text: of

text: multiple

text: DST

text: rules

text: as

text: not

text: all

text: locations

text: observe

text: DST

text: or

text: observe

text: it

text: the

text: same

text: way

text: The

text: length

text: of

text: the

text: calendar

text: day

text: becomes

text: variable

text: it

text: is

text: no

text: longer

text: always

text: hours

text: Disruption

text: to

text: meetings

text: travel

text: broadcasts

text: billing

text: systems

text: and

text: records

text: management

text: is

text: common

text: and

text: can

text: be

text: expensive

text: During

text: an

text: autumn

text: transition

text: from

text: to

text: a

text: clock

text: reads

text: times

text: from

text: through

text: twice

text: possibly

text: leading

text: to

text: confusion

question: During the fall time shift from 02:00 to 01:00, how many times will a clock show the times between 01:00:00 and 01:59:59?

answer: twice

text: twice

question: What might a clock showing the same times twice in one day lead to?

answer: confusion

text: confusion

question: What do people often have trouble remembering to do for DST?

answer: change their clocks

text: change their clocks

question: What added complexity do people working across time zones have to keep track of?

answer: multiple DST rules

text: multiple DST rules


text: Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a soil rhizosphere bacterium, can attach to plant cells and infect them with a callus-inducing Ti plasmid by horizontal gene transfer, causing a callus infection called crown gall disease. Schell and Van Montagu (1977) hypothesised that the Ti plasmid could be a natural vector for introducing the Nif gene responsible for nitrogen fixation in the root nodules of legumes and other plant species. Today, genetic modification of the Ti plasmid is one of the main techniques for introduction of transgenes to plants and the creation of genetically modified crops.

title: Botany

title: Botany

text: Agrobacterium

text: tumefaciens

text: a

text: soil

text: rhizosphere

text: bacterium

text: can

text: attach

text: to

text: plant

text: cells

text: and

text: infect

text: them

text: with

text: a

text: callus

text: inducing

text: Ti

text: plasmid

text: by

text: horizontal

text: gene

text: transfer

text: causing

text: a

text: callus

text: infection

text: called

text: crown

text: gall

text: disease

text: Schell

text: and

text: Van

text: Montagu

text: hypothesised

text: that

text: the

text: Ti

text: plasmid

text: could

text: be

text: a

text: natural

text: vector

text: for

text: introducing

text: the

text: Nif

text: gene

text: responsible

text: for

text: nitrogen

text: fixation

text: in

text: the

text: root

text: nodules

text: of

text: legumes

text: and

text: other

text: plant

text: species

text: Today

text: genetic

text: modification

text: of

text: the

text: Ti

text: plasmid

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: main

text: techniques

text: for

text: introduction

text: of

text: transgenes

text: to

text: plants

text: and

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: genetically

text: modified

text: crops

question: How can a bacteria in the soil affect a plant?

answer: can attach to plant cells

text: can attach to plant cells

question: How can scientists use bacteria in the study of plants?

answer: introducing the Nif gene

text: introducing the Nif gene

question: How are genes transferred to a plant by scientists?

answer: in the root nodules

text: in the root nodules

question: What is this kind of introduction and transfer used for?

answer: creation of genetically modified crops

text: creation of genetically modified crops

question: Who developed the procedures used in this transfer?

answer: Schell and Van Montagu

text: Schell and Van Montagu


text: Madonna's look and style of dressing, her performances, and her music videos influenced young girls and women. Her style became one of the female fashion trends of the 1980s. Created by stylist and jewelry designer Maripol, the look consisted of lace tops, skirts over capri pants, fishnet stockings, jewelry bearing the crucifix, bracelets, and bleached hair. Madonna achieved global recognition after the release of her second studio album, Like a Virgin, in November 1984. It topped the charts in several countries and became her first number one album on the Billboard 200. The title track, "Like a Virgin", topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart for six consecutive weeks. It attracted the attention of organizations who complained that the song and its accompanying video promoted premarital sex and undermined family values, and moralists sought to have the song and video banned.

title: Madonna_(entertainer)

title: Madonna_(entertainer

text: Madonna

text: 's

text: look

text: and

text: style

text: of

text: dressing

text: her

text: performances

text: and

text: her

text: music

text: videos

text: influenced

text: young

text: girls

text: and

text: women

text: Her

text: style

text: became

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: female

text: fashion

text: trends

text: of

text: the

text: Created

text: by

text: stylist

text: and

text: jewelry

text: designer

text: Maripol

text: the

text: look

text: consisted

text: of

text: lace

text: tops

text: skirts

text: over

text: capri

text: pants

text: fishnet

text: stockings

text: jewelry

text: bearing

text: the

text: crucifix

text: bracelets

text: and

text: bleached

text: hair

text: Madonna

text: achieved

text: global

text: recognition

text: after

text: the

text: release

text: of

text: her

text: second

text: studio

text: album

text: Like

text: a

text: Virgin

text: in

text: November

text: It

text: topped

text: the

text: charts

text: in

text: several

text: countries

text: and

text: became

text: her

text: first

text: number

text: one

text: album

text: on

text: the

text: Billboard

text: The

text: title

text: track

text: Like

text: a

text: Virgin

text: topped

text: the

text: Billboard

text: Hot

text: chart

text: for

text: six

text: consecutive

text: weeks

text: It

text: attracted

text: the

text: attention

text: of

text: organizations

text: who

text: complained

text: that

text: the

text: song

text: and

text: its

text: accompanying

text: video

text: promoted

text: premarital

text: sex

text: and

text: undermined

text: family

text: values

text: and

text: moralists

text: sought

text: to

text: have

text: the

text: song

text: and

text: video

text: banned

question: Who did Madonna's look and style of dressing influence?

answer: young girls and women

text: young girls and women

question: When did Madonna's style become a fashion trend?

answer: 1980s

question: Who is the stylist and jewellery designer that created Madonna's look?

answer: Maripol

text: Maripol

question: When did Madonna achieve global recognition?

answer: November 1984

text: November 1984

question: How long did "Like a Virgin" stayed on the Billboard 100?

answer: six consecutive weeks

text: six consecutive weeks


text: Non-religious Umayyad mosaic works were mainly floor panels which decorated the palaces of the caliphs and other high-ranking officials. They were closely modeled after the mosaics of the Roman country villas, once common in the Eastern Mediterranean. The most superb example can be found in the bath house of Hisham's Palace, Palestine which was made around 744. The main panel depicts a large tree and underneath it a lion attacking a deer (right side) and two deers peacefully grazing (left side). The panel probably represents good and bad governance. Mosaics with classical geometric motifs survived in the bath area of the 8th-century Umayyad palace complex in Anjar, Lebanon. The luxurious desert residence of Al-Walid II in Qasr al-Hallabat (in present-day Jordan) was also decorated with floor mosaics that show a high level of technical skill. The best preserved panel at Hallabat is divided by a Tree of Life flanked by "good" animals on one side and "bad" animals on the other. Among the Hallabat representations are vine scrolls, grapes, pomegranates, oryx, wolves, hares, a leopard, pairs of partridges, fish, bulls, ostriches, rabbits, rams, goats, lions and a snake. At Qastal, near Amman, excavations in 2000 uncovered the earliest known Umayyad mosaics in present-day Jordan, dating probably from the caliphate of Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (685–705). They cover much of the floor of a finely decorated building that probably served as the palace of a local governor. The Qastal mosaics depict geometrical patterns, trees, animals, fruits and rosettes. Except for the open courtyard, entrance and staircases, the floors of the entire palace were covered in mosaics.

title: Mosaic

title: Mosaic

text: Non

text: religious

text: Umayyad

text: mosaic

text: works

text: were

text: mainly

text: floor

text: panels

text: which

text: decorated

text: the

text: palaces

text: of

text: the

text: caliphs

text: and

text: other

text: high

text: ranking

text: officials

text: They

text: were

text: closely

text: modeled

text: after

text: the

text: mosaics

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: country

text: villas

text: once

text: common

text: in

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Mediterranean

text: The

text: most

text: superb

text: example

text: can

text: be

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: bath

text: house

text: of

text: Hisham

text: 's

text: Palace

text: Palestine

text: which

text: was

text: made

text: around

text: The

text: main

text: panel

text: depicts

text: a

text: large

text: tree

text: and

text: underneath

text: it

text: a

text: lion

text: attacking

text: a

text: deer

text: right

text: side

text: and

text: two

text: deers

text: peacefully

text: grazing

text: left

text: side

text: The

text: panel

text: probably

text: represents

text: good

text: and

text: bad

text: governance

text: Mosaics

text: with

text: classical

text: geometric

text: motifs

text: survived

text: in

text: the

text: bath

text: area

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: Umayyad

text: palace

text: complex

text: in

text: Anjar

text: Lebanon

text: The

text: luxurious

text: desert

text: residence

text: of

text: Al

text: Walid

text: II

text: in

text: Qasr

text: al

text: Hallabat

text: in

text: present

text: day

text: Jordan

text: was

text: also

text: decorated

text: with

text: floor

text: mosaics

text: that

text: show

text: a

text: high

text: level

text: of

text: technical

text: skill

text: The

text: best

text: preserved

text: panel

text: at

text: Hallabat

text: is

text: divided

text: by

text: a

text: Tree

text: of

text: Life

text: flanked

text: by

text: good

text: animals

text: on

text: one

text: side

text: and

text: bad

text: animals

text: on

text: the

text: other

text: Among

text: the

text: Hallabat

text: representations

text: are

text: vine

text: scrolls

text: grapes

text: pomegranates

text: oryx

text: wolves

text: hares

text: a

text: leopard

text: pairs

text: of

text: partridges

text: fish

text: bulls

text: ostriches

text: rabbits

text: rams

text: goats

text: lions

text: and

text: a

text: snake

text: At

text: Qastal

text: near

text: Amman

text: excavations

text: in

text: uncovered

text: the

text: earliest

text: known

text: Umayyad

text: mosaics

text: in

text: present

text: day

text: Jordan

text: dating

text: probably

text: from

text: the

text: caliphate

text: of

text: Abd

text: al

text: Malik

text: ibn

text: Marwan

text: They

text: cover

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: floor

text: of

text: a

text: finely

text: decorated

text: building

text: that

text: probably

text: served

text: as

text: the

text: palace

text: of

text: a

text: local

text: governor

text: The

text: Qastal

text: mosaics

text: depict

text: geometrical

text: patterns

text: trees

text: animals

text: fruits

text: and

text: rosettes

text: Except

text: for

text: the

text: open

text: courtyard

text: entrance

text: and

text: staircases

text: the

text: floors

text: of

text: the

text: entire

text: palace

text: were

text: covered

text: in

text: mosaics

question: Any mosaic having secular designs were likely what?

answer: floor panels

text: floor panels

question: What were the floor panels of the caliphs and high ranking officials modeled after?

answer: Roman country villas

text: Roman country villas

question: Where can the most superb example of Umayyad mosaic floor paneling?

answer: the bath house of Hisham's Palace

text: the bath house of Hisham's Palace

question: In which present day country would the residence of Al-Walid II in Qasr al-Hallabat be?

answer: Jordan

text: Jordan

question: At Qastal in 2000 the earliest examples of what were found in Jordan?

answer: Umayyad mosaics

text: Umayyad mosaics


text: In 1980, when the stadium was in need of redesign to meet UEFA criteria, the club raised money by offering supporters the opportunity to inscribe their name on the bricks for a small fee. The idea was popular with supporters, and thousands of people paid the fee. Later this became the centre of controversy when media in Madrid picked up reports that one of the stones was inscribed with the name of long-time Real Madrid chairman and Franco supporter Santiago Bernabéu. In preparation for the 1992 Summer Olympics two tiers of seating were installed above the previous roofline. It has a current capacity of 99,354 making it the largest stadium in Europe.

title: FC_Barcelona

title: FC_Barcelona

text: In

text: when

text: the

text: stadium

text: was

text: in

text: need

text: of

text: redesign

text: to

text: meet

text: UEFA

text: criteria

text: the

text: club

text: raised

text: money

text: by

text: offering

text: supporters

text: the

text: opportunity

text: to

text: inscribe

text: their

text: name

text: on

text: the

text: bricks

text: for

text: a

text: small

text: fee

text: The

text: idea

text: was

text: popular

text: with

text: supporters

text: and

text: thousands

text: of

text: people

text: paid

text: the

text: fee

text: Later

text: this

text: became

text: the

text: centre

text: of

text: controversy

text: when

text: media

text: in

text: Madrid

text: picked

text: up

text: reports

text: that

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: stones

text: was

text: inscribed

text: with

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: long

text: time

text: Real

text: Madrid

text: chairman

text: and

text: Franco

text: supporter

text: Santiago

text: Bernabéu

text: In

text: preparation

text: for

text: the

text: Summer

text: Olympics

text: two

text: tiers

text: of

text: seating

text: were

text: installed

text: above

text: the

text: previous

text: roofline

text: It

text: has

text: a

text: current

text: capacity

text: of

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: largest

text: stadium

text: in

text: Europe

question: Why did the stadium need to be redesigned in 1980?

answer: meet UEFA criteria

text: meet UEFA criteria

question: What were people allowed to do to bricks for a fee to support the stadium redesign?

answer: inscribe their name

text: inscribe their name

question: How did supporters of the team view the inscriptions on bricks idea?

answer: popular

text: popular

question: What name inscription was a center of controversy?

answer: Santiago Bernabéu

text: Santiago Bernabéu

question: What is the capacity of the Barcelona stadium?

answer: 99,354


text: After Kim Jong Il, the second ruler of North Korea, died in December 2011, Kim Jong Un stepped up and began mandating the use of Hanja as a source of definition for the Korean language. Currently, it is said that North Korea teaches around 3,000 Hanja characters to North Korean students, and in some cases, the characters appear within advertisements and newspapers. However, it is also said that the authorities implore students not to use the characters in public. Due to North Korea's strict isolationism, accurate reports about hanja use in North Korea are hard to obtain.

title: Chinese_characters

title: Chinese_characters

text: After

text: Kim

text: Jong

text: Il

text: the

text: second

text: ruler

text: of

text: North

text: Korea

text: died

text: in

text: December

text: Kim

text: Jong

text: Un

text: stepped

text: up

text: and

text: began

text: mandating

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: Hanja

text: as

text: a

text: source

text: of

text: definition

text: for

text: the

text: Korean

text: language

text: Currently

text: it

text: is

text: said

text: that

text: North

text: Korea

text: teaches

text: around

text: Hanja

text: characters

text: to

text: North

text: Korean

text: students

text: and

text: in

text: some

text: cases

text: the

text: characters

text: appear

text: within

text: advertisements

text: and

text: newspapers

text: However

text: it

text: is

text: also

text: said

text: that

text: the

text: authorities

text: implore

text: students

text: not

text: to

text: use

text: the

text: characters

text: in

text: public

text: Due

text: to

text: North

text: Korea

text: 's

text: strict

text: isolationism

text: accurate

text: reports

text: about

text: hanja

text: use

text: in

text: North

text: Korea

text: are

text: hard

text: to

text: obtain

question: When did the second ruler of North Korea pass away?

answer: December 2011

text: December 2011

question: Who stepped up after 2011?

answer: Kim Jong Un

text: Kim Jong Un

question: Who began moderating the use of Hanja?

answer: Kim Jong Un

text: Kim Jong Un


text: The last great period of Roman mosaic art was the 12th–13th century when Rome developed its own distinctive artistic style, free from the strict rules of eastern tradition and with a more realistic portrayal of figures in the space. Well-known works of this period are the floral mosaics of the Basilica di San Clemente, the façade of Santa Maria in Trastevere and San Paolo fuori le Mura. The beautiful apse mosaic of Santa Maria in Trastevere (1140) depicts Christ and Mary sitting next to each other on the heavenly throne, the first example of this iconographic scheme. A similar mosaic, the Coronation of the Virgin, decorates the apse of Santa Maria Maggiore. It is a work of Jacopo Torriti from 1295. The mosaics of Torriti and Jacopo da Camerino in the apse of San Giovanni in Laterano from 1288–94 were thoroughly restored in 1884. The apse mosaic of San Crisogono is attributed to Pietro Cavallini, the greatest Roman painter of the 13th century. Six scenes from the life of Mary in Santa Maria in Trastevere were also executed by Cavallini in 1290. These mosaics are praised for their realistic portrayal and attempts of perspective. There is an interesting mosaic medaillon from 1210 above the gate of the church of San Tommaso in Formis showing Christ enthroned between a white and a black slave. The church belonged to the Order of the Trinitarians which was devoted to ransoming Christian slaves.

title: Mosaic

title: Mosaic

text: The

text: last

text: great

text: period

text: of

text: Roman

text: mosaic

text: art

text: was

text: the

text: century

text: when

text: Rome

text: developed

text: its

text: own

text: distinctive

text: artistic

text: style

text: free

text: from

text: the

text: strict

text: rules

text: of

text: eastern

text: tradition

text: and

text: with

text: a

text: more

text: realistic

text: portrayal

text: of

text: figures

text: in

text: the

text: space

text: Well

text: known

text: works

text: of

text: this

text: period

text: are

text: the

text: floral

text: mosaics

text: of

text: the

text: Basilica

text: di

text: San

text: Clemente

text: the

text: façade

text: of

text: Santa

text: Maria

text: in

text: Trastevere

text: and

text: San

text: Paolo

text: fuori

text: le

text: Mura

text: The

text: beautiful

text: apse

text: mosaic

text: of

text: Santa

text: Maria

text: in

text: Trastevere

text: depicts

text: Christ

text: and

text: Mary

text: sitting

text: next

text: to

text: each

text: other

text: on

text: the

text: heavenly

text: throne

text: the

text: first

text: example

text: of

text: this

text: iconographic

text: scheme

text: A

text: similar

text: mosaic

text: the

text: Coronation

text: of

text: the

text: Virgin

text: decorates

text: the

text: apse

text: of

text: Santa

text: Maria

text: Maggiore

text: It

text: is

text: a

text: work

text: of

text: Jacopo

text: Torriti

text: from

text: The

text: mosaics

text: of

text: Torriti

text: and

text: Jacopo

text: da

text: Camerino

text: in

text: the

text: apse

text: of

text: San

text: Giovanni

text: in

text: Laterano

text: from

text: were

text: thoroughly

text: restored

text: in

text: The

text: apse

text: mosaic

text: of

text: San

text: Crisogono

text: is

text: attributed

text: to

text: Pietro

text: Cavallini

text: the

text: greatest

text: Roman

text: painter

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: Six

text: scenes

text: from

text: the

text: life

text: of

text: Mary

text: in

text: Santa

text: Maria

text: in

text: Trastevere

text: were

text: also

text: executed

text: by

text: Cavallini

text: in

text: These

text: mosaics

text: are

text: praised

text: for

text: their

text: realistic

text: portrayal

text: and

text: attempts

text: of

text: perspective

text: There

text: is

text: an

text: interesting

text: mosaic

text: medaillon

text: from

text: above

text: the

text: gate

text: of

text: the

text: church

text: of

text: San

text: Tommaso

text: in

text: Formis

text: showing

text: Christ

text: enthroned

text: between

text: a

text: white

text: and

text: a

text: black

text: slave

text: The

text: church

text: belonged

text: to

text: the

text: Order

text: of

text: the

text: Trinitarians

text: which

text: was

text: devoted

text: to

text: ransoming

text: Christian

text: slaves

question: When was the last period of Roman mosaic art?

answer: the 12th–13th century

text: the 12th–13th century

question: Where is the church of Santa maria?

answer: Trastevere

text: Trastevere

question: Who does the facade at the Santa Maria church depict?

answer: Christ and Mary

text: Christ and Mary

question: When were the mosaics at Torriti and Jacopo fully restored?

answer: in 1884

text: in 1884

question: What year was the medallion above the gate of the church of San Tommaso?

answer: 1210