text: Some Flemish dialects are so distinct that they might be considered as separate language variants, although the strong significance of language in Belgian politics would prevent the government from classifying them as such. West Flemish in particular has sometimes been considered a distinct variety. Dialect borders of these dialects do not correspond to present political boundaries, but reflect older, medieval divisions. The Brabantian dialect group, for instance, also extends to much of the south of the Netherlands, and so does Limburgish. West Flemish is also spoken in Zeelandic Flanders (part of the Dutch province of Zeeland), and by older people in French Flanders (a small area that borders Belgium).

title: Dutch_language

title: Dutch_language

text: Some

text: Flemish

text: dialects

text: are

text: so

text: distinct

text: that

text: they

text: might

text: be

text: considered

text: as

text: separate

text: language

text: variants

text: although

text: the

text: strong

text: significance

text: of

text: language

text: in

text: Belgian

text: politics

text: would

text: prevent

text: the

text: government

text: from

text: classifying

text: them

text: as

text: such

text: West

text: Flemish

text: in

text: particular

text: has

text: sometimes

text: been

text: considered

text: a

text: distinct

text: variety

text: Dialect

text: borders

text: of

text: these

text: dialects

text: do

text: not

text: correspond

text: to

text: present

text: political

text: boundaries

text: but

text: reflect

text: older

text: medieval

text: divisions

text: The

text: Brabantian

text: dialect

text: group

text: for

text: instance

text: also

text: extends

text: to

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: and

text: so

text: does

text: Limburgish

text: West

text: Flemish

text: is

text: also

text: spoken

text: in

text: Zeelandic

text: Flanders

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Dutch

text: province

text: of

text: Zeeland

text: and

text: by

text: older

text: people

text: in

text: French

text: Flanders

text: a

text: small

text: area

text: that

text: borders

text: Belgium

question: What Dutch dialect is so distinct that it's often considered a language variant?

answer: West Flemish

text: West Flemish

question: What kind of governmental boundary does dialect distribution transcend, reflecting medieval divisions?

answer: political boundaries

text: political boundaries

question: What province is Zeelandic Flanders in?

answer: Zeeland

text: Zeeland

question: What area that abuts Belgium still has some older people who speak West Flemish?

answer: French Flanders

text: French Flanders

question: Along with Limburgish, what other Dutch dialect is spoken down into a lot of the southern Netherlands?

answer: Brabantian

text: Brabantian


text: The race was the most expensive for Congress in the country that year and four days before the general election, Durkin withdrew and endorsed Cronin, hoping to see Kerry defeated. The week before, a poll had put Kerry 10 points ahead of Cronin, with Dukin on 13%. In the final days of the campaign, Kerry sensed that it was "slipping away" and Cronin emerged victorious by 110,970 votes (53.45%) to Kerry's 92,847 (44.72%). After his defeat, Kerry lamented in a letter to supporters that "for two solid weeks, [The Sun] called me un-American, New Left antiwar agitator, unpatriotic, and labeled me every other 'un-' and 'anti-' that they could find. It's hard to believe that one newspaper could be so powerful, but they were." He later felt that his failure to respond directly to The Sun's attacks cost him the race.

title: John_Kerry

title: John_Kerry

text: The

text: race

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: expensive

text: for

text: Congress

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: that

text: year

text: and

text: four

text: days

text: before

text: the

text: general

text: election

text: Durkin

text: withdrew

text: and

text: endorsed

text: Cronin

text: hoping

text: to

text: see

text: Kerry

text: defeated

text: The

text: week

text: before

text: a

text: poll

text: had

text: put

text: Kerry

text: points

text: ahead

text: of

text: Cronin

text: with

text: Dukin

text: on

text: In

text: the

text: final

text: days

text: of

text: the

text: campaign

text: Kerry

text: sensed

text: that

text: it

text: was

text: slipping

text: away

text: and

text: Cronin

text: emerged

text: victorious

text: by

text: votes

text: to

text: Kerry

text: 's

text: After

text: his

text: defeat

text: Kerry

text: lamented

text: in

text: a

text: letter

text: to

text: supporters

text: that

text: for

text: two

text: solid

text: weeks

text: The

text: Sun

text: called

text: me

text: un

text: American

text: New

text: Left

text: antiwar

text: agitator

text: unpatriotic

text: and

text: labeled

text: me

text: every

text: other

text: un-

text: and

text: anti-

text: that

text: they

text: could

text: find

text: It

text: 's

text: hard

text: to

text: believe

text: that

text: one

text: newspaper

text: could

text: be

text: so

text: powerful

text: but

text: they

text: were

text: He

text: later

text: felt

text: that

text: his

text: failure

text: to

text: respond

text: directly

text: to

text: The

text: Sun

text: 's

text: attacks

text: cost

text: him

text: the

text: race

question: How many votes did Cronin get against Kerry?

answer: 110,970

question: What percent of votes did Cronin get against Kerry?

answer: 53.45%

question: How many votes did Kerry get against Cronin?

answer: 92,847

question: What percent of votes did Kerry get against Cronin?

answer: 44.72%

question: What did Kerry think cost him the race against Cronin?

answer: his failure to respond directly to The Sun's attacks

text: his failure to respond directly to The Sun's attacks


text: Arsenal began winning silverware again with the surprise appointment of club physiotherapist Bertie Mee as manager in 1966. After losing two League Cup finals, they won their first European trophy, the 1969–70 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup. This was followed by an even greater triumph: their first League and FA Cup double in 1970–71. This marked a premature high point of the decade; the Double-winning side was soon broken up and the following decade was characterised by a series of near misses, starting with Arsenal finishing as FA Cup runners up in 1972, and First Division runners-up in 1972–73.

title: Arsenal_F.C.

title: Arsenal_F.C.

text: Arsenal

text: began

text: winning

text: silverware

text: again

text: with

text: the

text: surprise

text: appointment

text: of

text: club

text: physiotherapist

text: Bertie

text: Mee

text: as

text: manager

text: in

text: After

text: losing

text: two

text: League

text: Cup

text: finals

text: they

text: won

text: their

text: first

text: European

text: trophy

text: the

text: Inter

text: Cities

text: Fairs

text: Cup

text: This

text: was

text: followed

text: by

text: an

text: even

text: greater

text: triumph

text: their

text: first

text: League

text: and

text: FA

text: Cup

text: double

text: in

text: This

text: marked

text: a

text: premature

text: high

text: point

text: of

text: the

text: decade

text: the

text: Double

text: winning

text: side

text: was

text: soon

text: broken

text: up

text: and

text: the

text: following

text: decade

text: was

text: characterised

text: by

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: near

text: misses

text: starting

text: with

text: Arsenal

text: finishing

text: as

text: FA

text: Cup

text: runners

text: up

text: in

text: and

text: First

text: Division

text: runners

text: up

text: in

question: When was Bertie Mee become manager of Arsenal?

answer: 1966

question: What position did Mee hold in the Arsenal club prior to becoming manager?

answer: physiotherapist

text: physiotherapist

question: In which season did Arsenal win its first European trophy?

answer: 1969–70

question: For how long after Arsenal's first trophy win the team do poorly competitions?

answer: decade

text: decade

question: In what season did Arsenal win their first League and FA Cup double?

answer: 1970–71


text: The first aircraft, a South African Beechcraft King Air 200, landed at the new airport on 15 September 2015, prior to conducting a series of flights to calibrate the airport's radio navigation equipment.

title: Saint_Helena

title: Saint_Helena

text: The

text: first

text: aircraft

text: a

text: South

text: African

text: Beechcraft

text: King

text: Air

text: landed

text: at

text: the

text: new

text: airport

text: on

text: September

text: prior

text: to

text: conducting

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: flights

text: to

text: calibrate

text: the

text: airport

text: 's

text: radio

text: navigation

text: equipment

question: What kind of aircraft was the first to land at the new airport?

answer: South African Beechcraft King Air 200

text: South African Beechcraft King Air 200

question: What date did the aircraft land at the new airport?

answer: 15 September 2015

text: 15 September 2015

question: What are they calibrating via test flights at the airport?

answer: the airport's radio navigation equipment.

text: the airport's radio navigation equipment.


text: The architecture and urbanism of the Classical civilizations such as the Greek and the Roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged. Architectural "style" developed in the form of the Classical orders.

title: Architecture

title: Architecture

text: The

text: architecture

text: and

text: urbanism

text: of

text: the

text: Classical

text: civilizations

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Greek

text: and

text: the

text: Roman

text: evolved

text: from

text: civic

text: ideals

text: rather

text: than

text: religious

text: or

text: empirical

text: ones

text: and

text: new

text: building

text: types

text: emerged

text: Architectural

text: style

text: developed

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: the

text: Classical

text: orders

question: From what ideals did Classical architecture emerge?

answer: civic ideals

text: civic ideals

question: These civic ideas allowed what to come into being?

answer: new building types

text: new building types

question: What ideals were Greek and Roman Classical architecture not based on?

answer: religious or empirical ones

text: religious or empirical ones

question: What owes its development to the Classical orders?

answer: Architectural "style"

text: Architectural "style"


text: Paper made from mechanical pulp contains significant amounts of lignin, a major component in wood. In the presence of light and oxygen, lignin reacts to give yellow materials, which is why newsprint and other mechanical paper yellows with age. Paper made from bleached kraft or sulfite pulps does not contain significant amounts of lignin and is therefore better suited for books, documents and other applications where whiteness of the paper is essential.

title: Paper

title: Paper

text: Paper

text: made

text: from

text: mechanical

text: pulp

text: contains

text: significant

text: amounts

text: of

text: lignin

text: a

text: major

text: component

text: in

text: wood

text: In

text: the

text: presence

text: of

text: light

text: and

text: oxygen

text: lignin

text: reacts

text: to

text: give

text: yellow

text: materials

text: which

text: is

text: why

text: newsprint

text: and

text: other

text: mechanical

text: paper

text: yellows

text: with

text: age

text: Paper

text: made

text: from

text: bleached

text: kraft

text: or

text: sulfite

text: pulps

text: does

text: not

text: contain

text: significant

text: amounts

text: of

text: lignin

text: and

text: is

text: therefore

text: better

text: suited

text: for

text: books

text: documents

text: and

text: other

text: applications

text: where

text: whiteness

text: of

text: the

text: paper

text: is

text: essential

question: What particle is associated with the yellowing of newspapers?

answer: lignin

text: lignin

question: A book is likely made with paper that has low amounts of what component of wood?

answer: lignin

text: lignin

question: What does lignin react to to produce the yellowing you see in newspapers?

answer: light and oxygen

text: light and oxygen


text: When a Teletype 33 ASR equipped with the automatic paper tape reader received a Control-S (XOFF, an abbreviation for transmit off), it caused the tape reader to stop; receiving Control-Q (XON, "transmit on") caused the tape reader to resume. This technique became adopted by several early computer operating systems as a "handshaking" signal warning a sender to stop transmission because of impending overflow; it persists to this day in many systems as a manual output control technique. On some systems Control-S retains its meaning but Control-Q is replaced by a second Control-S to resume output. The 33 ASR also could be configured to employ Control-R (DC2) and Control-T (DC4) to start and stop the tape punch; on some units equipped with this function, the corresponding control character lettering on the keycap above the letter was TAPE and TAPE respectively.

title: ASCII

title: ASCII

text: When

text: a

text: Teletype

text: ASR

text: equipped

text: with

text: the

text: automatic

text: paper

text: tape

text: reader

text: received

text: a

text: Control

text: S

text: XOFF

text: an

text: abbreviation

text: for

text: transmit

text: off

text: it

text: caused

text: the

text: tape

text: reader

text: to

text: stop

text: receiving

text: Control

text: Q

text: XON

text: transmit

text: on

text: caused

text: the

text: tape

text: reader

text: to

text: resume

text: This

text: technique

text: became

text: adopted

text: by

text: several

text: early

text: computer

text: operating

text: systems

text: as

text: a

text: handshaking

text: signal

text: warning

text: a

text: sender

text: to

text: stop

text: transmission

text: because

text: of

text: impending

text: overflow

text: it

text: persists

text: to

text: this

text: day

text: in

text: many

text: systems

text: as

text: a

text: manual

text: output

text: control

text: technique

text: On

text: some

text: systems

text: Control

text: S

text: retains

text: its

text: meaning

text: but

text: Control

text: Q

text: is

text: replaced

text: by

text: a

text: second

text: Control

text: S

text: to

text: resume

text: output

text: The

text: ASR

text: also

text: could

text: be

text: configured

text: to

text: employ

text: Control

text: R

text: and

text: Control

text: T

text: to

text: start

text: and

text: stop

text: the

text: tape

text: punch

text: on

text: some

text: units

text: equipped

text: with

text: this

text: function

text: the

text: corresponding

text: control

text: character

text: lettering

text: on

text: the

text: keycap

text: above

text: the

text: letter

text: was

text: TAPE

text: and

text: TAPE

text: respectively

question: What casued the automatic paper tape reader to stop?

answer: a Control-S

text: a Control-S

question: What caused the automatic paper tape reader to start again?

answer: Control-Q

text: Control-Q

question: What was the warning signal called that warned the sender that there was impending overflow?

answer: handshaking

text: handshaking

question: What two controls can be configured with 33 ASR?

answer: Control-R (DC2) and Control-T (DC4)

text: Control-R (DC2) and Control-T (DC4)


text: The Canadian Rangers, who provide surveillance and patrol services in Canada's arctic and other remote areas, are an essential reserve force component used for Canada's exercise of sovereignty over its northern territory.

title: Canadian_Armed_Forces

title: Canadian_Armed_Forces

text: The

text: Canadian

text: Rangers

text: who

text: provide

text: surveillance

text: and

text: patrol

text: services

text: in

text: Canada

text: 's

text: arctic

text: and

text: other

text: remote

text: areas

text: are

text: an

text: essential

text: reserve

text: force

text: component

text: used

text: for

text: Canada

text: 's

text: exercise

text: of

text: sovereignty

text: over

text: its

text: northern

text: territory

question: What do Canadian Rangers perform?

answer: provide surveillance and patrol services

text: provide surveillance and patrol services

question: Where do the Canadian Rangers operate?

answer: in Canada's arctic

text: in Canada's arctic

question: Which force are the Rangers part of?

answer: reserve force

text: reserve force

question: What do the Canadian Rangers safekeep?

answer: Canada's exercise of sovereignty over its northern territory

text: Canada's exercise of sovereignty over its northern territory


text: A nonprofit organization (NPO, also known as a non-business entity) is an organization whose purposes are other than making a profit. A nonprofit organization is often dedicated to furthering a particular social cause or advocating for a particular point of view. In economic terms, a nonprofit organization uses its surplus revenues to further achieve its purpose or mission, rather than distributing its surplus income to the organization's shareholders (or equivalents) as profit or dividends. This is known as the distribution constraint. The decision to adopt a nonprofit legal structure is one that will often have taxation implications, particularly where the nonprofit seeks income tax exemption, charitable status and so on.

title: Nonprofit_organization

title: Nonprofit_organization

text: A

text: nonprofit

text: organization

text: NPO

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: a

text: non

text: business

text: entity

text: is

text: an

text: organization

text: whose

text: purposes

text: are

text: other

text: than

text: making

text: a

text: profit

text: A

text: nonprofit

text: organization

text: is

text: often

text: dedicated

text: to

text: furthering

text: a

text: particular

text: social

text: cause

text: or

text: advocating

text: for

text: a

text: particular

text: point

text: of

text: view

text: In

text: economic

text: terms

text: a

text: nonprofit

text: organization

text: uses

text: its

text: surplus

text: revenues

text: to

text: further

text: achieve

text: its

text: purpose

text: or

text: mission

text: rather

text: than

text: distributing

text: its

text: surplus

text: income

text: to

text: the

text: organization

text: 's

text: shareholders

text: or

text: equivalents

text: as

text: profit

text: or

text: dividends

text: This

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: distribution

text: constraint

text: The

text: decision

text: to

text: adopt

text: a

text: nonprofit

text: legal

text: structure

text: is

text: one

text: that

text: will

text: often

text: have

text: taxation

text: implications

text: particularly

text: where

text: the

text: nonprofit

text: seeks

text: income

text: tax

text: exemption

text: charitable

text: status

text: and

text: so

text: on

question: What is the purpose of an NPO?

answer: A nonprofit organization (NPO, also known as a non-business entity) is an organization whose purposes are other than making a profit.

text: A nonprofit organization (NPO, also known as a non-business entity) is an organization whose purposes are other than making a profit.

question: What does an NPO do with it's surplus income?

answer: In economic terms, a nonprofit organization uses its surplus revenues to further achieve its purpose or mission

text: In economic terms, a nonprofit organization uses its surplus revenues to further achieve its purpose or mission

question: What is the constraint's upon an NPO's financial distributions called?

answer: the distribution constraint

text: the distribution constraint

question: What is the definition of a non-profit organization?

answer: purposes are other than making a profit

text: purposes are other than making a profit

question: What is an NPO also known as?

answer: non-business entity

text: non-business entity

question: What is the purpose of an NPO?

answer: furthering a particular social cause or advocating for a particular point of view

text: furthering a particular social cause or advocating for a particular point of view

question: What does a non-profit do with the money it takes in, instead of using it for a profit?

answer: further achieve its purpose or mission, rather than distributing its surplus income to the organization's shareholders (or equivalents) as profit

text: further achieve its purpose or mission, rather than distributing its surplus income to the organization's shareholders (or equivalents) as profit

question: What is it called when a non-profit uses it's money as it should?

answer: distribution constraint

text: distribution constraint


text: The Federal Palace (Bundeshaus), built from 1857 to 1902, which houses the national parliament, government and part of the federal administration, can also be visited.

title: Bern

title: Bern

text: The

text: Federal

text: Palace

text: Bundeshaus

text: built

text: from

text: to

text: which

text: houses

text: the

text: national

text: parliament

text: government

text: and

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: federal

text: administration

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: visited

question: Where is the national parliment housed?

answer: The Federal Palace

text: The Federal Palace

question: What is the Federal Palace called?

answer: Bundeshaus

text: Bundeshaus


text: In the late 14th century, in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vytautas the Great reformed the Grand Duchy's army: instead of calling all men to arms, he created forces comprising professional warriors—bajorai ("nobles"; see the cognate "boyar"). As there were not enough nobles, Vytautas trained suitable men, relieving them of labor on the land and of other duties; for their military service to the Grand Duke, they were granted land that was worked by hired men (veldams). The newly formed noble families generally took up, as their family names, the Lithuanian pagan given names of their ennobled ancestors; this was the case with the Goštautai, Radvilos, Astikai, Kęsgailos and others. These families were granted their coats of arms under the Union of Horodlo (1413).

title: Szlachta

title: Szlachta

text: In

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: in

text: the

text: Grand

text: Duchy

text: of

text: Lithuania

text: Vytautas

text: the

text: Great

text: reformed

text: the

text: Grand

text: Duchy

text: 's

text: army

text: instead

text: of

text: calling

text: all

text: men

text: to

text: arms

text: he

text: created

text: forces

text: comprising

text: professional

text: warriors

text: bajorai

text: nobles

text: see

text: the

text: cognate

text: boyar

text: As

text: there

text: were

text: not

text: enough

text: nobles

text: Vytautas

text: trained

text: suitable

text: men

text: relieving

text: them

text: of

text: labor

text: on

text: the

text: land

text: and

text: of

text: other

text: duties

text: for

text: their

text: military

text: service

text: to

text: the

text: Grand

text: Duke

text: they

text: were

text: granted

text: land

text: that

text: was

text: worked

text: by

text: hired

text: men

text: veldams

text: The

text: newly

text: formed

text: noble

text: families

text: generally

text: took

text: up

text: as

text: their

text: family

text: names

text: the

text: Lithuanian

text: pagan

text: given

text: names

text: of

text: their

text: ennobled

text: ancestors

text: this

text: was

text: the

text: case

text: with

text: the

text: Goštautai

text: Radvilos

text: Astikai

text: Kęsgailos

text: and

text: others

text: These

text: families

text: were

text: granted

text: their

text: coats

text: of

text: arms

text: under

text: the

text: Union

text: of

text: Horodlo

question: WHo reformed the grand duchy army?

answer: Vytautas the Great

text: Vytautas the Great

question: vytautas created what for compromising professional warriors?

answer: bajorai

text: bajorai

question: What names did the newly formed noble families take afteR?

answer: Lithuanian pagan given names of their ennobled ancestors

text: Lithuanian pagan given names of their ennobled ancestors

question: What is an example of noble family name?

answer: Goštautai,

text: Goštautai,

question: Who gave the coat of arms to others?

answer: Union of Horodlo

text: Union of Horodlo


text: Another 44 million acres (18 million hectares) are owned by 12 regional, and scores of local, Native corporations created under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA) of 1971. Regional Native corporation Doyon, Limited often promotes itself as the largest private landowner in Alaska in advertisements and other communications. Provisions of ANCSA allowing the corporations' land holdings to be sold on the open market starting in 1991 were repealed before they could take effect. Effectively, the corporations hold title (including subsurface title in many cases, a privilege denied to individual Alaskans) but cannot sell the land. Individual Native allotments can be and are sold on the open market, however.

title: Alaska

title: Alaska

text: Another

text: million

text: acres

text: million

text: hectares

text: are

text: owned

text: by

text: regional

text: and

text: scores

text: of

text: local

text: Native

text: corporations

text: created

text: under

text: the

text: Alaska

text: Native

text: Claims

text: Settlement

text: Act

text: ANCSA

text: of

text: Regional

text: Native

text: corporation

text: Doyon

text: Limited

text: often

text: promotes

text: itself

text: as

text: the

text: largest

text: private

text: landowner

text: in

text: Alaska

text: in

text: advertisements

text: and

text: other

text: communications

text: Provisions

text: of

text: ANCSA

text: allowing

text: the

text: corporations

text: land

text: holdings

text: to

text: be

text: sold

text: on

text: the

text: open

text: market

text: starting

text: in

text: were

text: repealed

text: before

text: they

text: could

text: take

text: effect

text: Effectively

text: the

text: corporations

text: hold

text: title

text: including

text: subsurface

text: title

text: in

text: many

text: cases

text: a

text: privilege

text: denied

text: to

text: individual

text: Alaskans

text: but

text: can

text: not

text: sell

text: the

text: land

text: Individual

text: Native

text: allotments

text: can

text: be

text: and

text: are

text: sold

text: on

text: the

text: open

text: market

text: however

question: Which group claims it is Alaska's largest private land owner?

answer: Doyon, Limited

text: Doyon, Limited

question: What privelege do private Alaskan corporations have that its public citizens do not?

answer: hold title (including subsurface title in many cases

text: hold title (including subsurface title in many cases

question: Was a law enacted in 1991 allowing corporations to sell land holdings or was it repealed?

answer: repealed before they could take effect

text: repealed before they could take effect


text: Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) typically store their genomes on a single large, circular chromosome. Similarly, some eukaryotic organelles contain a remnant circular chromosome with a small number of genes.:14.4 Prokaryotes sometimes supplement their chromosome with additional small circles of DNA called plasmids, which usually encode only a few genes and are transferable between individuals. For example, the genes for antibiotic resistance are usually encoded on bacterial plasmids and can be passed between individual cells, even those of different species, via horizontal gene transfer.

title: Gene

title: Gene

text: Prokaryotes

text: bacteria

text: and

text: archaea

text: typically

text: store

text: their

text: genomes

text: on

text: a

text: single

text: large

text: circular

text: chromosome

text: Similarly

text: some

text: eukaryotic

text: organelles

text: contain

text: a

text: remnant

text: circular

text: chromosome

text: with

text: a

text: small

text: number

text: of

text: Prokaryotes

text: sometimes

text: supplement

text: their

text: chromosome

text: with

text: additional

text: small

text: circles

text: of

text: DNA

text: called

text: plasmids

text: which

text: usually

text: encode

text: only

text: a

text: few

text: genes

text: and

text: are

text: transferable

text: between

text: individuals

text: For

text: example

text: the

text: genes

text: for

text: antibiotic

text: resistance

text: are

text: usually

text: encoded

text: on

text: bacterial

text: plasmids

text: and

text: can

text: be

text: passed

text: between

text: individual

text: cells

text: even

text: those

text: of

text: different

text: species

text: via

text: horizontal

text: gene

text: transfer

question: What are prokaryotes?

answer: bacteria and archaea

text: bacteria and archaea

question: How do prokaryotes store their genomes?

answer: on a single large, circular chromosome

text: on a single large, circular chromosome

question: What type of chromosome do some eukaryotic organelles contain?

answer: a remnant circular chromosome with a small number of genes

text: a remnant circular chromosome with a small number of genes

question: Small circles of DNA that encode only a few genes and are transferable between individuals are called what?

answer: plasmids

text: plasmids

question: What allows genes for antibiotic resistance to be passed between individual cells?

answer: horizontal gene transfer

text: horizontal gene transfer


text: A band of Middle Devonian limestone runs west to east from Cremyll to Plymstock including the Hoe. Local limestone may be seen in numerous buildings, walls and pavements throughout Plymouth. To the north and north east of the city is the granite mass of Dartmoor; the granite was mined and exported via Plymouth. Rocks brought down the Tamar from Dartmoor include ores containing tin, copper, tungsten, lead and other minerals. There is evidence that the middle Devonian limestone belt at the south edge of Plymouth and in Plymstock was quarried at West Hoe, Cattedown and Radford.

title: Plymouth

title: Plymouth

text: A

text: band

text: of

text: Middle

text: Devonian

text: limestone

text: runs

text: west

text: to

text: east

text: from

text: Cremyll

text: to

text: Plymstock

text: including

text: the

text: Hoe

text: Local

text: limestone

text: may

text: be

text: seen

text: in

text: numerous

text: buildings

text: walls

text: and

text: pavements

text: throughout

text: Plymouth

text: To

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: north

text: east

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: is

text: the

text: granite

text: mass

text: of

text: Dartmoor

text: the

text: granite

text: was

text: mined

text: and

text: exported

text: via

text: Plymouth

text: Rocks

text: brought

text: down

text: the

text: Tamar

text: from

text: Dartmoor

text: include

text: ores

text: containing

text: tin

text: copper

text: tungsten

text: lead

text: and

text: other

text: minerals

text: There

text: is

text: evidence

text: that

text: the

text: middle

text: Devonian

text: limestone

text: belt

text: at

text: the

text: south

text: edge

text: of

text: Plymouth

text: and

text: in

text: Plymstock

text: was

text: quarried

text: at

text: West

text: Hoe

text: Cattedown

text: and

text: Radford

question: Middle Devonian limestone exists between Plymstock and what location?

answer: Cremyll

text: Cremyll

question: What location north of the city possesses granite?

answer: Dartmoor

text: Dartmoor

question: What river was used to ferry granite from Dartmoor to Plymouth?

answer: Tamar

text: Tamar

question: Along with West Hoe and Radford, where was Middle Devonian limestone quarried in the region?

answer: Cattedown

text: Cattedown

question: What local stone was used in the construction of many Plymouth buildings?

answer: limestone

text: limestone


text: In 1274, the Mongol-founded Yuan dynasty in China sent a force of some 40,000 men and 900 ships to invade Japan in northern Kyūshū. Japan mustered a mere 10,000 samurai to meet this threat. The invading army was harassed by major thunderstorms throughout the invasion, which aided the defenders by inflicting heavy casualties. The Yuan army was eventually recalled and the invasion was called off. The Mongol invaders used small bombs, which was likely the first appearance of bombs and gunpowder in Japan.

title: Samurai

title: Samurai

text: In

text: the

text: Mongol

text: founded

text: Yuan

text: dynasty

text: in

text: China

text: sent

text: a

text: force

text: of

text: some

text: men

text: and

text: ships

text: to

text: invade

text: Japan

text: in

text: northern

text: Kyūshū

text: Japan

text: mustered

text: a

text: mere

text: samurai

text: to

text: meet

text: this

text: threat

text: The

text: invading

text: army

text: was

text: harassed

text: by

text: major

text: thunderstorms

text: throughout

text: the

text: invasion

text: which

text: aided

text: the

text: defenders

text: by

text: inflicting

text: heavy

text: casualties

text: The

text: Yuan

text: army

text: was

text: eventually

text: recalled

text: and

text: the

text: invasion

text: was

text: called

text: off

text: The

text: Mongol

text: invaders

text: used

text: small

text: bombs

text: which

text: was

text: likely

text: the

text: first

text: appearance

text: of

text: bombs

text: and

text: gunpowder

text: in

text: Japan

question: Which Chinese dynasty was founded by Mongols?

answer: Yuan

text: Yuan

question: How many troops did the Yuan send to invade Japan?

answer: 40,000

question: How many ships did the Yuan send to invade Japan?

answer: 900

question: Where did the Yuan invade Japan?

answer: northern Kyūshū

text: northern Kyūshū

question: How many samurai did Japan defeat the Yuan invasion with?

answer: 10,000


text: Subtractive methods remove copper from an entirely copper-coated board to leave only the desired copper pattern. In additive methods the pattern is electroplated onto a bare substrate using a complex process. The advantage of the additive method is that less material is needed and less waste is produced. In the full additive process the bare laminate is covered with a photosensitive film which is imaged (exposed to light through a mask and then developed which removes the unexposed film). The exposed areas are sensitized in a chemical bath, usually containing palladium and similar to that used for through hole plating which makes the exposed area capable of bonding metal ions. The laminate is then plated with copper in the sensitized areas. When the mask is stripped, the PCB is finished.

title: Printed_circuit_board

title: Printed_circuit_board

text: Subtractive

text: methods

text: remove

text: copper

text: from

text: an

text: entirely

text: copper

text: coated

text: board

text: to

text: leave

text: only

text: the

text: desired

text: copper

text: pattern

text: In

text: additive

text: methods

text: the

text: pattern

text: is

text: electroplated

text: onto

text: a

text: bare

text: substrate

text: using

text: a

text: complex

text: process

text: The

text: advantage

text: of

text: the

text: additive

text: method

text: is

text: that

text: less

text: material

text: is

text: needed

text: and

text: less

text: waste

text: is

text: produced

text: In

text: the

text: full

text: additive

text: process

text: the

text: bare

text: laminate

text: is

text: covered

text: with

text: a

text: photosensitive

text: film

text: which

text: is

text: imaged

text: exposed

text: to

text: light

text: through

text: a

text: mask

text: and

text: then

text: developed

text: which

text: removes

text: the

text: unexposed

text: film

text: The

text: exposed

text: areas

text: are

text: sensitized

text: in

text: a

text: chemical

text: bath

text: usually

text: containing

text: palladium

text: and

text: similar

text: to

text: that

text: used

text: for

text: through

text: hole

text: plating

text: which

text: makes

text: the

text: exposed

text: area

text: capable

text: of

text: bonding

text: metal

text: ions

text: The

text: laminate

text: is

text: then

text: plated

text: with

text: copper

text: in

text: the

text: sensitized

text: areas

text: When

text: the

text: mask

text: is

text: stripped

text: the

text: PCB

text: is

text: finished

question: Do additive or subtractive methods use less raw materials?

answer: additive

text: additive

question: What object is used to expose selected parts of the photosensitive film to light?

answer: mask

text: mask

question: What chemical element is often present in the bath used to sensitive exposed film after it's been imaged?

answer: palladium

text: palladium

question: In subtractive methods, what metal covers the board and is then partially removed?

answer: copper

text: copper

question: In the additive method, which parts of the laminate are plated with copper?

answer: sensitized areas

text: sensitized areas


text: Translation is the process by which a mature mRNA molecule is used as a template for synthesizing a new protein.:6.2 Translation is carried out by ribosomes, large complexes of RNA and protein responsible for carrying out the chemical reactions to add new amino acids to a growing polypeptide chain by the formation of peptide bonds. The genetic code is read three nucleotides at a time, in units called codons, via interactions with specialized RNA molecules called transfer RNA (tRNA). Each tRNA has three unpaired bases known as the anticodon that are complementary to the codon it reads on the mRNA. The tRNA is also covalently attached to the amino acid specified by the complementary codon. When the tRNA binds to its complementary codon in an mRNA strand, the ribosome attaches its amino acid cargo to the new polypeptide chain, which is synthesized from amino terminus to carboxyl terminus. During and after synthesis, most new proteins must folds to their active three-dimensional structure before they can carry out their cellular functions.:3

title: Gene

title: Gene

text: Translation

text: is

text: the

text: process

text: by

text: which

text: a

text: mature

text: mRNA

text: molecule

text: is

text: used

text: as

text: a

text: template

text: for

text: synthesizing

text: a

text: new

text: Translation

text: is

text: carried

text: out

text: by

text: ribosomes

text: large

text: complexes

text: of

text: RNA

text: and

text: protein

text: responsible

text: for

text: carrying

text: out

text: the

text: chemical

text: reactions

text: to

text: add

text: new

text: amino

text: acids

text: to

text: a

text: growing

text: polypeptide

text: chain

text: by

text: the

text: formation

text: of

text: peptide

text: bonds

text: The

text: genetic

text: code

text: is

text: read

text: three

text: nucleotides

text: at

text: a

text: time

text: in

text: units

text: called

text: codons

text: via

text: interactions

text: with

text: specialized

text: RNA

text: molecules

text: called

text: transfer

text: RNA

text: tRNA

text: Each

text: tRNA

text: has

text: three

text: unpaired

text: bases

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: anticodon

text: that

text: are

text: complementary

text: to

text: the

text: codon

text: it

text: reads

text: on

text: the

text: mRNA

text: The

text: tRNA

text: is

text: also

text: covalently

text: attached

text: to

text: the

text: amino

text: acid

text: specified

text: by

text: the

text: complementary

text: codon

text: When

text: the

text: tRNA

text: binds

text: to

text: its

text: complementary

text: codon

text: in

text: an

text: mRNA

text: strand

text: the

text: ribosome

text: attaches

text: its

text: amino

text: acid

text: cargo

text: to

text: the

text: new

text: polypeptide

text: chain

text: which

text: is

text: synthesized

text: from

text: amino

text: terminus

text: to

text: carboxyl

text: terminus

text: During

text: and

text: after

text: synthesis

text: most

text: new

text: proteins

text: must

text: folds

text: to

text: their

text: active

text: three

text: dimensional

text: structure

text: before

text: they

text: can

text: carry

text: out

text: their

text: cellular

question: What is the process by which a mature mRNA molecule is used as a template for synthesizing a new protein called?

answer: Translation

text: Translation

question: What does a ribosome consist of?

answer: large complexes of RNA and protein

text: large complexes of RNA and protein

question: What is a ribosome responsible for?

answer: carrying out the chemical reactions to add new amino acids to a growing polypeptide chain

text: carrying out the chemical reactions to add new amino acids to a growing polypeptide chain

question: How is the genetic code read?

answer: via interactions with specialized RNA molecules called transfer RNA (tRNA)

text: via interactions with specialized RNA molecules called transfer RNA (tRNA)

question: How many unpaired bases does each tRNA have?

answer: three

text: three


text: A third concern with the Kinsey scale is that it inappropriately measures heterosexuality and homosexuality on the same scale, making one a tradeoff of the other. Research in the 1970s on masculinity and femininity found that concepts of masculinity and femininity are more appropriately measured as independent concepts on a separate scale rather than as a single continuum, with each end representing opposite extremes. When compared on the same scale, they act as tradeoffs such, whereby to be more feminine one had to be less masculine and vice versa. However, if they are considered as separate dimensions one can be simultaneously very masculine and very feminine. Similarly, considering heterosexuality and homosexuality on separate scales would allow one to be both very heterosexual and very homosexual or not very much of either. When they are measured independently, the degree of heterosexual and homosexual can be independently determined, rather than the balance between heterosexual and homosexual as determined using the Kinsey Scale.

title: Sexual_orientation

title: Sexual_orientation

text: A

text: third

text: concern

text: with

text: the

text: Kinsey

text: scale

text: is

text: that

text: it

text: inappropriately

text: measures

text: heterosexuality

text: and

text: homosexuality

text: on

text: the

text: same

text: scale

text: making

text: one

text: a

text: tradeoff

text: of

text: the

text: other

text: Research

text: in

text: the

text: on

text: masculinity

text: and

text: femininity

text: found

text: that

text: concepts

text: of

text: masculinity

text: and

text: femininity

text: are

text: more

text: appropriately

text: measured

text: as

text: independent

text: concepts

text: on

text: a

text: separate

text: scale

text: rather

text: than

text: as

text: a

text: single

text: continuum

text: with

text: each

text: end

text: representing

text: opposite

text: extremes

text: When

text: compared

text: on

text: the

text: same

text: scale

text: they

text: act

text: as

text: tradeoffs

text: such

text: whereby

text: to

text: be

text: more

text: feminine

text: one

text: had

text: to

text: be

text: less

text: masculine

text: and

text: vice

text: versa

text: However

text: if

text: they

text: are

text: considered

text: as

text: separate

text: dimensions

text: one

text: can

text: be

text: simultaneously

text: very

text: masculine

text: and

text: very

text: feminine

text: Similarly

text: considering

text: heterosexuality

text: and

text: homosexuality

text: on

text: separate

text: scales

text: would

text: allow

text: one

text: to

text: be

text: both

text: very

text: heterosexual

text: and

text: very

text: homosexual

text: or

text: not

text: very

text: much

text: of

text: either

text: When

text: they

text: are

text: measured

text: independently

text: the

text: degree

text: of

text: heterosexual

text: and

text: homosexual

text: can

text: be

text: independently

text: determined

text: rather

text: than

text: the

text: balance

text: between

text: heterosexual

text: and

text: homosexual

text: as

text: determined

text: using

text: the

text: Kinsey

text: Scale

question: What was a concern of the Kinsey scale?

answer: it inappropriately measures heterosexuality and homosexuality

text: it inappropriately measures heterosexuality and homosexuality

question: How are masculinity and femininity more appropriately measured?

answer: as independent concepts on a separate scale

text: as independent concepts on a separate scale

question: What happens if the concepts are measured on the same scale?

answer: they act as tradeoffs such, whereby to be more feminine one had to be less masculine and vice versa

text: they act as tradeoffs such, whereby to be more feminine one had to be less masculine and vice versa

question: What is the advantage of measuring these elements separately?

answer: the degree of heterosexual and homosexual can be independently determined, rather than the balance between heterosexual and homosexual

text: the degree of heterosexual and homosexual can be independently determined, rather than the balance between heterosexual and homosexual

question: What is considered to be a problem with the Kinsey scale?

answer: inappropriately measures heterosexuality and homosexuality on the same scale

text: inappropriately measures heterosexuality and homosexuality on the same scale

question: What did the research performed in the 1970s show about masculinity and feminity?

answer: more appropriately measured as independent concepts on a separate scale rather than as a single continuum

text: more appropriately measured as independent concepts on a separate scale rather than as a single continuum

question: What would be possible if homesexuality and heterosexuality where measured on different scales?

answer: would allow one to be both very heterosexual and very homosexual or not very much of either.

text: would allow one to be both very heterosexual and very homosexual or not very much of either.

question: What is another benefit of measuring sexuality on two scaless verses just the Kinsey scale?

answer: the degree of heterosexual and homosexual can be independently determined,

text: the degree of heterosexual and homosexual can be independently determined,


text: Jonassohn and Björnson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use slightly different definitions to help them interpret events. For example, Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn studied the whole of human history, while Leo Kuper and R. J. Rummel in their more recent works concentrated on the 20th century, and Helen Fein, Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr have looked at post World War II events. Jonassohn and Björnson are critical of some of these studies, arguing that they are too expansive, and conclude that the academic discipline of genocide studies is too young to have a canon of work on which to build an academic paradigm.

title: Genocide

title: Genocide

text: Jonassohn

text: and

text: Björnson

text: postulate

text: that

text: the

text: major

text: reason

text: why

text: no

text: single

text: generally

text: accepted

text: genocide

text: definition

text: has

text: emerged

text: is

text: because

text: academics

text: have

text: adjusted

text: their

text: focus

text: to

text: emphasise

text: different

text: periods

text: and

text: have

text: found

text: it

text: expedient

text: to

text: use

text: slightly

text: different

text: definitions

text: to

text: help

text: them

text: interpret

text: events

text: For

text: example

text: Frank

text: Chalk

text: and

text: Kurt

text: Jonassohn

text: studied

text: the

text: whole

text: of

text: human

text: history

text: while

text: Leo

text: Kuper

text: and

text: R.

text: J.

text: Rummel

text: in

text: their

text: more

text: recent

text: works

text: concentrated

text: on

text: the

text: century

text: and

text: Helen

text: Fein

text: Barbara

text: Harff

text: and

text: Ted

text: Gurr

text: have

text: looked

text: at

text: post

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: events

text: Jonassohn

text: and

text: Björnson

text: are

text: critical

text: of

text: some

text: of

text: these

text: studies

text: arguing

text: that

text: they

text: are

text: too

text: expansive

text: and

text: conclude

text: that

text: the

text: academic

text: discipline

text: of

text: genocide

text: studies

text: is

text: too

text: young

text: to

text: have

text: a

text: canon

text: of

text: work

text: on

text: which

text: to

text: build

text: an

text: academic

text: paradigm

question: What two writers examined the lack of an accepted and singular definition for genocide?

answer: Jonassohn and Björnson

text: Jonassohn and Björnson

question: The two writers suggested that academics adjusted what in their different definitions to assist them in interpreting events?

answer: their focus

text: their focus

question: What writer joined Jonassohn in the study of the whole of human history?

answer: Frank Chalk

text: Frank Chalk

question: With whom was Leo Kuper paired in research that focused on 20th century works?

answer: R. J. Rummel

text: R. J. Rummel

question: Two women and what man concentrated on post World War II events?

answer: Ted Gurr

text: Ted Gurr


text: In 2002 Switzerland became a full member of the United Nations, leaving the Vatican City as the last widely recognised state without full UN membership. Switzerland is a founding member of the EFTA, but is not a member of the European Economic Area. An application for membership in the European Union was sent in May 1992, but not advanced since the EEA was rejected in December 1992 when Switzerland was the only country to launch a referendum on the EEA. There have since been several referenda on the EU issue; due to a mixed reaction from the population the membership application has been frozen. Nonetheless, Swiss law is gradually being adjusted to conform with that of the EU, and the government has signed a number of bilateral agreements with the European Union. Switzerland, together with Liechtenstein, has been completely surrounded by the EU since Austria's entry in 1995. On 5 June 2005, Swiss voters agreed by a 55% majority to join the Schengen treaty, a result that was regarded by EU commentators as a sign of support by Switzerland, a country that is traditionally perceived as independent and reluctant to enter supranational bodies.

title: Switzerland

title: Switzerland

text: In

text: Switzerland

text: became

text: a

text: full

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: leaving

text: the

text: Vatican

text: City

text: as

text: the

text: last

text: widely

text: recognised

text: state

text: without

text: full

text: UN

text: membership

text: Switzerland

text: is

text: a

text: founding

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: EFTA

text: but

text: is

text: not

text: a

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Economic

text: Area

text: An

text: application

text: for

text: membership

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: was

text: sent

text: in

text: May

text: but

text: not

text: advanced

text: since

text: the

text: EEA

text: was

text: rejected

text: in

text: December

text: when

text: Switzerland

text: was

text: the

text: only

text: country

text: to

text: launch

text: a

text: referendum

text: on

text: the

text: EEA

text: There

text: have

text: since

text: been

text: several

text: referenda

text: on

text: the

text: EU

text: issue

text: due

text: to

text: a

text: mixed

text: reaction

text: from

text: the

text: population

text: the

text: membership

text: application

text: has

text: been

text: frozen

text: Nonetheless

text: Swiss

text: law

text: is

text: gradually

text: being

text: adjusted

text: to

text: conform

text: with

text: that

text: of

text: the

text: EU

text: and

text: the

text: government

text: has

text: signed

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: bilateral

text: agreements

text: with

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: Switzerland

text: together

text: with

text: Liechtenstein

text: has

text: been

text: completely

text: surrounded

text: by

text: the

text: EU

text: since

text: Austria

text: 's

text: entry

text: in

text: On

text: June

text: Swiss

text: voters

text: agreed

text: by

text: a

text: majority

text: to

text: join

text: the

text: Schengen

text: treaty

text: a

text: result

text: that

text: was

text: regarded

text: by

text: EU

text: commentators

text: as

text: a

text: sign

text: of

text: support

text: by

text: Switzerland

text: a

text: country

text: that

text: is

text: traditionally

text: perceived

text: as

text: independent

text: and

text: reluctant

text: to

text: enter

text: supranational

text: bodies

question: In what year did Switzerland become a full member of the United Nations?

answer: 2002

question: What did Swiss voters agree to join on June 5, 2005?

answer: Schengen treaty

text: Schengen treaty

question: What percentage of Swiss voters voted to join the Schengen treaty?

answer: 55%

question: Though Switzerland is a founding member of the EFTA, what are they not a member of?

answer: European Economic Area

text: European Economic Area

question: What has completely surrounded Switzerland and Liechtenstein since 1995?

answer: the EU

text: the EU


text: The Pindus range continues through the central Peloponnese, crosses the islands of Kythera and Antikythera and finds its way into southwestern Aegean, in the island of Crete where it eventually ends. The islands of the Aegean are peaks of underwater mountains that once constituted an extension of the mainland. Pindus is characterized by its high, steep peaks, often dissected by numerous canyons and a variety of other karstic landscapes. The spectacular Vikos Gorge, part of the Vikos-Aoos National Park in the Pindus range, is listed by the Guinness book of World Records as the deepest gorge in the world. Another notable formation are the Meteora rock pillars, atop which have been built medieval Greek Orthodox monasteries.

title: Greece

title: Greece

text: The

text: Pindus

text: range

text: continues

text: through

text: the

text: central

text: Peloponnese

text: crosses

text: the

text: islands

text: of

text: Kythera

text: and

text: Antikythera

text: and

text: finds

text: its

text: way

text: into

text: southwestern

text: Aegean

text: in

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Crete

text: where

text: it

text: eventually

text: ends

text: The

text: islands

text: of

text: the

text: Aegean

text: are

text: peaks

text: of

text: underwater

text: mountains

text: that

text: once

text: constituted

text: an

text: extension

text: of

text: the

text: mainland

text: Pindus

text: is

text: characterized

text: by

text: its

text: high

text: steep

text: peaks

text: often

text: dissected

text: by

text: numerous

text: canyons

text: and

text: a

text: variety

text: of

text: other

text: karstic

text: landscapes

text: The

text: spectacular

text: Vikos

text: Gorge

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Vikos

text: Aoos

text: National

text: Park

text: in

text: the

text: Pindus

text: range

text: is

text: listed

text: by

text: the

text: Guinness

text: book

text: of

text: World

text: Records

text: as

text: the

text: deepest

text: gorge

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: Another

text: notable

text: formation

text: are

text: the

text: Meteora

text: rock

text: pillars

text: atop

text: which

text: have

text: been

text: built

text: medieval

text: Greek

text: Orthodox

text: monasteries

question: Where does the Pindus mountain range end?

answer: the island of Crete

text: the island of Crete

question: Islands in the Aegean Sea are formed by what?

answer: underwater mountains

text: underwater mountains

question: What is the deepest gorge in the world?

answer: Vikos Gorge

text: Vikos Gorge


text: The restrictions were tightened by the Defence of the Realm Act of August 1914, which, along with the introduction of rationing and the censorship of the press for wartime purposes, restricted pubs' opening hours to 12 noon–2:30 pm and 6:30 pm–9:30 pm. Opening for the full licensed hours was compulsory, and closing time was equally firmly enforced by the police; a landlord might lose his licence for infractions. Pubs were closed under the Act and compensation paid, for example in Pembrokeshire.

title: Pub

title: Pub

text: The

text: restrictions

text: were

text: tightened

text: by

text: the

text: Defence

text: of

text: the

text: Realm

text: Act

text: of

text: August

text: which

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: introduction

text: of

text: rationing

text: and

text: the

text: censorship

text: of

text: the

text: press

text: for

text: wartime

text: purposes

text: restricted

text: pubs

text: opening

text: hours

text: to

text: pm

text: and

text: pm

text: Opening

text: for

text: the

text: full

text: licensed

text: hours

text: was

text: compulsory

text: and

text: closing

text: time

text: was

text: equally

text: firmly

text: enforced

text: by

text: the

text: police

text: a

text: landlord

text: might

text: lose

text: his

text: licence

text: for

text: infractions

text: Pubs

text: were

text: closed

text: under

text: the

text: Act

text: and

text: compensation

text: paid

text: for

text: example

text: in

text: Pembrokeshire

question: What law further restricted public houses?

answer: the Defence of the Realm Act

text: the Defence of the Realm Act

question: In what month and year was the Defence of the Realm Act passed?

answer: August 1914

text: August 1914

question: Along with the period 6:30 pm–9:30 pm, what opening hours were acceptable under the Defence of the Realm Act?

answer: 12 noon–2:30 pm

text: 12 noon–2:30 pm

question: What is an example of a county where provinces were closed for violating the Defence of the Realm Act?

answer: Pembrokeshire

text: Pembrokeshire

question: What body enforced pubs' closing hours under the Defence of the Realm Act?

answer: the police

text: the police


text: External evidence is evidence of each physical witness, its date, source, and relationship to other known witnesses. Critics will often prefer the readings supported by the oldest witnesses. Since errors tend to accumulate, older manuscripts should have fewer errors. Readings supported by a majority of witnesses are also usually preferred, since these are less likely to reflect accidents or individual biases. For the same reasons, the most geographically diverse witnesses are preferred. Some manuscripts show evidence that particular care was taken in their composition, for example, by including alternative readings in their margins, demonstrating that more than one prior copy (exemplar) was consulted in producing the current one. Other factors being equal, these are the best witnesses. The role of the textual critic is necessary when these basic criteria are in conflict. For instance, there will typically be fewer early copies, and a larger number of later copies. The textual critic will attempt to balance these criteria, to determine the original text.

title: Textual_criticism

title: Textual_criticism

text: External

text: evidence

text: is

text: evidence

text: of

text: each

text: physical

text: witness

text: its

text: date

text: source

text: and

text: relationship

text: to

text: other

text: known

text: witnesses

text: Critics

text: will

text: often

text: prefer

text: the

text: readings

text: supported

text: by

text: the

text: oldest

text: witnesses

text: Since

text: errors

text: tend

text: to

text: accumulate

text: older

text: manuscripts

text: should

text: have

text: fewer

text: errors

text: Readings

text: supported

text: by

text: a

text: majority

text: of

text: witnesses

text: are

text: also

text: usually

text: preferred

text: since

text: these

text: are

text: less

text: likely

text: to

text: reflect

text: accidents

text: or

text: individual

text: biases

text: For

text: the

text: same

text: reasons

text: the

text: most

text: geographically

text: diverse

text: witnesses

text: are

text: preferred

text: Some

text: manuscripts

text: show

text: evidence

text: that

text: particular

text: care

text: was

text: taken

text: in

text: their

text: composition

text: for

text: example

text: by

text: including

text: alternative

text: readings

text: in

text: their

text: margins

text: demonstrating

text: that

text: more

text: than

text: one

text: prior

text: copy

text: exemplar

text: was

text: consulted

text: in

text: producing

text: the

text: current

text: one

text: Other

text: factors

text: being

text: equal

text: these

text: are

text: the

text: best

text: witnesses

text: The

text: role

text: of

text: the

text: textual

text: critic

text: is

text: necessary

text: when

text: these

text: basic

text: criteria

text: are

text: in

text: conflict

text: For

text: instance

text: there

text: will

text: typically

text: be

text: fewer

text: early

text: copies

text: and

text: a

text: larger

text: number

text: of

text: later

text: copies

text: The

text: textual

text: critic

text: will

text: attempt

text: to

text: balance

text: these

text: criteria

text: to

text: determine

text: the

text: original

text: text

question: What is external evidence?

answer: evidence of each physical witness, its date, source, and relationship to other known witnesses.

text: evidence of each physical witness, its date, source, and relationship to other known witnesses.

question: Why are older manuscripts preferred?

answer: Since errors tend to accumulate, older manuscripts should have fewer errors.

text: Since errors tend to accumulate, older manuscripts should have fewer errors.

question: What characteristic of a compilation of witnesses is the most beneficial to a textual critic?

answer: geographically diverse

text: geographically diverse

question: What characteristic of a single witness is the most beneficial to a textual critic?

answer: more than one prior copy (exemplar) was consulted in producing the current one

text: more than one prior copy (exemplar) was consulted in producing the current one


text: The first scientific and literary journals were established during the Enlightenment. The first journal, the Parisian Journal des Sçavans, appeared in 1665. However, it was not until 1682 that periodicals began to be more widely produced. French and Latin were the dominant languages of publication, but there was also a steady demand for material in German and Dutch. There was generally low demand for English publications on the Continent, which was echoed by England's similar lack of desire for French works. Languages commanding less of an international market – such as Danish, Spanish and Portuguese – found journal success more difficult, and more often than not, a more international language was used instead. French slowly took over Latin's status as the lingua franca of learned circles. This in turn gave precedence to the publishing industry in Holland, where the vast majority of these French language periodicals were produced.

title: Age_of_Enlightenment

title: Age_of_Enlightenment

text: The

text: first

text: scientific

text: and

text: literary

text: journals

text: were

text: established

text: during

text: the

text: Enlightenment

text: The

text: first

text: journal

text: the

text: Parisian

text: Journal

text: des

text: Sçavans

text: appeared

text: in

text: However

text: it

text: was

text: not

text: until

text: that

text: periodicals

text: began

text: to

text: be

text: more

text: widely

text: produced

text: French

text: and

text: Latin

text: were

text: the

text: dominant

text: languages

text: of

text: publication

text: but

text: there

text: was

text: also

text: a

text: steady

text: demand

text: for

text: material

text: in

text: German

text: and

text: Dutch

text: There

text: was

text: generally

text: low

text: demand

text: for

text: English

text: publications

text: on

text: the

text: Continent

text: which

text: was

text: echoed

text: by

text: England

text: 's

text: similar

text: lack

text: of

text: desire

text: for

text: French

text: works

text: Languages

text: commanding

text: less

text: of

text: an

text: international

text: market

text: such

text: as

text: Danish

text: Spanish

text: and

text: Portuguese

text: found

text: journal

text: success

text: more

text: difficult

text: and

text: more

text: often

text: than

text: not

text: a

text: more

text: international

text: language

text: was

text: used

text: instead

text: French

text: slowly

text: took

text: over

text: Latin

text: 's

text: status

text: as

text: the

text: lingua

text: franca

text: of

text: learned

text: circles

text: This

text: in

text: turn

text: gave

text: precedence

text: to

text: the

text: publishing

text: industry

text: in

text: Holland

text: where

text: the

text: vast

text: majority

text: of

text: these

text: French

text: language

text: periodicals

text: were

text: produced

question: During which movement were the first scientific and literary journals established?

answer: the Enlightenment

text: the Enlightenment

question: What was the title of the first scientific and literary journal?

answer: the Parisian Journal des Sçavans

text: the Parisian Journal des Sçavans

question: In what year did the first scientific and literary journal appear?

answer: 1665

question: Which two languages were the most dominant languages of scientific and literary publications?

answer: French and Latin

text: French and Latin

question: Where were the vast majority of French language periodicals produced?

answer: Holland

text: Holland


text: Within the context of the overall murder rate, the death penalty cannot be said to be widely or routinely used in the United States; in recent years the average has been about one execution for about every 700 murders committed, or 1 execution for about every 325 murder convictions. However, 32 of the 50 states still execute people. Among them, Alabama has the highest per capita rate of death sentences. This is due to judges overriding life imprisonment sentences and imposing the death penalty. No other states allow this.

title: Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

title: Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

text: Within

text: the

text: context

text: of

text: the

text: overall

text: murder

text: rate

text: the

text: death

text: penalty

text: can

text: not

text: be

text: said

text: to

text: be

text: widely

text: or

text: routinely

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: in

text: recent

text: years

text: the

text: average

text: has

text: been

text: about

text: one

text: execution

text: for

text: about

text: every

text: murders

text: committed

text: or

text: execution

text: for

text: about

text: every

text: murder

text: convictions

text: However

text: of

text: the

text: states

text: still

text: execute

text: people

text: Among

text: them

text: Alabama

text: has

text: the

text: highest

text: per

text: capita

text: rate

text: of

text: death

text: sentences

text: This

text: is

text: due

text: to

text: judges

text: overriding

text: life

text: imprisonment

text: sentences

text: and

text: imposing

text: the

text: death

text: penalty

text: No

text: other

text: states

text: allow

text: this

question: In the United States, how many murders are there for each execution?

answer: 700

question: How many murder convictions occur in the US per execution?

answer: 325

question: How many states in the US have the death penalty?

answer: 32

question: What state has the highest rate of death sentences per person?

answer: Alabama

text: Alabama

question: What does Alabama law allow judges to do that isn't allowed in other states?

answer: overriding life imprisonment sentences and imposing the death penalty

text: overriding life imprisonment sentences and imposing the death penalty


text: A third type of solution to the problem of the direction of time, although much less represented, argues that the laws are not time-reversal symmetric. For example, certain processes in quantum mechanics, relating to the weak nuclear force, are not time-reversible, keeping in mind that when dealing with quantum mechanics time-reversibility comprises a more complex definition. But this type of solution is insufficient because 1) the time-asymmetric phenomena in quantum mechanics are too few to account for the uniformity of macroscopic time-asymmetry and 2) it relies on the assumption that quantum mechanics is the final or correct description of physical processes.[citation needed]

title: Philosophy_of_space_and_time

title: Philosophy_of_space_and_time

text: A

text: third

text: type

text: of

text: solution

text: to

text: the

text: problem

text: of

text: the

text: direction

text: of

text: time

text: although

text: much

text: less

text: represented

text: argues

text: that

text: the

text: laws

text: are

text: not

text: time

text: reversal

text: symmetric

text: For

text: example

text: certain

text: processes

text: in

text: quantum

text: mechanics

text: relating

text: to

text: the

text: weak

text: nuclear

text: force

text: are

text: not

text: time

text: reversible

text: keeping

text: in

text: mind

text: that

text: when

text: dealing

text: with

text: quantum

text: mechanics

text: time

text: reversibility

text: comprises

text: a

text: more

text: complex

text: definition

text: But

text: this

text: type

text: of

text: solution

text: is

text: insufficient

text: because

text: the

text: time

text: asymmetric

text: phenomena

text: in

text: quantum

text: mechanics

text: are

text: too

text: few

text: to

text: account

text: for

text: the

text: uniformity

text: of

text: macroscopic

text: time

text: asymmetry

text: and

text: it

text: relies

text: on

text: the

text: assumption

text: that

text: quantum

text: mechanics

text: is

text: the

text: final

text: or

text: correct

text: description

text: of

text: physical

text: processes.[citation

text: needed

question: What does the third type of solution to the problem of the direction of time argue?

answer: the laws are not time-reversal symmetric

text: the laws are not time-reversal symmetric

question: What is are kind of nuclear force is not time-reversibile?

answer: weak nuclear force

text: weak nuclear force

question: Time asymmetric phenomena in quantum mechanics are to few to account what kind of time-asymmetry?

answer: macroscopic

text: macroscopic


text: One significant part of treaty making is that signing a treaty implies recognition that the other side is a sovereign state and that the agreement being considered is enforceable under international law. Hence, nations can be very careful about terming an agreement to be a treaty. For example, within the United States, agreements between states are compacts and agreements between states and the federal government or between agencies of the government are memoranda of understanding.

title: Treaty

title: Treaty

text: One

text: significant

text: part

text: of

text: treaty

text: making

text: is

text: that

text: signing

text: a

text: treaty

text: implies

text: recognition

text: that

text: the

text: other

text: side

text: is

text: a

text: sovereign

text: state

text: and

text: that

text: the

text: agreement

text: being

text: considered

text: is

text: enforceable

text: under

text: international

text: law

text: Hence

text: nations

text: can

text: be

text: very

text: careful

text: about

text: terming

text: an

text: agreement

text: to

text: be

text: a

text: treaty

text: For

text: example

text: within

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: agreements

text: between

text: states

text: are

text: compacts

text: and

text: agreements

text: between

text: states

text: and

text: the

text: federal

text: government

text: or

text: between

text: agencies

text: of

text: the

text: government

text: are

text: memoranda

text: of

text: understanding

question: What are agreements between states within the United States called?

answer: compacts

text: compacts

question: What are agreements between states and the federal government called within the United States?

answer: memoranda of understanding

text: memoranda of understanding

question: In the United States, what are agreements between agencies of the federal government called?

answer: memoranda of understanding

text: memoranda of understanding

question: Nations can be careful about terming an agreement a treaty because it has the effect of recognizing that the other side is a what?

answer: a sovereign state

text: a sovereign state

question: Under what do all parties to a treaty recognize the provisions of the treaty are enforceable?

answer: international law

text: international law


text: The army is also changing its base unit from divisions to brigades. Division lineage will be retained, but the divisional headquarters will be able to command any brigade, not just brigades that carry their divisional lineage. The central part of this plan is that each brigade will be modular, i.e., all brigades of the same type will be exactly the same, and thus any brigade can be commanded by any division. As specified before the 2013 end-strength re-definitions, the three major types of ground combat brigades are:

title: United_States_Army

title: United_States_Army

text: The

text: army

text: is

text: also

text: changing

text: its

text: base

text: unit

text: from

text: divisions

text: to

text: brigades

text: Division

text: lineage

text: will

text: be

text: retained

text: but

text: the

text: divisional

text: headquarters

text: will

text: be

text: able

text: to

text: command

text: any

text: brigade

text: not

text: just

text: brigades

text: that

text: carry

text: their

text: divisional

text: lineage

text: The

text: central

text: part

text: of

text: this

text: plan

text: is

text: that

text: each

text: brigade

text: will

text: be

text: modular

text: i.e.

text: all

text: brigades

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: type

text: will

text: be

text: exactly

text: the

text: same

text: and

text: thus

text: any

text: brigade

text: can

text: be

text: commanded

text: by

text: any

text: division

text: As

text: specified

text: before

text: the

text: end

text: strength

text: re

text: definitions

text: the

text: three

text: major

text: types

text: of

text: ground

text: combat

text: brigades

text: are

question: What is the army replacing divisions with?

answer: brigades

text: brigades

question: How will the brigades be structured?

answer: modular

text: modular

question: Who can command any brigade?

answer: divisional headquarters

text: divisional headquarters


text: The men's basketball team has over 1,600 wins, one of only 12 schools who have reached that mark, and have appeared in 28 NCAA tournaments. Former player Austin Carr holds the record for most points scored in a single game of the tournament with 61. Although the team has never won the NCAA Tournament, they were named by the Helms Athletic Foundation as national champions twice. The team has orchestrated a number of upsets of number one ranked teams, the most notable of which was ending UCLA's record 88-game winning streak in 1974. The team has beaten an additional eight number-one teams, and those nine wins rank second, to UCLA's 10, all-time in wins against the top team. The team plays in newly renovated Purcell Pavilion (within the Edmund P. Joyce Center), which reopened for the beginning of the 2009–2010 season. The team is coached by Mike Brey, who, as of the 2014–15 season, his fifteenth at Notre Dame, has achieved a 332-165 record. In 2009 they were invited to the NIT, where they advanced to the semifinals but were beaten by Penn State who went on and beat Baylor in the championship. The 2010–11 team concluded its regular season ranked number seven in the country, with a record of 25–5, Brey's fifth straight 20-win season, and a second-place finish in the Big East. During the 2014-15 season, the team went 32-6 and won the ACC conference tournament, later advancing to the Elite 8, where the Fighting Irish lost on a missed buzzer-beater against then undefeated Kentucky. Led by NBA draft picks Jerian Grant and Pat Connaughton, the Fighting Irish beat the eventual national champion Duke Blue Devils twice during the season. The 32 wins were the most by the Fighting Irish team since 1908-09.

title: University_of_Notre_Dame

title: University_of_Notre_Dame

text: The

text: men

text: 's

text: basketball

text: team

text: has

text: over

text: wins

text: one

text: of

text: only

text: schools

text: who

text: have

text: reached

text: that

text: mark

text: and

text: have

text: appeared

text: in

text: NCAA

text: tournaments

text: Former

text: player

text: Austin

text: Carr

text: holds

text: the

text: record

text: for

text: most

text: points

text: scored

text: in

text: a

text: single

text: game

text: of

text: the

text: tournament

text: with

text: Although

text: the

text: team

text: has

text: never

text: won

text: the

text: NCAA

text: Tournament

text: they

text: were

text: named

text: by

text: the

text: Helms

text: Athletic

text: Foundation

text: as

text: national

text: champions

text: twice

text: The

text: team

text: has

text: orchestrated

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: upsets

text: of

text: number

text: one

text: ranked

text: teams

text: the

text: most

text: notable

text: of

text: which

text: was

text: ending

text: UCLA

text: 's

text: record

text: winning

text: streak

text: in

text: The

text: team

text: has

text: beaten

text: an

text: additional

text: eight

text: number

text: one

text: teams

text: and

text: those

text: nine

text: wins

text: rank

text: second

text: to

text: UCLA

text: 's

text: all

text: time

text: in

text: wins

text: against

text: the

text: top

text: team

text: The

text: team

text: plays

text: in

text: newly

text: renovated

text: Purcell

text: Pavilion

text: within

text: the

text: Edmund

text: P.

text: Joyce

text: Center

text: which

text: reopened

text: for

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: season

text: The

text: team

text: is

text: coached

text: by

text: Mike

text: Brey

text: who

text: as

text: of

text: the

text: season

text: his

text: fifteenth

text: at

text: Notre

text: Dame

text: has

text: achieved

text: a

text: record

text: In

text: they

text: were

text: invited

text: to

text: the

text: NIT

text: where

text: they

text: advanced

text: to

text: the

text: semifinals

text: but

text: were

text: beaten

text: by

text: Penn

text: State

text: who

text: went

text: on

text: and

text: beat

text: Baylor

text: in

text: the

text: championship

text: The

text: team

text: concluded

text: its

text: regular

text: season

text: ranked

text: number

text: seven

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: with

text: a

text: record

text: of

text: Brey

text: 's

text: fifth

text: straight

text: season

text: and

text: a

text: second

text: place

text: finish

text: in

text: the

text: Big

text: East

text: During

text: the

text: season

text: the

text: team

text: went

text: and

text: won

text: the

text: ACC

text: conference

text: tournament

text: later

text: advancing

text: to

text: the

text: Elite

text: where

text: the

text: Fighting

text: Irish

text: lost

text: on

text: a

text: missed

text: buzzer

text: beater

text: against

text: then

text: undefeated

text: Kentucky

text: Led

text: by

text: NBA

text: draft

text: picks

text: Jerian

text: Grant

text: and

text: Pat

text: Connaughton

text: the

text: Fighting

text: Irish

text: beat

text: the

text: eventual

text: national

text: champion

text: Duke

text: Blue

text: Devils

text: twice

text: during

text: the

text: season

text: The

text: wins

text: were

text: the

text: most

text: by

text: the

text: Fighting

text: Irish

text: team

text: since

question: How many wins does the Notre Dame men's basketball team have?

answer: over 1,600

text: over 1,600

question: How many schools have a similar men's basketball record to Notre Dame in terms of wins?

answer: 12

question: How many NCAA tournaments did the Notre Dame men's basketball team take part in?

answer: 28

question: Which Notre Dame men's basketball player has the record for more points in one game?

answer: Austin Carr

text: Austin Carr

question: Who was the Notre Dame men's basketball coach in 2014?

answer: Mike Brey

text: Mike Brey


text: In addition, Mahayana Buddhists believe there are innumerable other Buddhas in other universes. A Theravada commentary says that Buddhas arise one at a time in this world element, and not at all in others. The understandings of this matter reflect widely differing interpretations of basic terms, such as "world realm", between the various schools of Buddhism.

title: Buddhism

title: Buddhism

text: In

text: addition

text: Mahayana

text: Buddhists

text: believe

text: there

text: are

text: innumerable

text: other

text: Buddhas

text: in

text: other

text: universes

text: A

text: Theravada

text: commentary

text: says

text: that

text: Buddhas

text: arise

text: one

text: at

text: a

text: time

text: in

text: this

text: world

text: element

text: and

text: not

text: at

text: all

text: in

text: others

text: The

text: understandings

text: of

text: this

text: matter

text: reflect

text: widely

text: differing

text: interpretations

text: of

text: basic

text: terms

text: such

text: as

text: world

text: realm

text: between

text: the

text: various

text: schools

text: of

text: Buddhism

question: Who believes there are innumerable other Buddhas in other universes?

answer: Mahayana Buddhists

text: Mahayana Buddhists

question: What buddhist belief says that Buddhas come one at a time and not within other eras?

answer: Theravada

text: Theravada


text: The history of a unified Tibet begins with the rule of Songtsän Gampo (604–650 CE), who united parts of the Yarlung River Valley and founded the Tibetan Empire. He also brought in many reforms, and Tibetan power spread rapidly, creating a large and powerful empire. It is traditionally considered that his first wife was the Princess of Nepal, Bhrikuti, and that she played a great role in the establishment of Buddhism in Tibet. In 640 he married Princess Wencheng, the niece of the powerful Chinese emperor Taizong of Tang China.

title: Tibet

title: Tibet

text: The

text: history

text: of

text: a

text: unified

text: Tibet

text: begins

text: with

text: the

text: rule

text: of

text: Songtsän

text: Gampo

text: CE

text: who

text: united

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: Yarlung

text: River

text: Valley

text: and

text: founded

text: the

text: Tibetan

text: Empire

text: He

text: also

text: brought

text: in

text: many

text: reforms

text: and

text: Tibetan

text: power

text: spread

text: rapidly

text: creating

text: a

text: large

text: and

text: powerful

text: empire

text: It

text: is

text: traditionally

text: considered

text: that

text: his

text: first

text: wife

text: was

text: the

text: Princess

text: of

text: Nepal

text: Bhrikuti

text: and

text: that

text: she

text: played

text: a

text: great

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: Buddhism

text: in

text: Tibet

text: In

text: he

text: married

text: Princess

text: Wencheng

text: the

text: niece

text: of

text: the

text: powerful

text: Chinese

text: emperor

text: Taizong

text: of

text: Tang

text: China

question: Who founded the Tibetan Empire?

answer: Songtsän Gampo

text: Songtsän Gampo

question: Who did Songtsan Gampo marry in 640?

answer: Princess Wencheng

text: Princess Wencheng

question: Who was Songtsan Gampo's first wife?

answer: Princess of Nepal, Bhrikuti

text: Princess of Nepal, Bhrikuti

question: What did Songtsan Gampo unite?

answer: parts of the Yarlung River Valley

text: parts of the Yarlung River Valley


text: In 2009[update], over 300,000 Israeli citizens lived in West Bank settlements such as Ma'ale Adumim and Ariel, including settlements that predated the establishment of the State of Israel and which were re-established after the Six-Day War, in cities such as Hebron and Gush Etzion. In 2011, there were 250,000 Jews living in East Jerusalem. 20,000 Israelis live in Golan Heights settlements. The total number of Israeli settlers is over 500,000 (6.5% of the Israeli population). Approximately 7,800 Israelis lived in settlements in the Gaza Strip, until they were evacuated by the government as part of its 2005 disengagement plan.

title: Israel

title: Israel

text: In

text: over

text: Israeli

text: citizens

text: lived

text: in

text: West

text: Bank

text: settlements

text: such

text: as

text: Ma'ale

text: Adumim

text: and

text: Ariel

text: including

text: settlements

text: that

text: predated

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: the

text: State

text: of

text: Israel

text: and

text: which

text: were

text: re

text: established

text: after

text: the

text: Six

text: Day

text: War

text: in

text: cities

text: such

text: as

text: Hebron

text: and

text: Gush

text: Etzion

text: In

text: there

text: were

text: Jews

text: living

text: in

text: East

text: Jerusalem

text: Israelis

text: live

text: in

text: Golan

text: Heights

text: settlements

text: The

text: total

text: number

text: of

text: Israeli

text: settlers

text: is

text: over

text: of

text: the

text: Israeli

text: population

text: Approximately

text: Israelis

text: lived

text: in

text: settlements

text: in

text: the

text: Gaza

text: Strip

text: until

text: they

text: were

text: evacuated

text: by

text: the

text: government

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: its

text: disengagement

text: plan

question: How many Israeli citizens lived in West Bank settlements?

answer: over 300,000

text: over 300,000

question: How many Israelis lived in Golan Heights settlements?

answer: 20,000

question: When were Israelis evacuated from Gaza Strip?

answer: 2005


text: The Dutch East India Company had founded the Cape Colony on the southern tip of Africa in 1652 as a way station for its ships travelling to and from its colonies in the East Indies. Britain formally acquired the colony, and its large Afrikaner (or Boer) population in 1806, having occupied it in 1795 to prevent its falling into French hands, following the invasion of the Netherlands by France. British immigration began to rise after 1820, and pushed thousands of Boers, resentful of British rule, northwards to found their own—mostly short-lived—independent republics, during the Great Trek of the late 1830s and early 1840s. In the process the Voortrekkers clashed repeatedly with the British, who had their own agenda with regard to colonial expansion in South Africa and with several African polities, including those of the Sotho and the Zulu nations. Eventually the Boers established two republics which had a longer lifespan: the South African Republic or Transvaal Republic (1852–77; 1881–1902) and the Orange Free State (1854–1902). In 1902 Britain occupied both republics, concluding a treaty with the two Boer Republics following the Second Boer War (1899–1902).

title: British_Empire

title: British_Empire

text: The

text: Dutch

text: East

text: India

text: Company

text: had

text: founded

text: the

text: Cape

text: Colony

text: on

text: the

text: southern

text: tip

text: of

text: Africa

text: in

text: as

text: a

text: way

text: station

text: for

text: its

text: ships

text: travelling

text: to

text: and

text: from

text: its

text: colonies

text: in

text: the

text: East

text: Indies

text: Britain

text: formally

text: acquired

text: the

text: colony

text: and

text: its

text: large

text: Afrikaner

text: or

text: Boer

text: population

text: in

text: having

text: occupied

text: it

text: in

text: to

text: prevent

text: its

text: falling

text: into

text: French

text: hands

text: following

text: the

text: invasion

text: of

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: by

text: France

text: British

text: immigration

text: began

text: to

text: rise

text: after

text: and

text: pushed

text: thousands

text: of

text: Boers

text: resentful

text: of

text: British

text: rule

text: northwards

text: to

text: found

text: their

text: own

text: mostly

text: short

text: lived

text: independent

text: republics

text: during

text: the

text: Great

text: Trek

text: of

text: the

text: late

text: and

text: early

text: In

text: the

text: process

text: the

text: Voortrekkers

text: clashed

text: repeatedly

text: with

text: the

text: British

text: who

text: had

text: their

text: own

text: agenda

text: with

text: regard

text: to

text: colonial

text: expansion

text: in

text: South

text: Africa

text: and

text: with

text: several

text: African

text: polities

text: including

text: those

text: of

text: the

text: Sotho

text: and

text: the

text: Zulu

text: nations

text: Eventually

text: the

text: Boers

text: established

text: two

text: republics

text: which

text: had

text: a

text: longer

text: lifespan

text: the

text: South

text: African

text: Republic

text: or

text: Transvaal

text: Republic

text: and

text: the

text: Orange

text: Free

text: State

text: In

text: Britain

text: occupied

text: both

text: republics

text: concluding

text: a

text: treaty

text: with

text: the

text: two

text: Boer

text: Republics

text: following

text: the

text: Second

text: Boer

text: War

question: When was the southern tip of Africa colonized?

answer: 1652

question: Which entity founded the Cape Colony?

answer: The Dutch East India Company

text: The Dutch East India Company

question: When did Britain formally acquire the Cape Colony?

answer: 1806

question: What African people moved northwards to escape British rule?

answer: Boers

text: Boers

question: When did the Second Boer War end?

answer: 1902


text: As a result, they broke up in 1979, but remained close friends. Then in 1984 they renewed their romance, and in November 1985, they married, already having had a son, Max Samuel. After three and a half years of marriage, however, many of the same competing stresses of their careers caused them to divorce in 1989. They agreed to maintain homes near each other as to facilitate the shared custody and parenting of their son.:403 Their divorce was recorded as the third most costly celebrity divorce in history.

title: Steven_Spielberg

title: Steven_Spielberg

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: they

text: broke

text: up

text: in

text: but

text: remained

text: close

text: friends

text: Then

text: in

text: they

text: renewed

text: their

text: romance

text: and

text: in

text: November

text: they

text: married

text: already

text: having

text: had

text: a

text: son

text: Max

text: Samuel

text: After

text: three

text: and

text: a

text: half

text: years

text: of

text: marriage

text: however

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: competing

text: stresses

text: of

text: their

text: careers

text: caused

text: them

text: to

text: divorce

text: in

text: They

text: agreed

text: to

text: maintain

text: homes

text: near

text: each

text: other

text: as

text: to

text: facilitate

text: the

text: shared

text: custody

text: and

text: parenting

text: of

text: their

text: Their

text: divorce

text: was

text: recorded

text: as

text: the

text: third

text: most

text: costly

text: celebrity

text: divorce

text: in

text: history

question: When did Spielberg and Irving initially break up?

answer: 1979

question: When did Spielberg and Irving get back together?

answer: 1984

question: When did Spielberg and Irving marry?

answer: November 1985

text: November 1985

question: When did Spielberg and Irving divorce?

answer: 1989

question: How expensive was Spielberg and Irving's divorce?

answer: third most costly celebrity divorce in history

text: third most costly celebrity divorce in history


text: Hydrostatic gauges (such as the mercury column manometer) consist of a vertical column of liquid in a tube whose ends are exposed to different pressures. The column will rise or fall until its weight is in equilibrium with the pressure differential between the two ends of the tube. The simplest design is a closed-end U-shaped tube, one side of which is connected to the region of interest. Any fluid can be used, but mercury is preferred for its high density and low vapour pressure. Simple hydrostatic gauges can measure pressures ranging from 1 torr (100 Pa) to above atmospheric. An important variation is the McLeod gauge which isolates a known volume of vacuum and compresses it to multiply the height variation of the liquid column. The McLeod gauge can measure vacuums as high as 10−6 torr (0.1 mPa), which is the lowest direct measurement of pressure that is possible with current technology. Other vacuum gauges can measure lower pressures, but only indirectly by measurement of other pressure-controlled properties. These indirect measurements must be calibrated via a direct measurement, most commonly a McLeod gauge.

title: Vacuum

title: Vacuum

text: Hydrostatic

text: gauges

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: mercury

text: column

text: manometer

text: consist

text: of

text: a

text: vertical

text: column

text: of

text: liquid

text: in

text: a

text: tube

text: whose

text: ends

text: are

text: exposed

text: to

text: different

text: pressures

text: The

text: column

text: will

text: rise

text: or

text: fall

text: until

text: its

text: weight

text: is

text: in

text: equilibrium

text: with

text: the

text: pressure

text: differential

text: between

text: the

text: two

text: ends

text: of

text: the

text: tube

text: The

text: simplest

text: design

text: is

text: a

text: closed

text: end

text: U

text: shaped

text: tube

text: one

text: side

text: of

text: which

text: is

text: connected

text: to

text: the

text: region

text: of

text: interest

text: Any

text: fluid

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: but

text: mercury

text: is

text: preferred

text: for

text: its

text: high

text: density

text: and

text: low

text: vapour

text: pressure

text: Simple

text: hydrostatic

text: gauges

text: can

text: measure

text: pressures

text: ranging

text: from

text: torr

text: Pa

text: to

text: above

text: atmospheric

text: An

text: important

text: variation

text: is

text: the

text: McLeod

text: gauge

text: which

text: isolates

text: a

text: known

text: volume

text: of

text: vacuum

text: and

text: compresses

text: it

text: to

text: multiply

text: the

text: height

text: variation

text: of

text: the

text: liquid

text: column

text: The

text: McLeod

text: gauge

text: can

text: measure

text: vacuums

text: as

text: high

text: as

text: torr

text: mPa

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: lowest

text: direct

text: measurement

text: of

text: pressure

text: that

text: is

text: possible

text: with

text: current

text: technology

text: Other

text: vacuum

text: gauges

text: can

text: measure

text: lower

text: pressures

text: but

text: only

text: indirectly

text: by

text: measurement

text: of

text: other

text: pressure

text: controlled

text: properties

text: These

text: indirect

text: measurements

text: must

text: be

text: calibrated

text: via

text: a

text: direct

text: measurement

text: most

text: commonly

text: a

text: McLeod

text: gauge

question: Why is mercury the better option for liquid used in a Hydrostatic gauge?

answer: its high density and low vapour pressure

text: its high density and low vapour pressure

question: What is a vertical column of liquid in a tube which has different pressures at each end called?

answer: Hydrostatic gauges

text: Hydrostatic gauges

question: What is a hydrostatic gauge used for?

answer: measure pressures ranging from 1 torr (100 Pa) to above atmospheric

text: measure pressures ranging from 1 torr (100 Pa) to above atmospheric

question: Why is the McLeod gauge special?

answer: can measure vacuums as high as 10−6 torr

text: can measure vacuums as high as 10−6 torr

question: An indirect measurement of pressure is most often calibrated by what?

answer: McLeod gauge

text: McLeod gauge