text: In 2002, a three judge panel on the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals held that classroom recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance in a California public school was unconstitutional, even when students were not compelled to recite it, due to the inclusion of the phrase "under God." In reaction to the case, Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow, both houses of Congress passed measures reaffirming their support for the pledge, and condemning the panel's ruling. The case was appealed to the Supreme Court, where the case was ultimately overturned in June 2004, solely on procedural grounds not related to the substantive constitutional issue. Rather, a five-justice majority held that Newdow, a non-custodial parent suing on behalf of his daughter, lacked standing to sue.

title: Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States

text: In

text: a

text: three

text: judge

text: panel

text: on

text: the

text: Ninth

text: Circuit

text: Court

text: of

text: Appeals

text: held

text: that

text: classroom

text: recitation

text: of

text: the

text: Pledge

text: of

text: Allegiance

text: in

text: a

text: California

text: public

text: school

text: was

text: unconstitutional

text: even

text: when

text: students

text: were

text: not

text: compelled

text: to

text: recite

text: it

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: inclusion

text: of

text: the

text: phrase

text: under

text: God

text: In

text: reaction

text: to

text: the

text: case

text: Elk

text: Grove

text: Unified

text: School

text: District

text: v.

text: Newdow

text: both

text: houses

text: of

text: Congress

text: passed

text: measures

text: reaffirming

text: their

text: support

text: for

text: the

text: pledge

text: and

text: condemning

text: the

text: panel

text: 's

text: ruling

text: The

text: case

text: was

text: appealed

text: to

text: the

text: Supreme

text: Court

text: where

text: the

text: case

text: was

text: ultimately

text: overturned

text: in

text: June

text: solely

text: on

text: procedural

text: grounds

text: not

text: related

text: to

text: the

text: substantive

text: constitutional

text: issue

text: Rather

text: a

text: five

text: justice

text: majority

text: held

text: that

text: Newdow

text: a

text: non

text: custodial

text: parent

text: suing

text: on

text: behalf

text: of

text: his

text: daughter

text: lacked

text: standing

text: to

text: sue

question: How many judges were on the panel which held the Pledge of Allegiance in California public schools was unconstitutional?

answer: three

text: three

question: When did the three judge panel make their ruling?

answer: 2002

question: What did both houses of Congress pass measures reaffirming their support for?

answer: the Pledge of Allegiance

text: the Pledge of Allegiance

question: Why was the case of Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow overturned?

answer: procedural grounds

text: procedural grounds

question: What did the five-justice majority hold that Newdow lacked?

answer: standing to sue

text: standing to sue


text: The length of the pitch for international adult matches is in the range of 100–110 m (110–120 yd) and the width is in the range of 64–75 m (70–80 yd). Fields for non-international matches may be 90–120 m (100–130 yd) length and 45–90 m (50–100 yd) in width, provided that the pitch does not become square. In 2008, the IFAB initially approved a fixed size of 105 m (344 ft) long and 68 m (223 ft) wide as a standard pitch dimension for international matches; however, this decision was later put on hold and was never actually implemented.

title: Association_football

title: Association_football

text: The

text: length

text: of

text: the

text: pitch

text: for

text: international

text: adult

text: matches

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: range

text: of

text: m

text: yd

text: and

text: the

text: width

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: range

text: of

text: m

text: yd

text: Fields

text: for

text: non

text: international

text: matches

text: may

text: be

text: m

text: yd

text: length

text: and

text: m

text: yd

text: in

text: width

text: provided

text: that

text: the

text: pitch

text: does

text: not

text: become

text: square

text: In

text: the

text: IFAB

text: initially

text: approved

text: a

text: fixed

text: size

text: of

text: m

text: ft

text: long

text: and

text: m

text: ft

text: wide

text: as

text: a

text: standard

text: pitch

text: dimension

text: for

text: international

text: matches

text: however

text: this

text: decision

text: was

text: later

text: put

text: on

text: hold

text: and

text: was

text: never

text: actually

text: implemented

question: What is the range for the length for international matches in meters?

answer: 100–110 m

text: 100–110 m

question: In what year did the IFAB initially approve a fixed size as a standard pitch dimension for international matches?

answer: 2008

question: When was the IFAB's decision on the fixed size of the pitch become implemented?

answer: never

text: never

question: What is the range for the length of fields for non international matches in meters?

answer: 90–120 m

text: 90–120 m

question: What is the range for the width for international matches in meters?

answer: 64–75 m

text: 64–75 m


text: Modern font technology provides a means to address the practical issue of needing to depict a unified Han character in terms of a collection of alternative glyph representations, in the form of Unicode variation sequences. For example, the Advanced Typographic tables of OpenType permit one of a number of alternative glyph representations to be selected when performing the character to glyph mapping process. In this case, information can be provided within plain text to designate which alternate character form to select.

title: Unicode

title: Unicode

text: Modern

text: font

text: technology

text: provides

text: a

text: means

text: to

text: address

text: the

text: practical

text: issue

text: of

text: needing

text: to

text: depict

text: a

text: unified

text: Han

text: character

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: a

text: collection

text: of

text: alternative

text: glyph

text: representations

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: Unicode

text: variation

text: sequences

text: For

text: example

text: the

text: Advanced

text: Typographic

text: tables

text: of

text: OpenType

text: permit

text: one

text: of

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: alternative

text: glyph

text: representations

text: to

text: be

text: selected

text: when

text: performing

text: the

text: character

text: to

text: glyph

text: mapping

text: process

text: In

text: this

text: case

text: information

text: can

text: be

text: provided

text: within

text: plain

text: text

text: to

text: designate

text: which

text: alternate

text: character

text: form

text: to

text: select

question: what tables of OpenType allow permit the selection of alternative glyph representations?

answer: Advanced Typographic

text: Advanced Typographic

question: Where is information provided to designate which character form to select?

answer: plain text

text: plain text

question: How does modern font technology address the issue of depicting a Han character in alternate glyph representations?

answer: Unicode variation sequences

text: Unicode variation sequences


text: The Royal School of Mines was established by Sir Henry de la Beche in 1851, developing from the Museum of Economic Geology, a collection of minerals, maps and mining equipment. He created a school which laid the foundations for the teaching of science in the country, and which has its legacy today at Imperial. Prince Albert was a patron and supporter of the later developments in science teaching, which led to the Royal College of Chemistry becoming part of the Royal School of Mines, to the creation of the Royal College of Science and eventually to these institutions becoming part of his plan for South Kensington being an educational region.

title: Imperial_College_London

title: Imperial_College_London

text: The

text: Royal

text: School

text: of

text: Mines

text: was

text: established

text: by

text: Sir

text: Henry

text: de

text: la

text: Beche

text: in

text: developing

text: from

text: the

text: Museum

text: of

text: Economic

text: Geology

text: a

text: collection

text: of

text: minerals

text: maps

text: and

text: mining

text: equipment

text: He

text: created

text: a

text: school

text: which

text: laid

text: the

text: foundations

text: for

text: the

text: teaching

text: of

text: science

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: and

text: which

text: has

text: its

text: legacy

text: today

text: at

text: Imperial

text: Prince

text: Albert

text: was

text: a

text: patron

text: and

text: supporter

text: of

text: the

text: later

text: developments

text: in

text: science

text: teaching

text: which

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: Royal

text: College

text: of

text: Chemistry

text: becoming

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Royal

text: School

text: of

text: Mines

text: to

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: the

text: Royal

text: College

text: of

text: Science

text: and

text: eventually

text: to

text: these

text: institutions

text: becoming

text: part

text: of

text: his

text: plan

text: for

text: South

text: Kensington

text: being

text: an

text: educational

text: region

question: What school was established in 1851?

answer: The Royal School of Mines

text: The Royal School of Mines

question: Who established the Royal School of Mines?

answer: Sir Henry de la Beche

text: Sir Henry de la Beche

question: A collection of miners, maps and mining equipment all belonged to what entity?

answer: the Museum of Economic Geology

text: the Museum of Economic Geology

question: Which famous prince was a patron at the Royal School of Mines?

answer: Prince Albert

text: Prince Albert

question: Which region did Prince Albert aim to make famous as an educational region?

answer: South Kensington

text: South Kensington


text: In 2010, bills to abolish the death penalty in Kansas and in South Dakota (which had a de facto moratorium at the time) were rejected. Idaho ended its de facto moratorium, during which only one volunteer had been executed, on November 18, 2011 by executing Paul Ezra Rhoades; South Dakota executed Donald Moeller on October 30, 2012, ending a de facto moratorium during which only two volunteers had been executed. Of the 12 prisoners whom Nevada has executed since 1976, 11 waived their rights to appeal. Kentucky and Montana have executed two prisoners against their will (KY: 1997 and 1999, MT: 1995 and 1998) and one volunteer, respectively (KY: 2008, MT: 2006). Colorado (in 1997) and Wyoming (in 1992) have executed only one prisoner, respectively.

title: Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

title: Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

text: In

text: bills

text: to

text: abolish

text: the

text: death

text: penalty

text: in

text: Kansas

text: and

text: in

text: South

text: Dakota

text: which

text: had

text: a

text: de

text: facto

text: moratorium

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: were

text: rejected

text: Idaho

text: ended

text: its

text: de

text: facto

text: moratorium

text: during

text: which

text: only

text: one

text: volunteer

text: had

text: been

text: executed

text: on

text: November

text: by

text: executing

text: Paul

text: Ezra

text: Rhoades

text: South

text: Dakota

text: executed

text: Donald

text: Moeller

text: on

text: October

text: ending

text: a

text: de

text: facto

text: moratorium

text: during

text: which

text: only

text: two

text: volunteers

text: had

text: been

text: executed

text: Of

text: the

text: prisoners

text: whom

text: Nevada

text: has

text: executed

text: since

text: waived

text: their

text: rights

text: to

text: appeal

text: Kentucky

text: and

text: Montana

text: have

text: executed

text: two

text: prisoners

text: against

text: their

text: will

text: KY

text: and

text: MT

text: and

text: and

text: one

text: volunteer

text: respectively

text: KY

text: MT

text: Colorado

text: in

text: and

text: Wyoming

text: in

text: have

text: executed

text: only

text: one

text: prisoner

text: respectively

question: Along with South Dakota, what state rejected a death penalty abolition bill in 2010?

answer: Kansas

text: Kansas

question: Who did Idaho execute in 2011?

answer: Paul Ezra Rhoades

text: Paul Ezra Rhoades

question: Who was executed on October 30, 2012?

answer: Donald Moeller

text: Donald Moeller

question: Since 1976, how many prisoners has Nevada executed?

answer: 12

question: Since 1976, in what year was a prisoner executed in Wyoming?

answer: 1992


text: The FAA gradually assumed additional functions. The hijacking epidemic of the 1960s had already brought the agency into the field of civil aviation security. In response to the hijackings on September 11, 2001, this responsibility is now primarily taken by the Department of Homeland Security. The FAA became more involved with the environmental aspects of aviation in 1968 when it received the power to set aircraft noise standards. Legislation in 1970 gave the agency management of a new airport aid program and certain added responsibilities for airport safety. During the 1960s and 1970s, the FAA also started to regulate high altitude (over 500 feet) kite and balloon flying.

title: Federal_Aviation_Administration

title: Federal_Aviation_Administration

text: The

text: FAA

text: gradually

text: assumed

text: additional

text: functions

text: The

text: hijacking

text: epidemic

text: of

text: the

text: had

text: already

text: brought

text: the

text: agency

text: into

text: the

text: field

text: of

text: civil

text: aviation

text: security

text: In

text: response

text: to

text: the

text: hijackings

text: on

text: September

text: this

text: responsibility

text: is

text: now

text: primarily

text: taken

text: by

text: the

text: Department

text: of

text: Homeland

text: Security

text: The

text: FAA

text: became

text: more

text: involved

text: with

text: the

text: environmental

text: aspects

text: of

text: aviation

text: in

text: when

text: it

text: received

text: the

text: power

text: to

text: set

text: aircraft

text: noise

text: standards

text: Legislation

text: in

text: gave

text: the

text: agency

text: management

text: of

text: a

text: new

text: airport

text: aid

text: program

text: and

text: certain

text: added

text: responsibilities

text: for

text: airport

text: safety

text: During

text: the

text: and

text: the

text: FAA

text: also

text: started

text: to

text: regulate

text: high

text: altitude

text: over

text: feet

text: kite

text: and

text: balloon

text: flying

question: What epidemic did the FAA have to handle in the 1960s?

answer: hijacking

text: hijacking

question: Who now takes responsibility for aviation security?

answer: Department of Homeland Security

text: Department of Homeland Security

question: When did the FAA become more involved with the environmental aspects of aviation?

answer: 1968

question: What is the altitude which the FAA regulates over?

answer: 500 feet

text: 500 feet

question: When was legislation passed that gave the agency management of a new airport aide program?

answer: 1970


text: The Jurassic Period extends from about 201.3 ± 0.2 to 145.0 Ma. During the early Jurassic, the supercontinent Pangaea broke up into the northern supercontinent Laurasia and the southern supercontinent Gondwana; the Gulf of Mexico opened in the new rift between North America and what is now Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula. The Jurassic North Atlantic Ocean was relatively narrow, while the South Atlantic did not open until the following Cretaceous Period, when Gondwana itself rifted apart. The Tethys Sea closed, and the Neotethys basin appeared. Climates were warm, with no evidence of glaciation. As in the Triassic, there was apparently no land near either pole, and no extensive ice caps existed. The Jurassic geological record is good in western Europe, where extensive marine sequences indicate a time when much of the continent was submerged under shallow tropical seas; famous locales include the Jurassic Coast World Heritage Site and the renowned late Jurassic lagerstätten of Holzmaden and Solnhofen. In contrast, the North American Jurassic record is the poorest of the Mesozoic, with few outcrops at the surface. Though the epicontinental Sundance Sea left marine deposits in parts of the northern plains of the United States and Canada during the late Jurassic, most exposed sediments from this period are continental, such as the alluvial deposits of the Morrison Formation. The first of several massive batholiths were emplaced in the northern Cordillera beginning in the mid-Jurassic, marking the Nevadan orogeny. Important Jurassic exposures are also found in Russia, India, South America, Japan, Australasia and the United Kingdom.

title: Geological_history_of_Earth

title: Geological_history_of_Earth

text: The

text: Jurassic

text: Period

text: extends

text: from

text: about

text: to

text: Ma

text: During

text: the

text: early

text: Jurassic

text: the

text: supercontinent

text: Pangaea

text: broke

text: up

text: into

text: the

text: northern

text: supercontinent

text: Laurasia

text: and

text: the

text: southern

text: supercontinent

text: Gondwana

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Mexico

text: opened

text: in

text: the

text: new

text: rift

text: between

text: North

text: America

text: and

text: what

text: is

text: now

text: Mexico

text: 's

text: Yucatan

text: Peninsula

text: The

text: Jurassic

text: North

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: was

text: relatively

text: narrow

text: while

text: the

text: South

text: Atlantic

text: did

text: not

text: open

text: until

text: the

text: following

text: Cretaceous

text: Period

text: when

text: Gondwana

text: itself

text: rifted

text: apart

text: The

text: Tethys

text: Sea

text: closed

text: and

text: the

text: Neotethys

text: basin

text: appeared

text: Climates

text: were

text: warm

text: with

text: no

text: evidence

text: of

text: glaciation

text: As

text: in

text: the

text: Triassic

text: there

text: was

text: apparently

text: no

text: land

text: near

text: either

text: pole

text: and

text: no

text: extensive

text: ice

text: caps

text: existed

text: The

text: Jurassic

text: geological

text: record

text: is

text: good

text: in

text: western

text: Europe

text: where

text: extensive

text: marine

text: sequences

text: indicate

text: a

text: time

text: when

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: continent

text: was

text: submerged

text: under

text: shallow

text: tropical

text: seas

text: famous

text: locales

text: include

text: the

text: Jurassic

text: Coast

text: World

text: Heritage

text: Site

text: and

text: the

text: renowned

text: late

text: Jurassic

text: lagerstätten

text: of

text: Holzmaden

text: and

text: Solnhofen

text: In

text: contrast

text: the

text: North

text: American

text: Jurassic

text: record

text: is

text: the

text: poorest

text: of

text: the

text: Mesozoic

text: with

text: few

text: outcrops

text: at

text: the

text: surface

text: Though

text: the

text: epicontinental

text: Sundance

text: Sea

text: left

text: marine

text: deposits

text: in

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: northern

text: plains

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: Canada

text: during

text: the

text: late

text: Jurassic

text: most

text: exposed

text: sediments

text: from

text: this

text: period

text: are

text: continental

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: alluvial

text: deposits

text: of

text: the

text: Morrison

text: Formation

text: The

text: first

text: of

text: several

text: massive

text: batholiths

text: were

text: emplaced

text: in

text: the

text: northern

text: Cordillera

text: beginning

text: in

text: the

text: mid

text: Jurassic

text: marking

text: the

text: Nevadan

text: orogeny

text: Important

text: Jurassic

text: exposures

text: are

text: also

text: found

text: in

text: Russia

text: India

text: South

text: America

text: Japan

text: Australasia

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

question: During what years was the Jurassic period?

answer: 201.3 ± 0.2 to 145.0 Ma.

text: 201.3 ± 0.2 to 145.0 Ma.

question: Which supercontinent came apart in the Jurassic period?

answer: Pangaea

text: Pangaea

question: The Gulf of Mexico formed in the rift between North America and what other land mass?

answer: Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula

text: Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula

question: At what point did the South Atlantic ocean begin to open?

answer: Cretaceous Period

text: Cretaceous Period

question: Which late Jurassic cultural sites are famous in Europe?

answer: lagerstätten of Holzmaden and Solnhofen

text: lagerstätten of Holzmaden and Solnhofen


text: Photometric studies (also sometimes referred to as "layouts" or "point by points") are often used to simulate lighting designs for projects before they are built or renovated. This enables architects, lighting designers, and engineers to determine whether a proposed lighting setup will deliver the amount of light intended. They will also be able to determine the contrast ratio between light and dark areas. In many cases these studies are referenced against IESNA or CIBSE recommended lighting practices for the type of application. Depending on the type of area, different design aspects may be emphasized for safety or practicality (i.e. such as maintaining uniform light levels, avoiding glare or highlighting certain areas). Specialized software is often used to create these, which typically combine the use of two-dimensional digital CAD drawings and lighting calculation software (i.e. AGi32or Dialux).

title: Lighting

title: Lighting

text: Photometric

text: studies

text: also

text: sometimes

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: layouts

text: or

text: point

text: by

text: points

text: are

text: often

text: used

text: to

text: simulate

text: lighting

text: designs

text: for

text: projects

text: before

text: they

text: are

text: built

text: or

text: renovated

text: This

text: enables

text: architects

text: lighting

text: designers

text: and

text: engineers

text: to

text: determine

text: whether

text: a

text: proposed

text: lighting

text: setup

text: will

text: deliver

text: the

text: amount

text: of

text: light

text: intended

text: They

text: will

text: also

text: be

text: able

text: to

text: determine

text: the

text: contrast

text: ratio

text: between

text: light

text: and

text: dark

text: areas

text: In

text: many

text: cases

text: these

text: studies

text: are

text: referenced

text: against

text: IESNA

text: or

text: CIBSE

text: recommended

text: lighting

text: practices

text: for

text: the

text: type

text: of

text: application

text: Depending

text: on

text: the

text: type

text: of

text: area

text: different

text: design

text: aspects

text: may

text: be

text: emphasized

text: for

text: safety

text: or

text: practicality

text: i.e.

text: such

text: as

text: maintaining

text: uniform

text: light

text: levels

text: avoiding

text: glare

text: or

text: highlighting

text: certain

text: areas

text: Specialized

text: software

text: is

text: often

text: used

text: to

text: create

text: these

text: which

text: typically

text: combine

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: two

text: dimensional

text: digital

text: CAD

text: drawings

text: and

text: lighting

text: calculation

text: software

text: i.e.

text: Dialux

question: What type of study is used to simulate lighting designs?

answer: Photometric studies

text: Photometric studies


text: These limitations have caused problems. For example, before 2005, DST in Israel varied each year and was skipped some years. Windows 95 used rules correct for 1995 only, causing problems in later years. In Windows 98, Microsoft marked Israel as not having DST, forcing Israeli users to shift their computer clocks manually twice a year. The 2005 Israeli Daylight Saving Law established predictable rules using the Jewish calendar but Windows zone files could not represent the rules' dates in a year-independent way. Partial workarounds, which mishandled older time stamps, included manually switching zone files every year and a Microsoft tool that switches zones automatically. In 2013, Israel standardized its daylight saving time according to the Gregorian calendar.

title: Daylight_saving_time

title: Daylight_saving_time

text: These

text: limitations

text: have

text: caused

text: problems

text: For

text: example

text: before

text: DST

text: in

text: Israel

text: varied

text: each

text: year

text: and

text: was

text: skipped

text: some

text: years

text: Windows

text: used

text: rules

text: correct

text: for

text: only

text: causing

text: problems

text: in

text: later

text: years

text: In

text: Windows

text: Microsoft

text: marked

text: Israel

text: as

text: not

text: having

text: DST

text: forcing

text: Israeli

text: users

text: to

text: shift

text: their

text: computer

text: clocks

text: manually

text: twice

text: a

text: year

text: The

text: Israeli

text: Daylight

text: Saving

text: Law

text: established

text: predictable

text: rules

text: using

text: the

text: Jewish

text: calendar

text: but

text: Windows

text: zone

text: files

text: could

text: not

text: represent

text: the

text: rules

text: dates

text: in

text: a

text: year

text: independent

text: way

text: Partial

text: workarounds

text: which

text: mishandled

text: older

text: time

text: stamps

text: included

text: manually

text: switching

text: zone

text: files

text: every

text: year

text: and

text: a

text: Microsoft

text: tool

text: that

text: switches

text: zones

text: automatically

text: In

text: Israel

text: standardized

text: its

text: daylight

text: saving

text: time

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: Gregorian

text: calendar

question: What single year did Windows 95 use to apply rules to Israel's time changes?

answer: 1995

question: Because the schedule in Israel was always changing, what did Microsoft do with the release of Windows 98?

answer: marked Israel as not having DST

text: marked Israel as not having DST

question: How often would Israeli users running Windows 98 need to manually adjust the time on their machines to stay current?

answer: twice a year

text: twice a year

question: What law regulated the rules for time shifts in Israel according to the Jewish calendar?

answer: The 2005 Israeli Daylight Saving Law

text: The 2005 Israeli Daylight Saving Law

question: Although the schedule in Israel became predictable after 2005, there were still problems in Windows until Israel adjusted DST to what calendar in 2013?

answer: the Gregorian calendar

text: the Gregorian calendar


text: Think-tanks such as the World Pensions Council have also argued that European legislators have pushed somewhat dogmatically for the adoption of the Basel II recommendations, adopted in 2005, transposed in European Union law through the Capital Requirements Directive (CRD), effective since 2008. In essence, they forced European banks, and, more importantly, the European Central Bank itself e.g. when gauging the solvency of financial institutions, to rely more than ever on standardised assessments of credit risk marketed by two non-European private agencies: Moody's and S&P.

title: European_Central_Bank

title: European_Central_Bank

text: Think

text: tanks

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: World

text: Pensions

text: Council

text: have

text: also

text: argued

text: that

text: European

text: legislators

text: have

text: pushed

text: somewhat

text: dogmatically

text: for

text: the

text: adoption

text: of

text: the

text: Basel

text: II

text: recommendations

text: adopted

text: in

text: transposed

text: in

text: European

text: Union

text: law

text: through

text: the

text: Capital

text: Requirements

text: Directive

text: CRD

text: effective

text: since

text: In

text: essence

text: they

text: forced

text: European

text: banks

text: and

text: more

text: importantly

text: the

text: European

text: Central

text: Bank

text: itself

text: e.g.

text: when

text: gauging

text: the

text: solvency

text: of

text: financial

text: institutions

text: to

text: rely

text: more

text: than

text: ever

text: on

text: standardised

text: assessments

text: of

text: credit

text: risk

text: marketed

text: by

text: two

text: non

text: European

text: private

text: agencies

text: Moody

text: 's

text: and

text: S&P.

question: Which agencies have became the authority on assessing the risk of financial institutions?

answer: Moody's and S&P

text: Moody's and S&P

question: When was Basel II adopted?

answer: 2005

question: What said that agencies had to start using Moody's and S&P to assess financial institutions?

answer: the Basel II recommendations

text: the Basel II recommendations

question: Since when have the Basel II recommendations been in effect?

answer: 2008


text: When optimally designed within a given core saturation constraint and for a given active current (i.e., torque current), voltage, pole-pair number, excitation frequency (i.e., synchronous speed), and air-gap flux density, all categories of electric motors or generators will exhibit virtually the same maximum continuous shaft torque (i.e., operating torque) within a given air-gap area with winding slots and back-iron depth, which determines the physical size of electromagnetic core. Some applications require bursts of torque beyond the maximum operating torque, such as short bursts of torque to accelerate an electric vehicle from standstill. Always limited by magnetic core saturation or safe operating temperature rise and voltage, the capacity for torque bursts beyond the maximum operating torque differs significantly between categories of electric motors or generators.

title: Electric_motor

title: Electric_motor

text: When

text: optimally

text: designed

text: within

text: a

text: given

text: core

text: saturation

text: constraint

text: and

text: for

text: a

text: given

text: active

text: current

text: i.e.

text: torque

text: current

text: voltage

text: pole

text: pair

text: number

text: excitation

text: frequency

text: i.e.

text: synchronous

text: speed

text: and

text: air

text: gap

text: flux

text: density

text: all

text: categories

text: of

text: electric

text: motors

text: or

text: generators

text: will

text: exhibit

text: virtually

text: the

text: same

text: maximum

text: continuous

text: shaft

text: torque

text: i.e.

text: operating

text: torque

text: within

text: a

text: given

text: air

text: gap

text: area

text: with

text: winding

text: slots

text: and

text: back

text: iron

text: depth

text: which

text: determines

text: the

text: physical

text: size

text: of

text: electromagnetic

text: core

text: Some

text: applications

text: require

text: bursts

text: of

text: torque

text: beyond

text: the

text: maximum

text: operating

text: torque

text: such

text: as

text: short

text: bursts

text: of

text: torque

text: to

text: accelerate

text: an

text: electric

text: vehicle

text: from

text: standstill

text: Always

text: limited

text: by

text: magnetic

text: core

text: saturation

text: or

text: safe

text: operating

text: temperature

text: rise

text: and

text: voltage

text: the

text: capacity

text: for

text: torque

text: bursts

text: beyond

text: the

text: maximum

text: operating

text: torque

text: differs

text: significantly

text: between

text: categories

text: of

text: electric

text: motors

text: or

text: generators

question: What are factors that determine shaft torque?

answer: torque current), voltage, pole-pair number, excitation frequency (i.e., synchronous speed), and air-gap flux density

text: torque current), voltage, pole-pair number, excitation frequency (i.e., synchronous speed), and air-gap flux density

question: Whate decides the size of an electromagnetic core?

answer: air-gap area with winding slots and back-iron depth

text: air-gap area with winding slots and back-iron depth

question: What limits excessive torque?

answer: magnetic core saturation or safe operating temperature rise and voltage

text: magnetic core saturation or safe operating temperature rise and voltage


text: Supercomputers in particular often have highly unique architectures that differ significantly from the basic stored-program architecture and from general purpose computers. They often feature thousands of CPUs, customized high-speed interconnects, and specialized computing hardware. Such designs tend to be useful only for specialized tasks due to the large scale of program organization required to successfully utilize most of the available resources at once. Supercomputers usually see usage in large-scale simulation, graphics rendering, and cryptography applications, as well as with other so-called "embarrassingly parallel" tasks.

title: Computer

title: Computer

text: Supercomputers

text: in

text: particular

text: often

text: have

text: highly

text: unique

text: architectures

text: that

text: differ

text: significantly

text: from

text: the

text: basic

text: stored

text: program

text: architecture

text: and

text: from

text: general

text: purpose

text: computers

text: They

text: often

text: feature

text: thousands

text: of

text: CPUs

text: customized

text: high

text: speed

text: interconnects

text: and

text: specialized

text: computing

text: hardware

text: Such

text: designs

text: tend

text: to

text: be

text: useful

text: only

text: for

text: specialized

text: tasks

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: large

text: scale

text: of

text: program

text: organization

text: required

text: to

text: successfully

text: utilize

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: available

text: resources

text: at

text: once

text: Supercomputers

text: usually

text: see

text: usage

text: in

text: large

text: scale

text: simulation

text: graphics

text: rendering

text: and

text: cryptography

text: applications

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: with

text: other

text: so

text: called

text: embarrassingly

text: parallel

text: tasks

question: How many CPUs do supercomputers typically possess?

answer: thousands

text: thousands

question: What is the name of a computer that has many CPUs and much more powerful?

answer: Supercomputers

text: Supercomputers


text: In March 2010, Sony Corp has partnered with The Michael Jackson Company with a contract of more than $250 million, the largest deal in recorded music history.

title: Sony_Music_Entertainment

title: Sony_Music_Entertainment

text: In

text: March

text: Sony

text: Corp

text: has

text: partnered

text: with

text: The

text: Michael

text: Jackson

text: Company

text: with

text: a

text: contract

text: of

text: more

text: than

text: million

text: the

text: largest

text: deal

text: in

text: recorded

text: music

text: history

question: Who did Sony partner with to create the biggest deal ever?

answer: Michael Jackson Company

text: Michael Jackson Company

question: How much was the partnership worth?

answer: $250 million

text: $250 million

question: In what year was the partnership initiated?

answer: 2010


text: Asphalt/bitumen is typically stored and transported at temperatures around 150 °C (302 °F). Sometimes diesel oil or kerosene are mixed in before shipping to retain liquidity; upon delivery, these lighter materials are separated out of the mixture. This mixture is often called "bitumen feedstock", or BFS. Some dump trucks route the hot engine exhaust through pipes in the dump body to keep the material warm. The backs of tippers carrying asphalt/bitumen, as well as some handling equipment, are also commonly sprayed with a releasing agent before filling to aid release. Diesel oil is no longer used as a release agent due to environmental concerns.

title: Asphalt

title: Asphalt

text: Asphalt

text: bitumen

text: is

text: typically

text: stored

text: and

text: transported

text: at

text: temperatures

text: around

text: C

text: F

text: Sometimes

text: diesel

text: oil

text: or

text: kerosene

text: are

text: mixed

text: in

text: before

text: shipping

text: to

text: retain

text: liquidity

text: upon

text: delivery

text: these

text: lighter

text: materials

text: are

text: separated

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: mixture

text: This

text: mixture

text: is

text: often

text: called

text: bitumen

text: feedstock

text: or

text: BFS

text: Some

text: dump

text: trucks

text: route

text: the

text: hot

text: engine

text: exhaust

text: through

text: pipes

text: in

text: the

text: dump

text: body

text: to

text: keep

text: the

text: material

text: warm

text: The

text: backs

text: of

text: tippers

text: carrying

text: asphalt

text: bitumen

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: some

text: handling

text: equipment

text: are

text: also

text: commonly

text: sprayed

text: with

text: a

text: releasing

text: agent

text: before

text: filling

text: to

text: aid

text: release

text: Diesel

text: oil

text: is

text: no

text: longer

text: used

text: as

text: a

text: release

text: agent

text: due

text: to

text: environmental

text: concerns

question: About what temperature is asphalt shipped?

answer: 150 °C

text: 150 °C

question: To promote what characteristic is diesel oil added to asphalt for shipping?

answer: liquidity

text: liquidity

question: What is the liquefied mixture called?

answer: bitumen feedstock

text: bitumen feedstock

question: What truck feature is occasionally used to keep asphalt warm?

answer: engine exhaust

text: engine exhaust

question: Due to what concerns is diesel fuel no longer used as a release agent for transporting asphalt?

answer: environmental

text: environmental


text: Beginning with the advent of beat match DJing, in which Bronx DJs (Disc Jockeys) including Grandmaster Flash, Afrika Bambaataa and DJ Kool Herc extended the breaks of funk records, a major new musical genre emerged that sought to isolate the percussion breaks of hit funk, disco and soul songs. As hip hop's popularity grew, performers began speaking ("rapping") in sync with the beats, and became known as MCs or emcees. The Herculoids, made up of Herc, Coke La Rock, and DJ Clark Kent, were the earliest to gain major fame. The Bronx is referred to in hip-hop slang as "The Boogie Down Bronx", or just "The Boogie Down". This was hip-hop pioneer KRS-One's inspiration for his thought provoking group BDP, or Boogie Down Productions, which included DJ Scott La Rock. Newer hip hop artists from the Bronx include Big Pun, Lord Toriq and Peter Gunz, Camp Lo, Swizz Beatz, Drag-On, Fat Joe, Terror Squad and Corey Gunz.

title: The_Bronx

title: The_Bronx

text: Beginning

text: with

text: the

text: advent

text: of

text: beat

text: match

text: DJing

text: in

text: which

text: Bronx

text: DJs

text: Disc

text: Jockeys

text: including

text: Grandmaster

text: Flash

text: Afrika

text: Bambaataa

text: and

text: DJ

text: Kool

text: Herc

text: extended

text: the

text: breaks

text: of

text: funk

text: records

text: a

text: major

text: new

text: musical

text: genre

text: emerged

text: that

text: sought

text: to

text: isolate

text: the

text: percussion

text: breaks

text: of

text: hit

text: funk

text: disco

text: and

text: soul

text: songs

text: As

text: hip

text: hop

text: 's

text: popularity

text: grew

text: performers

text: began

text: speaking

text: rapping

text: in

text: sync

text: with

text: the

text: beats

text: and

text: became

text: known

text: as

text: MCs

text: or

text: emcees

text: The

text: Herculoids

text: made

text: up

text: of

text: Herc

text: Coke

text: La

text: Rock

text: and

text: DJ

text: Clark

text: Kent

text: were

text: the

text: earliest

text: to

text: gain

text: major

text: fame

text: The

text: Bronx

text: is

text: referred

text: to

text: in

text: hip

text: hop

text: slang

text: as

text: The

text: Boogie

text: Down

text: Bronx

text: or

text: just

text: The

text: Boogie

text: Down

text: This

text: was

text: hip

text: hop

text: pioneer

text: KRS

text: One

text: 's

text: inspiration

text: for

text: his

text: thought

text: provoking

text: group

text: BDP

text: or

text: Boogie

text: Down

text: Productions

text: which

text: included

text: DJ

text: Scott

text: La

text: Rock

text: Newer

text: hip

text: hop

text: artists

text: from

text: the

text: Bronx

text: include

text: Big

text: Pun

text: Lord

text: Toriq

text: and

text: Peter

text: Gunz

text: Camp

text: Lo

text: Swizz

text: Beatz

text: Drag

text: On

text: Fat

text: Joe

text: Terror

text: Squad

text: and

text: Corey

text: Gunz

question: Who were the Herculoids?

answer: Herc, Coke La Rock, and DJ Clark Kent

text: Herc, Coke La Rock, and DJ Clark Kent

question: What is 'The Boogie Down'?

answer: The Bronx

text: The Bronx

question: Where is Big Pun from?

answer: the Bronx

text: the Bronx

question: What types of music did hip hop emerge from?

answer: funk, disco and soul

text: funk, disco and soul

question: Who started BDP?

answer: KRS-One

text: KRS-One


text: For Ruskin, the aesthetic was of overriding significance. His work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way "adorned". For Ruskin, a well-constructed, well-proportioned, functional building needed string courses or rustication, at the very least.

title: Architecture

title: Architecture

text: For

text: Ruskin

text: the

text: aesthetic

text: was

text: of

text: overriding

text: significance

text: His

text: work

text: goes

text: on

text: to

text: state

text: that

text: a

text: building

text: is

text: not

text: truly

text: a

text: work

text: of

text: architecture

text: unless

text: it

text: is

text: in

text: some

text: way

text: adorned

text: For

text: Ruskin

text: a

text: well

text: constructed

text: well

text: proportioned

text: functional

text: building

text: needed

text: string

text: courses

text: or

text: rustication

text: at

text: the

text: very

text: least

question: Does Ruskin believe all buildings are works of architecture?

answer: not

text: not

question: What was most significant in architecture according to Ruskin?

answer: the aesthetic

text: the aesthetic

question: To be true architecture in Ruskin's opinion what should be done to a structure?

answer: it is in some way "adorned"

text: it is in some way "adorned"

question: What features at minimum did Ruskin insist on for a building to be considered functional?

answer: string courses or rustication

text: string courses or rustication


text: For many centuries, wealthy and powerful members of the szlachta sought to gain legal privileges over their peers. Few szlachta were wealthy enough to be known as magnates (karmazyni—the "Crimsons", from the crimson colour of their boots). A proper magnate should be able to trace noble ancestors back for many generations and own at least 20 villages or estates. He should also hold a major office in the Commonwealth.

title: Szlachta

title: Szlachta

text: For

text: many

text: centuries

text: wealthy

text: and

text: powerful

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: szlachta

text: sought

text: to

text: gain

text: legal

text: privileges

text: over

text: their

text: peers

text: Few

text: szlachta

text: were

text: wealthy

text: enough

text: to

text: be

text: known

text: as

text: magnates

text: karmazyni

text: the

text: Crimsons

text: from

text: the

text: crimson

text: colour

text: of

text: their

text: boots

text: A

text: proper

text: magnate

text: should

text: be

text: able

text: to

text: trace

text: noble

text: ancestors

text: back

text: for

text: many

text: generations

text: and

text: own

text: at

text: least

text: villages

text: or

text: estates

text: He

text: should

text: also

text: hold

text: a

text: major

text: office

text: in

text: the

text: Commonwealth

question: What did powerful leaders of szlachta sought?

answer: gain legal privileges over their peers

text: gain legal privileges over their peers

question: What were most szlachtas class?

answer: Few szlachta were wealthy enough to be known as magnates

text: Few szlachta were wealthy enough to be known as magnates

question: What is another name for magnates?

answer: Crimsons

text: Crimsons

question: A proper magnates own what?

answer: own at least 20 villages or estates.

text: own at least 20 villages or estates.

question: Who is properly in the major office in the commonwealth?

answer: magnates

text: magnates


text: From the early 12th century, French builders developed the Gothic style, marked by the use of rib vaults, pointed arches, flying buttresses, and large stained glass windows. It was used mainly in churches and cathedrals, and continued in use until the 16th century in much of Europe. Classic examples of Gothic architecture include Chartres Cathedral and Reims Cathedral in France as well as Salisbury Cathedral in England. Stained glass became a crucial element in the design of churches, which continued to use extensive wall-paintings, now almost all lost.

title: Middle_Ages

title: Middle_Ages

text: From

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: French

text: builders

text: developed

text: the

text: Gothic

text: style

text: marked

text: by

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: rib

text: vaults

text: pointed

text: arches

text: flying

text: buttresses

text: and

text: large

text: stained

text: glass

text: windows

text: It

text: was

text: used

text: mainly

text: in

text: churches

text: and

text: cathedrals

text: and

text: continued

text: in

text: use

text: until

text: the

text: century

text: in

text: much

text: of

text: Europe

text: Classic

text: examples

text: of

text: Gothic

text: architecture

text: include

text: Chartres

text: Cathedral

text: and

text: Reims

text: Cathedral

text: in

text: France

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: Salisbury

text: Cathedral

text: in

text: England

text: Stained

text: glass

text: became

text: a

text: crucial

text: element

text: in

text: the

text: design

text: of

text: churches

text: which

text: continued

text: to

text: use

text: extensive

text: wall

text: paintings

text: now

text: almost

text: all

text: lost

question: In what century did the Gothic style first flourish?

answer: 12th

question: In what century did the Gothic style cease to be used?

answer: 16th

question: Along with Reims, where is a notable Gothic cathedral in France located?

answer: Chartres

text: Chartres

question: What is a notable English Gothic cathedral?

answer: Salisbury Cathedral

text: Salisbury Cathedral

question: Among which builders was the Gothic style first used?

answer: French

text: French


text: The Ottoman Empire began to collapse, and in 1908, the Young Turk Revolution overthrew the government of Sultan Hamid. In April 1909, the Adana massacre occurred in the Adana Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire resulting in the deaths of as many as 20,000–30,000 Armenians. The Armenians living in the empire hoped that the Committee of Union and Progress would change their second-class status. Armenian reform package (1914) was presented as a solution by appointing an inspector general over Armenian issues.

title: Armenia

title: Armenia

text: The

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: began

text: to

text: collapse

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: Young

text: Turk

text: Revolution

text: overthrew

text: the

text: government

text: of

text: Sultan

text: Hamid

text: In

text: April

text: the

text: Adana

text: massacre

text: occurred

text: in

text: the

text: Adana

text: Vilayet

text: of

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: resulting

text: in

text: the

text: deaths

text: of

text: as

text: many

text: as

text: Armenians

text: The

text: Armenians

text: living

text: in

text: the

text: empire

text: hoped

text: that

text: the

text: Committee

text: of

text: Union

text: and

text: Progress

text: would

text: change

text: their

text: second

text: class

text: status

text: Armenian

text: reform

text: package

text: was

text: presented

text: as

text: a

text: solution

text: by

text: appointing

text: an

text: inspector

text: general

text: over

text: Armenian

text: issues

question: When did the Adana massacre take place?

answer: April 1909

text: April 1909

question: How many Armenians died in the Adana Massacre?

answer: 20,000–30,000

question: When was Sultan Hamid unseated?

answer: 1908

question: Who unseated Sultan Hamid?

answer: Young Turk Revolution

text: Young Turk Revolution

question: When was the Armenian Reform package introduced?

answer: 1914


text: Before emerging as a pop star, Madonna has spent her early years in rock music alongside her bands, Breakfast Club and Emmy. While performing with Emmy, Madonna recorded about 12-14 songs which resemble the punk rock of that period. Her early rock roots also can be found on the demo album Pre-Madonna. Stephen Thomas Erlewine noted that with her self-titled debut album, Madonna began her career as a disco diva, in an era that did not have any such divas to speak of. In the beginning of the '80's, disco was an anathema to the mainstream pop, and according to Erlewine, Madonna had a huge role in popularizing dance music as mainstream music. The album's songs reveal several key trends that have continued to define her success, including a strong dance-based idiom, catchy hooks, highly polished arrangements and Madonna's own vocal style. Her second album, Like a Virgin (1984), foreshadowed several trends in her later works. It contained references to classical works (pizzicato synthesizer line that opens "Angel"); potential negative reaction from social groups ("Dress You Up" was blacklisted by the Parents Music Resource Center); and retro styles ("Shoo-Bee-Doo", Madonna's homage to Motown).

title: Madonna_(entertainer)

title: Madonna_(entertainer

text: Before

text: emerging

text: as

text: a

text: pop

text: star

text: Madonna

text: has

text: spent

text: her

text: early

text: years

text: in

text: rock

text: music

text: alongside

text: her

text: bands

text: Breakfast

text: Club

text: and

text: Emmy

text: While

text: performing

text: with

text: Emmy

text: Madonna

text: recorded

text: about

text: songs

text: which

text: resemble

text: the

text: punk

text: rock

text: of

text: that

text: period

text: Her

text: early

text: rock

text: roots

text: also

text: can

text: be

text: found

text: on

text: the

text: demo

text: album

text: Pre

text: Madonna

text: Stephen

text: Thomas

text: Erlewine

text: noted

text: that

text: with

text: her

text: self

text: titled

text: debut

text: album

text: Madonna

text: began

text: her

text: career

text: as

text: a

text: disco

text: diva

text: in

text: an

text: era

text: that

text: did

text: not

text: have

text: any

text: such

text: divas

text: to

text: speak

text: of

text: In

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: 's

text: disco

text: was

text: an

text: anathema

text: to

text: the

text: mainstream

text: pop

text: and

text: according

text: to

text: Erlewine

text: Madonna

text: had

text: a

text: huge

text: role

text: in

text: popularizing

text: dance

text: music

text: as

text: mainstream

text: music

text: The

text: album

text: 's

text: songs

text: reveal

text: several

text: key

text: trends

text: that

text: have

text: continued

text: to

text: define

text: her

text: success

text: including

text: a

text: strong

text: dance

text: based

text: idiom

text: catchy

text: hooks

text: highly

text: polished

text: arrangements

text: and

text: Madonna

text: 's

text: own

text: vocal

text: style

text: Her

text: second

text: album

text: Like

text: a

text: Virgin

text: foreshadowed

text: several

text: trends

text: in

text: her

text: later

text: works

text: It

text: contained

text: references

text: to

text: classical

text: works

text: pizzicato

text: synthesizer

text: line

text: that

text: opens

text: Angel

text: potential

text: negative

text: reaction

text: from

text: social

text: groups

text: Dress

text: You

text: Up

text: was

text: blacklisted

text: by

text: the

text: Parents

text: Music

text: Resource

text: Center

text: and

text: retro

text: styles

text: Shoo

text: Bee

text: Doo

text: Madonna

text: 's

text: homage

text: to

text: Motown

question: Which genre did Madonna started out in?

answer: rock music

text: rock music

question: When performing with Emmy, how many songs did Madonna produce?

answer: 12-14

question: Who popularize dance music as mainstream music?

answer: Madonna

text: Madonna

question: What is Madonna's second album?

answer: Like a Virgin

text: Like a Virgin


text: The Jawa Dwipa Hindu kingdom in Java and Sumatra existed around 200 BCE. The history of the Malay-speaking world began with the advent of Indian influence, which dates back to at least the 3rd century BCE. Indian traders came to the archipelago both for its abundant forest and maritime products and to trade with merchants from China, who also discovered the Malay world at an early date. Both Hinduism and Buddhism were well established in the Malay Peninsula by the beginning of the 1st century CE, and from there spread across the archipelago.

title: Southeast_Asia

title: Southeast_Asia

text: The

text: Jawa

text: Dwipa

text: Hindu

text: kingdom

text: in

text: Java

text: and

text: Sumatra

text: existed

text: around

text: BCE

text: The

text: history

text: of

text: the

text: Malay

text: speaking

text: world

text: began

text: with

text: the

text: advent

text: of

text: Indian

text: influence

text: which

text: dates

text: back

text: to

text: at

text: least

text: the

text: century

text: BCE

text: Indian

text: traders

text: came

text: to

text: the

text: archipelago

text: both

text: for

text: its

text: abundant

text: forest

text: and

text: maritime

text: products

text: and

text: to

text: trade

text: with

text: merchants

text: from

text: China

text: who

text: also

text: discovered

text: the

text: Malay

text: world

text: at

text: an

text: early

text: date

text: Both

text: Hinduism

text: and

text: Buddhism

text: were

text: well

text: established

text: in

text: the

text: Malay

text: Peninsula

text: by

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: CE

text: and

text: from

text: there

text: spread

text: across

text: the

text: archipelago

question: Which kingdom during 200 BCE that is located in Java and Sumatra exist?

answer: Jawa Dwipa Hindu

text: Jawa Dwipa Hindu

question: What nationality were the traders that came to archipelago?

answer: Indian

text: Indian

question: What country did the merchants the traders did trade with come from?

answer: China

text: China

question: How long did the Indian influence date back to for the Malay-speaking world?

answer: 3rd century BCE

text: 3rd century BCE

question: What religion besides Hinduism became well established in the Malay Peninsula?

answer: Buddhism

text: Buddhism

question: Which Hindu kingdom existed around 200 BCE?

answer: Jawa Dwipa

text: Jawa Dwipa

question: Which traders came to the archipelago for trade?

answer: Indian traders

text: Indian traders

question: The Java Dwipa kingdom was well-known for what?

answer: abundant forest and maritime products

text: abundant forest and maritime products

question: Which religions were well established in the Malay peninsula by the beginning of the 1st century CE?

answer: Hinduism and Buddhism

text: Hinduism and Buddhism

question: Apart from the Indian traders, who else discovered the Malay peninsula for trade?

answer: merchants from China

text: merchants from China


text: Film speed is found from a plot of optical density vs. log of exposure for the film, known as the D–log H curve or Hurter–Driffield curve. There typically are five regions in the curve: the base + fog, the toe, the linear region, the shoulder, and the overexposed region. For black-and-white negative film, the “speed point” m is the point on the curve where density exceeds the base + fog density by 0.1 when the negative is developed so that a point n where the log of exposure is 1.3 units greater than the exposure at point m has a density 0.8 greater than the density at point m. The exposure Hm, in lux-s, is that for point m when the specified contrast condition is satisfied. The ISO arithmetic speed is determined from:

title: Film_speed

title: Film_speed

text: Film

text: speed

text: is

text: found

text: from

text: a

text: plot

text: of

text: optical

text: density

text: vs.

text: log

text: of

text: exposure

text: for

text: the

text: film

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: D

text: log

text: H

text: curve

text: or

text: Hurter

text: Driffield

text: curve

text: There

text: typically

text: are

text: five

text: regions

text: in

text: the

text: curve

text: the

text: base

text: fog

text: the

text: toe

text: the

text: linear

text: region

text: the

text: shoulder

text: and

text: the

text: overexposed

text: region

text: For

text: black

text: and

text: white

text: negative

text: film

text: the

text: speed

text: point

text: m

text: is

text: the

text: point

text: on

text: the

text: curve

text: where

text: density

text: exceeds

text: the

text: base

text: fog

text: density

text: by

text: when

text: the

text: negative

text: is

text: developed

text: so

text: that

text: a

text: point

text: n

text: where

text: the

text: log

text: of

text: exposure

text: is

text: units

text: greater

text: than

text: the

text: exposure

text: at

text: point

text: m

text: has

text: a

text: density

text: greater

text: than

text: the

text: density

text: at

text: point

text: m.

text: The

text: exposure

text: Hm

text: in

text: lux

text: s

text: is

text: that

text: for

text: point

text: m

text: when

text: the

text: specified

text: contrast

text: condition

text: is

text: satisfied

text: The

text: ISO

text: arithmetic

text: speed

text: is

text: determined

text: from

question: What is the plot from which film speed is derived called?

answer: the D–log H curve or Hurter–Driffield curve

text: the D–log H curve or Hurter–Driffield curve

question: How many regions does the Hurter-Driffield curve have?

answer: five

text: five

question: What is plotted in the Hurter-Driffield curve?

answer: a plot of optical density vs. log of exposure for the film

text: a plot of optical density vs. log of exposure for the film

question: What is denoted when the specified contrast condition is met?

answer: The exposure Hm, in lux-s

text: The exposure Hm, in lux-s

question: What are the five regions of the Hurter-Driffield curve?

answer: the base + fog, the toe, the linear region, the shoulder, and the overexposed region

text: the base + fog, the toe, the linear region, the shoulder, and the overexposed region


text: The canal is 193.30 km (120.11 mi) long, 24 m (79 ft) deep and 205 metres (673 ft) wide as of 2010. It consists of the northern access channel of 22 km (14 mi), the canal itself of 162.25 km (100.82 mi) and the southern access channel of 9 km (5.6 mi). The canal is a single lane with passing places in the "Ballah By-Pass" and the Great Bitter Lake. It contains no locks; seawater flows freely through the canal. In general, the canal north of the Bitter Lakes flows north in winter and south in summer. The current south of the lakes changes with the tide at Suez.

title: Egypt

title: Egypt

text: The

text: canal

text: is

text: km

text: mi

text: long

text: m

text: ft

text: deep

text: and

text: metres

text: ft

text: wide

text: as

text: of

text: It

text: consists

text: of

text: the

text: northern

text: access

text: channel

text: of

text: km

text: mi

text: the

text: canal

text: itself

text: of

text: km

text: mi

text: and

text: the

text: southern

text: access

text: channel

text: of

text: km

text: mi

text: The

text: canal

text: is

text: a

text: single

text: lane

text: with

text: passing

text: places

text: in

text: the

text: Ballah

text: By

text: Pass

text: and

text: the

text: Great

text: Bitter

text: Lake

text: It

text: contains

text: no

text: locks

text: seawater

text: flows

text: freely

text: through

text: the

text: canal

text: In

text: general

text: the

text: canal

text: north

text: of

text: the

text: Bitter

text: Lakes

text: flows

text: north

text: in

text: winter

text: and

text: south

text: in

text: summer

text: The

text: current

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: lakes

text: changes

text: with

text: the

text: tide

text: at

text: Suez

question: How long is Suez canal?

answer: 193.30 km (120.11 mi)

text: 193.30 km (120.11 mi)

question: How deep is Suez canal?

answer: 24 m (79 ft)

text: 24 m (79 ft)

question: How wide is Suez canal?

answer: 205 metres (673 ft)

text: 205 metres (673 ft)

question: How many locks are contained in Suez Canal?

answer: no locks

text: no locks

question: What direction does the canal north of Bitter lakes flow?

answer: north in winter and south in summer

text: north in winter and south in summer


text: Chinese generals and officials such as Zuo Zongtang led the suppression of rebellions and stood behind the Manchus. When the Tongzhi Emperor came to the throne at the age of five in 1861, these officials rallied around him in what was called the Tongzhi Restoration. Their aim was to adopt western military technology in order to preserve Confucian values. Zeng Guofan, in alliance with Prince Gong, sponsored the rise of younger officials such as Li Hongzhang, who put the dynasty back on its feet financially and instituted the Self-Strengthening Movement. The reformers then proceeded with institutional reforms, including China's first unified ministry of foreign affairs, the Zongli Yamen; allowing foreign diplomats to reside in the capital; establishment of the Imperial Maritime Customs Service; the formation of modernized armies, such as the Beiyang Army, as well as a navy; and the purchase from Europeans of armament factories.

title: Qing_dynasty

title: Qing_dynasty

text: Chinese

text: generals

text: and

text: officials

text: such

text: as

text: Zuo

text: Zongtang

text: led

text: the

text: suppression

text: of

text: rebellions

text: and

text: stood

text: behind

text: the

text: Manchus

text: When

text: the

text: Tongzhi

text: Emperor

text: came

text: to

text: the

text: throne

text: at

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: five

text: in

text: these

text: officials

text: rallied

text: around

text: him

text: in

text: what

text: was

text: called

text: the

text: Tongzhi

text: Restoration

text: Their

text: aim

text: was

text: to

text: adopt

text: western

text: military

text: technology

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: preserve

text: Confucian

text: values

text: Zeng

text: Guofan

text: in

text: alliance

text: with

text: Prince

text: Gong

text: sponsored

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: younger

text: officials

text: such

text: as

text: Li

text: Hongzhang

text: who

text: put

text: the

text: dynasty

text: back

text: on

text: its

text: feet

text: financially

text: and

text: instituted

text: the

text: Self

text: Strengthening

text: Movement

text: The

text: reformers

text: then

text: proceeded

text: with

text: institutional

text: reforms

text: including

text: China

text: 's

text: first

text: unified

text: ministry

text: of

text: foreign

text: affairs

text: the

text: Zongli

text: Yamen

text: allowing

text: foreign

text: diplomats

text: to

text: reside

text: in

text: the

text: capital

text: establishment

text: of

text: the

text: Imperial

text: Maritime

text: Customs

text: Service

text: the

text: formation

text: of

text: modernized

text: armies

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Beiyang

text: Army

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: a

text: navy

text: and

text: the

text: purchase

text: from

text: Europeans

text: of

text: armament

text: factories

question: Who put down the rebellions?

answer: Zuo Zongtang

text: Zuo Zongtang

question: How old was Tongzhi when he came to power?

answer: five

text: five

question: What year did Tongzhi take power?

answer: 1861

question: What would the Chinese use to continue Confucian values?

answer: western military technology

text: western military technology

question: What was the name of a modern Chinese Army?

answer: Beiyang Army

text: Beiyang Army


text: High-definition image sources include terrestrial broadcast, direct broadcast satellite, digital cable, IPTV (including GoogleTV Roku boxes and AppleTV or built into "Smart Televisions"), Blu-ray video disc (BD), and internet downloads.

title: High-definition_television

title: High

title: definition_television

text: High

text: definition

text: image

text: sources

text: include

text: terrestrial

text: broadcast

text: direct

text: broadcast

text: satellite

text: digital

text: cable

text: IPTV

text: including

text: GoogleTV

text: Roku

text: boxes

text: and

text: AppleTV

text: or

text: built

text: into

text: Smart

text: Televisions

text: Blu

text: ray

text: video

text: disc

text: BD

text: and

text: internet

text: downloads

question: Roku and AppleTV are examples of what?

answer: IPTV

text: IPTV

question: Internet downloads, Blu-ray videos, and Apple TV are examples of what?

answer: High-definition image sources

text: High-definition image sources

question: Terrestrial broadcast and direct broadcast satellite are examples of what?

answer: High-definition image sources

text: High-definition image sources

question: Digital cable and Roku are examples of what?

answer: High-definition image sources

text: High-definition image sources


text: Because of its coastal location, the economy of Plymouth has traditionally been maritime, in particular the defence sector with over 12,000 people employed and approximately 7,500 in the armed forces. The Plymouth Gin Distillery has been producing Plymouth Gin since 1793, which was exported around the world by the Royal Navy. During the 1930s, it was the most widely distributed gin and has a controlled term of origin. Since the 1980s, employment in the defence sector has decreased substantially and the public sector is now prominent particularly in administration, health, education, medicine and engineering.

title: Plymouth

title: Plymouth

text: Because

text: of

text: its

text: coastal

text: location

text: the

text: economy

text: of

text: Plymouth

text: has

text: traditionally

text: been

text: maritime

text: in

text: particular

text: the

text: defence

text: sector

text: with

text: over

text: people

text: employed

text: and

text: approximately

text: in

text: the

text: armed

text: forces

text: The

text: Plymouth

text: Gin

text: Distillery

text: has

text: been

text: producing

text: Plymouth

text: Gin

text: since

text: which

text: was

text: exported

text: around

text: the

text: world

text: by

text: the

text: Royal

text: Navy

text: During

text: the

text: it

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: widely

text: distributed

text: gin

text: and

text: has

text: a

text: controlled

text: term

text: of

text: origin

text: Since

text: the

text: employment

text: in

text: the

text: defence

text: sector

text: has

text: decreased

text: substantially

text: and

text: the

text: public

text: sector

text: is

text: now

text: prominent

text: particularly

text: in

text: administration

text: health

text: education

text: medicine

text: and

text: engineering

question: How many Plymouth residents are employed in defense?

answer: 12,000

question: About how many Plymouth residents are serving in the military?

answer: 7,500

question: When was Plymouth Gin first distilled?

answer: 1793

question: What company produces Plymouth Gin?

answer: Plymouth Gin Distillery

text: Plymouth Gin Distillery

question: During what decade was Plymouth Gin the most widely consumed in the world?

answer: the 1930s

text: the 1930s


text: A few years after its foundation, Montevideo became the main city of the region north of the Río de la Plata and east of the Uruguay River, competing with Buenos Aires for dominance in maritime commerce. The importance of Montevideo as the main port of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata brought it in confrontations with the city of Buenos Aires in various occasions, including several times when it was taken over to be used as a base to defend the eastern province of the Viceroyalty from Portuguese incursions.

title: Montevideo

title: Montevideo

text: A

text: few

text: years

text: after

text: its

text: foundation

text: Montevideo

text: became

text: the

text: main

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: region

text: north

text: of

text: the

text: Río

text: de

text: la

text: Plata

text: and

text: east

text: of

text: the

text: Uruguay

text: River

text: competing

text: with

text: Buenos

text: Aires

text: for

text: dominance

text: in

text: maritime

text: commerce

text: The

text: importance

text: of

text: Montevideo

text: as

text: the

text: main

text: port

text: of

text: the

text: Viceroyalty

text: of

text: the

text: Río

text: de

text: la

text: Plata

text: brought

text: it

text: in

text: confrontations

text: with

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Buenos

text: Aires

text: in

text: various

text: occasions

text: including

text: several

text: times

text: when

text: it

text: was

text: taken

text: over

text: to

text: be

text: used

text: as

text: a

text: base

text: to

text: defend

text: the

text: eastern

text: province

text: of

text: the

text: Viceroyalty

text: from

text: Portuguese

text: incursions

question: What became the main city of the region north of the Rio de la Plata?

answer: Montevideo

text: Montevideo

question: What were Buenos Aires and Montevideo fighting for dominance over?

answer: maritime commerce

text: maritime commerce

question: The importance of Montevideo as the main port of the Viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata brought confrontations with what city?

answer: Buenos Aires

text: Buenos Aires


text: The Washington University School of Medicine, founded in 1891, is highly regarded as one of the world's leading centers for medical research and training. The School ranks first in the nation in student selectivity. Among its many recent initiatives, The Genome Center at Washington University (directed by Richard K. Wilson) played a leading role in the Human Genome Project, having contributed 25% of the finished sequence. The School pioneered bedside teaching and led in the transformation of empirical knowledge into scientific medicine. The medical school partners with St. Louis Children's Hospital and Barnes-Jewish Hospital (part of BJC HealthCare), where all physicians are members of the school's faculty.

title: Washington_University_in_St._Louis

title: Washington_University_in_St._Louis

text: The

text: Washington

text: University

text: School

text: of

text: Medicine

text: founded

text: in

text: is

text: highly

text: regarded

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: leading

text: centers

text: for

text: medical

text: research

text: and

text: training

text: The

text: School

text: ranks

text: first

text: in

text: the

text: nation

text: in

text: student

text: selectivity

text: Among

text: its

text: many

text: recent

text: initiatives

text: The

text: Genome

text: Center

text: at

text: Washington

text: University

text: directed

text: by

text: Richard

text: K.

text: Wilson

text: played

text: a

text: leading

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: Human

text: Genome

text: Project

text: having

text: contributed

text: of

text: the

text: finished

text: sequence

text: The

text: School

text: pioneered

text: bedside

text: teaching

text: and

text: led

text: in

text: the

text: transformation

text: of

text: empirical

text: knowledge

text: into

text: scientific

text: medicine

text: The

text: medical

text: school

text: partners

text: with

text: St.

text: Louis

text: Children

text: 's

text: Hospital

text: and

text: Barnes

text: Jewish

text: Hospital

text: part

text: of

text: BJC

text: HealthCare

text: where

text: all

text: physicians

text: are

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: school

text: 's

text: faculty

question: When was the Washington University School of Medicine founded?

answer: 1891

question: Where does the Washington University School of Medicine rank in student selectivity?

answer: first

text: first

question: Who is the director of the Genome Center at Washington University?

answer: Richard K. Wilson

text: Richard K. Wilson

question: How much of a contribution did the Genome Center at Washington University make in sequencing the Human Genome Project?

answer: 25%

question: What hospitals partner with the Washington University School of Medicine?

answer: St. Louis Children's Hospital and Barnes-Jewish Hospital

text: St. Louis Children's Hospital and Barnes-Jewish Hospital


text: Hume and other Scottish Enlightenment thinkers developed a 'science of man', which was expressed historically in works by authors including James Burnett, Adam Ferguson, John Millar, and William Robertson, all of whom merged a scientific study of how humans behaved in ancient and primitive cultures with a strong awareness of the determining forces of modernity. Modern sociology largely originated from this movement, and Hume's philosophical concepts that directly influenced James Madison (and thus the U.S. Constitution) and as popularised by Dugald Stewart, would be the basis of classical liberalism.

title: Age_of_Enlightenment

title: Age_of_Enlightenment

text: Hume

text: and

text: other

text: Scottish

text: Enlightenment

text: thinkers

text: developed

text: a

text: science

text: of

text: man

text: which

text: was

text: expressed

text: historically

text: in

text: works

text: by

text: authors

text: including

text: James

text: Burnett

text: Adam

text: Ferguson

text: John

text: Millar

text: and

text: William

text: Robertson

text: all

text: of

text: whom

text: merged

text: a

text: scientific

text: study

text: of

text: how

text: humans

text: behaved

text: in

text: ancient

text: and

text: primitive

text: cultures

text: with

text: a

text: strong

text: awareness

text: of

text: the

text: determining

text: forces

text: of

text: modernity

text: Modern

text: sociology

text: largely

text: originated

text: from

text: this

text: movement

text: and

text: Hume

text: 's

text: philosophical

text: concepts

text: that

text: directly

text: influenced

text: James

text: Madison

text: and

text: thus

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Constitution

text: and

text: as

text: popularised

text: by

text: Dugald

text: Stewart

text: would

text: be

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: classical

text: liberalism

question: The basis of classical liberalism comes from whose philosophical concepts?

answer: Hume

text: Hume

question: Whose philosophical concepts directly influenceed James Madison and thus the U.S. Constitution?

answer: Hume

text: Hume

question: Who popularised Hume's philosophical concepts?

answer: Dugald Stewart

text: Dugald Stewart


text: The Classical era, from about 1750 to 1820, established many of the norms of composition, presentation, and style, and was also when the piano became the predominant keyboard instrument. The basic forces required for an orchestra became somewhat standardized (although they would grow as the potential of a wider array of instruments was developed in the following centuries). Chamber music grew to include ensembles with as many as 8 to 10 performers for serenades. Opera continued to develop, with regional styles in Italy, France, and German-speaking lands. The opera buffa, a form of comic opera, rose in popularity. The symphony came into its own as a musical form, and the concerto was developed as a vehicle for displays of virtuoso playing skill. Orchestras no longer required a harpsichord (which had been part of the traditional continuo in the Baroque style), and were often led by the lead violinist (now called the concertmaster).

title: Classical_music

title: Classical_music

text: The

text: Classical

text: era

text: from

text: about

text: to

text: established

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: norms

text: of

text: composition

text: presentation

text: and

text: style

text: and

text: was

text: also

text: when

text: the

text: piano

text: became

text: the

text: predominant

text: keyboard

text: instrument

text: The

text: basic

text: forces

text: required

text: for

text: an

text: orchestra

text: became

text: somewhat

text: standardized

text: although

text: they

text: would

text: grow

text: as

text: the

text: potential

text: of

text: a

text: wider

text: array

text: of

text: instruments

text: was

text: developed

text: in

text: the

text: following

text: centuries

text: Chamber

text: music

text: grew

text: to

text: include

text: ensembles

text: with

text: as

text: many

text: as

text: to

text: performers

text: for

text: serenades

text: Opera

text: continued

text: to

text: develop

text: with

text: regional

text: styles

text: in

text: Italy

text: France

text: and

text: German

text: speaking

text: lands

text: The

text: opera

text: buffa

text: a

text: form

text: of

text: comic

text: opera

text: rose

text: in

text: popularity

text: The

text: symphony

text: came

text: into

text: its

text: own

text: as

text: a

text: musical

text: form

text: and

text: the

text: concerto

text: was

text: developed

text: as

text: a

text: vehicle

text: for

text: displays

text: of

text: virtuoso

text: playing

text: skill

text: Orchestras

text: no

text: longer

text: required

text: a

text: harpsichord

text: which

text: had

text: been

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: traditional

text: continuo

text: in

text: the

text: Baroque

text: style

text: and

text: were

text: often

text: led

text: by

text: the

text: lead

text: violinist

text: now

text: called

text: the

text: concertmaster

question: When was the Classical era?

answer: 1750 to 1820

text: 1750 to 1820

question: What instrument became the predominant keyboard during the classical era?

answer: the piano

text: the piano

question: What became more standardized during the classical era?

answer: The basic forces required for an orchestra

text: The basic forces required for an orchestra

question: How many muscians, at most, could make up a chamber ensemble during the classical period?

answer: 10

question: What is an opera buffa?

answer: a form of comic opera

text: a form of comic opera


text: His father encouraged Bell's interest in speech and, in 1863, took his sons to see a unique automaton, developed by Sir Charles Wheatstone based on the earlier work of Baron Wolfgang von Kempelen. The rudimentary "mechanical man" simulated a human voice. Bell was fascinated by the machine and after he obtained a copy of von Kempelen's book, published in German, and had laboriously translated it, he and his older brother Melville built their own automaton head. Their father, highly interested in their project, offered to pay for any supplies and spurred the boys on with the enticement of a "big prize" if they were successful. While his brother constructed the throat and larynx, Bell tackled the more difficult task of recreating a realistic skull. His efforts resulted in a remarkably lifelike head that could "speak", albeit only a few words. The boys would carefully adjust the "lips" and when a bellows forced air through the windpipe, a very recognizable "Mama" ensued, to the delight of neighbors who came to see the Bell invention.

title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

text: His

text: father

text: encouraged

text: Bell

text: 's

text: interest

text: in

text: speech

text: and

text: in

text: took

text: his

text: sons

text: to

text: see

text: a

text: unique

text: automaton

text: developed

text: by

text: Sir

text: Charles

text: Wheatstone

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: earlier

text: work

text: of

text: Baron

text: Wolfgang

text: von

text: Kempelen

text: The

text: rudimentary

text: mechanical

text: man

text: simulated

text: a

text: human

text: voice

text: Bell

text: was

text: fascinated

text: by

text: the

text: machine

text: and

text: after

text: he

text: obtained

text: a

text: copy

text: of

text: von

text: Kempelen

text: 's

text: book

text: published

text: in

text: German

text: and

text: had

text: laboriously

text: translated

text: it

text: he

text: and

text: his

text: older

text: brother

text: Melville

text: built

text: their

text: own

text: automaton

text: head

text: Their

text: father

text: highly

text: interested

text: in

text: their

text: project

text: offered

text: to

text: pay

text: for

text: any

text: supplies

text: and

text: spurred

text: the

text: boys

text: on

text: with

text: the

text: enticement

text: of

text: a

text: big

text: prize

text: if

text: they

text: were

text: successful

text: While

text: his

text: brother

text: constructed

text: the

text: throat

text: and

text: larynx

text: Bell

text: tackled

text: the

text: more

text: difficult

text: task

text: of

text: recreating

text: a

text: realistic

text: skull

text: His

text: efforts

text: resulted

text: in

text: a

text: remarkably

text: lifelike

text: head

text: that

text: could

text: speak

text: albeit

text: only

text: a

text: few

text: words

text: The

text: boys

text: would

text: carefully

text: adjust

text: the

text: lips

text: and

text: when

text: a

text: bellows

text: forced

text: air

text: through

text: the

text: windpipe

text: a

text: very

text: recognizable

text: Mama

text: ensued

text: to

text: the

text: delight

text: of

text: neighbors

text: who

text: came

text: to

text: see

text: the

text: Bell

text: invention

question: In what year did Bell's father take him to see an automaton?

answer: 1863

question: Who created the automaton Bell saw?

answer: Sir Charles Wheatstone

text: Sir Charles Wheatstone

question: What did the automaton mimic?

answer: human voice

text: human voice

question: Bell built his own automaton with who?

answer: Melville

text: Melville

question: What part of the automaton did Bell create?

answer: skull

text: skull


text: According to the 2010 Census, 89.4 percent of the population was White (87.8 percent Non-Hispanic White), 6.3 percent American Indian and Alaska Native, 2.9 percent Hispanics and Latinos of any race, 0.6 percent Asian, 0.4 percent Black or African American, 0.1 percent Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, 0.6 percent from Some Other Race, and 2.5 percent from two or more races. The largest European ancestry groups in Montana as of 2010 are: German (27.0 percent), Irish (14.8 percent), English (12.6 percent), Norwegian (10.9 percent), French (4.7 percent) and Italian (3.4 percent).

title: Montana

title: Montana

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: Census

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: was

text: White

text: percent

text: Non

text: Hispanic

text: White

text: percent

text: American

text: Indian

text: and

text: Alaska

text: Native

text: percent

text: Hispanics

text: and

text: Latinos

text: of

text: any

text: race

text: percent

text: Asian

text: percent

text: Black

text: or

text: African

text: American

text: percent

text: Native

text: Hawaiian

text: and

text: Other

text: Pacific

text: Islander

text: percent

text: from

text: Some

text: Other

text: Race

text: and

text: percent

text: from

text: two

text: or

text: more

text: races

text: The

text: largest

text: European

text: ancestry

text: groups

text: in

text: Montana

text: as

text: of

text: are

text: German

text: percent

text: Irish

text: percent

text: English

text: percent

text: Norwegian

text: percent

text: French

text: percent

text: and

text: Italian

text: percent

question: What percent of the state is White?

answer: 89.4 percent

text: 89.4 percent

question: What percent of the state is Native American Indian?

answer: 6.3 percent

text: 6.3 percent

question: Hispanics account for what percentage of Monatanas population?

answer: 2.9


text: Season seven premiered on January 15, 2008, for a two-day, four-hour premiere. The media focused on the professional status of the season seven contestants, the so-called 'ringers', many of whom, including Kristy Lee Cook, Brooke White, Michael Johns, and in particular Carly Smithson, had prior recording contracts. Contestant David Hernandez also attracted some attention due to his past employment as a stripper.

title: American_Idol

title: American_Idol

text: Season

text: seven

text: premiered

text: on

text: January

text: for

text: a

text: two

text: day

text: four

text: hour

text: premiere

text: The

text: media

text: focused

text: on

text: the

text: professional

text: status

text: of

text: the

text: season

text: seven

text: contestants

text: the

text: so

text: called

text: ringers

text: many

text: of

text: whom

text: including

text: Kristy

text: Lee

text: Cook

text: Brooke

text: White

text: Michael

text: Johns

text: and

text: in

text: particular

text: Carly

text: Smithson

text: had

text: prior

text: recording

text: contracts

text: Contestant

text: David

text: Hernandez

text: also

text: attracted

text: some

text: attention

text: due

text: to

text: his

text: past

text: employment

text: as

text: a

text: stripper

question: What year did season seven of American Idol first air?

answer: 2008

question: Which season seven contestant had worked as a stripper before his time on American Idol?

answer: David Hernandez

text: David Hernandez

question: Which contestant was talked about most for having a record deal before being a contestant on American Idol?

answer: Carly Smithson

text: Carly Smithson

question: When did season seven premiere?

answer: January 15, 2008

text: January 15, 2008

question: Which contestant drew attention because he was a former stripper?

answer: David Hernandez

text: David Hernandez

question: Why did many of the contestants draw the attention of the media?

answer: professional status

text: professional status

question: Which contestant garnered the most attention because of a prior recording contract?

answer: Carly Smithson

text: Carly Smithson


text: Unlike the situation with the states, there is no plenary reception statute at the federal level that continued the common law and thereby granted federal courts the power to formulate legal precedent like their English predecessors. Federal courts are solely creatures of the federal Constitution and the federal Judiciary Acts. However, it is universally accepted that the Founding Fathers of the United States, by vesting "judicial power" into the Supreme Court and the inferior federal courts in Article Three of the United States Constitution, thereby vested in them the implied judicial power of common law courts to formulate persuasive precedent; this power was widely accepted, understood, and recognized by the Founding Fathers at the time the Constitution was ratified. Several legal scholars have argued that the federal judicial power to decide "cases or controversies" necessarily includes the power to decide the precedential effect of those cases and controversies.

title: Law_of_the_United_States

title: Law_of_the_United_States

text: Unlike

text: the

text: situation

text: with

text: the

text: states

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: plenary

text: reception

text: statute

text: at

text: the

text: federal

text: level

text: that

text: continued

text: the

text: common

text: law

text: and

text: thereby

text: granted

text: federal

text: courts

text: the

text: power

text: to

text: formulate

text: legal

text: precedent

text: like

text: their

text: English

text: predecessors

text: Federal

text: courts

text: are

text: solely

text: creatures

text: of

text: the

text: federal

text: Constitution

text: and

text: the

text: federal

text: Judiciary

text: Acts

text: However

text: it

text: is

text: universally

text: accepted

text: that

text: the

text: Founding

text: Fathers

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: by

text: vesting

text: judicial

text: power

text: into

text: the

text: Supreme

text: Court

text: and

text: the

text: inferior

text: federal

text: courts

text: in

text: Article

text: Three

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Constitution

text: thereby

text: vested

text: in

text: them

text: the

text: implied

text: judicial

text: power

text: of

text: common

text: law

text: courts

text: to

text: formulate

text: persuasive

text: precedent

text: this

text: power

text: was

text: widely

text: accepted

text: understood

text: and

text: recognized

text: by

text: the

text: Founding

text: Fathers

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: the

text: Constitution

text: was

text: ratified

text: Several

text: legal

text: scholars

text: have

text: argued

text: that

text: the

text: federal

text: judicial

text: power

text: to

text: decide

text: cases

text: or

text: controversies

text: necessarily

text: includes

text: the

text: power

text: to

text: decide

text: the

text: precedential

text: effect

text: of

text: those

text: cases

text: and

text: controversies

question: How did the federal agencies differ from their English counter-parts?

answer: no plenary reception statute at the federal level that continued the common law

text: no plenary reception statute at the federal level that continued the common law

question: What did the missing plenary reception do?

answer: granted federal courts the power to formulate legal precedent

text: granted federal courts the power to formulate legal precedent

question: Where do the federal courts fall?

answer: the federal Judiciary Acts

text: the federal Judiciary Acts

question: Where is judicial power found in the original Constitution?

answer: Article Three

text: Article Three

question: What does Article Three give federal agencies?

answer: implied judicial power of common law courts to formulate persuasive precedent

text: implied judicial power of common law courts to formulate persuasive precedent


text: Neutering refers to the sterilization of animals, usually by removal of the male's testicles or the female's ovaries and uterus, in order to eliminate the ability to procreate and reduce sex drive. Because of the overpopulation of dogs in some countries, many animal control agencies, such as the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), advise that dogs not intended for further breeding should be neutered, so that they do not have undesired puppies that may have to later be euthanized.

title: Dog

title: Dog

text: Neutering

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: sterilization

text: of

text: animals

text: usually

text: by

text: removal

text: of

text: the

text: male

text: 's

text: testicles

text: or

text: the

text: female

text: 's

text: ovaries

text: and

text: uterus

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: eliminate

text: the

text: ability

text: to

text: procreate

text: and

text: reduce

text: sex

text: drive

text: Because

text: of

text: the

text: overpopulation

text: of

text: dogs

text: in

text: some

text: countries

text: many

text: animal

text: control

text: agencies

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: American

text: Society

text: for

text: the

text: Prevention

text: of

text: Cruelty

text: to

text: Animals

text: ASPCA

text: advise

text: that

text: dogs

text: not

text: intended

text: for

text: further

text: breeding

text: should

text: be

text: neutered

text: so

text: that

text: they

text: do

text: not

text: have

text: undesired

text: puppies

text: that

text: may

text: have

text: to

text: later

text: be

text: euthanized

question: What is it called when an animal is altered to prevent procreation?

answer: Neutering

text: Neutering

question: According to the text, what agency recommends altering dogs to prevent pregnancies?

answer: the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA)

text: the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA)

question: What is typically surgically removed on male dogs to prevent procreation?

answer: testicles

text: testicles

question: What is usually removed in female dogs to prevent pregnancy?

answer: ovaries and uterus

text: ovaries and uterus

question: In neutering, what is removed in a male dog?

answer: testicles

text: testicles

question: In neutering, what is removed in female dogs?

answer: ovaries and uterus

text: ovaries and uterus

question: What does the ASPCA recommend for dogs who are not used for breeding purposes?

answer: neutered

text: neutered


text: Another objection is that it is not always possible to demonstrate falsehood definitively, especially if one is using statistical criteria to evaluate a null hypothesis. More generally it is not always clear, if evidence contradicts a hypothesis, that this is a sign of flaws in the hypothesis rather than of flaws in the evidence. However, this is a misunderstanding of what Popper's philosophy of science sets out to do. Rather than offering a set of instructions that merely need to be followed diligently to achieve science, Popper makes it clear in The Logic of Scientific Discovery that his belief is that the resolution of conflicts between hypotheses and observations can only be a matter of the collective judgment of scientists, in each individual case.

title: Karl_Popper

title: Karl_Popper

text: Another

text: objection

text: is

text: that

text: it

text: is

text: not

text: always

text: possible

text: to

text: demonstrate

text: falsehood

text: definitively

text: especially

text: if

text: one

text: is

text: using

text: statistical

text: criteria

text: to

text: evaluate

text: a

text: hypothesis

text: More

text: generally

text: it

text: is

text: not

text: always

text: clear

text: if

text: evidence

text: contradicts

text: a

text: hypothesis

text: that

text: this

text: is

text: a

text: sign

text: of

text: flaws

text: in

text: the

text: hypothesis

text: rather

text: than

text: of

text: flaws

text: in

text: the

text: evidence

text: However

text: this

text: is

text: a

text: misunderstanding

text: of

text: what

text: Popper

text: 's

text: philosophy

text: of

text: science

text: sets

text: out

text: to

text: do

text: Rather

text: than

text: offering

text: a

text: set

text: of

text: instructions

text: that

text: merely

text: need

text: to

text: be

text: followed

text: diligently

text: to

text: achieve

text: science

text: Popper

text: makes

text: it

text: clear

text: in

text: The

text: Logic

text: of

text: Scientific

text: Discovery

text: that

text: his

text: belief

text: is

text: that

text: the

text: resolution

text: of

text: conflicts

text: between

text: hypotheses

text: and

text: observations

text: can

text: only

text: be

text: a

text: matter

text: of

text: the

text: collective

text: judgment

text: of

text: scientists

text: in

text: each

text: individual

text: case

question: What kind of criteria frequently used in science complicates the definitiveness of some hypotheses' falsification?

answer: statistical

text: statistical

question: What other flaws complicate the problem of identifying faulty scientific hypotheses?

answer: flaws in the evidence

text: flaws in the evidence

question: According to Popper, what resolves conflicting hypotheses and observations in the long run?

answer: the collective judgment of scientists

text: the collective judgment of scientists


text: The percentage of students attending a Gesamtschule varies by Bundesland. In the State of Brandenburg more than 50% of all students attended a Gesamtschule in 2007, while in the State of Bavaria less than 1% did.

title: Comprehensive_school

title: Comprehensive_school

text: The

text: percentage

text: of

text: students

text: attending

text: a

text: Gesamtschule

text: varies

text: by

text: Bundesland

text: In

text: the

text: State

text: of

text: Brandenburg

text: more

text: than

text: of

text: all

text: students

text: attended

text: a

text: Gesamtschule

text: in

text: while

text: in

text: the

text: State

text: of

text: Bavaria

text: less

text: than

text: did

question: What percentage of Brandenburg students went to a Gesamtschule in 2007?

answer: 50%

question: What percentage of Bavarian students went to a Gesamtschule in 2007?

answer: less than 1%

text: less than 1%