text: The Freeview HD service currently contains 10 HD channels (as of December 2013[update]) and was rolled out region by region across the UK in accordance with the digital switchover process, finally being completed in October 2012. However, Freeview HD is not the first HDTV service over digital terrestrial television in Europe;

title: High-definition_television

title: High

title: definition_television

text: The

text: Freeview

text: HD

text: service

text: currently

text: contains

text: HD

text: channels

text: as

text: of

text: December

text: and

text: was

text: rolled

text: out

text: region

text: by

text: region

text: across

text: the

text: UK

text: in

text: accordance

text: with

text: the

text: digital

text: switchover

text: process

text: finally

text: being

text: completed

text: in

text: October

text: However

text: Freeview

text: HD

text: is

text: not

text: the

text: first

text: HDTV

text: service

text: over

text: digital

text: terrestrial

text: television

text: in

text: Europe

question: How many HD channels did the Freeview HD service contain as of December 2013?

answer: 10

question: When was the digital switchover process completed in the UK?

answer: October 2012

text: October 2012

question: Which service contains 10 HD channels and finished its roll out in October 2012?

answer: Freeview HD

text: Freeview HD

question: How was the Freeview HD service rolled out in the UK?

answer: region by region

text: region by region


text: Louis XVI translated the Reflections "from end to end" into French. Fellow Whig MPs Richard Sheridan and Charles James Fox, disagreed with Burke and split with him. Fox thought the Reflections to be "in very bad taste" and "favouring Tory principles". Other Whigs such as the Duke of Portland and Earl Fitzwilliam privately agreed with Burke, but did not wish for a public breach with their Whig colleagues. Burke wrote on 29 November 1790: "I have received from the Duke of Portland, Lord Fitzwilliam, the Duke of Devonshire, Lord John Cavendish, Montagu (Frederick Montagu MP), and a long et cetera of the old Stamina of the Whiggs a most full approbation of the principles of that work and a kind indulgence to the execution". The Duke of Portland said in 1791 that when anyone criticised the Reflections to him, he informed them that he had recommended the book to his sons as containing the true Whig creed.

title: Edmund_Burke

title: Edmund_Burke

text: Louis

text: XVI

text: translated

text: the

text: Reflections

text: from

text: end

text: to

text: end

text: into

text: French

text: Fellow

text: Whig

text: MPs

text: Richard

text: Sheridan

text: and

text: Charles

text: James

text: Fox

text: disagreed

text: with

text: Burke

text: and

text: split

text: with

text: him

text: Fox

text: thought

text: the

text: Reflections

text: to

text: be

text: in

text: very

text: bad

text: taste

text: and

text: favouring

text: Tory

text: principles

text: Other

text: Whigs

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Duke

text: of

text: Portland

text: and

text: Earl

text: Fitzwilliam

text: privately

text: agreed

text: with

text: Burke

text: but

text: did

text: not

text: wish

text: for

text: a

text: public

text: breach

text: with

text: their

text: Whig

text: colleagues

text: Burke

text: wrote

text: on

text: November

text: I

text: have

text: received

text: from

text: the

text: Duke

text: of

text: Portland

text: Lord

text: Fitzwilliam

text: the

text: Duke

text: of

text: Devonshire

text: Lord

text: John

text: Cavendish

text: Montagu

text: Frederick

text: Montagu

text: MP

text: and

text: a

text: long

text: et

text: cetera

text: of

text: the

text: old

text: Stamina

text: of

text: the

text: Whiggs

text: a

text: most

text: full

text: approbation

text: of

text: the

text: principles

text: of

text: that

text: work

text: and

text: a

text: kind

text: indulgence

text: to

text: the

text: execution

text: The

text: Duke

text: of

text: Portland

text: said

text: in

text: that

text: when

text: anyone

text: criticised

text: the

text: Reflections

text: to

text: him

text: he

text: informed

text: them

text: that

text: he

text: had

text: recommended

text: the

text: book

text: to

text: his

text: sons

text: as

text: containing

text: the

text: true

text: Whig

text: creed

question: Who re-translated the Reflections into French?

answer: Louis XVI

text: Louis XVI

question: Which British ministers disagreed with Burke's Reflections?

answer: Richard Sheridan and Charles James Fox

text: Richard Sheridan and Charles James Fox

question: What political party was Charles James Fox?

answer: Whig

text: Whig

question: What political party was Earl Fitzwilliam?

answer: Whigs

text: Whigs

question: What political party was Richard Sheridan?

answer: Whig

text: Whig


text: A government report covered by the Guardian in 2002 indicates that between 1940 and 1979, the Ministry of Defence "turned large parts of the country into a giant laboratory to conduct a series of secret germ warfare tests on the public" and many of these tests "involved releasing potentially dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms over vast swaths of the population without the public being told." The Ministry of Defence claims that these trials were to simulate germ warfare and that the tests were harmless. Still, families who have been in the area of many of the tests are experiencing children with birth defects and physical and mental handicaps and many are asking for a public inquiry. According to the report these tests affected estimated millions of people including one period between 1961 and 1968 where "more than a million people along the south coast of England, from Torquay to the New Forest, were exposed to bacteria including e.coli and bacillus globigii, which mimics anthrax." Two scientists commissioned by the Ministry of Defence stated that these trials posed no risk to the public. This was confirmed by Sue Ellison, a representative of Porton Down who said that the results from these trials "will save lives, should the country or our forces face an attack by chemical and biological weapons." Asked whether such tests are still being carried out, she said: "It is not our policy to discuss ongoing research." It is unknown whether or not the harmlessness of the trials was known at the time of their occurrence.

title: Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)

title: Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom

text: A

text: government

text: report

text: covered

text: by

text: the

text: Guardian

text: in

text: indicates

text: that

text: between

text: and

text: the

text: Ministry

text: of

text: Defence

text: turned

text: large

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: into

text: a

text: giant

text: laboratory

text: to

text: conduct

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: secret

text: germ

text: warfare

text: tests

text: on

text: the

text: public

text: and

text: many

text: of

text: these

text: tests

text: involved

text: releasing

text: potentially

text: dangerous

text: chemicals

text: and

text: micro

text: organisms

text: over

text: vast

text: swaths

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: without

text: the

text: public

text: being

text: told

text: The

text: Ministry

text: of

text: Defence

text: claims

text: that

text: these

text: trials

text: were

text: to

text: simulate

text: germ

text: warfare

text: and

text: that

text: the

text: tests

text: were

text: harmless

text: Still

text: families

text: who

text: have

text: been

text: in

text: the

text: area

text: of

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: tests

text: are

text: experiencing

text: children

text: with

text: birth

text: defects

text: and

text: physical

text: and

text: mental

text: handicaps

text: and

text: many

text: are

text: asking

text: for

text: a

text: public

text: inquiry

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: report

text: these

text: tests

text: affected

text: estimated

text: millions

text: of

text: people

text: including

text: one

text: period

text: between

text: and

text: where

text: more

text: than

text: a

text: million

text: people

text: along

text: the

text: south

text: coast

text: of

text: England

text: from

text: Torquay

text: to

text: the

text: New

text: Forest

text: were

text: exposed

text: to

text: bacteria

text: including

text: e.coli

text: and

text: bacillus

text: globigii

text: which

text: mimics

text: anthrax

text: Two

text: scientists

text: commissioned

text: by

text: the

text: Ministry

text: of

text: Defence

text: stated

text: that

text: these

text: trials

text: posed

text: no

text: risk

text: to

text: the

text: public

text: This

text: was

text: confirmed

text: by

text: Sue

text: Ellison

text: a

text: representative

text: of

text: Porton

text: Down

text: who

text: said

text: that

text: the

text: results

text: from

text: these

text: trials

text: will

text: save

text: lives

text: should

text: the

text: country

text: or

text: our

text: forces

text: face

text: an

text: attack

text: by

text: chemical

text: and

text: biological

text: weapons

text: Asked

text: whether

text: such

text: tests

text: are

text: still

text: being

text: carried

text: out

text: she

text: said

text: It

text: is

text: not

text: our

text: policy

text: to

text: discuss

text: ongoing

text: research

text: It

text: is

text: unknown

text: whether

text: or

text: not

text: the

text: harmlessness

text: of

text: the

text: trials

text: was

text: known

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: their

text: occurrence

question: What publication released a report about the Ministry of Defence in 2002?

answer: the Guardian

text: the Guardian

question: What was the MoD accused of doing to the public?

answer: secret germ warfare tests

text: secret germ warfare tests

question: What are the children of some families in the area of the testing experiencing?

answer: children with birth defects and physical and mental handicaps

text: children with birth defects and physical and mental handicaps

question: When was the supposed germ warfare testing taking place?

answer: between 1940 and 1979

text: between 1940 and 1979

question: When were millions of people supposedly exposed to e. coli and an anthrax-like bacteria?

answer: between 1961 and 1968

text: between 1961 and 1968


text: In a number of countries, although being today generally considered similar institutions of higher learning across many countries, polytechnics and institutes of technology used to have a quite different statute among each other, its teaching competences and organizational history. In many cases polytechnic were elite technological universities concentrating on applied science and engineering and may also be a former designation for a vocational institution, before it has been granted the exclusive right to award academic degrees and can be truly called an institute of technology. A number of polytechnics providing higher education is simply a result of a formal upgrading from their original and historical role as intermediate technical education schools. In some situations, former polytechnics or other non-university institutions have emerged solely through an administrative change of statutes, which often included a name change with the introduction of new designations like institute of technology, polytechnic university, university of applied sciences, or university of technology for marketing purposes. Such emergence of so many upgraded polytechnics, former vocational education and technical schools converted into more university-like institutions has caused concern where the lack of specialized intermediate technical professionals lead to industrial skill shortages in some fields, being also associated to an increase of the graduate unemployment rate. This is mostly the case in those countries, where the education system is not controlled by the state and everybody can grant degrees.[citation needed] Evidence have also shown a decline in the general quality of teaching and graduate's preparation for the workplace, due to the fast-paced conversion of that technical institutions to more advanced higher level institutions. Mentz, Kotze and Van der Merwe (2008) argues that all the tools are in place to promote the debate on the place of technology in higher education in general and in Universities of Technology specifically. The aspects of this debate can follow the following lines: • To what degree is technology defined as a concept? • What is the scope of technology discourse? • What is the place and relation of science with technology? • How useful is the Mitcham framework in thinking about technology in South Africa? • Can a measure of cooperation as opposed to competition be achieved amongst higher education institutions? • Who ultimately is responsible for vocational training and what is the role of technology in this?

title: Institute_of_technology

title: Institute_of_technology

text: In

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: countries

text: although

text: being

text: today

text: generally

text: considered

text: similar

text: institutions

text: of

text: higher

text: learning

text: across

text: many

text: countries

text: polytechnics

text: and

text: institutes

text: of

text: technology

text: used

text: to

text: have

text: a

text: quite

text: different

text: statute

text: among

text: each

text: other

text: its

text: teaching

text: competences

text: and

text: organizational

text: history

text: In

text: many

text: cases

text: polytechnic

text: were

text: elite

text: technological

text: universities

text: concentrating

text: on

text: applied

text: science

text: and

text: engineering

text: and

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: a

text: former

text: designation

text: for

text: a

text: vocational

text: institution

text: before

text: it

text: has

text: been

text: granted

text: the

text: exclusive

text: right

text: to

text: award

text: academic

text: degrees

text: and

text: can

text: be

text: truly

text: called

text: an

text: institute

text: of

text: technology

text: A

text: number

text: of

text: polytechnics

text: providing

text: higher

text: education

text: is

text: simply

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: a

text: formal

text: upgrading

text: from

text: their

text: original

text: and

text: historical

text: role

text: as

text: intermediate

text: technical

text: education

text: schools

text: In

text: some

text: situations

text: former

text: polytechnics

text: or

text: other

text: non

text: university

text: institutions

text: have

text: emerged

text: solely

text: through

text: an

text: administrative

text: change

text: of

text: statutes

text: which

text: often

text: included

text: a

text: name

text: change

text: with

text: the

text: introduction

text: of

text: new

text: designations

text: like

text: institute

text: of

text: technology

text: polytechnic

text: university

text: university

text: of

text: applied

text: sciences

text: or

text: university

text: of

text: technology

text: for

text: marketing

text: purposes

text: Such

text: emergence

text: of

text: so

text: many

text: upgraded

text: polytechnics

text: former

text: vocational

text: education

text: and

text: technical

text: schools

text: converted

text: into

text: more

text: university

text: like

text: institutions

text: has

text: caused

text: concern

text: where

text: the

text: lack

text: of

text: specialized

text: intermediate

text: technical

text: professionals

text: lead

text: to

text: industrial

text: skill

text: shortages

text: in

text: some

text: fields

text: being

text: also

text: associated

text: to

text: an

text: increase

text: of

text: the

text: graduate

text: unemployment

text: rate

text: This

text: is

text: mostly

text: the

text: case

text: in

text: those

text: countries

text: where

text: the

text: education

text: system

text: is

text: not

text: controlled

text: by

text: the

text: state

text: and

text: everybody

text: can

text: grant

text: degrees.[citation

text: needed

text: Evidence

text: have

text: also

text: shown

text: a

text: decline

text: in

text: the

text: general

text: quality

text: of

text: teaching

text: and

text: graduate

text: 's

text: preparation

text: for

text: the

text: workplace

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: fast

text: paced

text: conversion

text: of

text: that

text: technical

text: institutions

text: to

text: more

text: advanced

text: higher

text: level

text: institutions

text: Mentz

text: Kotze

text: and

text: Van

text: der

text: Merwe

text: argues

text: that

text: all

text: the

text: tools

text: are

text: in

text: place

text: to

text: promote

text: the

text: debate

text: on

text: the

text: place

text: of

text: technology

text: in

text: higher

text: education

text: in

text: general

text: and

text: in

text: Universities

text: of

text: Technology

text: specifically

text: The

text: aspects

text: of

text: this

text: debate

text: can

text: follow

text: the

text: following

text: lines

text: To

text: what

text: degree

text: is

text: technology

text: defined

text: as

text: a

text: concept

text: What

text: is

text: the

text: scope

text: of

text: technology

text: discourse

text: What

text: is

text: the

text: place

text: and

text: relation

text: of

text: science

text: with

text: technology

text: How

text: useful

text: is

text: the

text: Mitcham

text: framework

text: in

text: thinking

text: about

text: technology

text: in

text: South

text: Africa

text: Can

text: a

text: measure

text: of

text: cooperation

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: competition

text: be

text: achieved

text: amongst

text: higher

text: education

text: institutions

text: Who

text: ultimately

text: is

text: responsible

text: for

text: vocational

text: training

text: and

text: what

text: is

text: the

text: role

text: of

text: technology

text: in

text: this

question: What term was used in some countries to describe select universities that focus on technological education in applied science and engineering?

answer: polytechnics

text: polytechnics


text: The Dutch East India Company (1800) and British East India Company (1858) were dissolved by their respective governments, who took over the direct administration of the colonies. Only Thailand was spared the experience of foreign rule, although, Thailand itself was also greatly affected by the power politics of the Western powers. Colonial rule had a profound effect on Southeast Asia. While the colonial powers profited much from the region's vast resources and large market, colonial rule did develop the region to a varying extent.

title: Modern_history

title: Modern_history

text: The

text: Dutch

text: East

text: India

text: Company

text: and

text: British

text: East

text: India

text: Company

text: were

text: dissolved

text: by

text: their

text: respective

text: governments

text: who

text: took

text: over

text: the

text: direct

text: administration

text: of

text: the

text: colonies

text: Only

text: Thailand

text: was

text: spared

text: the

text: experience

text: of

text: foreign

text: rule

text: although

text: Thailand

text: itself

text: was

text: also

text: greatly

text: affected

text: by

text: the

text: power

text: politics

text: of

text: the

text: Western

text: powers

text: Colonial

text: rule

text: had

text: a

text: profound

text: effect

text: on

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: While

text: the

text: colonial

text: powers

text: profited

text: much

text: from

text: the

text: region

text: 's

text: vast

text: resources

text: and

text: large

text: market

text: colonial

text: rule

text: did

text: develop

text: the

text: region

text: to

text: a

text: varying

text: extent

question: What dispatched of The Dutch East India Company and the British East India Company?

answer: their respective governments

text: their respective governments

question: What country did not have to succumb to forign rule?

answer: Thailand

text: Thailand

question: Who also profited from Southeast Asia resources?

answer: colonial powers

text: colonial powers


text: Modern archaeology has largely discarded the historicity of the Patriarchs and of the Exodus story, with it being reframed as constituting the Israelites' inspiring national myth narrative. The Israelites and their culture, according to the modern archaeological account, did not overtake the region by force, but instead branched out of the Canaanite peoples and culture through the development of a distinct monolatristic — and later monotheistic — religion centered on Yahweh, one of the Ancient Canaanite deities. The growth of Yahweh-centric belief, along with a number of cultic practices, gradually gave rise to a distinct Israelite ethnic group, setting them apart from other Canaanites. The Canaanites themselves are archeologically attested in the Middle Bronze Age, while the Hebrew language is the last extant member of the Canaanite languages. In the Iron Age I period (1200–1000 BCE) Israelite culture was largely Canaanite in nature.

title: Jews

title: Jews

text: Modern

text: archaeology

text: has

text: largely

text: discarded

text: the

text: historicity

text: of

text: the

text: Patriarchs

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: Exodus

text: story

text: with

text: it

text: being

text: reframed

text: as

text: constituting

text: the

text: Israelites

text: inspiring

text: national

text: myth

text: narrative

text: The

text: Israelites

text: and

text: their

text: culture

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: modern

text: archaeological

text: account

text: did

text: not

text: overtake

text: the

text: region

text: by

text: force

text: but

text: instead

text: branched

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: Canaanite

text: peoples

text: and

text: culture

text: through

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: a

text: distinct

text: monolatristic

text: and

text: later

text: monotheistic

text: religion

text: centered

text: on

text: Yahweh

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: Ancient

text: Canaanite

text: deities

text: The

text: growth

text: of

text: Yahweh

text: centric

text: belief

text: along

text: with

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: cultic

text: practices

text: gradually

text: gave

text: rise

text: to

text: a

text: distinct

text: Israelite

text: ethnic

text: group

text: setting

text: them

text: apart

text: from

text: other

text: Canaanites

text: The

text: Canaanites

text: themselves

text: are

text: archeologically

text: attested

text: in

text: the

text: Middle

text: Bronze

text: Age

text: while

text: the

text: Hebrew

text: language

text: is

text: the

text: last

text: extant

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Canaanite

text: languages

text: In

text: the

text: Iron

text: Age

text: I

text: period

text: BCE

text: Israelite

text: culture

text: was

text: largely

text: Canaanite

text: in

text: nature

question: Which culture was largely Canaanite in nature?

answer: Israelite

text: Israelite

question: What is one of the Ancient Canaanite deities?

answer: Yahweh

text: Yahweh

question: The period of time from 1200 to 1000 BCE is known as what?

answer: Iron Age

text: Iron Age


text: Countering Krugman, Peter J. Wallison wrote: "It is not true that every bubble—even a large bubble—has the potential to cause a financial crisis when it deflates." Wallison notes that other developed countries had "large bubbles during the 1997–2007 period" but "the losses associated with mortgage delinquencies and defaults when these bubbles deflated were far lower than the losses suffered in the United States when the 1997–2007 [bubble] deflated." According to Wallison, the reason the U.S. residential housing bubble (as opposed to other types of bubbles) led to financial crisis was that it was supported by a huge number of substandard loans – generally with low or no downpayments.

title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

text: Countering

text: Krugman

text: Peter

text: J.

text: Wallison

text: wrote

text: It

text: is

text: not

text: true

text: that

text: every

text: bubble

text: even

text: a

text: large

text: bubble

text: has

text: the

text: potential

text: to

text: cause

text: a

text: financial

text: crisis

text: when

text: it

text: deflates

text: Wallison

text: notes

text: that

text: other

text: developed

text: countries

text: had

text: large

text: bubbles

text: during

text: the

text: period

text: but

text: the

text: losses

text: associated

text: with

text: mortgage

text: delinquencies

text: and

text: defaults

text: when

text: these

text: bubbles

text: deflated

text: were

text: far

text: lower

text: than

text: the

text: losses

text: suffered

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: when

text: the

text: bubble

text: deflated

text: According

text: to

text: Wallison

text: the

text: reason

text: the

text: U.S.

text: residential

text: housing

text: bubble

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: other

text: types

text: of

text: bubbles

text: led

text: to

text: financial

text: crisis

text: was

text: that

text: it

text: was

text: supported

text: by

text: a

text: huge

text: number

text: of

text: substandard

text: loans

text: generally

text: with

text: low

text: or

text: no

text: downpayments

question: Peter J. Wallison believes that the huge number of these loans led to the financial crisis?

answer: substandard

text: substandard

question: What type downpayments do substandard loans generally have?

answer: low or no downpayments

text: low or no downpayments

question: According to Peter J. Wallison, why did the U.S. residential housing bubble led to financial crisis?

answer: it was supported by a huge number of substandard loans

text: it was supported by a huge number of substandard loans

question: Other countries had large residential housing bubbles that deflated during what years?

answer: 1997–2007

question: Peter J. Wallison's conclusions regarding the financial crisis are not in agreement with this economist's views?

answer: Krugman

text: Krugman


text: Between the 8th and 18th centuries, the use of glazed ceramics was prevalent in Islamic art, usually assuming the form of elaborate pottery. Tin-opacified glazing was one of the earliest new technologies developed by the Islamic potters. The first Islamic opaque glazes can be found as blue-painted ware in Basra, dating to around the 8th century. Another contribution was the development of stone-paste ceramics, originating from 9th century Iraq. Other centers for innovative ceramic pottery in the Old world included Fustat (from 975 to 1075), Damascus (from 1100 to around 1600) and Tabriz (from 1470 to 1550).

title: Muslim_world

title: Muslim_world

text: Between

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: glazed

text: ceramics

text: was

text: prevalent

text: in

text: Islamic

text: art

text: usually

text: assuming

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: elaborate

text: pottery

text: Tin

text: opacified

text: glazing

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: earliest

text: new

text: technologies

text: developed

text: by

text: the

text: Islamic

text: potters

text: The

text: first

text: Islamic

text: opaque

text: glazes

text: can

text: be

text: found

text: as

text: blue

text: painted

text: ware

text: in

text: Basra

text: dating

text: to

text: around

text: the

text: century

text: Another

text: contribution

text: was

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: stone

text: paste

text: ceramics

text: originating

text: from

text: century

text: Iraq

text: Other

text: centers

text: for

text: innovative

text: ceramic

text: pottery

text: in

text: the

text: Old

text: world

text: included

text: Fustat

text: from

text: to

text: Damascus

text: from

text: to

text: around

text: and

text: Tabriz

text: from

text: to

question: What type of ceramic art was popular from the 8th to the 18th century in the art of Islam?

answer: glazed ceramics

text: glazed ceramics

question: Which ceramic glazing was developed by those potters which were Islamic?

answer: Tin-opacified glazing

text: Tin-opacified glazing

question: Where would one find the earliest examples of opaque glazes in the Muslim world?

answer: Basra

text: Basra

question: Around when were the first opaque glazes developed?

answer: 8th century

text: 8th century

question: Where were stone-paste ceramics invented?

answer: 9th century Iraq

text: 9th century Iraq


text: The success of the British Commandos during World War II prompted U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt to authorize the creation of an intelligence service modeled after the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6), and Special Operations Executive. This led to the creation of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS). On September 20, 1945, shortly after the end of World War II, Harry S. Truman signed an executive order dissolving the OSS, and by October 1945 its functions had been divided between the Departments of State and War. The division lasted only a few months. The first public mention of the "Central Intelligence Agency" appeared on a command-restructuring proposal presented by Jim Forrestal and Arthur Radford to the U.S. Senate Military Affairs Committee at the end of 1945. Despite opposition from the military establishment, the United States Department of State and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Truman established the National Intelligence Authority in January 1946, which was the direct predecessor of the CIA. Its operational extension was known as the Central Intelligence Group (CIG)

title: Central_Intelligence_Agency

title: Central_Intelligence_Agency

text: The

text: success

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: Commandos

text: during

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: prompted

text: U.S.

text: President

text: Franklin

text: D.

text: Roosevelt

text: to

text: authorize

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: an

text: intelligence

text: service

text: modeled

text: after

text: the

text: British

text: Secret

text: Intelligence

text: Service

text: and

text: Special

text: Operations

text: Executive

text: This

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: the

text: Office

text: of

text: Strategic

text: Services

text: OSS

text: On

text: September

text: shortly

text: after

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: Harry

text: S.

text: Truman

text: signed

text: an

text: executive

text: order

text: dissolving

text: the

text: OSS

text: and

text: by

text: October

text: its

text: functions

text: had

text: been

text: divided

text: between

text: the

text: Departments

text: of

text: State

text: and

text: War

text: The

text: division

text: lasted

text: only

text: a

text: few

text: months

text: The

text: first

text: public

text: mention

text: of

text: the

text: Central

text: Intelligence

text: Agency

text: appeared

text: on

text: a

text: command

text: restructuring

text: proposal

text: presented

text: by

text: Jim

text: Forrestal

text: and

text: Arthur

text: Radford

text: to

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Senate

text: Military

text: Affairs

text: Committee

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: Despite

text: opposition

text: from

text: the

text: military

text: establishment

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Department

text: of

text: State

text: and

text: the

text: Federal

text: Bureau

text: of

text: Investigation

text: FBI

text: Truman

text: established

text: the

text: National

text: Intelligence

text: Authority

text: in

text: January

text: which

text: was

text: the

text: direct

text: predecessor

text: of

text: the

text: CIA

text: Its

text: operational

text: extension

text: was

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Central

text: Intelligence

text: Group

text: CIG

question: What president authorized the creation of the intelligence service?

answer: Franklin D. Roosevelt

text: Franklin D. Roosevelt

question: Who's secret intelligence service was the US's modeled after?

answer: British

text: British

question: What does OSS stand for?

answer: Office of Strategic Services

text: Office of Strategic Services

question: Who signed the order to get rid of the OSS?

answer: Harry S. Truman

text: Harry S. Truman

question: In what year was the OSS dissolved?

answer: 1945


text: The term hardware covers all of those parts of a computer that are tangible objects. Circuits, displays, power supplies, cables, keyboards, printers and mice are all hardware.

title: Computer

title: Computer

text: The

text: term

text: hardware

text: covers

text: all

text: of

text: those

text: parts

text: of

text: a

text: computer

text: that

text: are

text: tangible

text: objects

text: Circuits

text: displays

text: power

text: supplies

text: cables

text: keyboards

text: printers

text: and

text: mice

text: are

text: all

text: hardware

question: Parts of a computer that are real objects are collectively known as what?

answer: hardware

text: hardware


text: The Great Plains come to an abrupt end at the Rocky Mountains. The Rocky Mountains form a large portion of the Western U.S., entering from Canada and stretching nearly to Mexico. The Rocky Mountain region is the highest region of the United States by average elevation. The Rocky Mountains generally contain fairly mild slopes and wider peaks compared to some of the other great mountain ranges, with a few exceptions (such as the Teton Mountains in Wyoming and the Sawatch Range in Colorado). The highest peaks of the Rockies are found in Colorado, the tallest peak being Mount Elbert at 14,440 ft (4,400 m). The Rocky Mountains contain some of the most spectacular, and well known scenery in the world. In addition, instead of being one generally continuous and solid mountain range, it is broken up into a number of smaller, intermittent mountain ranges, forming a large series of basins and valleys.

title: Geography_of_the_United_States

title: Geography_of_the_United_States

text: The

text: Great

text: Plains

text: come

text: to

text: an

text: abrupt

text: end

text: at

text: the

text: Rocky

text: Mountains

text: The

text: Rocky

text: Mountains

text: form

text: a

text: large

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: Western

text: U.S.

text: entering

text: from

text: Canada

text: and

text: stretching

text: nearly

text: to

text: Mexico

text: The

text: Rocky

text: Mountain

text: region

text: is

text: the

text: highest

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: by

text: average

text: elevation

text: The

text: Rocky

text: Mountains

text: generally

text: contain

text: fairly

text: mild

text: slopes

text: and

text: wider

text: peaks

text: compared

text: to

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: other

text: great

text: mountain

text: ranges

text: with

text: a

text: few

text: exceptions

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Teton

text: Mountains

text: in

text: Wyoming

text: and

text: the

text: Sawatch

text: Range

text: in

text: Colorado

text: The

text: highest

text: peaks

text: of

text: the

text: Rockies

text: are

text: found

text: in

text: Colorado

text: the

text: tallest

text: peak

text: being

text: Mount

text: Elbert

text: at

text: ft

text: m

text: The

text: Rocky

text: Mountains

text: contain

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: spectacular

text: and

text: well

text: known

text: scenery

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: In

text: addition

text: instead

text: of

text: being

text: one

text: generally

text: continuous

text: and

text: solid

text: mountain

text: range

text: it

text: is

text: broken

text: up

text: into

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: smaller

text: intermittent

text: mountain

text: ranges

text: forming

text: a

text: large

text: series

text: of

text: basins

text: and

text: valleys

question: Which northern country do the Rocky Mountains begin at?

answer: Canada

text: Canada

question: Which northern country do the Rocky Mountains terminate at?

answer: Mexico

text: Mexico

question: In the US, which region is the highest by elevation?

answer: The Rocky Mountain

text: The Rocky Mountain

question: In which state are the highest peaks of the Rocky Mountains found?

answer: Colorado

text: Colorado


text: On October 3, 2010, Public Safety Canada unveiled Canada’s Cyber Security Strategy, following a Speech from the Throne commitment to boost the security of Canadian cyberspace. The aim of the strategy is to strengthen Canada’s "cyber systems and critical infrastructure sectors, support economic growth and protect Canadians as they connect to each other and to the world." Three main pillars define the strategy: securing government systems, partnering to secure vital cyber systems outside the federal government, and helping Canadians to be secure online. The strategy involves multiple departments and agencies across the Government of Canada. The Cyber Incident Management Framework for Canada outlines these responsibilities, and provides a plan for coordinated response between government and other partners in the event of a cyber incident. The Action Plan 2010–2015 for Canada's Cyber Security Strategy outlines the ongoing implementation of the strategy.

title: Computer_security

title: Computer_security

text: On

text: October

text: Public

text: Safety

text: Canada

text: unveiled

text: Canada

text: ’s

text: Cyber

text: Security

text: Strategy

text: following

text: a

text: Speech

text: from

text: the

text: Throne

text: commitment

text: to

text: boost

text: the

text: security

text: of

text: Canadian

text: cyberspace

text: The

text: aim

text: of

text: the

text: strategy

text: is

text: to

text: strengthen

text: Canada

text: ’s

text: cyber

text: systems

text: and

text: critical

text: infrastructure

text: sectors

text: support

text: economic

text: growth

text: and

text: protect

text: Canadians

text: as

text: they

text: connect

text: to

text: each

text: other

text: and

text: to

text: the

text: world

text: Three

text: main

text: pillars

text: define

text: the

text: strategy

text: securing

text: government

text: systems

text: partnering

text: to

text: secure

text: vital

text: cyber

text: systems

text: outside

text: the

text: federal

text: government

text: and

text: helping

text: Canadians

text: to

text: be

text: secure

text: online

text: The

text: strategy

text: involves

text: multiple

text: departments

text: and

text: agencies

text: across

text: the

text: Government

text: of

text: Canada

text: The

text: Cyber

text: Incident

text: Management

text: Framework

text: for

text: Canada

text: outlines

text: these

text: responsibilities

text: and

text: provides

text: a

text: plan

text: for

text: coordinated

text: response

text: between

text: government

text: and

text: other

text: partners

text: in

text: the

text: event

text: of

text: a

text: cyber

text: incident

text: The

text: Action

text: Plan

text: for

text: Canada

text: 's

text: Cyber

text: Security

text: Strategy

text: outlines

text: the

text: ongoing

text: implementation

text: of

text: the

text: strategy

question: When did Public Safety Canada unveil Canada's Cyber Security Strategy?

answer: October 3, 2010

text: October 3, 2010

question: What outlines the ongoing implementation of the Cyber Security Strategy?

answer: The Action Plan 2010–2015 for Canada's Cyber Security Strategy

text: The Action Plan 2010–2015 for Canada's Cyber Security Strategy

question: What outlines the responsibilities and provides a plan for coordination during a cyber incident?

answer: The Cyber Incident Management Framework for Canada

text: The Cyber Incident Management Framework for Canada


text: Irish, Italians, Polish, Germans, English, and Greeks are the largest ethnic European groups in the city. Philadelphia has the second-largest Irish and Italian populations in the United States, after New York City. South Philadelphia remains one of the largest Italian neighborhoods in the country and is home to the Italian Market. The Pennsport neighborhood and Gray's Ferry section of South Philadelphia, home to many Mummer clubs, are well known as Irish neighborhoods. The Kensington section, Port Richmond, and Fishtown have historically been heavily Irish and Polish. Port Richmond is well known in particular as the center of the Polish immigrant and Polish-American community in Philadelphia, and it remains a common destination for Polish immigrants. Northeast Philadelphia, although known for its Irish and Irish-American population, is also home to a large Jewish and Russian population. Mount Airy in Northwest Philadelphia also contains a large Jewish community, while nearby Chestnut Hill is historically known as an Anglo-Saxon Protestant stronghold.

title: Philadelphia

title: Philadelphia

text: Irish

text: Italians

text: Polish

text: Germans

text: English

text: and

text: Greeks

text: are

text: the

text: largest

text: ethnic

text: European

text: groups

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: Philadelphia

text: has

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: Irish

text: and

text: Italian

text: populations

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: after

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: South

text: Philadelphia

text: remains

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: Italian

text: neighborhoods

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: and

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: the

text: Italian

text: Market

text: The

text: Pennsport

text: neighborhood

text: and

text: Gray

text: 's

text: Ferry

text: section

text: of

text: South

text: Philadelphia

text: home

text: to

text: many

text: Mummer

text: clubs

text: are

text: well

text: known

text: as

text: Irish

text: neighborhoods

text: The

text: Kensington

text: section

text: Port

text: Richmond

text: and

text: Fishtown

text: have

text: historically

text: been

text: heavily

text: Irish

text: and

text: Polish

text: Port

text: Richmond

text: is

text: well

text: known

text: in

text: particular

text: as

text: the

text: center

text: of

text: the

text: Polish

text: immigrant

text: and

text: Polish

text: American

text: community

text: in

text: Philadelphia

text: and

text: it

text: remains

text: a

text: common

text: destination

text: for

text: Polish

text: immigrants

text: Northeast

text: Philadelphia

text: although

text: known

text: for

text: its

text: Irish

text: and

text: Irish

text: American

text: population

text: is

text: also

text: home

text: to

text: a

text: large

text: Jewish

text: and

text: Russian

text: population

text: Mount

text: Airy

text: in

text: Northwest

text: Philadelphia

text: also

text: contains

text: a

text: large

text: Jewish

text: community

text: while

text: nearby

text: Chestnut

text: Hill

text: is

text: historically

text: known

text: as

text: an

text: Anglo

text: Saxon

text: Protestant

text: stronghold

question: Name the six largest European ethnic groups in the city?

answer: Irish, Italians, Polish, Germans, English, and Greeks

text: Irish, Italians, Polish, Germans, English, and Greeks

question: Which city has the largest Irish and Italian populations?

answer: New York City

text: New York City

question: What area of the city has a large Italian neighborhood?

answer: South Philadelphia

text: South Philadelphia

question: Which three areas are high in Irish and Polish?

answer: Kensington section, Port Richmond, and Fishtown

text: Kensington section, Port Richmond, and Fishtown

question: Which part of the city has a large Jewish area?

answer: Mount Airy

text: Mount Airy


text: Because sexual orientation is complex and multi-dimensional, some academics and researchers, especially in queer studies, have argued that it is a historical and social construction. In 1976, philosopher and historian Michel Foucault argued in The History of Sexuality that homosexuality as an identity did not exist in the eighteenth century; that people instead spoke of "sodomy," which referred to sexual acts. Sodomy was a crime that was often ignored, but sometimes punished severely (see sodomy law). He wrote, "'Sexuality' is an invention of the modern state, the industrial revolution, and capitalism."

title: Sexual_orientation

title: Sexual_orientation

text: Because

text: sexual

text: orientation

text: is

text: complex

text: and

text: multi

text: dimensional

text: some

text: academics

text: and

text: researchers

text: especially

text: in

text: queer

text: studies

text: have

text: argued

text: that

text: it

text: is

text: a

text: historical

text: and

text: social

text: construction

text: In

text: philosopher

text: and

text: historian

text: Michel

text: Foucault

text: argued

text: in

text: The

text: History

text: of

text: Sexuality

text: that

text: homosexuality

text: as

text: an

text: identity

text: did

text: not

text: exist

text: in

text: the

text: eighteenth

text: century

text: that

text: people

text: instead

text: spoke

text: of

text: sodomy

text: which

text: referred

text: to

text: sexual

text: acts

text: Sodomy

text: was

text: a

text: crime

text: that

text: was

text: often

text: ignored

text: but

text: sometimes

text: punished

text: severely

text: see

text: sodomy

text: law

text: He

text: wrote

text: Sexuality

text: is

text: an

text: invention

text: of

text: the

text: modern

text: state

text: the

text: industrial

text: revolution

text: and

text: capitalism

question: Why do researches in homosexual studies argued that it is a social and historical constuction?

answer: Because sexual orientation is complex and multi-dimensional

text: Because sexual orientation is complex and multi-dimensional

question: Which philosopher argued homosexuality did not exist as an idenity in the eighteenth century?

answer: Michel Foucault

text: Michel Foucault

question: In what year did Michel Foucalt publish The History Of Sexuality?

answer: 1976

question: What did he state was an invention of the modern state?

answer: 'Sexuality

text: 'Sexuality

question: What was a crime in the eighteenth century that could cause severe punishment but was mostly ignored?

answer: Sodomy

text: Sodomy


text: A common cause of software failure (real or perceived) is a lack of its compatibility with other application software, operating systems (or operating system versions, old or new), or target environments that differ greatly from the original (such as a terminal or GUI application intended to be run on the desktop now being required to become a web application, which must render in a web browser). For example, in the case of a lack of backward compatibility, this can occur because the programmers develop and test software only on the latest version of the target environment, which not all users may be running. This results in the unintended consequence that the latest work may not function on earlier versions of the target environment, or on older hardware that earlier versions of the target environment was capable of using. Sometimes such issues can be fixed by proactively abstracting operating system functionality into a separate program module or library.

title: Software_testing

title: Software_testing

text: A

text: common

text: cause

text: of

text: software

text: failure

text: real

text: or

text: perceived

text: is

text: a

text: lack

text: of

text: its

text: compatibility

text: with

text: other

text: application

text: software

text: operating

text: systems

text: or

text: operating

text: system

text: versions

text: old

text: or

text: new

text: or

text: target

text: environments

text: that

text: differ

text: greatly

text: from

text: the

text: original

text: such

text: as

text: a

text: terminal

text: or

text: GUI

text: application

text: intended

text: to

text: be

text: run

text: on

text: the

text: desktop

text: now

text: being

text: required

text: to

text: become

text: a

text: web

text: application

text: which

text: must

text: render

text: in

text: a

text: web

text: browser

text: For

text: example

text: in

text: the

text: case

text: of

text: a

text: lack

text: of

text: backward

text: compatibility

text: this

text: can

text: occur

text: because

text: the

text: programmers

text: develop

text: and

text: test

text: software

text: only

text: on

text: the

text: latest

text: version

text: of

text: the

text: target

text: environment

text: which

text: not

text: all

text: users

text: may

text: be

text: running

text: This

text: results

text: in

text: the

text: unintended

text: consequence

text: that

text: the

text: latest

text: work

text: may

text: not

text: function

text: on

text: earlier

text: versions

text: of

text: the

text: target

text: environment

text: or

text: on

text: older

text: hardware

text: that

text: earlier

text: versions

text: of

text: the

text: target

text: environment

text: was

text: capable

text: of

text: using

text: Sometimes

text: such

text: issues

text: can

text: be

text: fixed

text: by

text: proactively

text: abstracting

text: operating

text: system

text: functionality

text: into

text: a

text: separate

text: program

text: module

text: or

text: library

question: What is the most common reason for software failure?

answer: compatibility with other application software

text: compatibility with other application software

question: What do developers commonly do when creating software that can lead to failures?

answer: lack of backward compatibility

text: lack of backward compatibility

question: What is the most common cause for software failure?

answer: lack of its compatibility with other application software

text: lack of its compatibility with other application software

question: What often lacks in software developed when its released that can eventually lead to errors?

answer: a lack of backward compatibility

text: a lack of backward compatibility

question: What does backwards compatibility always seem to be the cause of errors and bugs after a release?

answer: test software only on the latest version of the target environment

text: test software only on the latest version of the target environment


text: According to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a part. For Alberti, the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealised human figure, the Golden mean. The most important aspect of beauty was therefore an inherent part of an object, rather than something applied superficially; and was based on universal, recognisable truths. The notion of style in the arts was not developed until the 16th century, with the writing of Vasari: by the 18th century, his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects had been translated into Italian, French, Spanish and English.

title: Architecture

title: Architecture

text: According

text: to

text: Vitruvius

text: the

text: architect

text: should

text: strive

text: to

text: fulfill

text: each

text: of

text: these

text: three

text: attributes

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: possible

text: Leon

text: Battista

text: Alberti

text: who

text: elaborates

text: on

text: the

text: ideas

text: of

text: Vitruvius

text: in

text: his

text: treatise

text: De

text: Re

text: Aedificatoria

text: saw

text: beauty

text: primarily

text: as

text: a

text: matter

text: of

text: proportion

text: although

text: ornament

text: also

text: played

text: a

text: part

text: For

text: Alberti

text: the

text: rules

text: of

text: proportion

text: were

text: those

text: that

text: governed

text: the

text: idealised

text: human

text: figure

text: the

text: Golden

text: mean

text: The

text: most

text: important

text: aspect

text: of

text: beauty

text: was

text: therefore

text: an

text: inherent

text: part

text: of

text: an

text: object

text: rather

text: than

text: something

text: applied

text: superficially

text: and

text: was

text: based

text: on

text: universal

text: recognisable

text: truths

text: The

text: notion

text: of

text: style

text: in

text: the

text: arts

text: was

text: not

text: developed

text: until

text: the

text: century

text: with

text: the

text: writing

text: of

text: Vasari

text: by

text: the

text: century

text: his

text: Lives

text: of

text: the

text: Most

text: Excellent

text: Painters

text: Sculptors

text: and

text: Architects

text: had

text: been

text: translated

text: into

text: Italian

text: French

text: Spanish

text: and

text: English

question: When were the styles of arts created?

answer: 16th century

text: 16th century

question: Who wrote Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects?

answer: Vasari

text: Vasari

question: By the 18th century which languages was Vasaris book translated in?

answer: Italian, French, Spanish and English

text: Italian, French, Spanish and English

question: In Vitruvius's mind, whose responsibility was it to see the principles carried out?

answer: architect

text: architect

question: Who wrote De Re Aedificatoria?

answer: Leon Battista Alberti

text: Leon Battista Alberti

question: What did Leon Battista Alberti consider most important for beauty?

answer: proportion

text: proportion

question: What ideal proportion did Alberti promote?

answer: the Golden mean

text: the Golden mean

question: In what century did "style" as an artistic concept arise?

answer: 16th


text: The state has the 12th-largest state economy in Mexico, accounting for 2.7% of the country’s GDP. Chihuahua has the fifth highest manufacturing GDP in Mexico and ranks second for the most factories funded by foreign investment in the country. As of 2011[update], the state had an estimated 396 billion pesos (31.1 billion dollars) of annual GDP. According to official federal statistical studies, the service sector accounted for the largest portion of the state economy at 59.28%; the manufacturing and industrial sector is estimated to account for 34.36% of the state's GDP, with the agricultural sector accounting for 6.36% of the state's GDP. Manufacturing sector was the principal foreign investment in the state followed by the mining sector. In 2011, the state received approximately 884 million dollars in remittances from the United States, which was 4.5% of all remittances from the United States to Mexico.

title: Chihuahua_(state)

title: Chihuahua_(state

text: The

text: state

text: has

text: the

text: largest

text: state

text: economy

text: in

text: Mexico

text: accounting

text: for

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: ’s

text: GDP

text: Chihuahua

text: has

text: the

text: fifth

text: highest

text: manufacturing

text: GDP

text: in

text: Mexico

text: and

text: ranks

text: second

text: for

text: the

text: most

text: factories

text: funded

text: by

text: foreign

text: investment

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: As

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: had

text: an

text: estimated

text: billion

text: pesos

text: billion

text: dollars

text: of

text: annual

text: GDP

text: According

text: to

text: official

text: federal

text: statistical

text: studies

text: the

text: service

text: sector

text: accounted

text: for

text: the

text: largest

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: economy

text: at

text: the

text: manufacturing

text: and

text: industrial

text: sector

text: is

text: estimated

text: to

text: account

text: for

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: 's

text: GDP

text: with

text: the

text: agricultural

text: sector

text: accounting

text: for

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: 's

text: GDP

text: Manufacturing

text: sector

text: was

text: the

text: principal

text: foreign

text: investment

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: followed

text: by

text: the

text: mining

text: sector

text: In

text: the

text: state

text: received

text: approximately

text: million

text: dollars

text: in

text: remittances

text: from

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: which

text: was

text: of

text: all

text: remittances

text: from

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: to

text: Mexico

question: The state's economy ranks in what place in the country Mexico

answer: 12th-largest

question: What was the GDP of the state as of 2011?

answer: 396 billion pesos

text: 396 billion pesos

question: Which sector was the largest portion of the economy?

answer: service sector

text: service sector

question: Which sector was the second largest?

answer: the manufacturing and industrial sector

text: the manufacturing and industrial sector

question: The state received how much in remittances from the U.S. in 2011?

answer: 884 million dollars

text: 884 million dollars


text: The early Qing military was rooted in the Eight Banners first developed by Nurhaci to organize Jurchen society beyond petty clan affiliations. There were eight banners in all, differentiated by color. The yellow, bordered yellow, and white banners were known as the "Upper Three Banners" and were under the direct command of the emperor. Only Manchus belonging to the Upper Three Banners, and selected Han Chinese who had passed the highest level of martial exams could serve as the emperor's personal bodyguards. The remaining Banners were known as the "Lower Five Banners." They were commanded by hereditary Manchu princes descended from Nurhachi's immediate family, known informally as the "Iron cap princes". Together they formed the ruling council of the Manchu nation as well as high command of the army. Nurhachi's son Hong Taiji expanded the system to include mirrored Mongol and Han Banners. After capturing Beijing in 1644, the relatively small Banner armies were further augmented by the Green Standard Army, made up of those Ming troops who had surrendered to the Qing, which eventually outnumbered Banner troops three to one. They maintained their Ming era organization and were led by a mix of Banner and Green Standard officers.[citation needed]

title: Qing_dynasty

title: Qing_dynasty

text: The

text: early

text: Qing

text: military

text: was

text: rooted

text: in

text: the

text: Eight

text: Banners

text: first

text: developed

text: by

text: Nurhaci

text: to

text: organize

text: Jurchen

text: society

text: beyond

text: petty

text: clan

text: affiliations

text: There

text: were

text: eight

text: banners

text: in

text: all

text: differentiated

text: by

text: color

text: The

text: yellow

text: bordered

text: yellow

text: and

text: white

text: banners

text: were

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Upper

text: Three

text: Banners

text: and

text: were

text: under

text: the

text: direct

text: command

text: of

text: the

text: emperor

text: Only

text: Manchus

text: belonging

text: to

text: the

text: Upper

text: Three

text: Banners

text: and

text: selected

text: Han

text: Chinese

text: who

text: had

text: passed

text: the

text: highest

text: level

text: of

text: martial

text: exams

text: could

text: serve

text: as

text: the

text: emperor

text: 's

text: personal

text: bodyguards

text: The

text: remaining

text: Banners

text: were

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Lower

text: Five

text: Banners

text: They

text: were

text: commanded

text: by

text: hereditary

text: Manchu

text: princes

text: descended

text: from

text: Nurhachi

text: 's

text: immediate

text: family

text: known

text: informally

text: as

text: the

text: Iron

text: cap

text: princes

text: Together

text: they

text: formed

text: the

text: ruling

text: council

text: of

text: the

text: Manchu

text: nation

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: high

text: command

text: of

text: the

text: army

text: Nurhachi

text: 's

text: son

text: Hong

text: Taiji

text: expanded

text: the

text: system

text: to

text: include

text: mirrored

text: Mongol

text: and

text: Han

text: Banners

text: After

text: capturing

text: Beijing

text: in

text: the

text: relatively

text: small

text: Banner

text: armies

text: were

text: further

text: augmented

text: by

text: the

text: Green

text: Standard

text: Army

text: made

text: up

text: of

text: those

text: Ming

text: troops

text: who

text: had

text: surrendered

text: to

text: the

text: Qing

text: which

text: eventually

text: outnumbered

text: Banner

text: troops

text: three

text: to

text: one

text: They

text: maintained

text: their

text: Ming

text: era

text: organization

text: and

text: were

text: led

text: by

text: a

text: mix

text: of

text: Banner

text: and

text: Green

text: Standard

text: officers.[citation

text: needed

question: Who created the Eight Banners?

answer: Nurhaci

text: Nurhaci

question: How were the 8 banners recognized?

answer: color

text: color

question: What were the banners called that were under direct leadership of the emperor?

answer: Upper Three Banners

text: Upper Three Banners

question: What ethnicity made up the Upper Three Banners?

answer: Manchus

text: Manchus

question: What were the rest of the banners called?

answer: Lower Five Banners

text: Lower Five Banners


text: The total length of roads in Nepal is recorded to be (17,182 km (10,676 mi)), as of 2003–04. This fairly large network has helped the economic development of the country, particularly in the fields of agriculture, horticulture, vegetable farming, industry and also tourism. In view of the hilly terrain, transportation takes place in Kathmandu are mainly by road and air. Kathmandu is connected by the Tribhuvan Highway to the south, Prithvi Highway to the west and Araniko Highway to the north. The BP Highway, connecting Kathmandu to the eastern part of Nepal is under construction.

title: Kathmandu

title: Kathmandu

text: The

text: total

text: length

text: of

text: roads

text: in

text: Nepal

text: is

text: recorded

text: to

text: be

text: km

text: mi

text: as

text: of

text: This

text: fairly

text: large

text: network

text: has

text: helped

text: the

text: economic

text: development

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: particularly

text: in

text: the

text: fields

text: of

text: agriculture

text: horticulture

text: vegetable

text: farming

text: industry

text: and

text: also

text: tourism

text: In

text: view

text: of

text: the

text: hilly

text: terrain

text: transportation

text: takes

text: place

text: in

text: Kathmandu

text: are

text: mainly

text: by

text: road

text: and

text: air

text: Kathmandu

text: is

text: connected

text: by

text: the

text: Tribhuvan

text: Highway

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Prithvi

text: Highway

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: Araniko

text: Highway

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: The

text: BP

text: Highway

text: connecting

text: Kathmandu

text: to

text: the

text: eastern

text: part

text: of

text: Nepal

text: is

text: under

text: construction

question: As of 2004, how many kilometers of road existed in Nepal?

answer: 17,182

question: Why is travel in Kathmandu mainly via automobile or aircraft?

answer: hilly terrain

text: hilly terrain

question: What highway connecting Kathmandu to elsewhere in Nepal is currently being built?

answer: BP

text: BP

question: In what direction out of Kathmandu does the Prithvi Highway travel?

answer: west

text: west

question: If one wished to travel north out of Kathmandu, what highway would be used?

answer: Araniko

text: Araniko


text: On the other hand, I2a1b1 (P41.2) is typical of the South Slavic populations, being highest in Bosnia-Herzegovina (>50%). Haplogroup I2a2 is also commonly found in north-eastern Italians. There is also a high concentration of I2a2a in the Moldavian region of Romania, Moldova and western Ukraine. According to original studies, Hg I2a2 was believed to have arisen in the west Balkans sometime after the LGM, subsequently spreading from the Balkans through Central Russian Plain. Recently, Ken Nordtvedt has split I2a2 into two clades – N (northern) and S (southern), in relation where they arose compared to Danube river. He proposes that N is slightly older than S. He recalculated the age of I2a2 to be ~ 2550 years and proposed that the current distribution is explained by a Slavic expansion from the area north-east of the Carpathians.

title: Slavs

title: Slavs

text: On

text: the

text: other

text: hand

text: is

text: typical

text: of

text: the

text: South

text: Slavic

text: populations

text: being

text: highest

text: in

text: Bosnia

text: Herzegovina

text: Haplogroup

text: is

text: also

text: commonly

text: found

text: in

text: north

text: eastern

text: Italians

text: There

text: is

text: also

text: a

text: high

text: concentration

text: of

text: in

text: the

text: Moldavian

text: region

text: of

text: Romania

text: Moldova

text: and

text: western

text: Ukraine

text: According

text: to

text: original

text: studies

text: Hg

text: was

text: believed

text: to

text: have

text: arisen

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: Balkans

text: sometime

text: after

text: the

text: LGM

text: subsequently

text: spreading

text: from

text: the

text: Balkans

text: through

text: Central

text: Russian

text: Plain

text: Recently

text: Ken

text: Nordtvedt

text: has

text: split

text: into

text: two

text: clades

text: N

text: northern

text: and

text: S

text: southern

text: in

text: relation

text: where

text: they

text: arose

text: compared

text: to

text: Danube

text: river

text: He

text: proposes

text: that

text: N

text: is

text: slightly

text: older

text: than

text: S.

text: He

text: recalculated

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: to

text: be

text: years

text: and

text: proposed

text: that

text: the

text: current

text: distribution

text: is

text: explained

text: by

text: a

text: Slavic

text: expansion

text: from

text: the

text: area

text: north

text: east

text: of

text: the

text: Carpathians

question: I2a1b1 is typical of what populations?

answer: South Slavic populations

text: South Slavic populations

question: I2a1b1 is found being highest where?

answer: Bosnia-Herzegovina

text: Bosnia-Herzegovina

question: Haplogroup I2a2 is commonly found in what group of people?

answer: north-eastern Italians

text: north-eastern Italians

question: Hg I2a2 was believed to have arisen where?

answer: west Balkans

text: west Balkans

question: Who has split I2a2 into two clades?

answer: Ken Nordtvedt

text: Ken Nordtvedt


text: The United States took control of the island in the 1898 Spanish–American War, as part of the Treaty of Paris. Guam was transferred to U.S. Navy control on 23 December 1898 by Executive Order 108-A. Guam came to serve as a station for American ships traveling to and from the Philippines, while the Northern Mariana Islands passed to Germany, and then to Japan. A U.S. Navy yard was established at Piti in 1899, and a marine barracks at Sumay in 1901.:13 Following the Philippine–American War, Emilio Aguinaldo and Apolinario Mabini were exiled on Guam in 1901.:vi

title: Guam

title: Guam

text: The

text: United

text: States

text: took

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: in

text: the

text: Spanish

text: American

text: War

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Paris

text: Guam

text: was

text: transferred

text: to

text: U.S.

text: Navy

text: control

text: on

text: December

text: by

text: Executive

text: Order

text: Guam

text: came

text: to

text: serve

text: as

text: a

text: station

text: for

text: American

text: ships

text: traveling

text: to

text: and

text: from

text: the

text: Philippines

text: while

text: the

text: Northern

text: Mariana

text: Islands

text: passed

text: to

text: Germany

text: and

text: then

text: to

text: Japan

text: A

text: U.S.

text: Navy

text: yard

text: was

text: established

text: at

text: Piti

text: in

text: and

text: a

text: marine

text: barracks

text: at

text: Sumay

text: in

text: Following

text: the

text: Philippine

text: American

text: War

text: Emilio

text: Aguinaldo

text: and

text: Apolinario

text: Mabini

text: were

text: exiled

text: on

text: Guam

text: in

question: When did the United States take control of the island?

answer: 1898

question: What happened that allowed the United States to have Guam?

answer: Spanish–American War

text: Spanish–American War

question: What is the name of the executive order that transferred Guam over to the U.S?

answer: 108-A

question: Which two people were exiled to Guam after the Philippine-American war?

answer: Emilio Aguinaldo and Apolinario Mabini

text: Emilio Aguinaldo and Apolinario Mabini


text: The Reconquista of Portugal and Spain led to a series of oceanic explorations resulting in the Age of Discovery that established direct links with Africa, the Americas, and Asia, while religious wars continued to be fought in Europe, which ended in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia. The Spanish crown maintained its hegemony in Europe and was the leading power on the continent until the signing of the Treaty of the Pyrenees, which ended a conflict between Spain and France that had begun during the Thirty Years' War. An unprecedented series of major wars and political revolutions took place around Europe and indeed the world in the period between 1610 and 1700. Observers at the time, and many historians since, have argued that wars caused the revolutions. Galileo Galilei, invented the telescope and the thermometer which allowed him to observe and describe the solar system. Leonardo da Vinci painted the most famous work in the world. Guglielmo Marconi invented the radio.

title: Southern_Europe

title: Southern_Europe

text: The

text: Reconquista

text: of

text: Portugal

text: and

text: Spain

text: led

text: to

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: oceanic

text: explorations

text: resulting

text: in

text: the

text: Age

text: of

text: Discovery

text: that

text: established

text: direct

text: links

text: with

text: Africa

text: the

text: Americas

text: and

text: Asia

text: while

text: religious

text: wars

text: continued

text: to

text: be

text: fought

text: in

text: Europe

text: which

text: ended

text: in

text: with

text: the

text: Peace

text: of

text: Westphalia

text: The

text: Spanish

text: crown

text: maintained

text: its

text: hegemony

text: in

text: Europe

text: and

text: was

text: the

text: leading

text: power

text: on

text: the

text: continent

text: until

text: the

text: signing

text: of

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: the

text: Pyrenees

text: which

text: ended

text: a

text: conflict

text: between

text: Spain

text: and

text: France

text: that

text: had

text: begun

text: during

text: the

text: Thirty

text: Years

text: War

text: An

text: unprecedented

text: series

text: of

text: major

text: wars

text: and

text: political

text: revolutions

text: took

text: place

text: around

text: Europe

text: and

text: indeed

text: the

text: world

text: in

text: the

text: period

text: between

text: and

text: Observers

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: and

text: many

text: historians

text: since

text: have

text: argued

text: that

text: wars

text: caused

text: the

text: revolutions

text: Galileo

text: Galilei

text: invented

text: the

text: telescope

text: and

text: the

text: thermometer

text: which

text: allowed

text: him

text: to

text: observe

text: and

text: describe

text: the

text: solar

text: system

text: Leonardo

text: da

text: Vinci

text: painted

text: the

text: most

text: famous

text: work

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: Guglielmo

text: Marconi

text: invented

text: the

text: radio

question: Which countries initiated the Age of Exploration following the Reconquista?

answer: Portugal and Spain

text: Portugal and Spain

question: When did religious conflict end in Europe?

answer: 1648

question: Between which two nations was the Treaty of the Pyrenees signed?

answer: Spain and France

text: Spain and France

question: Which scientist developed a means of viewing space?

answer: Galileo Galilei

text: Galileo Galilei

question: Who was responsible for creating the first radio?

answer: Guglielmo Marconi

text: Guglielmo Marconi


text: The origins of the people of Tuvalu are addressed in the theories regarding migration into the Pacific that began about 3000 years ago. During pre-European-contact times there was frequent canoe voyaging between the nearer islands including Samoa and Tonga. Eight of the nine islands of Tuvalu were inhabited; thus the name, Tuvalu, means "eight standing together" in Tuvaluan (compare to *walo meaning "eight" in Proto-Austronesian). Possible evidence of fire in the Caves of Nanumanga may indicate human occupation for thousands of years.

title: Tuvalu

title: Tuvalu

text: The

text: origins

text: of

text: the

text: people

text: of

text: Tuvalu

text: are

text: addressed

text: in

text: the

text: theories

text: regarding

text: migration

text: into

text: the

text: Pacific

text: that

text: began

text: about

text: years

text: ago

text: During

text: pre

text: European

text: contact

text: times

text: there

text: was

text: frequent

text: canoe

text: voyaging

text: between

text: the

text: nearer

text: islands

text: including

text: Samoa

text: and

text: Tonga

text: Eight

text: of

text: the

text: nine

text: islands

text: of

text: Tuvalu

text: were

text: inhabited

text: thus

text: the

text: name

text: Tuvalu

text: means

text: eight

text: standing

text: together

text: in

text: Tuvaluan

text: compare

text: to

text: walo

text: meaning

text: eight

text: in

text: Proto

text: Austronesian

text: Possible

text: evidence

text: of

text: fire

text: in

text: the

text: Caves

text: of

text: Nanumanga

text: may

text: indicate

text: human

text: occupation

text: for

text: thousands

text: of

text: years

question: How many years ago did migrations of people happen in the Pacific area?

answer: 3000 years

text: 3000 years

question: By what means did locale people travel between Pacific islands?

answer: canoe

text: canoe

question: How many islands are in the Tuvalu group?

answer: nine islands

text: nine islands

question: On how many of Tuvalu's islands did people live?

answer: Eight

text: Eight

question: What is the native language meaning of Tuvalu?

answer: eight standing together

text: eight standing together


text: In the United States, non-Caucasian LGBT individuals may find themselves in a double minority, where they are neither fully accepted or understood by mainly Caucasian LGBT communities, nor are they accepted by their own ethnic group. Many people experience racism in the dominant LGBT community where racial stereotypes merge with gender stereotypes, such that Asian-American LGBTs are viewed as more passive and feminine, while African-American LGBTs are viewed as more masculine and aggressive. There are a number of culturally specific support networks for LGBT individuals active in the United States. For example, "Ô-Môi" for Vietnamese American queer females.

title: Sexual_orientation

title: Sexual_orientation

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: non

text: Caucasian

text: LGBT

text: individuals

text: may

text: find

text: themselves

text: in

text: a

text: double

text: minority

text: where

text: they

text: are

text: neither

text: fully

text: accepted

text: or

text: understood

text: by

text: mainly

text: Caucasian

text: LGBT

text: communities

text: nor

text: are

text: they

text: accepted

text: by

text: their

text: own

text: ethnic

text: group

text: Many

text: people

text: experience

text: racism

text: in

text: the

text: dominant

text: LGBT

text: community

text: where

text: racial

text: stereotypes

text: merge

text: with

text: gender

text: stereotypes

text: such

text: that

text: Asian

text: American

text: LGBTs

text: are

text: viewed

text: as

text: more

text: passive

text: and

text: feminine

text: while

text: African

text: American

text: LGBTs

text: are

text: viewed

text: as

text: more

text: masculine

text: and

text: aggressive

text: There

text: are

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: culturally

text: specific

text: support

text: networks

text: for

text: LGBT

text: individuals

text: active

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: For

text: example

text: Ô

text: Môi

text: for

text: Vietnamese

text: American

text: queer

text: females

question: Who is finding themselves in a double minority in the US?

answer: non-Caucasian LGBT

text: non-Caucasian LGBT

question: What is an example of a stereotype found in this double minority?

answer: Asian-American LGBTs are viewed as more passive and feminine

text: Asian-American LGBTs are viewed as more passive and feminine

question: What do the non-Caucasian LGBT experience?

answer: neither fully accepted or understood by mainly Caucasian LGBT communities, nor are they accepted by their own ethnic group

text: neither fully accepted or understood by mainly Caucasian LGBT communities, nor are they accepted by their own ethnic group

question: What is an example of a culturally specific support network?

answer: Ô-Môi" for Vietnamese American queer females.

text: Ô-Môi" for Vietnamese American queer females.

question: Where can lgbt people who are not white find themselves in the united states?

answer: in a double minority,

text: in a double minority,

question: What does it mean for the LGBT people who are in a double monority?

answer: they are neither fully accepted or understood by mainly Caucasian LGBT communities, nor are they accepted by their own ethnic group

text: they are neither fully accepted or understood by mainly Caucasian LGBT communities, nor are they accepted by their own ethnic group

question: What do many people in the dominant LGBT community face?

answer: racism

text: racism

question: Why is racism so bad in the non white LGBT community?

answer: racial stereotypes merge with gender stereotypes

text: racial stereotypes merge with gender stereotypes

question: What is the name of the Vietnamese American support network for the LGBT community?

answer: Ô-Môi

text: Ô-Môi


text: In philosophy, idealism is the group of philosophies which assert that reality, or reality as we can know it, is fundamentally mental, mentally constructed, or otherwise immaterial. Epistemologically, idealism manifests as a skepticism about the possibility of knowing any mind-independent thing. In a sociological sense, idealism emphasizes how human ideas—especially beliefs and values—shape society. As an ontological doctrine, idealism goes further, asserting that all entities are composed of mind or spirit. Idealism thus rejects physicalist and dualist theories that fail to ascribe priority to the mind.

title: Idealism

title: Idealism

text: In

text: philosophy

text: idealism

text: is

text: the

text: group

text: of

text: philosophies

text: which

text: assert

text: that

text: reality

text: or

text: reality

text: as

text: we

text: can

text: know

text: it

text: is

text: fundamentally

text: mental

text: mentally

text: constructed

text: or

text: otherwise

text: immaterial

text: Epistemologically

text: idealism

text: manifests

text: as

text: a

text: skepticism

text: about

text: the

text: possibility

text: of

text: knowing

text: any

text: mind

text: independent

text: thing

text: In

text: a

text: sociological

text: sense

text: idealism

text: emphasizes

text: how

text: human

text: ideas

text: especially

text: beliefs

text: and

text: values

text: shape

text: society

text: As

text: an

text: ontological

text: doctrine

text: idealism

text: goes

text: further

text: asserting

text: that

text: all

text: entities

text: are

text: composed

text: of

text: mind

text: or

text: spirit

text: Idealism

text: thus

text: rejects

text: physicalist

text: and

text: dualist

text: theories

text: that

text: fail

text: to

text: ascribe

text: priority

text: to

text: the

text: mind

question: What do idealist philosophies say is constructed in our minds?

answer: reality

text: reality

question: What types of things are idealist philosophies skeptical about?

answer: mind-independent

text: mind-independent

question: Along with physicalist theories, what theories is idealism in conflict with?

answer: dualist

text: dualist

question: In sociology, what sorts of ideas does idealism focus on?

answer: beliefs and values

text: beliefs and values


text: Replicated CDs are mass-produced initially using a hydraulic press. Small granules of heated raw polycarbonate plastic are fed into the press. A screw forces the liquefied plastic into the mold cavity. The mold closes with a metal stamper in contact with the disc surface. The plastic is allowed to cool and harden. Once opened, the disc substrate is removed from the mold by a robotic arm, and a 15 mm diameter center hole (called a stacking ring) is created. The time it takes to "stamp" one CD is usually two to three seconds.

title: Compact_disc

title: Compact_disc

text: Replicated

text: CDs

text: are

text: mass

text: produced

text: initially

text: using

text: a

text: hydraulic

text: press

text: Small

text: granules

text: of

text: heated

text: raw

text: polycarbonate

text: plastic

text: are

text: fed

text: into

text: the

text: press

text: A

text: screw

text: forces

text: the

text: liquefied

text: plastic

text: into

text: the

text: mold

text: cavity

text: The

text: mold

text: closes

text: with

text: a

text: metal

text: stamper

text: in

text: contact

text: with

text: the

text: disc

text: surface

text: The

text: plastic

text: is

text: allowed

text: to

text: cool

text: and

text: harden

text: Once

text: opened

text: the

text: disc

text: substrate

text: is

text: removed

text: from

text: the

text: mold

text: by

text: a

text: robotic

text: arm

text: and

text: a

text: mm

text: diameter

text: center

text: hole

text: called

text: a

text: stacking

text: ring

text: is

text: created

text: The

text: time

text: it

text: takes

text: to

text: stamp

text: one

text: CD

text: is

text: usually

text: two

text: to

text: three

text: seconds

question: How are CDs mass produced?

answer: hydraulic press

text: hydraulic press

question: What type of material is used to make CDs?

answer: raw polycarbonate plastic

text: raw polycarbonate plastic

question: What size is the diameter of the center hole in a CD?

answer: 15 mm

text: 15 mm

question: How long does it take to stamp out one CD?

answer: two to three seconds

text: two to three seconds

question: What is the term for the center hole in a CD?

answer: stacking ring

text: stacking ring


text: The territory of modern-day Mexico was home to numerous indigenous civilizations prior to the arrival of the Spanish conquistadores: The Olmecs, who flourished from between 1200 BCE to about 400 BCE in the coastal regions of the Gulf of Mexico; the Zapotecs and the Mixtecs, who held sway in the mountains of Oaxaca and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec; the Maya in the Yucatan (and into neighbouring areas of contemporary Central America); the Purépecha in present-day Michoacán and surrounding areas, and the Aztecs/Mexica, who, from their central capital at Tenochtitlan, dominated much of the centre and south of the country (and the non-Aztec inhabitants of those areas) when Hernán Cortés first landed at Veracruz.

title: Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

title: Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

text: The

text: territory

text: of

text: modern

text: day

text: Mexico

text: was

text: home

text: to

text: numerous

text: indigenous

text: civilizations

text: prior

text: to

text: the

text: arrival

text: of

text: the

text: Spanish

text: conquistadores

text: The

text: Olmecs

text: who

text: flourished

text: from

text: between

text: BCE

text: to

text: about

text: BCE

text: in

text: the

text: coastal

text: regions

text: of

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Mexico

text: the

text: Zapotecs

text: and

text: the

text: Mixtecs

text: who

text: held

text: sway

text: in

text: the

text: mountains

text: of

text: Oaxaca

text: and

text: the

text: Isthmus

text: of

text: Tehuantepec

text: the

text: Maya

text: in

text: the

text: Yucatan

text: and

text: into

text: neighbouring

text: areas

text: of

text: contemporary

text: Central

text: America

text: the

text: Purépecha

text: in

text: present

text: day

text: Michoacán

text: and

text: surrounding

text: areas

text: and

text: the

text: Aztecs

text: Mexica

text: who

text: from

text: their

text: central

text: capital

text: at

text: Tenochtitlan

text: dominated

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: centre

text: and

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: and

text: the

text: non

text: Aztec

text: inhabitants

text: of

text: those

text: areas

text: when

text: Hernán

text: Cortés

text: first

text: landed

text: at

text: Veracruz

question: What was Mexico home to prior to the arrival of the Spaniards?

answer: indigenous civilizations

text: indigenous civilizations

question: When did the Olmecs flourish?

answer: from between 1200 BCE to about 400 BCE

text: from between 1200 BCE to about 400 BCE

question: Who held sway in the mountains of Oaxaca?

answer: the Zapotecs and the Mixtecs

text: the Zapotecs and the Mixtecs

question: Who lived in the Yucatan?

answer: the Maya

text: the Maya

question: Where was the Aztec's central capital located?

answer: Tenochtitlan

text: Tenochtitlan


text: Interpreters have sometimes played crucial roles in history. A prime example is La Malinche, also known as Malintzin, Malinalli and Doña Marina, an early-16th-century Nahua woman from the Mexican Gulf Coast. As a child she had been sold or given to Maya slave-traders from Xicalango, and thus had become bilingual. Subsequently given along with other women to the invading Spaniards, she became instrumental in the Spanish conquest of Mexico, acting as interpreter, adviser, intermediary and lover to Hernán Cortés.

title: Translation

title: Translation

text: Interpreters

text: have

text: sometimes

text: played

text: crucial

text: roles

text: in

text: history

text: A

text: prime

text: example

text: is

text: La

text: Malinche

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Malintzin

text: Malinalli

text: and

text: Doña

text: Marina

text: an

text: century

text: Nahua

text: woman

text: from

text: the

text: Mexican

text: Gulf

text: Coast

text: As

text: a

text: child

text: she

text: had

text: been

text: sold

text: or

text: given

text: to

text: Maya

text: slave

text: traders

text: from

text: Xicalango

text: and

text: thus

text: had

text: become

text: bilingual

text: Subsequently

text: given

text: along

text: with

text: other

text: women

text: to

text: the

text: invading

text: Spaniards

text: she

text: became

text: instrumental

text: in

text: the

text: Spanish

text: conquest

text: of

text: Mexico

text: acting

text: as

text: interpreter

text: adviser

text: intermediary

text: and

text: lover

text: to

text: Hernán

text: Cortés

question: What roles have interpreters occasionally played in history?

answer: crucial

text: crucial

question: Where were the slave-traders La Malinche was sold or given to from?

answer: Xicalango

text: Xicalango

question: What region did La Malinche hail from?

answer: Mexican Gulf Coast

text: Mexican Gulf Coast

question: What was La Malinche essential to?

answer: Spanish conquest of Mexico

text: Spanish conquest of Mexico

question: In addition to being an interpreter and adviser, what function did La Malinche serve for Hernán Cortés?

answer: lover

text: lover


text: The Native American name controversy is an ongoing dispute over the acceptable ways to refer to the indigenous peoples of the Americas and to broad subsets thereof, such as those living in a specific country or sharing certain cultural attributes. When discussing broader subsets of peoples, naming may be based on shared language, region, or historical relationship. Many English exonyms have been used to refer to the indigenous peoples of the Americas. Some of these names were based on foreign-language terms used by earlier explorers and colonists, while others resulted from the colonists' attempt to translate endonyms from the native language into their own, and yet others were pejorative terms arising out of prejudice and fear, during periods of conflict.

title: Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

title: Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

text: The

text: Native

text: American

text: name

text: controversy

text: is

text: an

text: ongoing

text: dispute

text: over

text: the

text: acceptable

text: ways

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: the

text: indigenous

text: peoples

text: of

text: the

text: Americas

text: and

text: to

text: broad

text: subsets

text: thereof

text: such

text: as

text: those

text: living

text: in

text: a

text: specific

text: country

text: or

text: sharing

text: certain

text: cultural

text: attributes

text: When

text: discussing

text: broader

text: subsets

text: of

text: peoples

text: naming

text: may

text: be

text: based

text: on

text: shared

text: language

text: region

text: or

text: historical

text: relationship

text: Many

text: English

text: exonyms

text: have

text: been

text: used

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: the

text: indigenous

text: peoples

text: of

text: the

text: Americas

text: Some

text: of

text: these

text: names

text: were

text: based

text: on

text: foreign

text: language

text: terms

text: used

text: by

text: earlier

text: explorers

text: and

text: colonists

text: while

text: others

text: resulted

text: from

text: the

text: colonists

text: attempt

text: to

text: translate

text: endonyms

text: from

text: the

text: native

text: language

text: into

text: their

text: own

text: and

text: yet

text: others

text: were

text: pejorative

text: terms

text: arising

text: out

text: of

text: prejudice

text: and

text: fear

text: during

text: periods

text: of

text: conflict

question: What remains a controversy regarding how to refer to the indigenous peoples of the Americas?

answer: The Native American name

text: The Native American name

question: How may subsets of peoples be named?

answer: shared language, region, or historical relationship

text: shared language, region, or historical relationship

question: Many of what have been used to refer to the indigenous peoples of the Americas?

answer: English exonyms

text: English exonyms

question: Who used foreign language terms to give names to indigenous peoples?

answer: earlier explorers and colonists

text: earlier explorers and colonists

question: Why were pejorative terms sometimes used for the native populations?

answer: out of prejudice and fear

text: out of prejudice and fear


text: In what was to become a tradition, Clarkson performed the coronation song during the finale, and released the song immediately after the season ended. The single, "A Moment Like This", went on to break a 38-year-old record held by The Beatles for the biggest leap to number one on the Billboard Hot 100. Guarini did not release any song immediately after the show and remains the only runner-up not to do so. Both Clarkson and Guarini made a musical film, From Justin to Kelly, which was released in 2003 but was widely panned. Clarkson has since become the most successful Idol contestant internationally, with worldwide album sales of more than 23 million.

title: American_Idol

title: American_Idol

text: In

text: what

text: was

text: to

text: become

text: a

text: tradition

text: Clarkson

text: performed

text: the

text: coronation

text: song

text: during

text: the

text: finale

text: and

text: released

text: the

text: song

text: immediately

text: after

text: the

text: season

text: ended

text: The

text: single

text: A

text: Moment

text: Like

text: This

text: went

text: on

text: to

text: break

text: a

text: old

text: record

text: held

text: by

text: The

text: Beatles

text: for

text: the

text: biggest

text: leap

text: to

text: number

text: one

text: on

text: the

text: Billboard

text: Hot

text: Guarini

text: did

text: not

text: release

text: any

text: song

text: immediately

text: after

text: the

text: show

text: and

text: remains

text: the

text: only

text: runner

text: up

text: not

text: to

text: do

text: so

text: Both

text: Clarkson

text: and

text: Guarini

text: made

text: a

text: musical

text: film

text: From

text: Justin

text: to

text: Kelly

text: which

text: was

text: released

text: in

text: but

text: was

text: widely

text: panned

text: Clarkson

text: has

text: since

text: become

text: the

text: most

text: successful

text: Idol

text: contestant

text: internationally

text: with

text: worldwide

text: album

text: sales

text: of

text: more

text: than

text: million

question: What was the fist song released by Kelly Clarkson after winning American Idol?

answer: A Moment Like This

text: A Moment Like This

question: What film did Kelly Clarkson and Justin Guarini star in after they were on American Idol?

answer: From Justin to Kelly

text: From Justin to Kelly

question: How many albums has Kelly Clarkson sold around the world?

answer: more than 23 million

text: more than 23 million

question: What song did Kelly Clarkson perform during the finale?

answer: A Moment Like This

text: A Moment Like This

question: What did Clarkson sing during the finale?

answer: the coronation song

text: the coronation song

question: What was the name of the song?

answer: A Moment Like This

text: A Moment Like This

question: Which record did the song break, which was the biggest leap to the top of the Billboard charts?

answer: The Beatles

text: The Beatles

question: What was the name of the film that the two finalists made together?

answer: From Justin to Kelly

text: From Justin to Kelly

question: How many worldwide album sales has Kelly Clarkson had since winning Idol?

answer: more than 23 million

text: more than 23 million


text: From roughly 115 to 60 BC, Han forces fought the Xiongnu over control of the oasis city-states in the Tarim Basin. Han was eventually victorious and established the Protectorate of the Western Regions in 60 BC, which dealt with the region's defense and foreign affairs. The Han also expanded southward. The naval conquest of Nanyue in 111 BC expanded the Han realm into what are now modern Guangdong, Guangxi, and northern Vietnam. Yunnan was brought into the Han realm with the conquest of the Dian Kingdom in 109 BC, followed by parts of the Korean Peninsula with the colonial establishments of Xuantu Commandery and Lelang Commandery in 108 BC. In China's first known nationwide census taken in 2 AD, the population was registered as having 57,671,400 individuals in 12,366,470 households.

title: Han_dynasty

title: Han_dynasty

text: From

text: roughly

text: to

text: BC

text: Han

text: forces

text: fought

text: the

text: Xiongnu

text: over

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: oasis

text: city

text: states

text: in

text: the

text: Tarim

text: Basin

text: Han

text: was

text: eventually

text: victorious

text: and

text: established

text: the

text: Protectorate

text: of

text: the

text: Western

text: Regions

text: in

text: BC

text: which

text: dealt

text: with

text: the

text: region

text: 's

text: defense

text: and

text: foreign

text: affairs

text: The

text: Han

text: also

text: expanded

text: southward

text: The

text: naval

text: conquest

text: of

text: Nanyue

text: in

text: BC

text: expanded

text: the

text: Han

text: realm

text: into

text: what

text: are

text: now

text: modern

text: Guangdong

text: Guangxi

text: and

text: northern

text: Vietnam

text: Yunnan

text: was

text: brought

text: into

text: the

text: Han

text: realm

text: with

text: the

text: conquest

text: of

text: the

text: Dian

text: Kingdom

text: in

text: BC

text: followed

text: by

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: Korean

text: Peninsula

text: with

text: the

text: colonial

text: establishments

text: of

text: Xuantu

text: Commandery

text: and

text: Lelang

text: Commandery

text: in

text: BC

text: In

text: China

text: 's

text: first

text: known

text: nationwide

text: census

text: taken

text: in

text: AD

text: the

text: population

text: was

text: registered

text: as

text: having

text: individuals

text: in

text: households

question: Which group did Han forces fight in the Tarm Basin?

answer: the Xiongnu

text: the Xiongnu

question: When was the first national census taken in China?

answer: 2 AD

text: 2 AD

question: What was the population of China in 2 AD?

answer: 57,671,400

question: What year was the Protectorate of Western Regions created in?

answer: 60 BC

text: 60 BC

question: Which kingdom did the Han conquer in 109 BC?

answer: Dian

text: Dian