text: In 1937 over 100 people died after ingesting "Elixir Sulfanilamide" manufactured by S.E. Massengill Company of Tennessee. The product was formulated in diethylene glycol, a highly toxic solvent that is now widely used as antifreeze. Under the laws extant at that time, prosecution of the manufacturer was possible only under the technicality that the product had been called an "elixir", which literally implied a solution in ethanol. In response to this episode, the U.S. Congress passed the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938, which for the first time required pre-market demonstration of safety before a drug could be sold, and explicitly prohibited false therapeutic claims.

title: Pharmaceutical_industry

title: Pharmaceutical_industry

text: In

text: over

text: people

text: died

text: after

text: ingesting

text: Elixir

text: Sulfanilamide

text: manufactured

text: by

text: S.E.

text: Massengill

text: Company

text: of

text: Tennessee

text: The

text: product

text: was

text: formulated

text: in

text: diethylene

text: glycol

text: a

text: highly

text: toxic

text: solvent

text: that

text: is

text: now

text: widely

text: used

text: as

text: antifreeze

text: Under

text: the

text: laws

text: extant

text: at

text: that

text: time

text: prosecution

text: of

text: the

text: manufacturer

text: was

text: possible

text: only

text: under

text: the

text: technicality

text: that

text: the

text: product

text: had

text: been

text: called

text: an

text: elixir

text: which

text: literally

text: implied

text: a

text: solution

text: in

text: ethanol

text: In

text: response

text: to

text: this

text: episode

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Congress

text: passed

text: the

text: Federal

text: Food

text: Drug

text: and

text: Cosmetic

text: Act

text: of

text: which

text: for

text: the

text: first

text: time

text: required

text: pre

text: market

text: demonstration

text: of

text: safety

text: before

text: a

text: drug

text: could

text: be

text: sold

text: and

text: explicitly

text: prohibited

text: false

text: therapeutic

text: claims

question: Who manufactured "Elixir Sulfanilamide"?

answer: S.E. Massengill Company

text: S.E. Massengill Company

question: What was one of the things the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act do?

answer: explicitly prohibited false therapeutic claims

text: explicitly prohibited false therapeutic claims

question: What year did Congress pass the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act?

answer: 1938

question: What drug killed 100 people in 1937?

answer: Elixir Sulfanilamide

text: Elixir Sulfanilamide

question: What is Diethylene Glycol commonly used for now?

answer: antifreeze

text: antifreeze

question: What company manufactured Elixir Sulfanilamide?

answer: S.E. Massengill Company of Tennessee

text: S.E. Massengill Company of Tennessee

question: What drug killed over 100 people in 1937?

answer: Elixir Sulfanilamide

text: Elixir Sulfanilamide

question: Diethylene glycol is mainly used today as what liquid?

answer: antifreeze

text: antifreeze

question: What law did Congress pass following the Elixir Sulfanilamide incident?

answer: Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938

text: Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938

question: The name "elixir" implied a solution in what liquid?

answer: ethanol

text: ethanol


text: In 1855 a reprint of a letter earlier sent to The Times appeared in Littel's Living Age. Its author, an "official Chinese interpreter of 10 years' active service" and a member of the Oriental Club, Thomas Taylor Meadows, was replying to the suggestion by another interpreter that the British Empire was wasting its resources on a false threat from Russia against China. Toward the end of the letter he said:

title: Near_East

title: Near_East

text: In

text: a

text: reprint

text: of

text: a

text: letter

text: earlier

text: sent

text: to

text: The

text: Times

text: appeared

text: in

text: Littel

text: 's

text: Living

text: Age

text: Its

text: author

text: an

text: official

text: Chinese

text: interpreter

text: of

text: years

text: active

text: service

text: and

text: a

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Oriental

text: Club

text: Thomas

text: Taylor

text: Meadows

text: was

text: replying

text: to

text: the

text: suggestion

text: by

text: another

text: interpreter

text: that

text: the

text: British

text: Empire

text: was

text: wasting

text: its

text: resources

text: on

text: a

text: false

text: threat

text: from

text: Russia

text: against

text: China

text: Toward

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: letter

text: he

text: said

question: When was a reprint of a letter sent to The Times appear in Littel's Living Age?

answer: 1855

question: Who was the author of the letter sent to the Times?

answer: Thomas Taylor Meadows

text: Thomas Taylor Meadows

question: What was Thomas Taylor Meadows replying to?

answer: the suggestion by another interpreter

text: the suggestion by another interpreter


text: Spanish explorers traveling inland in the 16th century met Mississippian culture people at Joara, a regional chiefdom near present-day Morganton. Records of Hernando de Soto attested to his meeting with them in 1540. In 1567 Captain Juan Pardo led an expedition to claim the area for the Spanish colony and to establish another route to protect silver mines in Mexico. Pardo made a winter base at Joara, which he renamed Cuenca. His expedition built Fort San Juan and left a contingent of 30 men there, while Pardo traveled further, and built and garrisoned five other forts. He returned by a different route to Santa Elena on Parris Island, South Carolina, then a center of Spanish Florida. In the spring of 1568, natives killed all but one of the soldiers and burned the six forts in the interior, including the one at Fort San Juan. Although the Spanish never returned to the interior, this effort marked the first European attempt at colonization of the interior of what became the United States. A 16th-century journal by Pardo's scribe Bandera and archaeological findings since 1986 at Joara have confirmed the settlement.

title: North_Carolina

title: North_Carolina

text: Spanish

text: explorers

text: traveling

text: inland

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: met

text: Mississippian

text: culture

text: people

text: at

text: Joara

text: a

text: regional

text: chiefdom

text: near

text: present

text: day

text: Morganton

text: Records

text: of

text: Hernando

text: de

text: Soto

text: attested

text: to

text: his

text: meeting

text: with

text: them

text: in

text: In

text: Captain

text: Juan

text: Pardo

text: led

text: an

text: expedition

text: to

text: claim

text: the

text: area

text: for

text: the

text: Spanish

text: colony

text: and

text: to

text: establish

text: another

text: route

text: to

text: protect

text: silver

text: mines

text: in

text: Mexico

text: Pardo

text: made

text: a

text: winter

text: base

text: at

text: Joara

text: which

text: he

text: renamed

text: Cuenca

text: His

text: expedition

text: built

text: Fort

text: San

text: Juan

text: and

text: left

text: a

text: contingent

text: of

text: men

text: there

text: while

text: Pardo

text: traveled

text: further

text: and

text: built

text: and

text: garrisoned

text: five

text: other

text: forts

text: He

text: returned

text: by

text: a

text: different

text: route

text: to

text: Santa

text: Elena

text: on

text: Parris

text: Island

text: South

text: Carolina

text: then

text: a

text: center

text: of

text: Spanish

text: Florida

text: In

text: the

text: spring

text: of

text: natives

text: killed

text: all

text: but

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: soldiers

text: and

text: burned

text: the

text: six

text: forts

text: in

text: the

text: interior

text: including

text: the

text: one

text: at

text: Fort

text: San

text: Juan

text: Although

text: the

text: Spanish

text: never

text: returned

text: to

text: the

text: interior

text: this

text: effort

text: marked

text: the

text: first

text: European

text: attempt

text: at

text: colonization

text: of

text: the

text: interior

text: of

text: what

text: became

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: A

text: century

text: journal

text: by

text: Pardo

text: 's

text: scribe

text: Bandera

text: and

text: archaeological

text: findings

text: since

text: at

text: Joara

text: have

text: confirmed

text: the

text: settlement

question: In the 16th century, where did Spanish explorers meet Mississipian cultureal people?

answer: Joara

text: Joara

question: What is Joara?

answer: a regional chiefdom

text: a regional chiefdom

question: Where would present day Joara be?

answer: near present-day Morganton

text: near present-day Morganton

question: What was the name of the Spanish man that met the people in Joara?

answer: Hernando de Soto

text: Hernando de Soto

question: What year did hernando de Soto arrive in Joara?

answer: 1540


text: Some street trams (streetcars) used conduit third-rail current collection. The third rail was below street level. The tram picked up the current through a plough (U.S. "plow") accessed through a narrow slot in the road. In the United States, much (though not all) of the former streetcar system in Washington, D.C. (discontinued in 1962) was operated in this manner to avoid the unsightly wires and poles associated with electric traction. The same was true with Manhattan's former streetcar system. The evidence of this mode of running can still be seen on the track down the slope on the northern access to the abandoned Kingsway Tramway Subway in central London, United Kingdom, where the slot between the running rails is clearly visible, and on P and Q Streets west of Wisconsin Avenue in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington DC, where the abandoned tracks have not been paved over. The slot can easily be confused with the similar looking slot for cable trams/cars (in some cases, the conduit slot was originally a cable slot). The disadvantage of conduit collection included much higher initial installation costs, higher maintenance costs, and problems with leaves and snow getting in the slot. For this reason, in Washington, D.C. cars on some lines converted to overhead wire on leaving the city center, a worker in a "plough pit" disconnecting the plough while another raised the trolley pole (hitherto hooked down to the roof) to the overhead wire. In New York City for the same reasons of cost and operating efficiency outside of Manhattan overhead wire was used. A similar system of changeover from conduit to overhead wire was also used on the London tramways, notably on the southern side; a typical changeover point was at Norwood, where the conduit snaked sideways from between the running rails, to provide a park for detached shoes or ploughs.

title: Railway_electrification_system

title: Railway_electrification_system

text: Some

text: street

text: trams

text: streetcars

text: used

text: conduit

text: third

text: rail

text: current

text: collection

text: The

text: third

text: rail

text: was

text: below

text: street

text: level

text: The

text: tram

text: picked

text: up

text: the

text: current

text: through

text: a

text: plough

text: U.S.

text: plow

text: accessed

text: through

text: a

text: narrow

text: slot

text: in

text: the

text: road

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: much

text: though

text: not

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: former

text: streetcar

text: system

text: in

text: Washington

text: D.C.

text: discontinued

text: in

text: was

text: operated

text: in

text: this

text: manner

text: to

text: avoid

text: the

text: unsightly

text: wires

text: and

text: poles

text: associated

text: with

text: electric

text: traction

text: The

text: same

text: was

text: true

text: with

text: Manhattan

text: 's

text: former

text: streetcar

text: system

text: The

text: evidence

text: of

text: this

text: mode

text: of

text: running

text: can

text: still

text: be

text: seen

text: on

text: the

text: track

text: down

text: the

text: slope

text: on

text: the

text: northern

text: access

text: to

text: the

text: abandoned

text: Kingsway

text: Tramway

text: Subway

text: in

text: central

text: London

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: where

text: the

text: slot

text: between

text: the

text: running

text: rails

text: is

text: clearly

text: visible

text: and

text: on

text: P

text: and

text: Q

text: Streets

text: west

text: of

text: Wisconsin

text: Avenue

text: in

text: the

text: Georgetown

text: neighborhood

text: of

text: Washington

text: DC

text: where

text: the

text: abandoned

text: tracks

text: have

text: not

text: been

text: paved

text: over

text: The

text: slot

text: can

text: easily

text: be

text: confused

text: with

text: the

text: similar

text: looking

text: slot

text: for

text: cable

text: trams

text: cars

text: in

text: some

text: cases

text: the

text: conduit

text: slot

text: was

text: originally

text: a

text: cable

text: slot

text: The

text: disadvantage

text: of

text: conduit

text: collection

text: included

text: much

text: higher

text: initial

text: installation

text: costs

text: higher

text: maintenance

text: costs

text: and

text: problems

text: with

text: leaves

text: and

text: snow

text: getting

text: in

text: the

text: slot

text: For

text: this

text: reason

text: in

text: Washington

text: D.C.

text: cars

text: on

text: some

text: lines

text: converted

text: to

text: overhead

text: wire

text: on

text: leaving

text: the

text: city

text: center

text: a

text: worker

text: in

text: a

text: plough

text: pit

text: disconnecting

text: the

text: plough

text: while

text: another

text: raised

text: the

text: trolley

text: pole

text: hitherto

text: hooked

text: down

text: to

text: the

text: roof

text: to

text: the

text: overhead

text: wire

text: In

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: for

text: the

text: same

text: reasons

text: of

text: cost

text: and

text: operating

text: efficiency

text: outside

text: of

text: Manhattan

text: overhead

text: wire

text: was

text: used

text: A

text: similar

text: system

text: of

text: changeover

text: from

text: conduit

text: to

text: overhead

text: wire

text: was

text: also

text: used

text: on

text: the

text: London

text: tramways

text: notably

text: on

text: the

text: southern

text: side

text: a

text: typical

text: changeover

text: point

text: was

text: at

text: Norwood

text: where

text: the

text: conduit

text: snaked

text: sideways

text: from

text: between

text: the

text: running

text: rails

text: to

text: provide

text: a

text: park

text: for

text: detached

text: shoes

text: or

text: ploughs

question: What is the other name for the street trams?

answer: streetcars

text: streetcars

question: Where is third rail situated in the street trams system?

answer: below street level

text: below street level

question: What area in US discontinued using overhead wires for streetcars in 1962?

answer: Washington, D.C.

text: Washington, D.C.

question: What external and weather factors can effect conduit slot?

answer: leaves and snow

text: leaves and snow

question: What are the main reasons the conduit lines were converted to overhead  wire system?

answer: cost and operating efficiency

text: cost and operating efficiency


text: The framers of the US Constitution were influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces, as Federalist No. 20, by James Madison, shows. Such influence appears, however, to have been of a negative nature, as Madison describes the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting "Imbecility in the government; discord among the provinces; foreign influence and indignities; a precarious existence in peace, and peculiar calamities from war." Apart from this, the American Declaration of Independence is similar to the Act of Abjuration, essentially the declaration of independence of the United Provinces, but concrete evidence that the former directly influenced the latter is absent.

title: Dutch_Republic

title: Dutch_Republic

text: The

text: framers

text: of

text: the

text: US

text: Constitution

text: were

text: influenced

text: by

text: the

text: Constitution

text: of

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Provinces

text: as

text: Federalist

text: No

text: by

text: James

text: Madison

text: shows

text: Such

text: influence

text: appears

text: however

text: to

text: have

text: been

text: of

text: a

text: negative

text: nature

text: as

text: Madison

text: describes

text: the

text: Dutch

text: confederacy

text: as

text: exhibiting

text: Imbecility

text: in

text: the

text: government

text: discord

text: among

text: the

text: provinces

text: foreign

text: influence

text: and

text: indignities

text: a

text: precarious

text: existence

text: in

text: peace

text: and

text: peculiar

text: calamities

text: from

text: war

text: Apart

text: from

text: this

text: the

text: American

text: Declaration

text: of

text: Independence

text: is

text: similar

text: to

text: the

text: Act

text: of

text: Abjuration

text: essentially

text: the

text: declaration

text: of

text: independence

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Provinces

text: but

text: concrete

text: evidence

text: that

text: the

text: former

text: directly

text: influenced

text: the

text: latter

text: is

text: absent

question: Who was influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces?

answer: The framers of the US Constitution

text: The framers of the US Constitution

question: Who described the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting "Imbecility in the government; discord among the provinces; foreign influence and indignities; a precarious existence in peace, and peculiar calamities from war."

answer: James Madison

text: James Madison

question: The American Declaration of Independence is similar to what?

answer: the Act of Abjuration, essentially the declaration of independence of the United Provinces

text: the Act of Abjuration, essentially the declaration of independence of the United Provinces


text: There have been modern studies that have supported the original autopsy finding. In a 2008 study, researchers analysed samples of Napoleon's hair from throughout his life, as well as samples from his family and other contemporaries. All samples had high levels of arsenic, approximately 100 times higher than the current average. According to these researchers, Napoleon's body was already heavily contaminated with arsenic as a boy, and the high arsenic concentration in his hair was not caused by intentional poisoning; people were constantly exposed to arsenic from glues and dyes throughout their lives.[note 7] Studies published in 2007 and 2008 dismissed evidence of arsenic poisoning, and confirmed evidence of peptic ulcer and gastric cancer as the cause of death.

title: Napoleon

title: Napoleon

text: There

text: have

text: been

text: modern

text: studies

text: that

text: have

text: supported

text: the

text: original

text: autopsy

text: finding

text: In

text: a

text: study

text: researchers

text: analysed

text: samples

text: of

text: Napoleon

text: 's

text: hair

text: from

text: throughout

text: his

text: life

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: samples

text: from

text: his

text: family

text: and

text: other

text: contemporaries

text: All

text: samples

text: had

text: high

text: levels

text: of

text: arsenic

text: approximately

text: times

text: higher

text: than

text: the

text: current

text: average

text: According

text: to

text: these

text: researchers

text: Napoleon

text: 's

text: body

text: was

text: already

text: heavily

text: contaminated

text: with

text: arsenic

text: as

text: a

text: boy

text: and

text: the

text: high

text: arsenic

text: concentration

text: in

text: his

text: hair

text: was

text: not

text: caused

text: by

text: intentional

text: poisoning

text: people

text: were

text: constantly

text: exposed

text: to

text: arsenic

text: from

text: glues

text: and

text: dyes

text: throughout

text: their

text: lives.[note

text: Studies

text: published

text: in

text: and

text: dismissed

text: evidence

text: of

text: arsenic

text: poisoning

text: and

text: confirmed

text: evidence

text: of

text: peptic

text: ulcer

text: and

text: gastric

text: cancer

text: as

text: the

text: cause

text: of

text: death

question: Studies published in 2007 and 2008 dismiss what possible cause of Napoleon's death?

answer: arsenic poisoning

text: arsenic poisoning

question: Studies published in 2007 and 2008 support what possible causes of Napoleon's death?

answer: peptic ulcer and gastric cancer

text: peptic ulcer and gastric cancer

question: A 2008 study supporting the original autopsy findings related to Napoleon's death analyzed samples of what substance taken from Napoleon and his family?

answer: hair

text: hair

question: The 2008 study related to Napoleon's death found that hair collected from Napoleon's hair as well as that of his family and contemporaries, had arsenic levels approximately how many times higher than current averages?

answer: 100 times

text: 100 times


text: Alaska's internet and other data transport systems are provided largely through the two major telecommunications companies: GCI and Alaska Communications. GCI owns and operates what it calls the Alaska United Fiber Optic system and as of late 2011 Alaska Communications advertised that it has "two fiber optic paths to the lower 48 and two more across Alaska. In January 2011, it was reported that a $1 billion project to run connect Asia and rural Alaska was being planned, aided in part by $350 million in stimulus from the federal government.

title: Alaska

title: Alaska

text: Alaska

text: 's

text: internet

text: and

text: other

text: data

text: transport

text: systems

text: are

text: provided

text: largely

text: through

text: the

text: two

text: major

text: telecommunications

text: companies

text: GCI

text: and

text: Alaska

text: Communications

text: GCI

text: owns

text: and

text: operates

text: what

text: it

text: calls

text: the

text: Alaska

text: United

text: Fiber

text: Optic

text: system

text: and

text: as

text: of

text: late

text: Alaska

text: Communications

text: advertised

text: that

text: it

text: has

text: two

text: fiber

text: optic

text: paths

text: to

text: the

text: lower

text: and

text: two

text: more

text: across

text: Alaska

text: In

text: January

text: it

text: was

text: reported

text: that

text: a

text: billion

text: project

text: to

text: run

text: connect

text: Asia

text: and

text: rural

text: Alaska

text: was

text: being

text: planned

text: aided

text: in

text: part

text: by

text: million

text: in

text: stimulus

text: from

text: the

text: federal

text: government

question: Which two companies provide internet and data transport to Alaska?

answer: GCI and Alaska Communications

text: GCI and Alaska Communications

question: In what year was a project to connect Asia and rural Alaska announced?

answer: 2011

question: How much money did the federal government contribute via stimulus to the connectvitiy between Asia and Alaska?

answer: $350 million

text: $350 million

question: Which company owns and operates the Alaska United Fiber Optic System?

answer: GCI

text: GCI


text: The Paleozoic spanned from roughly 541 to 252 million years ago (Ma) and is subdivided into six geologic periods; from oldest to youngest they are the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous and Permian. Geologically, the Paleozoic starts shortly after the breakup of a supercontinent called Pannotia and at the end of a global ice age. Throughout the early Paleozoic, the Earth's landmass was broken up into a substantial number of relatively small continents. Toward the end of the era the continents gathered together into a supercontinent called Pangaea, which included most of the Earth's land area.

title: Geological_history_of_Earth

title: Geological_history_of_Earth

text: The

text: Paleozoic

text: spanned

text: from

text: roughly

text: to

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: Ma

text: and

text: is

text: subdivided

text: into

text: six

text: geologic

text: periods

text: from

text: oldest

text: to

text: youngest

text: they

text: are

text: the

text: Cambrian

text: Ordovician

text: Silurian

text: Devonian

text: Carboniferous

text: and

text: Permian

text: Geologically

text: the

text: Paleozoic

text: starts

text: shortly

text: after

text: the

text: breakup

text: of

text: a

text: supercontinent

text: called

text: Pannotia

text: and

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: a

text: global

text: ice

text: age

text: Throughout

text: the

text: early

text: Paleozoic

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: landmass

text: was

text: broken

text: up

text: into

text: a

text: substantial

text: number

text: of

text: relatively

text: small

text: continents

text: Toward

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: era

text: the

text: continents

text: gathered

text: together

text: into

text: a

text: supercontinent

text: called

text: Pangaea

text: which

text: included

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: land

text: area

question: During what period was the Paleozoic era?

answer: 541 to 252 million years ago

text: 541 to 252 million years ago

question: How many periods of geology are within the Paleozoic era?

answer: six

text: six

question: The Permian is an example of what?

answer: geologic periods

text: geologic periods

question: After what continental event did the Paleozoic begin?

answer: breakup of a supercontinent called Pannotia

text: breakup of a supercontinent called Pannotia

question: What continent was formed at the end of the Paleozoic?

answer: Pangaea

text: Pangaea


text: The calendar was a refinement to the Julian calendar amounting to a 0.002% correction in the length of the year. The motivation for the reform was to bring the date for the celebration of Easter to the time of the year in which it was celebrated when it was introduced by the early Church. Because the celebration of Easter was tied to the spring equinox, the Roman Catholic Church considered the steady drift in the date of Easter caused by the year being slightly too long to be undesirable. The reform was adopted initially by the Catholic countries of Europe. Protestants and Eastern Orthodox countries continued to use the traditional Julian calendar and adopted the Gregorian reform after a time, for the sake of convenience in international trade. The last European country to adopt the reform was Greece, in 1923.

title: Gregorian_calendar

title: Gregorian_calendar

text: The

text: calendar

text: was

text: a

text: refinement

text: to

text: the

text: Julian

text: calendar

text: amounting

text: to

text: a

text: correction

text: in

text: the

text: length

text: of

text: the

text: year

text: The

text: motivation

text: for

text: the

text: reform

text: was

text: to

text: bring

text: the

text: date

text: for

text: the

text: celebration

text: of

text: Easter

text: to

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: the

text: year

text: in

text: which

text: it

text: was

text: celebrated

text: when

text: it

text: was

text: introduced

text: by

text: the

text: early

text: Church

text: Because

text: the

text: celebration

text: of

text: Easter

text: was

text: tied

text: to

text: the

text: spring

text: equinox

text: the

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: considered

text: the

text: steady

text: drift

text: in

text: the

text: date

text: of

text: Easter

text: caused

text: by

text: the

text: year

text: being

text: slightly

text: too

text: long

text: to

text: be

text: undesirable

text: The

text: reform

text: was

text: adopted

text: initially

text: by

text: the

text: Catholic

text: countries

text: of

text: Europe

text: Protestants

text: and

text: Eastern

text: Orthodox

text: countries

text: continued

text: to

text: use

text: the

text: traditional

text: Julian

text: calendar

text: and

text: adopted

text: the

text: Gregorian

text: reform

text: after

text: a

text: time

text: for

text: the

text: sake

text: of

text: convenience

text: in

text: international

text: trade

text: The

text: last

text: European

text: country

text: to

text: adopt

text: the

text: reform

text: was

text: Greece

text: in

question: What was the percentsge of correction from the Julian calendar to the new Gregorian calendar?

answer: 0.002%

question: What was the correction due to?

answer: length of the year

text: length of the year

question: What change in date motivated the change in calendars?

answer: celebration of Easter

text: celebration of Easter

question: To what astrological date was Easter tied?

answer: spring equinox

text: spring equinox

question: What was wrong in the Julian calendar?

answer: slightly too long

text: slightly too long


text: La Diablada Carnival takes place in Oruro in central Bolivia. It is celebrated in honor of the miners' patron saint, Vírgen de Socavon (the Virgin of the Tunnels). Over 50 parade groups dance, sing and play music over a five kilometre-long course. Participants dress up as demons, devils, angels, Incas and Spanish conquistadors. Dances include caporales and tinkus. The parade runs from morning until late at night, 18 hours a day, 3 days before Ash Wednesday. It was declared the 2001 "Masterpieces of Oral Heritage and Intangible Heritage of Humanity" for UNESCO. Throughout the country celebrations are held involving traditional rhythms and water parties. In Santa Cruz de la Sierra, on the east side of the country, tropical weather allows a Brazilian-type Carnival, with Comparsas dancing traditional songs in matching uniforms.

title: Carnival

title: Carnival

text: La

text: Diablada

text: Carnival

text: takes

text: place

text: in

text: Oruro

text: in

text: central

text: Bolivia

text: It

text: is

text: celebrated

text: in

text: honor

text: of

text: the

text: miners

text: patron

text: saint

text: Vírgen

text: de

text: Socavon

text: the

text: Virgin

text: of

text: the

text: Tunnels

text: Over

text: parade

text: groups

text: dance

text: sing

text: and

text: play

text: music

text: over

text: a

text: five

text: kilometre

text: long

text: course

text: Participants

text: dress

text: up

text: as

text: demons

text: devils

text: angels

text: Incas

text: and

text: Spanish

text: conquistadors

text: Dances

text: include

text: caporales

text: and

text: tinkus

text: The

text: parade

text: runs

text: from

text: morning

text: until

text: late

text: at

text: night

text: hours

text: a

text: day

text: days

text: before

text: Ash

text: Wednesday

text: It

text: was

text: declared

text: the

text: Masterpieces

text: of

text: Oral

text: Heritage

text: and

text: Intangible

text: Heritage

text: of

text: Humanity

text: for

text: UNESCO

text: Throughout

text: the

text: country

text: celebrations

text: are

text: held

text: involving

text: traditional

text: rhythms

text: and

text: water

text: parties

text: In

text: Santa

text: Cruz

text: de

text: la

text: Sierra

text: on

text: the

text: east

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: tropical

text: weather

text: allows

text: a

text: Brazilian

text: type

text: Carnival

text: with

text: Comparsas

text: dancing

text: traditional

text: songs

text: in

text: matching

text: uniforms

question: Which Carnival takes place in Oruro in Bolivia?

answer: La Diablada

text: La Diablada

question: Who is the miners' patron saint?

answer: Vírgen de Socavon

text: Vírgen de Socavon

question: Over how many parade groups participate in the festivities?

answer: 50

question: How many hours a day does the parade run?

answer: 18

question: What does the tropical weather on the east side of Bolivia allow?

answer: a Brazilian-type Carnival

text: a Brazilian-type Carnival


text: Panelization is a procedure whereby a number of PCBs are grouped for manufacturing onto a larger board - the panel. Usually a panel consists of a single design but sometimes multiple designs are mixed on a single panel. There are two types of panels: assembly panels - often called arrays - and bare board manufacturing panels. The assemblers often mount components on panels rather than single PCBs because this is efficient. The bare board manufactures always uses panels, not only for efficiency, but because of the requirements the plating process. Thus a manufacturing panel can consist of a grouping of individual PCBs or of arrays, depending on what must be delivered.

title: Printed_circuit_board

title: Printed_circuit_board

text: Panelization

text: is

text: a

text: procedure

text: whereby

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: PCBs

text: are

text: grouped

text: for

text: manufacturing

text: onto

text: a

text: larger

text: board

text: the

text: panel

text: Usually

text: a

text: panel

text: consists

text: of

text: a

text: single

text: design

text: but

text: sometimes

text: multiple

text: designs

text: are

text: mixed

text: on

text: a

text: single

text: panel

text: There

text: are

text: two

text: types

text: of

text: panels

text: assembly

text: panels

text: often

text: called

text: arrays

text: and

text: bare

text: board

text: manufacturing

text: panels

text: The

text: assemblers

text: often

text: mount

text: components

text: on

text: panels

text: rather

text: than

text: single

text: PCBs

text: because

text: this

text: is

text: efficient

text: The

text: bare

text: board

text: manufactures

text: always

text: uses

text: panels

text: not

text: only

text: for

text: efficiency

text: but

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: requirements

text: the

text: plating

text: process

text: Thus

text: a

text: manufacturing

text: panel

text: can

text: consist

text: of

text: a

text: grouping

text: of

text: individual

text: PCBs

text: or

text: of

text: arrays

text: depending

text: on

text: what

text: must

text: be

text: delivered

question: What process groups PCBs before transfer to a panel?

answer: Panelization

text: Panelization

question: Is it more common for panels to have a single design or many designs?

answer: a single design

text: a single design

question: What type of panels can also be referred to as an "array?'

answer: assembly panels

text: assembly panels

question: What step of the bare board manufacture would be impossible if panels weren't always used?

answer: the plating process

text: the plating process

question: Besides assembly panels, what's the other type of panel?

answer: bare board manufacturing panels

text: bare board manufacturing panels


text: Pascal Lissouba, who became Congo's first elected president (1992–1997) during the period of multi-party democracy, attempted to implement economic reforms with IMF backing to liberalise the economy. In June 1996 the IMF approved a three-year SDR69.5m (US$100m) enhanced structural adjustment facility (ESAF) and was on the verge of announcing a renewed annual agreement when civil war broke out in Congo in mid-1997.

title: Republic_of_the_Congo

title: Republic_of_the_Congo

text: Pascal

text: Lissouba

text: who

text: became

text: Congo

text: 's

text: first

text: elected

text: president

text: during

text: the

text: period

text: of

text: multi

text: party

text: democracy

text: attempted

text: to

text: implement

text: economic

text: reforms

text: with

text: IMF

text: backing

text: to

text: liberalise

text: the

text: economy

text: In

text: June

text: the

text: IMF

text: approved

text: a

text: three

text: year

text: m

text: US$

text: m

text: enhanced

text: structural

text: adjustment

text: facility

text: ESAF

text: and

text: was

text: on

text: the

text: verge

text: of

text: announcing

text: a

text: renewed

text: annual

text: agreement

text: when

text: civil

text: war

text: broke

text: out

text: in

text: Congo

text: in

question: Who was elected president of the Congo in 1992?

answer: Pascal Lissouba

text: Pascal Lissouba

question: Who supported the measures of liberalisation Lissouba tried to employ to reform the economy?

answer: IMF

text: IMF

question: What interrupted the renewal of the IMF agreement with the Congo?

answer: civil war

text: civil war

question: What does ESAF stand for?

answer: enhanced structural adjustment facility

text: enhanced structural adjustment facility


text: American Idol became the most expensive series on broadcast networks for advertisers starting season four, and by the next season, it had broken the record in advertising rate for a regularly scheduled prime-time network series, selling over $700,000 for a 30-seconds slot, and reaching up to $1.3 million for the finale. Its ad prices reached a peak in season seven at $737,000. Estimated revenue more than doubled from $404 million in season three to $870 million in season six. While that declined from season eight onwards, it still earned significantly more than its nearest competitor, with advertising revenue topping $800 million annually the next few seasons. However, the sharp drop in ratings in season eleven also resulted in a sharp drop in advertising rate for season twelve, and the show lost its leading position as the costliest show for advertisers. By 2014, ad revenue from had fallen to $427 million where a 30-second spot went for less than $300,000.

title: American_Idol

title: American_Idol

text: American

text: Idol

text: became

text: the

text: most

text: expensive

text: series

text: on

text: broadcast

text: networks

text: for

text: advertisers

text: starting

text: season

text: four

text: and

text: by

text: the

text: next

text: season

text: it

text: had

text: broken

text: the

text: record

text: in

text: advertising

text: rate

text: for

text: a

text: regularly

text: scheduled

text: prime

text: time

text: network

text: series

text: selling

text: over

text: for

text: a

text: slot

text: and

text: reaching

text: up

text: to

text: million

text: for

text: the

text: finale

text: Its

text: ad

text: prices

text: reached

text: a

text: peak

text: in

text: season

text: seven

text: at

text: Estimated

text: revenue

text: more

text: than

text: doubled

text: from

text: million

text: in

text: season

text: three

text: to

text: million

text: in

text: season

text: six

text: While

text: that

text: declined

text: from

text: season

text: eight

text: onwards

text: it

text: still

text: earned

text: significantly

text: more

text: than

text: its

text: nearest

text: competitor

text: with

text: advertising

text: revenue

text: topping

text: million

text: annually

text: the

text: next

text: few

text: seasons

text: However

text: the

text: sharp

text: drop

text: in

text: ratings

text: in

text: season

text: eleven

text: also

text: resulted

text: in

text: a

text: sharp

text: drop

text: in

text: advertising

text: rate

text: for

text: season

text: twelve

text: and

text: the

text: show

text: lost

text: its

text: leading

text: position

text: as

text: the

text: costliest

text: show

text: for

text: advertisers

text: By

text: ad

text: revenue

text: from

text: had

text: fallen

text: to

text: million

text: where

text: a

text: spot

text: went

text: for

text: less

text: than

question: In which season did American Idol become the costliest show for advertising on television?

answer: season four

text: season four

question: How much did advertisers spend for a 30 second ad spot on the American Idol season four finale?

answer: $1.3 million

text: $1.3 million

question: How much did advertisers spend for a 30 second ad spot during American Idol in 2014?

answer: less than $300,000

text: less than $300,000

question: How much did advertisers spend for a 30 second ad spot during American Idol in its seventh season?

answer: $737,000

question: By what season was Idol the  highest advertising cost of all shows?

answer: four

text: four

question: How much did Idol earn in ad revenue alone for season 8?

answer: 800 million

text: 800 million


text: The population of England rose rapidly during the 19th and 20th centuries whereas the populations of Scotland and Wales have shown little increase during the 20th century, with the population of Scotland remaining unchanged since 1951. Ireland for most of its history comprised a population proportionate to its land area (about one third of the total population). However, since the Great Irish Famine, the population of Ireland has fallen to less than one tenth of the population of the British Isles. The famine, which caused a century-long population decline, drastically reduced the Irish population and permanently altered the demographic make-up of the British Isles. On a global scale, this disaster led to the creation of an Irish diaspora that numbers fifteen times the current population of the island.

title: British_Isles

title: British_Isles

text: The

text: population

text: of

text: England

text: rose

text: rapidly

text: during

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

text: whereas

text: the

text: populations

text: of

text: Scotland

text: and

text: Wales

text: have

text: shown

text: little

text: increase

text: during

text: the

text: century

text: with

text: the

text: population

text: of

text: Scotland

text: remaining

text: unchanged

text: since

text: Ireland

text: for

text: most

text: of

text: its

text: history

text: comprised

text: a

text: population

text: proportionate

text: to

text: its

text: land

text: area

text: about

text: one

text: third

text: of

text: the

text: total

text: population

text: However

text: since

text: the

text: Great

text: Irish

text: Famine

text: the

text: population

text: of

text: Ireland

text: has

text: fallen

text: to

text: less

text: than

text: one

text: tenth

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: Isles

text: The

text: famine

text: which

text: caused

text: a

text: century

text: long

text: population

text: decline

text: drastically

text: reduced

text: the

text: Irish

text: population

text: and

text: permanently

text: altered

text: the

text: demographic

text: make

text: up

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: Isles

text: On

text: a

text: global

text: scale

text: this

text: disaster

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: an

text: Irish

text: diaspora

text: that

text: numbers

text: fifteen

text: times

text: the

text: current

text: population

text: of

text: the

text: island

question: Which two areas in the British Isles hasn't experienced a large population growth in the last one hundred years?

answer: Scotland and Wales

text: Scotland and Wales

question: How does Ireland's population compare to the rest of the British Isles?

answer: less than one tenth of the population of the British Isles

text: less than one tenth of the population of the British Isles

question: How long did the Great Irish Famine cause a population decline in Ireland?

answer: century-long population decline

text: century-long population decline

question: How large is the Irish diaspora that was caused by the Great Irish Famine?

answer: fifteen times the current population of the island

text: fifteen times the current population of the island


text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 28.70 square miles (74.33 km2), of which, 27.83 square miles (72.08 km2) of it is land and 0.87 square miles (2.25 km2) is water, much of which is part of the Huron River. Ann Arbor is about 35 miles (56 km) west of Detroit. Ann Arbor Charter Township adjoins the city's north and east sides. Ann Arbor is situated on the Huron River in a productive agricultural and fruit-growing region. The landscape of Ann Arbor consists of hills and valleys, with the terrain becoming steeper near the Huron River. The elevation ranges from about 750 feet (230 m) along the Huron River to 1,015 feet (309 m) on the city's west side, near the intersection of Maple Road and Pauline Blvd. Generally, the west-central and northwestern parts of the city and U-M's North Campus are the highest parts of the city; the lowest parts are along the Huron River and in the southeast. Ann Arbor Municipal Airport, which is south of the city at 42°13.38′N 83°44.74′W / 42.22300°N 83.74567°W / 42.22300; -83.74567, has an elevation of 839 feet (256 m).

title: Ann_Arbor,_Michigan

title: Ann_Arbor,_Michigan

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Census

text: Bureau

text: the

text: city

text: has

text: a

text: total

text: area

text: of

text: square

text: miles

text: of

text: which

text: square

text: miles

text: of

text: it

text: is

text: land

text: and

text: square

text: miles

text: is

text: water

text: much

text: of

text: which

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Huron

text: River

text: Ann

text: Arbor

text: is

text: about

text: miles

text: km

text: west

text: of

text: Detroit

text: Ann

text: Arbor

text: Charter

text: Township

text: adjoins

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: north

text: and

text: east

text: sides

text: Ann

text: Arbor

text: is

text: situated

text: on

text: the

text: Huron

text: River

text: in

text: a

text: productive

text: agricultural

text: and

text: fruit

text: growing

text: region

text: The

text: landscape

text: of

text: Ann

text: Arbor

text: consists

text: of

text: hills

text: and

text: valleys

text: with

text: the

text: terrain

text: becoming

text: steeper

text: near

text: the

text: Huron

text: River

text: The

text: elevation

text: ranges

text: from

text: about

text: feet

text: m

text: along

text: the

text: Huron

text: River

text: to

text: feet

text: m

text: on

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: west

text: side

text: near

text: the

text: intersection

text: of

text: Maple

text: Road

text: and

text: Pauline

text: Blvd

text: Generally

text: the

text: west

text: central

text: and

text: northwestern

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: and

text: U

text: M

text: 's

text: North

text: Campus

text: are

text: the

text: highest

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: the

text: lowest

text: parts

text: are

text: along

text: the

text: Huron

text: River

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: southeast

text: Ann

text: Arbor

text: Municipal

text: Airport

text: which

text: is

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: at

text: N

text: W

text: has

text: an

text: elevation

text: of

text: feet

text: m

question: On which river is the city of Ann Arbor situated?

answer: Huron

text: Huron

question: What is the landscape of Ann Arbor like?

answer: hills and valleys

text: hills and valleys

question: What is the name of the city's airport?

answer: Ann Arbor Municipal Airport

text: Ann Arbor Municipal Airport


text: The Attalid dynasty of Pergamum lasted little longer; a Roman ally until the end, its final king Attalus III died in 133 BC without an heir, and taking the alliance to its natural conclusion, willed Pergamum to the Roman Republic. The final Greek resistance came in 88 BC, when King Mithridates of Pontus rebelled against Rome, captured Roman held Anatolia, and massacred up to 100,000 Romans and Roman allies across Asia Minor. Many Greek cities, including Athens, overthrew their Roman puppet rulers and joined him in the Mithridatic wars. When he was driven out of Greece by the Roman general Lucius Cornelius Sulla, who laid siege to Athens and razed the city. Mithridates was finally defeated by Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey the Great) in 65 BC. Further ruin was brought to Greece by the Roman civil wars, which were partly fought in Greece. Finally, in 27 BC, Augustus directly annexed Greece to the new Roman Empire as the province of Achaea. The struggles with Rome had left Greece depopulated and demoralised. Nevertheless, Roman rule at least brought an end to warfare, and cities such as Athens, Corinth, Thessaloniki and Patras soon recovered their prosperity.

title: Hellenistic_period

title: Hellenistic_period

text: The

text: Attalid

text: dynasty

text: of

text: Pergamum

text: lasted

text: little

text: longer

text: a

text: Roman

text: ally

text: until

text: the

text: end

text: its

text: final

text: king

text: Attalus

text: III

text: died

text: in

text: BC

text: without

text: an

text: heir

text: and

text: taking

text: the

text: alliance

text: to

text: its

text: natural

text: conclusion

text: willed

text: Pergamum

text: to

text: the

text: Roman

text: Republic

text: The

text: final

text: Greek

text: resistance

text: came

text: in

text: BC

text: when

text: King

text: Mithridates

text: of

text: Pontus

text: rebelled

text: against

text: Rome

text: captured

text: Roman

text: held

text: Anatolia

text: and

text: massacred

text: up

text: to

text: Romans

text: and

text: Roman

text: allies

text: across

text: Asia

text: Minor

text: Many

text: Greek

text: cities

text: including

text: Athens

text: overthrew

text: their

text: Roman

text: puppet

text: rulers

text: and

text: joined

text: him

text: in

text: the

text: Mithridatic

text: wars

text: When

text: he

text: was

text: driven

text: out

text: of

text: Greece

text: by

text: the

text: Roman

text: general

text: Lucius

text: Cornelius

text: Sulla

text: who

text: laid

text: siege

text: to

text: Athens

text: and

text: razed

text: the

text: city

text: Mithridates

text: was

text: finally

text: defeated

text: by

text: Gnaeus

text: Pompeius

text: Magnus

text: Pompey

text: the

text: Great

text: in

text: BC

text: Further

text: ruin

text: was

text: brought

text: to

text: Greece

text: by

text: the

text: Roman

text: civil

text: wars

text: which

text: were

text: partly

text: fought

text: in

text: Greece

text: Finally

text: in

text: BC

text: Augustus

text: directly

text: annexed

text: Greece

text: to

text: the

text: new

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: as

text: the

text: province

text: of

text: Achaea

text: The

text: struggles

text: with

text: Rome

text: had

text: left

text: Greece

text: depopulated

text: and

text: demoralised

text: Nevertheless

text: Roman

text: rule

text: at

text: least

text: brought

text: an

text: end

text: to

text: warfare

text: and

text: cities

text: such

text: as

text: Athens

text: Corinth

text: Thessaloniki

text: and

text: Patras

text: soon

text: recovered

text: their

text: prosperity

question: Who was the final king of the Attalid dynasty?

answer: Attalus III

text: Attalus III

question: When did Attalus III die?

answer: 133 BC

text: 133 BC

question: Who willed Pergamum to the Roman Republic?

answer: Attalus III

text: Attalus III

question: In what year was the final Greek resistance?

answer: 88 BC

text: 88 BC

question: Who led the final Greek resistance?

answer: Mithridates of Pontus

text: Mithridates of Pontus


text: Politically, Calvin favoured a mixture of aristocracy and democracy. He appreciated the advantages of democracy: "It is an invaluable gift, if God allows a people to freely elect its own authorities and overlords." Calvin also thought that earthly rulers lose their divine right and must be put down when they rise up against God. To further protect the rights of ordinary people, Calvin suggested separating political powers in a system of checks and balances (separation of powers). Thus he and his followers resisted political absolutism and paved the way for the rise of modern democracy. Besides England, the Netherlands were, under Calvinist leadership, the freest country in Europe in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It granted asylum to philosophers like Baruch Spinoza and Pierre Bayle. Hugo Grotius was able to teach his natural-law theory and a relatively liberal interpretation of the Bible.

title: Protestantism

title: Protestantism

text: Politically

text: Calvin

text: favoured

text: a

text: mixture

text: of

text: aristocracy

text: and

text: democracy

text: He

text: appreciated

text: the

text: advantages

text: of

text: democracy

text: It

text: is

text: an

text: invaluable

text: gift

text: if

text: God

text: allows

text: a

text: people

text: to

text: freely

text: elect

text: its

text: own

text: authorities

text: and

text: overlords

text: Calvin

text: also

text: thought

text: that

text: earthly

text: rulers

text: lose

text: their

text: divine

text: right

text: and

text: must

text: be

text: put

text: down

text: when

text: they

text: rise

text: up

text: against

text: God

text: To

text: further

text: protect

text: the

text: rights

text: of

text: ordinary

text: people

text: Calvin

text: suggested

text: separating

text: political

text: powers

text: in

text: a

text: system

text: of

text: checks

text: and

text: balances

text: separation

text: of

text: powers

text: Thus

text: he

text: and

text: his

text: followers

text: resisted

text: political

text: absolutism

text: and

text: paved

text: the

text: way

text: for

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: modern

text: democracy

text: Besides

text: England

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: were

text: under

text: Calvinist

text: leadership

text: the

text: freest

text: country

text: in

text: Europe

text: in

text: the

text: seventeenth

text: and

text: eighteenth

text: centuries

text: It

text: granted

text: asylum

text: to

text: philosophers

text: like

text: Baruch

text: Spinoza

text: and

text: Pierre

text: Bayle

text: Hugo

text: Grotius

text: was

text: able

text: to

text: teach

text: his

text: natural

text: law

text: theory

text: and

text: a

text: relatively

text: liberal

text: interpretation

text: of

text: the

text: Bible

question: What political mixture did Calvin prefer?

answer: aristocracy and democracy

text: aristocracy and democracy

question: What is the term for checks and balances in a political system?

answer: separation of powers

text: separation of powers

question: Who paved the way for modern democracy to emerge?

answer: Calvin

text: Calvin

question: Who was allowed to teach a liberal Bible interpretation?

answer: Hugo Grotius

text: Hugo Grotius

question: What philosophers were given asylum?

answer: Baruch Spinoza and Pierre Bayle

text: Baruch Spinoza and Pierre Bayle


text: South West England has a favoured location when the Azores High pressure area extends north-eastwards towards the UK, particularly in summer. Coastal areas have average annual sunshine totals over 1,600 hours.

title: Plymouth

title: Plymouth

text: South

text: West

text: England

text: has

text: a

text: favoured

text: location

text: when

text: the

text: Azores

text: High

text: pressure

text: area

text: extends

text: north

text: eastwards

text: towards

text: the

text: UK

text: particularly

text: in

text: summer

text: Coastal

text: areas

text: have

text: average

text: annual

text: sunshine

text: totals

text: over

text: hours

question: How many hours of sunshine does the South West England region get each year?

answer: over 1,600

text: over 1,600

question: What region of England benefits from the extension of the Azores High pressure area?

answer: South West England

text: South West England


text: The epidermis is typically 10 to 30 cells thick; its main function is to provide a waterproof layer. Its outermost cells are constantly lost; its bottommost cells are constantly dividing and pushing upward. The middle layer, the dermis, is 15 to 40 times thicker than the epidermis. The dermis is made up of many components, such as bony structures and blood vessels. The hypodermis is made up of adipose tissue. Its job is to store lipids, and to provide cushioning and insulation. The thickness of this layer varies widely from species to species.

title: Mammal

title: Mammal

text: The

text: epidermis

text: is

text: typically

text: to

text: cells

text: thick

text: its

text: main

text: function

text: is

text: to

text: provide

text: a

text: waterproof

text: layer

text: Its

text: outermost

text: cells

text: are

text: constantly

text: lost

text: its

text: bottommost

text: cells

text: are

text: constantly

text: dividing

text: and

text: pushing

text: upward

text: The

text: middle

text: layer

text: the

text: dermis

text: is

text: to

text: times

text: thicker

text: than

text: the

text: epidermis

text: The

text: dermis

text: is

text: made

text: up

text: of

text: many

text: components

text: such

text: as

text: bony

text: structures

text: and

text: blood

text: vessels

text: The

text: hypodermis

text: is

text: made

text: up

text: of

text: adipose

text: tissue

text: Its

text: job

text: is

text: to

text: store

text: lipids

text: and

text: to

text: provide

text: cushioning

text: and

text: insulation

text: The

text: thickness

text: of

text: this

text: layer

text: varies

text: widely

text: from

text: species

text: to

text: species

question: What is the typical thickness of the epidermis?

answer: 10 to 30 cells thick

text: 10 to 30 cells thick

question: What is the main function of the epidermis?

answer: to provide a waterproof layer

text: to provide a waterproof layer

question: How much more thicker is the dermis to the epidermis?

answer: 15 to 40 times thicker

text: 15 to 40 times thicker

question: What is the dermis mainly consist of?

answer: bony structures and blood vessels

text: bony structures and blood vessels

question: What does the Hyperdermis consist of?

answer: adipose tissue

text: adipose tissue


text: In February 2007, the U.S. Mint, under the Presidential $1 Coin Act of 2005, introduced a new $1 U.S. Presidential dollar coin. Based on the success of the "50 State Quarters" series, the new coin features a sequence of presidents in order of their inaugurations, starting with George Washington, on the obverse side. The reverse side features the Statue of Liberty. To allow for larger, more detailed portraits, the traditional inscriptions of "E Pluribus Unum", "In God We Trust", the year of minting or issuance, and the mint mark will be inscribed on the edge of the coin instead of the face. This feature, similar to the edge inscriptions seen on the British £1 coin, is not usually associated with U.S. coin designs. The inscription "Liberty" has been eliminated, with the Statue of Liberty serving as a sufficient replacement. In addition, due to the nature of U.S. coins, this will be the first time there will be circulating U.S. coins of different denominations with the same president featured on the obverse (heads) side (Lincoln/penny, Jefferson/nickel, Franklin D. Roosevelt/dime, Washington/quarter, Kennedy/half dollar, and Eisenhower/dollar). Another unusual fact about the new $1 coin is Grover Cleveland will have two coins with his portrait issued due to the fact he was the only U.S. President to be elected to two non-consecutive terms.

title: United_States_dollar

title: United_States_dollar

text: In

text: February

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Mint

text: under

text: the

text: Presidential

text: Coin

text: Act

text: of

text: introduced

text: a

text: new

text: U.S.

text: Presidential

text: dollar

text: coin

text: Based

text: on

text: the

text: success

text: of

text: the

text: State

text: Quarters

text: series

text: the

text: new

text: coin

text: features

text: a

text: sequence

text: of

text: presidents

text: in

text: order

text: of

text: their

text: inaugurations

text: starting

text: with

text: George

text: Washington

text: on

text: the

text: obverse

text: side

text: The

text: reverse

text: side

text: features

text: the

text: Statue

text: of

text: Liberty

text: To

text: allow

text: for

text: larger

text: more

text: detailed

text: portraits

text: the

text: traditional

text: inscriptions

text: of

text: E

text: Pluribus

text: Unum

text: In

text: God

text: We

text: Trust

text: the

text: year

text: of

text: minting

text: or

text: issuance

text: and

text: the

text: mint

text: mark

text: will

text: be

text: inscribed

text: on

text: the

text: edge

text: of

text: the

text: coin

text: instead

text: of

text: the

text: face

text: This

text: feature

text: similar

text: to

text: the

text: edge

text: inscriptions

text: seen

text: on

text: the

text: British

text: coin

text: is

text: not

text: usually

text: associated

text: with

text: U.S.

text: coin

text: designs

text: The

text: inscription

text: Liberty

text: has

text: been

text: eliminated

text: with

text: the

text: Statue

text: of

text: Liberty

text: serving

text: as

text: a

text: sufficient

text: replacement

text: In

text: addition

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: nature

text: of

text: U.S.

text: coins

text: this

text: will

text: be

text: the

text: first

text: time

text: there

text: will

text: be

text: circulating

text: U.S.

text: coins

text: of

text: different

text: denominations

text: with

text: the

text: same

text: president

text: featured

text: on

text: the

text: obverse

text: heads

text: side

text: Lincoln

text: penny

text: Jefferson

text: nickel

text: Franklin

text: D.

text: Roosevelt

text: dime

text: Washington

text: quarter

text: Kennedy

text: half

text: dollar

text: and

text: Eisenhower

text: dollar

text: Another

text: unusual

text: fact

text: about

text: the

text: new

text: coin

text: is

text: Grover

text: Cleveland

text: will

text: have

text: two

text: coins

text: with

text: his

text: portrait

text: issued

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: fact

text: he

text: was

text: the

text: only

text: U.S.

text: President

text: to

text: be

text: elected

text: to

text: two

text: non

text: consecutive

text: terms

question: In which year was the new $1 US Presidential coin introduced?

answer: 2007

question: What does the reverse side of the new coins feature?

answer: Statue of Liberty

text: Statue of Liberty

question: What is the official version of "In God We Trust" printed on the coins?

answer: E Pluribus Unum

text: E Pluribus Unum

question: Which inscription was eliminated due to the Statue of Liberty being added to the coin?

answer: "Liberty"

text: "Liberty"

question: Which President will have two coins with his portrait on it?

answer: Grover Cleveland

text: Grover Cleveland


text: Lateral-cut disc records were developed in the United States by Emile Berliner, who named his system the "gramophone", distinguishing it from Edison's wax cylinder "phonograph" and Columbia's wax cylinder "graphophone". Berliner's earliest discs, first marketed in 1889, but only in Europe, were 5 inches (13 cm) in diameter, and were played with a small hand-propelled machine. Both the records and the machine were adequate only for use as a toy or curiosity, due to the limited sound quality. In the United States in 1894, under the Berliner Gramophone trademark, Berliner started marketing records with somewhat more substantial entertainment value, along with somewhat more substantial gramophones to play them. Berliner's records had poor sound quality compared to wax cylinders, but his manufacturing associate Eldridge R. Johnson eventually improved the sound quality. Abandoning Berliner's "Gramophone" trademark for legal reasons, in 1901 Johnson's and Berliner's separate companies reorganized to form the Victor Talking Machine Company, whose products would come to dominate the market for many years. Emile Berliner moved his company to Montreal in 1900. The factory which became RCA Victor stills exists. There is a dedicated museum in Montreal for Berliner.

title: Gramophone_record

title: Gramophone_record

text: Lateral

text: cut

text: disc

text: records

text: were

text: developed

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: by

text: Emile

text: Berliner

text: who

text: named

text: his

text: system

text: the

text: gramophone

text: distinguishing

text: it

text: from

text: Edison

text: 's

text: wax

text: cylinder

text: phonograph

text: and

text: Columbia

text: 's

text: wax

text: cylinder

text: graphophone

text: Berliner

text: 's

text: earliest

text: discs

text: first

text: marketed

text: in

text: but

text: only

text: in

text: Europe

text: were

text: inches

text: cm

text: in

text: diameter

text: and

text: were

text: played

text: with

text: a

text: small

text: hand

text: propelled

text: machine

text: Both

text: the

text: records

text: and

text: the

text: machine

text: were

text: adequate

text: only

text: for

text: use

text: as

text: a

text: toy

text: or

text: curiosity

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: limited

text: sound

text: quality

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: in

text: under

text: the

text: Berliner

text: Gramophone

text: trademark

text: Berliner

text: started

text: marketing

text: records

text: with

text: somewhat

text: more

text: substantial

text: entertainment

text: value

text: along

text: with

text: somewhat

text: more

text: substantial

text: gramophones

text: to

text: play

text: them

text: Berliner

text: 's

text: records

text: had

text: poor

text: sound

text: quality

text: compared

text: to

text: wax

text: cylinders

text: but

text: his

text: manufacturing

text: associate

text: Eldridge

text: R.

text: Johnson

text: eventually

text: improved

text: the

text: sound

text: quality

text: Abandoning

text: Berliner

text: 's

text: Gramophone

text: trademark

text: for

text: legal

text: reasons

text: in

text: Johnson

text: 's

text: and

text: Berliner

text: 's

text: separate

text: companies

text: reorganized

text: to

text: form

text: the

text: Victor

text: Talking

text: Machine

text: Company

text: whose

text: products

text: would

text: come

text: to

text: dominate

text: the

text: market

text: for

text: many

text: years

text: Emile

text: Berliner

text: moved

text: his

text: company

text: to

text: Montreal

text: in

text: The

text: factory

text: which

text: became

text: RCA

text: Victor

text: stills

text: exists

text: There

text: is

text: a

text: dedicated

text: museum

text: in

text: Montreal

text: for

text: Berliner

question: What is the name of lateral cut disc records?

answer: gramophone

text: gramophone

question: What was an issue found with Berliner's records initially?

answer: poor sound quality

text: poor sound quality

question: Where were lateral cut disc records developed?

answer: United States

text: United States

question: What is 'Victor Talking Machine now known as?

answer: RCA Victor

text: RCA Victor

question: Where is the museum dedicated to Berliner located?

answer: Montreal

text: Montreal


text: Greece has one of the longest histories of any country, and is considered the cradle of Western civilization, and as such, is the birthplace of democracy, Western philosophy, the Olympic Games, Western literature, historiography, political science, major scientific and mathematical principles, and Western drama, including both tragedy and comedy. Greece was first unified under Philip of Macedon in the fourth century BC. His son Alexander the Great rapidly conquered much of the ancient world, spreading Greek culture and science from the eastern Mediterranean to the Indus River. Annexed by Rome in the second century BC, Greece became an integral part of the Roman Empire and its successor, the Byzantine Empire. The first century AD saw the establishment of the Greek Orthodox Church, which shaped the modern Greek identity and transmitted Greek traditions to the wider Orthodox World. Falling under Ottoman dominion in the mid-15th century, the modern nation state of Greece emerged in 1830 following the war of independence. Greece's rich historical legacy is reflected in large part by its 17 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, among the most in Europe and the world.

title: Greece

title: Greece

text: Greece

text: has

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: longest

text: histories

text: of

text: any

text: country

text: and

text: is

text: considered

text: the

text: cradle

text: of

text: Western

text: civilization

text: and

text: as

text: such

text: is

text: the

text: birthplace

text: of

text: democracy

text: Western

text: philosophy

text: the

text: Olympic

text: Games

text: Western

text: literature

text: historiography

text: political

text: science

text: major

text: scientific

text: and

text: mathematical

text: principles

text: and

text: Western

text: drama

text: including

text: both

text: tragedy

text: and

text: comedy

text: Greece

text: was

text: first

text: unified

text: under

text: Philip

text: of

text: Macedon

text: in

text: the

text: fourth

text: century

text: BC

text: His

text: son

text: Alexander

text: the

text: Great

text: rapidly

text: conquered

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: ancient

text: world

text: spreading

text: Greek

text: culture

text: and

text: science

text: from

text: the

text: eastern

text: Mediterranean

text: to

text: the

text: Indus

text: River

text: Annexed

text: by

text: Rome

text: in

text: the

text: second

text: century

text: BC

text: Greece

text: became

text: an

text: integral

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: and

text: its

text: successor

text: the

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: The

text: first

text: century

text: AD

text: saw

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: the

text: Greek

text: Orthodox

text: Church

text: which

text: shaped

text: the

text: modern

text: Greek

text: identity

text: and

text: transmitted

text: Greek

text: traditions

text: to

text: the

text: wider

text: Orthodox

text: World

text: Falling

text: under

text: Ottoman

text: dominion

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: modern

text: nation

text: state

text: of

text: Greece

text: emerged

text: in

text: following

text: the

text: war

text: of

text: independence

text: Greece

text: 's

text: rich

text: historical

text: legacy

text: is

text: reflected

text: in

text: large

text: part

text: by

text: its

text: UNESCO

text: World

text: Heritage

text: Sites

text: among

text: the

text: most

text: in

text: Europe

text: and

text: the

text: world

question: Who was the first person to bring all of Greece together?

answer: Philip of Macedon

text: Philip of Macedon

question: Who was the son of Philip of Macedon?

answer: Alexander the Great

text: Alexander the Great

question: Greece came part of what empire in the 2nd century BC?

answer: Rome

text: Rome

question: When was the Greek Orthodox Church started?

answer: first century AD

text: first century AD

question: What year is considered the beginning of modern Greece?

answer: 1830


text: The path to independence for the white colonies of the British Empire began with the 1839 Durham Report, which proposed unification and self-government for Upper and Lower Canada, as a solution to political unrest there. This began with the passing of the Act of Union in 1840, which created the Province of Canada. Responsible government was first granted to Nova Scotia in 1848, and was soon extended to the other British North American colonies. With the passage of the British North America Act, 1867 by the British Parliament, Upper and Lower Canada, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia were formed into the Dominion of Canada, a confederation enjoying full self-government with the exception of international relations. Australia and New Zealand achieved similar levels of self-government after 1900, with the Australian colonies federating in 1901. The term "dominion status" was officially introduced at the Colonial Conference of 1907.

title: British_Empire

title: British_Empire

text: The

text: path

text: to

text: independence

text: for

text: the

text: white

text: colonies

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: Empire

text: began

text: with

text: the

text: Durham

text: Report

text: which

text: proposed

text: unification

text: and

text: self

text: government

text: for

text: Upper

text: and

text: Lower

text: Canada

text: as

text: a

text: solution

text: to

text: political

text: unrest

text: there

text: This

text: began

text: with

text: the

text: passing

text: of

text: the

text: Act

text: of

text: Union

text: in

text: which

text: created

text: the

text: Province

text: of

text: Canada

text: Responsible

text: government

text: was

text: first

text: granted

text: to

text: Nova

text: Scotia

text: in

text: and

text: was

text: soon

text: extended

text: to

text: the

text: other

text: British

text: North

text: American

text: colonies

text: With

text: the

text: passage

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: North

text: America

text: Act

text: by

text: the

text: British

text: Parliament

text: Upper

text: and

text: Lower

text: Canada

text: New

text: Brunswick

text: and

text: Nova

text: Scotia

text: were

text: formed

text: into

text: the

text: Dominion

text: of

text: Canada

text: a

text: confederation

text: enjoying

text: full

text: self

text: government

text: with

text: the

text: exception

text: of

text: international

text: relations

text: Australia

text: and

text: New

text: Zealand

text: achieved

text: similar

text: levels

text: of

text: self

text: government

text: after

text: with

text: the

text: Australian

text: colonies

text: federating

text: in

text: The

text: term

text: dominion

text: status

text: was

text: officially

text: introduced

text: at

text: the

text: Colonial

text: Conference

text: of

question: When was it proposed to unify Upper and Lower Canada?

answer: 1839

question: The Act of Union unified Canada into a territory by what name?

answer: Province of Canada

text: Province of Canada

question: When was the British North America Act passed?

answer: 1867

question: When did Australia achieve self-government?

answer: after 1900

text: after 1900

question: When did New Zealand achieve self-government?

answer: after 1900

text: after 1900


text: Furthermore, in the case of far-right, far-left and regionalism parties in the national parliaments of much of the European Union, mainstream political parties may form an informal cordon sanitarian which applies a policy of non-cooperation towards those "Outsider Parties" present in the legislature which are viewed as 'anti-system' or otherwise unacceptable for government. Cordon Sanitarian, however, have been increasingly abandoned over the past two decades in multi-party democracies as the pressure to construct broad coalitions in order to win elections – along with the increased willingness of outsider parties themselves to participate in government – has led to many such parties entering electoral and government coalitions.

title: Political_party

title: Political_party

text: Furthermore

text: in

text: the

text: case

text: of

text: far

text: right

text: far

text: left

text: and

text: regionalism

text: parties

text: in

text: the

text: national

text: parliaments

text: of

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: mainstream

text: political

text: parties

text: may

text: form

text: an

text: informal

text: cordon

text: sanitarian

text: which

text: applies

text: a

text: policy

text: of

text: non

text: cooperation

text: towards

text: those

text: Outsider

text: Parties

text: present

text: in

text: the

text: legislature

text: which

text: are

text: viewed

text: as

text: anti

text: system

text: or

text: otherwise

text: unacceptable

text: for

text: government

text: Cordon

text: Sanitarian

text: however

text: have

text: been

text: increasingly

text: abandoned

text: over

text: the

text: past

text: two

text: decades

text: in

text: multi

text: party

text: democracies

text: as

text: the

text: pressure

text: to

text: construct

text: broad

text: coalitions

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: win

text: elections

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: increased

text: willingness

text: of

text: outsider

text: parties

text: themselves

text: to

text: participate

text: in

text: government

text: has

text: led

text: to

text: many

text: such

text: parties

text: entering

text: electoral

text: and

text: government

text: coalitions

question: Will mainstream political parties not cooperate towards outsider parties if they are too extream?

answer: mainstream political parties may form an informal cordon sanitarian which applies a policy of non-cooperation towards those "Outsider Parties"

text: mainstream political parties may form an informal cordon sanitarian which applies a policy of non-cooperation towards those "Outsider Parties"

question: which  outsider parties considered unacceptable to work with?

answer: far-right, far-left and regionalism

text: far-right, far-left and regionalism

question: What has been increasingly abandoned in the past two decades?

answer: Cordon Sanitarian

text: Cordon Sanitarian


text: Israel is considered the most advanced country in Southwest Asia and the Middle East in economic and industrial development. Israel's quality university education and the establishment of a highly motivated and educated populace is largely responsible for spurring the country's high technology boom and rapid economic development. In 2010, it joined the OECD. The country is ranked 3rd in the region and 38th worldwide on the World Bank's Ease of Doing Business Index as well as in the World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Report. It has the second-largest number of startup companies in the world (after the United States) and the largest number of NASDAQ-listed companies outside North America.

title: Israel

title: Israel

text: Israel

text: is

text: considered

text: the

text: most

text: advanced

text: country

text: in

text: Southwest

text: Asia

text: and

text: the

text: Middle

text: East

text: in

text: economic

text: and

text: industrial

text: development

text: Israel

text: 's

text: quality

text: university

text: education

text: and

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: a

text: highly

text: motivated

text: and

text: educated

text: populace

text: is

text: largely

text: responsible

text: for

text: spurring

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: high

text: technology

text: boom

text: and

text: rapid

text: economic

text: development

text: In

text: it

text: joined

text: the

text: OECD

text: The

text: country

text: is

text: ranked

text: in

text: the

text: region

text: and

text: worldwide

text: on

text: the

text: World

text: Bank

text: 's

text: Ease

text: of

text: Doing

text: Business

text: Index

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: in

text: the

text: World

text: Economic

text: Forum

text: 's

text: Global

text: Competitiveness

text: Report

text: It

text: has

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: number

text: of

text: startup

text: companies

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: after

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: number

text: of

text: NASDAQ

text: listed

text: companies

text: outside

text: North

text: America

question: Who is considered the most advanced country in Southwest Asia?

answer: Israel

text: Israel

question: When did Israel join the OECD?

answer: 2010

question: Where does Israel rank in number of startup companies in the world?

answer: second

text: second


text: On 14 October, the heaviest night attack to date saw 380 German bombers from Luftflotte 3 hit London. Around 200 people were killed and another 2,000 injured. British anti-aircraft defences (General Frederick Alfred Pile) fired 8,326 rounds and shot down only two bombers. On 15 October, the bombers returned and about 900 fires were started by the mix of 415 short tons (376 t) of high explosive and 11 short tons (10.0 t) of incendiaries dropped. Five main rail lines were cut in London and rolling stock damaged.

title: The_Blitz

title: The_Blitz

text: On

text: October

text: the

text: heaviest

text: night

text: attack

text: to

text: date

text: saw

text: German

text: bombers

text: from

text: Luftflotte

text: hit

text: London

text: Around

text: people

text: were

text: killed

text: and

text: another

text: injured

text: British

text: anti

text: aircraft

text: defences

text: General

text: Frederick

text: Alfred

text: Pile

text: fired

text: rounds

text: and

text: shot

text: down

text: only

text: two

text: bombers

text: On

text: October

text: the

text: bombers

text: returned

text: and

text: about

text: fires

text: were

text: started

text: by

text: the

text: mix

text: of

text: short

text: tons

text: t

text: of

text: high

text: explosive

text: and

text: short

text: tons

text: t

text: of

text: incendiaries

text: dropped

text: Five

text: main

text: rail

text: lines

text: were

text: cut

text: in

text: London

text: and

text: rolling

text: stock

text: damaged

question: On October 14 how many German bombers attacked?

answer: 380

question: How many people were killed?

answer: Around 200

text: Around 200

question: Who fired anti-defense rounds?

answer: General Frederick Alfred Pile

text: General Frederick Alfred Pile

question: How many rounds of anti-defense were fired?

answer: 8,326 rounds

text: 8,326 rounds

question: How many German bombers were shot down?

answer: two

text: two


text: Interference can hamper memorization and retrieval. There is retroactive interference, when learning new information makes it harder to recall old information and proactive interference, where prior learning disrupts recall of new information. Although interference can lead to forgetting, it is important to keep in mind that there are situations when old information can facilitate learning of new information. Knowing Latin, for instance, can help an individual learn a related language such as French – this phenomenon is known as positive transfer.

title: Memory

title: Memory

text: Interference

text: can

text: hamper

text: memorization

text: and

text: retrieval

text: There

text: is

text: retroactive

text: interference

text: when

text: learning

text: new

text: information

text: makes

text: it

text: harder

text: to

text: recall

text: old

text: information

text: and

text: proactive

text: interference

text: where

text: prior

text: learning

text: disrupts

text: recall

text: of

text: new

text: information

text: Although

text: interference

text: can

text: lead

text: to

text: forgetting

text: it

text: is

text: important

text: to

text: keep

text: in

text: mind

text: that

text: there

text: are

text: situations

text: when

text: old

text: information

text: can

text: facilitate

text: learning

text: of

text: new

text: information

text: Knowing

text: Latin

text: for

text: instance

text: can

text: help

text: an

text: individual

text: learn

text: a

text: related

text: language

text: such

text: as

text: French

text: this

text: phenomenon

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: positive

text: transfer

question: What trouble can interference cause?

answer: can hamper memorization and retrieval

text: can hamper memorization and retrieval

question: What is retroactive interference?

answer: when learning new information makes it harder to recall old information

text: when learning new information makes it harder to recall old information

question: What is proactive interference?

answer: where prior learning disrupts recall of new information

text: where prior learning disrupts recall of new information

question: What is a term used to describe being able to learn something quicker due to an older ability?

answer: positive transfer.

text: positive transfer.


text: The Arena Football League (AFL) is the highest level of professional indoor American football in the United States. It was founded in 1987 by Jim Foster, making it the third longest-running professional football league in North America, after the Canadian Football League and the National Football League. It is played indoors on a 68-yard field (about half the distance of an NFL field), resulting in a faster-paced and higher-scoring game. The sport was invented in the early 1980s and patented by Foster, a former executive of the United States Football League and the National Football League.

title: Arena_Football_League

title: Arena_Football_League

text: The

text: Arena

text: Football

text: League

text: AFL

text: is

text: the

text: highest

text: level

text: of

text: professional

text: indoor

text: American

text: football

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: It

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: by

text: Jim

text: Foster

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: third

text: longest

text: running

text: professional

text: football

text: league

text: in

text: North

text: America

text: after

text: the

text: Canadian

text: Football

text: League

text: and

text: the

text: National

text: Football

text: League

text: It

text: is

text: played

text: indoors

text: on

text: a

text: field

text: about

text: half

text: the

text: distance

text: of

text: an

text: NFL

text: field

text: resulting

text: in

text: a

text: faster

text: paced

text: and

text: higher

text: scoring

text: game

text: The

text: sport

text: was

text: invented

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: and

text: patented

text: by

text: Foster

text: a

text: former

text: executive

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Football

text: League

text: and

text: the

text: National

text: Football

text: League

question: When was the football league established?

answer: 1987

question: Where is football played?

answer: indoors

text: indoors

question: What does AFL sand for?

answer: Arena Football League

text: Arena Football League

question: Who founded The AFL?

answer: Jim Foster

text: Jim Foster

question: In what year was the AFL founded?

answer: 1987

question: In what decade was AFL sport invented?

answer: 1980s

question: Who was the founder of the Arena Football League?

answer: Jim Foster

text: Jim Foster

question: What was the inaugural year of the AFL?

answer: 1987

question: Where does the Arena Football League rank amongst professional football leagues in North America by longevity?

answer: third

text: third

question: In yards, how large is an arena football field?

answer: 68

question: What fraction of the size of an NFL football field is an arena football field?

answer: half

text: half


text: Through most of Shell's early history, the Shell Oil Company business in the United States was substantially independent with its stock being traded on the NYSE and with little direct involvement from the group's central offices in the running of the American business. However, in 1984, Royal Dutch Shell made a bid to purchase those shares of Shell Oil Company it did not own (around 30%) and despite opposition from some minority shareholders, which led to a court case, Shell completed the buyout for a sum of $5.7 billion.

title: Royal_Dutch_Shell

title: Royal_Dutch_Shell

text: Through

text: most

text: of

text: Shell

text: 's

text: early

text: history

text: the

text: Shell

text: Oil

text: Company

text: business

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: was

text: substantially

text: independent

text: with

text: its

text: stock

text: being

text: traded

text: on

text: the

text: NYSE

text: and

text: with

text: little

text: direct

text: involvement

text: from

text: the

text: group

text: 's

text: central

text: offices

text: in

text: the

text: running

text: of

text: the

text: American

text: business

text: However

text: in

text: Royal

text: Dutch

text: Shell

text: made

text: a

text: bid

text: to

text: purchase

text: those

text: shares

text: of

text: Shell

text: Oil

text: Company

text: it

text: did

text: not

text: own

text: around

text: and

text: despite

text: opposition

text: from

text: some

text: minority

text: shareholders

text: which

text: led

text: to

text: a

text: court

text: case

text: Shell

text: completed

text: the

text: buyout

text: for

text: a

text: sum

text: of

text: billion

question: Shell Oil Company's United States business throughout its early history is described as what?

answer: substantially independent

text: substantially independent

question: On which exchange was Shell Oil Company's U.S. stock historically traded?

answer: the NYSE

text: the NYSE

question: Shell Oil Company historically had little direct involvement from what entity in the running of its American businesses?

answer: the group's central offices

text: the group's central offices

question: In what year did Royal Dutch Shell make a bid to purchase approximately 30% of Shell Oil Company's shares?

answer: 1984

question: What did Royal Dutch Shell's bid to purchase Shell Oil Company's shares lead to?

answer: a court case

text: a court case


text: Food is passed from the kitchen to the stube, where the dining room table is placed. Some meals are communal, such as fondue, where a pot is set in the middle of the table for each person to dip into. Other meals are still served in a traditional manner on carved wooden plates. Furniture has been traditionally elaborately carved and in many Alpine countries carpentry skills are passed from generation to generation.

title: Alps

title: Alps

text: Food

text: is

text: passed

text: from

text: the

text: kitchen

text: to

text: the

text: stube

text: where

text: the

text: dining

text: room

text: table

text: is

text: placed

text: Some

text: meals

text: are

text: communal

text: such

text: as

text: fondue

text: where

text: a

text: pot

text: is

text: set

text: in

text: the

text: middle

text: of

text: the

text: table

text: for

text: each

text: person

text: to

text: dip

text: into

text: Other

text: meals

text: are

text: still

text: served

text: in

text: a

text: traditional

text: manner

text: on

text: carved

text: wooden

text: plates

text: Furniture

text: has

text: been

text: traditionally

text: elaborately

text: carved

text: and

text: in

text: many

text: Alpine

text: countries

text: carpentry

text: skills

text: are

text: passed

text: from

text: generation

text: to

text: generation

question: The food is passed from the kitchen to where?

answer: the stube

text: the stube

question: Where is the dining room table placed?

answer: the stube

text: the stube

question: Traditionally, what are meals served on?

answer: carved wooden plates

text: carved wooden plates

question: How is furniture traditionally carved?

answer: elaborately

text: elaborately


text: The constitution of the Fifth Republic states that French alone is the official language of the Republic. However, Alsatian, along with other regional languages, are recognized by the French government in the official list of languages of France. A 1999 INSEE survey counted 548,000 adult speakers of Alsatian in France, making it the second most-spoken regional language in the country (after Occitan). Like all regional languages in France, however, the transmission of Alsatian is on the decline. While 39% of the adult population of Alsace speaks Alsatian, only one in four children speaks it, and only one in ten children uses it regularly.

title: Alsace

title: Alsace

text: The

text: constitution

text: of

text: the

text: Fifth

text: Republic

text: states

text: that

text: French

text: alone

text: is

text: the

text: official

text: language

text: of

text: the

text: Republic

text: However

text: Alsatian

text: along

text: with

text: other

text: regional

text: languages

text: are

text: recognized

text: by

text: the

text: French

text: government

text: in

text: the

text: official

text: list

text: of

text: languages

text: of

text: France

text: A

text: INSEE

text: survey

text: counted

text: adult

text: speakers

text: of

text: Alsatian

text: in

text: France

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: spoken

text: regional

text: language

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: after

text: Occitan

text: Like

text: all

text: regional

text: languages

text: in

text: France

text: however

text: the

text: transmission

text: of

text: Alsatian

text: is

text: on

text: the

text: decline

text: While

text: of

text: the

text: adult

text: population

text: of

text: Alsace

text: speaks

text: Alsatian

text: only

text: one

text: in

text: four

text: children

text: speaks

text: it

text: and

text: only

text: one

text: in

text: ten

text: children

text: uses

text: it

text: regularly

question: What does the French constitution state for the language in Aslace?

answer: French alone is the official language

text: French alone is the official language

question: How many adult speakers speak Alsatian according the 1999 INSEE survey?

answer: 548,000

question: With Alsatian language on the decline, what is the ration of children using the language regularly today?

answer: one in ten children

text: one in ten children


text: Virgil is traditionally ranked as one of Rome's greatest poets. His Aeneid has been considered the national epic of ancient Rome from the time of its composition to the present day. Modeled after Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, the Aeneid follows the Trojan refugee Aeneas as he struggles to fulfill his destiny and arrive on the shores of Italy—in Roman mythology the founding act of Rome. Virgil's work has had wide and deep influence on Western literature, most notably Dante's Divine Comedy, in which Virgil appears as Dante's guide through hell and purgatory.

title: Virgil

title: Virgil

text: Virgil

text: is

text: traditionally

text: ranked

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: Rome

text: 's

text: greatest

text: poets

text: His

text: Aeneid

text: has

text: been

text: considered

text: the

text: national

text: epic

text: of

text: ancient

text: Rome

text: from

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: its

text: composition

text: to

text: the

text: present

text: day

text: Modeled

text: after

text: Homer

text: 's

text: Iliad

text: and

text: Odyssey

text: the

text: Aeneid

text: follows

text: the

text: Trojan

text: refugee

text: Aeneas

text: as

text: he

text: struggles

text: to

text: fulfill

text: his

text: destiny

text: and

text: arrive

text: on

text: the

text: shores

text: of

text: Italy

text: in

text: Roman

text: mythology

text: the

text: founding

text: act

text: of

text: Rome

text: Virgil

text: 's

text: work

text: has

text: had

text: wide

text: and

text: deep

text: influence

text: on

text: Western

text: literature

text: most

text: notably

text: Dante

text: 's

text: Divine

text: Comedy

text: in

text: which

text: Virgil

text: appears

text: as

text: Dante

text: 's

text: guide

text: through

text: hell

text: and

text: purgatory

question: Which of Virgil's works is considered the national epic of ancient Rome?

answer: Aeneid

text: Aeneid

question: Which works did Virgil model the Aeneid after?

answer: Iliad and Odyssey

text: Iliad and Odyssey

question: Who is the main character in the Aeneid?

answer: Aeneas

text: Aeneas

question: What was Aeneas trying to accomplish in the Aeneid?

answer: fulfill his destiny and arrive on the shores of Italy

text: fulfill his destiny and arrive on the shores of Italy

question: Who appears as Dante's guide through hell and purgatory in the Divine Comedy?

answer: Virgil

text: Virgil


text: In the May 23 season finale, Jordin Sparks was declared the winner with the runner-up being Blake Lewis. Sparks has had some success as a recording artist post-Idol.

title: American_Idol

title: American_Idol

text: In

text: the

text: May

text: season

text: finale

text: Jordin

text: Sparks

text: was

text: declared

text: the

text: winner

text: with

text: the

text: runner

text: up

text: being

text: Blake

text: Lewis

text: Sparks

text: has

text: had

text: some

text: success

text: as

text: a

text: recording

text: artist

text: post

text: Idol

question: Who was the winner of American Idols sixth season?

answer: Jordin Sparks

text: Jordin Sparks

question: Who came in second on season six of American Idol?

answer: Blake Lewis

text: Blake Lewis

question: On what date did American Idol air its season six finale?

answer: May 23

text: May 23

question: When was the finale aired?

answer: May 23

text: May 23

question: Which contestant won the season?

answer: Jordin Sparks

text: Jordin Sparks

question: Who was the runner up?

answer: Blake Lewis

text: Blake Lewis