text: Sacerdotalis caelibatus (Latin for "Of the celibate priesthood"), promulgated on 24 June 1967, defends the Catholic Church's tradition of priestly celibacy in the West. This encyclical was written in the wake of Vatican II, when the Catholic Church was questioning and revising many long-held practices. Priestly celibacy is considered a discipline rather than dogma, and some had expected that it might be relaxed. In response to these questions, the Pope reaffirms the discipline as a long-held practice with special importance in the Catholic Church. The encyclical Sacerdotalis caelibatus from 24 June 1967, confirms the traditional Church teaching, that celibacy is an ideal state and continues to be mandatory for Roman Catholic priests. Celibacy symbolizes the reality of the kingdom of God amid modern society. The priestly celibacy is closely linked to the sacramental priesthood. However, during his pontificate Paul VI was considered generous in permitting bishops to grant laicization of priests who wanted to leave the sacerdotal state, a position which was drastically reversed by John Paul II in 1980 and cemented in the 1983 Canon Law that only the pope can in exceptional circumstances grant laicization.

title: Pope_Paul_VI

title: Pope_Paul_VI

text: Sacerdotalis

text: caelibatus

text: Latin

text: for

text: Of

text: the

text: celibate

text: priesthood

text: promulgated

text: on

text: June

text: defends

text: the

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: 's

text: tradition

text: of

text: priestly

text: celibacy

text: in

text: the

text: West

text: This

text: encyclical

text: was

text: written

text: in

text: the

text: wake

text: of

text: Vatican

text: II

text: when

text: the

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: was

text: questioning

text: and

text: revising

text: many

text: long

text: held

text: practices

text: Priestly

text: celibacy

text: is

text: considered

text: a

text: discipline

text: rather

text: than

text: dogma

text: and

text: some

text: had

text: expected

text: that

text: it

text: might

text: be

text: relaxed

text: In

text: response

text: to

text: these

text: questions

text: the

text: Pope

text: reaffirms

text: the

text: discipline

text: as

text: a

text: long

text: held

text: practice

text: with

text: special

text: importance

text: in

text: the

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: The

text: encyclical

text: Sacerdotalis

text: caelibatus

text: from

text: June

text: confirms

text: the

text: traditional

text: Church

text: teaching

text: that

text: celibacy

text: is

text: an

text: ideal

text: state

text: and

text: continues

text: to

text: be

text: mandatory

text: for

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: priests

text: Celibacy

text: symbolizes

text: the

text: reality

text: of

text: the

text: kingdom

text: of

text: God

text: amid

text: modern

text: society

text: The

text: priestly

text: celibacy

text: is

text: closely

text: linked

text: to

text: the

text: sacramental

text: priesthood

text: However

text: during

text: his

text: pontificate

text: Paul

text: VI

text: was

text: considered

text: generous

text: in

text: permitting

text: bishops

text: to

text: grant

text: laicization

text: of

text: priests

text: who

text: wanted

text: to

text: leave

text: the

text: sacerdotal

text: state

text: a

text: position

text: which

text: was

text: drastically

text: reversed

text: by

text: John

text: Paul

text: II

text: in

text: and

text: cemented

text: in

text: the

text: Canon

text: Law

text: that

text: only

text: the

text: pope

text: can

text: in

text: exceptional

text: circumstances

text: grant

text: laicization

question: What is considered an ideal state for priests in the Catholic church?

answer: Celibacy

text: Celibacy

question: What is seen as symbolizing the reality of living in the modern world as Roman Catholic priest?

answer: Celibacy

text: Celibacy

question: What document  of 1967 promotes the church's stance of celibacy in the priesthood?

answer: Sacerdotalis caelibatus

text: Sacerdotalis caelibatus

question: What type of law locked down the Catholic church's stance on celibacy in the priesthood?

answer: Canon

text: Canon

question: In what year was Canon Law issued affirming celibacy in the priesthood?

answer: 1983


text: The most notable fraud conviction was that of Gordon Foxley, head of defence procurement at the Ministry of Defence from 1981 to 1984. Police claimed he received at least £3.5m in total in corrupt payments, such as substantial bribes from overseas arms contractors aiming to influence the allocation of contracts.

title: Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)

title: Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom

text: The

text: most

text: notable

text: fraud

text: conviction

text: was

text: that

text: of

text: Gordon

text: Foxley

text: head

text: of

text: defence

text: procurement

text: at

text: the

text: Ministry

text: of

text: Defence

text: from

text: to

text: Police

text: claimed

text: he

text: received

text: at

text: least

text: m

text: in

text: total

text: in

text: corrupt

text: payments

text: such

text: as

text: substantial

text: bribes

text: from

text: overseas

text: arms

text: contractors

text: aiming

text: to

text: influence

text: the

text: allocation

text: of

text: contracts

question: Who in the MoD was convicted of fraud?

answer: Gordon Foxley

text: Gordon Foxley

question: What position was held by Foxley?

answer: head of defence procurement

text: head of defence procurement

question: What years was Foxley employed by the MoD?

answer: 1981 to 1984

text: 1981 to 1984

question: How much money was Foxley accused of taking?

answer: at least £3.5m

text: at least £3.5m

question: What do the police believe the bribes were intended to do?

answer: influence the allocation of contracts

text: influence the allocation of contracts


text: The major applications of copper are in electrical wires (60%), roofing and plumbing (20%) and industrial machinery (15%). Copper is mostly used as a pure metal, but when a higher hardness is required it is combined with other elements to make an alloy (5% of total use) such as brass and bronze. A small part of copper supply is used in production of compounds for nutritional supplements and fungicides in agriculture. Machining of copper is possible, although it is usually necessary to use an alloy for intricate parts to get good machinability characteristics.

title: Copper

title: Copper

text: The

text: major

text: applications

text: of

text: copper

text: are

text: in

text: electrical

text: wires

text: roofing

text: and

text: plumbing

text: and

text: industrial

text: machinery

text: Copper

text: is

text: mostly

text: used

text: as

text: a

text: pure

text: metal

text: but

text: when

text: a

text: higher

text: hardness

text: is

text: required

text: it

text: is

text: combined

text: with

text: other

text: elements

text: to

text: make

text: an

text: alloy

text: of

text: total

text: use

text: such

text: as

text: brass

text: and

text: bronze

text: A

text: small

text: part

text: of

text: copper

text: supply

text: is

text: used

text: in

text: production

text: of

text: compounds

text: for

text: nutritional

text: supplements

text: and

text: fungicides

text: in

text: agriculture

text: Machining

text: of

text: copper

text: is

text: possible

text: although

text: it

text: is

text: usually

text: necessary

text: to

text: use

text: an

text: alloy

text: for

text: intricate

text: parts

text: to

text: get

text: good

text: machinability

text: characteristics

question: What percentage of copper is used in electrical wires?

answer: 60%

question: What percentage of copper is used in roofing and plumbing?

answer: 20%

question: What percentage of copper is used in industrial machinery?

answer: 15%

question: What property does combining copper with brass or bronze create?

answer: hardness

text: hardness

question: What is a metal that copper is combined with to create a greater hardness?

answer: brass

text: brass


text: Sport plays an important role in Estonian culture. After declaring independence from Russia in 1918, Estonia first competed as a nation at the 1920 Summer Olympics, although the National Olympic Committee was established in 1923. Estonian athletes took part of the Olympic Games until the country was annexed by the Soviet Union in 1940. The 1980 Summer Olympics Sailing regatta was held in the capital city Tallinn. After regaining independence in 1991, Estonia has participated in all Olympics. Estonia has won most of its medals in athletics, weightlifting, wrestling and cross-country skiing. Estonia has had very good success at the Olympic games given the country's small population. Estonia's best results were being ranked 13th in the medal table at the 1936 Summer Olympics, and 12th at the 2006 Winter Olympics.

title: Estonia

title: Estonia

text: Sport

text: plays

text: an

text: important

text: role

text: in

text: Estonian

text: culture

text: After

text: declaring

text: independence

text: from

text: Russia

text: in

text: Estonia

text: first

text: competed

text: as

text: a

text: nation

text: at

text: the

text: Summer

text: Olympics

text: although

text: the

text: National

text: Olympic

text: Committee

text: was

text: established

text: in

text: Estonian

text: athletes

text: took

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Olympic

text: Games

text: until

text: the

text: country

text: was

text: annexed

text: by

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: in

text: The

text: Summer

text: Olympics

text: Sailing

text: regatta

text: was

text: held

text: in

text: the

text: capital

text: city

text: Tallinn

text: After

text: regaining

text: independence

text: in

text: Estonia

text: has

text: participated

text: in

text: all

text: Olympics

text: Estonia

text: has

text: won

text: most

text: of

text: its

text: medals

text: in

text: athletics

text: weightlifting

text: wrestling

text: and

text: cross

text: country

text: skiing

text: Estonia

text: has

text: had

text: very

text: good

text: success

text: at

text: the

text: Olympic

text: games

text: given

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: small

text: population

text: Estonia

text: 's

text: best

text: results

text: were

text: being

text: ranked

text: in

text: the

text: medal

text: table

text: at

text: the

text: Summer

text: Olympics

text: and

text: at

text: the

text: Winter

text: Olympics

question: What physical activity plays a major part in Estonian society?

answer: Sport

text: Sport

question: What year did Estonia declare independence from Russia?

answer: 1918

question: What event did Estonia compete in as a nation for the first time ever?

answer: the 1920 Summer Olympics

text: the 1920 Summer Olympics

question: What year was Estonia annexed by Russia?

answer: 1940

question: What city hosted the 1980 Summer Olympics Sailing regatta?

answer: Tallinn

text: Tallinn


text: Avialans diversified into a wide variety of forms during the Cretaceous Period. Many groups retained primitive characteristics, such as clawed wings and teeth, though the latter were lost independently in a number of avialan groups, including modern birds (Aves). While the earliest forms, such as Archaeopteryx and Jeholornis, retained the long bony tails of their ancestors, the tails of more advanced avialans were shortened with the advent of the pygostyle bone in the group Pygostylia. In the late Cretaceous, around 95 million years ago, the ancestor of all modern birds also evolved a better sense of smell.

title: Bird

title: Bird

text: Avialans

text: diversified

text: into

text: a

text: wide

text: variety

text: of

text: forms

text: during

text: the

text: Cretaceous

text: Period

text: Many

text: groups

text: retained

text: primitive

text: characteristics

text: such

text: as

text: clawed

text: wings

text: and

text: teeth

text: though

text: the

text: latter

text: were

text: lost

text: independently

text: in

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: avialan

text: groups

text: including

text: modern

text: birds

text: Aves

text: While

text: the

text: earliest

text: forms

text: such

text: as

text: Archaeopteryx

text: and

text: Jeholornis

text: retained

text: the

text: long

text: bony

text: tails

text: of

text: their

text: ancestors

text: the

text: tails

text: of

text: more

text: advanced

text: avialans

text: were

text: shortened

text: with

text: the

text: advent

text: of

text: the

text: pygostyle

text: bone

text: in

text: the

text: group

text: Pygostylia

text: In

text: the

text: late

text: Cretaceous

text: around

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: the

text: ancestor

text: of

text: all

text: modern

text: birds

text: also

text: evolved

text: a

text: better

text: sense

text: of

text: smell

question: During which time period did avialans diversify into a wide variety of forms?

answer: Cretaceous Period

text: Cretaceous Period

question: Which forms retained the long bony tails of their ancestors?

answer: Archaeopteryx and Jeholornis

text: Archaeopteryx and Jeholornis

question: When did the ancestor of all modern birds evolve a better sense of smell?

answer: late Cretaceous

text: late Cretaceous

question: How long ago was the late Cretaceous period?

answer: around 95 million years ago

text: around 95 million years ago


text: During World War II, a famous incident involving the German pocket battleship Admiral Graf Spee took place in Punta del Este, 200 kilometers (120 mi) from Montevideo. After the Battle of the River Plate with the Royal Navy and Royal New Zealand Navy on 13 December 1939, the Graf Spee retreated to Montevideo's port, which was considered neutral at the time. To avoid risking the crew in what he thought would be a losing battle, Captain Hans Langsdorff scuttled the ship on 17 December. Langsdorff committed suicide two days later.[citation needed] The eagle figurehead of the Graf Spee was salvaged on 10 February 2006; to protect the feelings of those still sensitive to Nazi Germany, the swastika on the figurehead was covered as it was pulled from the water.

title: Montevideo

title: Montevideo

text: During

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: a

text: famous

text: incident

text: involving

text: the

text: German

text: pocket

text: battleship

text: Admiral

text: Graf

text: Spee

text: took

text: place

text: in

text: Punta

text: del

text: Este

text: kilometers

text: mi

text: from

text: Montevideo

text: After

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: the

text: River

text: Plate

text: with

text: the

text: Royal

text: Navy

text: and

text: Royal

text: New

text: Zealand

text: Navy

text: on

text: December

text: the

text: Graf

text: Spee

text: retreated

text: to

text: Montevideo

text: 's

text: port

text: which

text: was

text: considered

text: neutral

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: To

text: avoid

text: risking

text: the

text: crew

text: in

text: what

text: he

text: thought

text: would

text: be

text: a

text: losing

text: battle

text: Captain

text: Hans

text: Langsdorff

text: scuttled

text: the

text: ship

text: on

text: December

text: Langsdorff

text: committed

text: suicide

text: two

text: days

text: later.[citation

text: needed

text: The

text: eagle

text: figurehead

text: of

text: the

text: Graf

text: Spee

text: was

text: salvaged

text: on

text: February

text: to

text: protect

text: the

text: feelings

text: of

text: those

text: still

text: sensitive

text: to

text: Nazi

text: Germany

text: the

text: swastika

text: on

text: the

text: figurehead

text: was

text: covered

text: as

text: it

text: was

text: pulled

text: from

text: the

text: water

question: Who was the Admiral of the German pocket ship?

answer: Admiral Graf Spee

text: Admiral Graf Spee

question: Where did the famous incident involving the German pocket battleship take place in?

answer: Punta del Este

text: Punta del Este

question: When year did the Battle of the River Plate take place?

answer: 13 December 1939

text: 13 December 1939


text: The textual critic's ultimate objective is the production of a "critical edition".[citation needed] This contains the text that the author has determined most closely approximates the original, and is accompanied by an apparatus criticus or critical apparatus. The critical apparatus presents the author's work in three parts: first, a list or description of the evidence that the editor used (names of manuscripts, or abbreviations called sigla); second, the editor's analysis of that evidence (sometimes a simple likelihood rating),[citation needed]; and third, a record of rejected variants of the text (often in order of preference).[citation needed]

title: Textual_criticism

title: Textual_criticism

text: The

text: textual

text: critic

text: 's

text: ultimate

text: objective

text: is

text: the

text: production

text: of

text: a

text: critical

text: edition".[citation

text: needed

text: This

text: contains

text: the

text: text

text: that

text: the

text: author

text: has

text: determined

text: most

text: closely

text: approximates

text: the

text: original

text: and

text: is

text: accompanied

text: by

text: an

text: apparatus

text: criticus

text: or

text: critical

text: apparatus

text: The

text: critical

text: apparatus

text: presents

text: the

text: author

text: 's

text: work

text: in

text: three

text: parts

text: first

text: a

text: list

text: or

text: description

text: of

text: the

text: evidence

text: that

text: the

text: editor

text: used

text: names

text: of

text: manuscripts

text: or

text: abbreviations

text: called

text: sigla

text: second

text: the

text: editor

text: 's

text: analysis

text: of

text: that

text: evidence

text: sometimes

text: a

text: simple

text: likelihood

text: rating),[citation

text: needed

text: and

text: third

text: a

text: record

text: of

text: rejected

text: variants

text: of

text: the

text: text

text: often

text: in

text: order

text: of

text: preference).[citation

text: needed

question: What is included in or accompanies in "critical edition"?

answer: apparatus criticus or critical apparatus

text: apparatus criticus or critical apparatus

question: What is the purpose of the critical apparatus?

answer: presents the author's work in three parts

text: presents the author's work in three parts

question: What is the goal of the textual critic?

answer: a "critical edition"

text: a "critical edition"

question: A critical edition of a text is accompanied by what?

answer: apparatus criticus or critical apparatus.

text: apparatus criticus or critical apparatus.

question: What is included in the first part of the critical apparatus?

answer: a list or description of the evidence that the editor used (names of manuscripts, or abbreviations called sigla)

text: a list or description of the evidence that the editor used (names of manuscripts, or abbreviations called sigla)

question: What is included in the second part of the critical apparatus?

answer: the editor's analysis of that evidence (sometimes a simple likelihood rating)

text: the editor's analysis of that evidence (sometimes a simple likelihood rating)

question: What is included in the final part of the critical apparatus?

answer: a record of rejected variants of the text (often in order of preference)

text: a record of rejected variants of the text (often in order of preference)


text: During the century of internecine struggles for dominance among the Northern Christians kingdoms, the County of Portugal, formed the southern portion of the Kingdom of Galicia. At times the Kingdom of Galicia existed independently for short periods, but usually formed an important part of the Kingdom of Leon. Throughout this period, the people of County of Portugal as Galicians found themselves struggling to maintain the autonomy of Galicia with its distinct language and culture (Galician-Portuguese) from the Leonese culture, whenever the status of the Kingdom of Galicia changed in relation to the Kingdom of Leon. As a result of political division, Galician-Portuguese lost its unity when the County of Portugal separated from the Kingdom of Galicia (a dependent kingdom of Leon) to establish the Kingdom of Portugal. The Galician and Portuguese versions of the language then diverged over time as they followed independent evolutionary paths. This began occurring when the Kingdom of Leon and the Kingdom of Castile united and the Castilian Language (known as Spanish) slowly over the centuries began influencing the Galician Language and then trying to replace it. The same thing happened to Astur-Leonese Language to the point where it is greatly reduced or completely replaced by the Castilian (Spanish Language).

title: Portugal

title: Portugal

text: During

text: the

text: century

text: of

text: internecine

text: struggles

text: for

text: dominance

text: among

text: the

text: Northern

text: Christians

text: kingdoms

text: the

text: County

text: of

text: Portugal

text: formed

text: the

text: southern

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Galicia

text: At

text: times

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Galicia

text: existed

text: independently

text: for

text: short

text: periods

text: but

text: usually

text: formed

text: an

text: important

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Leon

text: Throughout

text: this

text: period

text: the

text: people

text: of

text: County

text: of

text: Portugal

text: as

text: Galicians

text: found

text: themselves

text: struggling

text: to

text: maintain

text: the

text: autonomy

text: of

text: Galicia

text: with

text: its

text: distinct

text: language

text: and

text: culture

text: Galician

text: Portuguese

text: from

text: the

text: Leonese

text: culture

text: whenever

text: the

text: status

text: of

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Galicia

text: changed

text: in

text: relation

text: to

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Leon

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: political

text: division

text: Galician

text: Portuguese

text: lost

text: its

text: unity

text: when

text: the

text: County

text: of

text: Portugal

text: separated

text: from

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Galicia

text: a

text: dependent

text: kingdom

text: of

text: Leon

text: to

text: establish

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Portugal

text: The

text: Galician

text: and

text: Portuguese

text: versions

text: of

text: the

text: language

text: then

text: diverged

text: over

text: time

text: as

text: they

text: followed

text: independent

text: evolutionary

text: paths

text: This

text: began

text: occurring

text: when

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Leon

text: and

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Castile

text: united

text: and

text: the

text: Castilian

text: Language

text: known

text: as

text: Spanish

text: slowly

text: over

text: the

text: centuries

text: began

text: influencing

text: the

text: Galician

text: Language

text: and

text: then

text: trying

text: to

text: replace

text: it

text: The

text: same

text: thing

text: happened

text: to

text: Astur

text: Leonese

text: Language

text: to

text: the

text: point

text: where

text: it

text: is

text: greatly

text: reduced

text: or

text: completely

text: replaced

text: by

text: the

text: Castilian

text: Spanish

text: Language

question: During the internecine struggles, what did the the people of Country of Portugal struggle with?

answer: maintain the autonomy of Galicia with its distinct language and culture (Galician-Portuguese) from the Leonese culture

text: maintain the autonomy of Galicia with its distinct language and culture (Galician-Portuguese) from the Leonese culture

question: The County of Portugal separated from the Kingdom of Galicia to establish what?

answer: the Kingdom of Portugal

text: the Kingdom of Portugal

question: Portugese diverged from which language?

answer: Galician

text: Galician

question: What is the Castilian Lanugage known as?

answer: Spanish

text: Spanish

question: By which language was the Astur-Leonese replaced?

answer: Castilian (Spanish Language)

text: Castilian (Spanish Language)


text: Beyoncé has received praise for her stage presence and voice during live performances. Jarett Wieselman of the New York Post placed her at number one on her list of the Five Best Singer/Dancers. According to Barbara Ellen of The Guardian Beyoncé is the most in-charge female artist she's seen onstage, while Alice Jones of The Independent wrote she "takes her role as entertainer so seriously she's almost too good." The ex-President of Def Jam L.A. Reid has described Beyoncé as the greatest entertainer alive. Jim Farber of the Daily News and Stephanie Classen of Star Phoenix both praised her strong voice and her stage presence.

title: Beyoncé

title: Beyoncé

text: Beyoncé

text: has

text: received

text: praise

text: for

text: her

text: stage

text: presence

text: and

text: voice

text: during

text: live

text: performances

text: Jarett

text: Wieselman

text: of

text: the

text: New

text: York

text: Post

text: placed

text: her

text: at

text: number

text: one

text: on

text: her

text: list

text: of

text: the

text: Five

text: Best

text: Singer

text: Dancers

text: According

text: to

text: Barbara

text: Ellen

text: of

text: The

text: Guardian

text: Beyoncé

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: in

text: charge

text: female

text: artist

text: she

text: 's

text: seen

text: onstage

text: while

text: Alice

text: Jones

text: of

text: The

text: Independent

text: wrote

text: she

text: takes

text: her

text: role

text: as

text: entertainer

text: so

text: seriously

text: she

text: 's

text: almost

text: too

text: good

text: The

text: ex

text: President

text: of

text: Def

text: Jam

text: L.A.

text: Reid

text: has

text: described

text: Beyoncé

text: as

text: the

text: greatest

text: entertainer

text: alive

text: Jim

text: Farber

text: of

text: the

text: Daily

text: News

text: and

text: Stephanie

text: Classen

text: of

text: Star

text: Phoenix

text: both

text: praised

text: her

text: strong

text: voice

text: and

text: her

text: stage

text: presence

question: What characteristics has Beyonce received acclaim for?

answer: stage presence and voice

text: stage presence and voice

question: Which former president of Def Jam called Beyonce the greatest entertainer alive?

answer: L.A. Reid

text: L.A. Reid

question: For what does Beyonce receive praise?

answer: stage presence

text: stage presence

question: Who chose her as number one on his list of Best singers/ Dancers?

answer: Jarett Wieselman

text: Jarett Wieselman

question: How has L.A. Reid described her?

answer: greatest entertainer alive

text: greatest entertainer alive

question: How does Alice Jones describe her?

answer: she's almost too good

text: she's almost too good

question: Who has Beyoncé at number one on her Five Best Singer/Dancers?

answer: Jarett Wieselman

text: Jarett Wieselman

question: Who has said that Beyoncé is the best entertainer alive?

answer: L.A. Reid

text: L.A. Reid


text: Intrigued by the results of the automaton, Bell continued to experiment with a live subject, the family's Skye Terrier, "Trouve". After he taught it to growl continuously, Bell would reach into its mouth and manipulate the dog's lips and vocal cords to produce a crude-sounding "Ow ah oo ga ma ma". With little convincing, visitors believed his dog could articulate "How are you grandma?" More indicative of his playful nature, his experiments convinced onlookers that they saw a "talking dog". However, these initial forays into experimentation with sound led Bell to undertake his first serious work on the transmission of sound, using tuning forks to explore resonance.

title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

text: Intrigued

text: by

text: the

text: results

text: of

text: the

text: automaton

text: Bell

text: continued

text: to

text: experiment

text: with

text: a

text: live

text: subject

text: the

text: family

text: 's

text: Skye

text: Terrier

text: Trouve

text: After

text: he

text: taught

text: it

text: to

text: growl

text: continuously

text: Bell

text: would

text: reach

text: into

text: its

text: mouth

text: and

text: manipulate

text: the

text: dog

text: 's

text: lips

text: and

text: vocal

text: cords

text: to

text: produce

text: a

text: crude

text: sounding

text: Ow

text: ah

text: oo

text: ga

text: ma

text: ma

text: With

text: little

text: convincing

text: visitors

text: believed

text: his

text: dog

text: could

text: articulate

text: How

text: are

text: you

text: grandma

text: More

text: indicative

text: of

text: his

text: playful

text: nature

text: his

text: experiments

text: convinced

text: onlookers

text: that

text: they

text: saw

text: a

text: talking

text: dog

text: However

text: these

text: initial

text: forays

text: into

text: experimentation

text: with

text: sound

text: led

text: Bell

text: to

text: undertake

text: his

text: first

text: serious

text: work

text: on

text: the

text: transmission

text: of

text: sound

text: using

text: tuning

text: forks

text: to

text: explore

text: resonance

question: What living thing did Bell use in his research?

answer: Skye Terrier

text: Skye Terrier

question: What was Bell's pet's name?

answer: Trouve

text: Trouve

question: What phrase did people believe Bell's dog could say?

answer: How are you grandma?

text: How are you grandma?

question: Bell investigated resonance using what?

answer: tuning forks

text: tuning forks

question: What did Bell  instruct his dog to do?

answer: growl continuously

text: growl continuously


text: Updated Motorola CPUs made a faster machine possible, and in 1987 Apple took advantage of the new Motorola technology and introduced the Macintosh II at $5500, powered by a 16 MHz Motorola 68020 processor. The primary improvement in the Macintosh II was Color QuickDraw in ROM, a color version of the graphics language which was the heart of the machine. Among the many innovations in Color QuickDraw were the ability to handle any display size, any color depth, and multiple monitors. The Macintosh II marked the start of a new direction for the Macintosh, as now for the first time it had an open architecture with several NuBus expansion slots, support for color graphics and external monitors, and a modular design similar to that of the IBM PC. It had an internal hard drive and a power supply with a fan, which was initially fairly loud. One third-party developer sold a device to regulate fan speed based on a heat sensor, but it voided the warranty. Later Macintosh computers had quieter power supplies and hard drives.

title: Macintosh

title: Macintosh

text: Updated

text: Motorola

text: CPUs

text: made

text: a

text: faster

text: machine

text: possible

text: and

text: in

text: Apple

text: took

text: advantage

text: of

text: the

text: new

text: Motorola

text: technology

text: and

text: introduced

text: the

text: Macintosh

text: II

text: at

text: powered

text: by

text: a

text: MHz

text: Motorola

text: processor

text: The

text: primary

text: improvement

text: in

text: the

text: Macintosh

text: II

text: was

text: Color

text: QuickDraw

text: in

text: ROM

text: a

text: color

text: version

text: of

text: the

text: graphics

text: language

text: which

text: was

text: the

text: heart

text: of

text: the

text: machine

text: Among

text: the

text: many

text: innovations

text: in

text: Color

text: QuickDraw

text: were

text: the

text: ability

text: to

text: handle

text: any

text: display

text: size

text: any

text: color

text: depth

text: and

text: multiple

text: monitors

text: The

text: Macintosh

text: II

text: marked

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: a

text: new

text: direction

text: for

text: the

text: Macintosh

text: as

text: now

text: for

text: the

text: first

text: time

text: it

text: had

text: an

text: open

text: architecture

text: with

text: several

text: NuBus

text: expansion

text: slots

text: support

text: for

text: color

text: graphics

text: and

text: external

text: monitors

text: and

text: a

text: modular

text: design

text: similar

text: to

text: that

text: of

text: the

text: IBM

text: PC

text: It

text: had

text: an

text: internal

text: hard

text: drive

text: and

text: a

text: power

text: supply

text: with

text: a

text: fan

text: which

text: was

text: initially

text: fairly

text: loud

text: One

text: third

text: party

text: developer

text: sold

text: a

text: device

text: to

text: regulate

text: fan

text: speed

text: based

text: on

text: a

text: heat

text: sensor

text: but

text: it

text: voided

text: the

text: warranty

text: Later

text: Macintosh

text: computers

text: had

text: quieter

text: power

text: supplies

text: and

text: hard

text: drives

question: Whose technology did Apple take advantage of when introducing the Macintosh II?

answer: Motorola

text: Motorola

question: What powered the Macintosh II?

answer: a 16 MHz Motorola 68020 processor

text: a 16 MHz Motorola 68020 processor

question: How much did the Macintosh II sell for?

answer: $5500

question: What marked the start of a new direction for Macintosh?

answer: The Macintosh II

text: The Macintosh II

question: What was the Macintosh II's new modular design similar to?

answer: the IBM PC

text: the IBM PC


text: In 2007, the Japanese Buddhist organisation Nipponzan Myohoji decided to build a Peace Pagoda in the city containing Buddha relics. It was inaugurated by the current Dalai Lama.

title: New_Delhi

title: New_Delhi

text: In

text: the

text: Japanese

text: Buddhist

text: organisation

text: Nipponzan

text: Myohoji

text: decided

text: to

text: build

text: a

text: Peace

text: Pagoda

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: containing

text: Buddha

text: relics

text: It

text: was

text: inaugurated

text: by

text: the

text: current

text: Dalai

text: Lama

question: The Nipponzan Myohoji decided to build a Peace Pagoda in new Delhi in what year?

answer: 2007

question: The Peace Pagoda built in New Delhi by the Nipponzan Myohoji contained what type of artifacts?

answer: Buddha relics

text: Buddha relics

question: Which Japanese Buddhist organization built a Peace Pagoda in New Delhi in 2007?

answer: Nipponzan Myohoji

text: Nipponzan Myohoji

question: The Peace Pagoda built in New Delhi by the Nipponzan Myohoji was inaugurated by which prominent figure?

answer: Dalai Lama

text: Dalai Lama

question: What structure did the Nipponzan Myohoji decide to build in New Delhi in 2007?

answer: Peace Pagoda

text: Peace Pagoda


text: The KU School of Engineering is an ABET accredited, public engineering school located on the main campus. The School of Engineering was officially founded in 1891, although engineering degrees were awarded as early as 1873.

title: University_of_Kansas

title: University_of_Kansas

text: The

text: KU

text: School

text: of

text: Engineering

text: is

text: an

text: ABET

text: accredited

text: public

text: engineering

text: school

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: main

text: campus

text: The

text: School

text: of

text: Engineering

text: was

text: officially

text: founded

text: in

text: although

text: engineering

text: degrees

text: were

text: awarded

text: as

text: early

text: as

question: What is the acronym for an organization that serves as an accreditation body for engineering schools?

answer: ABET

text: ABET

question: On what campus is the University of Kansas School of Engineering located?

answer: main campus

text: main campus

question: When was KU's engineering school established?

answer: 1891

question: When did the University of Kansas start issuing degrees in engineering?

answer: 1873

question: What kind of institution is KU's engineering school?

answer: public

text: public


text: The minority leader has a number of formal and informal party responsibilities. Formally, the rules of each party specify certain roles and responsibilities for their leader. For example, under Democratic rules for the 106th Congress, the minority leader may call meetings of the Democratic Caucus. He or she is a member of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee; names the members of the Democratic Leadership Council; chairs the Policy Committee; and heads the Steering Committee. Examples of other assignments are making "recommendations to the Speaker on all Democratic Members who shall serve as conferees" and nominating party members to the Committees on Rules and House Administration. Republican rules identify generally comparable functions for their top party leader.

title: Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives

text: The

text: minority

text: leader

text: has

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: formal

text: and

text: informal

text: party

text: responsibilities

text: Formally

text: the

text: rules

text: of

text: each

text: party

text: specify

text: certain

text: roles

text: and

text: responsibilities

text: for

text: their

text: leader

text: For

text: example

text: under

text: Democratic

text: rules

text: for

text: the

text: Congress

text: the

text: minority

text: leader

text: may

text: call

text: meetings

text: of

text: the

text: Democratic

text: Caucus

text: He

text: or

text: she

text: is

text: a

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Democratic

text: Congressional

text: Campaign

text: Committee

text: names

text: the

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: Democratic

text: Leadership

text: Council

text: chairs

text: the

text: Policy

text: Committee

text: and

text: heads

text: the

text: Steering

text: Committee

text: Examples

text: of

text: other

text: assignments

text: are

text: making

text: recommendations

text: to

text: the

text: Speaker

text: on

text: all

text: Democratic

text: Members

text: who

text: shall

text: serve

text: as

text: conferees

text: and

text: nominating

text: party

text: members

text: to

text: the

text: Committees

text: on

text: Rules

text: and

text: House

text: Administration

text: Republican

text: rules

text: identify

text: generally

text: comparable

text: functions

text: for

text: their

text: top

text: party

text: leader

question: According to democratic rules of the 106th congress what committee does minority leader chair?

answer: Policy Committee

text: Policy Committee

question: According to democratic rules of the 106th congress what committee does minority leader head?

answer: Steering Committee

text: Steering Committee

question: According to democratic rules of the 106th congress what campaign membership do they have?

answer: Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee

text: Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee

question: According to democratic rules of the 106th congress what leadership members do they appoint?

answer: Democratic Leadership Council

text: Democratic Leadership Council


text: American Idol has traditionally released studio recordings of contestants' performances as well as the winner's coronation single for sale. For the first five seasons, the recordings were released as a compilation album at the end of the season. All five of these albums reached the top ten in Billboard 200 which made then American Idol the most successful soundtrack franchise of any motion picture or television program. Starting late in season five, individual performances were released during the season as digital downloads, initially from the American Idol official website only. In season seven the live performances and studio recordings were made available during the season from iTunes when it joined as a sponsor. In Season ten the weekly studio recordings were also released as compilation digital album straight after performance night.

title: American_Idol

title: American_Idol

text: American

text: Idol

text: has

text: traditionally

text: released

text: studio

text: recordings

text: of

text: contestants

text: performances

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: winner

text: 's

text: coronation

text: single

text: for

text: sale

text: For

text: the

text: first

text: five

text: seasons

text: the

text: recordings

text: were

text: released

text: as

text: a

text: compilation

text: album

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: season

text: All

text: five

text: of

text: these

text: albums

text: reached

text: the

text: top

text: ten

text: in

text: Billboard

text: which

text: made

text: then

text: American

text: Idol

text: the

text: most

text: successful

text: soundtrack

text: franchise

text: of

text: any

text: motion

text: picture

text: or

text: television

text: program

text: Starting

text: late

text: in

text: season

text: five

text: individual

text: performances

text: were

text: released

text: during

text: the

text: season

text: as

text: digital

text: downloads

text: initially

text: from

text: the

text: American

text: Idol

text: official

text: website

text: only

text: In

text: season

text: seven

text: the

text: live

text: performances

text: and

text: studio

text: recordings

text: were

text: made

text: available

text: during

text: the

text: season

text: from

text: iTunes

text: when

text: it

text: joined

text: as

text: a

text: sponsor

text: In

text: Season

text: ten

text: the

text: weekly

text: studio

text: recordings

text: were

text: also

text: released

text: as

text: compilation

text: digital

text: album

text: straight

text: after

text: performance

text: night

question: When did iTunes become a sponsor on American Idol?

answer: season seven

text: season seven

question: For how many seasons did American Idol put out a compilation of hits at seasons end?

answer: five

text: five

question: What company has released studio recordings from American Idol since season seven?

answer: iTunes

text: iTunes

question: Idol releases both the performances as well as what for sale?

answer: the winner's coronation single

text: the winner's coronation single

question: How were the recordings released for the initial five seasons?

answer: as a compilation album

text: as a compilation album

question: Because all five were in the top ten of Billboard's charts, this made Idol what?

answer: the most successful soundtrack franchise

text: the most successful soundtrack franchise

question: Who joined Idol as a sponsor in season seven?

answer: iTunes

text: iTunes


text: By 1795, Bonaparte had become engaged to Désirée Clary, daughter of François Clary. Désirée's sister Julie Clary had married Bonaparte's elder brother Joseph. In April 1795, he was assigned to the Army of the West, which was engaged in the War in the Vendée—a civil war and royalist counter-revolution in Vendée, a region in west central France on the Atlantic Ocean. As an infantry command, it was a demotion from artillery general—for which the army already had a full quota—and he pleaded poor health to avoid the posting.

title: Napoleon

title: Napoleon

text: By

text: Bonaparte

text: had

text: become

text: engaged

text: to

text: Désirée

text: Clary

text: daughter

text: of

text: François

text: Clary

text: Désirée

text: 's

text: sister

text: Julie

text: Clary

text: had

text: married

text: Bonaparte

text: 's

text: elder

text: brother

text: Joseph

text: In

text: April

text: he

text: was

text: assigned

text: to

text: the

text: Army

text: of

text: the

text: West

text: which

text: was

text: engaged

text: in

text: the

text: War

text: in

text: the

text: Vendée

text: a

text: civil

text: war

text: and

text: royalist

text: counter

text: revolution

text: in

text: Vendée

text: a

text: region

text: in

text: west

text: central

text: France

text: on

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: As

text: an

text: infantry

text: command

text: it

text: was

text: a

text: demotion

text: from

text: artillery

text: general

text: for

text: which

text: the

text: army

text: already

text: had

text: a

text: full

text: quota

text: and

text: he

text: pleaded

text: poor

text: health

text: to

text: avoid

text: the

text: posting

question: Who did Napoleon become engaged to in 1795?

answer: Désirée Clary

text: Désirée Clary

question: In April 1795, what military organization was Napoleon assigned to?

answer: the Army of the West

text: the Army of the West

question: At the time of Napoleon's assignment, what military struggle was the Army of the West engaged in?

answer: the War in the Vendée

text: the War in the Vendée

question: Which older brother of Napoleon's did Désirée Clary's sister Julie marry?

answer: Joseph

text: Joseph

question: What excuse did Napoleon use to avoid being assigned to an infantry command?

answer: poor health

text: poor health


text: Phase change materials such as paraffin wax and Glauber's salt are another thermal storage media. These materials are inexpensive, readily available, and can deliver domestically useful temperatures (approximately 64 °C or 147 °F). The "Dover House" (in Dover, Massachusetts) was the first to use a Glauber's salt heating system, in 1948. Solar energy can also be stored at high temperatures using molten salts. Salts are an effective storage medium because they are low-cost, have a high specific heat capacity and can deliver heat at temperatures compatible with conventional power systems. The Solar Two used this method of energy storage, allowing it to store 1.44 terajoules (400,000 kWh) in its 68 cubic metres storage tank with an annual storage efficiency of about 99%.

title: Solar_energy

title: Solar_energy

text: Phase

text: change

text: materials

text: such

text: as

text: paraffin

text: wax

text: and

text: Glauber

text: 's

text: salt

text: are

text: another

text: thermal

text: storage

text: media

text: These

text: materials

text: are

text: inexpensive

text: readily

text: available

text: and

text: can

text: deliver

text: domestically

text: useful

text: temperatures

text: approximately

text: C

text: or

text: F

text: The

text: Dover

text: House

text: in

text: Dover

text: Massachusetts

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: to

text: use

text: a

text: Glauber

text: 's

text: salt

text: heating

text: system

text: in

text: Solar

text: energy

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: stored

text: at

text: high

text: temperatures

text: using

text: molten

text: salts

text: Salts

text: are

text: an

text: effective

text: storage

text: medium

text: because

text: they

text: are

text: low

text: cost

text: have

text: a

text: high

text: specific

text: heat

text: capacity

text: and

text: can

text: deliver

text: heat

text: at

text: temperatures

text: compatible

text: with

text: conventional

text: power

text: systems

text: The

text: Solar

text: Two

text: used

text: this

text: method

text: of

text: energy

text: storage

text: allowing

text: it

text: to

text: store

text: terajoules

text: kWh

text: in

text: its

text: cubic

text: metres

text: storage

text: tank

text: with

text: an

text: annual

text: storage

text: efficiency

text: of

text: about

question: Paraffin wax is an example of what kind of storage media?

answer: thermal

text: thermal

question: The first Glauber's salt heating system was first used where?

answer: The "Dover House"

text: The "Dover House"

question: What are some examples of phase change materials?

answer: paraffin wax and Glauber's salt

text: paraffin wax and Glauber's salt

question: What are the approximate temperatures that can be delivered by phase change materials?

answer: 64 °C or 147 °F

text: 64 °C or 147 °F

question: What was the name of the heating system that first used Glauber's salt?

answer: Dover House

text: Dover House

question: Why are salts good  for thermal storage?

answer: they are low-cost, have a high specific heat capacity and can deliver heat at temperatures compatible with conventional power systems

text: they are low-cost, have a high specific heat capacity and can deliver heat at temperatures compatible with conventional power systems

question: How much energy was the Solar Two able to store using salts?

answer: 1.44 terajoules (400,000 kWh)

text: 1.44 terajoules (400,000 kWh)


text: Snapshots usually become available more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later; it can take twenty-four months or longer.  The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked web site updates are recorded. Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots.

title: Wayback_Machine

title: Wayback_Machine

text: Snapshots

text: usually

text: become

text: available

text: more

text: than

text: six

text: months

text: after

text: they

text: are

text: archived

text: or

text: in

text: some

text: cases

text: even

text: later

text: it

text: can

text: take

text: twenty

text: four

text: months

text: or

text: longer

text: The

text: frequency

text: of

text: snapshots

text: is

text: variable

text: so

text: not

text: all

text: tracked

text: web

text: site

text: updates

text: are

text: recorded

text: Sometimes

text: there

text: are

text: intervals

text: of

text: several

text: weeks

text: or

text: years

text: between

text: snapshots

question: What are the saved versions of a site called?

answer: Snapshots

text: Snapshots

question: What is the minimum amount of time that elapses before most snapshots are released for viewing?

answer: six months

text: six months

question: What term characterizes the rate at which snapshots are made of websites?

answer: variable

text: variable


text: All the objects from everyday life that we can bump into, touch or squeeze are composed of atoms. This atomic matter is in turn made up of interacting subatomic particles—usually a nucleus of protons and neutrons, and a cloud of orbiting electrons. Typically, science considers these composite particles matter because they have both rest mass and volume. By contrast, massless particles, such as photons, are not considered matter, because they have neither rest mass nor volume. However, not all particles with rest mass have a classical volume, since fundamental particles such as quarks and leptons (sometimes equated with matter) are considered "point particles" with no effective size or volume. Nevertheless, quarks and leptons together make up "ordinary matter", and their interactions contribute to the effective volume of the composite particles that make up ordinary matter.

title: Matter

title: Matter

text: All

text: the

text: objects

text: from

text: everyday

text: life

text: that

text: we

text: can

text: bump

text: into

text: touch

text: or

text: squeeze

text: are

text: composed

text: of

text: atoms

text: This

text: atomic

text: matter

text: is

text: in

text: turn

text: made

text: up

text: of

text: interacting

text: subatomic

text: particles

text: usually

text: a

text: nucleus

text: of

text: protons

text: and

text: neutrons

text: and

text: a

text: cloud

text: of

text: orbiting

text: electrons

text: Typically

text: science

text: considers

text: these

text: composite

text: particles

text: matter

text: because

text: they

text: have

text: both

text: rest

text: mass

text: and

text: volume

text: By

text: contrast

text: massless

text: particles

text: such

text: as

text: photons

text: are

text: not

text: considered

text: matter

text: because

text: they

text: have

text: neither

text: rest

text: mass

text: nor

text: volume

text: However

text: not

text: all

text: particles

text: with

text: rest

text: mass

text: have

text: a

text: classical

text: volume

text: since

text: fundamental

text: particles

text: such

text: as

text: quarks

text: and

text: leptons

text: sometimes

text: equated

text: with

text: matter

text: are

text: considered

text: point

text: particles

text: with

text: no

text: effective

text: size

text: or

text: volume

text: Nevertheless

text: quarks

text: and

text: leptons

text: together

text: make

text: up

text: ordinary

text: matter

text: and

text: their

text: interactions

text: contribute

text: to

text: the

text: effective

text: volume

text: of

text: the

text: composite

text: particles

text: that

text: make

text: up

text: ordinary

text: matter

question: What kind of particles make up every object in the world that can be touched?

answer: atoms

text: atoms

question: The smaller particles that make up atoms, like protons and neutrons, are what kind of particles?

answer: subatomic

text: subatomic

question: What subatomic particle has no volume or rest mass?

answer: photons

text: photons

question: What  kind of particles are quarks and leptons?

answer: point particles

text: point particles

question: Despite not having size or volume themselves, quarks and leptons contribute to what measure of composite particles in matter?

answer: volume

text: volume


text: Menzies came to power the year the Communist Party of Australia had led a coal strike to improve pit miners' working conditions. That same year Joseph Stalin's Soviet Union exploded its first atomic bomb, and Mao Zedong led the Communist Party of China to power in China; a year later came the invasion of South Korea by Communist North Korea. Anti-communism was a key political issue of the 1950s and 1960s. Menzies was firmly anti-Communist; he committed troops to the Korean War and attempted to ban the Communist Party of Australia in an unsuccessful referendum during the course of that war. The Labor Party split over concerns about the influence of the Communist Party over the Trade Union movement, leading to the foundation of the breakaway Democratic Labor Party whose preferences supported the Liberal and Country parties.

title: Liberal_Party_of_Australia

title: Liberal_Party_of_Australia

text: Menzies

text: came

text: to

text: power

text: the

text: year

text: the

text: Communist

text: Party

text: of

text: Australia

text: had

text: led

text: a

text: coal

text: strike

text: to

text: improve

text: pit

text: miners

text: working

text: conditions

text: That

text: same

text: year

text: Joseph

text: Stalin

text: 's

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: exploded

text: its

text: first

text: atomic

text: bomb

text: and

text: Mao

text: Zedong

text: led

text: the

text: Communist

text: Party

text: of

text: China

text: to

text: power

text: in

text: China

text: a

text: year

text: later

text: came

text: the

text: invasion

text: of

text: South

text: Korea

text: by

text: Communist

text: North

text: Korea

text: Anti

text: communism

text: was

text: a

text: key

text: political

text: issue

text: of

text: the

text: and

text: Menzies

text: was

text: firmly

text: anti

text: Communist

text: he

text: committed

text: troops

text: to

text: the

text: Korean

text: War

text: and

text: attempted

text: to

text: ban

text: the

text: Communist

text: Party

text: of

text: Australia

text: in

text: an

text: unsuccessful

text: referendum

text: during

text: the

text: course

text: of

text: that

text: war

text: The

text: Labor

text: Party

text: split

text: over

text: concerns

text: about

text: the

text: influence

text: of

text: the

text: Communist

text: Party

text: over

text: the

text: Trade

text: Union

text: movement

text: leading

text: to

text: the

text: foundation

text: of

text: the

text: breakaway

text: Democratic

text: Labor

text: Party

text: whose

text: preferences

text: supported

text: the

text: Liberal

text: and

text: Country

text: parties

question: What was a key political topic in the 1950s and 1960s?

answer: Anti-communism

text: Anti-communism

question: What actions showed Menzies' anti-Communist beliefs?

answer: committed troops to the Korean War and attempted to ban the Communist Party of Australia in an unsuccessful referendum during the course of that war

text: committed troops to the Korean War and attempted to ban the Communist Party of Australia in an unsuccessful referendum during the course of that war

question: Over what did the Labor party divide?

answer: concerns about the influence of the Communist Party over the Trade Union movement,

text: concerns about the influence of the Communist Party over the Trade Union movement,


text: When he became First Consul and later Emperor, Napoleon eschewed his general's uniform and habitually wore the simple green colonel uniform (non-Hussar) of a colonel of the Chasseur à Cheval of the Imperial Guard, the regiment that often served as his personal escort, with a large bicorne. He also habitually wore (usually on Sundays) the blue uniform of a colonel of the Imperial Guard Foot Grenadiers (blue with white facings and red cuffs). He also wore his Légion d'honneur star, medal and ribbon, and the Order of the Iron Crown decorations, white French-style culottes and white stockings. This was in contrast to the gorgeous and complex uniforms with many decorations of his marshals and those around him.

title: Napoleon

title: Napoleon

text: When

text: he

text: became

text: First

text: Consul

text: and

text: later

text: Emperor

text: Napoleon

text: eschewed

text: his

text: general

text: 's

text: uniform

text: and

text: habitually

text: wore

text: the

text: simple

text: green

text: colonel

text: uniform

text: non

text: Hussar

text: of

text: a

text: colonel

text: of

text: the

text: Chasseur

text: à

text: Cheval

text: of

text: the

text: Imperial

text: Guard

text: the

text: regiment

text: that

text: often

text: served

text: as

text: his

text: personal

text: escort

text: with

text: a

text: large

text: bicorne

text: He

text: also

text: habitually

text: wore

text: usually

text: on

text: Sundays

text: the

text: blue

text: uniform

text: of

text: a

text: colonel

text: of

text: the

text: Imperial

text: Guard

text: Foot

text: Grenadiers

text: blue

text: with

text: white

text: facings

text: and

text: red

text: cuffs

text: He

text: also

text: wore

text: his

text: Légion

text: d'honneur

text: star

text: medal

text: and

text: ribbon

text: and

text: the

text: Order

text: of

text: the

text: Iron

text: Crown

text: decorations

text: white

text: French

text: style

text: culottes

text: and

text: white

text: stockings

text: This

text: was

text: in

text: contrast

text: to

text: the

text: gorgeous

text: and

text: complex

text: uniforms

text: with

text: many

text: decorations

text: of

text: his

text: marshals

text: and

text: those

text: around

text: him

question: After becoming First Consul, Napoleon typically wore the uniform of which rank, rather than general?

answer: colonel

text: colonel

question: What is the name of the regiment that frequently served as Napoleon's escort?

answer: the Chasseur à Cheval of the Imperial Guard

text: the Chasseur à Cheval of the Imperial Guard

question: What color was the uniform that Napoleon usually wore on Sundays?

answer: blue

text: blue

question: What color stockings did Napoleon usually wear?

answer: white

text: white

question: What color culottes did Napoleon typically wear?

answer: white

text: white


text: In several nations, rulers welcomed leaders of the Enlightenment at court and asked them to help design laws and programs to reform the system, typically to build stronger national states. These rulers are called "enlightened despots" by historians. They included Frederick the Great of Prussia, Catherine the Great of Russia, Leopold II of Tuscany, and Joseph II of Austria. Joseph was over-enthusiastic, announcing so many reforms that had so little support that revolts broke out and his regime became a comedy of errors and nearly all his programs were reversed. Senior ministers Pombal in Portugal and Struensee in Denmark also governed according to Enlightenment ideals. In Poland, the model constitution of 1791 expressed Enlightenment ideals, but was in effect for only one year as the nation was partitioned among its neighbors. More enduring were the cultural achievements, which created a nationalist spirit in Poland.

title: Age_of_Enlightenment

title: Age_of_Enlightenment

text: In

text: several

text: nations

text: rulers

text: welcomed

text: leaders

text: of

text: the

text: Enlightenment

text: at

text: court

text: and

text: asked

text: them

text: to

text: help

text: design

text: laws

text: and

text: programs

text: to

text: reform

text: the

text: system

text: typically

text: to

text: build

text: stronger

text: national

text: states

text: These

text: rulers

text: are

text: called

text: enlightened

text: despots

text: by

text: historians

text: They

text: included

text: Frederick

text: the

text: Great

text: of

text: Prussia

text: Catherine

text: the

text: Great

text: of

text: Russia

text: Leopold

text: II

text: of

text: Tuscany

text: and

text: Joseph

text: II

text: of

text: Austria

text: Joseph

text: was

text: over

text: enthusiastic

text: announcing

text: so

text: many

text: reforms

text: that

text: had

text: so

text: little

text: support

text: that

text: revolts

text: broke

text: out

text: and

text: his

text: regime

text: became

text: a

text: comedy

text: of

text: errors

text: and

text: nearly

text: all

text: his

text: programs

text: were

text: reversed

text: Senior

text: ministers

text: Pombal

text: in

text: Portugal

text: and

text: Struensee

text: in

text: Denmark

text: also

text: governed

text: according

text: to

text: Enlightenment

text: ideals

text: In

text: Poland

text: the

text: model

text: constitution

text: of

text: expressed

text: Enlightenment

text: ideals

text: but

text: was

text: in

text: effect

text: for

text: only

text: one

text: year

text: as

text: the

text: nation

text: was

text: partitioned

text: among

text: its

text: neighbors

text: More

text: enduring

text: were

text: the

text: cultural

text: achievements

text: which

text: created

text: a

text: nationalist

text: spirit

text: in

text: Poland

question: Leaders of the Enlightenment that helped design laws and programs to reform the court system are called what by historians?

answer: enlightened despots

text: enlightened despots

question: Which enlightened despot was so over-enthusiastic that revolts broke out and nearly all of his programs were reversed?

answer: Joseph II of Austria

text: Joseph II of Austria

question: In what country was the model constitution of 1791 in effect for only one year?

answer: Poland

text: Poland

question: From what country was Enlightenment leader Catherine the Great?

answer: Russia

text: Russia


text: The first boardwalk was built in 1870 along a portion of the beach in an effort to help hotel owners keep sand out of their lobbies. Businesses were restricted and the boardwalk was removed each year at the end of the peak season. Because of its effectiveness and popularity, the boardwalk was expanded in length and width, and modified several times in subsequent years. The historic length of the boardwalk, before the destructive 1944 Great Atlantic Hurricane, was about 7 miles (11 km) and it extended from Atlantic City to Longport, through Ventnor and Margate.

title: Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey

title: Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey

text: The

text: first

text: boardwalk

text: was

text: built

text: in

text: along

text: a

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: beach

text: in

text: an

text: effort

text: to

text: help

text: hotel

text: owners

text: keep

text: sand

text: out

text: of

text: their

text: lobbies

text: Businesses

text: were

text: restricted

text: and

text: the

text: boardwalk

text: was

text: removed

text: each

text: year

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: peak

text: season

text: Because

text: of

text: its

text: effectiveness

text: and

text: popularity

text: the

text: boardwalk

text: was

text: expanded

text: in

text: length

text: and

text: width

text: and

text: modified

text: several

text: times

text: in

text: subsequent

text: years

text: The

text: historic

text: length

text: of

text: the

text: boardwalk

text: before

text: the

text: destructive

text: Great

text: Atlantic

text: Hurricane

text: was

text: about

text: miles

text: km

text: and

text: it

text: extended

text: from

text: Atlantic

text: City

text: to

text: Longport

text: through

text: Ventnor

text: and

text: Margate

question: In what year was the first boardwalk built in Atlantic City?

answer: 1870

question: Why was the first boardwalk built in Atlantic City?

answer: to help hotel owners keep sand out of their lobbies

text: to help hotel owners keep sand out of their lobbies

question: What year was the Great Atlantic Hurricane?

answer: 1944

question: What was the historic length of the boardwalk before the Great Atlantic Hurricane?

answer: about 7 miles

text: about 7 miles

question: Before the Great Atlantic Hurricane the boardwalk extended from Atlantic City to what other city?

answer: Longport

text: Longport


text: According to a 2011 projection by the International Energy Agency, solar power plants may produce most of the world's electricity within 50 years, significantly reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases that harm the environment. The IEA has said: "Photovoltaic and solar-thermal plants may meet most of the world's demand for electricity by 2060 – and half of all energy needs – with wind, hydropower and biomass plants supplying much of the remaining generation". "Photovoltaic and concentrated solar power together can become the major source of electricity".

title: Renewable_energy_commercialization

title: Renewable_energy_commercialization

text: According

text: to

text: a

text: projection

text: by

text: the

text: International

text: Energy

text: Agency

text: solar

text: power

text: plants

text: may

text: produce

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: electricity

text: within

text: years

text: significantly

text: reducing

text: the

text: emissions

text: of

text: greenhouse

text: gases

text: that

text: harm

text: the

text: environment

text: The

text: IEA

text: has

text: said

text: Photovoltaic

text: and

text: solar

text: thermal

text: plants

text: may

text: meet

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: demand

text: for

text: electricity

text: by

text: and

text: half

text: of

text: all

text: energy

text: needs

text: with

text: wind

text: hydropower

text: and

text: biomass

text: plants

text: supplying

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: remaining

text: generation

text: Photovoltaic

text: and

text: concentrated

text: solar

text: power

text: together

text: can

text: become

text: the

text: major

text: source

text: of

text: electricity

question: Which group projected that solar plant may produce most of the world's electricity within 50 years?

answer: International Energy Agency

text: International Energy Agency

question: Photovoltaic and solar-thermal plants may meet most of the world's demand for electricity by what year?

answer: 2060

question: Photovoltaic and solar-thermal plants may meet how much of the world's energy needs by 2060?

answer: half

text: half


text: In 1629, the Massachusetts Bay Colony's first governor, John Winthrop, led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement, a key founding document of the city. Puritan ethics and their focus on education influenced its early history; America's first public school was founded in Boston in 1635. Over the next 130 years, the city participated in four French and Indian Wars, until the British defeated the French and their native allies in North America. Boston was the largest town in British North America until Philadelphia grew larger in the mid 18th century.

title: Boston

title: Boston

text: In

text: the

text: Massachusetts

text: Bay

text: Colony

text: 's

text: first

text: governor

text: John

text: Winthrop

text: led

text: the

text: signing

text: of

text: the

text: Cambridge

text: Agreement

text: a

text: key

text: founding

text: document

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: Puritan

text: ethics

text: and

text: their

text: focus

text: on

text: education

text: influenced

text: its

text: early

text: history

text: America

text: 's

text: first

text: public

text: school

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: Boston

text: in

text: Over

text: the

text: next

text: years

text: the

text: city

text: participated

text: in

text: four

text: French

text: and

text: Indian

text: Wars

text: until

text: the

text: British

text: defeated

text: the

text: French

text: and

text: their

text: native

text: allies

text: in

text: North

text: America

text: Boston

text: was

text: the

text: largest

text: town

text: in

text: British

text: North

text: America

text: until

text: Philadelphia

text: grew

text: larger

text: in

text: the

text: mid

text: century

question: What year was the Cambridge Agreement signed?

answer: 1629

question: America's first public school was founded in Boston in what year?

answer: 1635

question: Who was Massachusetts first governor?

answer: John Winthrop

text: John Winthrop

question: How many french and Indian wars did Boston participate in?

answer: four

text: four

question: Who led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement?

answer: John Winthrop

text: John Winthrop


text: Interspersed repeats mainly come from transposable elements (TEs), but they also include some protein coding gene families and pseudogenes. Transposable elements are able to integrate into the genome at another site within the cell. It is believed that TEs are an important driving force on genome evolution of higher eukaryotes. TEs can be classified into two categories, Class 1 (retrotransposons) and Class 2 (DNA transposons).

title: Genome

title: Genome

text: Interspersed

text: repeats

text: mainly

text: come

text: from

text: transposable

text: elements

text: TEs

text: but

text: they

text: also

text: include

text: some

text: protein

text: coding

text: gene

text: families

text: and

text: pseudogenes

text: Transposable

text: elements

text: are

text: able

text: to

text: integrate

text: into

text: the

text: genome

text: at

text: another

text: site

text: within

text: the

text: cell

text: It

text: is

text: believed

text: that

text: TEs

text: are

text: an

text: important

text: driving

text: force

text: on

text: genome

text: evolution

text: of

text: higher

text: eukaryotes

text: TEs

text: can

text: be

text: classified

text: into

text: two

text: categories

text: Class

text: retrotransposons

text: and

text: Class

text: DNA

text: transposons

question: What is the main source of interspersed repeats?

answer: Transposable elements

text: Transposable elements

question: What do researchers think transposable elements are key factors in when considering higher eukaryotes?

answer: genome evolution

text: genome evolution

question: What are the constituents of Class 1 transposable elements?

answer: retrotransposons

text: retrotransposons

question: What are the constituents of Class 2 transposable elements?

answer: DNA transposons

text: DNA transposons


text: The Diwan of Umar, assigning annuities to all Arabs and to the Muslim soldiers of other races, underwent a change in the hands of the Umayyads. The Umayyads meddled with the register and the recipients regarded pensions as the subsistence allowance even without being in active service. Hisham reformed it and paid only to those who participated in battle. On the pattern of the Byzantine system the Umayyads reformed their army organization in general and divided it into five corps: the centre, two wings, vanguards and rearguards, following the same formation while on march or on a battle field. Marwan II (740–50) abandoned the old division and introduced Kurdus (cohort), a small compact body. The Umayyad troops were divided into three divisions: infantry, cavalry and artillery. Arab troops were dressed and armed in Greek fashion. The Umayyad cavalry used plain and round saddles. The artillery used arradah (ballista), manjaniq (the mangonel) and dabbabah or kabsh (the battering ram). The heavy engines, siege machines and baggage were carried on camels behind the army.

title: Umayyad_Caliphate

title: Umayyad_Caliphate

text: The

text: Diwan

text: of

text: Umar

text: assigning

text: annuities

text: to

text: all

text: Arabs

text: and

text: to

text: the

text: Muslim

text: soldiers

text: of

text: other

text: races

text: underwent

text: a

text: change

text: in

text: the

text: hands

text: of

text: the

text: Umayyads

text: The

text: Umayyads

text: meddled

text: with

text: the

text: register

text: and

text: the

text: recipients

text: regarded

text: pensions

text: as

text: the

text: subsistence

text: allowance

text: even

text: without

text: being

text: in

text: active

text: service

text: Hisham

text: reformed

text: it

text: and

text: paid

text: only

text: to

text: those

text: who

text: participated

text: in

text: battle

text: On

text: the

text: pattern

text: of

text: the

text: Byzantine

text: system

text: the

text: Umayyads

text: reformed

text: their

text: army

text: organization

text: in

text: general

text: and

text: divided

text: it

text: into

text: five

text: corps

text: the

text: centre

text: two

text: wings

text: vanguards

text: and

text: rearguards

text: following

text: the

text: same

text: formation

text: while

text: on

text: march

text: or

text: on

text: a

text: battle

text: field

text: Marwan

text: II

text: abandoned

text: the

text: old

text: division

text: and

text: introduced

text: Kurdus

text: cohort

text: a

text: small

text: compact

text: body

text: The

text: Umayyad

text: troops

text: were

text: divided

text: into

text: three

text: divisions

text: infantry

text: cavalry

text: and

text: artillery

text: Arab

text: troops

text: were

text: dressed

text: and

text: armed

text: in

text: Greek

text: fashion

text: The

text: Umayyad

text: cavalry

text: used

text: plain

text: and

text: round

text: saddles

text: The

text: artillery

text: used

text: arradah

text: ballista

text: manjaniq

text: the

text: mangonel

text: and

text: dabbabah

text: or

text: kabsh

text: the

text: battering

text: ram

text: The

text: heavy

text: engines

text: siege

text: machines

text: and

text: baggage

text: were

text: carried

text: on

text: camels

text: behind

text: the

text: army

question: What is the meaning of the term Kurdus in English?

answer: cohort

text: cohort

question: What caliph reigned from 740 to 750?

answer: Marwan II

text: Marwan II

question: What did the Umayyads call the mangonel?

answer: manjaniq

text: manjaniq

question: What style of dress did Arab troops wear under Marwan II?

answer: Greek

text: Greek

question: Along with artillery and infantry, what was the third division of Umayyad troops under Marwan II?

answer: cavalry

text: cavalry


text: In the United States, macabre-rock pioneer Alice Cooper achieved mainstream success with the top ten album School's Out (1972). In the following year blues rockers ZZ Top released their classic album Tres Hombres and Aerosmith produced their eponymous début, as did Southern rockers Lynyrd Skynyrd and proto-punk outfit New York Dolls, demonstrating the diverse directions being pursued in the genre. Montrose, including the instrumental talent of Ronnie Montrose and vocals of Sammy Hagar and arguably the first all American hard rock band to challenge the British dominance of the genre, released their first album in 1973. Kiss built on the theatrics of Alice Cooper and the look of the New York Dolls to produce a unique band persona, achieving their commercial breakthrough with the double live album Alive! in 1975 and helping to take hard rock into the stadium rock era. In the mid-1970s Aerosmith achieved their commercial and artistic breakthrough with Toys in the Attic (1975), which reached number 11 in the American album chart, and Rocks (1976), which peaked at number three. Blue Öyster Cult, formed in the late 60s, picked up on some of the elements introduced by Black Sabbath with their breakthrough live gold album On Your Feet or on Your Knees (1975), followed by their first platinum album, Agents of Fortune (1976), containing the hit single "(Don't Fear) The Reaper", which reached number 12 on the Billboard charts. Journey released their eponymous debut in 1975 and the next year Boston released their highly successful début album. In the same year, hard rock bands featuring women saw commercial success as Heart released Dreamboat Annie and The Runaways débuted with their self-titled album. While Heart had a more folk-oriented hard rock sound, the Runaways leaned more towards a mix of punk-influenced music and hard rock. The Amboy Dukes, having emerged from the Detroit garage rock scene and most famous for their Top 20 psychedelic hit "Journey to the Center of the Mind" (1968), were dissolved by their guitarist Ted Nugent, who embarked on a solo career that resulted in four successive multi-platinum albums between Ted Nugent (1975) and his best selling Double Live Gonzo (1978).

title: Hard_rock

title: Hard_rock

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: macabre

text: rock

text: pioneer

text: Alice

text: Cooper

text: achieved

text: mainstream

text: success

text: with

text: the

text: top

text: ten

text: album

text: School

text: 's

text: Out

text: In

text: the

text: following

text: year

text: blues

text: rockers

text: ZZ

text: Top

text: released

text: their

text: classic

text: album

text: Tres

text: Hombres

text: and

text: Aerosmith

text: produced

text: their

text: eponymous

text: début

text: as

text: did

text: Southern

text: rockers

text: Lynyrd

text: Skynyrd

text: and

text: proto

text: punk

text: outfit

text: New

text: York

text: Dolls

text: demonstrating

text: the

text: diverse

text: directions

text: being

text: pursued

text: in

text: the

text: genre

text: Montrose

text: including

text: the

text: instrumental

text: talent

text: of

text: Ronnie

text: Montrose

text: and

text: vocals

text: of

text: Sammy

text: Hagar

text: and

text: arguably

text: the

text: first

text: all

text: American

text: hard

text: rock

text: band

text: to

text: challenge

text: the

text: British

text: dominance

text: of

text: the

text: genre

text: released

text: their

text: first

text: album

text: in

text: Kiss

text: built

text: on

text: the

text: theatrics

text: of

text: Alice

text: Cooper

text: and

text: the

text: look

text: of

text: the

text: New

text: York

text: Dolls

text: to

text: produce

text: a

text: unique

text: band

text: persona

text: achieving

text: their

text: commercial

text: breakthrough

text: with

text: the

text: double

text: live

text: album

text: Alive

text: in

text: and

text: helping

text: to

text: take

text: hard

text: rock

text: into

text: the

text: stadium

text: rock

text: era

text: In

text: the

text: Aerosmith

text: achieved

text: their

text: commercial

text: and

text: artistic

text: breakthrough

text: with

text: Toys

text: in

text: the

text: Attic

text: which

text: reached

text: number

text: in

text: the

text: American

text: album

text: chart

text: and

text: Rocks

text: which

text: peaked

text: at

text: number

text: three

text: Blue

text: Öyster

text: Cult

text: formed

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: picked

text: up

text: on

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: elements

text: introduced

text: by

text: Black

text: Sabbath

text: with

text: their

text: breakthrough

text: live

text: gold

text: album

text: On

text: Your

text: Feet

text: or

text: on

text: Your

text: Knees

text: followed

text: by

text: their

text: first

text: platinum

text: album

text: Agents

text: of

text: Fortune

text: containing

text: the

text: hit

text: single

text: Do

text: n't

text: Fear

text: The

text: Reaper

text: which

text: reached

text: number

text: on

text: the

text: Billboard

text: charts

text: Journey

text: released

text: their

text: eponymous

text: debut

text: in

text: and

text: the

text: next

text: year

text: Boston

text: released

text: their

text: highly

text: successful

text: début

text: album

text: In

text: the

text: same

text: year

text: hard

text: rock

text: bands

text: featuring

text: women

text: saw

text: commercial

text: success

text: as

text: Heart

text: released

text: Dreamboat

text: Annie

text: and

text: The

text: Runaways

text: débuted

text: with

text: their

text: self

text: titled

text: album

text: While

text: Heart

text: had

text: a

text: more

text: folk

text: oriented

text: hard

text: rock

text: sound

text: the

text: Runaways

text: leaned

text: more

text: towards

text: a

text: mix

text: of

text: punk

text: influenced

text: music

text: and

text: hard

text: rock

text: The

text: Amboy

text: Dukes

text: having

text: emerged

text: from

text: the

text: Detroit

text: garage

text: rock

text: scene

text: and

text: most

text: famous

text: for

text: their

text: Top

text: psychedelic

text: hit

text: Journey

text: to

text: the

text: Center

text: of

text: the

text: Mind

text: were

text: dissolved

text: by

text: their

text: guitarist

text: Ted

text: Nugent

text: who

text: embarked

text: on

text: a

text: solo

text: career

text: that

text: resulted

text: in

text: four

text: successive

text: multi

text: platinum

text: albums

text: between

text: Ted

text: Nugent

text: and

text: his

text: best

text: selling

text: Double

text: Live

text: Gonzo

question: Who recorded the album School's Out?

answer: Alice Cooper

text: Alice Cooper

question: Tres Hombres is the name of an album by what band?

answer: ZZ Top

text: ZZ Top

question: Who was the lead singer of Montrose?

answer: Sammy Hagar

text: Sammy Hagar

question: Kiss' double live album Alive! came out in what year?

answer: 1975

question: Who had a hit single with "(Don't Fear) The Reaper"?

answer: Blue Öyster Cult

text: Blue Öyster Cult


text: As computers grew in speed and capability, a number of general-purpose database systems emerged; by the mid-1960s a number of such systems had come into commercial use. Interest in a standard began to grow, and Charles Bachman, author of one such product, the Integrated Data Store (IDS), founded the "Database Task Group" within CODASYL, the group responsible for the creation and standardization of COBOL. In 1971 the Database Task Group delivered their standard, which generally became known as the "CODASYL approach", and soon a number of commercial products based on this approach entered the market.

title: Database

title: Database

text: As

text: computers

text: grew

text: in

text: speed

text: and

text: capability

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: general

text: purpose

text: database

text: systems

text: emerged

text: by

text: the

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: such

text: systems

text: had

text: come

text: into

text: commercial

text: use

text: Interest

text: in

text: a

text: standard

text: began

text: to

text: grow

text: and

text: Charles

text: Bachman

text: author

text: of

text: one

text: such

text: product

text: the

text: Integrated

text: Data

text: Store

text: IDS

text: founded

text: the

text: Database

text: Task

text: Group

text: within

text: CODASYL

text: the

text: group

text: responsible

text: for

text: the

text: creation

text: and

text: standardization

text: of

text: COBOL

text: In

text: the

text: Database

text: Task

text: Group

text: delivered

text: their

text: standard

text: which

text: generally

text: became

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: CODASYL

text: approach

text: and

text: soon

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: commercial

text: products

text: based

text: on

text: this

text: approach

text: entered

text: the

text: market

question: Why was COBOL created?

answer: Interest in a standard

text: Interest in a standard

question: When were DBMSs first used commercially?

answer: mid-1960s

question: When was the standard protocol completed?

answer: 1971

question: What group discovered COBOL?

answer: Database Task Group

text: Database Task Group

question: What was the standard protocol called?

answer: CODASYL approach

text: CODASYL approach


text: Ruben Studdard emerged as the winner, beating Clay Aiken by a small margin. Out of a total of 24 million votes, Studdard finished just 134,000 votes ahead of Aiken. This slim margin of victory was controversial due to the large number of calls that failed to get through. In an interview prior to season five, executive producer Nigel Lythgoe indicated that Aiken had led the fan voting from the wildcard week onward until the finale.

title: American_Idol

title: American_Idol

text: Ruben

text: Studdard

text: emerged

text: as

text: the

text: winner

text: beating

text: Clay

text: Aiken

text: by

text: a

text: small

text: margin

text: Out

text: of

text: a

text: total

text: of

text: million

text: votes

text: Studdard

text: finished

text: just

text: votes

text: ahead

text: of

text: Aiken

text: This

text: slim

text: margin

text: of

text: victory

text: was

text: controversial

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: large

text: number

text: of

text: calls

text: that

text: failed

text: to

text: get

text: through

text: In

text: an

text: interview

text: prior

text: to

text: season

text: five

text: executive

text: producer

text: Nigel

text: Lythgoe

text: indicated

text: that

text: Aiken

text: had

text: led

text: the

text: fan

text: voting

text: from

text: the

text: wildcard

text: week

text: onward

text: until

text: the

text: finale

question: Who was the season two winner of American Idol?

answer: Ruben Studdard

text: Ruben Studdard

question: How many votes were cast during the final week?

answer: 24 million

text: 24 million

question: Who was the runner up on season two of American Idol?

answer: Clay Aiken

text: Clay Aiken

question: How many votes did Ruben Studdard win by?

answer: 134,000

question: What was the name of the shows executive producer?

answer: Nigel Lythgoe

text: Nigel Lythgoe

question: Who won season two?

answer: Ruben Studdard

text: Ruben Studdard

question: Who was the runner up for season two?

answer: Clay Aiken

text: Clay Aiken

question: How many more votes did Studdard have at the finale?

answer: 134,000

question: How many votes were cast for the finale?

answer: 24 million

text: 24 million

question: Who did Nigel Lythgoe say was a fan favorite for the majority of the season?

answer: Clay Aiken

text: Clay Aiken


text: As of the census of 2000, there were 197,790 people, 84,549 households, and 43,627 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,292.6 people per square mile (1,271.3/km²). There were 92,282 housing units at an average density of 1,536.2 per square mile (593.1/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 38.3% White, 57.2% African American, 0.2% Native American, 1.3% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 1.5% from other races, and 1.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.6% of the population.

title: Richmond,_Virginia

title: Richmond,_Virginia

text: As

text: of

text: the

text: census

text: of

text: there

text: were

text: people

text: households

text: and

text: families

text: residing

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: The

text: population

text: density

text: was

text: people

text: per

text: square

text: mile

text: There

text: were

text: housing

text: units

text: at

text: an

text: average

text: density

text: of

text: per

text: square

text: mile

text: The

text: racial

text: makeup

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: was

text: White

text: African

text: American

text: Native

text: American

text: Asian

text: Pacific

text: Islander

text: from

text: other

text: races

text: and

text: from

text: two

text: or

text: more

text: races

text: Hispanic

text: or

text: Latino

text: of

text: any

text: race

text: were

text: of

text: the

text: population

question: In 2000, how many families lived in Richmond?

answer: 43,627

question: As of 2000, how many people lived in Richmond per square kilometer?

answer: 1,271.3

question: What percentage of the Richmond population of 2000 was Pacific Islander?

answer: 0.1

question: What was the largest racial group in Richmond as of 2000?

answer: African American

text: African American

question: In 2000, what percentage of Richmond residents were multiracial?

answer: 1.5


text: Also in the late 1970s, "direct-to-disc" records were produced, aimed at an audiophile niche market. These completely bypassed the use of magnetic tape in favor of a "purist" transcription directly to the master lacquer disc. Also during this period, half-speed mastered and "original master" records were released, using expensive state-of-the-art technology. A further late 1970s development was the Disco Eye-Cued system used mainly on Motown 12-inch singles released between 1978 and 1980. The introduction, drum-breaks, or choruses of a track were indicated by widely separated grooves, giving a visual cue to DJs mixing the records. The appearance of these records is similar to an LP, but they only contain one track each side.

title: Gramophone_record

title: Gramophone_record

text: Also

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: direct

text: to

text: disc

text: records

text: were

text: produced

text: aimed

text: at

text: an

text: audiophile

text: niche

text: market

text: These

text: completely

text: bypassed

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: magnetic

text: tape

text: in

text: favor

text: of

text: a

text: purist

text: transcription

text: directly

text: to

text: the

text: master

text: lacquer

text: disc

text: Also

text: during

text: this

text: period

text: half

text: speed

text: mastered

text: and

text: original

text: master

text: records

text: were

text: released

text: using

text: expensive

text: state

text: of

text: the

text: art

text: technology

text: A

text: further

text: late

text: development

text: was

text: the

text: Disco

text: Eye

text: Cued

text: system

text: used

text: mainly

text: on

text: Motown

text: singles

text: released

text: between

text: and

text: The

text: introduction

text: drum

text: breaks

text: or

text: choruses

text: of

text: a

text: track

text: were

text: indicated

text: by

text: widely

text: separated

text: grooves

text: giving

text: a

text: visual

text: cue

text: to

text: DJs

text: mixing

text: the

text: records

text: The

text: appearance

text: of

text: these

text: records

text: is

text: similar

text: to

text: an

text: LP

text: but

text: they

text: only

text: contain

text: one

text: track

text: each

text: side

question: How did Disco Eye-Cued system benefit DJs?

answer: visual cue to DJs mixing the records

text: visual cue to DJs mixing the records

question: How did Disco Eye-Cued sysems differ from LPs?

answer: only contain one track each side

text: only contain one track each side

question: When was the Disco Eye-Cued System developed?

answer: late 1970s

text: late 1970s

question: What were direct to disc recordings expected to product?

answer: a "purist" transcription

text: a "purist" transcription

question: When were 'half speed' and 'digitally remastered' recordings being released?

answer: late 1970s

text: late 1970s


text: The Space Race can trace its origins to Germany, beginning in the 1930s and continuing during World War II when Nazi Germany researched and built operational ballistic missiles. Starting in the early 1930s, during the last stages of the Weimar Republic, German aerospace engineers experimented with liquid-fueled rockets, with the goal that one day they would be capable of reaching high altitudes and traversing long distances. The head of the German Army's Ballistics and Munitions Branch, Lieutenant Colonel Karl Emil Becker, gathered a small team of engineers that included Walter Dornberger and Leo Zanssen, to figure out how to use rockets as long-range artillery in order to get around the Treaty of Versailles' ban on research and development of long-range cannons. Wernher von Braun, a young engineering prodigy, was recruited by Becker and Dornberger to join their secret army program at Kummersdorf-West in 1932. Von Braun had dreams about conquering outer space with rockets, and did not initially see the military value in missile technology.

title: Space_Race

title: Space_Race

text: The

text: Space

text: Race

text: can

text: trace

text: its

text: origins

text: to

text: Germany

text: beginning

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: continuing

text: during

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: when

text: Nazi

text: Germany

text: researched

text: and

text: built

text: operational

text: ballistic

text: missiles

text: Starting

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: during

text: the

text: last

text: stages

text: of

text: the

text: Weimar

text: Republic

text: German

text: aerospace

text: engineers

text: experimented

text: with

text: liquid

text: fueled

text: rockets

text: with

text: the

text: goal

text: that

text: one

text: day

text: they

text: would

text: be

text: capable

text: of

text: reaching

text: high

text: altitudes

text: and

text: traversing

text: long

text: distances

text: The

text: head

text: of

text: the

text: German

text: Army

text: 's

text: Ballistics

text: and

text: Munitions

text: Branch

text: Lieutenant

text: Colonel

text: Karl

text: Emil

text: Becker

text: gathered

text: a

text: small

text: team

text: of

text: engineers

text: that

text: included

text: Walter

text: Dornberger

text: and

text: Leo

text: Zanssen

text: to

text: figure

text: out

text: how

text: to

text: use

text: rockets

text: as

text: long

text: range

text: artillery

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: get

text: around

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Versailles

text: ban

text: on

text: research

text: and

text: development

text: of

text: long

text: range

text: cannons

text: Wernher

text: von

text: Braun

text: a

text: young

text: engineering

text: prodigy

text: was

text: recruited

text: by

text: Becker

text: and

text: Dornberger

text: to

text: join

text: their

text: secret

text: army

text: program

text: at

text: Kummersdorf

text: West

text: in

text: Von

text: Braun

text: had

text: dreams

text: about

text: conquering

text: outer

text: space

text: with

text: rockets

text: and

text: did

text: not

text: initially

text: see

text: the

text: military

text: value

text: in

text: missile

text: technology

question: Where were the actual origin of the Space Race?

answer: Germany

text: Germany

question: What were German aerospace engineers experimenting with in the 1930's?

answer: liquid-fueled rockets

text: liquid-fueled rockets

question: What engineer was recruited by Becker and Dornberger to join their secret program?

answer: Wernher von Braun

text: Wernher von Braun

question: Which war in history did the Space Race begin to take root?

answer: World War II

text: World War II

question: A secretive army installation began in Kummersdorf-West in what year?

answer: 1932


text: The mosaics of the Church of St Stephen in ancient Kastron Mefaa (now Umm ar-Rasas) were made in 785 (discovered after 1986). The perfectly preserved mosaic floor is the largest one in Jordan. On the central panel hunting and fishing scenes are depicted while another panel illustrates the most important cities of the region. The frame of the mosaic is especially decorative. Six mosaic masters signed the work: Staurachios from Esbus, Euremios, Elias, Constantinus, Germanus and Abdela. It overlays another, damaged, mosaic floor of the earlier (587) "Church of Bishop Sergius." Another four churches were excavated nearby with traces of mosaic decoration.

title: Mosaic

title: Mosaic

text: The

text: mosaics

text: of

text: the

text: Church

text: of

text: St

text: Stephen

text: in

text: ancient

text: Kastron

text: Mefaa

text: now

text: Umm

text: ar

text: Rasas

text: were

text: made

text: in

text: discovered

text: after

text: The

text: perfectly

text: preserved

text: mosaic

text: floor

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: one

text: in

text: Jordan

text: On

text: the

text: central

text: panel

text: hunting

text: and

text: fishing

text: scenes

text: are

text: depicted

text: while

text: another

text: panel

text: illustrates

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: cities

text: of

text: the

text: region

text: The

text: frame

text: of

text: the

text: mosaic

text: is

text: especially

text: decorative

text: Six

text: mosaic

text: masters

text: signed

text: the

text: work

text: Staurachios

text: from

text: Esbus

text: Euremios

text: Elias

text: Constantinus

text: Germanus

text: and

text: Abdela

text: It

text: overlays

text: another

text: damaged

text: mosaic

text: floor

text: of

text: the

text: earlier

text: Church

text: of

text: Bishop

text: Sergius

text: Another

text: four

text: churches

text: were

text: excavated

text: nearby

text: with

text: traces

text: of

text: mosaic

text: decoration

question: Where would the Church of St Stephen be located today?

answer: Umm ar-Rasas

text: Umm ar-Rasas

question: When were the mosaics in the Church of St Stephen created?

answer: in 785

text: in 785

question: When were the mosaics in the Church of St Stephen re-discovered?

answer: 1986

question: The mosaic floor in the Church of St Stephen is the largest in what country?

answer: Jordan

text: Jordan

question: How many artists signed the frame of the mosaic at the Church of St Stephen?

answer: Six

text: Six