text: During World War II, Imperial Japan invaded most of the former western colonies. The Shōwa occupation regime committed violent actions against civilians such as the Manila massacre and the implementation of a system of forced labour, such as the one involving 4 to 10 million romusha in Indonesia. A later UN report stated that four million people died in Indonesia as a result of famine and forced labour during the Japanese occupation. The Allied powers who defeated Japan in the South-East Asian theatre of World War II then contended with nationalists to whom the occupation authorities had granted independence.

title: Southeast_Asia

title: Southeast_Asia

text: During

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: Imperial

text: Japan

text: invaded

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: former

text: western

text: colonies

text: The

text: Shōwa

text: occupation

text: regime

text: committed

text: violent

text: actions

text: against

text: civilians

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Manila

text: massacre

text: and

text: the

text: implementation

text: of

text: a

text: system

text: of

text: forced

text: labour

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: one

text: involving

text: to

text: million

text: romusha

text: in

text: Indonesia

text: A

text: later

text: UN

text: report

text: stated

text: that

text: four

text: million

text: people

text: died

text: in

text: Indonesia

text: as

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: famine

text: and

text: forced

text: labour

text: during

text: the

text: Japanese

text: occupation

text: The

text: Allied

text: powers

text: who

text: defeated

text: Japan

text: in

text: the

text: South

text: East

text: Asian

text: theatre

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: then

text: contended

text: with

text: nationalists

text: to

text: whom

text: the

text: occupation

text: authorities

text: had

text: granted

text: independence

question: The western colonies were invaded by whom during World War II?

answer: Imperial Japan

text: Imperial Japan

question: According to the UN report, what was the count of people who perished due to famine?

answer: 4 to 10 million

text: 4 to 10 million

question: What violent acts did the Showa regime commit?

answer: Manila massacre and the implementation of a system of forced labour

text: Manila massacre and the implementation of a system of forced labour

question: Who defeated Japan during the World War II?

answer: The Allied powers

text: The Allied powers


text: The port of Palermo, founded by the Phoenicians over 2,700 years ago, is, together with the port of Messina, the main port of Sicily. From here ferries link Palermo to Cagliari, Genoa, Livorno, Naples, Tunis and other cities and carry a total of almost 2 million passengers annually. It is also an important port for cruise ships. Traffic includes also almost 5 million tonnes of cargo and 80.000 TEU yearly. The port also has links to minor sicilian islands such as Ustica and the Aeolian Islands (via Cefalù in summer). Inside the Port of Palermo there is a section known as "tourist marina" for sailing yachts and catamarans.

title: Palermo

title: Palermo

text: The

text: port

text: of

text: Palermo

text: founded

text: by

text: the

text: Phoenicians

text: over

text: years

text: ago

text: is

text: together

text: with

text: the

text: port

text: of

text: Messina

text: the

text: main

text: port

text: of

text: Sicily

text: From

text: here

text: ferries

text: link

text: Palermo

text: to

text: Cagliari

text: Genoa

text: Livorno

text: Naples

text: Tunis

text: and

text: other

text: cities

text: and

text: carry

text: a

text: total

text: of

text: almost

text: million

text: passengers

text: annually

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: an

text: important

text: port

text: for

text: cruise

text: ships

text: Traffic

text: includes

text: also

text: almost

text: million

text: tonnes

text: of

text: cargo

text: and

text: TEU

text: yearly

text: The

text: port

text: also

text: has

text: links

text: to

text: minor

text: sicilian

text: islands

text: such

text: as

text: Ustica

text: and

text: the

text: Aeolian

text: Islands

text: via

text: Cefalù

text: in

text: summer

text: Inside

text: the

text: Port

text: of

text: Palermo

text: there

text: is

text: a

text: section

text: known

text: as

text: tourist

text: marina

text: for

text: sailing

text: yachts

text: and

text: catamarans

question: Which port is Sicily's primary port?

answer: The port of Palermo

text: The port of Palermo

question: How many passengers travel by Palermo ferry annually?

answer: 2 million

text: 2 million

question: How many passengers do Palermo's ferries carry each year?

answer: 2 million

text: 2 million

question: For what is the "tourist marina" dedicated?

answer: sailing yachts and catamarans

text: sailing yachts and catamarans

question: What cities do the ferries of Palermo travel to?

answer: Cagliari, Genoa, Livorno, Naples, Tunis

text: Cagliari, Genoa, Livorno, Naples, Tunis


text: In the late 19th century, the most influential theorists were William James (1842–1910) and Carl Lange (1834–1900). James was an American psychologist and philosopher who wrote about educational psychology, psychology of religious experience/mysticism, and the philosophy of pragmatism. Lange was a Danish physician and psychologist. Working independently, they developed the James–Lange theory, a hypothesis on the origin and nature of emotions. The theory states that within human beings, as a response to experiences in the world, the autonomic nervous system creates physiological events such as muscular tension, a rise in heart rate, perspiration, and dryness of the mouth. Emotions, then, are feelings which come about as a result of these physiological changes, rather than being their cause.

title: Emotion

title: Emotion

text: In

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: the

text: most

text: influential

text: theorists

text: were

text: William

text: James

text: and

text: Carl

text: Lange

text: James

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: psychologist

text: and

text: philosopher

text: who

text: wrote

text: about

text: educational

text: psychology

text: psychology

text: of

text: religious

text: experience

text: mysticism

text: and

text: the

text: philosophy

text: of

text: pragmatism

text: Lange

text: was

text: a

text: Danish

text: physician

text: and

text: psychologist

text: Working

text: independently

text: they

text: developed

text: the

text: James

text: Lange

text: theory

text: a

text: hypothesis

text: on

text: the

text: origin

text: and

text: nature

text: of

text: emotions

text: The

text: theory

text: states

text: that

text: within

text: human

text: beings

text: as

text: a

text: response

text: to

text: experiences

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: the

text: autonomic

text: nervous

text: system

text: creates

text: physiological

text: events

text: such

text: as

text: muscular

text: tension

text: a

text: rise

text: in

text: heart

text: rate

text: perspiration

text: and

text: dryness

text: of

text: the

text: mouth

text: Emotions

text: then

text: are

text: feelings

text: which

text: come

text: about

text: as

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: these

text: physiological

text: changes

text: rather

text: than

text: being

text: their

text: cause

question: Along with William James, who was an influential 19th century theorist?

answer: Carl Lange

text: Carl Lange

question: What was William James' nationality?

answer: American

text: American

question: What was the nationality of Carl Lange?

answer: Danish

text: Danish

question: What was the name of the theory that Lange and James developed independently?

answer: the James–Lange theory

text: the James–Lange theory

question: In what year did Lange die?

answer: 1900


text: The vast Seleucid Empire was, like Egypt, mostly dominated by a Greco-Macedonian political elite. The Greek population of the cities who formed the dominant elite were reinforced by emigration from Greece. These cities included newly founded colonies such as Antioch, the other cities of the Syrian tetrapolis, Seleucia (north of Babylon) and Dura-Europos on the Euphrates. These cities retained traditional Greek city state institutions such as assemblies, councils and elected magistrates, but this was a facade for they were always controlled by the royal Seleucid officials. Apart from these cities, there were also a large number of Seleucid garrisons (choria), military colonies (katoikiai) and Greek villages (komai) which the Seleucids planted throughout the empire to cement their rule. This 'Greco-Macedonian' population (which also included the sons of settlers who had married local women) could make up a phalanx of 35,000 men (out of a total Seleucid army of 80,000) during the reign of Antiochos III. The rest of the army was made up of native troops. Antiochus III the great conducted several vigorous campaigns to retake all the lost provinces of the empire since the death of Seleucus I. After being defeated by Ptolemy IV's forces at Raphia (217), Antiochus III led a long campaign to the east to subdue the far eastern breakaway provinces (212-205) including Bactria, Parthia, Ariana, Sogdiana, Gedrosia and Drangiana. He was successful, bringing back most of these provinces into at least nominal vassalage and receiving tribute from their rulers. After the death of Ptolemy IV (204), Antiochus took advantage of the weakness of Egypt to conquer Coele-Syria in the fifth Syrian war (202-195). He then began expanding his influence into Pergamene territory in Asia and crossed into Europe, fortifying Lysimachia on the hellespont, but his expansion into Anatolia and Greece was abruptly halted after a decisive defeat at the Battle of Magnesia (190 BCE). In the Treaty of Apamea which ended the war, Antiochus lost all of his territories in Anatolia west of the Taurus and was forced to pay a large indemnity of 15,000 talents.

title: Hellenistic_period

title: Hellenistic_period

text: The

text: vast

text: Seleucid

text: Empire

text: was

text: like

text: Egypt

text: mostly

text: dominated

text: by

text: a

text: Greco

text: Macedonian

text: political

text: elite

text: The

text: Greek

text: population

text: of

text: the

text: cities

text: who

text: formed

text: the

text: dominant

text: elite

text: were

text: reinforced

text: by

text: emigration

text: from

text: Greece

text: These

text: cities

text: included

text: newly

text: founded

text: colonies

text: such

text: as

text: Antioch

text: the

text: other

text: cities

text: of

text: the

text: Syrian

text: tetrapolis

text: Seleucia

text: north

text: of

text: Babylon

text: and

text: Dura

text: Europos

text: on

text: the

text: Euphrates

text: These

text: cities

text: retained

text: traditional

text: Greek

text: city

text: state

text: institutions

text: such

text: as

text: assemblies

text: councils

text: and

text: elected

text: magistrates

text: but

text: this

text: was

text: a

text: facade

text: for

text: they

text: were

text: always

text: controlled

text: by

text: the

text: royal

text: Seleucid

text: officials

text: Apart

text: from

text: these

text: cities

text: there

text: were

text: also

text: a

text: large

text: number

text: of

text: Seleucid

text: garrisons

text: choria

text: military

text: colonies

text: katoikiai

text: and

text: Greek

text: villages

text: komai

text: which

text: the

text: Seleucids

text: planted

text: throughout

text: the

text: empire

text: to

text: cement

text: their

text: rule

text: This

text: Greco

text: Macedonian

text: population

text: which

text: also

text: included

text: the

text: sons

text: of

text: settlers

text: who

text: had

text: married

text: local

text: women

text: could

text: make

text: up

text: a

text: phalanx

text: of

text: men

text: out

text: of

text: a

text: total

text: Seleucid

text: army

text: of

text: during

text: the

text: reign

text: of

text: Antiochos

text: III

text: The

text: rest

text: of

text: the

text: army

text: was

text: made

text: up

text: of

text: native

text: troops

text: Antiochus

text: III

text: the

text: great

text: conducted

text: several

text: vigorous

text: campaigns

text: to

text: retake

text: all

text: the

text: lost

text: provinces

text: of

text: the

text: empire

text: since

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: Seleucus

text: I.

text: After

text: being

text: defeated

text: by

text: Ptolemy

text: IV

text: 's

text: forces

text: at

text: Raphia

text: Antiochus

text: III

text: led

text: a

text: long

text: campaign

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: to

text: subdue

text: the

text: far

text: eastern

text: breakaway

text: provinces

text: including

text: Bactria

text: Parthia

text: Ariana

text: Sogdiana

text: Gedrosia

text: and

text: Drangiana

text: He

text: was

text: successful

text: bringing

text: back

text: most

text: of

text: these

text: provinces

text: into

text: at

text: least

text: nominal

text: vassalage

text: and

text: receiving

text: tribute

text: from

text: their

text: rulers

text: After

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: Ptolemy

text: IV

text: Antiochus

text: took

text: advantage

text: of

text: the

text: weakness

text: of

text: Egypt

text: to

text: conquer

text: Coele

text: Syria

text: in

text: the

text: fifth

text: Syrian

text: war

text: He

text: then

text: began

text: expanding

text: his

text: influence

text: into

text: Pergamene

text: territory

text: in

text: Asia

text: and

text: crossed

text: into

text: Europe

text: fortifying

text: Lysimachia

text: on

text: the

text: hellespont

text: but

text: his

text: expansion

text: into

text: Anatolia

text: and

text: Greece

text: was

text: abruptly

text: halted

text: after

text: a

text: decisive

text: defeat

text: at

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Magnesia

text: BCE

text: In

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Apamea

text: which

text: ended

text: the

text: war

text: Antiochus

text: lost

text: all

text: of

text: his

text: territories

text: in

text: Anatolia

text: west

text: of

text: the

text: Taurus

text: and

text: was

text: forced

text: to

text: pay

text: a

text: large

text: indemnity

text: of

text: talents

question: The Seleucid Empire was mostly dominated by whom?

answer: Greco-Macedonian political elite

text: Greco-Macedonian political elite

question: What are Seleucid garrisons called?

answer: choria

text: choria

question: What are Seleucid military colonies called?

answer: katoikiai

text: katoikiai

question: Who defeated Antiochus III at Raphia?

answer: Ptolemy IV

text: Ptolemy IV

question: What year did Ptolemy IV die?

answer: 204


text: Small Armenian trading and religious communities have existed outside of Armenia for centuries. For example, a community has existed for over a millennium in the Holy Land, and one of the four quarters of the walled Old City of Jerusalem has been called the Armenian Quarter. An Armenian Catholic monastic community of 35 founded in 1717 exists on an island near Venice, Italy. There are also remnants of formerly populous communities in India, Myanmar, Thailand, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, Poland, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, Ethiopia, Sudan and Egypt.[citation needed]

title: Armenians

title: Armenians

text: Small

text: Armenian

text: trading

text: and

text: religious

text: communities

text: have

text: existed

text: outside

text: of

text: Armenia

text: for

text: centuries

text: For

text: example

text: a

text: community

text: has

text: existed

text: for

text: over

text: a

text: millennium

text: in

text: the

text: Holy

text: Land

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: four

text: quarters

text: of

text: the

text: walled

text: Old

text: City

text: of

text: Jerusalem

text: has

text: been

text: called

text: the

text: Armenian

text: Quarter

text: An

text: Armenian

text: Catholic

text: monastic

text: community

text: of

text: founded

text: in

text: exists

text: on

text: an

text: island

text: near

text: Venice

text: Italy

text: There

text: are

text: also

text: remnants

text: of

text: formerly

text: populous

text: communities

text: in

text: India

text: Myanmar

text: Thailand

text: Belgium

text: Portugal

text: Italy

text: Poland

text: Austria

text: Hungary

text: Bulgaria

text: Romania

text: Serbia

text: Ethiopia

text: Sudan

text: and

text: Egypt.[citation

text: needed

question: What is the Armenian Quarter?

answer: one of the four quarters of the walled Old City of Jerusalem

text: one of the four quarters of the walled Old City of Jerusalem

question: How many people live in the Armenian monastery in or near Italy?

answer: 35

question: When was the Italian Armenian monastery founded?

answer: 1717

question: What religion is the Italian Armenian monastery?

answer: Catholic

text: Catholic

question: Where is the Italian Armenian monastery?

answer: on an island near Venice

text: on an island near Venice


text: According to the commentators, Virgil received his first education when he was five years old and he later went to Cremona, Milan, and finally Rome to study rhetoric, medicine, and astronomy, which he soon abandoned for philosophy. From Virgil's admiring references to the neoteric writers Pollio and Cinna, it has been inferred that he was, for a time, associated with Catullus' neoteric circle. However schoolmates considered Virgil extremely shy and reserved, according to Servius, and he was nicknamed "Parthenias" or "maiden" because of his social aloofness. Virgil seems to have suffered bad health throughout his life and in some ways lived the life of an invalid. According to the Catalepton, while in the Epicurean school of Siro the Epicurean at Naples, he began to write poetry. A group of small works attributed to the youthful Virgil by the commentators survive collected under the title Appendix Vergiliana, but are largely considered spurious by scholars. One, the Catalepton, consists of fourteen short poems, some of which may be Virgil's, and another, a short narrative poem titled the Culex ("The Gnat"), was attributed to Virgil as early as the 1st century AD.

title: Virgil

title: Virgil

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: commentators

text: Virgil

text: received

text: his

text: first

text: education

text: when

text: he

text: was

text: five

text: years

text: old

text: and

text: he

text: later

text: went

text: to

text: Cremona

text: Milan

text: and

text: finally

text: Rome

text: to

text: study

text: rhetoric

text: medicine

text: and

text: astronomy

text: which

text: he

text: soon

text: abandoned

text: for

text: philosophy

text: From

text: Virgil

text: 's

text: admiring

text: references

text: to

text: the

text: neoteric

text: writers

text: Pollio

text: and

text: Cinna

text: it

text: has

text: been

text: inferred

text: that

text: he

text: was

text: for

text: a

text: time

text: associated

text: with

text: Catullus

text: neoteric

text: circle

text: However

text: schoolmates

text: considered

text: Virgil

text: extremely

text: shy

text: and

text: reserved

text: according

text: to

text: Servius

text: and

text: he

text: was

text: nicknamed

text: Parthenias

text: or

text: maiden

text: because

text: of

text: his

text: social

text: aloofness

text: Virgil

text: seems

text: to

text: have

text: suffered

text: bad

text: health

text: throughout

text: his

text: life

text: and

text: in

text: some

text: ways

text: lived

text: the

text: life

text: of

text: an

text: invalid

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: Catalepton

text: while

text: in

text: the

text: Epicurean

text: school

text: of

text: Siro

text: the

text: Epicurean

text: at

text: Naples

text: he

text: began

text: to

text: write

text: poetry

text: A

text: group

text: of

text: small

text: works

text: attributed

text: to

text: the

text: youthful

text: Virgil

text: by

text: the

text: commentators

text: survive

text: collected

text: under

text: the

text: title

text: Appendix

text: Vergiliana

text: but

text: are

text: largely

text: considered

text: spurious

text: by

text: scholars

text: One

text: the

text: Catalepton

text: consists

text: of

text: fourteen

text: short

text: poems

text: some

text: of

text: which

text: may

text: be

text: Virgil

text: 's

text: and

text: another

text: a

text: short

text: narrative

text: poem

text: titled

text: the

text: Culex

text: The

text: Gnat

text: was

text: attributed

text: to

text: Virgil

text: as

text: early

text: as

text: the

text: century

text: AD

question: Which three studies did Virgil abandon for philosophy?

answer: rhetoric, medicine, and astronomy

text: rhetoric, medicine, and astronomy

question: How was Virgil regarded socially by his schoolmates?

answer: extremely shy and reserved

text: extremely shy and reserved

question: What was Virgil's nickname?

answer: Parthenias

text: Parthenias

question: How did Virgil earn his nickname "Parthenias" or "maiden"?

answer: social aloofness

text: social aloofness

question: Which short narrative poem was attributed to Virgil as early as the 1st century AD?

answer: the Culex

text: the Culex


text: In 1185 John made his first visit to Ireland, accompanied by 300 knights and a team of administrators. Henry had tried to have John officially proclaimed King of Ireland, but Pope Lucius III would not agree. John's first period of rule in Ireland was not a success. Ireland had only recently been conquered by Anglo-Norman forces, and tensions were still rife between Henry II, the new settlers and the existing inhabitants. John infamously offended the local Irish rulers by making fun of their unfashionable long beards, failed to make allies amongst the Anglo-Norman settlers, began to lose ground militarily against the Irish and finally returned to England later in the year, blaming the viceroy, Hugh de Lacy, for the fiasco.

title: John,_King_of_England

title: John,_King_of_England

text: In

text: John

text: made

text: his

text: first

text: visit

text: to

text: Ireland

text: accompanied

text: by

text: knights

text: and

text: a

text: team

text: of

text: administrators

text: Henry

text: had

text: tried

text: to

text: have

text: John

text: officially

text: proclaimed

text: King

text: of

text: Ireland

text: but

text: Pope

text: Lucius

text: III

text: would

text: not

text: agree

text: John

text: 's

text: first

text: period

text: of

text: rule

text: in

text: Ireland

text: was

text: not

text: a

text: success

text: Ireland

text: had

text: only

text: recently

text: been

text: conquered

text: by

text: Anglo

text: Norman

text: forces

text: and

text: tensions

text: were

text: still

text: rife

text: between

text: Henry

text: II

text: the

text: new

text: settlers

text: and

text: the

text: existing

text: inhabitants

text: John

text: infamously

text: offended

text: the

text: local

text: Irish

text: rulers

text: by

text: making

text: fun

text: of

text: their

text: unfashionable

text: long

text: beards

text: failed

text: to

text: make

text: allies

text: amongst

text: the

text: Anglo

text: Norman

text: settlers

text: began

text: to

text: lose

text: ground

text: militarily

text: against

text: the

text: Irish

text: and

text: finally

text: returned

text: to

text: England

text: later

text: in

text: the

text: year

text: blaming

text: the

text: viceroy

text: Hugh

text: de

text: Lacy

text: for

text: the

text: fiasco

question: When did John make his first visit to Ireland?

answer: 1185

question: How many knights accompanied John to Ireland?

answer: 300

question: How did John offend the local Irish rulers?

answer: making fun of their unfashionable long beards

text: making fun of their unfashionable long beards


text: George VI's reign saw the acceleration of the dissolution of the British Empire. The Statute of Westminster 1931 had already acknowledged the evolution of the Dominions into separate sovereign states. The process of transformation from an empire to a voluntary association of independent states, known as the Commonwealth, gathered pace after the Second World War. During the ministry of Clement Attlee, British India became the two independent dominions of India and Pakistan in 1947. George relinquished the title of Emperor of India, and became King of India and King of Pakistan instead. In 1950 he ceased to be King of India when it became a republic within the Commonwealth of Nations, but he remained King of Pakistan until his death and India recognised his new title of Head of the Commonwealth. Other countries left the Commonwealth, such as Burma in January 1948, Palestine (divided between Israel and the Arab states) in May 1948 and the Republic of Ireland in 1949.

title: George_VI

title: George_VI

text: George

text: VI

text: 's

text: reign

text: saw

text: the

text: acceleration

text: of

text: the

text: dissolution

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: Empire

text: The

text: Statute

text: of

text: Westminster

text: had

text: already

text: acknowledged

text: the

text: evolution

text: of

text: the

text: Dominions

text: into

text: separate

text: sovereign

text: states

text: The

text: process

text: of

text: transformation

text: from

text: an

text: empire

text: to

text: a

text: voluntary

text: association

text: of

text: independent

text: states

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: gathered

text: pace

text: after

text: the

text: Second

text: World

text: War

text: During

text: the

text: ministry

text: of

text: Clement

text: Attlee

text: British

text: India

text: became

text: the

text: two

text: independent

text: dominions

text: of

text: India

text: and

text: Pakistan

text: in

text: George

text: relinquished

text: the

text: title

text: of

text: Emperor

text: of

text: India

text: and

text: became

text: King

text: of

text: India

text: and

text: King

text: of

text: Pakistan

text: instead

text: In

text: he

text: ceased

text: to

text: be

text: King

text: of

text: India

text: when

text: it

text: became

text: a

text: republic

text: within

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: of

text: Nations

text: but

text: he

text: remained

text: King

text: of

text: Pakistan

text: until

text: his

text: death

text: and

text: India

text: recognised

text: his

text: new

text: title

text: of

text: Head

text: of

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: Other

text: countries

text: left

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: such

text: as

text: Burma

text: in

text: January

text: Palestine

text: divided

text: between

text: Israel

text: and

text: the

text: Arab

text: states

text: in

text: May

text: and

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Ireland

text: in

question: What is the association of independent states in Britain called?

answer: the Commonwealth

text: the Commonwealth

question: What two dominions did British India become?

answer: India and Pakistan

text: India and Pakistan

question: What country left the Commonwealth in January 1948?

answer: Burma

text: Burma

question: What year was the Republic of Ireland formed?

answer: 1949


text: The Roman Republic (Latin: Res publica Romana; Classical Latin: [ˈreːs ˈpuːb.lɪ.ka roːˈmaː.na]) was the period of ancient Roman civilization beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom, traditionally dated to 509 BC, and ending in 27 BC with the establishment of the Roman Empire. It was during this period that Rome's control expanded from the city's immediate surroundings to hegemony over the entire Mediterranean world. During the first two centuries of its existence, the Roman Republic expanded through a combination of conquest and alliance, from central Italy to the entire Italian peninsula. By the following century, it included North Africa, Spain, and what is now southern France. Two centuries after that, towards the end of the 1st century BC, it included the rest of modern France, Greece, and much of the eastern Mediterranean. By this time, internal tensions led to a series of civil wars, culminating with the assassination of Julius Caesar, which led to the transition from republic to empire. The exact date of transition can be a matter of interpretation. Historians have variously proposed Julius Caesar's crossing of the Rubicon River in 49 BC, Caesar's appointment as dictator for life in 44 BC, and the defeat of Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC. However, most use the same date as did the ancient Romans themselves, the Roman Senate's grant of extraordinary powers to Octavian and his adopting the title Augustus in 27 BC, as the defining event ending the Republic.

title: Roman_Republic

title: Roman_Republic

text: The

text: Roman

text: Republic

text: Latin

text: Res

text: publica

text: Romana

text: Classical

text: Latin

text: ˈreːs

text: ˈpuːb.lɪ.ka

text: roːˈmaː.na

text: was

text: the

text: period

text: of

text: ancient

text: Roman

text: civilization

text: beginning

text: with

text: the

text: overthrow

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Kingdom

text: traditionally

text: dated

text: to

text: BC

text: and

text: ending

text: in

text: BC

text: with

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: It

text: was

text: during

text: this

text: period

text: that

text: Rome

text: 's

text: control

text: expanded

text: from

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: immediate

text: surroundings

text: to

text: hegemony

text: over

text: the

text: entire

text: Mediterranean

text: world

text: During

text: the

text: first

text: two

text: centuries

text: of

text: its

text: existence

text: the

text: Roman

text: Republic

text: expanded

text: through

text: a

text: combination

text: of

text: conquest

text: and

text: alliance

text: from

text: central

text: Italy

text: to

text: the

text: entire

text: Italian

text: peninsula

text: By

text: the

text: following

text: century

text: it

text: included

text: North

text: Africa

text: Spain

text: and

text: what

text: is

text: now

text: southern

text: France

text: Two

text: centuries

text: after

text: that

text: towards

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: BC

text: it

text: included

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: modern

text: France

text: Greece

text: and

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: eastern

text: Mediterranean

text: By

text: this

text: time

text: internal

text: tensions

text: led

text: to

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: civil

text: wars

text: culminating

text: with

text: the

text: assassination

text: of

text: Julius

text: Caesar

text: which

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: transition

text: from

text: republic

text: to

text: empire

text: The

text: exact

text: date

text: of

text: transition

text: can

text: be

text: a

text: matter

text: of

text: interpretation

text: Historians

text: have

text: variously

text: proposed

text: Julius

text: Caesar

text: 's

text: crossing

text: of

text: the

text: Rubicon

text: River

text: in

text: BC

text: Caesar

text: 's

text: appointment

text: as

text: dictator

text: for

text: life

text: in

text: BC

text: and

text: the

text: defeat

text: of

text: Mark

text: Antony

text: and

text: Cleopatra

text: at

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Actium

text: in

text: BC

text: However

text: most

text: use

text: the

text: same

text: date

text: as

text: did

text: the

text: ancient

text: Romans

text: themselves

text: the

text: Roman

text: Senate

text: 's

text: grant

text: of

text: extraordinary

text: powers

text: to

text: Octavian

text: and

text: his

text: adopting

text: the

text: title

text: Augustus

text: in

text: BC

text: as

text: the

text: defining

text: event

text: ending

text: the

text: Republic

question: When did the Roman Republic begin?

answer: 509 BC

text: 509 BC

question: When did the Roman Republic end?

answer: 27 BC

text: 27 BC

question: What marked the beginning of the Roman Republic?

answer: the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom

text: the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom

question: When was Cleopatra defeated at the Battle of Actium?

answer: 31 BC

text: 31 BC

question: What do most consider to be the event that ended the Roman Republic?

answer: Roman Senate's grant of extraordinary powers to Octavian

text: Roman Senate's grant of extraordinary powers to Octavian


text: Israel retaliated against Egyptian shelling with commando raids, artillery shelling and air strikes. This resulted in an exodus of civilians from Egyptian cities along the Suez Canal's western bank. Nasser ceased all military activities and began a program to build a network of internal defenses, while receiving the financial backing of various Arab states. The war resumed in March 1969. In November, Nasser brokered an agreement between the PLO and the Lebanese military that granted Palestinian guerrillas the right to use Lebanese territory to attack Israel.

title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

text: Israel

text: retaliated

text: against

text: Egyptian

text: shelling

text: with

text: commando

text: raids

text: artillery

text: shelling

text: and

text: air

text: strikes

text: This

text: resulted

text: in

text: an

text: exodus

text: of

text: civilians

text: from

text: Egyptian

text: cities

text: along

text: the

text: Suez

text: Canal

text: 's

text: western

text: bank

text: Nasser

text: ceased

text: all

text: military

text: activities

text: and

text: began

text: a

text: program

text: to

text: build

text: a

text: network

text: of

text: internal

text: defenses

text: while

text: receiving

text: the

text: financial

text: backing

text: of

text: various

text: Arab

text: states

text: The

text: war

text: resumed

text: in

text: March

text: In

text: November

text: Nasser

text: brokered

text: an

text: agreement

text: between

text: the

text: PLO

text: and

text: the

text: Lebanese

text: military

text: that

text: granted

text: Palestinian

text: guerrillas

text: the

text: right

text: to

text: use

text: Lebanese

text: territory

text: to

text: attack

text: Israel

question: What did Nasser do to respond to Israeli attacks?

answer: build a network of internal defenses

text: build a network of internal defenses

question: When did the war start up again?

answer: March 1969

text: March 1969

question: What groups did Nasser broker an agreement with?

answer: PLO and the Lebanese military

text: PLO and the Lebanese military

question: Who would get to attack Israel from Lebanon?

answer: Palestinian guerrillas

text: Palestinian guerrillas


text: Each team consists of a maximum of eleven players (excluding substitutes), one of whom must be the goalkeeper. Competition rules may state a minimum number of players required to constitute a team, which is usually seven. Goalkeepers are the only players allowed to play the ball with their hands or arms, provided they do so within the penalty area in front of their own goal. Though there are a variety of positions in which the outfield (non-goalkeeper) players are strategically placed by a coach, these positions are not defined or required by the Laws.

title: Association_football

title: Association_football

text: Each

text: team

text: consists

text: of

text: a

text: maximum

text: of

text: eleven

text: players

text: excluding

text: substitutes

text: one

text: of

text: whom

text: must

text: be

text: the

text: goalkeeper

text: Competition

text: rules

text: may

text: state

text: a

text: minimum

text: number

text: of

text: players

text: required

text: to

text: constitute

text: a

text: team

text: which

text: is

text: usually

text: seven

text: Goalkeepers

text: are

text: the

text: only

text: players

text: allowed

text: to

text: play

text: the

text: ball

text: with

text: their

text: hands

text: or

text: arms

text: provided

text: they

text: do

text: so

text: within

text: the

text: penalty

text: area

text: in

text: front

text: of

text: their

text: own

text: goal

text: Though

text: there

text: are

text: a

text: variety

text: of

text: positions

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: outfield

text: non

text: goalkeeper

text: players

text: are

text: strategically

text: placed

text: by

text: a

text: coach

text: these

text: positions

text: are

text: not

text: defined

text: or

text: required

text: by

text: the

text: Laws

question: Out of the maximum amount of players allowed, one must be a what?

answer: goalkeeper

text: goalkeeper

question: The maximum amount of players exclude what?

answer: substitutes

text: substitutes

question: If there's a minimum amount of players it's usually what?

answer: seven

text: seven

question: Players are usually strategically placed by who?

answer: coach

text: coach

question: What is the maximum amount of players allowed?

answer: eleven

text: eleven


text: Symmetry groups are groups consisting of symmetries of given mathematical objects—be they of geometric nature, such as the introductory symmetry group of the square, or of algebraic nature, such as polynomial equations and their solutions. Conceptually, group theory can be thought of as the study of symmetry.t[›] Symmetries in mathematics greatly simplify the study of geometrical or analytical objects. A group is said to act on another mathematical object X if every group element performs some operation on X compatibly to the group law. In the rightmost example below, an element of order 7 of the (2,3,7) triangle group acts on the tiling by permuting the highlighted warped triangles (and the other ones, too). By a group action, the group pattern is connected to the structure of the object being acted on.

title: Group_(mathematics)

title: Group_(mathematics

text: Symmetry

text: groups

text: are

text: groups

text: consisting

text: of

text: symmetries

text: of

text: given

text: mathematical

text: objects

text: be

text: they

text: of

text: geometric

text: nature

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: introductory

text: symmetry

text: group

text: of

text: the

text: square

text: or

text: of

text: algebraic

text: nature

text: such

text: as

text: polynomial

text: equations

text: and

text: their

text: solutions

text: Conceptually

text: group

text: theory

text: can

text: be

text: thought

text: of

text: as

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: symmetry.t[›

text: Symmetries

text: in

text: mathematics

text: greatly

text: simplify

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: geometrical

text: or

text: analytical

text: objects

text: A

text: group

text: is

text: said

text: to

text: act

text: on

text: another

text: mathematical

text: object

text: X

text: if

text: every

text: group

text: element

text: performs

text: some

text: operation

text: on

text: X

text: compatibly

text: to

text: the

text: group

text: law

text: In

text: the

text: rightmost

text: example

text: below

text: an

text: element

text: of

text: order

text: of

text: the

text: triangle

text: group

text: acts

text: on

text: the

text: tiling

text: by

text: permuting

text: the

text: highlighted

text: warped

text: triangles

text: and

text: the

text: other

text: ones

text: too

text: By

text: a

text: group

text: action

text: the

text: group

text: pattern

text: is

text: connected

text: to

text: the

text: structure

text: of

text: the

text: object

text: being

text: acted

text: on

question: What are groups consisting of symmetries of given arithmetic concepts?

answer: Symmetry groups

text: Symmetry groups

question: What term describes the introductory symmetry group of the square?

answer: geometric nature

text: geometric nature

question: What can regarded as the study of symmetry?

answer: group theory

text: group theory

question: What is the name of the rule that must be met for a group operation to occur?

answer: group law

text: group law

question: The group pattern is connected to the structure of the target by what behavior?

answer: group action

text: group action


text: Similarities — in systems or even in ideas — that schools share internationally have led to an increase in international student exchanges. The European Socrates-Erasmus Program facilitates exchanges across European universities. The Soros Foundation provides many opportunities for students from central Asia and eastern Europe. Programs such as the International Baccalaureate have contributed to the internationalization of education. The global campus online, led by American universities, allows free access to class materials and lecture files recorded during the actual classes.

title: Education

title: Education

text: Similarities

text: in

text: systems

text: or

text: even

text: in

text: ideas

text: that

text: schools

text: share

text: internationally

text: have

text: led

text: to

text: an

text: increase

text: in

text: international

text: student

text: exchanges

text: The

text: European

text: Socrates

text: Erasmus

text: Program

text: facilitates

text: exchanges

text: across

text: European

text: universities

text: The

text: Soros

text: Foundation

text: provides

text: many

text: opportunities

text: for

text: students

text: from

text: central

text: Asia

text: and

text: eastern

text: Europe

text: Programs

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: International

text: Baccalaureate

text: have

text: contributed

text: to

text: the

text: internationalization

text: of

text: education

text: The

text: global

text: campus

text: online

text: led

text: by

text: American

text: universities

text: allows

text: free

text: access

text: to

text: class

text: materials

text: and

text: lecture

text: files

text: recorded

text: during

text: the

text: actual

text: classes

question: What has come from similarities in systems?

answer: increase in international student exchanges

text: increase in international student exchanges

question: Which programfacilitates the exchange students across Europe?

answer: The European Socrates-Erasmus Program

text: The European Socrates-Erasmus Program

question: Which group provides opportunities for Eastern Europe and Asia exchange students?

answer: The Soros Foundation

text: The Soros Foundation


text: Once a year between 2008–2012 the European Formula One Grand Prix took place in the Valencia Street Circuit. Valencia is among with Barcelona, Porto and Monte Carlo the only European cities ever to host Formula One World Championship Grands Prix on public roads in the middle of cities. The final race in 2012 European Grand Prix saw an extremely popular winner, since home driver Fernando Alonso won for Ferrari in spite of starting halfway down the field. The Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix (Gran Premi de la Comunitat Valenciana de motociclisme) is part of the Grand Prix motorcycle racing season at the Circuit Ricardo Tormo (also known as Circuit de Valencia). Periodically the Spanish round of the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters touring car racing Championship (DTM) is held in Valencia.

title: Valencia

title: Valencia

text: Once

text: a

text: year

text: between

text: the

text: European

text: Formula

text: One

text: Grand

text: Prix

text: took

text: place

text: in

text: the

text: Valencia

text: Street

text: Circuit

text: Valencia

text: is

text: among

text: with

text: Barcelona

text: Porto

text: and

text: Monte

text: Carlo

text: the

text: only

text: European

text: cities

text: ever

text: to

text: host

text: Formula

text: One

text: World

text: Championship

text: Grands

text: Prix

text: on

text: public

text: roads

text: in

text: the

text: middle

text: of

text: cities

text: The

text: final

text: race

text: in

text: European

text: Grand

text: Prix

text: saw

text: an

text: extremely

text: popular

text: winner

text: since

text: home

text: driver

text: Fernando

text: Alonso

text: won

text: for

text: Ferrari

text: in

text: spite

text: of

text: starting

text: halfway

text: down

text: the

text: field

text: The

text: Valencian

text: Community

text: motorcycle

text: Grand

text: Prix

text: Gran

text: Premi

text: de

text: la

text: Comunitat

text: Valenciana

text: de

text: motociclisme

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Grand

text: Prix

text: motorcycle

text: racing

text: season

text: at

text: the

text: Circuit

text: Ricardo

text: Tormo

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Circuit

text: de

text: Valencia

text: Periodically

text: the

text: Spanish

text: round

text: of

text: the

text: Deutsche

text: Tourenwagen

text: Masters

text: touring

text: car

text: racing

text: Championship

text: DTM

text: is

text: held

text: in

text: Valencia

question: Who won the last race of the European Grand Prix in 2012?

answer: Fernando Alonso

text: Fernando Alonso

question: What motorcycle event is held in Valencia?

answer: Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix

text: Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix

question: In which years was the European Formula One Grand Prix in Valencia?

answer: 2008–2012

question: What is another name for the Circuit Recardo Tormo?

answer: Circuit de Valencia

text: Circuit de Valencia


text: The former ten-year moratorium on the construction of new nuclear power plants was the result of a citizens' initiative voted on in 1990 which had passed with 54.5% Yes vs. 45.5% No votes. Plans for a new nuclear plant in the Canton of Bern have been put on hold after the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi power plant in 2011. The Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) is the office responsible for all questions relating to energy supply and energy use within the Federal Department of Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications (DETEC). The agency is supporting the 2000-watt society initiative to cut the nation's energy use by more than half by the year 2050.

title: Switzerland

title: Switzerland

text: The

text: former

text: ten

text: year

text: moratorium

text: on

text: the

text: construction

text: of

text: new

text: nuclear

text: power

text: plants

text: was

text: the

text: result

text: of

text: a

text: citizens

text: initiative

text: voted

text: on

text: in

text: which

text: had

text: passed

text: with

text: Yes

text: vs.

text: No

text: votes

text: Plans

text: for

text: a

text: new

text: nuclear

text: plant

text: in

text: the

text: Canton

text: of

text: Bern

text: have

text: been

text: put

text: on

text: hold

text: after

text: the

text: accident

text: at

text: the

text: Fukushima

text: Daiichi

text: power

text: plant

text: in

text: The

text: Swiss

text: Federal

text: Office

text: of

text: Energy

text: SFOE

text: is

text: the

text: office

text: responsible

text: for

text: all

text: questions

text: relating

text: to

text: energy

text: supply

text: and

text: energy

text: use

text: within

text: the

text: Federal

text: Department

text: of

text: Environment

text: Transport

text: Energy

text: and

text: Communications

text: DETEC

text: The

text: agency

text: is

text: supporting

text: the

text: society

text: initiative

text: to

text: cut

text: the

text: nation

text: 's

text: energy

text: use

text: by

text: more

text: than

text: half

text: by

text: the

text: year

question: What was the former 10-year moratorium on the construction of nuclear plants the result of?

answer: a citizens' initiative

text: a citizens' initiative

question: What accident caused the delay in plans for the new nuclear power plant in Bern?

answer: Fukushima Daiichi power plant in 2011

text: Fukushima Daiichi power plant in 2011

question: What does SFOE stand for?

answer: Swiss Federal Office of Energy

text: Swiss Federal Office of Energy

question: What does DETEC stand for?

answer: Department of Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications

text: Department of Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications

question: What is the 2000-watt society initiative designed to cut by more than half by 2050?

answer: the nation's energy use

text: the nation's energy use


text: In 2005, the Office of Fair Trading found fifty independent schools, including Eton, to have breached the Competition Act by "regularly and systematically" exchanging information about planned increases in school fees, which was collated and distributed among the schools by the bursar at Sevenoaks School. Following the investigation by the OFT, each school was required to pay around £70,000, totalling around £3.5 million, significantly less than the maximum possible fine. In addition, the schools together agreed to contribute another £3m to a new charitable educational fund. The incident raised concerns over whether the charitable status of independent schools such as Eton should be reconsidered, and perhaps revoked. However, Jean Scott, the head of the Independent Schools Council, said that independent schools had always been exempt from anti-cartel rules applied to business, were following a long-established procedure in sharing the information with each other, and that they were unaware of the change to the law (on which they had not been consulted). She wrote to John Vickers, the OFT director-general, saying, "They are not a group of businessmen meeting behind closed doors to fix the price of their products to the disadvantage of the consumer. They are schools that have quite openly continued to follow a long-established practice because they were unaware that the law had changed."

title: Eton_College

title: Eton_College

text: In

text: the

text: Office

text: of

text: Fair

text: Trading

text: found

text: fifty

text: independent

text: schools

text: including

text: Eton

text: to

text: have

text: breached

text: the

text: Competition

text: Act

text: by

text: regularly

text: and

text: systematically

text: exchanging

text: information

text: about

text: planned

text: increases

text: in

text: school

text: fees

text: which

text: was

text: collated

text: and

text: distributed

text: among

text: the

text: schools

text: by

text: the

text: bursar

text: at

text: Sevenoaks

text: School

text: Following

text: the

text: investigation

text: by

text: the

text: OFT

text: each

text: school

text: was

text: required

text: to

text: pay

text: around

text: totalling

text: around

text: million

text: significantly

text: less

text: than

text: the

text: maximum

text: possible

text: fine

text: In

text: addition

text: the

text: schools

text: together

text: agreed

text: to

text: contribute

text: another

text: m

text: to

text: a

text: new

text: charitable

text: educational

text: fund

text: The

text: incident

text: raised

text: concerns

text: over

text: whether

text: the

text: charitable

text: status

text: of

text: independent

text: schools

text: such

text: as

text: Eton

text: should

text: be

text: reconsidered

text: and

text: perhaps

text: revoked

text: However

text: Jean

text: Scott

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: the

text: Independent

text: Schools

text: Council

text: said

text: that

text: independent

text: schools

text: had

text: always

text: been

text: exempt

text: from

text: anti

text: cartel

text: rules

text: applied

text: to

text: business

text: were

text: following

text: a

text: long

text: established

text: procedure

text: in

text: sharing

text: the

text: information

text: with

text: each

text: other

text: and

text: that

text: they

text: were

text: unaware

text: of

text: the

text: change

text: to

text: the

text: law

text: on

text: which

text: they

text: had

text: not

text: been

text: consulted

text: She

text: wrote

text: to

text: John

text: Vickers

text: the

text: OFT

text: director

text: general

text: saying

text: They

text: are

text: not

text: a

text: group

text: of

text: businessmen

text: meeting

text: behind

text: closed

text: doors

text: to

text: fix

text: the

text: price

text: of

text: their

text: products

text: to

text: the

text: disadvantage

text: of

text: the

text: consumer

text: They

text: are

text: schools

text: that

text: have

text: quite

text: openly

text: continued

text: to

text: follow

text: a

text: long

text: established

text: practice

text: because

text: they

text: were

text: unaware

text: that

text: the

text: law

text: had

text: changed

question: Who defended fifty schools accused of price-sharing, stating they were unaware the laws had changed?

answer: Jean Scott

text: Jean Scott

question: In what year was a group of independent schools found guilty of price-sharing?

answer: 2005

question: How much did each school have to pay as punishment for price-sharing?

answer: £70,000, totalling around £3.5 million

text: £70,000, totalling around £3.5 million

question: What did the schools elect to contribute money towards, in light of their allegations?

answer: a new charitable educational fund

text: a new charitable educational fund


text: Saint-Barthélemy has a marine nature reserve, known as the Reserve Naturelle that covers 1.200 ha, and is divided into 5 zones all around the island to form a network of protected areas. The Reserve includes the bays of Grand Cul de Sac, Colombier, Marigot, Petit Cul de Sac, Petite Anse as well as waters around offshore rocks such as Les Gross Islets, Pain de Sucre, Tortue and Forchue. The Reserve is designed to protect the islands coral reefs, seagrass and endangered marine species including sea turtles. The Reserve has two levels of protection, the yellow zones of protection where certain non-extractive activities, like snorkeling and boating, are allowed and the red zones of high protection where most activities including SCUBA are restricted in order to protect or recover marine life. Anchoring is prohibited in the Reserve and mooring buoys are in place in some of the protected bays like Colombier

title: Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy

title: Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy

text: Saint

text: Barthélemy

text: has

text: a

text: marine

text: nature

text: reserve

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Reserve

text: Naturelle

text: that

text: covers

text: ha

text: and

text: is

text: divided

text: into

text: zones

text: all

text: around

text: the

text: island

text: to

text: form

text: a

text: network

text: of

text: protected

text: areas

text: The

text: Reserve

text: includes

text: the

text: bays

text: of

text: Grand

text: Cul

text: de

text: Sac

text: Colombier

text: Marigot

text: Petit

text: Cul

text: de

text: Sac

text: Petite

text: Anse

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: waters

text: around

text: offshore

text: rocks

text: such

text: as

text: Les

text: Gross

text: Islets

text: Pain

text: de

text: Sucre

text: Tortue

text: and

text: Forchue

text: The

text: Reserve

text: is

text: designed

text: to

text: protect

text: the

text: islands

text: coral

text: reefs

text: seagrass

text: and

text: endangered

text: marine

text: species

text: including

text: sea

text: turtles

text: The

text: Reserve

text: has

text: two

text: levels

text: of

text: protection

text: the

text: yellow

text: zones

text: of

text: protection

text: where

text: certain

text: non

text: extractive

text: activities

text: like

text: snorkeling

text: and

text: boating

text: are

text: allowed

text: and

text: the

text: red

text: zones

text: of

text: high

text: protection

text: where

text: most

text: activities

text: including

text: SCUBA

text: are

text: restricted

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: protect

text: or

text: recover

text: marine

text: life

text: Anchoring

text: is

text: prohibited

text: in

text: the

text: Reserve

text: and

text: mooring

text: buoys

text: are

text: in

text: place

text: in

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: protected

text: bays

text: like

text: Colombier

question: How many hectares does the marine preserve cover?

answer: 1.200

question: What general species of animal was the marine reserve designed to protect?

answer: sea turtles

text: sea turtles

question: What is prohibited in all zones of the marine reserve at St. Barts?

answer: Anchoring

text: Anchoring

question: What is the sea life reserve named at St. Barts?

answer: Reserve Naturelle

text: Reserve Naturelle

question: Colombier Bay has what type of helpful structures placed in the water?

answer: mooring buoys

text: mooring buoys


text: Different pieces of wood cut from a large tree may differ decidedly, particularly if the tree is big and mature. In some trees, the wood laid on late in the life of a tree is softer, lighter, weaker, and more even-textured than that produced earlier, but in other trees, the reverse applies. This may or may not correspond to heartwood and sapwood. In a large log the sapwood, because of the time in the life of the tree when it was grown, may be inferior in hardness, strength, and toughness to equally sound heartwood from the same log. In a smaller tree, the reverse may be true.

title: Wood

title: Wood

text: Different

text: pieces

text: of

text: wood

text: cut

text: from

text: a

text: large

text: tree

text: may

text: differ

text: decidedly

text: particularly

text: if

text: the

text: tree

text: is

text: big

text: and

text: mature

text: In

text: some

text: trees

text: the

text: wood

text: laid

text: on

text: late

text: in

text: the

text: life

text: of

text: a

text: tree

text: is

text: softer

text: lighter

text: weaker

text: and

text: more

text: even

text: textured

text: than

text: that

text: produced

text: earlier

text: but

text: in

text: other

text: trees

text: the

text: reverse

text: applies

text: This

text: may

text: or

text: may

text: not

text: correspond

text: to

text: heartwood

text: and

text: sapwood

text: In

text: a

text: large

text: log

text: the

text: sapwood

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: time

text: in

text: the

text: life

text: of

text: the

text: tree

text: when

text: it

text: was

text: grown

text: may

text: be

text: inferior

text: in

text: hardness

text: strength

text: and

text: toughness

text: to

text: equally

text: sound

text: heartwood

text: from

text: the

text: same

text: log

text: In

text: a

text: smaller

text: tree

text: the

text: reverse

text: may

text: be

text: true

question: When a big tree is cut up, will the pieces of wood differ or all be the same?

answer: differ

text: differ

question: In a large log, will the heartwood or sapwood usually be stronger and tougher?

answer: heartwood

text: heartwood

question: If you need really hard, strong wood from a small tree, would it likely be better to use the heartwood or sapwood?

answer: sapwood

text: sapwood

question: Besides big trees, what trees are more likely to have a range of different kinds of wood?

answer: mature

text: mature


text: Contemporaneously with the rise of analytic ethics in Anglo-American thought, in Europe several new lines of philosophy directed at critique of existing societies arose between the 1950s and 1980s. Most of these took elements of Marxist economic analysis, but combined them with a more cultural or ideological emphasis. Out of the Frankfurt School, thinkers like Herbert Marcuse, Theodor W. Adorno, Max Horkheimer, and Jürgen Habermas combined Marxian and Freudian perspectives. Along somewhat different lines, a number of other continental thinkers—still largely influenced by Marxism—put new emphases on structuralism and on a "return to Hegel". Within the (post-) structuralist line (though mostly not taking that label) are thinkers such as Gilles Deleuze, Michel Foucault, Claude Lefort, and Jean Baudrillard. The Situationists were more influenced by Hegel; Guy Debord, in particular, moved a Marxist analysis of commodity fetishism to the realm of consumption, and looked at the relation between consumerism and dominant ideology formation.

title: Political_philosophy

title: Political_philosophy

text: Contemporaneously

text: with

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: analytic

text: ethics

text: in

text: Anglo

text: American

text: thought

text: in

text: Europe

text: several

text: new

text: lines

text: of

text: philosophy

text: directed

text: at

text: critique

text: of

text: existing

text: societies

text: arose

text: between

text: the

text: and

text: Most

text: of

text: these

text: took

text: elements

text: of

text: Marxist

text: economic

text: analysis

text: but

text: combined

text: them

text: with

text: a

text: more

text: cultural

text: or

text: ideological

text: emphasis

text: Out

text: of

text: the

text: Frankfurt

text: School

text: thinkers

text: like

text: Herbert

text: Marcuse

text: Theodor

text: W.

text: Adorno

text: Max

text: Horkheimer

text: and

text: Jürgen

text: Habermas

text: combined

text: Marxian

text: and

text: Freudian

text: perspectives

text: Along

text: somewhat

text: different

text: lines

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: other

text: continental

text: thinkers

text: still

text: largely

text: influenced

text: by

text: Marxism

text: put

text: new

text: emphases

text: on

text: structuralism

text: and

text: on

text: a

text: return

text: to

text: Hegel

text: Within

text: the

text: post-

text: structuralist

text: line

text: though

text: mostly

text: not

text: taking

text: that

text: label

text: are

text: thinkers

text: such

text: as

text: Gilles

text: Deleuze

text: Michel

text: Foucault

text: Claude

text: Lefort

text: and

text: Jean

text: Baudrillard

text: The

text: Situationists

text: were

text: more

text: influenced

text: by

text: Hegel

text: Guy

text: Debord

text: in

text: particular

text: moved

text: a

text: Marxist

text: analysis

text: of

text: commodity

text: fetishism

text: to

text: the

text: realm

text: of

text: consumption

text: and

text: looked

text: at

text: the

text: relation

text: between

text: consumerism

text: and

text: dominant

text: ideology

text: formation

question: Herbert Marcuse was from what school?

answer: Frankfurt School,

text: Frankfurt School,

question: Thinkers out of the Frankfurt School combined Marxian and what other perspective?

answer: Freudian

text: Freudian

question: Who in particular moved a Marxist analysis of commodity fetishism to the realm of consumption?

answer: Guy Debord

text: Guy Debord


text: Much of New Delhi, planned by the leading 20th-century British architect Edwin Lutyens, was laid out to be the central administrative area of the city as a testament to Britain's imperial pretensions. New Delhi is structured around two central promenades called the Rajpath and the Janpath. The Rajpath, or King's Way, stretches from the Rashtrapati Bhavan to the India Gate. The Janpath (Hindi: "Path of the People"), formerly Queen's Way, begins at Connaught Circus and cuts the Rajpath at right angles. 19 foreign embassies are located on the nearby Shantipath (Hindi: "Path of Peace"), making it the largest diplomatic enclave in India.

title: New_Delhi

title: New_Delhi

text: Much

text: of

text: New

text: Delhi

text: planned

text: by

text: the

text: leading

text: century

text: British

text: architect

text: Edwin

text: Lutyens

text: was

text: laid

text: out

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: central

text: administrative

text: area

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: as

text: a

text: testament

text: to

text: Britain

text: 's

text: imperial

text: pretensions

text: New

text: Delhi

text: is

text: structured

text: around

text: two

text: central

text: promenades

text: called

text: the

text: Rajpath

text: and

text: the

text: Janpath

text: The

text: Rajpath

text: or

text: King

text: 's

text: Way

text: stretches

text: from

text: the

text: Rashtrapati

text: Bhavan

text: to

text: the

text: India

text: Gate

text: The

text: Janpath

text: Hindi

text: Path

text: of

text: the

text: People

text: formerly

text: Queen

text: 's

text: Way

text: begins

text: at

text: Connaught

text: Circus

text: and

text: cuts

text: the

text: Rajpath

text: at

text: right

text: angles

text: foreign

text: embassies

text: are

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: nearby

text: Shantipath

text: Hindi

text: Path

text: of

text: Peace

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: largest

text: diplomatic

text: enclave

text: in

text: India

question: What British architect was responsible for designing much of New Delhi?

answer: Edwin Lutyens

text: Edwin Lutyens

question: What are the names of the two central promenades around which New Delhi is structured?

answer: Rajpath and the Janpath

text: Rajpath and the Janpath

question: Which of the two promenades is referred to as The King's Way?

answer: the Rajpath

text: the Rajpath

question: Which promenade was formerly known as the Queen's Way?

answer: The Janpath

text: The Janpath

question: The largest diplomatic enclave in India which contains 19 foreign embassies is located along which promenade?

answer: Shantipath

text: Shantipath


text: The development of the Bronx is directly connected to its strategic location between New England and New York (Manhattan). Control over the bridges across the Harlem River plagued the period of British colonial rule. Kingsbridge, built in 1693 where Broadway reached the Spuyten Duyvil Creek, was a possession of Frederick Philipse, lord of Philipse Manor. The tolls were resented by local farmers on both sides of the creek. In 1759, the farmers led by Jacobus Dyckman and Benjamin Palmer built a "free bridge" across the Harlem River which led to the abandonment of tolls altogether.

title: The_Bronx

title: The_Bronx

text: The

text: development

text: of

text: the

text: Bronx

text: is

text: directly

text: connected

text: to

text: its

text: strategic

text: location

text: between

text: New

text: England

text: and

text: New

text: York

text: Manhattan

text: Control

text: over

text: the

text: bridges

text: across

text: the

text: Harlem

text: River

text: plagued

text: the

text: period

text: of

text: British

text: colonial

text: rule

text: Kingsbridge

text: built

text: in

text: where

text: Broadway

text: reached

text: the

text: Spuyten

text: Duyvil

text: Creek

text: was

text: a

text: possession

text: of

text: Frederick

text: Philipse

text: lord

text: of

text: Philipse

text: Manor

text: The

text: tolls

text: were

text: resented

text: by

text: local

text: farmers

text: on

text: both

text: sides

text: of

text: the

text: creek

text: In

text: the

text: farmers

text: led

text: by

text: Jacobus

text: Dyckman

text: and

text: Benjamin

text: Palmer

text: built

text: a

text: free

text: bridge

text: across

text: the

text: Harlem

text: River

text: which

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: abandonment

text: of

text: tolls

text: altogether

question: When did farmers build a bridge over the Harlem River?

answer: 1759

question: Why did farmers build a bridge over the Harlem River?

answer: tolls were resented

text: tolls were resented

question: What strategic advantage did the Bronx's location have?

answer: between New England and New York

text: between New England and New York

question: When was Kingsbridge built?

answer: 1693

question: Who owned Kingsbridge?

answer: Frederick Philipse

text: Frederick Philipse


text: The Delhi Flying Club, established in 1928 with two de Havilland Moth aircraft named Delhi and Roshanara, was based at Safdarjung Airport which started operations in 1929, when it was the Delhi's only airport and the second in India. The airport functioned until 2001, however in January 2002 the government closed the airport for flying activities because of security concerns following the New York attacks in September 2001. Since then, the club only carries out aircraft maintenance courses, and is used for helicopter rides to Indira Gandhi International Airport for VIP including the president and the prime minister.

title: New_Delhi

title: New_Delhi

text: The

text: Delhi

text: Flying

text: Club

text: established

text: in

text: with

text: two

text: de

text: Havilland

text: Moth

text: aircraft

text: named

text: Delhi

text: and

text: Roshanara

text: was

text: based

text: at

text: Safdarjung

text: Airport

text: which

text: started

text: operations

text: in

text: when

text: it

text: was

text: the

text: Delhi

text: 's

text: only

text: airport

text: and

text: the

text: second

text: in

text: India

text: The

text: airport

text: functioned

text: until

text: however

text: in

text: January

text: the

text: government

text: closed

text: the

text: airport

text: for

text: flying

text: activities

text: because

text: of

text: security

text: concerns

text: following

text: the

text: New

text: York

text: attacks

text: in

text: September

text: Since

text: then

text: the

text: club

text: only

text: carries

text: out

text: aircraft

text: maintenance

text: courses

text: and

text: is

text: used

text: for

text: helicopter

text: rides

text: to

text: Indira

text: Gandhi

text: International

text: Airport

text: for

text: VIP

text: including

text: the

text: president

text: and

text: the

text: prime

text: minister

question: The Delhi Flying Club was established in what year?

answer: 1928

question: When established in 1928, which airport served as the base of the Delhi Flying Club?

answer: Safdarjung Airport

text: Safdarjung Airport

question: In what year did the government close Safdarjung Airport due to security concerns?

answer: 2002

question: In what year did the Delhi Flying club begin operations?

answer: 1929

question: What type of aircraft was first used by the Delhi Flying Club after its founding?

answer: de Havilland Moth aircraft

text: de Havilland Moth aircraft


text: In September 1939, Britain entered the Second World War, which lasted until 1945. During the war, many of London's children were evacuated to avoid the frequent aerial bombing. The suggestion by senior politician Lord Hailsham that the two princesses should be evacuated to Canada was rejected by Elizabeth's mother, who declared, "The children won't go without me. I won't leave without the King. And the King will never leave." Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret stayed at Balmoral Castle, Scotland, until Christmas 1939, when they moved to Sandringham House, Norfolk. From February to May 1940, they lived at Royal Lodge, Windsor, until moving to Windsor Castle, where they lived for most of the next five years. At Windsor, the princesses staged pantomimes at Christmas in aid of the Queen's Wool Fund, which bought yarn to knit into military garments. In 1940, the 14-year-old Elizabeth made her first radio broadcast during the BBC's Children's Hour, addressing other children who had been evacuated from the cities. She stated: "We are trying to do all we can to help our gallant sailors, soldiers and airmen, and we are trying, too, to bear our share of the danger and sadness of war. We know, every one of us, that in the end all will be well."

title: Elizabeth_II

title: Elizabeth_II

text: In

text: September

text: Britain

text: entered

text: the

text: Second

text: World

text: War

text: which

text: lasted

text: until

text: During

text: the

text: war

text: many

text: of

text: London

text: 's

text: children

text: were

text: evacuated

text: to

text: avoid

text: the

text: frequent

text: aerial

text: bombing

text: The

text: suggestion

text: by

text: senior

text: politician

text: Lord

text: Hailsham

text: that

text: the

text: two

text: princesses

text: should

text: be

text: evacuated

text: to

text: Canada

text: was

text: rejected

text: by

text: Elizabeth

text: 's

text: mother

text: who

text: declared

text: The

text: children

text: wo

text: n't

text: go

text: without

text: me

text: I

text: wo

text: n't

text: leave

text: without

text: the

text: King

text: And

text: the

text: King

text: will

text: never

text: leave

text: Princesses

text: Elizabeth

text: and

text: Margaret

text: stayed

text: at

text: Balmoral

text: Castle

text: Scotland

text: until

text: Christmas

text: when

text: they

text: moved

text: to

text: Sandringham

text: House

text: Norfolk

text: From

text: February

text: to

text: May

text: they

text: lived

text: at

text: Royal

text: Lodge

text: Windsor

text: until

text: moving

text: to

text: Windsor

text: Castle

text: where

text: they

text: lived

text: for

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: next

text: five

text: years

text: At

text: Windsor

text: the

text: princesses

text: staged

text: pantomimes

text: at

text: Christmas

text: in

text: aid

text: of

text: the

text: Queen

text: 's

text: Wool

text: Fund

text: which

text: bought

text: yarn

text: to

text: knit

text: into

text: military

text: garments

text: In

text: the

text: old

text: Elizabeth

text: made

text: her

text: first

text: radio

text: broadcast

text: during

text: the

text: BBC

text: 's

text: Children

text: 's

text: Hour

text: addressing

text: other

text: children

text: who

text: had

text: been

text: evacuated

text: from

text: the

text: cities

text: She

text: stated

text: We

text: are

text: trying

text: to

text: do

text: all

text: we

text: can

text: to

text: help

text: our

text: gallant

text: sailors

text: soldiers

text: and

text: airmen

text: and

text: we

text: are

text: trying

text: too

text: to

text: bear

text: our

text: share

text: of

text: the

text: danger

text: and

text: sadness

text: of

text: war

text: We

text: know

text: every

text: one

text: of

text: us

text: that

text: in

text: the

text: end

text: all

text: will

text: be

text: well

question: When did Britain enter WWII?

answer: September 1939

text: September 1939

question: Who recommended that the two princesses be evacuated to Canada?

answer: Lord Hailsham

text: Lord Hailsham

question: Who rejected the idea of sending the princesses away?

answer: Elizabeth's mother

text: Elizabeth's mother

question: Where did the two princesses live for most of the war?

answer: Windsor Castle

text: Windsor Castle

question: When did Elizabeth make her first radio broadcast?

answer: 1940


text: In 1991 a mummy of a neolithic body, known as Ötzi the Iceman, was discovered by hikers on the Similaun glacier. His clothing and gear indicate that he lived in an alpine farming community, while the location and manner of his death - an arrowhead was discovered in his shoulder - suggests he was travelling from one place to another. Analysis of the mitochondrial DNA of Ötzi, has shown that he belongs to the K1 subclade which cannot be categorized into any of the three modern branches of that subclade. The new subclade has provisionally been named K1ö for Ötzi.

title: Alps

title: Alps

text: In

text: a

text: mummy

text: of

text: a

text: neolithic

text: body

text: known

text: as

text: Ötzi

text: the

text: Iceman

text: was

text: discovered

text: by

text: hikers

text: on

text: the

text: Similaun

text: glacier

text: His

text: clothing

text: and

text: gear

text: indicate

text: that

text: he

text: lived

text: in

text: an

text: alpine

text: farming

text: community

text: while

text: the

text: location

text: and

text: manner

text: of

text: his

text: death

text: an

text: arrowhead

text: was

text: discovered

text: in

text: his

text: shoulder

text: suggests

text: he

text: was

text: travelling

text: from

text: one

text: place

text: to

text: another

text: Analysis

text: of

text: the

text: mitochondrial

text: DNA

text: of

text: Ötzi

text: has

text: shown

text: that

text: he

text: belongs

text: to

text: the

text: subclade

text: which

text: can

text: not

text: be

text: categorized

text: into

text: any

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: modern

text: branches

text: of

text: that

text: subclade

text: The

text: new

text: subclade

text: has

text: provisionally

text: been

text: named

text: for

text: Ötzi

question: Who was Otzi the Iceman?

answer: a mummy of a neolithic body

text: a mummy of a neolithic body

question: When was Otzi the Iceman found?

answer: In 1991

text: In 1991

question: Where was Otzi the Iceman discovered?

answer: the Similaun glacier

text: the Similaun glacier


text: Electroluminescence as a phenomenon was discovered in 1907 by the British experimenter H. J. Round of Marconi Labs, using a crystal of silicon carbide and a cat's-whisker detector. Soviet inventor Oleg Losev reported creation of the first LED in 1927. His research was distributed in Soviet, German and British scientific journals, but no practical use was made of the discovery for several decades. Kurt Lehovec, Carl Accardo and Edward Jamgochian, explained these first light-emitting diodes in 1951 using an apparatus employing SiC crystals with a current source of battery or pulse generator and with a comparison to a variant, pure, crystal in 1953.

title: Light-emitting_diode

title: Light

title: emitting_diode

text: Electroluminescence

text: as

text: a

text: phenomenon

text: was

text: discovered

text: in

text: by

text: the

text: British

text: experimenter

text: H.

text: J.

text: Round

text: of

text: Marconi

text: Labs

text: using

text: a

text: crystal

text: of

text: silicon

text: carbide

text: and

text: a

text: cat's

text: whisker

text: detector

text: Soviet

text: inventor

text: Oleg

text: Losev

text: reported

text: creation

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: LED

text: in

text: His

text: research

text: was

text: distributed

text: in

text: Soviet

text: German

text: and

text: British

text: scientific

text: journals

text: but

text: no

text: practical

text: use

text: was

text: made

text: of

text: the

text: discovery

text: for

text: several

text: decades

text: Kurt

text: Lehovec

text: Carl

text: Accardo

text: and

text: Edward

text: Jamgochian

text: explained

text: these

text: first

text: light

text: emitting

text: diodes

text: in

text: using

text: an

text: apparatus

text: employing

text: SiC

text: crystals

text: with

text: a

text: current

text: source

text: of

text: battery

text: or

text: pulse

text: generator

text: and

text: with

text: a

text: comparison

text: to

text: a

text: variant

text: pure

text: crystal

text: in

question: What was the nationality of the man who discovered Electroluminescence?

answer: British

text: British

question: LED lighting is the end result of what phenomenon?

answer: Electroluminescence

text: Electroluminescence

question: When was Electroluminescence discovered?

answer: 1907

question: Who is the Soviet man that created the first LED?

answer: Oleg Losev

text: Oleg Losev

question: What type of detector did H.J. Round use to help him in his discovery?

answer: cat's-whisker

text: cat's-whisker


text: Hospital Maciel is one of the oldest hospitals in Uruguay and stands on the block bounded by the streets Maciel, 25 de Mayo, Guaraní and Washington, with the main entrance at 25 de Mayo, 172. The land was originally donated in Spanish colonial times by philanthropist Francisco Antonio Maciel, who teamed up with Mateo Vidal to establish a hospital and charity. The first building was constructed between 1781 and 1788 and later expanded upon. The present building stems from the 1825 plans of José Toribio (son of Tomás Toribio) and later Bernardo Poncini (wing on the Guaraní street, 1859), Eduardo Canstatt (corner of Guaraní and 25 de Mayo) and Julián Masquelez (1889). The hospital has a chapel built in Greek style by Miguel Estévez in 1798.

title: Montevideo

title: Montevideo

text: Hospital

text: Maciel

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: oldest

text: hospitals

text: in

text: Uruguay

text: and

text: stands

text: on

text: the

text: block

text: bounded

text: by

text: the

text: streets

text: Maciel

text: de

text: Mayo

text: Guaraní

text: and

text: Washington

text: with

text: the

text: main

text: entrance

text: at

text: de

text: Mayo

text: The

text: land

text: was

text: originally

text: donated

text: in

text: Spanish

text: colonial

text: times

text: by

text: philanthropist

text: Francisco

text: Antonio

text: Maciel

text: who

text: teamed

text: up

text: with

text: Mateo

text: Vidal

text: to

text: establish

text: a

text: hospital

text: and

text: charity

text: The

text: first

text: building

text: was

text: constructed

text: between

text: and

text: and

text: later

text: expanded

text: upon

text: The

text: present

text: building

text: stems

text: from

text: the

text: plans

text: of

text: José

text: Toribio

text: son

text: of

text: Tomás

text: Toribio

text: and

text: later

text: Bernardo

text: Poncini

text: wing

text: on

text: the

text: Guaraní

text: street

text: Eduardo

text: Canstatt

text: corner

text: of

text: Guaraní

text: and

text: de

text: Mayo

text: and

text: Julián

text: Masquelez

text: The

text: hospital

text: has

text: a

text: chapel

text: built

text: in

text: Greek

text: style

text: by

text: Miguel

text: Estévez

text: in

question: What is one of the oldest hospitals in Uruguay?

answer: Hospital Maciel

text: Hospital Maciel

question: Who originally donated the land for Hospital Macie?

answer: Francisco Antonio Maciel

text: Francisco Antonio Maciel

question: When was the first building of the Hospital Maciel established?

answer: between 1781 and 1788

text: between 1781 and 1788


text: Unusually among the Olympic deities, Apollo had two cult sites that had widespread influence: Delos and Delphi. In cult practice, Delian Apollo and Pythian Apollo (the Apollo of Delphi) were so distinct that they might both have shrines in the same locality. Apollo's cult was already fully established when written sources commenced, about 650 BCE. Apollo became extremely important to the Greek world as an oracular deity in the archaic period, and the frequency of theophoric names such as Apollodorus or Apollonios and cities named Apollonia testify to his popularity. Oracular sanctuaries to Apollo were established in other sites. In the 2nd and 3rd century CE, those at Didyma and Clarus pronounced the so-called "theological oracles", in which Apollo confirms that all deities are aspects or servants of an all-encompassing, highest deity. "In the 3rd century, Apollo fell silent. Julian the Apostate (359 - 61) tried to revive the Delphic oracle, but failed."

title: Apollo

title: Apollo

text: Unusually

text: among

text: the

text: Olympic

text: deities

text: Apollo

text: had

text: two

text: cult

text: sites

text: that

text: had

text: widespread

text: influence

text: Delos

text: and

text: Delphi

text: In

text: cult

text: practice

text: Delian

text: Apollo

text: and

text: Pythian

text: Apollo

text: the

text: Apollo

text: of

text: Delphi

text: were

text: so

text: distinct

text: that

text: they

text: might

text: both

text: have

text: shrines

text: in

text: the

text: same

text: locality

text: Apollo

text: 's

text: cult

text: was

text: already

text: fully

text: established

text: when

text: written

text: sources

text: commenced

text: about

text: BCE

text: Apollo

text: became

text: extremely

text: important

text: to

text: the

text: Greek

text: world

text: as

text: an

text: oracular

text: deity

text: in

text: the

text: archaic

text: period

text: and

text: the

text: frequency

text: of

text: theophoric

text: names

text: such

text: as

text: Apollodorus

text: or

text: Apollonios

text: and

text: cities

text: named

text: Apollonia

text: testify

text: to

text: his

text: popularity

text: Oracular

text: sanctuaries

text: to

text: Apollo

text: were

text: established

text: in

text: other

text: sites

text: In

text: the

text: and

text: century

text: CE

text: those

text: at

text: Didyma

text: and

text: Clarus

text: pronounced

text: the

text: so

text: called

text: theological

text: oracles

text: in

text: which

text: Apollo

text: confirms

text: that

text: all

text: deities

text: are

text: aspects

text: or

text: servants

text: of

text: an

text: all

text: encompassing

text: highest

text: deity

text: In

text: the

text: century

text: Apollo

text: fell

text: silent

text: Julian

text: the

text: Apostate

text: tried

text: to

text: revive

text: the

text: Delphic

text: oracle

text: but

text: failed

question: which two cult sites had widespread infuence?

answer: Delos and Delphi

text: Delos and Delphi

question: Who tried to revive the Delphic oracle?

answer: Julian the Apostate

text: Julian the Apostate

question: In what did Apollo confirm that all deities are aspects of servants of an all-encopassing highest deity?

answer: theological oracles

text: theological oracles


text: Seattle is located between the saltwater Puget Sound (an arm of the Pacific Ocean) to the west and Lake Washington to the east. The city's chief harbor, Elliott Bay, is part of Puget Sound, which makes the city an oceanic port. To the west, beyond Puget Sound, are the Kitsap Peninsula and Olympic Mountains on the Olympic Peninsula; to the east, beyond Lake Washington and the eastside suburbs, are Lake Sammamish and the Cascade Range. Lake Washington's waters flow to Puget Sound through the Lake Washington Ship Canal (consisting of two man-made canals, Lake Union, and the Hiram M. Chittenden Locks at Salmon Bay, ending in Shilshole Bay on Puget Sound).

title: Seattle

title: Seattle

text: Seattle

text: is

text: located

text: between

text: the

text: saltwater

text: Puget

text: Sound

text: an

text: arm

text: of

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: Lake

text: Washington

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: The

text: city

text: 's

text: chief

text: harbor

text: Elliott

text: Bay

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: Puget

text: Sound

text: which

text: makes

text: the

text: city

text: an

text: oceanic

text: port

text: To

text: the

text: west

text: beyond

text: Puget

text: Sound

text: are

text: the

text: Kitsap

text: Peninsula

text: and

text: Olympic

text: Mountains

text: on

text: the

text: Olympic

text: Peninsula

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: beyond

text: Lake

text: Washington

text: and

text: the

text: eastside

text: suburbs

text: are

text: Lake

text: Sammamish

text: and

text: the

text: Cascade

text: Range

text: Lake

text: Washington

text: 's

text: waters

text: flow

text: to

text: Puget

text: Sound

text: through

text: the

text: Lake

text: Washington

text: Ship

text: Canal

text: consisting

text: of

text: two

text: man

text: made

text: canals

text: Lake

text: Union

text: and

text: the

text: Hiram

text: M.

text: Chittenden

text: Locks

text: at

text: Salmon

text: Bay

text: ending

text: in

text: Shilshole

text: Bay

text: on

text: Puget

text: Sound

question: What water mass is located west of Seattle?

answer: Puget Sound

text: Puget Sound

question: What land area is west of Puget Sound?

answer: Olympic Peninsula

text: Olympic Peninsula

question: What lake is to the east of Seattle?

answer: Lake Washington

text: Lake Washington

question: Where is Seattle's prime harbor?

answer: Elliott Bay

text: Elliott Bay

question: Because Elliott Bay is salt water, what kind of port is Seattle?

answer: oceanic port

text: oceanic port


text: The Hashimiyya movement (a sub-sect of the Kaysanites Shia), led by the Abbasid family, overthrew the Umayyad caliphate. The Abbasids were members of the Hashim clan, rivals of the Umayyads, but the word "Hashimiyya" seems to refer specifically to Abu Hashim, a grandson of Ali and son of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya. According to certain traditions, Abu Hashim died in 717 in Humeima in the house of Muhammad ibn Ali, the head of the Abbasid family, and before dying named Muhammad ibn Ali as his successor. This tradition allowed the Abbasids to rally the supporters of the failed revolt of Mukhtar, who had represented themselves as the supporters of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya.

title: Umayyad_Caliphate

title: Umayyad_Caliphate

text: The

text: Hashimiyya

text: movement

text: a

text: sub

text: sect

text: of

text: the

text: Kaysanites

text: Shia

text: led

text: by

text: the

text: Abbasid

text: family

text: overthrew

text: the

text: Umayyad

text: caliphate

text: The

text: Abbasids

text: were

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: Hashim

text: clan

text: rivals

text: of

text: the

text: Umayyads

text: but

text: the

text: word

text: Hashimiyya

text: seems

text: to

text: refer

text: specifically

text: to

text: Abu

text: Hashim

text: a

text: grandson

text: of

text: Ali

text: and

text: son

text: of

text: Muhammad

text: ibn

text: al

text: Hanafiyya

text: According

text: to

text: certain

text: traditions

text: Abu

text: Hashim

text: died

text: in

text: in

text: Humeima

text: in

text: the

text: house

text: of

text: Muhammad

text: ibn

text: Ali

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: the

text: Abbasid

text: family

text: and

text: before

text: dying

text: named

text: Muhammad

text: ibn

text: Ali

text: as

text: his

text: successor

text: This

text: tradition

text: allowed

text: the

text: Abbasids

text: to

text: rally

text: the

text: supporters

text: of

text: the

text: failed

text: revolt

text: of

text: Mukhtar

text: who

text: had

text: represented

text: themselves

text: as

text: the

text: supporters

text: of

text: Muhammad

text: ibn

text: al

text: Hanafiyya

question: What group were the Hashimiyya a sect of?

answer: Kaysanites Shia

text: Kaysanites Shia

question: Who led the Hashimiyya movement?

answer: Abbasid family

text: Abbasid family

question: Who was named successor by Abu Hashim?

answer: Muhammad ibn Ali

text: Muhammad ibn Ali

question: Of what clan were the Abbasids members of?

answer: Hashim

text: Hashim

question: What year saw the death of Abu Hashim?

answer: 717


text: Stepper motors are a type of motor frequently used when precise rotations are required. In a stepper motor an internal rotor containing PMs or a magnetically soft rotor with salient poles is controlled by a set of external magnets that are switched electronically. A stepper motor may also be thought of as a cross between a DC electric motor and a rotary solenoid. As each coil is energized in turn, the rotor aligns itself with the magnetic field produced by the energized field winding. Unlike a synchronous motor, in its application, the stepper motor may not rotate continuously; instead, it "steps"—starts and then quickly stops again—from one position to the next as field windings are energized and de-energized in sequence. Depending on the sequence, the rotor may turn forwards or backwards, and it may change direction, stop, speed up or slow down arbitrarily at any time.

title: Electric_motor

title: Electric_motor

text: Stepper

text: motors

text: are

text: a

text: type

text: of

text: motor

text: frequently

text: used

text: when

text: precise

text: rotations

text: are

text: required

text: In

text: a

text: stepper

text: motor

text: an

text: internal

text: rotor

text: containing

text: PMs

text: or

text: a

text: magnetically

text: soft

text: rotor

text: with

text: salient

text: poles

text: is

text: controlled

text: by

text: a

text: set

text: of

text: external

text: magnets

text: that

text: are

text: switched

text: electronically

text: A

text: stepper

text: motor

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: thought

text: of

text: as

text: a

text: cross

text: between

text: a

text: DC

text: electric

text: motor

text: and

text: a

text: rotary

text: solenoid

text: As

text: each

text: coil

text: is

text: energized

text: in

text: turn

text: the

text: rotor

text: aligns

text: itself

text: with

text: the

text: magnetic

text: field

text: produced

text: by

text: the

text: energized

text: field

text: winding

text: Unlike

text: a

text: synchronous

text: motor

text: in

text: its

text: application

text: the

text: stepper

text: motor

text: may

text: not

text: rotate

text: continuously

text: instead

text: it

text: steps

text: starts

text: and

text: then

text: quickly

text: stops

text: again

text: from

text: one

text: position

text: to

text: the

text: next

text: as

text: field

text: windings

text: are

text: energized

text: and

text: de

text: energized

text: in

text: sequence

text: Depending

text: on

text: the

text: sequence

text: the

text: rotor

text: may

text: turn

text: forwards

text: or

text: backwards

text: and

text: it

text: may

text: change

text: direction

text: stop

text: speed

text: up

text: or

text: slow

text: down

text: arbitrarily

text: at

text: any

text: time

question: When are stepper motors most useful?

answer: when precise rotations are required

text: when precise rotations are required

question: What two devices can describe a stepper motor?

answer: DC electric motor and a rotary solenoid

text: DC electric motor and a rotary solenoid

question: What do stepper motor rotors allign themselves with?

answer: magnetic field produced by the energized field winding

text: magnetic field produced by the energized field winding

question: How does a stepper motor differ from a synchronous motor?

answer: the stepper motor may not rotate continuously

text: the stepper motor may not rotate continuously

question: What types of velocities and positions is the stepper motor capable of?

answer: forwards or backwards, and it may change direction, stop, speed up or slow down

text: forwards or backwards, and it may change direction, stop, speed up or slow down


text: The innovative production techniques devised by post-punk producers such as Martin Hannett and Dennis Bovell during this period would become an important element of the emerging music, with studio experimentation taking a central role. A variety of groups that predated punk, such as Cabaret Voltaire and Throbbing Gristle, experimented with crude production techniques and electronic instruments in tandem with performance art methods and influence from transgressive literature, ultimately helping to pioneer industrial music. Throbbing Gristle's independent label Industrial Records would become a hub for this scene and provide it with its namesake.

title: Post-punk

title: Post

title: punk

text: The

text: innovative

text: production

text: techniques

text: devised

text: by

text: post

text: punk

text: producers

text: such

text: as

text: Martin

text: Hannett

text: and

text: Dennis

text: Bovell

text: during

text: this

text: period

text: would

text: become

text: an

text: important

text: element

text: of

text: the

text: emerging

text: music

text: with

text: studio

text: experimentation

text: taking

text: a

text: central

text: role

text: A

text: variety

text: of

text: groups

text: that

text: predated

text: punk

text: such

text: as

text: Cabaret

text: Voltaire

text: and

text: Throbbing

text: Gristle

text: experimented

text: with

text: crude

text: production

text: techniques

text: and

text: electronic

text: instruments

text: in

text: tandem

text: with

text: performance

text: art

text: methods

text: and

text: influence

text: from

text: transgressive

text: literature

text: ultimately

text: helping

text: to

text: pioneer

text: industrial

text: music

text: Throbbing

text: Gristle

text: 's

text: independent

text: label

text: Industrial

text: Records

text: would

text: become

text: a

text: hub

text: for

text: this

text: scene

text: and

text: provide

text: it

text: with

text: its

text: namesake

question: What type of producer was Martin Hannett?

answer: post-punk

text: post-punk

question: What type of production techniques did Dennis Bovell develop?

answer: innovative

text: innovative

question: What took a central roll for the emerging post-punk music?

answer: studio experimentation

text: studio experimentation

question: What eventually resulted in the pioneering of industrial music?

answer: crude production techniques

text: crude production techniques

question: Whose independent label became a hub for the industrial scene?

answer: Throbbing Gristle's

text: Throbbing Gristle's

question: Who were producers that led the way with emerging the post-punk culture?

answer: Martin Hannett and Dennis Bovell

text: Martin Hannett and Dennis Bovell

question: What was the name of Throbbing Gristle's record label?

answer: Industrial Records

text: Industrial Records

question: Which bands were on the forefront of industrial music?

answer: Cabaret Voltaire and Throbbing Gristle

text: Cabaret Voltaire and Throbbing Gristle

question: Where did industrial music get it's name?

answer: Industrial Records

text: Industrial Records

question: What was one of the most important ways that post-punk artists created their new sound?

answer: studio experimentation

text: studio experimentation


text: The relationship between the Slavs and a tribe called the Veneti east of the River Vistula in the Roman period is uncertain. The name may refer both to Balts and Slavs.

title: Slavs

title: Slavs

text: The

text: relationship

text: between

text: the

text: Slavs

text: and

text: a

text: tribe

text: called

text: the

text: Veneti

text: east

text: of

text: the

text: River

text: Vistula

text: in

text: the

text: Roman

text: period

text: is

text: uncertain

text: The

text: name

text: may

text: refer

text: both

text: to

text: Balts

text: and

text: Slavs

question: An uncertain relationship was held between the Slavs and who?

answer: the Veneti

text: the Veneti

question: The Veneti tribe was located where?

answer: east of the River Vistula

text: east of the River Vistula

question: What name may refer both to Balts and Slavs?

answer: Veneti

text: Veneti

question: When was the relationship between the Slavs and Veneti uncertain?

answer: in the Roman period

text: in the Roman period