text: A long list of AM and FM radio stations broadcast to greater Melbourne. These include "public" (i.e., state-owned ABC and SBS) and community stations. Many commercial stations are networked-owned: DMG has Nova 100 and Smooth; ARN controls Gold 104.3 and KIIS 101.1; and Southern Cross Austereo runs both Fox and Triple M. Stations from towns in regional Victoria may also be heard (e.g. 93.9 Bay FM, Geelong). Youth alternatives include ABC Triple J and youth run SYN. Triple J, and similarly PBS and Triple R, strive to play under represented music. JOY 94.9 caters for gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender audiences. For fans of classical music there are 3MBS and ABC Classic FM. Light FM is a contemporary Christian station. AM stations include ABC: 774, Radio National, and News Radio; also Fairfax affiliates 3AW (talk) and Magic (easy listening). For sport fans and enthusiasts there is SEN 1116. Melbourne has many community run stations that serve alternative interests, such as 3CR and 3KND (Indigenous). Many suburbs have low powered community run stations serving local audiences.

title: Melbourne

title: Melbourne

text: A

text: long

text: list

text: of

text: AM

text: and

text: FM

text: radio

text: stations

text: broadcast

text: to

text: greater

text: Melbourne

text: These

text: include

text: public

text: i.e.

text: state

text: owned

text: ABC

text: and

text: SBS

text: and

text: community

text: stations

text: Many

text: commercial

text: stations

text: are

text: networked

text: owned

text: DMG

text: has

text: Nova

text: and

text: Smooth

text: ARN

text: controls

text: Gold

text: and

text: KIIS

text: and

text: Southern

text: Cross

text: Austereo

text: runs

text: both

text: Fox

text: and

text: Triple

text: M.

text: Stations

text: from

text: towns

text: in

text: regional

text: Victoria

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: heard

text: e.g.

text: Bay

text: FM

text: Geelong

text: Youth

text: alternatives

text: include

text: ABC

text: Triple

text: J

text: and

text: youth

text: run

text: SYN

text: Triple

text: J

text: and

text: similarly

text: PBS

text: and

text: Triple

text: R

text: strive

text: to

text: play

text: under

text: represented

text: music

text: JOY

text: caters

text: for

text: gay

text: lesbian

text: bisexual

text: and

text: transgender

text: audiences

text: For

text: fans

text: of

text: classical

text: music

text: there

text: are

text: and

text: ABC

text: Classic

text: FM

text: Light

text: FM

text: is

text: a

text: contemporary

text: Christian

text: station

text: AM

text: stations

text: include

text: ABC

text: Radio

text: National

text: and

text: News

text: Radio

text: also

text: Fairfax

text: affiliates

text: talk

text: and

text: Magic

text: easy

text: listening

text: For

text: sport

text: fans

text: and

text: enthusiasts

text: there

text: is

text: SEN

text: Melbourne

text: has

text: many

text: community

text: run

text: stations

text: that

text: serve

text: alternative

text: interests

text: such

text: as

text: and

text: Indigenous

text: Many

text: suburbs

text: have

text: low

text: powered

text: community

text: run

text: stations

text: serving

text: local

text: audiences

question: What are examples of Youth radio stations?

answer: ABC Triple J and youth run SYN

text: ABC Triple J and youth run SYN

question: Which music stations strive to play under represented music?

answer: Triple J, and similarly PBS and Triple R

text: Triple J, and similarly PBS and Triple R

question: Which radio station caters for gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender audiences?

answer: JOY 94.9

text: JOY 94.9

question: Which station caters to sports fans and enthusiasts?

answer: SEN 1116

text: SEN 1116

question: 3MBS and ABC Classic FM play what type of music?

answer: classical

text: classical


text: Using androphilia and gynephilia can avoid confusion and offense when describing people in non-western cultures, as well as when describing intersex and transgender people. Psychiatrist Anil Aggrawal explains that androphilia, along with gynephilia, "is needed to overcome immense difficulties in characterizing the sexual orientation of trans men and trans women. For instance, it is difficult to decide whether a trans man erotically attracted to males is a heterosexual female or a homosexual male; or a trans woman erotically attracted to females is a heterosexual male or a lesbian female. Any attempt to classify them may not only cause confusion but arouse offense among the affected subjects. In such cases, while defining sexual attraction, it is best to focus on the object of their attraction rather than on the sex or gender of the subject." Sexologist Milton Diamond writes, "The terms heterosexual, homosexual, and bisexual are better used as adjectives, not nouns, and are better applied to behaviors, not people. This usage is particularly advantageous when discussing the partners of transsexual or intersexed individuals. These newer terms also do not carry the social weight of the former ones."

title: Sexual_orientation

title: Sexual_orientation

text: Using

text: androphilia

text: and

text: gynephilia

text: can

text: avoid

text: confusion

text: and

text: offense

text: when

text: describing

text: people

text: in

text: non

text: western

text: cultures

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: when

text: describing

text: intersex

text: and

text: transgender

text: people

text: Psychiatrist

text: Anil

text: Aggrawal

text: explains

text: that

text: androphilia

text: along

text: with

text: gynephilia

text: is

text: needed

text: to

text: overcome

text: immense

text: difficulties

text: in

text: characterizing

text: the

text: sexual

text: orientation

text: of

text: trans

text: men

text: and

text: trans

text: women

text: For

text: instance

text: it

text: is

text: difficult

text: to

text: decide

text: whether

text: a

text: trans

text: man

text: erotically

text: attracted

text: to

text: males

text: is

text: a

text: heterosexual

text: female

text: or

text: a

text: homosexual

text: male

text: or

text: a

text: trans

text: woman

text: erotically

text: attracted

text: to

text: females

text: is

text: a

text: heterosexual

text: male

text: or

text: a

text: lesbian

text: female

text: Any

text: attempt

text: to

text: classify

text: them

text: may

text: not

text: only

text: cause

text: confusion

text: but

text: arouse

text: offense

text: among

text: the

text: affected

text: subjects

text: In

text: such

text: cases

text: while

text: defining

text: sexual

text: attraction

text: it

text: is

text: best

text: to

text: focus

text: on

text: the

text: object

text: of

text: their

text: attraction

text: rather

text: than

text: on

text: the

text: sex

text: or

text: gender

text: of

text: the

text: subject

text: Sexologist

text: Milton

text: Diamond

text: writes

text: The

text: terms

text: heterosexual

text: homosexual

text: and

text: bisexual

text: are

text: better

text: used

text: as

text: adjectives

text: not

text: nouns

text: and

text: are

text: better

text: applied

text: to

text: behaviors

text: not

text: people

text: This

text: usage

text: is

text: particularly

text: advantageous

text: when

text: discussing

text: the

text: partners

text: of

text: transsexual

text: or

text: intersexed

text: individuals

text: These

text: newer

text: terms

text: also

text: do

text: not

text: carry

text: the

text: social

text: weight

text: of

text: the

text: former

text: ones

question: What do the terms andophilia and gynephilia help prevent?

answer: confusion and offense when describing people in non-western cultures, as well as when describing intersex and transgender people

text: confusion and offense when describing people in non-western cultures, as well as when describing intersex and transgender people

question: Why does psychiatrist Anil Aggrawal say androphilia and gynephilia are needed terms?

answer: the affected s

text: the affected s

question: What can attempting to label members of the LGBT community cause?

answer: confusion

text: confusion

question: What does MIlton Diamond say about the terms heterosexual, homosexual, and bisexual?

answer: are better used as adjectives, not nouns, and are better applied to behaviors, not people.

text: are better used as adjectives, not nouns, and are better applied to behaviors, not people.

question: What advantages do the terms androphilia and gynephilia have?

answer: when discussing the partners of transsexual or intersexed individuals

text: when discussing the partners of transsexual or intersexed individuals


text: The earliest writers on sexual orientation usually understood it to be intrinsically linked to the subject's own sex. For example, it was thought that a typical female-bodied person who is attracted to female-bodied persons would have masculine attributes, and vice versa. This understanding was shared by most of the significant theorists of sexual orientation from the mid nineteenth to early twentieth century, such as Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Magnus Hirschfeld, Havelock Ellis, Carl Jung, and Sigmund Freud, as well as many gender-variant homosexual people themselves. However, this understanding of homosexuality as sexual inversion was disputed at the time, and, through the second half of the twentieth century, gender identity came to be increasingly seen as a phenomenon distinct from sexual orientation. Transgender and cisgender people may be attracted to men, women, or both, although the prevalence of different sexual orientations is quite different in these two populations. An individual homosexual, heterosexual or bisexual person may be masculine, feminine, or androgynous, and in addition, many members and supporters of lesbian and gay communities now see the "gender-conforming heterosexual" and the "gender-nonconforming homosexual" as negative stereotypes. Nevertheless, studies by J. Michael Bailey and Kenneth Zucker found a majority of the gay men and lesbians sampled reporting various degrees of gender-nonconformity during their childhood years.

title: Sexual_orientation

title: Sexual_orientation

text: The

text: earliest

text: writers

text: on

text: sexual

text: orientation

text: usually

text: understood

text: it

text: to

text: be

text: intrinsically

text: linked

text: to

text: the

text: subject

text: 's

text: own

text: sex

text: For

text: example

text: it

text: was

text: thought

text: that

text: a

text: typical

text: female

text: bodied

text: person

text: who

text: is

text: attracted

text: to

text: female

text: bodied

text: persons

text: would

text: have

text: masculine

text: attributes

text: and

text: vice

text: versa

text: This

text: understanding

text: was

text: shared

text: by

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: significant

text: theorists

text: of

text: sexual

text: orientation

text: from

text: the

text: mid

text: nineteenth

text: to

text: early

text: twentieth

text: century

text: such

text: as

text: Karl

text: Heinrich

text: Ulrichs

text: Richard

text: von

text: Krafft

text: Ebing

text: Magnus

text: Hirschfeld

text: Havelock

text: Ellis

text: Carl

text: Jung

text: and

text: Sigmund

text: Freud

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: many

text: gender

text: variant

text: homosexual

text: people

text: themselves

text: However

text: this

text: understanding

text: of

text: homosexuality

text: as

text: sexual

text: inversion

text: was

text: disputed

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: and

text: through

text: the

text: second

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: twentieth

text: century

text: gender

text: identity

text: came

text: to

text: be

text: increasingly

text: seen

text: as

text: a

text: phenomenon

text: distinct

text: from

text: sexual

text: orientation

text: Transgender

text: and

text: cisgender

text: people

text: may

text: be

text: attracted

text: to

text: men

text: women

text: or

text: both

text: although

text: the

text: prevalence

text: of

text: different

text: sexual

text: orientations

text: is

text: quite

text: different

text: in

text: these

text: two

text: populations

text: An

text: individual

text: homosexual

text: heterosexual

text: or

text: bisexual

text: person

text: may

text: be

text: masculine

text: feminine

text: or

text: androgynous

text: and

text: in

text: addition

text: many

text: members

text: and

text: supporters

text: of

text: lesbian

text: and

text: gay

text: communities

text: now

text: see

text: the

text: gender

text: conforming

text: heterosexual

text: and

text: the

text: gender

text: nonconforming

text: homosexual

text: as

text: negative

text: stereotypes

text: Nevertheless

text: studies

text: by

text: J.

text: Michael

text: Bailey

text: and

text: Kenneth

text: Zucker

text: found

text: a

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: gay

text: men

text: and

text: lesbians

text: sampled

text: reporting

text: various

text: degrees

text: of

text: gender

text: nonconformity

text: during

text: their

text: childhood

text: years

question: Early writers linked orientation to what concept?

answer: the subject's own sex

text: the subject's own sex

question: What theorists agreed with this concept?

answer: Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Magnus Hirschfeld, Havelock Ellis, Carl Jung, and Sigmund Freud,

text: Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Magnus Hirschfeld, Havelock Ellis, Carl Jung, and Sigmund Freud,

question: What two things became to be seen as distinct from one another?

answer: gender identity came to be increasingly seen as a phenomenon distinct from sexual orientation

text: gender identity came to be increasingly seen as a phenomenon distinct from sexual orientation

question: What negative stereotypes have emerged from this understanding?

answer: gender-conforming heterosexual" and the "gender-nonconforming homosexual

text: gender-conforming heterosexual" and the "gender-nonconforming homosexual

question: What did a majority of gay men and women experience in their childhood?

answer: gender-nonconformity

text: gender-nonconformity

question: What did gender idenity become to be seen as?

answer: phenomenon distinct from sexual orientation

text: phenomenon distinct from sexual orientation

question: What can be considered to be bad stereotypes to gay communities?

answer: "gender-conforming heterosexual" and the "gender-nonconforming homosexual"

text: "gender-conforming heterosexual" and the "gender-nonconforming homosexual"

question: Who performed the studies that found most homosexual people having different degrees of gender issues?

answer: Michael Bailey and Kenneth Zucker

text: Michael Bailey and Kenneth Zucker

question: What was thought of early lesbians and gay men?

answer: it was thought that a typical female-bodied person who is attracted to female-bodied persons would have masculine attributes, and vice versa.

text: it was thought that a typical female-bodied person who is attracted to female-bodied persons would have masculine attributes, and vice versa.

question: In these studies when was the gender-noncomformity experienced?

answer: during their childhood years.

text: during their childhood years.


text: Thai alphabet support has been criticized for its ordering of Thai characters. The vowels เ, แ, โ, ใ, ไ that are written to the left of the preceding consonant are in visual order instead of phonetic order, unlike the Unicode representations of other Indic scripts. This complication is due to Unicode inheriting the Thai Industrial Standard 620, which worked in the same way, and was the way in which Thai had always been written on keyboards. This ordering problem complicates the Unicode collation process slightly, requiring table lookups to reorder Thai characters for collation. Even if Unicode had adopted encoding according to spoken order, it would still be problematic to collate words in dictionary order. E.g., the word แสดง  [sa dɛːŋ] "perform" starts with a consonant cluster "สด" (with an inherent vowel for the consonant "ส"), the vowel แ-, in spoken order would come after the ด, but in a dictionary, the word is collated as it is written, with the vowel following the ส.

title: Unicode

title: Unicode

text: Thai

text: alphabet

text: support

text: has

text: been

text: criticized

text: for

text: its

text: ordering

text: of

text: Thai

text: characters

text: The

text: vowels

text: เ

text: แ

text: โ

text: ใ

text: ไ

text: that

text: are

text: written

text: to

text: the

text: left

text: of

text: the

text: preceding

text: consonant

text: are

text: in

text: visual

text: order

text: instead

text: of

text: phonetic

text: order

text: unlike

text: the

text: Unicode

text: representations

text: of

text: other

text: Indic

text: scripts

text: This

text: complication

text: is

text: due

text: to

text: Unicode

text: inheriting

text: the

text: Thai

text: Industrial

text: Standard

text: which

text: worked

text: in

text: the

text: same

text: way

text: and

text: was

text: the

text: way

text: in

text: which

text: Thai

text: had

text: always

text: been

text: written

text: on

text: keyboards

text: This

text: ordering

text: problem

text: complicates

text: the

text: Unicode

text: collation

text: process

text: slightly

text: requiring

text: table

text: lookups

text: to

text: reorder

text: Thai

text: characters

text: for

text: collation

text: Even

text: if

text: Unicode

text: had

text: adopted

text: encoding

text: according

text: to

text: spoken

text: order

text: it

text: would

text: still

text: be

text: problematic

text: to

text: collate

text: words

text: in

text: dictionary

text: order

text: E.g.

text: the

text: word

text: แสดง

text: sa

text: dɛːŋ

text: perform

text: starts

text: with

text: a

text: consonant

text: cluster

text: สด

text: with

text: an

text: inherent

text: vowel

text: for

text: the

text: consonant

text: ส

text: the

text: vowel

text: แ-

text: in

text: spoken

text: order

text: would

text: come

text: after

text: the

text: ด

text: but

text: in

text: a

text: dictionary

text: the

text: word

text: is

text: collated

text: as

text: it

text: is

text: written

text: with

text: the

text: vowel

text: following

text: the

text: ส.

question: What standard did Unicode inherit involving a Thai language?

answer: Thai Industrial Standard 620

text: Thai Industrial Standard 620

question: Why has Thai alphabet support been criticized?

answer: its ordering of Thai characters

text: its ordering of Thai characters

question: How are the Thai characters ordered incorrectly?

answer: Thai characters. The vowels เ, แ, โ, ใ, ไ that are written to the left of the preceding consonant are in visual order instead of phonetic order

text: Thai characters. The vowels เ, แ, โ, ใ, ไ that are written to the left of the preceding consonant are in visual order instead of phonetic order


text: The effects of local surface low pressure are extremely limited because upper-level subsidence still continues to block any form of air ascent. Also, to be protected against rain-bearing weather systems by the atmospheric circulation itself, the desert is made even drier by his geographical configuration and location. Indeed, the extreme aridity of the Sahara can't be only explained by the subtropical high pressure. The Atlas Mountains, found in Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia also help to enhance the aridity of the northern part of the desert. These major mountain ranges act as a barrier causing a strong rain shadow effect on the leeward side by dropping much of the humidity brought by atmospheric disturbances along the polar front which affects the surrounding Mediterranean climates.

title: Sahara

title: Sahara

text: The

text: effects

text: of

text: local

text: surface

text: low

text: pressure

text: are

text: extremely

text: limited

text: because

text: upper

text: level

text: subsidence

text: still

text: continues

text: to

text: block

text: any

text: form

text: of

text: air

text: ascent

text: Also

text: to

text: be

text: protected

text: against

text: rain

text: bearing

text: weather

text: systems

text: by

text: the

text: atmospheric

text: circulation

text: itself

text: the

text: desert

text: is

text: made

text: even

text: drier

text: by

text: his

text: geographical

text: configuration

text: and

text: location

text: Indeed

text: the

text: extreme

text: aridity

text: of

text: the

text: Sahara

text: ca

text: n't

text: be

text: only

text: explained

text: by

text: the

text: subtropical

text: high

text: pressure

text: The

text: Atlas

text: Mountains

text: found

text: in

text: Algeria

text: Morocco

text: and

text: Tunisia

text: also

text: help

text: to

text: enhance

text: the

text: aridity

text: of

text: the

text: northern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: desert

text: These

text: major

text: mountain

text: ranges

text: act

text: as

text: a

text: barrier

text: causing

text: a

text: strong

text: rain

text: shadow

text: effect

text: on

text: the

text: leeward

text: side

text: by

text: dropping

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: humidity

text: brought

text: by

text: atmospheric

text: disturbances

text: along

text: the

text: polar

text: front

text: which

text: affects

text: the

text: surrounding

text: Mediterranean

text: climates

question: What is blocked due to local surface low pressure?

answer: air ascent

text: air ascent

question: What mountain helps enhance the aridity of the desert?

answer: Atlas Mountains

text: Atlas Mountains

question: Where are the Atlas Mountains located?

answer: Algeria

text: Algeria


text: Sarvastivada teachings—which were criticized by Nāgārjuna—were reformulated by scholars such as Vasubandhu and Asanga and were adapted into the Yogacara school. While the Mādhyamaka school held that asserting the existence or non-existence of any ultimately real thing was inappropriate, some exponents of Yogacara asserted that the mind and only the mind is ultimately real (a doctrine known as cittamatra). Not all Yogacarins asserted that mind was truly existent; Vasubandhu and Asanga in particular did not.[web 11] These two schools of thought, in opposition or synthesis, form the basis of subsequent Mahayana metaphysics in the Indo-Tibetan tradition.

title: Buddhism

title: Buddhism

text: Sarvastivada

text: teachings

text: which

text: were

text: criticized

text: by

text: Nāgārjuna

text: were

text: reformulated

text: by

text: scholars

text: such

text: as

text: Vasubandhu

text: and

text: Asanga

text: and

text: were

text: adapted

text: into

text: the

text: Yogacara

text: school

text: While

text: the

text: Mādhyamaka

text: school

text: held

text: that

text: asserting

text: the

text: existence

text: or

text: non

text: existence

text: of

text: any

text: ultimately

text: real

text: thing

text: was

text: inappropriate

text: some

text: exponents

text: of

text: Yogacara

text: asserted

text: that

text: the

text: mind

text: and

text: only

text: the

text: mind

text: is

text: ultimately

text: real

text: a

text: doctrine

text: known

text: as

text: cittamatra

text: Not

text: all

text: Yogacarins

text: asserted

text: that

text: mind

text: was

text: truly

text: existent

text: Vasubandhu

text: and

text: Asanga

text: in

text: particular

text: did

text: not.[web

text: These

text: two

text: schools

text: of

text: thought

text: in

text: opposition

text: or

text: synthesis

text: form

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: subsequent

text: Mahayana

text: metaphysics

text: in

text: the

text: Indo

text: Tibetan

text: tradition

question: What teaching were criticized by Nagarjuna?

answer: Sarvastivada teachings

text: Sarvastivada teachings

question: What scholars reformed Sarvastivada teachings?

answer: Vasubandhu and Asanga

text: Vasubandhu and Asanga

question: What is the doctrine that says that the mind and only the mind are real?

answer: cittamatra

text: cittamatra

question: What Yogacarins asserted that the mind was not truly existent?

answer: Vasubandhu and Asanga

text: Vasubandhu and Asanga


text: Cycling is popular in Tucson due to its flat terrain and dry climate. Tucson and Pima County maintain an extensive network of marked bike routes, signal crossings, on-street bike lanes, mountain-biking trails, and dedicated shared-use paths. The Loop is a network of seven linear parks comprising over 100 mi (160 km) of paved, vehicle-free trails that encircles the majority of the city with links to Marana and Oro Valley. The Tucson-Pima County Bicycle Advisory Committee (TPCBAC) serves in an advisory capacity to local governments on issues relating to bicycle recreation, transportation, and safety. Tucson was awarded a gold rating for bicycle-friendliness by the League of American Bicyclists in 2006.

title: Tucson,_Arizona

title: Tucson,_Arizona

text: Cycling

text: is

text: popular

text: in

text: Tucson

text: due

text: to

text: its

text: flat

text: terrain

text: and

text: dry

text: climate

text: Tucson

text: and

text: Pima

text: County

text: maintain

text: an

text: extensive

text: network

text: of

text: marked

text: bike

text: routes

text: signal

text: crossings

text: on

text: street

text: bike

text: lanes

text: mountain

text: biking

text: trails

text: and

text: dedicated

text: shared

text: use

text: paths

text: The

text: Loop

text: is

text: a

text: network

text: of

text: seven

text: linear

text: parks

text: comprising

text: over

text: mi

text: km

text: of

text: paved

text: vehicle

text: free

text: trails

text: that

text: encircles

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: with

text: links

text: to

text: Marana

text: and

text: Oro

text: Valley

text: The

text: Tucson

text: Pima

text: County

text: Bicycle

text: Advisory

text: Committee

text: TPCBAC

text: serves

text: in

text: an

text: advisory

text: capacity

text: to

text: local

text: governments

text: on

text: issues

text: relating

text: to

text: bicycle

text: recreation

text: transportation

text: and

text: safety

text: Tucson

text: was

text: awarded

text: a

text: gold

text: rating

text: for

text: bicycle

text: friendliness

text: by

text: the

text: League

text: of

text: American

text: Bicyclists

text: in

question: Why is cycling popular in Tucson?

answer: its flat terrain and dry climate

text: its flat terrain and dry climate

question: What is The Loop?

answer: a network of seven linear parks

text: a network of seven linear parks

question: How many miles of trails are in The Loop?

answer: over 100

text: over 100

question: What organization advises the Tucson government on bike concerns?

answer: Tucson-Pima County Bicycle Advisory Committee

text: Tucson-Pima County Bicycle Advisory Committee

question: What kind of places to ride bikes does Tucson have?

answer: marked bike routes, signal crossings, on-street bike lanes, mountain-biking trails, and dedicated shared-use paths

text: marked bike routes, signal crossings, on-street bike lanes, mountain-biking trails, and dedicated shared-use paths


text: The Ministry of Defence and the Defence Forces have been working on a cyberwarfare and defence formation for some years now. In 2007, a military doctrine of an e-military of Estonia was officially introduced as the country was under massive cyberattacks in 2007. The proposed aim of the e-military is to secure the vital infrastructure and e-infrastructure of Estonia. The main cyber warfare facility is the Computer Emergency Response Team of Estonia (CERT), founded in 2006. The organisation operates on security issues in local networks.

title: Estonia

title: Estonia

text: The

text: Ministry

text: of

text: Defence

text: and

text: the

text: Defence

text: Forces

text: have

text: been

text: working

text: on

text: a

text: cyberwarfare

text: and

text: defence

text: formation

text: for

text: some

text: years

text: now

text: In

text: a

text: military

text: doctrine

text: of

text: an

text: e

text: military

text: of

text: Estonia

text: was

text: officially

text: introduced

text: as

text: the

text: country

text: was

text: under

text: massive

text: cyberattacks

text: in

text: The

text: proposed

text: aim

text: of

text: the

text: e

text: military

text: is

text: to

text: secure

text: the

text: vital

text: infrastructure

text: and

text: e

text: infrastructure

text: of

text: Estonia

text: The

text: main

text: cyber

text: warfare

text: facility

text: is

text: the

text: Computer

text: Emergency

text: Response

text: Team

text: of

text: Estonia

text: CERT

text: founded

text: in

text: The

text: organisation

text: operates

text: on

text: security

text: issues

text: in

text: local

text: networks

question: Who have been jointly working on protection against cyberwarfare?

answer: The Ministry of Defence and the Defence Forces

text: The Ministry of Defence and the Defence Forces

question: What year was a declaration of e-military introduced?

answer: 2007

question: What event in 2007 led to a need for e-military action?

answer: massive cyberattacks

text: massive cyberattacks

question: When was the Computer Emergency Response Team of Estonia established?

answer: 2006


text: On 4 January 2016, Barcelona's transfer ban ended. The same day, they registered 77 players across all categories and ages, and both last summer signings Arda Turan and Aleix Vidal became eligible to play with the first team. On 10 February, qualifying for the sixth Copa del Rey final in the last eight seasons, Luis Enrique’s Barcelona broke the club's record of 28 consecutive games unbeaten in all competitions set by Guardiola’s team in the 2010–11 season, with a 1–1 draw with Valencia in the second leg of the 2015–16 Copa del Rey.

title: FC_Barcelona

title: FC_Barcelona

text: On

text: January

text: Barcelona

text: 's

text: transfer

text: ban

text: ended

text: The

text: same

text: day

text: they

text: registered

text: players

text: across

text: all

text: categories

text: and

text: ages

text: and

text: both

text: last

text: summer

text: signings

text: Arda

text: Turan

text: and

text: Aleix

text: Vidal

text: became

text: eligible

text: to

text: play

text: with

text: the

text: first

text: team

text: On

text: February

text: qualifying

text: for

text: the

text: sixth

text: Copa

text: del

text: Rey

text: final

text: in

text: the

text: last

text: eight

text: seasons

text: Luis

text: Enrique

text: ’s

text: Barcelona

text: broke

text: the

text: club

text: 's

text: record

text: of

text: consecutive

text: games

text: unbeaten

text: in

text: all

text: competitions

text: set

text: by

text: Guardiola

text: ’s

text: team

text: in

text: the

text: season

text: with

text: a

text: draw

text: with

text: Valencia

text: in

text: the

text: second

text: leg

text: of

text: the

text: Copa

text: del

text: Rey

question: How many players did Barcelona list on the day their transfer ban ended?

answer: 77

question: What event in February did Barcelona qualify for for the sixth time?

answer: Copa del Rey final

text: Copa del Rey final

question: How many consecutive wins did Barcelona have in 2010-11?

answer: 28

question: With which team did Barcelona have a 1-1 draw in the 2015-16 Copa del Rey?

answer: Valencia

text: Valencia

question: Besides Arda Turan, what other player became eligible to play in 2016?

answer: Aleix Vidal

text: Aleix Vidal


text: Vegetation of the state includes lodgepole pine, ponderosa pine; Douglas fir, larch, spruce; aspen, birch, red cedar, hemlock, ash, alder; rocky mountain maple and cottonwood trees. Forests cover approximately 25 percent of the state. Flowers native to Montana include asters, bitterroots, daisies, lupins, poppies, primroses, columbine, lilies, orchids, and dryads. Several species of sagebrush and cactus and many species of grasses are common. Many species of mushrooms and lichens are also found in the state.

title: Montana

title: Montana

text: Vegetation

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: includes

text: lodgepole

text: pine

text: ponderosa

text: pine

text: Douglas

text: fir

text: larch

text: spruce

text: aspen

text: birch

text: red

text: cedar

text: hemlock

text: ash

text: alder

text: rocky

text: mountain

text: maple

text: and

text: cottonwood

text: trees

text: Forests

text: cover

text: approximately

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: Flowers

text: native

text: to

text: Montana

text: include

text: asters

text: bitterroots

text: daisies

text: lupins

text: poppies

text: primroses

text: columbine

text: lilies

text: orchids

text: and

text: dryads

text: Several

text: species

text: of

text: sagebrush

text: and

text: cactus

text: and

text: many

text: species

text: of

text: grasses

text: are

text: common

text: Many

text: species

text: of

text: mushrooms

text: and

text: lichens

text: are

text: also

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: state

question: About how much area do forests cover the state?

answer: approximately 25 percent

text: approximately 25 percent


text: There is an environmental program, called Hoy No Circula ("Today Does Not Run", or "One Day without a Car"), whereby vehicles that have not passed emissions testing are restricted from circulating on certain days according to the ending digit of their license plates; this in an attempt to cut down on pollution and traffic congestion. While in 2003, the program still restricted 40% of vehicles in the metropolitan area, with the adoption of stricter emissions standards in 2001 and 2006, in practice, these days most vehicles are exempt from the circulation restrictions as long as they pass regular emissions tests.

title: Mexico_City

title: Mexico_City

text: There

text: is

text: an

text: environmental

text: program

text: called

text: Hoy

text: No

text: Circula

text: Today

text: Does

text: Not

text: Run

text: or

text: One

text: Day

text: without

text: a

text: Car

text: whereby

text: vehicles

text: that

text: have

text: not

text: passed

text: emissions

text: testing

text: are

text: restricted

text: from

text: circulating

text: on

text: certain

text: days

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: ending

text: digit

text: of

text: their

text: license

text: plates

text: this

text: in

text: an

text: attempt

text: to

text: cut

text: down

text: on

text: pollution

text: and

text: traffic

text: congestion

text: While

text: in

text: the

text: program

text: still

text: restricted

text: of

text: vehicles

text: in

text: the

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: with

text: the

text: adoption

text: of

text: stricter

text: emissions

text: standards

text: in

text: and

text: in

text: practice

text: these

text: days

text: most

text: vehicles

text: are

text: exempt

text: from

text: the

text: circulation

text: restrictions

text: as

text: long

text: as

text: they

text: pass

text: regular

text: emissions

text: tests

question: How do people know which days to not drive their car?

answer: ending digit of their license plates

text: ending digit of their license plates

question: How many cars were still restricted in 2003?

answer: 40%

question: When were new emisson standards enacted?

answer: 2006

question: How can cars get exempt from the restrictions?

answer: pass regular emissions tests

text: pass regular emissions tests


text: NATO defines anti-aircraft warfare (AAW) as "measures taken to defend a maritime force against attacks by airborne weapons launched from aircraft, ships, submarines and land-based sites." In some armies the term All-Arms Air Defence (AAAD) is used for air defence by non-specialist troops. Other terms from the late 20th century include GBAD (Ground Based AD) with related terms SHORAD (Short Range AD) and MANPADS ("Man Portable AD Systems": typically shoulder-launched missiles). Anti-aircraft missiles are variously called surface-to-air missile, abbreviated and pronounced "SAM" and Surface to Air Guided Weapon (SAGW).

title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

title: Anti

title: aircraft_warfare

text: NATO

text: defines

text: anti

text: aircraft

text: warfare

text: AAW

text: as

text: measures

text: taken

text: to

text: defend

text: a

text: maritime

text: force

text: against

text: attacks

text: by

text: airborne

text: weapons

text: launched

text: from

text: aircraft

text: ships

text: submarines

text: and

text: land

text: based

text: sites

text: In

text: some

text: armies

text: the

text: term

text: All

text: Arms

text: Air

text: Defence

text: AAAD

text: is

text: used

text: for

text: air

text: defence

text: by

text: non

text: specialist

text: troops

text: Other

text: terms

text: from

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: include

text: GBAD

text: Ground

text: Based

text: AD

text: with

text: related

text: terms

text: SHORAD

text: Short

text: Range

text: AD

text: and

text: MANPADS

text: Man

text: Portable

text: AD

text: Systems

text: typically

text: shoulder

text: launched

text: missiles

text: Anti

text: aircraft

text: missiles

text: are

text: variously

text: called

text: surface

text: to

text: air

text: missile

text: abbreviated

text: and

text: pronounced

text: SAM

text: and

text: Surface

text: to

text: Air

text: Guided

text: Weapon

text: SAGW

question: What does AAAD stand for?

answer: All-Arms Air Defence

text: All-Arms Air Defence

question: What does GBAD stand for?

answer: Ground Based AD

text: Ground Based AD

question: What does SHORAD stand for?

answer: Short Range AD

text: Short Range AD

question: What does MANPADS stand for?

answer: Man Portable AD Systems

text: Man Portable AD Systems

question: What does SAGW stand for?

answer: Surface to Air Guided Weapon

text: Surface to Air Guided Weapon


text: Television transmissions resumed from Alexandra Palace in 1946. The BBC Television Service (renamed "BBC tv" in 1960) showed popular programming, including drama, comedies, documentaries, game shows, and soap operas, covering a wide range of genres and regularly competed with ITV to become the channel with the highest ratings for that week. The channel also introduced the science fiction show Doctor Who on 23 November 1963 - at 17:16 - which went on to become one of Britain's most iconic and beloved television programmes.

title: BBC_Television

title: BBC_Television

text: Television

text: transmissions

text: resumed

text: from

text: Alexandra

text: Palace

text: in

text: The

text: BBC

text: Television

text: Service

text: renamed

text: BBC

text: tv

text: in

text: showed

text: popular

text: programming

text: including

text: drama

text: comedies

text: documentaries

text: game

text: shows

text: and

text: soap

text: operas

text: covering

text: a

text: wide

text: range

text: of

text: genres

text: and

text: regularly

text: competed

text: with

text: ITV

text: to

text: become

text: the

text: channel

text: with

text: the

text: highest

text: ratings

text: for

text: that

text: week

text: The

text: channel

text: also

text: introduced

text: the

text: science

text: fiction

text: show

text: Doctor

text: Who

text: on

text: November

text: at

text: which

text: went

text: on

text: to

text: become

text: one

text: of

text: Britain

text: 's

text: most

text: iconic

text: and

text: beloved

text: television

text: programmes

question: What was the name of the BBC changed to in 1960?

answer: BBC tv

text: BBC tv

question: What was the BBC's main competitor?

answer: ITV

text: ITV

question: What program debuted on November 23, 1963?

answer: Doctor Who

text: Doctor Who

question: Where did the BBC broadcast from following World War II?

answer: Alexandra Palace

text: Alexandra Palace


text: Zinc chemistry is similar to the chemistry of the late first-row transition metals nickel and copper, though it has a filled d-shell, so its compounds are diamagnetic and mostly colorless. The ionic radii of zinc and magnesium happen to be nearly identical. Because of this some of their salts have the same crystal structure and in circumstances where ionic radius is a determining factor zinc and magnesium chemistries have much in common. Otherwise there is little similarity. Zinc tends to form bonds with a greater degree of covalency and it forms much more stable complexes with N- and S- donors. Complexes of zinc are mostly 4- or 6- coordinate although 5-coordinate complexes are known.

title: Zinc

title: Zinc

text: Zinc

text: chemistry

text: is

text: similar

text: to

text: the

text: chemistry

text: of

text: the

text: late

text: first

text: row

text: transition

text: metals

text: nickel

text: and

text: copper

text: though

text: it

text: has

text: a

text: filled

text: d

text: shell

text: so

text: its

text: compounds

text: are

text: diamagnetic

text: and

text: mostly

text: colorless

text: The

text: ionic

text: radii

text: of

text: zinc

text: and

text: magnesium

text: happen

text: to

text: be

text: nearly

text: identical

text: Because

text: of

text: this

text: some

text: of

text: their

text: salts

text: have

text: the

text: same

text: crystal

text: structure

text: and

text: in

text: circumstances

text: where

text: ionic

text: radius

text: is

text: a

text: determining

text: factor

text: zinc

text: and

text: magnesium

text: chemistries

text: have

text: much

text: in

text: common

text: Otherwise

text: there

text: is

text: little

text: similarity

text: Zinc

text: tends

text: to

text: form

text: bonds

text: with

text: a

text: greater

text: degree

text: of

text: covalency

text: and

text: it

text: forms

text: much

text: more

text: stable

text: complexes

text: with

text: N-

text: and

text: S-

text: donors

text: Complexes

text: of

text: zinc

text: are

text: mostly

text: or

text: coordinate

text: although

text: complexes

text: are

text: known

question: Because zinc has a filled d-shell, its compounds are usually what?

answer: diamagnetic and mostly colorless.

text: diamagnetic and mostly colorless.

question: The ionic radii of what two elements are almost identical?

answer: zinc and magnesium

text: zinc and magnesium

question: What is the determining factor where zinc and magnesium are very similar chemically?

answer: ionic radius

text: ionic radius

question: Whit what donors does zinc form stable complexes?

answer: N- and S-

text: N- and S-


text: Reaction to the novel varied widely upon publication. Literary analysis of it is sparse, considering the number of copies sold and its widespread use in education. Author Mary McDonough Murphy, who collected individual impressions of To Kill a Mockingbird by several authors and public figures, calls the book, "an astonishing phenomenon". In 2006, British librarians ranked the book ahead of the Bible as one "every adult should read before they die". It was adapted into an Oscar-winning film in 1962 by director Robert Mulligan, with a screenplay by Horton Foote. Since 1990, a play based on the novel has been performed annually in Harper Lee's hometown of Monroeville, Alabama.

title: To_Kill_a_Mockingbird

title: To_Kill_a_Mockingbird

text: Reaction

text: to

text: the

text: novel

text: varied

text: widely

text: upon

text: publication

text: Literary

text: analysis

text: of

text: it

text: is

text: sparse

text: considering

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: copies

text: sold

text: and

text: its

text: widespread

text: use

text: in

text: education

text: Author

text: Mary

text: McDonough

text: Murphy

text: who

text: collected

text: individual

text: impressions

text: of

text: To

text: Kill

text: a

text: Mockingbird

text: by

text: several

text: authors

text: and

text: public

text: figures

text: calls

text: the

text: book

text: an

text: astonishing

text: phenomenon

text: In

text: British

text: librarians

text: ranked

text: the

text: book

text: ahead

text: of

text: the

text: Bible

text: as

text: one

text: every

text: adult

text: should

text: read

text: before

text: they

text: die

text: It

text: was

text: adapted

text: into

text: an

text: Oscar

text: winning

text: film

text: in

text: by

text: director

text: Robert

text: Mulligan

text: with

text: a

text: screenplay

text: by

text: Horton

text: Foote

text: Since

text: a

text: play

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: novel

text: has

text: been

text: performed

text: annually

text: in

text: Harper

text: Lee

text: 's

text: hometown

text: of

text: Monroeville

text: Alabama

question: Who gathered impressions of To Kill a Mockingbird from other authors and famous people?

answer: Mary McDonough Murphy

text: Mary McDonough Murphy

question: In which year did British librarians rank To Kill a Mockingbird ahead of the Bible?

answer: 2006

question: When was To Kill a Mockingbird made into a movie?

answer: 1962

question: When did a play for the book begin to perform every year in Monroeville, Alabama?

answer: 1990

question: Who was the director of the adaptation of the movie?

answer: Robert Mulligan

text: Robert Mulligan

question: British librarians in 2006 ranked the book ahead of what famous volume?

answer: Bible

text: Bible

question: Who wrote the screenplay for the 1962 film?

answer: Horton Foote

text: Horton Foote

question: Who directed the 1962 film?

answer: Robert Mulligan

text: Robert Mulligan

question: What is Harper Lee's hometown?

answer: Monroeville, Alabama

text: Monroeville, Alabama


text: After the watershed events of Hurricane Andrew in 1992, the state of Florida began investing in economic development through the Office of Trade, Tourism, and Economic Development. Governor Jeb Bush realized that watershed events such as Andrew negatively impacted Florida's backbone industry of tourism severely. The office was directed to target Medical/Bio-Sciences among others. Three years later, The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) announced it had chosen Florida for its newest expansion. In 2003, TSRI announced plans to establish a major science center in Palm Beach, a 364,000 square feet (33,800 m2) facility on 100 acres (40 ha), which TSRI planned to occupy in 2006.

title: Florida

title: Florida

text: After

text: the

text: watershed

text: events

text: of

text: Hurricane

text: Andrew

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Florida

text: began

text: investing

text: in

text: economic

text: development

text: through

text: the

text: Office

text: of

text: Trade

text: Tourism

text: and

text: Economic

text: Development

text: Governor

text: Jeb

text: Bush

text: realized

text: that

text: watershed

text: events

text: such

text: as

text: Andrew

text: negatively

text: impacted

text: Florida

text: 's

text: backbone

text: industry

text: of

text: tourism

text: severely

text: The

text: office

text: was

text: directed

text: to

text: target

text: Medical

text: Bio

text: Sciences

text: among

text: others

text: Three

text: years

text: later

text: The

text: Scripps

text: Research

text: Institute

text: TSRI

text: announced

text: it

text: had

text: chosen

text: Florida

text: for

text: its

text: newest

text: expansion

text: In

text: TSRI

text: announced

text: plans

text: to

text: establish

text: a

text: major

text: science

text: center

text: in

text: Palm

text: Beach

text: a

text: square

text: feet

text: facility

text: on

text: acres

text: ha

text: which

text: TSRI

text: planned

text: to

text: occupy

text: in

question: What did Hurricane Andrew cause Florida to do

answer: the state of Florida began investing in economic development through the Office of Trade

text: the state of Florida began investing in economic development through the Office of Trade

question: What did Govenor Bush Realize

answer: that watershed events such as Andrew negatively impacted Florida's backbone industry of tourism severely

text: that watershed events such as Andrew negatively impacted Florida's backbone industry of tourism severely

question: What industry was targeted

answer: Medical/Bio-Sciences

text: Medical/Bio-Sciences

question: Who chose to expand their corporation in Florida

answer: The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) announced it had chosen Florida for its newest expansion

text: The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) announced it had chosen Florida for its newest expansion


text: The accomplished and awarded writers (poets, novelists, dramatists, nonfiction writers) who have lived in Tucson include Edward Abbey, Erskine Caldwell, Barbara Kingsolver and David Foster Wallace. Some were associated with the University of Arizona, but many were independent writers who chose to make Tucson their home. The city is particularly active in publishing and presenting contemporary innovative poetry in various ways. Examples are the Chax Press, a publisher of poetry books in trade and book arts editions, and the University of Arizona Poetry Center, which has a sizable poetry library and presents readings, conferences, and workshops.

title: Tucson,_Arizona

title: Tucson,_Arizona

text: The

text: accomplished

text: and

text: awarded

text: writers

text: poets

text: novelists

text: dramatists

text: nonfiction

text: writers

text: who

text: have

text: lived

text: in

text: Tucson

text: include

text: Edward

text: Abbey

text: Erskine

text: Caldwell

text: Barbara

text: Kingsolver

text: and

text: David

text: Foster

text: Wallace

text: Some

text: were

text: associated

text: with

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Arizona

text: but

text: many

text: were

text: independent

text: writers

text: who

text: chose

text: to

text: make

text: Tucson

text: their

text: home

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: particularly

text: active

text: in

text: publishing

text: and

text: presenting

text: contemporary

text: innovative

text: poetry

text: in

text: various

text: ways

text: Examples

text: are

text: the

text: Chax

text: Press

text: a

text: publisher

text: of

text: poetry

text: books

text: in

text: trade

text: and

text: book

text: arts

text: editions

text: and

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Arizona

text: Poetry

text: Center

text: which

text: has

text: a

text: sizable

text: poetry

text: library

text: and

text: presents

text: readings

text: conferences

text: and

text: workshops

question: What famous writers have lived in Tucson?

answer: Edward Abbey, Erskine Caldwell, Barbara Kingsolver and David Foster Wallace

text: Edward Abbey, Erskine Caldwell, Barbara Kingsolver and David Foster Wallace

question: What is the Chax Press?

answer: a publisher of poetry books in trade and book arts editions

text: a publisher of poetry books in trade and book arts editions

question: What does the University of Arizona Poetry Center offer?

answer: a sizable poetry library and presents readings, conferences, and workshops

text: a sizable poetry library and presents readings, conferences, and workshops

question: What university were some of Tucson's famous writers associated with?

answer: University of Arizona

text: University of Arizona


text: During the Sangam period Tamil literateure flourished from the 3rd century BCE to the 4th century CE. During this period the 3 Tamil Dynasties Chera dynasty, Chola dynasty and the Pandyan Dynasty ruled parts of southern India. The Sangam literature deals with the history, politics, wars and culture of the Tamil people of this period. The scholars of the Sangam period rose from among the common people who sought the patronage of the Tamil Kings but who mainly wrote about the common people and their concerns. Unlike Sanskrit writers who were mostly Brahmins, Sangam writers came from diverse classes and social backgrounds and were mostly non-Brahmins. They belonged to different faiths and professions like farmers, artisans, merchants, monks, priests and even princes and quite few of them were even women.

title: History_of_India

title: History_of_India

text: During

text: the

text: Sangam

text: period

text: Tamil

text: literateure

text: flourished

text: from

text: the

text: century

text: BCE

text: to

text: the

text: century

text: CE

text: During

text: this

text: period

text: the

text: Tamil

text: Dynasties

text: Chera

text: dynasty

text: Chola

text: dynasty

text: and

text: the

text: Pandyan

text: Dynasty

text: ruled

text: parts

text: of

text: southern

text: India

text: The

text: Sangam

text: literature

text: deals

text: with

text: the

text: history

text: politics

text: wars

text: and

text: culture

text: of

text: the

text: Tamil

text: people

text: of

text: this

text: period

text: The

text: scholars

text: of

text: the

text: Sangam

text: period

text: rose

text: from

text: among

text: the

text: common

text: people

text: who

text: sought

text: the

text: patronage

text: of

text: the

text: Tamil

text: Kings

text: but

text: who

text: mainly

text: wrote

text: about

text: the

text: common

text: people

text: and

text: their

text: concerns

text: Unlike

text: Sanskrit

text: writers

text: who

text: were

text: mostly

text: Brahmins

text: Sangam

text: writers

text: came

text: from

text: diverse

text: classes

text: and

text: social

text: backgrounds

text: and

text: were

text: mostly

text: non

text: Brahmins

text: They

text: belonged

text: to

text: different

text: faiths

text: and

text: professions

text: like

text: farmers

text: artisans

text: merchants

text: monks

text: priests

text: and

text: even

text: princes

text: and

text: quite

text: few

text: of

text: them

text: were

text: even

text: women

question: During what period did Tamil literature thrive?

answer: Sangam period

text: Sangam period

question: How many Tamil dynasties ruled during the Sangam period?

answer: 3

question: What was the extent of the Sangam period?

answer: 3rd century BCE to the 4th century CE

text: 3rd century BCE to the 4th century CE

question: In what part of India did the Tamil dynasties rule?

answer: southern India

text: southern India

question: How were Tamil writers different from earlier Sanskrit writers?

answer: non-Brahmins

text: non-Brahmins


text: A knot is a particular type of imperfection in a piece of wood; it will affect the technical properties of the wood, usually reducing the local strength and increasing the tendency for splitting along the wood grain, but may be exploited for visual effect. In a longitudinally sawn plank, a knot will appear as a roughly circular "solid" (usually darker) piece of wood around which the grain of the rest of the wood "flows" (parts and rejoins). Within a knot, the direction of the wood (grain direction) is up to 90 degrees different from the grain direction of the regular wood.

title: Wood

title: Wood

text: A

text: knot

text: is

text: a

text: particular

text: type

text: of

text: imperfection

text: in

text: a

text: piece

text: of

text: wood

text: it

text: will

text: affect

text: the

text: technical

text: properties

text: of

text: the

text: wood

text: usually

text: reducing

text: the

text: local

text: strength

text: and

text: increasing

text: the

text: tendency

text: for

text: splitting

text: along

text: the

text: wood

text: grain

text: but

text: may

text: be

text: exploited

text: for

text: visual

text: effect

text: In

text: a

text: longitudinally

text: sawn

text: plank

text: a

text: knot

text: will

text: appear

text: as

text: a

text: roughly

text: circular

text: solid

text: usually

text: darker

text: piece

text: of

text: wood

text: around

text: which

text: the

text: grain

text: of

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: the

text: wood

text: flows

text: parts

text: and

text: rejoins

text: Within

text: a

text: knot

text: the

text: direction

text: of

text: the

text: wood

text: grain

text: direction

text: is

text: up

text: to

text: degrees

text: different

text: from

text: the

text: grain

text: direction

text: of

text: the

text: regular

text: wood

question: What is the sort of circular imperfection in a piece of wood called?

answer: knot

text: knot

question: What property of wood does a knot usually reduce in the wood around it?

answer: strength

text: strength

question: In what direction is wood often sawn so that a knot appears as a solid circle that the grain flows around?

answer: longitudinally

text: longitudinally

question: Are knots usually lighter or darker than the surrounding wood?

answer: darker

text: darker

question: The direction of grain in a knot can differ by as much as how many degrees from the regular wood?

answer: 90


text: The attacks were focused against western ports in March. These attacks produced some breaks in morale, with civil leaders fleeing the cities before the offensive reached its height. But the Luftwaffe's effort eased in the last 10 attacks as seven Kampfgruppen moved to Austria in preparation for the Balkans Campaign in Yugoslavia and Greece. The shortage of bombers caused the OKL to improvise. Some 50 Junkers Ju 87 Stuka dive-bombers and Jabos (fighter-bombers) were used, officially classed as Leichte Kampfflugzeuge ("light bombers") and sometimes called Leichte Kesselringe ("Light Kesselrings"). The defences failed to prevent widespread damage but on some occasions did prevent German bombers concentrating on their targets. On occasion, only one-third of German bombs hit their targets.

title: The_Blitz

title: The_Blitz

text: The

text: attacks

text: were

text: focused

text: against

text: western

text: ports

text: in

text: March

text: These

text: attacks

text: produced

text: some

text: breaks

text: in

text: morale

text: with

text: civil

text: leaders

text: fleeing

text: the

text: cities

text: before

text: the

text: offensive

text: reached

text: its

text: height

text: But

text: the

text: Luftwaffe

text: 's

text: effort

text: eased

text: in

text: the

text: last

text: attacks

text: as

text: seven

text: Kampfgruppen

text: moved

text: to

text: Austria

text: in

text: preparation

text: for

text: the

text: Balkans

text: Campaign

text: in

text: Yugoslavia

text: and

text: Greece

text: The

text: shortage

text: of

text: bombers

text: caused

text: the

text: OKL

text: to

text: improvise

text: Some

text: Junkers

text: Ju

text: Stuka

text: dive

text: bombers

text: and

text: Jabos

text: fighter

text: bombers

text: were

text: used

text: officially

text: classed

text: as

text: Leichte

text: Kampfflugzeuge

text: light

text: bombers

text: and

text: sometimes

text: called

text: Leichte

text: Kesselringe

text: Light

text: Kesselrings

text: The

text: defences

text: failed

text: to

text: prevent

text: widespread

text: damage

text: but

text: on

text: some

text: occasions

text: did

text: prevent

text: German

text: bombers

text: concentrating

text: on

text: their

text: targets

text: On

text: occasion

text: only

text: one

text: third

text: of

text: German

text: bombs

text: hit

text: their

text: targets

question: What was focused in March?

answer: western ports

text: western ports

question: What did these attacks accomplish?

answer: breaks in morale

text: breaks in morale

question: Why was the OKL forced to improvise?

answer: shortage of bombers

text: shortage of bombers

question: How many Ju 87 Stuka dive-bombers and Jabos were used?

answer: 50

question: How many German bombs hit their target?

answer: only one-third

text: only one-third


text: Roman city life and culture changed greatly in the early Middle Ages. Although Italian cities remained inhabited, they contracted significantly in size. Rome, for instance, shrank from a population of hundreds of thousands to around 30,000 by the end of the 6th century. Roman temples were converted into Christian churches and city walls remained in use. In Northern Europe, cities also shrank, while civic monuments and other public buildings were raided for building materials. The establishment of new kingdoms often meant some growth for the towns chosen as capitals. Although there had been Jewish communities in many Roman cities, the Jews suffered periods of persecution after the conversion of the empire to Christianity. Officially they were tolerated, if subject to conversion efforts, and at times were even encouraged to settle in new areas.

title: Middle_Ages

title: Middle_Ages

text: Roman

text: city

text: life

text: and

text: culture

text: changed

text: greatly

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: Although

text: Italian

text: cities

text: remained

text: inhabited

text: they

text: contracted

text: significantly

text: in

text: size

text: Rome

text: for

text: instance

text: shrank

text: from

text: a

text: population

text: of

text: hundreds

text: of

text: thousands

text: to

text: around

text: by

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: Roman

text: temples

text: were

text: converted

text: into

text: Christian

text: churches

text: and

text: city

text: walls

text: remained

text: in

text: use

text: In

text: Northern

text: Europe

text: cities

text: also

text: shrank

text: while

text: civic

text: monuments

text: and

text: other

text: public

text: buildings

text: were

text: raided

text: for

text: building

text: materials

text: The

text: establishment

text: of

text: new

text: kingdoms

text: often

text: meant

text: some

text: growth

text: for

text: the

text: towns

text: chosen

text: as

text: capitals

text: Although

text: there

text: had

text: been

text: Jewish

text: communities

text: in

text: many

text: Roman

text: cities

text: the

text: Jews

text: suffered

text: periods

text: of

text: persecution

text: after

text: the

text: conversion

text: of

text: the

text: empire

text: to

text: Christianity

text: Officially

text: they

text: were

text: tolerated

text: if

text: subject

text: to

text: conversion

text: efforts

text: and

text: at

text: times

text: were

text: even

text: encouraged

text: to

text: settle

text: in

text: new

text: areas

question: About how many people lived in Rome at the end of the 500s?

answer: 30,000

question: What new use was found for Roman temples?

answer: Christian churches

text: Christian churches

question: What group was notably persecuted after the Roman Empire converted to Christianity?

answer: Jews

text: Jews


text: The problem of the direction of time arises directly from two contradictory facts. Firstly, the fundamental physical laws are time-reversal invariant; if a cinematographic film were taken of any process describable by means of the aforementioned laws and then played backwards, it would still portray a physically possible process. Secondly, our experience of time, at the macroscopic level, is not time-reversal invariant. Glasses can fall and break, but shards of glass cannot reassemble and fly up onto tables. We have memories of the past, and none of the future. We feel we can't change the past but can influence the future.

title: Philosophy_of_space_and_time

title: Philosophy_of_space_and_time

text: The

text: problem

text: of

text: the

text: direction

text: of

text: time

text: arises

text: directly

text: from

text: two

text: contradictory

text: facts

text: Firstly

text: the

text: fundamental

text: physical

text: laws

text: are

text: time

text: reversal

text: invariant

text: if

text: a

text: cinematographic

text: film

text: were

text: taken

text: of

text: any

text: process

text: describable

text: by

text: means

text: of

text: the

text: aforementioned

text: laws

text: and

text: then

text: played

text: backwards

text: it

text: would

text: still

text: portray

text: a

text: physically

text: possible

text: process

text: Secondly

text: our

text: experience

text: of

text: time

text: at

text: the

text: macroscopic

text: level

text: is

text: not

text: time

text: reversal

text: invariant

text: Glasses

text: can

text: fall

text: and

text: break

text: but

text: shards

text: of

text: glass

text: can

text: not

text: reassemble

text: and

text: fly

text: up

text: onto

text: tables

text: We

text: have

text: memories

text: of

text: the

text: past

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: future

text: We

text: feel

text: we

text: ca

text: n't

text: change

text: the

text: past

text: but

text: can

text: influence

text: the

text: future

question: How many contradictory facts does the problem of the direction of time arise from?

answer: two

text: two

question: What kind of physical laws are time-reversal invariant?

answer: fundamental

text: fundamental

question: If if a cinematographic film were taken by means of physical  laws and then played backwards, it would still portray what?

answer: physically possible process

text: physically possible process

question: How is our experience of time at the macro level?

answer: not time-reversal invariant

text: not time-reversal invariant

question: What do we not have memories of?

answer: the future

text: the future


text: Oklahoma City and the surrounding metropolitan area are home to a number of health care facilities and specialty hospitals. In Oklahoma City's MidTown district near downtown resides the state's oldest and largest single site hospital, St. Anthony Hospital and Physicians Medical Center.

title: Oklahoma_City

title: Oklahoma_City

text: Oklahoma

text: City

text: and

text: the

text: surrounding

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: are

text: home

text: to

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: health

text: care

text: facilities

text: and

text: specialty

text: hospitals

text: In

text: Oklahoma

text: City

text: 's

text: MidTown

text: district

text: near

text: downtown

text: resides

text: the

text: state

text: 's

text: oldest

text: and

text: largest

text: single

text: site

text: hospital

text: St.

text: Anthony

text: Hospital

text: and

text: Physicians

text: Medical

text: Center

question: What is the states oldest and largest Hospital?

answer: St. Anthony Hospital and Physicians Medical Center

text: St. Anthony Hospital and Physicians Medical Center


text: The concentration of copper in ores averages only 0.6%, and most commercial ores are sulfides, especially chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) and to a lesser extent chalcocite (Cu2S). These minerals are concentrated from crushed ores to the level of 10–15% copper by froth flotation or bioleaching. Heating this material with silica in flash smelting removes much of the iron as slag. The process exploits the greater ease of converting iron sulfides into its oxides, which in turn react with the silica to form the silicate slag, which floats on top of the heated mass. The resulting copper matte consisting of Cu2S is then roasted to convert all sulfides into oxides:

title: Copper

title: Copper

text: The

text: concentration

text: of

text: copper

text: in

text: ores

text: averages

text: only

text: and

text: most

text: commercial

text: ores

text: are

text: sulfides

text: especially

text: chalcopyrite

text: and

text: to

text: a

text: lesser

text: extent

text: chalcocite

text: These

text: minerals

text: are

text: concentrated

text: from

text: crushed

text: ores

text: to

text: the

text: level

text: of

text: copper

text: by

text: froth

text: flotation

text: or

text: bioleaching

text: Heating

text: this

text: material

text: with

text: silica

text: in

text: flash

text: smelting

text: removes

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: iron

text: as

text: slag

text: The

text: process

text: exploits

text: the

text: greater

text: ease

text: of

text: converting

text: iron

text: sulfides

text: into

text: its

text: oxides

text: which

text: in

text: turn

text: react

text: with

text: the

text: silica

text: to

text: form

text: the

text: silicate

text: slag

text: which

text: floats

text: on

text: top

text: of

text: the

text: heated

text: mass

text: The

text: resulting

text: copper

text: matte

text: consisting

text: of

text: is

text: then

text: roasted

text: to

text: convert

text: all

text: sulfides

text: into

text: oxides

question: What is the average concentration of copper in ores?

answer: 0.6%

question: What are most commercial ores?

answer: sulfides

text: sulfides

question: What happens to the silicate slag  during the flash smelting process?

answer: floats on top

text: floats on top

question: What does heating copper ore materials with silica remove?

answer: iron

text: iron

question: What do the sulfides convert to after the copper matte is roasted?

answer: oxides

text: oxides


text: Beginning with the surge in coal use which accompanied the Industrial Revolution, energy consumption has steadily transitioned from wood and biomass to fossil fuels. The early development of solar technologies starting in the 1860s was driven by an expectation that coal would soon become scarce. However, development of solar technologies stagnated in the early 20th century in the face of the increasing availability, economy, and utility of coal and petroleum.

title: Solar_energy

title: Solar_energy

text: Beginning

text: with

text: the

text: surge

text: in

text: coal

text: use

text: which

text: accompanied

text: the

text: Industrial

text: Revolution

text: energy

text: consumption

text: has

text: steadily

text: transitioned

text: from

text: wood

text: and

text: biomass

text: to

text: fossil

text: fuels

text: The

text: early

text: development

text: of

text: solar

text: technologies

text: starting

text: in

text: the

text: was

text: driven

text: by

text: an

text: expectation

text: that

text: coal

text: would

text: soon

text: become

text: scarce

text: However

text: development

text: of

text: solar

text: technologies

text: stagnated

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: in

text: the

text: face

text: of

text: the

text: increasing

text: availability

text: economy

text: and

text: utility

text: of

text: coal

text: and

text: petroleum

question: Why was solar technology developed in the 1860s?

answer: driven by an expectation that coal would soon become scarce

text: driven by an expectation that coal would soon become scarce

question: What slowed the development of solar technologies in the early 20th century?

answer: increasing availability, economy, and utility of coal and petroleum

text: increasing availability, economy, and utility of coal and petroleum


text: The British Mandate of Palestine, where an Arab majority lived alongside a Jewish minority, presented the British with a similar problem to that of India. The matter was complicated by large numbers of Jewish refugees seeking to be admitted to Palestine following the Holocaust, while Arabs were opposed to the creation of a Jewish state. Frustrated by the intractability of the problem, attacks by Jewish paramilitary organisations and the increasing cost of maintaining its military presence, Britain announced in 1947 that it would withdraw in 1948 and leave the matter to the United Nations to solve. The UN General Assembly subsequently voted for a plan to partition Palestine into a Jewish and an Arab state.

title: British_Empire

title: British_Empire

text: The

text: British

text: Mandate

text: of

text: Palestine

text: where

text: an

text: Arab

text: majority

text: lived

text: alongside

text: a

text: Jewish

text: minority

text: presented

text: the

text: British

text: with

text: a

text: similar

text: problem

text: to

text: that

text: of

text: India

text: The

text: matter

text: was

text: complicated

text: by

text: large

text: numbers

text: of

text: Jewish

text: refugees

text: seeking

text: to

text: be

text: admitted

text: to

text: Palestine

text: following

text: the

text: Holocaust

text: while

text: Arabs

text: were

text: opposed

text: to

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: a

text: Jewish

text: state

text: Frustrated

text: by

text: the

text: intractability

text: of

text: the

text: problem

text: attacks

text: by

text: Jewish

text: paramilitary

text: organisations

text: and

text: the

text: increasing

text: cost

text: of

text: maintaining

text: its

text: military

text: presence

text: Britain

text: announced

text: in

text: that

text: it

text: would

text: withdraw

text: in

text: and

text: leave

text: the

text: matter

text: to

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: to

text: solve

text: The

text: UN

text: General

text: Assembly

text: subsequently

text: voted

text: for

text: a

text: plan

text: to

text: partition

text: Palestine

text: into

text: a

text: Jewish

text: and

text: an

text: Arab

text: state

question: What race was the majority in Palestine in the 1940s?

answer: Arab

text: Arab

question: When did Britain announce plans to withdraw from Palestine?

answer: 1947

question: Which entity decided to partition Palestine into Jewish and Arab states?

answer: The UN General Assembly

text: The UN General Assembly

question: Where did many Jewish refugees want to move because of the Holocaust?

answer: Palestine

text: Palestine


text: In the past, a certain misconception sometimes led to the mistranslation of "szlachta" as "gentry" rather than "nobility".:206 :xvi This mistaken practice began due to the economic status of some szlachta members being inferior to that of the nobility in other European countries (see also Estates of the Realm regarding wealth and nobility). The szlachta included those almost rich and powerful enough to be magnates down to rascals with a noble lineage, no land, no castle, no money, no village, and no peasants.:xvi

title: Szlachta

title: Szlachta

text: In

text: the

text: past

text: a

text: certain

text: misconception

text: sometimes

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: mistranslation

text: of

text: szlachta

text: as

text: gentry

text: rather

text: than

text: xvi

text: This

text: mistaken

text: practice

text: began

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: economic

text: status

text: of

text: some

text: szlachta

text: members

text: being

text: inferior

text: to

text: that

text: of

text: the

text: nobility

text: in

text: other

text: European

text: countries

text: see

text: also

text: Estates

text: of

text: the

text: Realm

text: regarding

text: wealth

text: and

text: nobility

text: The

text: szlachta

text: included

text: those

text: almost

text: rich

text: and

text: powerful

text: enough

text: to

text: be

text: magnates

text: down

text: to

text: rascals

text: with

text: a

text: noble

text: lineage

text: no

text: land

text: no

text: castle

text: no

text: money

text: no

text: village

text: and

text: no

text: peasants.:xvi

question: Why did the mistranslation of szlachta come about?

answer: included those almost rich and powerful enough to be magnates down to rascals

text: included those almost rich and powerful enough to be magnates down to rascals

question: Who was inferior of the other, European countries or szlachta?

answer: szlachta

text: szlachta


text: Lancashire has a long and highly productive tradition of music making. In the early modern era the county shared in the national tradition of balladry, including perhaps the finest border ballad, "The Ballad of Chevy Chase", thought to have been composed by the Lancashire-born minstrel Richard Sheale. The county was also a common location for folk songs, including "The Lancashire Miller", "Warrington Ale" and "The soldier's farewell to Manchester", while Liverpool, as a major seaport, was the subject of many sea shanties, including "The Leaving of Liverpool" and "Maggie May", beside several local Wassailing songs. In the Industrial Revolution changing social and economic patterns helped create new traditions and styles of folk song, often linked to migration and patterns of work. These included processional dances, often associated with rushbearing or the Wakes Week festivities, and types of step dance, most famously clog dancing.

title: Lancashire

title: Lancashire

text: Lancashire

text: has

text: a

text: long

text: and

text: highly

text: productive

text: tradition

text: of

text: music

text: making

text: In

text: the

text: early

text: modern

text: era

text: the

text: county

text: shared

text: in

text: the

text: national

text: tradition

text: of

text: balladry

text: including

text: perhaps

text: the

text: finest

text: border

text: ballad

text: The

text: Ballad

text: of

text: Chevy

text: Chase

text: thought

text: to

text: have

text: been

text: composed

text: by

text: the

text: Lancashire

text: born

text: minstrel

text: Richard

text: Sheale

text: The

text: county

text: was

text: also

text: a

text: common

text: location

text: for

text: folk

text: songs

text: including

text: The

text: Lancashire

text: Miller

text: Warrington

text: Ale

text: and

text: The

text: soldier

text: 's

text: farewell

text: to

text: Manchester

text: while

text: Liverpool

text: as

text: a

text: major

text: seaport

text: was

text: the

text: subject

text: of

text: many

text: sea

text: shanties

text: including

text: The

text: Leaving

text: of

text: Liverpool

text: and

text: Maggie

text: May

text: beside

text: several

text: local

text: Wassailing

text: songs

text: In

text: the

text: Industrial

text: Revolution

text: changing

text: social

text: and

text: economic

text: patterns

text: helped

text: create

text: new

text: traditions

text: and

text: styles

text: of

text: folk

text: song

text: often

text: linked

text: to

text: migration

text: and

text: patterns

text: of

text: work

text: These

text: included

text: processional

text: dances

text: often

text: associated

text: with

text: rushbearing

text: or

text: the

text: Wakes

text: Week

text: festivities

text: and

text: types

text: of

text: step

text: dance

text: most

text: famously

text: clog

text: dancing

question: Who was "The Ballad of Chevy Chase" composed by?

answer: Richard Sheale

text: Richard Sheale

question: Where was Richard Sheale from?

answer: Lancashire

text: Lancashire

question: What did the county share with it's national traditions?

answer: balladry

text: balladry

question: What is Lancashire's long and productive tradition?

answer: music making

text: music making

question: What is the finest border ballad?

answer: The Ballad of Chevy Chase

text: The Ballad of Chevy Chase


text: The two different historical Estonian languages (sometimes considered dialects), the North and South Estonian languages, are based on the ancestors of modern Estonians' migration into the territory of Estonia in at least two different waves, both groups speaking considerably different Finnic vernaculars. Modern standard Estonian has evolved on the basis of the dialects of Northern Estonia.

title: Estonian_language

title: Estonian_language

text: The

text: two

text: different

text: historical

text: Estonian

text: languages

text: sometimes

text: considered

text: dialects

text: the

text: North

text: and

text: South

text: Estonian

text: languages

text: are

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: ancestors

text: of

text: modern

text: Estonians

text: migration

text: into

text: the

text: territory

text: of

text: Estonia

text: in

text: at

text: least

text: two

text: different

text: waves

text: both

text: groups

text: speaking

text: considerably

text: different

text: Finnic

text: vernaculars

text: Modern

text: standard

text: Estonian

text: has

text: evolved

text: on

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: the

text: dialects

text: of

text: Northern

text: Estonia

question: What was the minimum number of waves through which modern Estonians migrated into Estonia?

answer: two

text: two

question: What are the names of the two separate Estonian languages?

answer: North and South Estonian languages

text: North and South Estonian languages


text: This set inherits a group operation (sometimes called coset multiplication, or coset addition) from the original group G: (gN) • (hN) = (gh)N for all g and h in G. This definition is motivated by the idea (itself an instance of general structural considerations outlined above) that the map G → G / N that associates to any element g its coset gN be a group homomorphism, or by general abstract considerations called universal properties. The coset eN = N serves as the identity in this group, and the inverse of gN in the quotient group is (gN)−1 = (g−1)N.e[›]

title: Group_(mathematics)

title: Group_(mathematics

text: This

text: set

text: inherits

text: a

text: group

text: operation

text: sometimes

text: called

text: coset

text: multiplication

text: or

text: coset

text: addition

text: from

text: the

text: original

text: group

text: G

text: gN

text: hN

text: gh)N

text: for

text: all

text: g

text: and

text: h

text: in

text: G.

text: This

text: definition

text: is

text: motivated

text: by

text: the

text: idea

text: itself

text: an

text: instance

text: of

text: general

text: structural

text: considerations

text: outlined

text: above

text: that

text: the

text: map

text: G

text: G

text: N

text: that

text: associates

text: to

text: any

text: element

text: g

text: its

text: coset

text: gN

text: be

text: a

text: group

text: homomorphism

text: or

text: by

text: general

text: abstract

text: considerations

text: called

text: universal

text: properties

text: The

text: coset

text: eN

text: N

text: serves

text: as

text: the

text: identity

text: in

text: this

text: group

text: and

text: the

text: inverse

text: of

text: gN

text: in

text: the

text: quotient

text: group

text: is

question: What is another term for coset multiplication?

answer: coset addition

text: coset addition

question: What group operation is taken by the set from the original group?

answer: coset multiplication

text: coset multiplication

question: What group does the inverse of gN include?

answer: quotient group

text: quotient group


text: His answer was that in many cases animals exist with intermediate structures that are functional. He presented flying squirrels, and flying lemurs as examples of how bats might have evolved from non-flying ancestors. He discussed various simple eyes found in invertebrates, starting with nothing more than an optic nerve coated with pigment, as examples of how the vertebrate eye could have evolved. Darwin concludes: "If it could be demonstrated that any complex organ existed, which could not possibly have been formed by numerous, successive, slight modifications, my theory would absolutely break down. But I can find out no such case."

title: On_the_Origin_of_Species

title: On_the_Origin_of_Species

text: His

text: answer

text: was

text: that

text: in

text: many

text: cases

text: animals

text: exist

text: with

text: intermediate

text: structures

text: that

text: are

text: functional

text: He

text: presented

text: flying

text: squirrels

text: and

text: flying

text: lemurs

text: as

text: examples

text: of

text: how

text: bats

text: might

text: have

text: evolved

text: from

text: non

text: flying

text: ancestors

text: He

text: discussed

text: various

text: simple

text: eyes

text: found

text: in

text: invertebrates

text: starting

text: with

text: nothing

text: more

text: than

text: an

text: optic

text: nerve

text: coated

text: with

text: pigment

text: as

text: examples

text: of

text: how

text: the

text: vertebrate

text: eye

text: could

text: have

text: evolved

text: Darwin

text: concludes

text: If

text: it

text: could

text: be

text: demonstrated

text: that

text: any

text: complex

text: organ

text: existed

text: which

text: could

text: not

text: possibly

text: have

text: been

text: formed

text: by

text: numerous

text: successive

text: slight

text: modifications

text: my

text: theory

text: would

text: absolutely

text: break

text: down

text: But

text: I

text: can

text: find

text: out

text: no

text: such

text: case

question: What are some flying animals that Darwin thought might have evolved from bats?

answer: flying squirrels, and flying lemurs

text: flying squirrels, and flying lemurs

question: What example did Darwin give of eyes evolving?

answer: simple eyes found in invertebrates, starting with nothing more than an optic nerve coated with pigment

text: simple eyes found in invertebrates, starting with nothing more than an optic nerve coated with pigment

question: How did Darwin justify his theory not breaking down?

answer: any complex organ existed, which could not possibly have been formed by numerous, successive, slight modifications, my theory would absolutely break down.

text: any complex organ existed, which could not possibly have been formed by numerous, successive, slight modifications, my theory would absolutely break down.


text: The county was established in 1182, later than many other counties. During Roman times the area was part of the Brigantes tribal area in the military zone of Roman Britain. The towns of Manchester, Lancaster, Ribchester, Burrow, Elslack and Castleshaw grew around Roman forts. In the centuries after the Roman withdrawal in 410AD the northern parts of the county probably formed part of the Brythonic kingdom of Rheged, a successor entity to the Brigantes tribe. During the mid-8th century, the area was incorporated into the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Northumbria, which became a part of England in the 10th century.

title: Lancashire

title: Lancashire

text: The

text: county

text: was

text: established

text: in

text: later

text: than

text: many

text: other

text: counties

text: During

text: Roman

text: times

text: the

text: area

text: was

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Brigantes

text: tribal

text: area

text: in

text: the

text: military

text: zone

text: of

text: Roman

text: Britain

text: The

text: towns

text: of

text: Manchester

text: Lancaster

text: Ribchester

text: Burrow

text: Elslack

text: and

text: Castleshaw

text: grew

text: around

text: Roman

text: forts

text: In

text: the

text: centuries

text: after

text: the

text: Roman

text: withdrawal

text: in

text: the

text: northern

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: county

text: probably

text: formed

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Brythonic

text: kingdom

text: of

text: Rheged

text: a

text: successor

text: entity

text: to

text: the

text: Brigantes

text: tribe

text: During

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: area

text: was

text: incorporated

text: into

text: the

text: Anglo

text: Saxon

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Northumbria

text: which

text: became

text: a

text: part

text: of

text: England

text: in

text: the

text: century

question: When was Lancashire established?

answer: 1182

question: When was the area part of Brigantes tribal area?

answer: Roman times

text: Roman times

question: In what year did the northern parts of the country form the Brythonic kingdom of Rheged?

answer: 410AD

question: What is the Brythonic kingdom of Rheged?

answer: a successor entity to the Brigantes tribe

text: a successor entity to the Brigantes tribe

question: When was the area incorporated into Northumbria?

answer: mid-8th century

text: mid-8th century


text: Tennessee was admitted to the Union on June 1, 1796 as the 16th state. It was the first state created from territory under the jurisdiction of the United States federal government. Apart from the former Thirteen Colonies only Vermont and Kentucky predate Tennessee's statehood, and neither was ever a federal territory. The state boundaries, according to the Constitution of the State of Tennessee, Article I, Section 31, stated that the beginning point for identifying the boundary was the extreme height of the Stone Mountain, at the place where the line of Virginia intersects it, and basically ran the extreme heights of mountain chains through the Appalachian Mountains separating North Carolina from Tennessee past the Indian towns of Cowee and Old Chota, thence along the main ridge of the said mountain (Unicoi Mountain) to the southern boundary of the state; all the territory, lands and waters lying west of said line are included in the boundaries and limits of the newly formed state of Tennessee. Part of the provision also stated that the limits and jurisdiction of the state would include future land acquisition, referencing possible land trade with other states, or the acquisition of territory from west of the Mississippi River.

title: Tennessee

title: Tennessee

text: Tennessee

text: was

text: admitted

text: to

text: the

text: Union

text: on

text: June

text: as

text: the

text: state

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: state

text: created

text: from

text: territory

text: under

text: the

text: jurisdiction

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: federal

text: government

text: Apart

text: from

text: the

text: former

text: Thirteen

text: Colonies

text: only

text: Vermont

text: and

text: Kentucky

text: predate

text: Tennessee

text: 's

text: statehood

text: and

text: neither

text: was

text: ever

text: a

text: federal

text: territory

text: The

text: state

text: boundaries

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: Constitution

text: of

text: the

text: State

text: of

text: Tennessee

text: Article

text: I

text: Section

text: stated

text: that

text: the

text: beginning

text: point

text: for

text: identifying

text: the

text: boundary

text: was

text: the

text: extreme

text: height

text: of

text: the

text: Stone

text: Mountain

text: at

text: the

text: place

text: where

text: the

text: line

text: of

text: Virginia

text: intersects

text: it

text: and

text: basically

text: ran

text: the

text: extreme

text: heights

text: of

text: mountain

text: chains

text: through

text: the

text: Appalachian

text: Mountains

text: separating

text: North

text: Carolina

text: from

text: Tennessee

text: past

text: the

text: Indian

text: towns

text: of

text: Cowee

text: and

text: Old

text: Chota

text: thence

text: along

text: the

text: main

text: ridge

text: of

text: the

text: said

text: mountain

text: Unicoi

text: Mountain

text: to

text: the

text: southern

text: boundary

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: all

text: the

text: territory

text: lands

text: and

text: waters

text: lying

text: west

text: of

text: said

text: line

text: are

text: included

text: in

text: the

text: boundaries

text: and

text: limits

text: of

text: the

text: newly

text: formed

text: state

text: of

text: Tennessee

text: Part

text: of

text: the

text: provision

text: also

text: stated

text: that

text: the

text: limits

text: and

text: jurisdiction

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: would

text: include

text: future

text: land

text: acquisition

text: referencing

text: possible

text: land

text: trade

text: with

text: other

text: states

text: or

text: the

text: acquisition

text: of

text: territory

text: from

text: west

text: of

text: the

text: Mississippi

text: River

question: Which state was the first formed out of federally controlled territory?

answer: Tennessee

text: Tennessee

question: In addition to the original thirteen, which two states were admitted to the union before Tennessee?

answer: Vermont and Kentucky

text: Vermont and Kentucky

question: Which mountain marked the starting point of the Tennessee border described by the state constitution?

answer: Stone Mountain

text: Stone Mountain

question: When Tennessee's border was first defined, territory west of which river was considered for future annexation?

answer: Mississippi River

text: Mississippi River


text: During April 2009, U.S. Federal Reserve vice-chair Janet Yellen discussed these paradoxes: "Once this massive credit crunch hit, it didn’t take long before we were in a recession. The recession, in turn, deepened the credit crunch as demand and employment fell, and credit losses of financial institutions surged. Indeed, we have been in the grips of precisely this adverse feedback loop for more than a year. A process of balance sheet deleveraging has spread to nearly every corner of the economy. Consumers are pulling back on purchases, especially on durable goods, to build their savings. Businesses are cancelling planned investments and laying off workers to preserve cash. And, financial institutions are shrinking assets to bolster capital and improve their chances of weathering the current storm. Once again, Minsky understood this dynamic. He spoke of the paradox of deleveraging, in which precautions that may be smart for individuals and firms—and indeed essential to return the economy to a normal state—nevertheless magnify the distress of the economy as a whole."

title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

text: During

text: April

text: U.S.

text: Federal

text: Reserve

text: vice

text: chair

text: Janet

text: Yellen

text: discussed

text: these

text: paradoxes

text: Once

text: this

text: massive

text: credit

text: crunch

text: hit

text: it

text: did

text: n’t

text: take

text: long

text: before

text: we

text: were

text: in

text: a

text: recession

text: The

text: recession

text: in

text: turn

text: deepened

text: the

text: credit

text: crunch

text: as

text: demand

text: and

text: employment

text: fell

text: and

text: credit

text: losses

text: of

text: financial

text: institutions

text: surged

text: Indeed

text: we

text: have

text: been

text: in

text: the

text: grips

text: of

text: precisely

text: this

text: adverse

text: feedback

text: loop

text: for

text: more

text: than

text: a

text: year

text: A

text: process

text: of

text: balance

text: sheet

text: deleveraging

text: has

text: spread

text: to

text: nearly

text: every

text: corner

text: of

text: the

text: economy

text: Consumers

text: are

text: pulling

text: back

text: on

text: purchases

text: especially

text: on

text: durable

text: goods

text: to

text: build

text: their

text: savings

text: Businesses

text: are

text: cancelling

text: planned

text: investments

text: and

text: laying

text: off

text: workers

text: to

text: preserve

text: cash

text: And

text: financial

text: institutions

text: are

text: shrinking

text: assets

text: to

text: bolster

text: capital

text: and

text: improve

text: their

text: chances

text: of

text: weathering

text: the

text: current

text: storm

text: Once

text: again

text: Minsky

text: understood

text: this

text: dynamic

text: He

text: spoke

text: of

text: the

text: paradox

text: of

text: deleveraging

text: in

text: which

text: precautions

text: that

text: may

text: be

text: smart

text: for

text: individuals

text: and

text: firms

text: and

text: indeed

text: essential

text: to

text: return

text: the

text: economy

text: to

text: a

text: normal

text: state

text: nevertheless

text: magnify

text: the

text: distress

text: of

text: the

text: economy

text: as

text: a

text: whole

question: Who was the U.S. Federal Reserve vice-chair in April 2009?

answer: Janet Yellen

text: Janet Yellen

question: What happened soon after the massive credit crunch hit?

answer: we were in a recession

text: we were in a recession

question: What deepened the credit crunch when demand and employment fell?

answer: recession

text: recession

question: What was one of the actions businesses took to preserve cash?

answer: cancelling planned investments

text: cancelling planned investments

question: What occurred in nearly every corner of the economy after the financial crisis of 2007?

answer: balance sheet deleveraging

text: balance sheet deleveraging