text: President Benito Juárez was re-elected in the general election of 1867 in which he received strong liberal support, especially in Chihuahua. Luis Terrazas was confirmed by the people of Chihuahua to be governor of the state. But soon after the election, President Juárez had another crisis on his hands; the Juárez administration was suspected to be involved in the assassination of the military chief José María Patoni executed by General Canto in August 1868. General Canto turned himself over to Donato Guerra. Canto was sentenced to death, but later his sentence changed to 10 years imprisonment. The sense of injustice gave rise to a new rebellion in 1869 that threatened the federal government. In response, the Juárez administration took drastic measures by temporarily suspending constitutional rights, but the governor of Chihuahua did not support this action. Hostilities continued to increase especially after the election of 1871 which was perceived to be fraudulent. A new popular leader arose among the rebels, Porfirio Díaz. The federal government was successful in quelling rebellions in Durango an Chihuahua. On July 18, 1872, President Juárez died from a heart attack; soon after, many of his supporters ceased the fighting. Peace returned to Chihuahua and the new government was led by Governor Antonio Ochoa (formerly a co-owner of the Batopilas silver mines) in 1873 after Luis Terrazas finished his term in 1872.

title: Chihuahua_(state)

title: Chihuahua_(state

text: President

text: Benito

text: Juárez

text: was

text: re

text: elected

text: in

text: the

text: general

text: election

text: of

text: in

text: which

text: he

text: received

text: strong

text: liberal

text: support

text: especially

text: in

text: Chihuahua

text: Luis

text: Terrazas

text: was

text: confirmed

text: by

text: the

text: people

text: of

text: Chihuahua

text: to

text: be

text: governor

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: But

text: soon

text: after

text: the

text: election

text: President

text: Juárez

text: had

text: another

text: crisis

text: on

text: his

text: hands

text: the

text: Juárez

text: administration

text: was

text: suspected

text: to

text: be

text: involved

text: in

text: the

text: assassination

text: of

text: the

text: military

text: chief

text: José

text: María

text: Patoni

text: executed

text: by

text: General

text: Canto

text: in

text: August

text: General

text: Canto

text: turned

text: himself

text: over

text: to

text: Donato

text: Guerra

text: Canto

text: was

text: sentenced

text: to

text: death

text: but

text: later

text: his

text: sentence

text: changed

text: to

text: years

text: imprisonment

text: The

text: sense

text: of

text: injustice

text: gave

text: rise

text: to

text: a

text: new

text: rebellion

text: in

text: that

text: threatened

text: the

text: federal

text: government

text: In

text: response

text: the

text: Juárez

text: administration

text: took

text: drastic

text: measures

text: by

text: temporarily

text: suspending

text: constitutional

text: rights

text: but

text: the

text: governor

text: of

text: Chihuahua

text: did

text: not

text: support

text: this

text: action

text: Hostilities

text: continued

text: to

text: increase

text: especially

text: after

text: the

text: election

text: of

text: which

text: was

text: perceived

text: to

text: be

text: fraudulent

text: A

text: new

text: popular

text: leader

text: arose

text: among

text: the

text: rebels

text: Porfirio

text: Díaz

text: The

text: federal

text: government

text: was

text: successful

text: in

text: quelling

text: rebellions

text: in

text: Durango

text: an

text: Chihuahua

text: On

text: July

text: President

text: Juárez

text: died

text: from

text: a

text: heart

text: attack

text: soon

text: after

text: many

text: of

text: his

text: supporters

text: ceased

text: the

text: fighting

text: Peace

text: returned

text: to

text: Chihuahua

text: and

text: the

text: new

text: government

text: was

text: led

text: by

text: Governor

text: Antonio

text: Ochoa

text: formerly

text: a

text: co

text: owner

text: of

text: the

text: Batopilas

text: silver

text: mines

text: in

text: after

text: Luis

text: Terrazas

text: finished

text: his

text: term

text: in

question: Benito Juarez was reelected in which year?

answer: 1867

question: Which state gave Juarez a particularly notably strong support?

answer: Chihuahua

text: Chihuahua

question: Who was confirmed to be the president of the state of Chihuahua?

answer: Luis Terrazas

text: Luis Terrazas

question: Which general turned himself over to Donato Guerra?

answer: General Canto

text: General Canto

question: Which year's election was perceived to be fraudulent?

answer: 1871


text: There are no dedicated IPA symbols for degrees of aspiration and typically only two degrees are marked: unaspirated ⟨k⟩ and aspirated ⟨kʰ⟩. An old symbol for light aspiration was ⟨ʻ⟩, but this is now obsolete. The aspiration modifier letter may be doubled to indicate especially strong or long aspiration. Hence, the two degrees of aspiration in Korean stops are sometimes transcribed ⟨kʰ kʰʰ⟩ or ⟨kʻ⟩ and ⟨kʰ⟩, but they are usually transcribed [k] and [kʰ], with the details of voice-onset time given numerically.

title: Aspirated_consonant

title: Aspirated_consonant

text: There

text: are

text: no

text: dedicated

text: IPA

text: symbols

text: for

text: degrees

text: of

text: aspiration

text: and

text: typically

text: only

text: two

text: degrees

text: are

text: marked

text: unaspirated

text: ⟨k⟩

text: and

text: aspirated

text: ⟨kʰ⟩.

text: An

text: old

text: symbol

text: for

text: light

text: aspiration

text: was

text: ⟨ʻ⟩

text: but

text: this

text: is

text: now

text: obsolete

text: The

text: aspiration

text: modifier

text: letter

text: may

text: be

text: doubled

text: to

text: indicate

text: especially

text: strong

text: or

text: long

text: aspiration

text: Hence

text: the

text: two

text: degrees

text: of

text: aspiration

text: in

text: Korean

text: stops

text: are

text: sometimes

text: transcribed

text: ⟨kʰ

text: kʰʰ⟩

text: or

text: ⟨kʻ⟩

text: and

text: ⟨kʰ⟩

text: but

text: they

text: are

text: usually

text: transcribed

text: k

text: and

text: kʰ

text: with

text: the

text: details

text: of

text: voice

text: onset

text: time

text: given

text: numerically

question: There are no IPA symbols for what?

answer: degrees of aspiration

text: degrees of aspiration

question: What may be doubled to indicate a long aspiration?

answer: aspiration modifier

text: aspiration modifier

question: What language, according to the text, may need double stops to indicate aspiration length?

answer: Korean

text: Korean

question: How are voice-onset time details usually presented?

answer: numerically

text: numerically


text: Japan saw the release of the Satellaview, a modem which attached to the Super Famicom's expansion port and connected to the St.GIGA satellite radio station. Users of the Satellaview could download gaming news and specially designed games, which were frequently either remakes of or sequels to older Famicom titles, released in installments. Satellaview signals were broadcast from April 23, 1995 through June 30, 2000. In the United States, the similar but relatively short-lived XBAND allowed users to connect to a network via a dial-up modem to compete against other players around the country.

title: Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System

title: Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System

text: Japan

text: saw

text: the

text: release

text: of

text: the

text: Satellaview

text: a

text: modem

text: which

text: attached

text: to

text: the

text: Super

text: Famicom

text: 's

text: expansion

text: port

text: and

text: connected

text: to

text: the

text: St

text: GIGA

text: satellite

text: radio

text: station

text: Users

text: of

text: the

text: Satellaview

text: could

text: download

text: gaming

text: news

text: and

text: specially

text: designed

text: games

text: which

text: were

text: frequently

text: either

text: remakes

text: of

text: or

text: sequels

text: to

text: older

text: Famicom

text: titles

text: released

text: in

text: installments

text: Satellaview

text: signals

text: were

text: broadcast

text: from

text: April

text: through

text: June

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: the

text: similar

text: but

text: relatively

text: short

text: lived

text: XBAND

text: allowed

text: users

text: to

text: connect

text: to

text: a

text: network

text: via

text: a

text: dial

text: up

text: modem

text: to

text: compete

text: against

text: other

text: players

text: around

text: the

text: country

question: What modem was available for the Japanese SNES?

answer: Satellaview

text: Satellaview

question: What service did the Satellaview connect to?

answer: the St.GIGA satellite radio station

text: the St.GIGA satellite radio station

question: When did the Satellaview begin operation?

answer: April 23, 1995

text: April 23, 1995

question: When did the Satellaview end operation?

answer: June 30, 2000

text: June 30, 2000

question: What was the US equivalent of Satellaview?

answer: XBAND

text: XBAND


text: A 2010 study by Bray et al., using SNP microarray techniques and linkage analysis found that when assuming Druze and Palestinian Arab populations to represent the reference to world Jewry ancestor genome, between 35 to 55 percent of the modern Ashkenazi genome can possibly be of European origin, and that European "admixture is considerably higher than previous estimates by studies that used the Y chromosome" with this reference point. Assuming this reference point the linkage disequilibrium in the Ashkenazi Jewish population was interpreted as "matches signs of interbreeding or 'admixture' between Middle Eastern and European populations". On the Bray et al. tree, Ashkenazi Jews were found to be a genetically more divergent population than Russians, Orcadians, French, Basques, Italians, Sardinians and Tuscans. The study also observed that Ashkenazim are more diverse than their Middle Eastern relatives, which was counterintuitive because Ashkenazim are supposed to be a subset, not a superset, of their assumed geographical source population. Bray et al. therefore postulate that these results reflect not the population antiquity but a history of mixing between genetically distinct populations in Europe. However, it's possible that the relaxation of marriage prescription in the ancestors of Ashkenazim that drove their heterozygosity up, while the maintenance of the FBD rule in native Middle Easterners have been keeping their heterozygosity values in check. Ashkenazim distinctiveness as found in the Bray et al. study, therefore, may come from their ethnic endogamy (ethnic inbreeding), which allowed them to "mine" their ancestral gene pool in the context of relative reproductive isolation from European neighbors, and not from clan endogamy (clan inbreeding). Consequently, their higher diversity compared to Middle Easterners stems from the latter's marriage practices, not necessarily from the former's admixture with Europeans.

title: Ashkenazi_Jews

title: Ashkenazi_Jews

text: A

text: study

text: by

text: Bray

text: et

text: al

text: using

text: SNP

text: microarray

text: techniques

text: and

text: linkage

text: analysis

text: found

text: that

text: when

text: assuming

text: Druze

text: and

text: Palestinian

text: Arab

text: populations

text: to

text: represent

text: the

text: reference

text: to

text: world

text: Jewry

text: ancestor

text: genome

text: between

text: to

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: modern

text: Ashkenazi

text: genome

text: can

text: possibly

text: be

text: of

text: European

text: origin

text: and

text: that

text: European

text: admixture

text: is

text: considerably

text: higher

text: than

text: previous

text: estimates

text: by

text: studies

text: that

text: used

text: the

text: Y

text: chromosome

text: with

text: this

text: reference

text: point

text: Assuming

text: this

text: reference

text: point

text: the

text: linkage

text: disequilibrium

text: in

text: the

text: Ashkenazi

text: Jewish

text: population

text: was

text: interpreted

text: as

text: matches

text: signs

text: of

text: interbreeding

text: or

text: admixture

text: between

text: Middle

text: Eastern

text: and

text: European

text: populations

text: On

text: the

text: Bray

text: et

text: al

text: tree

text: Ashkenazi

text: Jews

text: were

text: found

text: to

text: be

text: a

text: genetically

text: more

text: divergent

text: population

text: than

text: Russians

text: Orcadians

text: French

text: Basques

text: Italians

text: Sardinians

text: and

text: Tuscans

text: The

text: study

text: also

text: observed

text: that

text: Ashkenazim

text: are

text: more

text: diverse

text: than

text: their

text: Middle

text: Eastern

text: relatives

text: which

text: was

text: counterintuitive

text: because

text: Ashkenazim

text: are

text: supposed

text: to

text: be

text: a

text: subset

text: not

text: a

text: superset

text: of

text: their

text: assumed

text: geographical

text: source

text: population

text: Bray

text: et

text: al

text: therefore

text: postulate

text: that

text: these

text: results

text: reflect

text: not

text: the

text: population

text: antiquity

text: but

text: a

text: history

text: of

text: mixing

text: between

text: genetically

text: distinct

text: populations

text: in

text: Europe

text: However

text: it

text: 's

text: possible

text: that

text: the

text: relaxation

text: of

text: marriage

text: prescription

text: in

text: the

text: ancestors

text: of

text: Ashkenazim

text: that

text: drove

text: their

text: heterozygosity

text: up

text: while

text: the

text: maintenance

text: of

text: the

text: FBD

text: rule

text: in

text: native

text: Middle

text: Easterners

text: have

text: been

text: keeping

text: their

text: heterozygosity

text: values

text: in

text: check

text: Ashkenazim

text: distinctiveness

text: as

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: Bray

text: et

text: al

text: study

text: therefore

text: may

text: come

text: from

text: their

text: ethnic

text: endogamy

text: ethnic

text: inbreeding

text: which

text: allowed

text: them

text: to

text: mine

text: their

text: ancestral

text: gene

text: pool

text: in

text: the

text: context

text: of

text: relative

text: reproductive

text: isolation

text: from

text: European

text: neighbors

text: and

text: not

text: from

text: clan

text: endogamy

text: clan

text: inbreeding

text: Consequently

text: their

text: higher

text: diversity

text: compared

text: to

text: Middle

text: Easterners

text: stems

text: from

text: the

text: latter

text: 's

text: marriage

text: practices

text: not

text: necessarily

text: from

text: the

text: former

text: 's

text: admixture

text: with

text: Europeans

question: What percentage of the modern Ashkenazi genome could possibly be of European origin?

answer: 35 to 55 percent

text: 35 to 55 percent

question: Is the percentage of admixture in the modern Ashkenazi genome higher or lower than previously thought?

answer: admixture is considerably higher

text: admixture is considerably higher

question: Were Ashkenazi Jews found to be a more or less genetically divergent population than Russians, Orcadians, French, and Basques?

answer: a genetically more divergent population

text: a genetically more divergent population

question: In one study it was found that the Ashkenazim were more or less diverse than their Middle Eastern relatives?

answer: more diverse

text: more diverse

question: Were the Ashkenazim thought to be a subset or superset of their assumed geographical source population?

answer: Ashkenazim are supposed to be a subset, not a superset

text: Ashkenazim are supposed to be a subset, not a superset


text: This does not mean that samurai women were always powerless. Powerful women both wisely and unwisely wielded power at various occasions. After Ashikaga Yoshimasa, 8th shogun of the Muromachi shogunate, lost interest in politics, his wife Hino Tomiko largely ruled in his place. Nene, wife of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, was known to overrule her husband's decisions at times and Yodo-dono, his concubine, became the de facto master of Osaka castle and the Toyotomi clan after Hideyoshi's death. Tachibana Ginchiyo was chosen to lead the Tachibana clan after her father's death. Chiyo, wife of Yamauchi Kazutoyo, has long been considered the ideal samurai wife. According to legend, she made her kimono out of a quilted patchwork of bits of old cloth and saved pennies to buy her husband a magnificent horse, on which he rode to many victories. The fact that Chiyo (though she is better known as "Wife of Yamauchi Kazutoyo") is held in such high esteem for her economic sense is illuminating in the light of the fact that she never produced an heir and the Yamauchi clan was succeeded by Kazutoyo's younger brother. The source of power for women may have been that samurai left their finances to their wives.

title: Samurai

title: Samurai

text: This

text: does

text: not

text: mean

text: that

text: samurai

text: women

text: were

text: always

text: powerless

text: Powerful

text: women

text: both

text: wisely

text: and

text: unwisely

text: wielded

text: power

text: at

text: various

text: occasions

text: After

text: Ashikaga

text: Yoshimasa

text: shogun

text: of

text: the

text: Muromachi

text: shogunate

text: lost

text: interest

text: in

text: politics

text: his

text: wife

text: Hino

text: Tomiko

text: largely

text: ruled

text: in

text: his

text: place

text: Nene

text: wife

text: of

text: Toyotomi

text: Hideyoshi

text: was

text: known

text: to

text: overrule

text: her

text: husband

text: 's

text: decisions

text: at

text: times

text: and

text: Yodo

text: dono

text: his

text: concubine

text: became

text: the

text: de

text: facto

text: master

text: of

text: Osaka

text: castle

text: and

text: the

text: Toyotomi

text: clan

text: after

text: Hideyoshi

text: 's

text: death

text: Tachibana

text: Ginchiyo

text: was

text: chosen

text: to

text: lead

text: the

text: Tachibana

text: clan

text: after

text: her

text: father

text: 's

text: death

text: Chiyo

text: wife

text: of

text: Yamauchi

text: Kazutoyo

text: has

text: long

text: been

text: considered

text: the

text: ideal

text: samurai

text: wife

text: According

text: to

text: legend

text: she

text: made

text: her

text: kimono

text: out

text: of

text: a

text: quilted

text: patchwork

text: of

text: bits

text: of

text: old

text: cloth

text: and

text: saved

text: pennies

text: to

text: buy

text: her

text: husband

text: a

text: magnificent

text: horse

text: on

text: which

text: he

text: rode

text: to

text: many

text: victories

text: The

text: fact

text: that

text: Chiyo

text: though

text: she

text: is

text: better

text: known

text: as

text: Wife

text: of

text: Yamauchi

text: Kazutoyo

text: is

text: held

text: in

text: such

text: high

text: esteem

text: for

text: her

text: economic

text: sense

text: is

text: illuminating

text: in

text: the

text: light

text: of

text: the

text: fact

text: that

text: she

text: never

text: produced

text: an

text: heir

text: and

text: the

text: Yamauchi

text: clan

text: was

text: succeeded

text: by

text: Kazutoyo

text: 's

text: younger

text: brother

text: The

text: source

text: of

text: power

text: for

text: women

text: may

text: have

text: been

text: that

text: samurai

text: left

text: their

text: finances

text: to

text: their

text: wives

question: Who was Ashikaga Yoshimasa?

answer: 8th shogun of the Muromachi shogunate

text: 8th shogun of the Muromachi shogunate

question: Who was Ashikaga Yoshimasa's wife?

answer: Hino Tomiko

text: Hino Tomiko

question: Why did Ashikaga let his wife take over?

answer: lost interest in politics

text: lost interest in politics

question: Who was Nene?

answer: wife of Toyotomi Hideyoshi

text: wife of Toyotomi Hideyoshi

question: Who was Yodo-dono the concubine of?

answer: Toyotomi Hideyoshi

text: Toyotomi Hideyoshi


text: In 2007, RIBA called for minimum space standards in newly built British houses after research was published suggesting that British houses were falling behind other European countries. "The average new home sold to people today is significantly smaller than that built in the 1920s... We're way behind the rest of Europe—even densely populated Holland has better proportioned houses than are being built in the country. So let's see minimum space standards for all new homes," said RIBA president Jack Pringle.

title: Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

title: Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

text: In

text: RIBA

text: called

text: for

text: minimum

text: space

text: standards

text: in

text: newly

text: built

text: British

text: houses

text: after

text: research

text: was

text: published

text: suggesting

text: that

text: British

text: houses

text: were

text: falling

text: behind

text: other

text: European

text: countries

text: The

text: average

text: new

text: home

text: sold

text: to

text: people

text: today

text: is

text: significantly

text: smaller

text: than

text: that

text: built

text: in

text: the

text: We

text: 're

text: way

text: behind

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: Europe

text: even

text: densely

text: populated

text: Holland

text: has

text: better

text: proportioned

text: houses

text: than

text: are

text: being

text: built

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: So

text: let

text: 's

text: see

text: minimum

text: space

text: standards

text: for

text: all

text: new

text: homes

text: said

text: RIBA

text: president

text: Jack

text: Pringle

question: What did the Royal Institute support in order to keep up with housing in mainland Europe?

answer: minimum space standards

text: minimum space standards

question: When did the Royal Institute promote setting lower limits on the size of new homes in Britain?

answer: 2007

question: Who was the head of the Royal Institute of British Architects in 2007?

answer: Jack Pringle

text: Jack Pringle

question: To what decade did Pringle unfavorably compare the size of modern British homes?

answer: the 1920s

text: the 1920s

question: What country did Pringle cite as having homes with better proportions than those found in the UK?

answer: Holland

text: Holland


text: A commonly seen example is the double happiness symbol 囍, formed as a ligature of 喜喜 and referred to by its disyllabic name (simplified Chinese: 双喜; traditional Chinese: 雙喜; pinyin: shuāngxǐ). In handwriting, numbers are very frequently squeezed into one space or combined – common ligatures include 廿 niàn, "twenty", normally read as 二十 èrshí, 卅 sà, "thirty", normally read as 三十 sānshí, and 卌 xì "forty", normally read as 四十 "sìshí". In some cases counters are also merged into one character, such as 七十人 qīshí rén "seventy people". Another common abbreviation is 门 with a "T" written inside it, for 問題, 问题, wèntí ("question; problem"), where the "T" is from pinyin for the second syllable tí 题. Since polysyllabic characters are often non-standard, they are often excluded incharcter dictionaries.

title: Chinese_characters

title: Chinese_characters

text: A

text: commonly

text: seen

text: example

text: is

text: the

text: double

text: happiness

text: symbol

text: 囍

text: formed

text: as

text: a

text: ligature

text: of

text: 喜喜

text: and

text: referred

text: to

text: by

text: its

text: disyllabic

text: name

text: simplified

text: Chinese

text: 双喜

text: traditional

text: Chinese

text: 雙喜

text: pinyin

text: shuāngxǐ

text: In

text: handwriting

text: numbers

text: are

text: very

text: frequently

text: squeezed

text: into

text: one

text: space

text: or

text: combined

text: common

text: ligatures

text: include

text: 廿

text: niàn

text: twenty

text: normally

text: read

text: as

text: 二十

text: èrshí

text: 卅

text: sà

text: thirty

text: normally

text: read

text: as

text: 三十

text: sānshí

text: and

text: 卌

text: xì

text: forty

text: normally

text: read

text: as

text: 四十

text: sìshí

text: In

text: some

text: cases

text: counters

text: are

text: also

text: merged

text: into

text: one

text: character

text: such

text: as

text: 七十人

text: qīshí

text: rén

text: seventy

text: people

text: Another

text: common

text: abbreviation

text: is

text: 门

text: with

text: a

text: T

text: written

text: inside

text: it

text: for

text: 問題

text: 问题

text: wèntí

text: question

text: problem

text: where

text: the

text: T

text: is

text: from

text: pinyin

text: for

text: the

text: second

text: syllable

text: tí

text: 题.

text: Since

text: polysyllabic

text: characters

text: are

text: often

text: non

text: standard

text: they

text: are

text: often

text: excluded

text: incharcter

text: dictionaries

question: What characters are often non-standard?

answer: polysyllabic

text: polysyllabic

question: What is a commonly seen example?

answer: double happiness symbol

text: double happiness symbol

question: What is formed as a ligature?

answer: double happiness symbol

text: double happiness symbol


text: New Haven is a notable center for higher education. Yale University, at the heart of downtown, is one of the city's best known features and its largest employer. New Haven is also home to Southern Connecticut State University, part of the Connecticut State University System, and Albertus Magnus College, a private institution. Gateway Community College has a campus in downtown New Haven, formerly located in the Long Wharf district; Gateway consolidated into one campus downtown into a new state-of-the-art campus (on the site of the old Macy's building) and was open for the Fall 2012 semester.

title: New_Haven,_Connecticut

title: New_Haven,_Connecticut

text: New

text: Haven

text: is

text: a

text: notable

text: center

text: for

text: higher

text: education

text: Yale

text: University

text: at

text: the

text: heart

text: of

text: downtown

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: best

text: known

text: features

text: and

text: its

text: largest

text: employer

text: New

text: Haven

text: is

text: also

text: home

text: to

text: Southern

text: Connecticut

text: State

text: University

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Connecticut

text: State

text: University

text: System

text: and

text: Albertus

text: Magnus

text: College

text: a

text: private

text: institution

text: Gateway

text: Community

text: College

text: has

text: a

text: campus

text: in

text: downtown

text: New

text: Haven

text: formerly

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: Long

text: Wharf

text: district

text: Gateway

text: consolidated

text: into

text: one

text: campus

text: downtown

text: into

text: a

text: new

text: state

text: of

text: the

text: art

text: campus

text: on

text: the

text: site

text: of

text: the

text: old

text: Macy

text: 's

text: building

text: and

text: was

text: open

text: for

text: the

text: Fall

text: semester

question: What private university is located in downtown New Haven?

answer: Yale University

text: Yale University

question: What community college is located in downtown New Haven?

answer: Gateway Community College

text: Gateway Community College

question: What state university is located in New Haven?

answer: Southern Connecticut State University

text: Southern Connecticut State University

question: What school serves as the largest employer of New Haven?

answer: Yale University

text: Yale University

question: In what year did Gateway Community College open its newly consolidated downtown campus?

answer: 2012

question: Where is Yale University located.

answer: heart of downtown

text: heart of downtown

question: What the name of a state university also located in the city?

answer: Southern Connecticut State University

text: Southern Connecticut State University

question: Before relocating to downtown area, New Haven has a community college that used to be located where?

answer: Long Wharf district

text: Long Wharf district

question: Other than Yale, New Haven has another private college in the city, it's name?

answer: Albertus Magnus College

text: Albertus Magnus College

question: When was the new Gateway Community College open?

answer: Fall 2012

text: Fall 2012


text: The first successful light bulb filaments were made of carbon (from carbonized paper or bamboo). Early carbon filaments had a negative temperature coefficient of resistance — as they got hotter, their electrical resistance decreased. This made the lamp sensitive to fluctuations in the power supply, since a small increase of voltage would cause the filament to heat up, reducing its resistance and causing it to draw even more power and heat even further. In the "flashing" process, carbon filaments were heated by current passing through them while in an evacuated vessel containing hydrocarbon vapor (usually gasoline). The carbon deposited on the filament by this treatment improved the uniformity and strength of filaments as well as their efficiency. A metallized or "graphitized" filament was first heated in a high-temperature oven before flashing and lamp assembly. This transformed the carbon into graphite which further strengthened and smoothed the filament. This also changed the filament to have a positive temperature coefficient, like a metallic conductor, and helped stabilize the lamp's power consumption, temperature and light output against minor variations in supply voltage.

title: Incandescent_light_bulb

title: Incandescent_light_bulb

text: The

text: first

text: successful

text: light

text: bulb

text: filaments

text: were

text: made

text: of

text: carbon

text: from

text: carbonized

text: paper

text: or

text: bamboo

text: Early

text: carbon

text: filaments

text: had

text: a

text: negative

text: temperature

text: coefficient

text: of

text: resistance

text: as

text: they

text: got

text: hotter

text: their

text: electrical

text: resistance

text: decreased

text: This

text: made

text: the

text: lamp

text: sensitive

text: to

text: fluctuations

text: in

text: the

text: power

text: supply

text: since

text: a

text: small

text: increase

text: of

text: voltage

text: would

text: cause

text: the

text: filament

text: to

text: heat

text: up

text: reducing

text: its

text: resistance

text: and

text: causing

text: it

text: to

text: draw

text: even

text: more

text: power

text: and

text: heat

text: even

text: further

text: In

text: the

text: flashing

text: process

text: carbon

text: filaments

text: were

text: heated

text: by

text: current

text: passing

text: through

text: them

text: while

text: in

text: an

text: evacuated

text: vessel

text: containing

text: hydrocarbon

text: vapor

text: usually

text: gasoline

text: The

text: carbon

text: deposited

text: on

text: the

text: filament

text: by

text: this

text: treatment

text: improved

text: the

text: uniformity

text: and

text: strength

text: of

text: filaments

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: their

text: efficiency

text: A

text: metallized

text: or

text: graphitized

text: filament

text: was

text: first

text: heated

text: in

text: a

text: high

text: temperature

text: oven

text: before

text: flashing

text: and

text: lamp

text: assembly

text: This

text: transformed

text: the

text: carbon

text: into

text: graphite

text: which

text: further

text: strengthened

text: and

text: smoothed

text: the

text: filament

text: This

text: also

text: changed

text: the

text: filament

text: to

text: have

text: a

text: positive

text: temperature

text: coefficient

text: like

text: a

text: metallic

text: conductor

text: and

text: helped

text: stabilize

text: the

text: lamp

text: 's

text: power

text: consumption

text: temperature

text: and

text: light

text: output

text: against

text: minor

text: variations

text: in

text: supply

text: voltage

question: What material were the first light bulb filaments made from?

answer: carbon

text: carbon

question: What was the primary problem with early carbon filaments?

answer: as they got hotter, their electrical resistance decreased

text: as they got hotter, their electrical resistance decreased

question: What were the positive effects of the flashing process?

answer: improved the uniformity and strength of filaments as well as their efficiency

text: improved the uniformity and strength of filaments as well as their efficiency

question: What properties of graphite improved the filament?

answer: further strengthened and smoothed the filament

text: further strengthened and smoothed the filament

question: What are the effects of giving the filament a positive temperature coefficient?

answer: helped stabilize the lamp's power consumption, temperature and light output against minor variations in supply voltage

text: helped stabilize the lamp's power consumption, temperature and light output against minor variations in supply voltage


text: Statehood for Alaska was an important cause of James Wickersham early in his tenure as a congressional delegate. Decades later, the statehood movement gained its first real momentum following a territorial referendum in 1946. The Alaska Statehood Committee and Alaska's Constitutional Convention would soon follow. Statehood supporters also found themselves fighting major battles against political foes, mostly in the U.S. Congress but also within Alaska. Statehood was approved by Congress on July 7, 1958. Alaska was officially proclaimed a state on January 3, 1959.

title: Alaska

title: Alaska

text: Statehood

text: for

text: Alaska

text: was

text: an

text: important

text: cause

text: of

text: James

text: Wickersham

text: early

text: in

text: his

text: tenure

text: as

text: a

text: congressional

text: delegate

text: Decades

text: later

text: the

text: statehood

text: movement

text: gained

text: its

text: first

text: real

text: momentum

text: following

text: a

text: territorial

text: referendum

text: in

text: The

text: Alaska

text: Statehood

text: Committee

text: and

text: Alaska

text: 's

text: Constitutional

text: Convention

text: would

text: soon

text: follow

text: Statehood

text: supporters

text: also

text: found

text: themselves

text: fighting

text: major

text: battles

text: against

text: political

text: foes

text: mostly

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Congress

text: but

text: also

text: within

text: Alaska

text: Statehood

text: was

text: approved

text: by

text: Congress

text: on

text: July

text: Alaska

text: was

text: officially

text: proclaimed

text: a

text: state

text: on

text: January

question: On what day was Alaska officially named a state?

answer: January 3, 1959

text: January 3, 1959

question: In what year did Alaskan Statehood gain momentum following a territorial referendum?

answer: 1946

question: What cause did James Wickersham focus on in his early Congressional tenure?

answer: Statehood for Alaska

text: Statehood for Alaska

question: From which areas did Alaskan supporters face political challenges?

answer: mostly in the U.S. Congress but also within Alaska

text: mostly in the U.S. Congress but also within Alaska

question: On what day was Alaskan Statehood finally approved by Congress?

answer: July 7, 1958

text: July 7, 1958


text: Seeking to harm enemies becomes corruption when official powers are illegitimately used as means to this end. For example, trumped-up charges are often brought up against journalists or writers who bring up politically sensitive issues, such as a politician's acceptance of bribes.

title: Political_corruption

title: Political_corruption

text: Seeking

text: to

text: harm

text: enemies

text: becomes

text: corruption

text: when

text: official

text: powers

text: are

text: illegitimately

text: used

text: as

text: means

text: to

text: this

text: end

text: For

text: example

text: trumped

text: up

text: charges

text: are

text: often

text: brought

text: up

text: against

text: journalists

text: or

text: writers

text: who

text: bring

text: up

text: politically

text: sensitive

text: issues

text: such

text: as

text: a

text: politician

text: 's

text: acceptance

text: of

text: bribes

question: Corruption also occurs when an official wants to cause some form of harm to who?

answer: enemies

text: enemies

question: False charges can be brought against a journalist who writes about what?

answer: politically sensitive issues

text: politically sensitive issues


text: W 122nd Street Seminary Row runs three blocks (1,500 feet (460 m)) west from the intersection of Amsterdam Avenue (Tenth Avenue) and terminates at the intersection of Riverside Drive. East of Amsterdam, Seminary Row bends south along Morningside Park and is resigned as Morningside Drive (Ninth Avenue). Seminary row runs in Morningside Heights, the district surrounding Columbia University, and crosses portions of Broadway and Claremont Avenue.

title: List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan

title: List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan

text: W

text: Street

text: Seminary

text: Row

text: runs

text: three

text: blocks

text: feet

text: m

text: west

text: from

text: the

text: intersection

text: of

text: Amsterdam

text: Avenue

text: Tenth

text: Avenue

text: and

text: terminates

text: at

text: the

text: intersection

text: of

text: Riverside

text: Drive

text: East

text: of

text: Amsterdam

text: Seminary

text: Row

text: bends

text: south

text: along

text: Morningside

text: Park

text: and

text: is

text: resigned

text: as

text: Morningside

text: Drive

text: Ninth

text: Avenue

text: Seminary

text: row

text: runs

text: in

text: Morningside

text: Heights

text: the

text: district

text: surrounding

text: Columbia

text: University

text: and

text: crosses

text: portions

text: of

text: Broadway

text: and

text: Claremont

text: Avenue

question: What is another name for Tenth Avenue?

answer: Amsterdam Avenue

text: Amsterdam Avenue

question: At which intersection does W 122nd Street end?

answer: Riverside Drive

text: Riverside Drive

question: What is another name for Ninth Avenue?

answer: Morningside Drive

text: Morningside Drive

question: Which district surrounds Columbia University?

answer: Morningside Heights

text: Morningside Heights


text: The league held its first season in 1992–93 and was originally composed of 22 clubs. The first ever Premier League goal was scored by Brian Deane of Sheffield United in a 2–1 win against Manchester United. The 22 inaugural members of the new Premier League were Arsenal, Aston Villa, Blackburn Rovers, Chelsea, Coventry City, Crystal Palace, Everton, Ipswich Town, Leeds United, Liverpool, Manchester City, Manchester United, Middlesbrough, Norwich City, Nottingham Forest, Oldham Athletic, Queens Park Rangers, Sheffield United, Sheffield Wednesday, Southampton, Tottenham Hotspur, and Wimbledon. Luton Town, Notts County and West Ham United were the three teams relegated from the old first division at the end of the 1991–92 season, and did not take part in the inaugural Premier League season.

title: Premier_League

title: Premier_League

text: The

text: league

text: held

text: its

text: first

text: season

text: in

text: and

text: was

text: originally

text: composed

text: of

text: clubs

text: The

text: first

text: ever

text: Premier

text: League

text: goal

text: was

text: scored

text: by

text: Brian

text: Deane

text: of

text: Sheffield

text: United

text: in

text: a

text: win

text: against

text: Manchester

text: United

text: The

text: inaugural

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: new

text: Premier

text: League

text: were

text: Arsenal

text: Aston

text: Villa

text: Blackburn

text: Rovers

text: Chelsea

text: Coventry

text: City

text: Crystal

text: Palace

text: Everton

text: Ipswich

text: Town

text: Leeds

text: United

text: Liverpool

text: Manchester

text: City

text: Manchester

text: United

text: Middlesbrough

text: Norwich

text: City

text: Nottingham

text: Forest

text: Oldham

text: Athletic

text: Queens

text: Park

text: Rangers

text: Sheffield

text: United

text: Sheffield

text: Wednesday

text: Southampton

text: Tottenham

text: Hotspur

text: and

text: Wimbledon

text: Luton

text: Town

text: Notts

text: County

text: and

text: West

text: Ham

text: United

text: were

text: the

text: three

text: teams

text: relegated

text: from

text: the

text: old

text: first

text: division

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: season

text: and

text: did

text: not

text: take

text: part

text: in

text: the

text: inaugural

text: Premier

text: League

text: season

question: When did the Premier League hold its first season?

answer: The league held its first season in 1992–93

text: The league held its first season in 1992–93

question: Originally, how many clubs did the Premier League have?

answer: was originally composed of 22 clubs.

text: was originally composed of 22 clubs.

question: Who scored the first ever goal for the Premier League

answer: The first ever Premier League goal was scored by Brian Deane of Sheffield United in a 2–1 win against Manchester United.

text: The first ever Premier League goal was scored by Brian Deane of Sheffield United in a 2–1 win against Manchester United.

question: Which blubs were relegated from the old first division at the end of the 1991-1992 season and didn't take part in the first Premier League season?

answer: Luton Town, Notts County and West Ham United were the three teams relegated from the old first division

text: Luton Town, Notts County and West Ham United were the three teams relegated from the old first division

question: In which years were the first season?

answer: 1992–93

question: How many clubs originally made up the league?

answer: 22

question: Who scored the first goal in the Premier League?

answer: Brian Deane

text: Brian Deane

question: For which team was the first goal scored?

answer: Sheffield United

text: Sheffield United

question: Against which team was the first goal scored?

answer: Manchester United

text: Manchester United


text: However, early farmers were also adversely affected in times of famine, such as may be caused by drought or pests. In instances where agriculture had become the predominant way of life, the sensitivity to these shortages could be particularly acute, affecting agrarian populations to an extent that otherwise may not have been routinely experienced by prior hunter-gatherer communities. Nevertheless, agrarian communities generally proved successful, and their growth and the expansion of territory under cultivation continued.

title: Neolithic

title: Neolithic

text: However

text: early

text: farmers

text: were

text: also

text: adversely

text: affected

text: in

text: times

text: of

text: famine

text: such

text: as

text: may

text: be

text: caused

text: by

text: drought

text: or

text: pests

text: In

text: instances

text: where

text: agriculture

text: had

text: become

text: the

text: predominant

text: way

text: of

text: life

text: the

text: sensitivity

text: to

text: these

text: shortages

text: could

text: be

text: particularly

text: acute

text: affecting

text: agrarian

text: populations

text: to

text: an

text: extent

text: that

text: otherwise

text: may

text: not

text: have

text: been

text: routinely

text: experienced

text: by

text: prior

text: hunter

text: gatherer

text: communities

text: Nevertheless

text: agrarian

text: communities

text: generally

text: proved

text: successful

text: and

text: their

text: growth

text: and

text: the

text: expansion

text: of

text: territory

text: under

text: cultivation

text: continued

question: What were the causes of famine in early farm towns?

answer: drought or pests

text: drought or pests

question: What type of societies were not affected by famine?

answer: hunter-gatherer communities

text: hunter-gatherer communities

question: What type of societies were usually still successful after dealing with famine?

answer: agrarian communities

text: agrarian communities


text: 40°48′52″N 73°56′53″W / 40.814583°N 73.947944°W / 40.814583; -73.947944 132nd Street runs east-west above Central Park and is located in Harlem just south of Hamilton Heights. The main portion of 132nd Street runs eastbound from Frederick Douglass Boulevard to northern end of Park Avenue where there is a southbound exit from/entrance to the Harlem River Drive. After an interruption from St. Nicholas Park and City College, there is another small stretch of West 132nd Street between Broadway and Twelfth Avenue

title: List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan

title: List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan

text: N

text: W

text: Street

text: runs

text: east

text: west

text: above

text: Central

text: Park

text: and

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: Harlem

text: just

text: south

text: of

text: Hamilton

text: Heights

text: The

text: main

text: portion

text: of

text: Street

text: runs

text: eastbound

text: from

text: Frederick

text: Douglass

text: Boulevard

text: to

text: northern

text: end

text: of

text: Park

text: Avenue

text: where

text: there

text: is

text: a

text: southbound

text: exit

text: from

text: entrance

text: to

text: the

text: Harlem

text: River

text: Drive

text: After

text: an

text: interruption

text: from

text: St.

text: Nicholas

text: Park

text: and

text: City

text: College

text: there

text: is

text: another

text: small

text: stretch

text: of

text: West

text: Street

text: between

text: Broadway

text: and

text: Twelfth

text: Avenue

question: There is a small stretch of what road between Broadway and Twelfth Avenue?

answer: West 132nd Street

text: West 132nd Street

question: The main portion of what road runs eastbound from Frederick Douglass Boulevard to Park Avenue?

answer: 132nd Street

text: 132nd Street

question: On what Avenue is a southbound exit and entrance to the Harlem River Drive?

answer: Park Avenue

text: Park Avenue

question: West 132nd Street is interrupted by St. Nicholas Park and which college?

answer: City College

text: City College

question: West 132nd Street is interrupted by City College and which park?

answer: St. Nicholas Park

text: St. Nicholas Park


text: Groove recordings, first designed in the final quarter of the 19th century, held a predominant position for nearly a century—withstanding competition from reel-to-reel tape, the 8-track cartridge, and the compact cassette. In 1988, the compact disc surpassed the gramophone record in unit sales. Vinyl records experienced a sudden decline in popularity between 1988 and 1991, when the major label distributors restricted their return policies, which retailers had been relying on to maintain and swap out stocks of relatively unpopular titles. First the distributors began charging retailers more for new product if they returned unsold vinyl, and then they stopped providing any credit at all for returns. Retailers, fearing they would be stuck with anything they ordered, only ordered proven, popular titles that they knew would sell, and devoted more shelf space to CDs and cassettes. Record companies also deleted many vinyl titles from production and distribution, further undermining the availability of the format and leading to the closure of pressing plants. This rapid decline in the availability of records accelerated the format's decline in popularity, and is seen by some as a deliberate ploy to make consumers switch to CDs, which were more profitable for the record companies.

title: Gramophone_record

title: Gramophone_record

text: Groove

text: recordings

text: first

text: designed

text: in

text: the

text: final

text: quarter

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: held

text: a

text: predominant

text: position

text: for

text: nearly

text: a

text: century

text: withstanding

text: competition

text: from

text: reel

text: to

text: reel

text: tape

text: the

text: cartridge

text: and

text: the

text: compact

text: cassette

text: In

text: the

text: compact

text: disc

text: surpassed

text: the

text: gramophone

text: record

text: in

text: unit

text: sales

text: Vinyl

text: records

text: experienced

text: a

text: sudden

text: decline

text: in

text: popularity

text: between

text: and

text: when

text: the

text: major

text: label

text: distributors

text: restricted

text: their

text: return

text: policies

text: which

text: retailers

text: had

text: been

text: relying

text: on

text: to

text: maintain

text: and

text: swap

text: out

text: stocks

text: of

text: relatively

text: unpopular

text: titles

text: First

text: the

text: distributors

text: began

text: charging

text: retailers

text: more

text: for

text: new

text: product

text: if

text: they

text: returned

text: unsold

text: vinyl

text: and

text: then

text: they

text: stopped

text: providing

text: any

text: credit

text: at

text: all

text: for

text: returns

text: Retailers

text: fearing

text: they

text: would

text: be

text: stuck

text: with

text: anything

text: they

text: ordered

text: only

text: ordered

text: proven

text: popular

text: titles

text: that

text: they

text: knew

text: would

text: sell

text: and

text: devoted

text: more

text: shelf

text: space

text: to

text: CDs

text: and

text: cassettes

text: Record

text: companies

text: also

text: deleted

text: many

text: vinyl

text: titles

text: from

text: production

text: and

text: distribution

text: further

text: undermining

text: the

text: availability

text: of

text: the

text: format

text: and

text: leading

text: to

text: the

text: closure

text: of

text: pressing

text: plants

text: This

text: rapid

text: decline

text: in

text: the

text: availability

text: of

text: records

text: accelerated

text: the

text: format

text: 's

text: decline

text: in

text: popularity

text: and

text: is

text: seen

text: by

text: some

text: as

text: a

text: deliberate

text: ploy

text: to

text: make

text: consumers

text: switch

text: to

text: CDs

text: which

text: were

text: more

text: profitable

text: for

text: the

text: record

text: companies

question: What was a major cause of declined vinyl sales?

answer: major label distributors restricted their return policies

text: major label distributors restricted their return policies

question: Which allows for more profits, vinyl or compact discs?

answer: CDs, which were more profitable for the record companies

text: CDs, which were more profitable for the record companies

question: When did vinyl record sales decline?

answer: between 1988 and 1991

text: between 1988 and 1991

question: When did compact disc popularity take hold?

answer: 1988

question: When were groove recordings developed?

answer: final quarter of the 19th century,

text: final quarter of the 19th century,


text: Darwin had initially decided to call his book An abstract of an Essay on the Origin of Species and Varieties Through natural selection, but with Murray's persuasion it was eventually changed to the snappier title: On the Origin of Species, with the title page adding by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. Here the term "races" is used as an alternative for "varieties" and does not carry the modern connotation of human races—the first use in the book refers to "the several races, for instance, of the cabbage" and proceeds to a discussion of "the hereditary varieties or races of our domestic animals and plants".

title: On_the_Origin_of_Species

title: On_the_Origin_of_Species

text: Darwin

text: had

text: initially

text: decided

text: to

text: call

text: his

text: book

text: An

text: abstract

text: of

text: an

text: Essay

text: on

text: the

text: Origin

text: of

text: Species

text: and

text: Varieties

text: Through

text: natural

text: selection

text: but

text: with

text: Murray

text: 's

text: persuasion

text: it

text: was

text: eventually

text: changed

text: to

text: the

text: snappier

text: title

text: On

text: the

text: Origin

text: of

text: Species

text: with

text: the

text: title

text: page

text: adding

text: by

text: Means

text: of

text: Natural

text: Selection

text: or

text: the

text: Preservation

text: of

text: Favoured

text: Races

text: in

text: the

text: Struggle

text: for

text: Life

text: Here

text: the

text: term

text: races

text: is

text: used

text: as

text: an

text: alternative

text: for

text: varieties

text: and

text: does

text: not

text: carry

text: the

text: modern

text: connotation

text: of

text: human

text: races

text: the

text: first

text: use

text: in

text: the

text: book

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: several

text: races

text: for

text: instance

text: of

text: the

text: cabbage

text: and

text: proceeds

text: to

text: a

text: discussion

text: of

text: the

text: hereditary

text: varieties

text: or

text: races

text: of

text: our

text: domestic

text: animals

text: and

text: plants

question: What title did Darwin's book ultimately have?

answer: On the Origin of Species

text: On the Origin of Species

question: What had Darwin wanted to name his book?

answer: An abstract of an Essay on the Origin of Species and Varieties Through natural selection

text: An abstract of an Essay on the Origin of Species and Varieties Through natural selection

question: Who convinced Darwin that his book needed a shorter, more compelling title?

answer: Murray

text: Murray

question: What does the word "races" mean as referenced in Darwin's book?

answer: an alternative for "varieties" and does not carry the modern connotation of human races

text: an alternative for "varieties" and does not carry the modern connotation of human races

question: What is the extended name of The Origin of Species that is written on the title page?

answer: by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life

text: by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life


text: Tibetan music often involves chanting in Tibetan or Sanskrit, as an integral part of the religion. These chants are complex, often recitations of sacred texts or in celebration of various festivals. Yang chanting, performed without metrical timing, is accompanied by resonant drums and low, sustained syllables. Other styles include those unique to the various schools of Tibetan Buddhism, such as the classical music of the popular Gelugpa school, and the romantic music of the Nyingmapa, Sakyapa and Kagyupa schools.

title: Tibet

title: Tibet

text: Tibetan

text: music

text: often

text: involves

text: chanting

text: in

text: Tibetan

text: or

text: Sanskrit

text: as

text: an

text: integral

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: religion

text: These

text: chants

text: are

text: complex

text: often

text: recitations

text: of

text: sacred

text: texts

text: or

text: in

text: celebration

text: of

text: various

text: festivals

text: Yang

text: chanting

text: performed

text: without

text: metrical

text: timing

text: is

text: accompanied

text: by

text: resonant

text: drums

text: and

text: low

text: sustained

text: syllables

text: Other

text: styles

text: include

text: those

text: unique

text: to

text: the

text: various

text: schools

text: of

text: Tibetan

text: Buddhism

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: classical

text: music

text: of

text: the

text: popular

text: Gelugpa

text: school

text: and

text: the

text: romantic

text: music

text: of

text: the

text: Nyingmapa

text: Sakyapa

text: and

text: Kagyupa

text: schools

question: In what languages is Tibetan music often chanted in?

answer: Tibetan or Sanskrit

text: Tibetan or Sanskrit

question: What do the chants often contain?

answer: recitations of sacred texts

text: recitations of sacred texts

question: What type of chanting is performed without metrical timing?

answer: Yang

text: Yang

question: What type of music comes from the popular Gelugpa school?

answer: classical

text: classical


text: Throughout the history of the South Slavs, the vernacular, literary, and written languages (e.g. Chakavian, Kajkavian, Shtokavian) of the various regions and ethnicities developed and diverged independently. Prior to the 19th century, they were collectively called "Illyric", "Slavic", "Slavonian", "Bosnian", "Dalmatian", "Serbian" or "Croatian". As such, the term Serbo-Croatian was first used by Jacob Grimm in 1824, popularized by the Vienna philologist Jernej Kopitar in the following decades, and accepted by Croatian Zagreb grammarians in 1854 and 1859. At that time, Serb and Croat lands were still part of the Ottoman and Austrian Empires. Officially, the language was called variously Serbo-Croat, Croato-Serbian, Serbian and Croatian, Croatian and Serbian, Serbian or Croatian, Croatian or Serbian. Unofficially, Serbs and Croats typically called the language "Serbian" or "Croatian", respectively, without implying a distinction between the two, and again in independent Bosnia and Herzegovina, "Bosnian", "Croatian", and "Serbian" were considered to be three names of a single official language. Croatian linguist Dalibor Brozović advocated the term Serbo-Croatian as late as 1988, claiming that in an analogy with Indo-European, Serbo-Croatian does not only name the two components of the same language, but simply charts the limits of the region in which it is spoken and includes everything between the limits (‘Bosnian’ and ‘Montenegrin’). Today, use of the term "Serbo-Croatian" is controversial due to the prejudice that nation and language must match. It is still used for lack of a succinct alternative, though alternative names have been used, such as Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian (BCS), which is often seen in political contexts such as the Hague War Crimes tribunal.

title: Serbo-Croatian

title: Serbo

title: Croatian

text: Throughout

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: the

text: South

text: Slavs

text: the

text: vernacular

text: literary

text: and

text: written

text: languages

text: e.g.

text: Chakavian

text: Kajkavian

text: Shtokavian

text: of

text: the

text: various

text: regions

text: and

text: ethnicities

text: developed

text: and

text: diverged

text: independently

text: Prior

text: to

text: the

text: century

text: they

text: were

text: collectively

text: called

text: Illyric

text: Slavic

text: Slavonian

text: Bosnian

text: Dalmatian

text: Serbian

text: or

text: Croatian

text: As

text: such

text: the

text: term

text: Serbo

text: Croatian

text: was

text: first

text: used

text: by

text: Jacob

text: Grimm

text: in

text: popularized

text: by

text: the

text: Vienna

text: philologist

text: Jernej

text: Kopitar

text: in

text: the

text: following

text: decades

text: and

text: accepted

text: by

text: Croatian

text: Zagreb

text: grammarians

text: in

text: and

text: At

text: that

text: time

text: Serb

text: and

text: Croat

text: lands

text: were

text: still

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: and

text: Austrian

text: Empires

text: Officially

text: the

text: language

text: was

text: called

text: variously

text: Serbo

text: Croat

text: Croato

text: Serbian

text: Serbian

text: and

text: Croatian

text: Croatian

text: and

text: Serbian

text: Serbian

text: or

text: Croatian

text: Croatian

text: or

text: Serbian

text: Unofficially

text: Serbs

text: and

text: Croats

text: typically

text: called

text: the

text: language

text: Serbian

text: or

text: Croatian

text: respectively

text: without

text: implying

text: a

text: distinction

text: between

text: the

text: two

text: and

text: again

text: in

text: independent

text: Bosnia

text: and

text: Herzegovina

text: Bosnian

text: Croatian

text: and

text: Serbian

text: were

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: three

text: names

text: of

text: a

text: single

text: official

text: language

text: Croatian

text: linguist

text: Dalibor

text: Brozović

text: advocated

text: the

text: term

text: Serbo

text: Croatian

text: as

text: late

text: as

text: claiming

text: that

text: in

text: an

text: analogy

text: with

text: Indo

text: European

text: Serbo

text: Croatian

text: does

text: not

text: only

text: name

text: the

text: two

text: components

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: language

text: but

text: simply

text: charts

text: the

text: limits

text: of

text: the

text: region

text: in

text: which

text: it

text: is

text: spoken

text: and

text: includes

text: everything

text: between

text: the

text: limits

text: Bosnian’

text: and

text: Montenegrin’

text: Today

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: term

text: Serbo

text: Croatian

text: is

text: controversial

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: prejudice

text: that

text: nation

text: and

text: language

text: must

text: match

text: It

text: is

text: still

text: used

text: for

text: lack

text: of

text: a

text: succinct

text: alternative

text: though

text: alternative

text: names

text: have

text: been

text: used

text: such

text: as

text: Bosnian

text: Croatian

text: Serbian

text: BCS

text: which

text: is

text: often

text: seen

text: in

text: political

text: contexts

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Hague

text: War

text: Crimes

text: tribunal

question: When was the term Serbo-Croatian first used?

answer: 1824

question: Who popularized the term Serbo-Croatian?

answer: Jernej Kopitar

text: Jernej Kopitar

question: Aside from the Ottoman Empire, which other empire did the Serb and Croat lands in the mid 19th century belong to?

answer: Austrian

text: Austrian

question: In which region of land was the Serbo-Croat language referred to as "Bosnian"?

answer: Bosnia and Herzegovina

text: Bosnia and Herzegovina

question: What is an example of a political text where the term Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian was used to describe the language?

answer: Hague War Crimes tribunal

text: Hague War Crimes tribunal

question: Did South Slav languages develop coherently or independently?

answer: independently

text: independently

question: What were the names given to the various dialects predating the 19th century?

answer: "Illyric", "Slavic", "Slavonian", "Bosnian", "Dalmatian", "Serbian" or "Croatian"

text: "Illyric", "Slavic", "Slavonian", "Bosnian", "Dalmatian", "Serbian" or "Croatian"

question: Who first used the term Serbo-Croatian in 1824?

answer: Jacob Grimm

text: Jacob Grimm

question: For what reason is the term "Serbo-Croatian" controversial today?

answer: prejudice that nation and language must match

text: prejudice that nation and language must match


text: Similarly, in 1996, member countries of the European Union, per Directive 94/33/EC, agreed to a number of exceptions for young people in its child labour laws. Under these rules, children of various ages may work in cultural, artistic, sporting or advertising activities if authorised by the competent authority. Children above the age of 13 may perform light work for a limited number of hours per week in other economic activities as defined at the discretion of each country. Additionally, the European law exception allows children aged 14 years or over to work as part of a work/training scheme. The EU Directive clarified that these exceptions do not allow child labour where the children may experience harmful exposure to dangerous substances. Nonetheless, many children under the age of 13 do work, even in the most developed countries of the EU. For instance, a recent study showed over a third of Dutch twelve-year-old kids had a job, the most common being babysitting.

title: Child_labour

title: Child_labour

text: Similarly

text: in

text: member

text: countries

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: per

text: Directive

text: agreed

text: to

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: exceptions

text: for

text: young

text: people

text: in

text: its

text: child

text: labour

text: laws

text: Under

text: these

text: rules

text: children

text: of

text: various

text: ages

text: may

text: work

text: in

text: cultural

text: artistic

text: sporting

text: or

text: advertising

text: activities

text: if

text: authorised

text: by

text: the

text: competent

text: authority

text: Children

text: above

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: may

text: perform

text: light

text: work

text: for

text: a

text: limited

text: number

text: of

text: hours

text: per

text: week

text: in

text: other

text: economic

text: activities

text: as

text: defined

text: at

text: the

text: discretion

text: of

text: each

text: country

text: Additionally

text: the

text: European

text: law

text: exception

text: allows

text: children

text: aged

text: years

text: or

text: over

text: to

text: work

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: a

text: work

text: training

text: scheme

text: The

text: EU

text: Directive

text: clarified

text: that

text: these

text: exceptions

text: do

text: not

text: allow

text: child

text: labour

text: where

text: the

text: children

text: may

text: experience

text: harmful

text: exposure

text: to

text: dangerous

text: substances

text: Nonetheless

text: many

text: children

text: under

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: do

text: work

text: even

text: in

text: the

text: most

text: developed

text: countries

text: of

text: the

text: EU

text: For

text: instance

text: a

text: recent

text: study

text: showed

text: over

text: a

text: third

text: of

text: Dutch

text: twelve

text: year

text: old

text: kids

text: had

text: a

text: job

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: being

text: babysitting

question: What happened in the European Union in 1996?

answer: agreed to a number of exceptions for young people in its child labour laws

text: agreed to a number of exceptions for young people in its child labour laws

question: What age were children allowed to do light labour?

answer: 13

question: What age were children able to take part in European training programs?

answer: aged 14 years or over

text: aged 14 years or over

question: What is the most common occupation for Dutch youth to have?

answer: babysitting

text: babysitting


text: Many prokaryotic genes are organized into operons, with multiple protein-coding sequences that are transcribed as a unit. The products of operon genes typically have related functions and are involved in the same regulatory network.:7.3

title: Gene

title: Gene

text: Many

text: prokaryotic

text: genes

text: are

text: organized

text: into

text: operons

text: with

text: multiple

text: protein

text: coding

text: sequences

text: that

text: are

text: transcribed

text: as

text: a

text: unit

text: The

text: products

text: of

text: operon

text: genes

text: typically

text: have

text: related

text: functions

text: and

text: are

text: involved

text: in

text: the

text: same

text: regulatory

question: What are most prokaryotic genes organized into?

answer: operons

text: operons

question: What are multiple protein coding sequences transcribed as?

answer: a unit

text: a unit

question: What sort of functions do the products of operon genes typically have?

answer: related functions

text: related functions

question: What type of network are the products of operon genes typically involved with?

answer: the same regulatory network

text: the same regulatory network

question: What type of coding sequences do prokaryotic genes typically have?

answer: multiple protein-coding sequences

text: multiple protein-coding sequences


text: Each cardinal takes on a titular church, either a church in the city of Rome or one of the suburbicarian sees. The only exception is for patriarchs of Eastern Catholic Churches. Nevertheless, cardinals possess no power of governance nor are they to intervene in any way in matters which pertain to the administration of goods, discipline, or the service of their titular churches. They are allowed to celebrate Mass and hear confessions and lead visits and pilgrimages to their titular churches, in coordination with the staff of the church. They often support their churches monetarily, and many Cardinals do keep in contact with the pastoral staffs of their titular churches.

title: Cardinal_(Catholicism)

title: Cardinal_(Catholicism

text: Each

text: cardinal

text: takes

text: on

text: a

text: titular

text: church

text: either

text: a

text: church

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Rome

text: or

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: suburbicarian

text: sees

text: The

text: only

text: exception

text: is

text: for

text: patriarchs

text: of

text: Eastern

text: Catholic

text: Churches

text: Nevertheless

text: cardinals

text: possess

text: no

text: power

text: of

text: governance

text: nor

text: are

text: they

text: to

text: intervene

text: in

text: any

text: way

text: in

text: matters

text: which

text: pertain

text: to

text: the

text: administration

text: of

text: goods

text: discipline

text: or

text: the

text: service

text: of

text: their

text: titular

text: churches

text: They

text: are

text: allowed

text: to

text: celebrate

text: Mass

text: and

text: hear

text: confessions

text: and

text: lead

text: visits

text: and

text: pilgrimages

text: to

text: their

text: titular

text: churches

text: in

text: coordination

text: with

text: the

text: staff

text: of

text: the

text: church

text: They

text: often

text: support

text: their

text: churches

text: monetarily

text: and

text: many

text: Cardinals

text: do

text: keep

text: in

text: contact

text: with

text: the

text: pastoral

text: staffs

text: of

text: their

text: titular

text: churches

question: Where do the cardinals work?

answer: a church in the city of Rome or one of the suburbicarian sees

text: a church in the city of Rome or one of the suburbicarian sees


text: Tibet has some of the world's tallest mountains, with several of them making the top ten list. Mount Everest, located on the border with Nepal, is, at 8,848 metres (29,029 ft), the highest mountain on earth. Several major rivers have their source in the Tibetan Plateau (mostly in present-day Qinghai Province). These include the Yangtze, Yellow River, Indus River, Mekong, Ganges, Salween and the Yarlung Tsangpo River (Brahmaputra River). The Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon, along the Yarlung Tsangpo River, is among the deepest and longest canyons in the world.

title: Tibet

title: Tibet

text: Tibet

text: has

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: tallest

text: mountains

text: with

text: several

text: of

text: them

text: making

text: the

text: top

text: ten

text: list

text: Mount

text: Everest

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: border

text: with

text: Nepal

text: is

text: at

text: metres

text: ft

text: the

text: highest

text: mountain

text: on

text: earth

text: Several

text: major

text: rivers

text: have

text: their

text: source

text: in

text: the

text: Tibetan

text: Plateau

text: mostly

text: in

text: present

text: day

text: Qinghai

text: Province

text: These

text: include

text: the

text: Yangtze

text: Yellow

text: River

text: Indus

text: River

text: Mekong

text: Ganges

text: Salween

text: and

text: the

text: Yarlung

text: Tsangpo

text: River

text: Brahmaputra

text: River

text: The

text: Yarlung

text: Tsangpo

text: Grand

text: Canyon

text: along

text: the

text: Yarlung

text: Tsangpo

text: River

text: is

text: among

text: the

text: deepest

text: and

text: longest

text: canyons

text: in

text: the

text: world

question: On which border of Tibet is Mount Everest located?

answer: Nepal

text: Nepal

question: How tall, in feet, is Mount Everest?

answer: 29,029

question: Where is the source of the Yangtze river?

answer: Tibetan Plateau

text: Tibetan Plateau


text: Since 1973 Plymouth has been supplied water by South West Water. Prior to the 1973 take over it was supplied by Plymouth County Borough Corporation. Before the 19th century two leats were built in order to provide drinking water for the town. They carried water from Dartmoor to Plymouth. A watercourse, known as Plymouth or Drake's Leat, was opened on 24 April 1591 to tap the River Meavy. The Devonport Leat was constructed to carry fresh drinking water to the expanding town of Devonport and its ever growing dockyard. It was fed by three Dartmoor rivers: The West Dart, Cowsic and Blackabrook. It seems to have been carrying water since 1797, but it was officially completed in 1801. It was originally designed to carry water to Devonport town, but has since been shortened and now carries water to Burrator Reservoir, which feeds most of the water supply of Plymouth. Burrator Reservoir is located about 5 miles (8 km) north of the city and was constructed in 1898 and expanded in 1928.

title: Plymouth

title: Plymouth

text: Since

text: Plymouth

text: has

text: been

text: supplied

text: water

text: by

text: South

text: West

text: Water

text: Prior

text: to

text: the

text: take

text: over

text: it

text: was

text: supplied

text: by

text: Plymouth

text: County

text: Borough

text: Corporation

text: Before

text: the

text: century

text: two

text: leats

text: were

text: built

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: provide

text: drinking

text: water

text: for

text: the

text: town

text: They

text: carried

text: water

text: from

text: Dartmoor

text: to

text: Plymouth

text: A

text: watercourse

text: known

text: as

text: Plymouth

text: or

text: Drake

text: 's

text: Leat

text: was

text: opened

text: on

text: April

text: to

text: tap

text: the

text: River

text: Meavy

text: The

text: Devonport

text: Leat

text: was

text: constructed

text: to

text: carry

text: fresh

text: drinking

text: water

text: to

text: the

text: expanding

text: town

text: of

text: Devonport

text: and

text: its

text: ever

text: growing

text: dockyard

text: It

text: was

text: fed

text: by

text: three

text: Dartmoor

text: rivers

text: The

text: West

text: Dart

text: Cowsic

text: and

text: Blackabrook

text: It

text: seems

text: to

text: have

text: been

text: carrying

text: water

text: since

text: but

text: it

text: was

text: officially

text: completed

text: in

text: It

text: was

text: originally

text: designed

text: to

text: carry

text: water

text: to

text: Devonport

text: town

text: but

text: has

text: since

text: been

text: shortened

text: and

text: now

text: carries

text: water

text: to

text: Burrator

text: Reservoir

text: which

text: feeds

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: water

text: supply

text: of

text: Plymouth

text: Burrator

text: Reservoir

text: is

text: located

text: about

text: miles

text: km

text: north

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: and

text: was

text: constructed

text: in

text: and

text: expanded

text: in

question: When did Plymouth begin receiving water from South West Water?

answer: 1973

question: Who provided Plymouth's water prior to 1973?

answer: Plymouth County Borough Corporation

text: Plymouth County Borough Corporation

question: When did Drake's Leat open?

answer: 24 April 1591

text: 24 April 1591

question: From where did Drake's Leat draw water?

answer: River Meavy

text: River Meavy

question: When did construction finish on Devonport Leat?

answer: 1801


text: The Compact Disc is an evolution of LaserDisc technology, where a focused laser beam is used that enables the high information density required for high-quality digital audio signals. Prototypes were developed by Philips and Sony independently in the late 1970s. In 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the Red Book CD-DA standard was published in 1980. After their commercial release in 1982, compact discs and their players were extremely popular. Despite costing up to $1,000, over 400,000 CD players were sold in the United States between 1983 and 1984. The success of the compact disc has been credited to the cooperation between Philips and Sony, who came together to agree upon and develop compatible hardware. The unified design of the compact disc allowed consumers to purchase any disc or player from any company, and allowed the CD to dominate the at-home music market unchallenged.

title: Compact_disc

title: Compact_disc

text: The

text: Compact

text: Disc

text: is

text: an

text: evolution

text: of

text: LaserDisc

text: technology

text: where

text: a

text: focused

text: laser

text: beam

text: is

text: used

text: that

text: enables

text: the

text: high

text: information

text: density

text: required

text: for

text: high

text: quality

text: digital

text: audio

text: signals

text: Prototypes

text: were

text: developed

text: by

text: Philips

text: and

text: Sony

text: independently

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: In

text: Sony

text: and

text: Philips

text: set

text: up

text: a

text: joint

text: task

text: force

text: of

text: engineers

text: to

text: design

text: a

text: new

text: digital

text: audio

text: disc

text: After

text: a

text: year

text: of

text: experimentation

text: and

text: discussion

text: the

text: Red

text: Book

text: CD

text: DA

text: standard

text: was

text: published

text: in

text: After

text: their

text: commercial

text: release

text: in

text: compact

text: discs

text: and

text: their

text: players

text: were

text: extremely

text: popular

text: Despite

text: costing

text: up

text: to

text: over

text: CD

text: players

text: were

text: sold

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: between

text: and

text: The

text: success

text: of

text: the

text: compact

text: disc

text: has

text: been

text: credited

text: to

text: the

text: cooperation

text: between

text: Philips

text: and

text: Sony

text: who

text: came

text: together

text: to

text: agree

text: upon

text: and

text: develop

text: compatible

text: hardware

text: The

text: unified

text: design

text: of

text: the

text: compact

text: disc

text: allowed

text: consumers

text: to

text: purchase

text: any

text: disc

text: or

text: player

text: from

text: any

text: company

text: and

text: allowed

text: the

text: CD

text: to

text: dominate

text: the

text: at

text: home

text: music

text: market

text: unchallenged

question: Who created Compact Disc prototypes in the 1970s?

answer: Philips and Sony

text: Philips and Sony

question: How lond did the creation of Red Book CD-DA standard take?

answer: a year

text: a year

question: To what does the compact disc owe its prosperity?

answer: the cooperation between Philips and Sony

text: the cooperation between Philips and Sony

question: How many CD players were sold in the United States in their first year?

answer: 400,000

question: What did the CD evolve from?

answer: LaserDisc

text: LaserDisc

question: What made it possible for CDs to be played on any companies CD player?

answer: unified design

text: unified design

question: What year did CD players become available for purchase?

answer: 1982

question: To what does the compact disc owe its prosperity?

answer: cooperation between Philips and Sony

text: cooperation between Philips and Sony


text: Acid house arose from Chicago artists' experiments with the squelchy Roland TB-303 bass synthesizer, and the style's origins on vinyl is generally cited as Phuture's "Acid Tracks" (1987). Phuture, a group founded by Nathan "DJ Pierre" Jones, Earl "Spanky" Smith Jr., and Herbert "Herb J" Jackson, is credited with having been the first to use the TB-303 in the house music context. The group's 12-minute "Acid Tracks" was recorded to tape and was played by DJ Ron Hardy at the Music Box, where Hardy was resident DJ. Hardy once played it four times over the course of an evening until the crowd responded favorably. The track also utilized a Roland TR-707 drum machine.

title: House_music

title: House_music

text: Acid

text: house

text: arose

text: from

text: Chicago

text: artists

text: experiments

text: with

text: the

text: squelchy

text: Roland

text: bass

text: synthesizer

text: and

text: the

text: style

text: 's

text: origins

text: on

text: vinyl

text: is

text: generally

text: cited

text: as

text: Phuture

text: 's

text: Acid

text: Tracks

text: Phuture

text: a

text: group

text: founded

text: by

text: Nathan

text: DJ

text: Pierre

text: Jones

text: Earl

text: Spanky

text: Smith

text: Jr.

text: and

text: Herbert

text: Herb

text: J

text: Jackson

text: is

text: credited

text: with

text: having

text: been

text: the

text: first

text: to

text: use

text: the

text: in

text: the

text: house

text: music

text: context

text: The

text: group

text: 's

text: Acid

text: Tracks

text: was

text: recorded

text: to

text: tape

text: and

text: was

text: played

text: by

text: DJ

text: Ron

text: Hardy

text: at

text: the

text: Music

text: Box

text: where

text: Hardy

text: was

text: resident

text: DJ

text: Hardy

text: once

text: played

text: it

text: four

text: times

text: over

text: the

text: course

text: of

text: an

text: evening

text: until

text: the

text: crowd

text: responded

text: favorably

text: The

text: track

text: also

text: utilized

text: a

text: Roland

text: drum

text: machine

question: When was Phuture's "Acid Tracks" released?

answer: 1987

question: Who founded the group Phuture?

answer: Nathan "DJ Pierre" Jones, Earl "Spanky" Smith Jr., and Herbert "Herb J" Jackson

text: Nathan "DJ Pierre" Jones, Earl "Spanky" Smith Jr., and Herbert "Herb J" Jackson

question: what instrument was Phuture the first to use in house music?

answer: TB-303

question: how long was phuture's "acid tracks"?

answer: 12-minute

question: what type of drum machine did "acid tracks" use?

answer: Roland TR-707

text: Roland TR-707


text: Copyright infringement is the use of works protected by copyright law without permission, infringing certain exclusive rights granted to the copyright holder, such as the right to reproduce, distribute, display or perform the protected work, or to make derivative works. The copyright holder is typically the work's creator, or a publisher or other business to whom copyright has been assigned. Copyright holders routinely invoke legal and technological measures to prevent and penalize copyright infringement.

title: Copyright_infringement

title: Copyright_infringement

text: Copyright

text: infringement

text: is

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: works

text: protected

text: by

text: copyright

text: law

text: without

text: permission

text: infringing

text: certain

text: exclusive

text: rights

text: granted

text: to

text: the

text: copyright

text: holder

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: right

text: to

text: reproduce

text: distribute

text: display

text: or

text: perform

text: the

text: protected

text: work

text: or

text: to

text: make

text: derivative

text: works

text: The

text: copyright

text: holder

text: is

text: typically

text: the

text: work

text: 's

text: creator

text: or

text: a

text: publisher

text: or

text: other

text: business

text: to

text: whom

text: copyright

text: has

text: been

text: assigned

text: Copyright

text: holders

text: routinely

text: invoke

text: legal

text: and

text: technological

text: measures

text: to

text: prevent

text: and

text: penalize

text: copyright

text: infringement

question: How do creators of content protect their work from infringement?

answer: routinely invoke legal and technological measures

text: routinely invoke legal and technological measures

question: What are the rights of a content creator that has their work protected?

answer: right to reproduce, distribute, display or perform the protected work, or to make derivative works

text: right to reproduce, distribute, display or perform the protected work, or to make derivative works

question: Who is protected by copyright laws?

answer: The copyright holder is typically the work's creator, or a publisher or other business to whom copyright has been assigned

text: The copyright holder is typically the work's creator, or a publisher or other business to whom copyright has been assigned

question: You wrote a song that was based on an original work, what is this called?

answer: to make derivative works

text: to make derivative works

question: What is it called when someone uploads a video to YouTube without the creators permission?

answer: Copyright infringement

text: Copyright infringement

question: How do creators of content protect their work from infringement?

answer: copyright law

text: copyright law

question: Who is protected by copyright laws?

answer: work's creator

text: work's creator

question: What is it called when someone uploads a video to YouTube without the creators permission?

answer: copyright infringement

text: copyright infringement

question: You wrote a song that was based on an original work, what is this called?

answer: derivative works

text: derivative works


text: Individual states and localities offer nonprofits exemptions from other taxes such as sales tax or property tax. Federal tax-exempt status does not guarantee exemption from state and local taxes, and vice versa. These exemptions generally have separate applications and their requirements may differ from the IRS requirements. Furthermore, even a tax exempt organization may be required to file annual financial reports (IRS Form 990) at the state and federal level. A tax exempt organization's 990 forms are required to be made available for public scrutiny. An example of nonprofit organization in the US is Project Vote Smart.

title: Nonprofit_organization

title: Nonprofit_organization

text: Individual

text: states

text: and

text: localities

text: offer

text: nonprofits

text: exemptions

text: from

text: other

text: taxes

text: such

text: as

text: sales

text: tax

text: or

text: property

text: tax

text: Federal

text: tax

text: exempt

text: status

text: does

text: not

text: guarantee

text: exemption

text: from

text: state

text: and

text: local

text: taxes

text: and

text: vice

text: versa

text: These

text: exemptions

text: generally

text: have

text: separate

text: applications

text: and

text: their

text: requirements

text: may

text: differ

text: from

text: the

text: IRS

text: requirements

text: Furthermore

text: even

text: a

text: tax

text: exempt

text: organization

text: may

text: be

text: required

text: to

text: file

text: annual

text: financial

text: reports

text: IRS

text: Form

text: at

text: the

text: state

text: and

text: federal

text: level

text: A

text: tax

text: exempt

text: organization

text: 's

text: forms

text: are

text: required

text: to

text: be

text: made

text: available

text: for

text: public

text: scrutiny

text: An

text: example

text: of

text: nonprofit

text: organization

text: in

text: the

text: US

text: is

text: Project

text: Vote

text: Smart

question: What form must an NPO make available to the public?

answer: 990 forms

text: 990 forms

question: Are the state requirements to be tax exempt the same as the Federal requirements?

answer: generally have separate applications and their requirements may differ from the IRS requirements

text: generally have separate applications and their requirements may differ from the IRS requirements

question: What financial form must be filed with both the state and federal governments each year?

answer: IRS Form 990

text: IRS Form 990

question: What is one example of an NPO in the United States?

answer: Project Vote Smart

text: Project Vote Smart

question: What can states or cities offer to NPOs?

answer: exemptions from other taxes such as sales tax or property tax

text: exemptions from other taxes such as sales tax or property tax


text: Devotions to artistic depictions of Mary vary among Christian traditions. There is a long tradition of Roman Catholic Marian art and no image permeates Catholic art as does the image of Madonna and Child. The icon of the Virgin Theotokos with Christ is without doubt the most venerated icon in the Orthodox Church. Both Roman Catholic and Orthodox Christians venerate images and icons of Mary, given that the Second Council of Nicaea in 787 permitted their veneration with the understanding that those who venerate the image are venerating the reality of the person it represents, and the 842 Synod of Constantinople confirming the same. According to Orthodox piety and traditional practice, however, believers ought to pray before and venerate only flat, two-dimensional icons, and not three-dimensional statues.

title: Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)

title: Mary_(mother_of_Jesus

text: Devotions

text: to

text: artistic

text: depictions

text: of

text: Mary

text: vary

text: among

text: Christian

text: traditions

text: There

text: is

text: a

text: long

text: tradition

text: of

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: Marian

text: art

text: and

text: no

text: image

text: permeates

text: Catholic

text: art

text: as

text: does

text: the

text: image

text: of

text: Madonna

text: and

text: Child

text: The

text: icon

text: of

text: the

text: Virgin

text: Theotokos

text: with

text: Christ

text: is

text: without

text: doubt

text: the

text: most

text: venerated

text: icon

text: in

text: the

text: Orthodox

text: Church

text: Both

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: and

text: Orthodox

text: Christians

text: venerate

text: images

text: and

text: icons

text: of

text: Mary

text: given

text: that

text: the

text: Second

text: Council

text: of

text: Nicaea

text: in

text: permitted

text: their

text: veneration

text: with

text: the

text: understanding

text: that

text: those

text: who

text: venerate

text: the

text: image

text: are

text: venerating

text: the

text: reality

text: of

text: the

text: person

text: it

text: represents

text: and

text: the

text: Synod

text: of

text: Constantinople

text: confirming

text: the

text: same

text: According

text: to

text: Orthodox

text: piety

text: and

text: traditional

text: practice

text: however

text: believers

text: ought

text: to

text: pray

text: before

text: and

text: venerate

text: only

text: flat

text: two

text: dimensional

text: icons

text: and

text: not

text: three

text: dimensional

text: statues

question: In which year was the Second Council of Nicea?

answer: 787

question: In which year did the Synod of Constantinople confirm the veneration of images of Mary?

answer: 842

question: Which icon is most venerated in the Orthodox Church?

answer: icon of the Virgin Theotokos

text: icon of the Virgin Theotokos

question: What is the name given to artistic depictions of Mary?

answer: Marian art

text: Marian art

question: In the Orthodox church, what types of icons are allowed to be venerated and prayed before?

answer: flat, two-dimensional icons

text: flat, two-dimensional icons


text: In 1799, English Freemasonry almost came to a halt due to Parliamentary proclamation. In the wake of the French Revolution, the Unlawful Societies Act 1799 banned any meetings of groups that required their members to take an oath or obligation. The Grand Masters of both the Moderns and the Antients Grand Lodges called on Prime Minister William Pitt (who was not a Freemason) and explained to him that Freemasonry was a supporter of the law and lawfully constituted authority and was much involved in charitable work. As a result, Freemasonry was specifically exempted from the terms of the Act, provided that each private lodge's Secretary placed with the local "Clerk of the Peace" a list of the members of his lodge once a year. This continued until 1967 when the obligation of the provision was rescinded by Parliament.

title: Freemasonry

title: Freemasonry

text: In

text: English

text: Freemasonry

text: almost

text: came

text: to

text: a

text: halt

text: due

text: to

text: Parliamentary

text: proclamation

text: In

text: the

text: wake

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: Revolution

text: the

text: Unlawful

text: Societies

text: Act

text: banned

text: any

text: meetings

text: of

text: groups

text: that

text: required

text: their

text: members

text: to

text: take

text: an

text: oath

text: or

text: obligation

text: The

text: Grand

text: Masters

text: of

text: both

text: the

text: Moderns

text: and

text: the

text: Antients

text: Grand

text: Lodges

text: called

text: on

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: William

text: Pitt

text: who

text: was

text: not

text: a

text: Freemason

text: and

text: explained

text: to

text: him

text: that

text: Freemasonry

text: was

text: a

text: supporter

text: of

text: the

text: law

text: and

text: lawfully

text: constituted

text: authority

text: and

text: was

text: much

text: involved

text: in

text: charitable

text: work

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: Freemasonry

text: was

text: specifically

text: exempted

text: from

text: the

text: terms

text: of

text: the

text: Act

text: provided

text: that

text: each

text: private

text: lodge

text: 's

text: Secretary

text: placed

text: with

text: the

text: local

text: Clerk

text: of

text: the

text: Peace

text: a

text: list

text: of

text: the

text: members

text: of

text: his

text: lodge

text: once

text: a

text: year

text: This

text: continued

text: until

text: when

text: the

text: obligation

text: of

text: the

text: provision

text: was

text: rescinded

text: by

text: Parliament

question: What put English Freemasonry at risk?

answer: Parliamentary proclamation

text: Parliamentary proclamation

question: What did the Unlawful Socities Act ban?

answer: meetings of groups that required their members to take an oath or obligation

text: meetings of groups that required their members to take an oath or obligation

question: When was the Unlawful Socities Act implemented?

answer: 1799

question: What was each private lodge required to provide to the Clerk of Peace every year?

answer: a list of the members of his lodge

text: a list of the members of his lodge

question: Who did the Grand Masters call upon to explain that Freemasonry was not an unlawful society?

answer: Prime Minister William Pitt

text: Prime Minister William Pitt

question: English Freemasonry almost came to a halt in what year?

answer: 1799

question: Why did English Freemasonry almost come to a halt in 1799?

answer: Parliamentary proclamation

text: Parliamentary proclamation

question: What act was made in 1799 banning any meeting of groups that had to take an oath or obligation?

answer: the Unlawful Societies Act 1799

text: the Unlawful Societies Act 1799

question: Who gave the Freemasons an exemption of the Act of 1799?

answer: Prime Minister William Pitt

text: Prime Minister William Pitt

question: What year did parliament rescind the exemption of 1799 given to the Freemasons?

answer: 1967


text: In Ireland comprehensive schools were an earlier model of state schools, introduced in the late 1960s and largely replaced by the secular community model of the 1970s. The comprehensive model generally incorporated older schools that were under Roman Catholic or Protestant ownership, and the various denominations still manage the school as patrons or trustees. The state owns the school property, which is vested in the trustees in perpetuity. The model was adopted to make state schools more acceptable to a largely conservative society of the time.

title: Comprehensive_school

title: Comprehensive_school

text: In

text: Ireland

text: comprehensive

text: schools

text: were

text: an

text: earlier

text: model

text: of

text: state

text: schools

text: introduced

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: and

text: largely

text: replaced

text: by

text: the

text: secular

text: community

text: model

text: of

text: the

text: The

text: comprehensive

text: model

text: generally

text: incorporated

text: older

text: schools

text: that

text: were

text: under

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: or

text: Protestant

text: ownership

text: and

text: the

text: various

text: denominations

text: still

text: manage

text: the

text: school

text: as

text: patrons

text: or

text: trustees

text: The

text: state

text: owns

text: the

text: school

text: property

text: which

text: is

text: vested

text: in

text: the

text: trustees

text: in

text: perpetuity

text: The

text: model

text: was

text: adopted

text: to

text: make

text: state

text: schools

text: more

text: acceptable

text: to

text: a

text: largely

text: conservative

text: society

text: of

text: the

text: time

question: In what decade were community schools conceived?

answer: 1970s

question: Who owns the land on which Irish comprehensive schools are found?

answer: The state

text: The state