text: Erik Erikson (1902-1994) became one of the earliest psychologists to take an explicit interest in identity. The Eriksonian framework rests upon a distinction among the psychological sense of continuity, known as the ego identity (sometimes identified simply as "the self"); the personal idiosyncrasies that separate one person from the next, known as the personal identity; and the collection of social roles that a person might play, known as either the social identity or the cultural identity. Erikson's work, in the psychodynamic tradition, aimed to investigate the process of identity formation across a lifespan. Progressive strength in the ego identity, for example, can be charted in terms of a series of stages in which identity is formed in response to increasingly sophisticated challenges. The process of forming a viable sense of identity for the culture is conceptualized as an adolescent task, and those who do not manage a resynthesis of childhood identifications are seen as being in a state of 'identity diffusion' whereas those who retain their initially given identities unquestioned have 'foreclosed' identities (Weinreich & Saunderson 2003 p7-8). On some readings of Erikson, the development of a strong ego identity, along with the proper integration into a stable society and culture, lead to a stronger sense of identity in general. Accordingly, a deficiency in either of these factors may increase the chance of an identity crisis or confusion (Cote & Levine 2002, p. 22).

title: Identity_(social_science)

title: Identity_(social_science

text: Erik

text: Erikson

text: became

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: earliest

text: psychologists

text: to

text: take

text: an

text: explicit

text: interest

text: in

text: identity

text: The

text: Eriksonian

text: framework

text: rests

text: upon

text: a

text: distinction

text: among

text: the

text: psychological

text: sense

text: of

text: continuity

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: ego

text: identity

text: sometimes

text: identified

text: simply

text: as

text: the

text: self

text: the

text: personal

text: idiosyncrasies

text: that

text: separate

text: one

text: person

text: from

text: the

text: next

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: personal

text: identity

text: and

text: the

text: collection

text: of

text: social

text: roles

text: that

text: a

text: person

text: might

text: play

text: known

text: as

text: either

text: the

text: social

text: identity

text: or

text: the

text: cultural

text: identity

text: Erikson

text: 's

text: work

text: in

text: the

text: psychodynamic

text: tradition

text: aimed

text: to

text: investigate

text: the

text: process

text: of

text: identity

text: formation

text: across

text: a

text: lifespan

text: Progressive

text: strength

text: in

text: the

text: ego

text: identity

text: for

text: example

text: can

text: be

text: charted

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: stages

text: in

text: which

text: identity

text: is

text: formed

text: in

text: response

text: to

text: increasingly

text: sophisticated

text: challenges

text: The

text: process

text: of

text: forming

text: a

text: viable

text: sense

text: of

text: identity

text: for

text: the

text: culture

text: is

text: conceptualized

text: as

text: an

text: adolescent

text: task

text: and

text: those

text: who

text: do

text: not

text: manage

text: a

text: resynthesis

text: of

text: childhood

text: identifications

text: are

text: seen

text: as

text: being

text: in

text: a

text: state

text: of

text: identity

text: diffusion

text: whereas

text: those

text: who

text: retain

text: their

text: initially

text: given

text: identities

text: unquestioned

text: have

text: foreclosed

text: identities

text: Weinreich

text: Saunderson

text: On

text: some

text: readings

text: of

text: Erikson

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: a

text: strong

text: ego

text: identity

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: proper

text: integration

text: into

text: a

text: stable

text: society

text: and

text: culture

text: lead

text: to

text: a

text: stronger

text: sense

text: of

text: identity

text: in

text: general

text: Accordingly

text: a

text: deficiency

text: in

text: either

text: of

text: these

text: factors

text: may

text: increase

text: the

text: chance

text: of

text: an

text: identity

text: crisis

text: or

text: confusion

text: Cote

text: Levine

text: p.

question: Who was one of the earliest psychologists to take an explicit interest in identity?

answer: Erik Erikson

text: Erik Erikson

question: What distinction is sometimes referred to as the self?

answer: ego identity

text: ego identity

question: The personal idiosyncrasies that separate individuals are called what?

answer: the personal identity

text: the personal identity

question: What are the 3 names for the collection of a person's social roles?

answer: the social identity or the cultural identity

text: the social identity or the cultural identity

question: In what tradition is Erikson's work to track identity formation throughout a lifetime?

answer: the psychodynamic tradition

text: the psychodynamic tradition


text: The art of writing Chinese characters is called Chinese calligraphy. It is usually done with ink brushes. In ancient China, Chinese calligraphy is one of the Four Arts of the Chinese Scholars. There is a minimalist set of rules of Chinese calligraphy. Every character from the Chinese scripts is built into a uniform shape by means of assigning it a geometric area in which the character must occur. Each character has a set number of brushstrokes; none must be added or taken away from the character to enhance it visually, lest the meaning be lost. Finally, strict regularity is not required, meaning the strokes may be accentuated for dramatic effect of individual style. Calligraphy was the means by which scholars could mark their thoughts and teachings for immortality, and as such, represent some of the more precious treasures that can be found from ancient China.

title: Chinese_characters

title: Chinese_characters

text: The

text: art

text: of

text: writing

text: Chinese

text: characters

text: is

text: called

text: Chinese

text: calligraphy

text: It

text: is

text: usually

text: done

text: with

text: ink

text: brushes

text: In

text: ancient

text: China

text: Chinese

text: calligraphy

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: Four

text: Arts

text: of

text: the

text: Chinese

text: Scholars

text: There

text: is

text: a

text: minimalist

text: set

text: of

text: rules

text: of

text: Chinese

text: calligraphy

text: Every

text: character

text: from

text: the

text: Chinese

text: scripts

text: is

text: built

text: into

text: a

text: uniform

text: shape

text: by

text: means

text: of

text: assigning

text: it

text: a

text: geometric

text: area

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: character

text: must

text: occur

text: Each

text: character

text: has

text: a

text: set

text: number

text: of

text: brushstrokes

text: must

text: be

text: added

text: or

text: taken

text: away

text: from

text: the

text: character

text: to

text: enhance

text: it

text: visually

text: lest

text: the

text: meaning

text: be

text: lost

text: Finally

text: strict

text: regularity

text: is

text: not

text: required

text: meaning

text: the

text: strokes

text: may

text: be

text: accentuated

text: for

text: dramatic

text: effect

text: of

text: individual

text: style

text: Calligraphy

text: was

text: the

text: means

text: by

text: which

text: scholars

text: could

text: mark

text: their

text: thoughts

text: and

text: teachings

text: for

text: immortality

text: and

text: as

text: such

text: represent

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: more

text: precious

text: treasures

text: that

text: can

text: be

text: found

text: from

text: ancient

text: China

question: What is the art of writing Chinese characters?

answer: Chinese calligraphy

text: Chinese calligraphy

question: What is one of the Four Arts of the Chinese Scholars?

answer: Chinese calligraphy

text: Chinese calligraphy

question: What is not required?

answer: strict regularity

text: strict regularity


text: Arsenal Ladies are the women's football club affiliated to Arsenal. Founded in 1987, they turned semi-professional in 2002 and are managed by Clare Wheatley. Arsenal Ladies are the most successful team in English women's football. In the 2008–09 season, they won all three major English trophies – the FA Women's Premier League, FA Women's Cup and FA Women's Premier League Cup, and, as of 2009, were the only English side to have won the UEFA Women's Cup, having done so in the 2006–07 season as part of a unique quadruple. The men's and women's clubs are formally separate entities but have quite close ties; Arsenal Ladies are entitled to play once a season at the Emirates Stadium, though they usually play their home matches at Boreham Wood.

title: Arsenal_F.C.

title: Arsenal_F.C.

text: Arsenal

text: Ladies

text: are

text: the

text: women

text: 's

text: football

text: club

text: affiliated

text: to

text: Arsenal

text: Founded

text: in

text: they

text: turned

text: semi

text: professional

text: in

text: and

text: are

text: managed

text: by

text: Clare

text: Wheatley

text: Arsenal

text: Ladies

text: are

text: the

text: most

text: successful

text: team

text: in

text: English

text: women

text: 's

text: football

text: In

text: the

text: season

text: they

text: won

text: all

text: three

text: major

text: English

text: trophies

text: the

text: FA

text: Women

text: 's

text: Premier

text: League

text: FA

text: Women

text: 's

text: Cup

text: and

text: FA

text: Women

text: 's

text: Premier

text: League

text: Cup

text: and

text: as

text: of

text: were

text: the

text: only

text: English

text: side

text: to

text: have

text: won

text: the

text: UEFA

text: Women

text: 's

text: Cup

text: having

text: done

text: so

text: in

text: the

text: season

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: a

text: unique

text: quadruple

text: The

text: men

text: 's

text: and

text: women

text: 's

text: clubs

text: are

text: formally

text: separate

text: entities

text: but

text: have

text: quite

text: close

text: ties

text: Arsenal

text: Ladies

text: are

text: entitled

text: to

text: play

text: once

text: a

text: season

text: at

text: the

text: Emirates

text: Stadium

text: though

text: they

text: usually

text: play

text: their

text: home

text: matches

text: at

text: Boreham

text: Wood

question: At what stadium do Arsenal Ladies usually play?

answer: Boreham Wood.

text: Boreham Wood.

question: By 2009 what competition has Arsenal Ladies been the only ladies team to have won?

answer: UEFA Women's Cup

text: UEFA Women's Cup

question: When did the Arsenal Ladies team become semi-professional?

answer: 2002

question: How does Arsenal Ladies rank as compared with other English women's football teams?

answer: most successful

text: most successful

question: What is the name of the football club affiliated with Arsenal?

answer: Arsenal Ladies

text: Arsenal Ladies


text: In 1996, Comcast bought a controlling stake in Spectacor from the company's founder, Ed Snider. Comcast-Spectacor holdings now include the Philadelphia Flyers NHL hockey team, the Philadelphia 76ers National Basketball Association basketball team and two large multipurpose arenas in Philadelphia. Over a number of years, Comcast became majority owner of Comcast SportsNet, as well as Golf Channel and NBCSN (formerly the Outdoor Life Network, then Versus). In 2002, Comcast paid the University of Maryland $25 million for naming rights to the new basketball arena built on the College Park campus, the XFINITY Center. Before it was renamed for Comcast's cable subsidiary, XFINITY Center was called Comcast Center from its opening in 2002 through July 2014.

title: Comcast

title: Comcast

text: In

text: Comcast

text: bought

text: a

text: controlling

text: stake

text: in

text: Spectacor

text: from

text: the

text: company

text: 's

text: founder

text: Ed

text: Snider

text: Comcast

text: Spectacor

text: holdings

text: now

text: include

text: the

text: Philadelphia

text: Flyers

text: NHL

text: hockey

text: team

text: the

text: Philadelphia

text: National

text: Basketball

text: Association

text: basketball

text: team

text: and

text: two

text: large

text: multipurpose

text: arenas

text: in

text: Philadelphia

text: Over

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: years

text: Comcast

text: became

text: majority

text: owner

text: of

text: Comcast

text: SportsNet

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: Golf

text: Channel

text: and

text: NBCSN

text: formerly

text: the

text: Outdoor

text: Life

text: Network

text: then

text: Versus

text: In

text: Comcast

text: paid

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Maryland

text: million

text: for

text: naming

text: rights

text: to

text: the

text: new

text: basketball

text: arena

text: built

text: on

text: the

text: College

text: Park

text: campus

text: the

text: XFINITY

text: Center

text: Before

text: it

text: was

text: renamed

text: for

text: Comcast

text: 's

text: cable

text: subsidiary

text: XFINITY

text: Center

text: was

text: called

text: Comcast

text: Center

text: from

text: its

text: opening

text: in

text: through

text: July

question: Who was the founder of Philadelphia sports corporation Spectator?

answer: Ed Snider

text: Ed Snider

question: Comcast's purchase of Spectator gave them what sports teams in Philadelphia?

answer: the Philadelphia Flyers NHL hockey team, the Philadelphia 76ers National Basketball Association basketball team

text: the Philadelphia Flyers NHL hockey team, the Philadelphia 76ers National Basketball Association basketball team

question: What was the original name of NBCSN?

answer: Outdoor Life Network

text: Outdoor Life Network

question: Comcast bought naming rights for what college's basketball arena?

answer: the University of Maryland

text: the University of Maryland

question: What was the second name NBCSN was known as?

answer: Versus

text: Versus


text: In April, during the Revolution of 1848 in Paris, he left for London, where he performed at several concerts and at numerous receptions in great houses. This tour was suggested to him by his Scottish pupil Jane Stirling and her elder sister. Stirling also made all the logistical arrangements and provided much of the necessary funding.

title: Frédéric_Chopin

title: Frédéric_Chopin

text: In

text: April

text: during

text: the

text: Revolution

text: of

text: in

text: Paris

text: he

text: left

text: for

text: London

text: where

text: he

text: performed

text: at

text: several

text: concerts

text: and

text: at

text: numerous

text: receptions

text: in

text: great

text: houses

text: This

text: tour

text: was

text: suggested

text: to

text: him

text: by

text: his

text: Scottish

text: pupil

text: Jane

text: Stirling

text: and

text: her

text: elder

text: sister

text: Stirling

text: also

text: made

text: all

text: the

text: logistical

text: arrangements

text: and

text: provided

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: necessary

text: funding

question: Where did Chopin head to during the Revolution of 1848?

answer: London

text: London

question: Who provided the majority of funds for his concert tour in London?

answer: Jane Stirling

text: Jane Stirling

question: Where did Chopin go in the spring of 1848?

answer: London

text: London

question: What two people suggested the 1848 tour?

answer: Jane Stirling and her elder sister

text: Jane Stirling and her elder sister

question: Who paid for most of the 1848 music tour of Chopin?

answer: Jane Stirling

text: Jane Stirling

question: What was happening in April 1848 in Paris?

answer: Revolution

text: Revolution

question: What was Jane Stirling's national heritage?

answer: Scottish

text: Scottish


text: IMF's forecast said that Greece's unemployment rate would hit the highest 14.8 percent in 2012 and decrease to 14.1 in 2014.  But in fact, the Greek economy suffered a prolonged high unemployemnt. The unemployment figure was between 9 per cent and 11 per cent in 2009, and it soared to 28 per cent in 2013. In 2015, Greece's jobless rate is around 24 per cent. It is thought that Greece's potential output has been eroded by this prolonged massive unemployment due to the associated hysteresis effects.

title: Economy_of_Greece

title: Economy_of_Greece

text: IMF

text: 's

text: forecast

text: said

text: that

text: Greece

text: 's

text: unemployment

text: rate

text: would

text: hit

text: the

text: highest

text: percent

text: in

text: and

text: decrease

text: to

text: in

text: But

text: in

text: fact

text: the

text: Greek

text: economy

text: suffered

text: a

text: prolonged

text: high

text: unemployemnt

text: The

text: unemployment

text: figure

text: was

text: between

text: per

text: cent

text: and

text: per

text: cent

text: in

text: and

text: it

text: soared

text: to

text: per

text: cent

text: in

text: In

text: Greece

text: 's

text: jobless

text: rate

text: is

text: around

text: per

text: cent

text: It

text: is

text: thought

text: that

text: Greece

text: 's

text: potential

text: output

text: has

text: been

text: eroded

text: by

text: this

text: prolonged

text: massive

text: unemployment

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: associated

text: hysteresis

text: effects

question: What did IMF forecast Greece's unemployment rate to be in 2012?

answer: 14.8 percent

text: 14.8 percent

question: What was Greece's unemployment rate between in 2009?

answer: 9 per cent and 11 per cent

text: 9 per cent and 11 per cent

question: What did Greece's unemployment rate soar to in 2013?

answer: 28 per cent

text: 28 per cent

question: What was Greece's jobless rate in 2015?

answer: 24 per cent

text: 24 per cent

question: What is thought to have eroded Greece's potential output?

answer: prolonged massive unemployment

text: prolonged massive unemployment


text: Another model is the FEELS model developed by Xie Bangxiu and deployed successfully in China. "FEELS" stands for five things in curriculum and education: Flexible-goals, Engaged-learner, Embodied-knowledge, Learning-through-interactions, and Supportive-teacher. It is used for understanding and evaluating educational curriculum under the assumption that the purpose of education is to "help a person become whole." This work is in part the product of cooperation between Chinese government organizations and the Institute for the Postmodern Development of China.

title: Alfred_North_Whitehead

title: Alfred_North_Whitehead

text: Another

text: model

text: is

text: the

text: FEELS

text: model

text: developed

text: by

text: Xie

text: Bangxiu

text: and

text: deployed

text: successfully

text: in

text: China

text: FEELS

text: stands

text: for

text: five

text: things

text: in

text: curriculum

text: and

text: education

text: Flexible

text: goals

text: Engaged

text: learner

text: Embodied

text: knowledge

text: Learning

text: through

text: interactions

text: and

text: Supportive

text: teacher

text: It

text: is

text: used

text: for

text: understanding

text: and

text: evaluating

text: educational

text: curriculum

text: under

text: the

text: assumption

text: that

text: the

text: purpose

text: of

text: education

text: is

text: to

text: help

text: a

text: person

text: become

text: whole

text: This

text: work

text: is

text: in

text: part

text: the

text: product

text: of

text: cooperation

text: between

text: Chinese

text: government

text: organizations

text: and

text: the

text: Institute

text: for

text: the

text: Postmodern

text: Development

text: of

text: China

question: Who established the FEELS model in China?

answer: Xie Bangxiu

text: Xie Bangxiu

question: What does "FEELS" stand for?

answer: Flexible-goals, Engaged-learner, Embodied-knowledge, Learning-through-interactions, and Supportive-teacher

text: Flexible-goals, Engaged-learner, Embodied-knowledge, Learning-through-interactions, and Supportive-teacher

question: What is the purpose of the FEELS model?

answer: It is used for understanding and evaluating educational curriculum under the assumption that the purpose of education is to "help a person become whole."

text: It is used for understanding and evaluating educational curriculum under the assumption that the purpose of education is to "help a person become whole."

question: What entities are working together to promote the FEELS model?

answer: Chinese government organizations and the Institute for the Postmodern Development of China

text: Chinese government organizations and the Institute for the Postmodern Development of China


text: Royal power in Wales was unevenly applied, with the country divided between the marcher lords along the borders, royal territories in Pembrokeshire and the more independent native Welsh lords of North Wales. John took a close interest in Wales and knew the country well, visiting every year between 1204 and 1211 and marrying his illegitimate daughter, Joan, to the Welsh prince Llywelyn the Great. The king used the marcher lords and the native Welsh to increase his own territory and power, striking a sequence of increasingly precise deals backed by royal military power with the Welsh rulers. A major royal expedition to enforce these agreements occurred in 1211, after Llywelyn attempted to exploit the instability caused by the removal of William de Braose, through the Welsh uprising of 1211. John's invasion, striking into the Welsh heartlands, was a military success. Llywelyn came to terms that included an expansion of John's power across much of Wales, albeit only temporarily.

title: John,_King_of_England

title: John,_King_of_England

text: Royal

text: power

text: in

text: Wales

text: was

text: unevenly

text: applied

text: with

text: the

text: country

text: divided

text: between

text: the

text: marcher

text: lords

text: along

text: the

text: borders

text: royal

text: territories

text: in

text: Pembrokeshire

text: and

text: the

text: more

text: independent

text: native

text: Welsh

text: lords

text: of

text: North

text: Wales

text: John

text: took

text: a

text: close

text: interest

text: in

text: Wales

text: and

text: knew

text: the

text: country

text: well

text: visiting

text: every

text: year

text: between

text: and

text: and

text: marrying

text: his

text: illegitimate

text: daughter

text: Joan

text: to

text: the

text: Welsh

text: prince

text: Llywelyn

text: the

text: Great

text: The

text: king

text: used

text: the

text: marcher

text: lords

text: and

text: the

text: native

text: Welsh

text: to

text: increase

text: his

text: own

text: territory

text: and

text: power

text: striking

text: a

text: sequence

text: of

text: increasingly

text: precise

text: deals

text: backed

text: by

text: royal

text: military

text: power

text: with

text: the

text: Welsh

text: rulers

text: A

text: major

text: royal

text: expedition

text: to

text: enforce

text: these

text: agreements

text: occurred

text: in

text: after

text: Llywelyn

text: attempted

text: to

text: exploit

text: the

text: instability

text: caused

text: by

text: the

text: removal

text: of

text: William

text: de

text: Braose

text: through

text: the

text: Welsh

text: uprising

text: of

text: John

text: 's

text: invasion

text: striking

text: into

text: the

text: Welsh

text: heartlands

text: was

text: a

text: military

text: success

text: Llywelyn

text: came

text: to

text: terms

text: that

text: included

text: an

text: expansion

text: of

text: John

text: 's

text: power

text: across

text: much

text: of

text: Wales

text: albeit

text: only

text: temporarily

question: Where did John visit every year between 1204 and 1211?

answer: Wales

text: Wales

question: Who did John marry Joan to?

answer: Llywelyn the Great

text: Llywelyn the Great

question: What did John use to increase his own territory and power?

answer: marcher lords and the native Welsh

text: marcher lords and the native Welsh

question: When did a royal expedition to enforce agreements occur?

answer: 1211


text: The simplest type of MP3 file uses one bit rate for the entire file: this is known as Constant Bit Rate (CBR) encoding. Using a constant bit rate makes encoding simpler and faster. However, it is also possible to create files where the bit rate changes throughout the file. These are known as Variable Bit Rate (VBR) files. The idea behind this is that, in any piece of audio, some parts will be much easier to compress, such as silence or music containing only a few instruments, while others will be more difficult to compress. So, the overall quality of the file may be increased by using a lower bit rate for the less complex passages and a higher one for the more complex parts. With some encoders, it is possible to specify a given quality, and the encoder will vary the bit rate accordingly. Users who know a particular "quality setting" that is transparent to their ears can use this value when encoding all of their music, and generally speaking not need to worry about performing personal listening tests on each piece of music to determine the correct bit rate.

title: MP3

title: MP3

text: The

text: simplest

text: type

text: of

text: file

text: uses

text: one

text: bit

text: rate

text: for

text: the

text: entire

text: file

text: this

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: Constant

text: Bit

text: Rate

text: CBR

text: encoding

text: Using

text: a

text: constant

text: bit

text: rate

text: makes

text: encoding

text: simpler

text: and

text: faster

text: However

text: it

text: is

text: also

text: possible

text: to

text: create

text: files

text: where

text: the

text: bit

text: rate

text: changes

text: throughout

text: the

text: file

text: These

text: are

text: known

text: as

text: Variable

text: Bit

text: Rate

text: VBR

text: files

text: The

text: idea

text: behind

text: this

text: is

text: that

text: in

text: any

text: piece

text: of

text: audio

text: some

text: parts

text: will

text: be

text: much

text: easier

text: to

text: compress

text: such

text: as

text: silence

text: or

text: music

text: containing

text: only

text: a

text: few

text: instruments

text: while

text: others

text: will

text: be

text: more

text: difficult

text: to

text: compress

text: So

text: the

text: overall

text: quality

text: of

text: the

text: file

text: may

text: be

text: increased

text: by

text: using

text: a

text: lower

text: bit

text: rate

text: for

text: the

text: less

text: complex

text: passages

text: and

text: a

text: higher

text: one

text: for

text: the

text: more

text: complex

text: parts

text: With

text: some

text: encoders

text: it

text: is

text: possible

text: to

text: specify

text: a

text: given

text: quality

text: and

text: the

text: encoder

text: will

text: vary

text: the

text: bit

text: rate

text: accordingly

text: Users

text: who

text: know

text: a

text: particular

text: quality

text: setting

text: that

text: is

text: transparent

text: to

text: their

text: ears

text: can

text: use

text: this

text: value

text: when

text: encoding

text: all

text: of

text: their

text: music

text: and

text: generally

text: speaking

text: not

text: need

text: to

text: worry

text: about

text: performing

text: personal

text: listening

text: tests

text: on

text: each

text: piece

text: of

text: music

text: to

text: determine

text: the

text: correct

text: bit

text: rate

question: How many bit rates does the simplest type of MP3 file use?

answer: one

text: one

question: What does CBR stand for?

answer: Constant Bit Rate

text: Constant Bit Rate

question: What does VBR stand for?

answer: Variable Bit Rate

text: Variable Bit Rate

question: Aside from silence, which sections of music highlight parts that are easier to compress?

answer: music containing only a few instruments

text: music containing only a few instruments

question: What value do users need to know when encoding their music to help avoid them having to do tests on each piece of music?

answer: quality setting

text: quality setting


text: Red is the color most commonly associated with joy and well being. It is the color of celebration and ceremony. A red carpet is often used to welcome distinguished guests. Red is also the traditional color of seats in opera houses and theaters. Scarlet academic gowns are worn by new Doctors of Philosophy at degree ceremonies at Oxford University and other schools. In China, it is considered the color of good fortune and prosperity, and it is the color traditionally worn by brides. In Christian countries, it is the color traditionally worn at Christmas by Santa Claus, because in the 4th century the historic Saint Nicholas was the Greek Christian Bishop of Myra, in modern-day Turkey, and bishops then dressed in red.

title: Red

title: Red

text: Red

text: is

text: the

text: color

text: most

text: commonly

text: associated

text: with

text: joy

text: and

text: well

text: being

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: color

text: of

text: celebration

text: and

text: ceremony

text: A

text: red

text: carpet

text: is

text: often

text: used

text: to

text: welcome

text: distinguished

text: guests

text: Red

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: traditional

text: color

text: of

text: seats

text: in

text: opera

text: houses

text: and

text: theaters

text: Scarlet

text: academic

text: gowns

text: are

text: worn

text: by

text: new

text: Doctors

text: of

text: Philosophy

text: at

text: degree

text: ceremonies

text: at

text: Oxford

text: University

text: and

text: other

text: schools

text: In

text: China

text: it

text: is

text: considered

text: the

text: color

text: of

text: good

text: fortune

text: and

text: prosperity

text: and

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: color

text: traditionally

text: worn

text: by

text: brides

text: In

text: Christian

text: countries

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: color

text: traditionally

text: worn

text: at

text: Christmas

text: by

text: Santa

text: Claus

text: because

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: historic

text: Saint

text: Nicholas

text: was

text: the

text: Greek

text: Christian

text: Bishop

text: of

text: Myra

text: in

text: modern

text: day

text: Turkey

text: and

text: bishops

text: then

text: dressed

text: in

text: red

question: What color gowns are generally worn by recent Doctors of Philosophy at Oxford?

answer: Scarlet

text: Scarlet

question: What good traits is the color red associated with in China?

answer: good fortune and prosperity

text: good fortune and prosperity

question: In what century did Saint Nicholas become the influence for red being worn by Santa Claus?

answer: 4th

question: Who was Saint Nicholas?

answer: the Greek Christian Bishop of Myra

text: the Greek Christian Bishop of Myra

question: In what nation is Myra?

answer: Turkey

text: Turkey


text: In European history, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted from the 5th to the 15th century. It began with the collapse of the Western Roman Empire and merged into the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery. The Middle Ages is the middle period of the three traditional divisions of Western history: Antiquity, Medieval period, and Modern period. The Medieval period is itself subdivided into the Early, the High, and the Late Middle Ages.

title: Middle_Ages

title: Middle_Ages

text: In

text: European

text: history

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: or

text: medieval

text: period

text: lasted

text: from

text: the

text: to

text: the

text: century

text: It

text: began

text: with

text: the

text: collapse

text: of

text: the

text: Western

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: and

text: merged

text: into

text: the

text: Renaissance

text: and

text: the

text: Age

text: of

text: Discovery

text: The

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: is

text: the

text: middle

text: period

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: traditional

text: divisions

text: of

text: Western

text: history

text: Antiquity

text: Medieval

text: period

text: and

text: Modern

text: period

text: The

text: Medieval

text: period

text: is

text: itself

text: subdivided

text: into

text: the

text: Early

text: the

text: High

text: and

text: the

text: Late

text: Middle

text: Ages

question: In what century did the Middle Ages begin?

answer: 5th

question: What century saw the end of the Middle Ages?

answer: 15th

question: What event marked the beginning of the Middle Ages?

answer: the collapse of the Western Roman Empire

text: the collapse of the Western Roman Empire

question: Along with the Renaissance, what era occurred at the end of the Middle Ages?

answer: Age of Discovery

text: Age of Discovery

question: What is the first period of the three that Western history is traditionally divided into?

answer: Antiquity

text: Antiquity


text: The Yale Report of 1828 was a dogmatic defense of the Latin and Greek curriculum against critics who wanted more courses in modern languages, mathematics, and science. Unlike higher education in Europe, there was no national curriculum for colleges and universities in the United States. In the competition for students and financial support, college leaders strove to keep current with demands for innovation. At the same time, they realized that a significant portion of their students and prospective students demanded a classical background. The Yale report meant the classics would not be abandoned. All institutions experimented with changes in the curriculum, often resulting in a dual track. In the decentralized environment of higher education in the United States, balancing change with tradition was a common challenge because no one could afford to be completely modern or completely classical. A group of professors at Yale and New Haven Congregationalist ministers articulated a conservative response to the changes brought about by the Victorian culture. They concentrated on developing a whole man possessed of religious values sufficiently strong to resist temptations from within, yet flexible enough to adjust to the 'isms' (professionalism, materialism, individualism, and consumerism) tempting him from without. William Graham Sumner, professor from 1872 to 1909, taught in the emerging disciplines of economics and sociology to overflowing classrooms. He bested President Noah Porter, who disliked social science and wanted Yale to lock into its traditions of classical education. Porter objected to Sumner's use of a textbook by Herbert Spencer that espoused agnostic materialism because it might harm students.

title: Yale_University

title: Yale_University

text: The

text: Yale

text: Report

text: of

text: was

text: a

text: dogmatic

text: defense

text: of

text: the

text: Latin

text: and

text: Greek

text: curriculum

text: against

text: critics

text: who

text: wanted

text: more

text: courses

text: in

text: modern

text: languages

text: mathematics

text: and

text: science

text: Unlike

text: higher

text: education

text: in

text: Europe

text: there

text: was

text: no

text: national

text: curriculum

text: for

text: colleges

text: and

text: universities

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: In

text: the

text: competition

text: for

text: students

text: and

text: financial

text: support

text: college

text: leaders

text: strove

text: to

text: keep

text: current

text: with

text: demands

text: for

text: innovation

text: At

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: they

text: realized

text: that

text: a

text: significant

text: portion

text: of

text: their

text: students

text: and

text: prospective

text: students

text: demanded

text: a

text: classical

text: background

text: The

text: Yale

text: report

text: meant

text: the

text: classics

text: would

text: not

text: be

text: abandoned

text: All

text: institutions

text: experimented

text: with

text: changes

text: in

text: the

text: curriculum

text: often

text: resulting

text: in

text: a

text: dual

text: track

text: In

text: the

text: decentralized

text: environment

text: of

text: higher

text: education

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: balancing

text: change

text: with

text: tradition

text: was

text: a

text: common

text: challenge

text: because

text: no

text: one

text: could

text: afford

text: to

text: be

text: completely

text: modern

text: or

text: completely

text: classical

text: A

text: group

text: of

text: professors

text: at

text: Yale

text: and

text: New

text: Haven

text: Congregationalist

text: ministers

text: articulated

text: a

text: conservative

text: response

text: to

text: the

text: changes

text: brought

text: about

text: by

text: the

text: Victorian

text: culture

text: They

text: concentrated

text: on

text: developing

text: a

text: whole

text: man

text: possessed

text: of

text: religious

text: values

text: sufficiently

text: strong

text: to

text: resist

text: temptations

text: from

text: within

text: yet

text: flexible

text: enough

text: to

text: adjust

text: to

text: the

text: isms

text: professionalism

text: materialism

text: individualism

text: and

text: consumerism

text: tempting

text: him

text: from

text: without

text: William

text: Graham

text: Sumner

text: professor

text: from

text: to

text: taught

text: in

text: the

text: emerging

text: disciplines

text: of

text: economics

text: and

text: sociology

text: to

text: overflowing

text: classrooms

text: He

text: bested

text: President

text: Noah

text: Porter

text: who

text: disliked

text: social

text: science

text: and

text: wanted

text: Yale

text: to

text: lock

text: into

text: its

text: traditions

text: of

text: classical

text: education

text: Porter

text: objected

text: to

text: Sumner

text: 's

text: use

text: of

text: a

text: textbook

text: by

text: Herbert

text: Spencer

text: that

text: espoused

text: agnostic

text: materialism

text: because

text: it

text: might

text: harm

text: students

question: When did William Graham Sumner teach?

answer: 1872 to 1909

text: 1872 to 1909

question: What did William Graham Sumner teach?

answer: economics and sociology

text: economics and sociology

question: Why was The Yale Report established?

answer: the classics would not be abandoned

text: the classics would not be abandoned

question: What were the group of Yale professors and ministers attempting to achieve?

answer: developing a whole man possessed of religious values sufficiently strong to resist temptations

text: developing a whole man possessed of religious values sufficiently strong to resist temptations

question: What changes were the professors and ministers responding to?

answer: Victorian culture

text: Victorian culture


text: The Turkish invasion, followed by occupation and the declaration of independence of the TRNC have been condemned by United Nations resolutions, which are reaffirmed by the Security Council every year. The last major effort to settle the Cyprus dispute was the Annan Plan in 2004, drafted by the then Secretary General, Kofi Annan. The plan was put to a referendum in both Northern Cyprus and the Republic of Cyprus. 65% of Turkish Cypriots voted in support of the plan and 74% Greek Cypriots voted against the plan, claiming that it disproportionately favoured the Turkish side. In total, 66.7% of the voters rejected the Annan Plan V. On 1 May 2004 Cyprus joined the European Union, together with nine other countries. Cyprus was accepted into the EU as a whole, although the EU legislation is suspended in the territory occupied by Turkey (TRNC), until a final settlement of the Cyprus problem. In July 2006, the island served as a haven for people fleeing Lebanon, due to the conflict between Israel and Hezbollah (also called "The July War").

title: Cyprus

title: Cyprus

text: The

text: Turkish

text: invasion

text: followed

text: by

text: occupation

text: and

text: the

text: declaration

text: of

text: independence

text: of

text: the

text: TRNC

text: have

text: been

text: condemned

text: by

text: United

text: Nations

text: resolutions

text: which

text: are

text: reaffirmed

text: by

text: the

text: Security

text: Council

text: every

text: year

text: The

text: last

text: major

text: effort

text: to

text: settle

text: the

text: Cyprus

text: dispute

text: was

text: the

text: Annan

text: Plan

text: in

text: drafted

text: by

text: the

text: then

text: Secretary

text: General

text: Kofi

text: Annan

text: The

text: plan

text: was

text: put

text: to

text: a

text: referendum

text: in

text: both

text: Northern

text: Cyprus

text: and

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Cyprus

text: of

text: Turkish

text: Cypriots

text: voted

text: in

text: support

text: of

text: the

text: plan

text: and

text: Greek

text: Cypriots

text: voted

text: against

text: the

text: plan

text: claiming

text: that

text: it

text: disproportionately

text: favoured

text: the

text: Turkish

text: side

text: In

text: total

text: of

text: the

text: voters

text: rejected

text: the

text: Annan

text: Plan

text: V.

text: On

text: May

text: Cyprus

text: joined

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: together

text: with

text: nine

text: other

text: countries

text: Cyprus

text: was

text: accepted

text: into

text: the

text: EU

text: as

text: a

text: whole

text: although

text: the

text: EU

text: legislation

text: is

text: suspended

text: in

text: the

text: territory

text: occupied

text: by

text: Turkey

text: TRNC

text: until

text: a

text: final

text: settlement

text: of

text: the

text: Cyprus

text: problem

text: In

text: July

text: the

text: island

text: served

text: as

text: a

text: haven

text: for

text: people

text: fleeing

text: Lebanon

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: conflict

text: between

text: Israel

text: and

text: Hezbollah

text: also

text: called

text: The

text: July

text: War

question: In what year did the last major effort to settle the Cyprus dispute take place?

answer: 2004

question: In 2006 people fled to Cyprus from what country?

answer: Lebanon

text: Lebanon

question: In what year did Cyprus join the European Union?

answer: 2004

question: How many Turkish Cypriots voted for the Annan Plan in 2004?

answer: 65%

question: How many Greek Cypriots voted against the Annan Plan in 2004?

answer: 74%


text: By the 1980s, parents of mixed-race children (and adults of mixed-race ancestry) began to organize and lobby for the ability to show more than one ethnic category on Census and other legal forms. They refused to be put into just one category. When the U.S. government proposed the addition of the category of "bi-racial" or "multiracial" in 1988, the response from the general public was mostly negative. Some African-American organizations and political leaders, such as Senator Diane Watson and Representative Augustus Hawkins, were particularly vocal in their rejection of the category. They feared a loss in political and economic power if African Americans abandoned their one category.

title: Multiracial_American

title: Multiracial_American

text: By

text: the

text: parents

text: of

text: mixed

text: race

text: children

text: and

text: adults

text: of

text: mixed

text: race

text: ancestry

text: began

text: to

text: organize

text: and

text: lobby

text: for

text: the

text: ability

text: to

text: show

text: more

text: than

text: one

text: ethnic

text: category

text: on

text: Census

text: and

text: other

text: legal

text: forms

text: They

text: refused

text: to

text: be

text: put

text: into

text: just

text: one

text: category

text: When

text: the

text: U.S.

text: government

text: proposed

text: the

text: addition

text: of

text: the

text: category

text: of

text: bi

text: racial

text: or

text: multiracial

text: in

text: the

text: response

text: from

text: the

text: general

text: public

text: was

text: mostly

text: negative

text: Some

text: African

text: American

text: organizations

text: and

text: political

text: leaders

text: such

text: as

text: Senator

text: Diane

text: Watson

text: and

text: Representative

text: Augustus

text: Hawkins

text: were

text: particularly

text: vocal

text: in

text: their

text: rejection

text: of

text: the

text: category

text: They

text: feared

text: a

text: loss

text: in

text: political

text: and

text: economic

text: power

text: if

text: African

text: Americans

text: abandoned

text: their

text: one

text: category

question: When did people lobby for allowing more than one category to be selected on legal forms?

answer: the 1980s

text: the 1980s

question: How did the public react to the categories of "bi-racial" and "multiracial"?

answer: mostly negative

text: mostly negative

question: Which political leaders spoke out against the proposed designations?

answer: Senator Diane Watson and Representative Augustus Hawkins

text: Senator Diane Watson and Representative Augustus Hawkins

question: What did they fear would happen?

answer: a loss in political and economic power

text: a loss in political and economic power


text: The gradual spread of Buddhism into adjacent areas meant that it came into contact with new ethnical groups. During this period Buddhism was exposed to a variety of influences, from Persian and Greek civilization, to changing trends in non-Buddhist Indian religions—themselves influenced by Buddhism. Striking examples of this syncretistic development can be seen in the emergence of Greek-speaking Buddhist monarchs in the Indo-Greek Kingdom, and in the development of the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhāra. A Greek king, Menander, has even been immortalized in the Buddhist canon.

title: Buddhism

title: Buddhism

text: The

text: gradual

text: spread

text: of

text: Buddhism

text: into

text: adjacent

text: areas

text: meant

text: that

text: it

text: came

text: into

text: contact

text: with

text: new

text: ethnical

text: groups

text: During

text: this

text: period

text: Buddhism

text: was

text: exposed

text: to

text: a

text: variety

text: of

text: influences

text: from

text: Persian

text: and

text: Greek

text: civilization

text: to

text: changing

text: trends

text: in

text: non

text: Buddhist

text: Indian

text: religions

text: themselves

text: influenced

text: by

text: Buddhism

text: Striking

text: examples

text: of

text: this

text: syncretistic

text: development

text: can

text: be

text: seen

text: in

text: the

text: emergence

text: of

text: Greek

text: speaking

text: Buddhist

text: monarchs

text: in

text: the

text: Indo

text: Greek

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: the

text: Greco

text: Buddhist

text: art

text: of

text: Gandhāra

text: A

text: Greek

text: king

text: Menander

text: has

text: even

text: been

text: immortalized

text: in

text: the

text: Buddhist

text: canon

question: The gradual spread of Buddhism exposed it to a variety of influences including what civilization?

answer: Persian and Greek

text: Persian and Greek

question: Who was the Greek king immortalized in Buddhist canon?

answer: Menander

text: Menander


text: With the arrival of Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, a Spanish conquistador, the first recorded history of encounter between Europeans and Native Americans in the Great Plains occurred in Texas, Kansas and Nebraska from 1540-1542. In that same time period, Hernando de Soto crossed a west-northwest direction in what is now Oklahoma and Texas. Today this is known as the De Soto Trail. The Spanish thought the Great Plains were the location of the mythological Quivira and Cíbola, a place said to be rich in gold.

title: Great_Plains

title: Great_Plains

text: With

text: the

text: arrival

text: of

text: Francisco

text: Vázquez

text: de

text: Coronado

text: a

text: Spanish

text: conquistador

text: the

text: first

text: recorded

text: history

text: of

text: encounter

text: between

text: Europeans

text: and

text: Native

text: Americans

text: in

text: the

text: Great

text: Plains

text: occurred

text: in

text: Texas

text: Kansas

text: and

text: Nebraska

text: from

text: In

text: that

text: same

text: time

text: period

text: Hernando

text: de

text: Soto

text: crossed

text: a

text: west

text: northwest

text: direction

text: in

text: what

text: is

text: now

text: Oklahoma

text: and

text: Texas

text: Today

text: this

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: De

text: Soto

text: Trail

text: The

text: Spanish

text: thought

text: the

text: Great

text: Plains

text: were

text: the

text: location

text: of

text: the

text: mythological

text: Quivira

text: and

text: Cíbola

text: a

text: place

text: said

text: to

text: be

text: rich

text: in

text: gold

question: who was the spanish conquistador who had encounters with europeans and native americans?

answer: Francisco Vázquez de Coronado

text: Francisco Vázquez de Coronado

question: who crossed a section of oklahoma and texas?

answer: Hernando de Soto

text: Hernando de Soto

question: what is the section of oklahoma and texas that  Hernando de Soto traveled?

answer: the De Soto Trail

text: the De Soto Trail

question: who thought the great plains were the locations of Quivira and Cíbola?

answer: The Spanish

text: The Spanish

question: what did the spanish think the cities of Quivira and Cíbola were rich in?

answer: gold

text: gold


text: The most famed Carnival festivities are in Guaranda (Bolivar province) and Ambato (Tungurahua province). In Ambato, the festivities are called Fiesta de las Flores y las Frutas (Festival of the Flowers and Fruits). Other cities have revived Carnival traditions with colorful parades, such as in Azogues (Cañar Province). In Azogues and the Southern Andes in general, Taita Carnival is always an indigenous Cañari. Recently a celebration has gained prominence in the northern part of the Sierra in the Chota Valley in Imbabura which is a zone of a strong afro-Ecuadorian population and so the Carnival is celebrated with bomba del chota music.

title: Carnival

title: Carnival

text: The

text: most

text: famed

text: Carnival

text: festivities

text: are

text: in

text: Guaranda

text: Bolivar

text: province

text: and

text: Ambato

text: Tungurahua

text: province

text: In

text: Ambato

text: the

text: festivities

text: are

text: called

text: Fiesta

text: de

text: las

text: Flores

text: y

text: las

text: Frutas

text: Festival

text: of

text: the

text: Flowers

text: and

text: Fruits

text: Other

text: cities

text: have

text: revived

text: Carnival

text: traditions

text: with

text: colorful

text: parades

text: such

text: as

text: in

text: Azogues

text: Cañar

text: Province

text: In

text: Azogues

text: and

text: the

text: Southern

text: Andes

text: in

text: general

text: Taita

text: Carnival

text: is

text: always

text: an

text: indigenous

text: Cañari

text: Recently

text: a

text: celebration

text: has

text: gained

text: prominence

text: in

text: the

text: northern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Sierra

text: in

text: the

text: Chota

text: Valley

text: in

text: Imbabura

text: which

text: is

text: a

text: zone

text: of

text: a

text: strong

text: afro

text: Ecuadorian

text: population

text: and

text: so

text: the

text: Carnival

text: is

text: celebrated

text: with

text: bomba

text: del

text: chota

text: music

question: Where are the most famed Carnival festivities?

answer: Guaranda (Bolivar province) and Ambato (Tungurahua province

text: Guaranda (Bolivar province) and Ambato (Tungurahua province

question: What are the festivities known as in Ambato?

answer: Fiesta de las Flores y las Frutas

text: Fiesta de las Flores y las Frutas

question: Where has a celebration recently gained acclaim?

answer: Imbabura

text: Imbabura

question: What is there a large population of in the Chota Valley?

answer: afro-Ecuadorian

text: afro-Ecuadorian

question: What music is the Carnival celebrated with in the Chota Valley?

answer: bomba del chota

text: bomba del chota


text: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Greece conducts "bilateral relationships" with the countries of the "Mediterranean – Middle East Region" but has formulated no Near East Region. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Turkey also does not use the term Near East. Its regions include the Middle East, the Balkans and others.

title: Near_East

title: Near_East

text: The

text: Ministry

text: of

text: Foreign

text: Affairs

text: of

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Greece

text: conducts

text: bilateral

text: relationships

text: with

text: the

text: countries

text: of

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Middle

text: East

text: Region

text: but

text: has

text: formulated

text: no

text: Near

text: East

text: Region

text: The

text: Ministry

text: of

text: Foreign

text: Affairs

text: of

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Turkey

text: also

text: does

text: not

text: use

text: the

text: term

text: Near

text: East

text: Its

text: regions

text: include

text: the

text: Middle

text: East

text: the

text: Balkans

text: and

text: others

question: What does the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Greece conduct?

answer: "bilateral relationships"

text: "bilateral relationships"

question: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Turkey does not use what term?

answer: Near East

text: Near East

question: The Middle East, the Balkans and others are included in what republic?

answer: Republic of Turkey

text: Republic of Turkey


text: Neutering reduces problems caused by hypersexuality, especially in male dogs. Spayed female dogs are less likely to develop some forms of cancer, affecting mammary glands, ovaries, and other reproductive organs. However, neutering increases the risk of urinary incontinence in female dogs, and prostate cancer in males, as well as osteosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, cruciate ligament rupture, obesity, and diabetes mellitus in either sex.

title: Dog

title: Dog

text: Neutering

text: reduces

text: problems

text: caused

text: by

text: hypersexuality

text: especially

text: in

text: male

text: dogs

text: Spayed

text: female

text: dogs

text: are

text: less

text: likely

text: to

text: develop

text: some

text: forms

text: of

text: cancer

text: affecting

text: mammary

text: glands

text: ovaries

text: and

text: other

text: reproductive

text: organs

text: However

text: neutering

text: increases

text: the

text: risk

text: of

text: urinary

text: incontinence

text: in

text: female

text: dogs

text: and

text: prostate

text: cancer

text: in

text: males

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: osteosarcoma

text: hemangiosarcoma

text: cruciate

text: ligament

text: rupture

text: obesity

text: and

text: diabetes

text: mellitus

text: in

text: either

text: sex

question: Hypersexual behavior in male dogs is diminished by what?

answer: Neutering

text: Neutering

question: According to the text, what is a possible side effect of neutering a female dog?

answer: urinary incontinence

text: urinary incontinence

question: Female dogs are less likely to develop cancer if what happens?

answer: Spayed

text: Spayed

question: What is increased in female dogs with neutering?

answer: urinary incontinence

text: urinary incontinence

question: What is increased in male dogs with neutering?

answer: prostate cancer

text: prostate cancer


text: Besides the schism, the western church was riven by theological controversies, some of which turned into heresies. John Wycliffe (d. 1384), an English theologian, was condemned as a heretic in 1415 for teaching that the laity should have access to the text of the Bible as well as for holding views on the Eucharist that were contrary to church doctrine. Wycliffe's teachings influenced two of the major heretical movements of the later Middle Ages: Lollardy in England and Hussitism in Bohemia. The Bohemian movement initiated with the teaching of Jan Hus, who was burned at the stake in 1415 after being condemned as a heretic by the Council of Constance. The Hussite church, although the target of a crusade, survived beyond the Middle Ages. Other heresies were manufactured, such as the accusations against the Knights Templar that resulted in their suppression in 1312 and the division of their great wealth between the French King Philip IV (r. 1285–1314) and the Hospitallers.

title: Middle_Ages

title: Middle_Ages

text: Besides

text: the

text: schism

text: the

text: western

text: church

text: was

text: riven

text: by

text: theological

text: controversies

text: some

text: of

text: which

text: turned

text: into

text: heresies

text: John

text: Wycliffe

text: d.

text: an

text: English

text: theologian

text: was

text: condemned

text: as

text: a

text: heretic

text: in

text: for

text: teaching

text: that

text: the

text: laity

text: should

text: have

text: access

text: to

text: the

text: text

text: of

text: the

text: Bible

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: for

text: holding

text: views

text: on

text: the

text: Eucharist

text: that

text: were

text: contrary

text: to

text: church

text: doctrine

text: Wycliffe

text: 's

text: teachings

text: influenced

text: two

text: of

text: the

text: major

text: heretical

text: movements

text: of

text: the

text: later

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: Lollardy

text: in

text: England

text: and

text: Hussitism

text: in

text: Bohemia

text: The

text: Bohemian

text: movement

text: initiated

text: with

text: the

text: teaching

text: of

text: Jan

text: Hus

text: who

text: was

text: burned

text: at

text: the

text: stake

text: in

text: after

text: being

text: condemned

text: as

text: a

text: heretic

text: by

text: the

text: Council

text: of

text: Constance

text: The

text: Hussite

text: church

text: although

text: the

text: target

text: of

text: a

text: crusade

text: survived

text: beyond

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: Other

text: heresies

text: were

text: manufactured

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: accusations

text: against

text: the

text: Knights

text: Templar

text: that

text: resulted

text: in

text: their

text: suppression

text: in

text: and

text: the

text: division

text: of

text: their

text: great

text: wealth

text: between

text: the

text: French

text: King

text: Philip

text: IV

text: r.

text: and

text: the

text: Hospitallers

question: Of what nationality was John Wycliffe?

answer: English

text: English

question: In what year was Wycliffe declared a heretic?

answer: 1415

question: Who did Wycliffe believe should read the Bible?

answer: the laity

text: the laity

question: What Bohemian movement was influenced by Wycliffe?

answer: Hussitism

text: Hussitism

question: How did Jan Hus die?

answer: burned at the stake

text: burned at the stake


text: The Times and The Sunday Times have had an online presence since March 1999, originally at the-times.co.uk and sunday-times.co.uk, and later at timesonline.co.uk. There are now two websites: thetimes.co.uk is aimed at daily readers, and the thesundaytimes.co.uk site at providing weekly magazine-like content. There are also iPad and Android editions of both newspapers. Since July 2010, News UK has required readers who do not subscribe to the print edition to pay £2 per week to read The Times and The Sunday Times online.

title: The_Times

title: The_Times

text: The

text: Times

text: and

text: The

text: Sunday

text: Times

text: have

text: had

text: an

text: online

text: presence

text: since

text: March

text: originally

text: at

text: the-times.co.uk

text: and

text: sunday-times.co.uk

text: and

text: later

text: at

text: timesonline.co.uk

text: There

text: are

text: now

text: two

text: websites

text: thetimes.co.uk

text: is

text: aimed

text: at

text: daily

text: readers

text: and

text: the

text: thesundaytimes.co.uk

text: site

text: at

text: providing

text: weekly

text: magazine

text: like

text: content

text: There

text: are

text: also

text: iPad

text: and

text: Android

text: editions

text: of

text: both

text: newspapers

text: Since

text: July

text: News

text: UK

text: has

text: required

text: readers

text: who

text: do

text: not

text: subscribe

text: to

text: the

text: print

text: edition

text: to

text: pay

text: per

text: week

text: to

text: read

text: The

text: Times

text: and

text: The

text: Sunday

text: Times

text: online

question: Since what year has The Times and The Sunday Times had an online presense?

answer: 1999

question: What is the URL of online website for The Times?

answer: timesonline.co.uk

text: timesonline.co.uk

question: The website, thetimes.co.uk, is aimed at what kind of reader?

answer: daily readers

text: daily readers

question: The website, thesundaytimes.co.uk, provides what kind of content?

answer: weekly magazine-like content

text: weekly magazine-like content

question: How much does a non-subscriber of The Times need to pay to read the online versions?

answer: £2 per week

text: £2 per week


text: The Indonesian Archipelago is split by the Wallace Line. This line runs along what is now known to be a tectonic plate boundary, and separates Asian (Western) species from Australasian (Eastern) species. The islands between Java/Borneo and Papua form a mixed zone, where both types occur, known as Wallacea. As the pace of development accelerates and populations continue to expand in Southeast Asia, concern has increased regarding the impact of human activity on the region's environment. A significant portion of Southeast Asia, however, has not changed greatly and remains an unaltered home to wildlife. The nations of the region, with only few exceptions, have become aware of the need to maintain forest cover not only to prevent soil erosion but to preserve the diversity of flora and fauna. Indonesia, for example, has created an extensive system of national parks and preserves for this purpose. Even so, such species as the Javan rhinoceros face extinction, with only a handful of the animals remaining in western Java.

title: Southeast_Asia

title: Southeast_Asia

text: The

text: Indonesian

text: Archipelago

text: is

text: split

text: by

text: the

text: Wallace

text: Line

text: This

text: line

text: runs

text: along

text: what

text: is

text: now

text: known

text: to

text: be

text: a

text: tectonic

text: plate

text: boundary

text: and

text: separates

text: Asian

text: Western

text: species

text: from

text: Australasian

text: Eastern

text: species

text: The

text: islands

text: between

text: Java

text: Borneo

text: and

text: Papua

text: form

text: a

text: mixed

text: zone

text: where

text: both

text: types

text: occur

text: known

text: as

text: Wallacea

text: As

text: the

text: pace

text: of

text: development

text: accelerates

text: and

text: populations

text: continue

text: to

text: expand

text: in

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: concern

text: has

text: increased

text: regarding

text: the

text: impact

text: of

text: human

text: activity

text: on

text: the

text: region

text: 's

text: environment

text: A

text: significant

text: portion

text: of

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: however

text: has

text: not

text: changed

text: greatly

text: and

text: remains

text: an

text: unaltered

text: home

text: to

text: wildlife

text: The

text: nations

text: of

text: the

text: region

text: with

text: only

text: few

text: exceptions

text: have

text: become

text: aware

text: of

text: the

text: need

text: to

text: maintain

text: forest

text: cover

text: not

text: only

text: to

text: prevent

text: soil

text: erosion

text: but

text: to

text: preserve

text: the

text: diversity

text: of

text: flora

text: and

text: fauna

text: Indonesia

text: for

text: example

text: has

text: created

text: an

text: extensive

text: system

text: of

text: national

text: parks

text: and

text: preserves

text: for

text: this

text: purpose

text: Even

text: so

text: such

text: species

text: as

text: the

text: Javan

text: rhinoceros

text: face

text: extinction

text: with

text: only

text: a

text: handful

text: of

text: the

text: animals

text: remaining

text: in

text: western

text: Java

question: Name the line that splits the Indonesian Archipelago?

answer: Wallace Line

text: Wallace Line

question: What region comprises of the Wallacea?

answer: The islands between Java/Borneo and Papua

text: The islands between Java/Borneo and Papua

question: Which country has created a system of national parks & preserves?

answer: Indonesia

text: Indonesia

question: Which species in Java face extinction?

answer: Javan rhinoceros

text: Javan rhinoceros

question: What is the concern in Southeast Asian region due to development & population expansion?

answer: impact of human activity on the region's environment.

text: impact of human activity on the region's environment.


text: Seemingly, multitasking would cause a computer that is switching between several programs to run more slowly, in direct proportion to the number of programs it is running, but most programs spend much of their time waiting for slow input/output devices to complete their tasks. If a program is waiting for the user to click on the mouse or press a key on the keyboard, then it will not take a "time slice" until the event it is waiting for has occurred. This frees up time for other programs to execute so that many programs may be run simultaneously without unacceptable speed loss.

title: Computer

title: Computer

text: Seemingly

text: multitasking

text: would

text: cause

text: a

text: computer

text: that

text: is

text: switching

text: between

text: several

text: programs

text: to

text: run

text: more

text: slowly

text: in

text: direct

text: proportion

text: to

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: programs

text: it

text: is

text: running

text: but

text: most

text: programs

text: spend

text: much

text: of

text: their

text: time

text: waiting

text: for

text: slow

text: input

text: output

text: devices

text: to

text: complete

text: their

text: tasks

text: If

text: a

text: program

text: is

text: waiting

text: for

text: the

text: user

text: to

text: click

text: on

text: the

text: mouse

text: or

text: press

text: a

text: key

text: on

text: the

text: keyboard

text: then

text: it

text: will

text: not

text: take

text: a

text: time

text: slice

text: until

text: the

text: event

text: it

text: is

text: waiting

text: for

text: has

text: occurred

text: This

text: frees

text: up

text: time

text: for

text: other

text: programs

text: to

text: execute

text: so

text: that

text: many

text: programs

text: may

text: be

text: run

text: simultaneously

text: without

text: unacceptable

text: speed

text: loss

question: Multitasking would seemingly cause a computer to run in what fashion?

answer: more slowly,

text: more slowly,

question: What do a lot of programs spend time waiting for?

answer: input/output devices

text: input/output devices


text: During the five-years from the end of 2004 through 2009, worldwide renewable energy capacity grew at rates of 10–60 percent annually for many technologies. In 2011, UN under-secretary general Achim Steiner said: "The continuing growth in this core segment of the green economy is not happening by chance. The combination of government target-setting, policy support and stimulus funds is underpinning the renewable industry's rise and bringing the much needed transformation of our global energy system within reach." He added: "Renewable energies are expanding both in terms of investment, projects and geographical spread. In doing so, they are making an increasing contribution to combating climate change, countering energy poverty and energy insecurity".

title: Renewable_energy_commercialization

title: Renewable_energy_commercialization

text: During

text: the

text: five

text: years

text: from

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: through

text: worldwide

text: renewable

text: energy

text: capacity

text: grew

text: at

text: rates

text: of

text: percent

text: annually

text: for

text: many

text: technologies

text: In

text: UN

text: under

text: secretary

text: general

text: Achim

text: Steiner

text: said

text: The

text: continuing

text: growth

text: in

text: this

text: core

text: segment

text: of

text: the

text: green

text: economy

text: is

text: not

text: happening

text: by

text: chance

text: The

text: combination

text: of

text: government

text: target

text: setting

text: policy

text: support

text: and

text: stimulus

text: funds

text: is

text: underpinning

text: the

text: renewable

text: industry

text: 's

text: rise

text: and

text: bringing

text: the

text: much

text: needed

text: transformation

text: of

text: our

text: global

text: energy

text: system

text: within

text: reach

text: He

text: added

text: Renewable

text: energies

text: are

text: expanding

text: both

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: investment

text: projects

text: and

text: geographical

text: spread

text: In

text: doing

text: so

text: they

text: are

text: making

text: an

text: increasing

text: contribution

text: to

text: combating

text: climate

text: change

text: countering

text: energy

text: poverty

text: and

text: energy

text: insecurity

question: Who was the UN under-secretary in 2011?

answer: Achim Steiner

text: Achim Steiner

question: Between what years did worldwide renewable energy capacity grow at rates of 10 to 60 percent annually?

answer: 2004 through 2009

text: 2004 through 2009

question: Who is Achim Steiner?

answer: UN under-secretary general

text: UN under-secretary general


text: T. Gilmartin, (Professor of History, Maynooth, 1890), writes in Church History, Vol. 1, Ch XVII: The Arians sought the approval of an Ecumenical Council. They sought to hold two councils. Constantius, summoned the bishops of the East to meet at Seleucia in Isauria, and those of the West to Rimini in Italy. A preliminary conference was held by the Arians at Sirmium, to agree a formula of faith. A "Homoeon" creed was adopted, declaring The Son to be "like the Father". The two met in autumn of 359. At Seleucia, one hundred and fifty bishops, of which one hundred and five were semi-Arian. The semi-Arians refused to accept anything less than the "Homoiousion", (see: Homoiousian), formulary of faith. The Imperial Prefect was obliged to disband, without agreeing on any creed. Acacius, the leader of the "Homoean" party went to Constantinople, where the Sirmian formulary of faith was approved by the "Home Synod", (consisted of those bishops who happened to be present at the Court for the time), and a decree of deposition issued against the leaders of the semi-Arians. At Rimini were over four hundred of which eighty were Arian, the rest were orthodox. The orthodox fathers refused to accept any creed but the Nicene, while the others were equally in favour of the Sirmian. Each party sent a deputation to the Emperor to say there was no probability to agreement, and asked for the bishops to return to their dioceses. For the purpose of wearing-down the orthodox bishops; (Sulpitius Severius says), Constantius delayed his answer for several months, and finally prevailed on them to accept the Sirmian creed. It was after this Council that Jerome said: " ...the whole world groaned in astonishment to find itself Arian."

title: Athanasius_of_Alexandria

title: Athanasius_of_Alexandria

text: T.

text: Gilmartin

text: Professor

text: of

text: History

text: Maynooth

text: writes

text: in

text: Church

text: History

text: Vol

text: Ch

text: XVII

text: The

text: Arians

text: sought

text: the

text: approval

text: of

text: an

text: Ecumenical

text: Council

text: They

text: sought

text: to

text: hold

text: two

text: councils

text: Constantius

text: summoned

text: the

text: bishops

text: of

text: the

text: East

text: to

text: meet

text: at

text: Seleucia

text: in

text: Isauria

text: and

text: those

text: of

text: the

text: West

text: to

text: Rimini

text: in

text: Italy

text: A

text: preliminary

text: conference

text: was

text: held

text: by

text: the

text: Arians

text: at

text: Sirmium

text: to

text: agree

text: a

text: formula

text: of

text: faith

text: A

text: Homoeon

text: creed

text: was

text: adopted

text: declaring

text: The

text: Son

text: to

text: be

text: like

text: the

text: Father

text: The

text: two

text: met

text: in

text: autumn

text: of

text: At

text: Seleucia

text: one

text: hundred

text: and

text: fifty

text: bishops

text: of

text: which

text: one

text: hundred

text: and

text: five

text: were

text: semi

text: Arian

text: The

text: semi

text: Arians

text: refused

text: to

text: accept

text: anything

text: less

text: than

text: the

text: Homoiousion

text: see

text: Homoiousian

text: formulary

text: of

text: faith

text: The

text: Imperial

text: Prefect

text: was

text: obliged

text: to

text: disband

text: without

text: agreeing

text: on

text: any

text: creed

text: Acacius

text: the

text: leader

text: of

text: the

text: Homoean

text: party

text: went

text: to

text: Constantinople

text: where

text: the

text: Sirmian

text: formulary

text: of

text: faith

text: was

text: approved

text: by

text: the

text: Home

text: Synod

text: consisted

text: of

text: those

text: bishops

text: who

text: happened

text: to

text: be

text: present

text: at

text: the

text: Court

text: for

text: the

text: time

text: and

text: a

text: decree

text: of

text: deposition

text: issued

text: against

text: the

text: leaders

text: of

text: the

text: semi

text: Arians

text: At

text: Rimini

text: were

text: over

text: four

text: hundred

text: of

text: which

text: eighty

text: were

text: Arian

text: the

text: rest

text: were

text: orthodox

text: The

text: orthodox

text: fathers

text: refused

text: to

text: accept

text: any

text: creed

text: but

text: the

text: Nicene

text: while

text: the

text: others

text: were

text: equally

text: in

text: favour

text: of

text: the

text: Sirmian

text: Each

text: party

text: sent

text: a

text: deputation

text: to

text: the

text: Emperor

text: to

text: say

text: there

text: was

text: no

text: probability

text: to

text: agreement

text: and

text: asked

text: for

text: the

text: bishops

text: to

text: return

text: to

text: their

text: dioceses

text: For

text: the

text: purpose

text: of

text: wearing

text: down

text: the

text: orthodox

text: bishops

text: Sulpitius

text: Severius

text: says

text: Constantius

text: delayed

text: his

text: answer

text: for

text: several

text: months

text: and

text: finally

text: prevailed

text: on

text: them

text: to

text: accept

text: the

text: Sirmian

text: creed

text: It

text: was

text: after

text: this

text: Council

text: that

text: Jerome

text: said

text: the

text: whole

text: world

text: groaned

text: in

text: astonishment

text: to

text: find

text: itself

text: Arian

question: Where did bishops of the West meet?

answer: Rimini in Italy

text: Rimini in Italy

question: What belief was accepted by Constantius?

answer: Arian

text: Arian

question: What was the belief that was approved at this council?

answer: The Son to be "like the Father"

text: The Son to be "like the Father"

question: What did the orthodox leaders believe?

answer: the Nicene

text: the Nicene

question: What did the Arians agree upon at Sirmium?

answer: a formula of faith

text: a formula of faith


text: Karlheinz Brandenburg used a CD recording of Suzanne Vega's song "Tom's Diner" to assess and refine the MP3 compression algorithm. This song was chosen because of its nearly monophonic nature and wide spectral content, making it easier to hear imperfections in the compression format during playbacks. Some refer to Suzanne Vega as "The mother of MP3". This particular track has an interesting property in that the two channels are almost, but not completely, the same, leading to a case where Binaural Masking Level Depression causes spatial unmasking of noise artifacts unless the encoder properly recognizes the situation and applies corrections similar to those detailed in the MPEG-2 AAC psychoacoustic model. Some more critical audio excerpts (glockenspiel, triangle, accordion, etc.) were taken from the EBU V3/SQAM reference compact disc and have been used by professional sound engineers to assess the subjective quality of the MPEG Audio formats.

title: MP3

title: MP3

text: Karlheinz

text: Brandenburg

text: used

text: a

text: CD

text: recording

text: of

text: Suzanne

text: Vega

text: 's

text: song

text: Tom

text: 's

text: Diner

text: to

text: assess

text: and

text: refine

text: the

text: compression

text: algorithm

text: This

text: song

text: was

text: chosen

text: because

text: of

text: its

text: nearly

text: monophonic

text: nature

text: and

text: wide

text: spectral

text: content

text: making

text: it

text: easier

text: to

text: hear

text: imperfections

text: in

text: the

text: compression

text: format

text: during

text: playbacks

text: Some

text: refer

text: to

text: Suzanne

text: Vega

text: as

text: The

text: mother

text: of

text: This

text: particular

text: track

text: has

text: an

text: interesting

text: property

text: in

text: that

text: the

text: two

text: channels

text: are

text: almost

text: but

text: not

text: completely

text: the

text: same

text: leading

text: to

text: a

text: case

text: where

text: Binaural

text: Masking

text: Level

text: Depression

text: causes

text: spatial

text: unmasking

text: of

text: noise

text: artifacts

text: unless

text: the

text: encoder

text: properly

text: recognizes

text: the

text: situation

text: and

text: applies

text: corrections

text: similar

text: to

text: those

text: detailed

text: in

text: the

text: AAC

text: psychoacoustic

text: model

text: Some

text: more

text: critical

text: audio

text: excerpts

text: glockenspiel

text: triangle

text: accordion

text: etc

text: were

text: taken

text: from

text: the

text: EBU

text: reference

text: compact

text: disc

text: and

text: have

text: been

text: used

text: by

text: professional

text: sound

text: engineers

text: to

text: assess

text: the

text: subjective

text: quality

text: of

text: the

text: MPEG

text: Audio

text: formats

question: What type of recording did Brandenburg use?

answer: CD

text: CD

question: What did Brandenburg use the recording to refine?

answer: the MP3 compression algorithm

text: the MP3 compression algorithm

question: What word describes the nature of the song used?

answer: monophonic

text: monophonic

question: As a result of her song being used, Suzanne Vega is sometimes referred to as what?

answer: The mother of MP3

text: The mother of MP3

question: Excerpts were taken from which reference compact disc to assess the subjective quality of the MPEG audio formats?

answer: EBU V3/SQAM

text: EBU V3/SQAM


text: During the latter half of the 20th century, Washington University transitioned from a strong regional university to a national research institution. In 1957, planning began for the construction of the “South 40,” a complex of modern residential halls. With the additional on-campus housing, Washington University, which had been predominantly a “streetcar college” of commuter students, began to attract a more national pool of applicants. By 1964, over two-thirds of incoming students came from outside the St. Louis area.

title: Washington_University_in_St._Louis

title: Washington_University_in_St._Louis

text: During

text: the

text: latter

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: Washington

text: University

text: transitioned

text: from

text: a

text: strong

text: regional

text: university

text: to

text: a

text: national

text: research

text: institution

text: In

text: planning

text: began

text: for

text: the

text: construction

text: of

text: the

text: South

text: a

text: complex

text: of

text: modern

text: residential

text: halls

text: With

text: the

text: additional

text: on

text: campus

text: housing

text: Washington

text: University

text: which

text: had

text: been

text: predominantly

text: a

text: streetcar

text: college

text: of

text: commuter

text: students

text: began

text: to

text: attract

text: a

text: more

text: national

text: pool

text: of

text: applicants

text: By

text: over

text: two

text: thirds

text: of

text: incoming

text: students

text: came

text: from

text: outside

text: the

text: St.

text: Louis

text: area

question: When did Washington University begin construction of a complex of residential halls?

answer: 1957

question: What name was given to the new residential complex constructed at Washington University?

answer: South 40

text: South 40

question: How did the construction of the new residential complex at Washington University affect the student population?

answer: began to attract a more national pool of applicants

text: began to attract a more national pool of applicants

question: What proportion of students at Washington University came from outside the St. Louis area by 1964?

answer: over two-thirds

text: over two-thirds

question: When did Washington University transition to a national research institution?

answer: During the latter half of the 20th century,

text: During the latter half of the 20th century,


text: Sho-1 called for V. Adm. Jisaburo Ozawa's force to use an apparently vulnerable carrier force to lure the U.S. 3rd Fleet away from Leyte and remove air cover from the Allied landing forces, which would then be attacked from the west by three Japanese forces: V. Adm. Takeo Kurita's force would enter Leyte Gulf and attack the landing forces; R. Adm. Shoji Nishimura's force and V. Adm. Kiyohide Shima's force would act as mobile strike forces. The plan was likely to result in the destruction of one or more of the Japanese forces, but Toyoda justified it by saying that there would be no sense in saving the fleet and losing the Philippines.

title: Pacific_War

title: Pacific_War

text: called

text: for

text: V.

text: Adm.

text: Jisaburo

text: Ozawa

text: 's

text: force

text: to

text: use

text: an

text: apparently

text: vulnerable

text: carrier

text: force

text: to

text: lure

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Fleet

text: away

text: from

text: Leyte

text: and

text: remove

text: air

text: cover

text: from

text: the

text: Allied

text: landing

text: forces

text: which

text: would

text: then

text: be

text: attacked

text: from

text: the

text: west

text: by

text: three

text: Japanese

text: forces

text: V.

text: Adm.

text: Takeo

text: Kurita

text: 's

text: force

text: would

text: enter

text: Leyte

text: Gulf

text: and

text: attack

text: the

text: landing

text: forces

text: R.

text: Adm.

text: Shoji

text: Nishimura

text: 's

text: force

text: and

text: V.

text: Adm.

text: Kiyohide

text: Shima

text: 's

text: force

text: would

text: act

text: as

text: mobile

text: strike

text: forces

text: The

text: plan

text: was

text: likely

text: to

text: result

text: in

text: the

text: destruction

text: of

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: of

text: the

text: Japanese

text: forces

text: but

text: Toyoda

text: justified

text: it

text: by

text: saying

text: that

text: there

text: would

text: be

text: no

text: sense

text: in

text: saving

text: the

text: fleet

text: and

text: losing

text: the

text: Philippines

question: Who would enter Leyte Gulf to attack the Allied landing forces?

answer: V. Adm. Takeo Kurita

text: V. Adm. Takeo Kurita

question: How many Japanese forces were likely to be destroyed?

answer: one or more

text: one or more

question: What was the namee of the plan where Ozawa's force would lure the U.S. 3rd Fleet away from Leyte?

answer: Sho-1


text: Sony have since launched their budget range of PlayStation 3 titles, known as the Greatest Hits range in North America, the Platinum range in Europe and Australia and The Best range in Japan. Among the titles available in the budget range include Resistance: Fall of Man, MotorStorm, Uncharted: Drakes Fortune, Rainbow Six: Vegas, Call Of Duty 3, Assassin's Creed and Ninja Gaiden Sigma. As of October 2009 Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots, Ratchet & Clank Future: Tools of Destruction, Devil May Cry 4, Army of Two, Battlefield: Bad Company and Midnight Club: Los Angeles have also joined the list.

title: PlayStation_3

title: PlayStation_3

text: Sony

text: have

text: since

text: launched

text: their

text: budget

text: range

text: of

text: PlayStation

text: titles

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Greatest

text: Hits

text: range

text: in

text: North

text: America

text: the

text: Platinum

text: range

text: in

text: Europe

text: and

text: Australia

text: and

text: The

text: Best

text: range

text: in

text: Japan

text: Among

text: the

text: titles

text: available

text: in

text: the

text: budget

text: range

text: include

text: Resistance

text: Fall

text: of

text: Man

text: MotorStorm

text: Uncharted

text: Drakes

text: Fortune

text: Rainbow

text: Six

text: Vegas

text: Call

text: Of

text: Duty

text: Assassin

text: 's

text: Creed

text: and

text: Ninja

text: Gaiden

text: Sigma

text: As

text: of

text: October

text: Metal

text: Gear

text: Solid

text: Guns

text: of

text: the

text: Patriots

text: Ratchet

text: Clank

text: Future

text: Tools

text: of

text: Destruction

text: Devil

text: May

text: Cry

text: Army

text: of

text: Two

text: Battlefield

text: Bad

text: Company

text: and

text: Midnight

text: Club

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: have

text: also

text: joined

text: the

text: list

question: What's Sony's budget line of PS3 games called in Japan?

answer: The Best

text: The Best

question: If you live in Australia and want affordable PlayStation 3 games, what range would you shop for?

answer: Platinum

text: Platinum

question: What words would you see in the United States or Canada on a PS3 game that would signify its lower price?

answer: Greatest Hits

text: Greatest Hits

question: Which Call of Duty title does Sony include in their low-end price range?

answer: Call Of Duty 3

text: Call Of Duty 3

question: In what year was Devil May Cry 4 added to the budget game offerings for PS3?

answer: 2009


text: The physicist Abdus Salam, in his Nobel Prize banquet address, quoted a well known verse from the Quran (67:3-4) and then stated: "This in effect is the faith of all physicists: the deeper we seek, the more is our wonder excited, the more is the dazzlement of our gaze". One of Salam's core beliefs was that there is no contradiction between Islam and the discoveries that science allows humanity to make about nature and the universe. Salam also held the opinion that the Quran and the Islamic spirit of study and rational reflection was the source of extraordinary civilizational development. Salam highlights, in particular, the work of Ibn al-Haytham and Al-Biruni as the pioneers of empiricism who introduced the experimental approach, breaking way from Aristotle's influence, and thus giving birth to modern science. Salam was also careful to differentiate between metaphysics and physics, and advised against empirically probing certain matters on which "physics is silent and will remain so," such as the doctrine of "creation from nothing" which in Salam's view is outside the limits of science and thus "gives way" to religious considerations.

title: Quran

title: Quran

text: The

text: physicist

text: Abdus

text: Salam

text: in

text: his

text: Nobel

text: Prize

text: banquet

text: address

text: quoted

text: a

text: well

text: known

text: verse

text: from

text: the

text: Quran

text: and

text: then

text: stated

text: This

text: in

text: effect

text: is

text: the

text: faith

text: of

text: all

text: physicists

text: the

text: deeper

text: we

text: seek

text: the

text: more

text: is

text: our

text: wonder

text: excited

text: the

text: more

text: is

text: the

text: dazzlement

text: of

text: our

text: gaze

text: One

text: of

text: Salam

text: 's

text: core

text: beliefs

text: was

text: that

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: contradiction

text: between

text: Islam

text: and

text: the

text: discoveries

text: that

text: science

text: allows

text: humanity

text: to

text: make

text: about

text: nature

text: and

text: the

text: universe

text: Salam

text: also

text: held

text: the

text: opinion

text: that

text: the

text: Quran

text: and

text: the

text: Islamic

text: spirit

text: of

text: study

text: and

text: rational

text: reflection

text: was

text: the

text: source

text: of

text: extraordinary

text: civilizational

text: development

text: Salam

text: highlights

text: in

text: particular

text: the

text: work

text: of

text: Ibn

text: al

text: Haytham

text: and

text: Al

text: Biruni

text: as

text: the

text: pioneers

text: of

text: empiricism

text: who

text: introduced

text: the

text: experimental

text: approach

text: breaking

text: way

text: from

text: Aristotle

text: 's

text: influence

text: and

text: thus

text: giving

text: birth

text: to

text: modern

text: science

text: Salam

text: was

text: also

text: careful

text: to

text: differentiate

text: between

text: metaphysics

text: and

text: physics

text: and

text: advised

text: against

text: empirically

text: probing

text: certain

text: matters

text: on

text: which

text: physics

text: is

text: silent

text: and

text: will

text: remain

text: so

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: doctrine

text: of

text: creation

text: from

text: nothing

text: which

text: in

text: Salam

text: 's

text: view

text: is

text: outside

text: the

text: limits

text: of

text: science

text: and

text: thus

text: gives

text: way

text: to

text: religious

text: considerations

question: Which physicist quoted the Quran in his address after receiving the Nobel Prize?

answer: Abdus Salam

text: Abdus Salam

question: Which verse from the Quran did Abdus Salam quote at his Nobel banquet?

answer: 67:3-4

question: Which two Muslim scientists did Salam celebrate as inventors of empirical methods?

answer: Ibn al-Haytham and Al-Biruni

text: Ibn al-Haytham and Al-Biruni

question: Salam suggests physics and science be kept separate from which topics which are more suited to religion?

answer: metaphysics

text: metaphysics


text: Coulton Waugh attempted the first comprehensive history of American comics with The Comics (1947). Will Eisner's Comics and Sequential Art (1985) and Scott McCloud's Understanding Comics (1993) were early attempts in English to formalize the study of comics. David Carrier's The Aesthetics of Comics (2000) was the first full-length treatment of comics from a philosophical perspective. Prominent American attempts at definitions of comics include Eisner's, McCloud's, and Harvey's. Eisner described what he called "sequential art" as "the arrangement of pictures or images and words to narrate a story or dramatize an idea"; Scott McCloud defined comics "juxtaposed pictorial and other images in deliberate sequence, intended to convey information and/or to produce an aesthetic response in the viewer", a strictly formal definition which detached comics from its historical and cultural trappings. R. C. Harvey defined comics as "pictorial narratives or expositions in which words (often lettered into the picture area within speech balloons) usually contribute to the meaning of the pictures and vice versa". Each definition has had its detractors. Harvey saw McCloud's definition as excluding single-panel cartoons, and objected to McCloud's de-emphasizing verbal elements, insisting "the essential characteristic of comics is the incorporation of verbal content". Aaron Meskin saw McCloud's theories as an artificial attempt to legitimize the place of comics in art history.

title: Comics

title: Comics

text: Coulton

text: Waugh

text: attempted

text: the

text: first

text: comprehensive

text: history

text: of

text: American

text: comics

text: with

text: The

text: Comics

text: Will

text: Eisner

text: 's

text: Comics

text: and

text: Sequential

text: Art

text: and

text: Scott

text: McCloud

text: 's

text: Understanding

text: Comics

text: were

text: early

text: attempts

text: in

text: English

text: to

text: formalize

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: comics

text: David

text: Carrier

text: 's

text: The

text: Aesthetics

text: of

text: Comics

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: full

text: length

text: treatment

text: of

text: comics

text: from

text: a

text: philosophical

text: perspective

text: Prominent

text: American

text: attempts

text: at

text: definitions

text: of

text: comics

text: include

text: Eisner

text: 's

text: McCloud

text: 's

text: and

text: Harvey

text: 's

text: Eisner

text: described

text: what

text: he

text: called

text: sequential

text: art

text: as

text: the

text: arrangement

text: of

text: pictures

text: or

text: images

text: and

text: words

text: to

text: narrate

text: a

text: story

text: or

text: dramatize

text: an

text: idea

text: Scott

text: McCloud

text: defined

text: comics

text: juxtaposed

text: pictorial

text: and

text: other

text: images

text: in

text: deliberate

text: sequence

text: intended

text: to

text: convey

text: information

text: and/or

text: to

text: produce

text: an

text: aesthetic

text: response

text: in

text: the

text: viewer

text: a

text: strictly

text: formal

text: definition

text: which

text: detached

text: comics

text: from

text: its

text: historical

text: and

text: cultural

text: trappings

text: R.

text: C.

text: Harvey

text: defined

text: comics

text: as

text: pictorial

text: narratives

text: or

text: expositions

text: in

text: which

text: words

text: often

text: lettered

text: into

text: the

text: picture

text: area

text: within

text: speech

text: balloons

text: usually

text: contribute

text: to

text: the

text: meaning

text: of

text: the

text: pictures

text: and

text: vice

text: versa

text: Each

text: definition

text: has

text: had

text: its

text: detractors

text: Harvey

text: saw

text: McCloud

text: 's

text: definition

text: as

text: excluding

text: single

text: panel

text: cartoons

text: and

text: objected

text: to

text: McCloud

text: 's

text: de

text: emphasizing

text: verbal

text: elements

text: insisting

text: the

text: essential

text: characteristic

text: of

text: comics

text: is

text: the

text: incorporation

text: of

text: verbal

text: content

text: Aaron

text: Meskin

text: saw

text: McCloud

text: 's

text: theories

text: as

text: an

text: artificial

text: attempt

text: to

text: legitimize

text: the

text: place

text: of

text: comics

text: in

text: art

text: history

question: Who put together a history of American comics in 1947?

answer: Coulton Waugh

text: Coulton Waugh

question: What was the name of Waugh's work?

answer: The Comics

text: The Comics

question: Who created a book about comics from a philosophical point of view?

answer: David Carrier

text: David Carrier

question: What book did Will Eisner create in 1985?

answer: Comics and Sequential Art

text: Comics and Sequential Art