text: However, the army was hopeless in battle against the western forces, particularly against the young Mahmud of Ghazni. In the year 1001, soon after Sultan Mahmud came to power and was occupied with the Qarakhanids north of the Hindu Kush, Jaipal attacked Ghazni once more and upon suffering yet another defeat by the powerful Ghaznavid forces, near present-day Peshawar. After the Battle of Peshawar, he committed suicide because his subjects thought he had brought disaster and disgrace to the Shahi dynasty.

title: History_of_India

title: History_of_India

text: However

text: the

text: army

text: was

text: hopeless

text: in

text: battle

text: against

text: the

text: western

text: forces

text: particularly

text: against

text: the

text: young

text: Mahmud

text: of

text: Ghazni

text: In

text: the

text: year

text: soon

text: after

text: Sultan

text: Mahmud

text: came

text: to

text: power

text: and

text: was

text: occupied

text: with

text: the

text: Qarakhanids

text: north

text: of

text: the

text: Hindu

text: Kush

text: Jaipal

text: attacked

text: Ghazni

text: once

text: more

text: and

text: upon

text: suffering

text: yet

text: another

text: defeat

text: by

text: the

text: powerful

text: Ghaznavid

text: forces

text: near

text: present

text: day

text: Peshawar

text: After

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Peshawar

text: he

text: committed

text: suicide

text: because

text: his

text: subjects

text: thought

text: he

text: had

text: brought

text: disaster

text: and

text: disgrace

text: to

text: the

text: Shahi

text: dynasty

question: In what year was Jaipal again soundly defeated by the Muslims?

answer: 1001

question: Where was the location of the Shahi defeat by the Muslims?

answer: Battle of Peshawar

text: Battle of Peshawar

question: What was Jaipal action after his last defeat?

answer: committed suicide

text: committed suicide

question: Upon what did Jaipal's subjects think he brought disaster?

answer: Shahi dynasty

text: Shahi dynasty

question: Who was the ruler of Ghazni?

answer: Mahmud of Ghazni

text: Mahmud of Ghazni


text: Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and "architecture" is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft.

title: Architecture

title: Architecture

text: Building

text: first

text: evolved

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: dynamics

text: between

text: needs

text: shelter

text: security

text: worship

text: etc

text: and

text: means

text: available

text: building

text: materials

text: and

text: attendant

text: skills

text: As

text: human

text: cultures

text: developed

text: and

text: knowledge

text: began

text: to

text: be

text: formalized

text: through

text: oral

text: traditions

text: and

text: practices

text: building

text: became

text: a

text: craft

text: and

text: architecture

text: is

text: the

text: name

text: given

text: to

text: the

text: most

text: highly

text: formalized

text: and

text: respected

text: versions

text: of

text: that

text: craft

question: What dynamic needs were the reason for building to be done?

answer: shelter, security, worship

text: shelter, security, worship

question: Oral traditions allowed what to become formalized in human cultures?

answer: knowledge

text: knowledge

question: What was building considered?

answer: a craft

text: a craft

question: What was the most valued type of building craft called?

answer: architecture

text: architecture

question: Aside from skills, what is required in order to have the means for building?

answer: building materials

text: building materials


text: In May and June 1835, the area which is now central and northern Melbourne was explored by John Batman, a leading member of the Port Phillip Association in Van Diemen's Land (now known as Tasmania), who claimed to have negotiated a purchase of 600,000 acres (2,400 km2) with eight Wurundjeri elders. Batman selected a site on the northern bank of the Yarra River, declaring that "this will be the place for a village". Batman then returned to Launceston in Tasmania. In early August 1835 a different group of settlers, including John Pascoe Fawkner, left Launceston on the ship Enterprize. Fawkner was forced to disembark at Georgetown, Tasmania, because of outstanding debts. The remainder of the party continued and arrived at the mouth of the Yarra River on 15 August 1835. On 30 August 1835 the party disembarked and established a settlement at the site of the current Melbourne Immigration Museum. Batman and his group arrived on 2 September 1835 and the two groups ultimately agreed to share the settlement.

title: Melbourne

title: Melbourne

text: In

text: May

text: and

text: June

text: the

text: area

text: which

text: is

text: now

text: central

text: and

text: northern

text: Melbourne

text: was

text: explored

text: by

text: John

text: Batman

text: a

text: leading

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Port

text: Phillip

text: Association

text: in

text: Van

text: Diemen

text: 's

text: Land

text: now

text: known

text: as

text: Tasmania

text: who

text: claimed

text: to

text: have

text: negotiated

text: a

text: purchase

text: of

text: acres

text: with

text: eight

text: Wurundjeri

text: elders

text: Batman

text: selected

text: a

text: site

text: on

text: the

text: northern

text: bank

text: of

text: the

text: Yarra

text: River

text: declaring

text: that

text: this

text: will

text: be

text: the

text: place

text: for

text: a

text: village

text: Batman

text: then

text: returned

text: to

text: Launceston

text: in

text: Tasmania

text: In

text: early

text: August

text: a

text: different

text: group

text: of

text: settlers

text: including

text: John

text: Pascoe

text: Fawkner

text: left

text: Launceston

text: on

text: the

text: ship

text: Enterprize

text: Fawkner

text: was

text: forced

text: to

text: disembark

text: at

text: Georgetown

text: Tasmania

text: because

text: of

text: outstanding

text: debts

text: The

text: remainder

text: of

text: the

text: party

text: continued

text: and

text: arrived

text: at

text: the

text: mouth

text: of

text: the

text: Yarra

text: River

text: on

text: August

text: On

text: August

text: the

text: party

text: disembarked

text: and

text: established

text: a

text: settlement

text: at

text: the

text: site

text: of

text: the

text: current

text: Melbourne

text: Immigration

text: Museum

text: Batman

text: and

text: his

text: group

text: arrived

text: on

text: September

text: and

text: the

text: two

text: groups

text: ultimately

text: agreed

text: to

text: share

text: the

text: settlement

question: Tasmania was formerly known as what?

answer: Van Diemen's Land

text: Van Diemen's Land

question: How many acres did John Batman claim to purchase?

answer: 600,000

question: Current central and northern Melbourne was explored by whom?

answer: John Batman

text: John Batman

question: How many elders did John Batman claim to have negotiated with?

answer: eight

text: eight

question: On what date did Batman reach Melbourne?

answer: 2 September 1835

text: 2 September 1835


text: From 1920, Eisenhower served under a succession of talented generals – Fox Conner, John J. Pershing, Douglas MacArthur and George Marshall. He first became executive officer to General Conner in the Panama Canal Zone, where, joined by Mamie, he served until 1924. Under Conner's tutelage, he studied military history and theory (including Carl von Clausewitz's On War), and later cited Conner's enormous influence on his military thinking, saying in 1962 that "Fox Conner was the ablest man I ever knew." Conner's comment on Eisenhower was, "[He] is one of the most capable, efficient and loyal officers I have ever met." On Conner's recommendation, in 1925–26 he attended the Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, where he graduated first in a class of 245 officers. He then served as a battalion commander at Fort Benning, Georgia, until 1927.

title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

text: From

text: Eisenhower

text: served

text: under

text: a

text: succession

text: of

text: talented

text: generals

text: Fox

text: Conner

text: John

text: J.

text: Pershing

text: Douglas

text: MacArthur

text: and

text: George

text: Marshall

text: He

text: first

text: became

text: executive

text: officer

text: to

text: General

text: Conner

text: in

text: the

text: Panama

text: Canal

text: Zone

text: where

text: joined

text: by

text: Mamie

text: he

text: served

text: until

text: Under

text: Conner

text: 's

text: tutelage

text: he

text: studied

text: military

text: history

text: and

text: theory

text: including

text: Carl

text: von

text: Clausewitz

text: 's

text: On

text: War

text: and

text: later

text: cited

text: Conner

text: 's

text: enormous

text: influence

text: on

text: his

text: military

text: thinking

text: saying

text: in

text: that

text: Fox

text: Conner

text: was

text: the

text: ablest

text: man

text: I

text: ever

text: knew

text: Conner

text: 's

text: comment

text: on

text: Eisenhower

text: was

text: He

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: capable

text: efficient

text: and

text: loyal

text: officers

text: I

text: have

text: ever

text: met

text: On

text: Conner

text: 's

text: recommendation

text: in

text: he

text: attended

text: the

text: Command

text: and

text: General

text: Staff

text: College

text: at

text: Fort

text: Leavenworth

text: Kansas

text: where

text: he

text: graduated

text: first

text: in

text: a

text: class

text: of

text: officers

text: He

text: then

text: served

text: as

text: a

text: battalion

text: commander

text: at

text: Fort

text: Benning

text: Georgia

text: until

question: What role did Eisenhower serve under Fox Conner?

answer: executive officer

text: executive officer

question: Where did Eisenhower serve under Conner?

answer: Panama Canal Zone

text: Panama Canal Zone

question: What notable military treatise was authored by von Clausewitz?

answer: On War

text: On War

question: During what period did Eisenhower attend the Command and General Staff College?

answer: 1925–26

question: How many people were in Eisenhower's class at the Command and General Staff College?

answer: 245


text: Maas comments further that "A dictation revised by the author must be regarded as equivalent to an autograph manuscript". The lack of autograph manuscripts applies to many cultures other than Greek and Roman. In such a situation, a key objective becomes the identification of the first exemplar before any split in the tradition. That exemplar is known as the archetype. "If we succeed in establishing the text of [the archetype], the constitutio (reconstruction of the original) is considerably advanced.

title: Textual_criticism

title: Textual_criticism

text: Maas

text: comments

text: further

text: that

text: A

text: dictation

text: revised

text: by

text: the

text: author

text: must

text: be

text: regarded

text: as

text: equivalent

text: to

text: an

text: autograph

text: manuscript

text: The

text: lack

text: of

text: autograph

text: manuscripts

text: applies

text: to

text: many

text: cultures

text: other

text: than

text: Greek

text: and

text: Roman

text: In

text: such

text: a

text: situation

text: a

text: key

text: objective

text: becomes

text: the

text: identification

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: exemplar

text: before

text: any

text: split

text: in

text: the

text: tradition

text: That

text: exemplar

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: archetype

text: If

text: we

text: succeed

text: in

text: establishing

text: the

text: text

text: of

text: the

text: archetype

text: the

text: constitutio

text: reconstruction

text: of

text: the

text: original

text: is

text: considerably

text: advanced

question: What is the first goal when attempting to analyze a new text?

answer: identification of the first exemplar

text: identification of the first exemplar

question: Why is finding the first exemplar important in textual criticism?

answer: split in the tradition

text: split in the tradition

question: The exemplar is otherwise known as what?

answer: the archetype

text: the archetype

question: The final product of reconstruction is known as what?

answer: the constitutio

text: the constitutio


text: Guam is served by the Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport, which is a hub for United Airlines. The island is outside the United States customs zone so Guam is responsible for establishing and operating its own customs and quarantine agency and jurisdiction. Therefore, the U.S. Customs and Border Protection only carries immigration (but not customs) functions. Since Guam is under federal immigration jurisdiction, passengers arriving directly from the United States skip immigration and proceed directly to Guam Customs and Quarantine.

title: Guam

title: Guam

text: Guam

text: is

text: served

text: by

text: the

text: Antonio

text: B.

text: Won

text: Pat

text: International

text: Airport

text: which

text: is

text: a

text: hub

text: for

text: United

text: Airlines

text: The

text: island

text: is

text: outside

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: customs

text: zone

text: so

text: Guam

text: is

text: responsible

text: for

text: establishing

text: and

text: operating

text: its

text: own

text: customs

text: and

text: quarantine

text: agency

text: and

text: jurisdiction

text: Therefore

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Customs

text: and

text: Border

text: Protection

text: only

text: carries

text: immigration

text: but

text: not

text: customs

text: functions

text: Since

text: Guam

text: is

text: under

text: federal

text: immigration

text: jurisdiction

text: passengers

text: arriving

text: directly

text: from

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: skip

text: immigration

text: and

text: proceed

text: directly

text: to

text: Guam

text: Customs

text: and

text: Quarantine

question: What is the name of the international airport in Guam?

answer: Antonio B. Won Pat

text: Antonio B. Won Pat

question: What major airline resides at the airport?

answer: United Airlines

text: United Airlines

question: What is Guam responsible for when goods both come in and leave?

answer: operating its own customs and quarantine agency

text: operating its own customs and quarantine agency


text: In 1368, a Han Chinese revolt known as the Red Turban Rebellion toppled the Mongol Yuan dynasty in China. Zhu Yuanzhang then established the Ming dynasty, ruling as the Hongwu Emperor (r. 1368–1398). It is not clear how much the early Ming court understood the civil war going on in Tibet between rival religious sects, but the first emperor was anxious to avoid the same trouble that Tibet had caused for the Tang dynasty. Instead of recognizing the Phagmodru ruler, the Hongwu Emperor sided with the Karmapa of the nearer Kham region and southeastern Tibet, sending envoys out in the winter of 1372–1373 to ask the Yuan officeholders to renew their titles for the new Ming court.

title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty

title: Sino

text: In

text: a

text: Han

text: Chinese

text: revolt

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Red

text: Turban

text: Rebellion

text: toppled

text: the

text: Mongol

text: Yuan

text: dynasty

text: in

text: China

text: Zhu

text: Yuanzhang

text: then

text: established

text: the

text: Ming

text: dynasty

text: ruling

text: as

text: the

text: Hongwu

text: Emperor

text: r.

text: It

text: is

text: not

text: clear

text: how

text: much

text: the

text: early

text: Ming

text: court

text: understood

text: the

text: civil

text: war

text: going

text: on

text: in

text: Tibet

text: between

text: rival

text: religious

text: sects

text: but

text: the

text: first

text: emperor

text: was

text: anxious

text: to

text: avoid

text: the

text: same

text: trouble

text: that

text: Tibet

text: had

text: caused

text: for

text: the

text: Tang

text: dynasty

text: Instead

text: of

text: recognizing

text: the

text: Phagmodru

text: ruler

text: the

text: Hongwu

text: Emperor

text: sided

text: with

text: the

text: Karmapa

text: of

text: the

text: nearer

text: Kham

text: region

text: and

text: southeastern

text: Tibet

text: sending

text: envoys

text: out

text: in

text: the

text: winter

text: of

text: to

text: ask

text: the

text: Yuan

text: officeholders

text: to

text: renew

text: their

text: titles

text: for

text: the

text: new

text: Ming

text: court

question: Who created the Ming Dynasty?

answer: Zhu Yuanzhang

text: Zhu Yuanzhang

question: Who caused the Yuan dynasty to fall?

answer: the Red Turban Rebellion

text: the Red Turban Rebellion

question: Who ruled as the the Hongwu Emperor?

answer: Zhu Yuanzhang

text: Zhu Yuanzhang

question: What years did Zhu Yuanzhang rule as the Hongwu Emperor?

answer: 1368–1398

question: Who did the Hongwu Emperor send convoys to?

answer: Yuan officeholders

text: Yuan officeholders


text: In addition to the Vedas, the principal texts of Hinduism, the core themes of the Sanskrit epics Ramayana and Mahabharata are said to have their ultimate origins during this period. The Mahabharata remains, today, the longest single poem in the world. Historians formerly postulated an "epic age" as the milieu of these two epic poems, but now recognize that the texts (which are both familiar with each other) went through multiple stages of development over centuries. For instance, the Mahabharata may have been based on a small-scale conflict (possibly about 1000 BCE) which was eventually "transformed into a gigantic epic war by bards and poets". There is no conclusive proof from archaeology as to whether the specific events of the Mahabharat have any historical basis. The existing texts of these epics are believed to belong to the post-Vedic age, between c. 400 BCE and 400 CE. Some even attempted to date the events using methods of archaeoastronomy which have produced, depending on which passages are chosen and how they are interpreted, estimated dates ranging up to mid 2nd millennium BCE.

title: History_of_India

title: History_of_India

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: the

text: Vedas

text: the

text: principal

text: texts

text: of

text: Hinduism

text: the

text: core

text: themes

text: of

text: the

text: Sanskrit

text: epics

text: Ramayana

text: and

text: Mahabharata

text: are

text: said

text: to

text: have

text: their

text: ultimate

text: origins

text: during

text: this

text: period

text: The

text: Mahabharata

text: remains

text: today

text: the

text: longest

text: single

text: poem

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: Historians

text: formerly

text: postulated

text: an

text: epic

text: age

text: as

text: the

text: milieu

text: of

text: these

text: two

text: epic

text: poems

text: but

text: now

text: recognize

text: that

text: the

text: texts

text: which

text: are

text: both

text: familiar

text: with

text: each

text: other

text: went

text: through

text: multiple

text: stages

text: of

text: development

text: over

text: centuries

text: For

text: instance

text: the

text: Mahabharata

text: may

text: have

text: been

text: based

text: on

text: a

text: small

text: scale

text: conflict

text: possibly

text: about

text: BCE

text: which

text: was

text: eventually

text: transformed

text: into

text: a

text: gigantic

text: epic

text: war

text: by

text: bards

text: and

text: poets

text: There

text: is

text: no

text: conclusive

text: proof

text: from

text: archaeology

text: as

text: to

text: whether

text: the

text: specific

text: events

text: of

text: the

text: Mahabharat

text: have

text: any

text: historical

text: basis

text: The

text: existing

text: texts

text: of

text: these

text: epics

text: are

text: believed

text: to

text: belong

text: to

text: the

text: post

text: Vedic

text: age

text: between

text: c.

text: BCE

text: and

text: CE

text: Some

text: even

text: attempted

text: to

text: date

text: the

text: events

text: using

text: methods

text: of

text: archaeoastronomy

text: which

text: have

text: produced

text: depending

text: on

text: which

text: passages

text: are

text: chosen

text: and

text: how

text: they

text: are

text: interpreted

text: estimated

text: dates

text: ranging

text: up

text: to

text: mid

text: millennium

text: BCE

question: What were the principle texts of Hinduism?

answer: Vedas

text: Vedas

question: In what language were the Vedas ?

answer: Sanskrit

text: Sanskrit

question: What were the core epics of the Vedas?

answer: Ramayana and Mahabharata

text: Ramayana and Mahabharata

question: Which Vedic text is the longest single poem on Earth?

answer: Mahabharata

text: Mahabharata

question: On what type of clash is the Mahabharata thought to have been based?

answer: small-scale conflict

text: small-scale conflict


text: In France, simultaneously, the towering figure of the Gothic Revival was Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, who outdid historical Gothic constructions to create a Gothic as it ought to have been, notably at the fortified city of Carcassonne in the south of France and in some richly fortified keeps for industrial magnates. Viollet-le-Duc compiled and coordinated an Encyclopédie médiévale that was a rich repertory his contemporaries mined for architectural details. He effected vigorous restoration of crumbling detail of French cathedrals, including the Abbey of Saint-Denis and famously at Notre Dame de Paris, where many of whose most "Gothic" gargoyles are Viollet-le-Duc's. He taught a generation of reform-Gothic designers and showed how to apply Gothic style to modern structural materials, especially cast iron.

title: Gothic_architecture

title: Gothic_architecture

text: In

text: France

text: simultaneously

text: the

text: towering

text: figure

text: of

text: the

text: Gothic

text: Revival

text: was

text: Eugène

text: Viollet

text: le

text: Duc

text: who

text: outdid

text: historical

text: Gothic

text: constructions

text: to

text: create

text: a

text: Gothic

text: as

text: it

text: ought

text: to

text: have

text: been

text: notably

text: at

text: the

text: fortified

text: city

text: of

text: Carcassonne

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: of

text: France

text: and

text: in

text: some

text: richly

text: fortified

text: keeps

text: for

text: industrial

text: magnates

text: Viollet

text: le

text: Duc

text: compiled

text: and

text: coordinated

text: an

text: Encyclopédie

text: médiévale

text: that

text: was

text: a

text: rich

text: repertory

text: his

text: contemporaries

text: mined

text: for

text: architectural

text: details

text: He

text: effected

text: vigorous

text: restoration

text: of

text: crumbling

text: detail

text: of

text: French

text: cathedrals

text: including

text: the

text: Abbey

text: of

text: Saint

text: Denis

text: and

text: famously

text: at

text: Notre

text: Dame

text: de

text: Paris

text: where

text: many

text: of

text: whose

text: most

text: Gothic

text: gargoyles

text: are

text: Viollet

text: le

text: Duc

text: 's

text: He

text: taught

text: a

text: generation

text: of

text: reform

text: Gothic

text: designers

text: and

text: showed

text: how

text: to

text: apply

text: Gothic

text: style

text: to

text: modern

text: structural

text: materials

text: especially

text: cast

text: iron

question: Who was the main figure of the Gothic Revival in France?

answer: Eugène Viollet-le-Duc

text: Eugène Viollet-le-Duc

question: What famous French cathedral was restored and reconstructed by Viollet-le-Duc?

answer: the Abbey of Saint-Denis

text: the Abbey of Saint-Denis

question: What modern building material did Viollet-le-Duc teach reform Gothic designers to work with?

answer: cast iron

text: cast iron

question: In what fortified city in Southern France did Viollet-le-Duc recreate historical Gothic constructions?

answer: Carcassonne

text: Carcassonne

question: What other famous French cathedral did Viollet-le-Duc work on?

answer: Notre Dame de Paris

text: Notre Dame de Paris


text: In 255 B.C., Ariarathes III took the title of king and married Stratonice, a daughter of Antiochus II, remaining an ally of the Seleucid kingdom. Under Ariarathes IV, Cappadocia came into relations with Rome, first as a foe espousing the cause of Antiochus the Great, then as an ally against Perseus of Macedon and finally in a war against the Seleucids. Ariarathes V also waged war with Rome against Aristonicus, a claimant to the throne of Pergamon, and their forces were annihilated in 130 BCE. This defeat allowed Pontus to invade and conquer the kingdom.

title: Hellenistic_period

title: Hellenistic_period

text: In

text: B.C.

text: Ariarathes

text: III

text: took

text: the

text: title

text: of

text: king

text: and

text: married

text: Stratonice

text: a

text: daughter

text: of

text: Antiochus

text: II

text: remaining

text: an

text: ally

text: of

text: the

text: Seleucid

text: kingdom

text: Under

text: Ariarathes

text: IV

text: Cappadocia

text: came

text: into

text: relations

text: with

text: Rome

text: first

text: as

text: a

text: foe

text: espousing

text: the

text: cause

text: of

text: Antiochus

text: the

text: Great

text: then

text: as

text: an

text: ally

text: against

text: Perseus

text: of

text: Macedon

text: and

text: finally

text: in

text: a

text: war

text: against

text: the

text: Seleucids

text: Ariarathes

text: V

text: also

text: waged

text: war

text: with

text: Rome

text: against

text: Aristonicus

text: a

text: claimant

text: to

text: the

text: throne

text: of

text: Pergamon

text: and

text: their

text: forces

text: were

text: annihilated

text: in

text: BCE

text: This

text: defeat

text: allowed

text: Pontus

text: to

text: invade

text: and

text: conquer

text: the

text: kingdom

question: Who married Stratonice?

answer: Ariarathes III

text: Ariarathes III

question: When did Stratonice marry Ariarathes III?

answer: 255 B.C.

text: 255 B.C.

question: Who was Stratonice's father?

answer: Antiochus II

text: Antiochus II

question: Cappadocia began it's realtionship with Rome under whom?

answer: Ariarathes IV

text: Ariarathes IV

question: What year was Ariarathes V defeated?

answer: 130 BCE

text: 130 BCE


text: The apse mosaic of the Gelati Monastery is a rare example of mosaic use in Georgia. Began by king David IV and completed by his son Demetrius I of Georgia, the fragmentary panel depicts Theotokos flanked by two archangels. The use of mosaic in Gelati attests to some Byzantine influence in the country and was a demonstration of the imperial ambition of the Bagrationids. The mosaic covered church could compete in magnificence with the churches of Constantinople. Gelati is one of few mosaic creations which survived in Georgia but fragments prove that the early churches of Pitsunda and Tsromi were also decorated with mosaic as well as other, lesser known sites. The destroyed 6th century mosaic floors in the Pitsunda Cathedral have been inspired by Roman prototypes. In Tsromi the tesserae are still visible on the walls of the 7th-century church but only faint lines hint at the original scheme. Its central figure was Christ standing and displaying a scroll with Georgian text.

title: Mosaic

title: Mosaic

text: The

text: apse

text: mosaic

text: of

text: the

text: Gelati

text: Monastery

text: is

text: a

text: rare

text: example

text: of

text: mosaic

text: use

text: in

text: Georgia

text: Began

text: by

text: king

text: David

text: IV

text: and

text: completed

text: by

text: his

text: son

text: Demetrius

text: I

text: of

text: Georgia

text: the

text: fragmentary

text: panel

text: depicts

text: Theotokos

text: flanked

text: by

text: two

text: archangels

text: The

text: use

text: of

text: mosaic

text: in

text: Gelati

text: attests

text: to

text: some

text: Byzantine

text: influence

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: and

text: was

text: a

text: demonstration

text: of

text: the

text: imperial

text: ambition

text: of

text: the

text: Bagrationids

text: The

text: mosaic

text: covered

text: church

text: could

text: compete

text: in

text: magnificence

text: with

text: the

text: churches

text: of

text: Constantinople

text: Gelati

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: few

text: mosaic

text: creations

text: which

text: survived

text: in

text: Georgia

text: but

text: fragments

text: prove

text: that

text: the

text: early

text: churches

text: of

text: Pitsunda

text: and

text: Tsromi

text: were

text: also

text: decorated

text: with

text: mosaic

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: other

text: lesser

text: known

text: sites

text: The

text: destroyed

text: century

text: mosaic

text: floors

text: in

text: the

text: Pitsunda

text: Cathedral

text: have

text: been

text: inspired

text: by

text: Roman

text: prototypes

text: In

text: Tsromi

text: the

text: tesserae

text: are

text: still

text: visible

text: on

text: the

text: walls

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: church

text: but

text: only

text: faint

text: lines

text: hint

text: at

text: the

text: original

text: scheme

text: Its

text: central

text: figure

text: was

text: Christ

text: standing

text: and

text: displaying

text: a

text: scroll

text: with

text: Georgian

text: text

question: In what country is the the Gelati Monastery located?

answer: Georgia

text: Georgia

question: Who started construction on the Gelati Monastery?

answer: king David IV

text: king David IV

question: Who eventually oversaw completion of the Gelati Monastery?

answer: Demetrius I of Georgia

text: Demetrius I of Georgia

question: Who was the central theme of the mosaics at Tsromi?

answer: Christ

text: Christ


text: The English word Slav could be derived from the Middle English word sclave, which was borrowed from Medieval Latin sclavus or slavus, itself a borrowing and Byzantine Greek σκλάβος sklábos "slave," which was in turn apparently derived from a misunderstanding of the Slavic autonym (denoting a speaker of their own languages). The Byzantine term Sklavinoi was loaned into Arabic as Saqaliba صقالبة (sing. Saqlabi صقلبي) by medieval Arab historiographers. However, the origin of this word is disputed.

title: Slavs

title: Slavs

text: The

text: English

text: word

text: Slav

text: could

text: be

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: Middle

text: English

text: word

text: sclave

text: which

text: was

text: borrowed

text: from

text: Medieval

text: Latin

text: sclavus

text: or

text: slavus

text: itself

text: a

text: borrowing

text: and

text: Byzantine

text: Greek

text: σκλάβος

text: sklábos

text: slave

text: which

text: was

text: in

text: turn

text: apparently

text: derived

text: from

text: a

text: misunderstanding

text: of

text: the

text: Slavic

text: autonym

text: denoting

text: a

text: speaker

text: of

text: their

text: own

text: languages

text: The

text: Byzantine

text: term

text: Sklavinoi

text: was

text: loaned

text: into

text: Arabic

text: as

text: Saqaliba

text: صقالبة

text: sing

text: Saqlabi

text: صقلبي

text: by

text: medieval

text: Arab

text: historiographers

text: However

text: the

text: origin

text: of

text: this

text: word

text: is

text: disputed

question: The word Slav could be derived from what Middle English word?

answer: sclave

text: sclave

question: The origin of what Byzantine term is disputed?

answer: Sklavinoi

text: Sklavinoi

question: The Byzantine Greek σκλάβος sklábos "slave," which was in turn apparently derived from what?

answer: misunderstanding of the Slavic autonym

text: misunderstanding of the Slavic autonym

question: The Byzantine term Sklavinoi was loaned into Arabic as Saqaliba by who?

answer: medieval Arab historiographers

text: medieval Arab historiographers


text: Two assumptions underpinned the British approach to HAA fire; first, aimed fire was the primary method and this was enabled by predicting gun data from visually tracking the target and having its height. Second, that the target would maintain a steady course, speed and height. This HAA was to engage targets up to 24,000 feet. Mechanical, as opposed to igniferous, time fuses were required because the speed of powder burning varied with height so fuse length was not a simple function of time of flight. Automated fire ensured a constant rate of fire that made it easier to predict where each shell should be individually aimed.

title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

title: Anti

title: aircraft_warfare

text: Two

text: assumptions

text: underpinned

text: the

text: British

text: approach

text: to

text: HAA

text: fire

text: first

text: aimed

text: fire

text: was

text: the

text: primary

text: method

text: and

text: this

text: was

text: enabled

text: by

text: predicting

text: gun

text: data

text: from

text: visually

text: tracking

text: the

text: target

text: and

text: having

text: its

text: height

text: Second

text: that

text: the

text: target

text: would

text: maintain

text: a

text: steady

text: course

text: speed

text: and

text: height

text: This

text: HAA

text: was

text: to

text: engage

text: targets

text: up

text: to

text: feet

text: Mechanical

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: igniferous

text: time

text: fuses

text: were

text: required

text: because

text: the

text: speed

text: of

text: powder

text: burning

text: varied

text: with

text: height

text: so

text: fuse

text: length

text: was

text: not

text: a

text: simple

text: function

text: of

text: time

text: of

text: flight

text: Automated

text: fire

text: ensured

text: a

text: constant

text: rate

text: of

text: fire

text: that

text: made

text: it

text: easier

text: to

text: predict

text: where

text: each

text: shell

text: should

text: be

text: individually

text: aimed

question: What was the primary method for HAA fire?

answer: aimed fire

text: aimed fire

question: Along with predicting the gun data from tracking the target, what else needed to be known about the target to enable the aimed fire?

answer: its height

text: its height

question: Another assumption was that the target would maintain a steady course along with what other two factors?

answer: speed and height

text: speed and height

question: Targets could be how many feet for the HAA to engage them?

answer: 24,000 feet

text: 24,000 feet

question: What kind of fuses were needed?

answer: Mechanical

text: Mechanical


text: Zhejiang, as the heartland of the Jiangnan (Yangtze River Delta), remained the wealthiest area during the Six Dynasties (220 or 222–589), Sui, and Tang. After being incorporated into the Sui dynasty, its economic richness was used for the Sui dynasty's ambitions to expand north and south, particularly into Korea and Vietnam. The plan led the Sui dynasty to restore and expand the network which became the Grand Canal of China. The Canal regularly transported grains and resources from Zhejiang, through its metropolitan center Hangzhou (and its hinterland along both the Zhe River and the shores of Hangzhou Bay), and from Suzhou, and thence to the North China Plain. The débâcle of the Korean war led to Sui's overthrow by the Tang, who then presided over a centuries-long golden age for the country. Zhejiang was an important economic center of the empire's Jiangnan East Circuit and was considered particularly prosperous. Throughout the Tang dynasty, The Grand Canal had remained effective, transporting grains and material resources to North China plain and metropolitan centers of the empire. As the Tang Dynasty disintegrated, Zhejiang constituted most of the territory of the regional kingdom of Wuyue.

title: Zhejiang

title: Zhejiang

text: Zhejiang

text: as

text: the

text: heartland

text: of

text: the

text: Jiangnan

text: Yangtze

text: River

text: Delta

text: remained

text: the

text: wealthiest

text: area

text: during

text: the

text: Six

text: Dynasties

text: or

text: Sui

text: and

text: Tang

text: After

text: being

text: incorporated

text: into

text: the

text: Sui

text: dynasty

text: its

text: economic

text: richness

text: was

text: used

text: for

text: the

text: Sui

text: dynasty

text: 's

text: ambitions

text: to

text: expand

text: north

text: and

text: south

text: particularly

text: into

text: Korea

text: and

text: Vietnam

text: The

text: plan

text: led

text: the

text: Sui

text: dynasty

text: to

text: restore

text: and

text: expand

text: the

text: network

text: which

text: became

text: the

text: Grand

text: Canal

text: of

text: China

text: The

text: Canal

text: regularly

text: transported

text: grains

text: and

text: resources

text: from

text: Zhejiang

text: through

text: its

text: metropolitan

text: center

text: Hangzhou

text: and

text: its

text: hinterland

text: along

text: both

text: the

text: Zhe

text: River

text: and

text: the

text: shores

text: of

text: Hangzhou

text: Bay

text: and

text: from

text: Suzhou

text: and

text: thence

text: to

text: the

text: North

text: China

text: Plain

text: The

text: débâcle

text: of

text: the

text: Korean

text: war

text: led

text: to

text: Sui

text: 's

text: overthrow

text: by

text: the

text: Tang

text: who

text: then

text: presided

text: over

text: a

text: centuries

text: long

text: golden

text: age

text: for

text: the

text: country

text: Zhejiang

text: was

text: an

text: important

text: economic

text: center

text: of

text: the

text: empire

text: 's

text: Jiangnan

text: East

text: Circuit

text: and

text: was

text: considered

text: particularly

text: prosperous

text: Throughout

text: the

text: Tang

text: dynasty

text: The

text: Grand

text: Canal

text: had

text: remained

text: effective

text: transporting

text: grains

text: and

text: material

text: resources

text: to

text: North

text: China

text: plain

text: and

text: metropolitan

text: centers

text: of

text: the

text: empire

text: As

text: the

text: Tang

text: Dynasty

text: disintegrated

text: Zhejiang

text: constituted

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: territory

text: of

text: the

text: regional

text: kingdom

text: of

text: Wuyue

question: When did the Six Dynasties end?

answer: 589

question: What was the wealthiest area during the Six Dynasties?

answer: Zhejiang

text: Zhejiang

question: Which dynasty restored and expanded the network that became the Grand Canal of China?

answer: the Sui dynasty

text: the Sui dynasty

question: What river was one of the Grand Canal of China's hinterlands?

answer: the Zhe River

text: the Zhe River


text: The Internet was extensively used for passing information to aid rescue and recovery efforts. For example, the official news agency Xinhua set up an online rescue request center in order to find the blind spots of disaster recovery. After knowing that rescue helicopters had trouble landing into the epicenter area in Wenchuan, a student proposed a landing spot online and it was chosen as the first touchdown place for the helicopters[not in citation given]. Volunteers also set up several websites to help store contact information for victims and evacuees. On May 31, a rescue helicopter carrying earthquake survivors and crew members crashed in fog and turbulence in Wenchuan county. No-one survived.

title: 2008_Sichuan_earthquake

title: 2008_Sichuan_earthquake

text: The

text: Internet

text: was

text: extensively

text: used

text: for

text: passing

text: information

text: to

text: aid

text: rescue

text: and

text: recovery

text: efforts

text: For

text: example

text: the

text: official

text: news

text: agency

text: Xinhua

text: set

text: up

text: an

text: online

text: rescue

text: request

text: center

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: find

text: the

text: blind

text: spots

text: of

text: disaster

text: recovery

text: After

text: knowing

text: that

text: rescue

text: helicopters

text: had

text: trouble

text: landing

text: into

text: the

text: epicenter

text: area

text: in

text: Wenchuan

text: a

text: student

text: proposed

text: a

text: landing

text: spot

text: online

text: and

text: it

text: was

text: chosen

text: as

text: the

text: first

text: touchdown

text: place

text: for

text: the

text: helicopters[not

text: in

text: citation

text: given

text: Volunteers

text: also

text: set

text: up

text: several

text: websites

text: to

text: help

text: store

text: contact

text: information

text: for

text: victims

text: and

text: evacuees

text: On

text: May

text: a

text: rescue

text: helicopter

text: carrying

text: earthquake

text: survivors

text: and

text: crew

text: members

text: crashed

text: in

text: fog

text: and

text: turbulence

text: in

text: Wenchuan

text: county

text: No

text: one

text: survived

question: What was extensively used to pass information to aid rescue and recovery efforts?

answer: The Internet

text: The Internet

question: What did the Xinhua news agency set up?

answer: an online rescue request center

text: an online rescue request center

question: What was the purpose of this online rescue request center?

answer: to find the blind spots of disaster recovery

text: to find the blind spots of disaster recovery

question: Where did rescue helicopters have trouble landing?

answer: Wenchuan

text: Wenchuan

question: What was used as a communications aid in the relief efforts?

answer: The Internet

text: The Internet

question: Who set up an online site to focus on blind spots in recovery?

answer: news agency Xinhua

text: news agency Xinhua

question: What person suggested a landing spot for helicopters near the epicenter?

answer: a student

text: a student

question: What kind of information were websites set up to store?

answer: contact information

text: contact information

question: On what date did a rescue helicopter crash with no survivors?

answer: May 31

text: May 31


text: There are fifteen seats in the Legislative Council of Saint Helena, a unicameral legislature, in addition to a Speaker and a Deputy Speaker. Twelve of the fifteen members are elected in elections held every four years. The three ex officio members are the Chief Secretary, Financial Secretary and Attorney General. The Executive Council is presided over by the Governor, and consists of three ex officio officers and five elected members of the Legislative Council appointed by the Governor. There is no elected Chief Minister, and the Governor acts as the head of government. In January 2013 it was proposed that the Executive Council would be led by a "Chief Councillor" who would be elected by the members of the Legislative Council and would nominate the other members of the Executive Council. These proposals were put to a referendum on 23 March 2013 where they were defeated by 158 votes to 42 on a 10% turnout.

title: Saint_Helena

title: Saint_Helena

text: There

text: are

text: fifteen

text: seats

text: in

text: the

text: Legislative

text: Council

text: of

text: Saint

text: Helena

text: a

text: unicameral

text: legislature

text: in

text: addition

text: to

text: a

text: Speaker

text: and

text: a

text: Deputy

text: Speaker

text: Twelve

text: of

text: the

text: fifteen

text: members

text: are

text: elected

text: in

text: elections

text: held

text: every

text: four

text: years

text: The

text: three

text: ex

text: officio

text: members

text: are

text: the

text: Chief

text: Secretary

text: Financial

text: Secretary

text: and

text: Attorney

text: General

text: The

text: Executive

text: Council

text: is

text: presided

text: over

text: by

text: the

text: Governor

text: and

text: consists

text: of

text: three

text: ex

text: officio

text: officers

text: and

text: five

text: elected

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: Legislative

text: Council

text: appointed

text: by

text: the

text: Governor

text: There

text: is

text: no

text: elected

text: Chief

text: Minister

text: and

text: the

text: Governor

text: acts

text: as

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: government

text: In

text: January

text: it

text: was

text: proposed

text: that

text: the

text: Executive

text: Council

text: would

text: be

text: led

text: by

text: a

text: Chief

text: Councillor

text: who

text: would

text: be

text: elected

text: by

text: the

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: Legislative

text: Council

text: and

text: would

text: nominate

text: the

text: other

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: Executive

text: Council

text: These

text: proposals

text: were

text: put

text: to

text: a

text: referendum

text: on

text: March

text: where

text: they

text: were

text: defeated

text: by

text: votes

text: to

text: on

text: a

text: turnout

question: How many seats are in the Legislative Council of Saint Helena?

answer: 15

question: Who presides over the executive council?

answer: the Governor

text: the Governor

question: The head of government on the island is who?

answer: the Governor

text: the Governor

question: When were proposals for a Chief Councillor put on hold?

answer: 23 March 2013

text: 23 March 2013


text: Mexico City, or the City of Mexico (Spanish: Ciudad de México  audio (help·info) American Spanish: [sjuˈða(ð) ðe ˈméxiko]; abbreviated as "CDMX"), is the capital of Mexico. As an "alpha" global city, Mexico City is one of the most important financial centers in the Americas. It is located in the Valley of Mexico (Valle de México), a large valley in the high plateaus at the center of Mexico, at an altitude of 2,240 metres (7,350 ft). The city consists of sixteen municipalities (previously called boroughs).

title: Mexico_City

title: Mexico_City

text: Mexico

text: City

text: or

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: Mexico

text: Spanish

text: Ciudad

text: de

text: México

text: audio

text: help·info

text: American

text: Spanish

text: sjuˈða(ð

text: ðe

text: ˈméxiko

text: abbreviated

text: as

text: CDMX

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: Mexico

text: As

text: an

text: alpha

text: global

text: city

text: Mexico

text: City

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: financial

text: centers

text: in

text: the

text: Americas

text: It

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: Valley

text: of

text: Mexico

text: Valle

text: de

text: México

text: a

text: large

text: valley

text: in

text: the

text: high

text: plateaus

text: at

text: the

text: center

text: of

text: Mexico

text: at

text: an

text: altitude

text: of

text: metres

text: ft

text: The

text: city

text: consists

text: of

text: sixteen

text: municipalities

text: previously

text: called

text: boroughs

question: How man feet above sea level is Mexico City

answer: 7,350

question: How many municipalities are in Mexico City?

answer: sixteen

text: sixteen

question: What did they used to call the municipalities within Mexico City?

answer: boroughs

text: boroughs

question: What is the Spanish word for Mexico City?

answer: Ciudad de México

text: Ciudad de México

question: How many meters above sea is Mexico City?

answer: 2,240


text: In a further refinement of the direct use of probabilistic modelling, statistical estimates can be coupled to an algorithm called arithmetic coding. Arithmetic coding is a more modern coding technique that uses the mathematical calculations of a finite-state machine to produce a string of encoded bits from a series of input data symbols. It can achieve superior compression to other techniques such as the better-known Huffman algorithm. It uses an internal memory state to avoid the need to perform a one-to-one mapping of individual input symbols to distinct representations that use an integer number of bits, and it clears out the internal memory only after encoding the entire string of data symbols. Arithmetic coding applies especially well to adaptive data compression tasks where the statistics vary and are context-dependent, as it can be easily coupled with an adaptive model of the probability distribution of the input data. An early example of the use of arithmetic coding was its use as an optional (but not widely used) feature of the JPEG image coding standard. It has since been applied in various other designs including H.264/MPEG-4 AVC and HEVC for video coding.

title: Data_compression

title: Data_compression

text: In

text: a

text: further

text: refinement

text: of

text: the

text: direct

text: use

text: of

text: probabilistic

text: modelling

text: statistical

text: estimates

text: can

text: be

text: coupled

text: to

text: an

text: algorithm

text: called

text: arithmetic

text: coding

text: Arithmetic

text: coding

text: is

text: a

text: more

text: modern

text: coding

text: technique

text: that

text: uses

text: the

text: mathematical

text: calculations

text: of

text: a

text: finite

text: state

text: machine

text: to

text: produce

text: a

text: string

text: of

text: encoded

text: bits

text: from

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: input

text: data

text: symbols

text: It

text: can

text: achieve

text: superior

text: compression

text: to

text: other

text: techniques

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: better

text: known

text: Huffman

text: algorithm

text: It

text: uses

text: an

text: internal

text: memory

text: state

text: to

text: avoid

text: the

text: need

text: to

text: perform

text: a

text: one

text: to

text: one

text: mapping

text: of

text: individual

text: input

text: symbols

text: to

text: distinct

text: representations

text: that

text: use

text: an

text: integer

text: number

text: of

text: bits

text: and

text: it

text: clears

text: out

text: the

text: internal

text: memory

text: only

text: after

text: encoding

text: the

text: entire

text: string

text: of

text: data

text: symbols

text: Arithmetic

text: coding

text: applies

text: especially

text: well

text: to

text: adaptive

text: data

text: compression

text: tasks

text: where

text: the

text: statistics

text: vary

text: and

text: are

text: context

text: dependent

text: as

text: it

text: can

text: be

text: easily

text: coupled

text: with

text: an

text: adaptive

text: model

text: of

text: the

text: probability

text: distribution

text: of

text: the

text: input

text: data

text: An

text: early

text: example

text: of

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: arithmetic

text: coding

text: was

text: its

text: use

text: as

text: an

text: optional

text: but

text: not

text: widely

text: used

text: feature

text: of

text: the

text: JPEG

text: image

text: coding

text: standard

text: It

text: has

text: since

text: been

text: applied

text: in

text: various

text: other

text: designs

text: including

text: AVC

text: and

text: HEVC

text: for

text: video

text: coding

question: What can be paired with an algorithm called arithmetic coding?

answer: statistical estimates

text: statistical estimates

question: What can achieve superior compression?

answer: Arithmetic coding

text: Arithmetic coding

question: What uses an internal memory state?

answer: Huffman algorithm

text: Huffman algorithm


text: The interface of Windows 8 has been the subject of mixed reaction. Bright wrote that its system of hot corners and edge swiping "wasn't very obvious" due to the lack of instructions provided by the operating system on the functions accessed through the user interface, even by the video tutorial added on the RTM release (which only instructed users to point at corners of the screen or swipe from its sides). Despite this "stumbling block", Bright said that Windows 8's interface worked well in some places, but began to feel incoherent when switching between the "Metro" and desktop environments, sometimes through inconsistent means. Tom Warren of The Verge wrote that the new interface was "as stunning as it is surprising", contributing to an "incredibly personal" experience once it is customized by the user, but had a steep learning curve, and was awkward to use with a keyboard and mouse. He noted that while forcing all users to use the new touch-oriented interface was a risky move for Microsoft as a whole, it was necessary in order to push development of apps for the Windows Store. Others, such as Adrian Kingsley-Hughes from ZDNet, considered the interface to be "clumsy and impractical" due to its inconsistent design (going as far as considering it "two operating systems unceremoniously bolted together"), and concluded that "Windows 8 wasn't born out of a need or demand; it was born out of a desire on Microsoft's part to exert its will on the PC industry and decide to shape it in a direction—touch and tablets -- that allows it to compete against, and remain relevant in the face of Apple's iPad."

title: Windows_8

title: Windows_8

text: The

text: interface

text: of

text: Windows

text: has

text: been

text: the

text: subject

text: of

text: mixed

text: reaction

text: Bright

text: wrote

text: that

text: its

text: system

text: of

text: hot

text: corners

text: and

text: edge

text: swiping

text: was

text: n't

text: very

text: obvious

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: lack

text: of

text: instructions

text: provided

text: by

text: the

text: operating

text: system

text: on

text: the

text: functions

text: accessed

text: through

text: the

text: user

text: interface

text: even

text: by

text: the

text: video

text: tutorial

text: added

text: on

text: the

text: RTM

text: release

text: which

text: only

text: instructed

text: users

text: to

text: point

text: at

text: corners

text: of

text: the

text: screen

text: or

text: swipe

text: from

text: its

text: sides

text: Despite

text: this

text: stumbling

text: block

text: Bright

text: said

text: that

text: Windows

text: 's

text: interface

text: worked

text: well

text: in

text: some

text: places

text: but

text: began

text: to

text: feel

text: incoherent

text: when

text: switching

text: between

text: the

text: Metro

text: and

text: desktop

text: environments

text: sometimes

text: through

text: inconsistent

text: means

text: Tom

text: Warren

text: of

text: The

text: Verge

text: wrote

text: that

text: the

text: new

text: interface

text: was

text: as

text: stunning

text: as

text: it

text: is

text: surprising

text: contributing

text: to

text: an

text: incredibly

text: personal

text: experience

text: once

text: it

text: is

text: customized

text: by

text: the

text: user

text: but

text: had

text: a

text: steep

text: learning

text: curve

text: and

text: was

text: awkward

text: to

text: use

text: with

text: a

text: keyboard

text: and

text: mouse

text: He

text: noted

text: that

text: while

text: forcing

text: all

text: users

text: to

text: use

text: the

text: new

text: touch

text: oriented

text: interface

text: was

text: a

text: risky

text: move

text: for

text: Microsoft

text: as

text: a

text: whole

text: it

text: was

text: necessary

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: push

text: development

text: of

text: apps

text: for

text: the

text: Windows

text: Store

text: Others

text: such

text: as

text: Adrian

text: Kingsley

text: Hughes

text: from

text: ZDNet

text: considered

text: the

text: interface

text: to

text: be

text: clumsy

text: and

text: impractical

text: due

text: to

text: its

text: inconsistent

text: design

text: going

text: as

text: far

text: as

text: considering

text: it

text: two

text: operating

text: systems

text: unceremoniously

text: bolted

text: together

text: and

text: concluded

text: that

text: Windows

text: was

text: n't

text: born

text: out

text: of

text: a

text: need

text: or

text: demand

text: it

text: was

text: born

text: out

text: of

text: a

text: desire

text: on

text: Microsoft

text: 's

text: part

text: to

text: exert

text: its

text: will

text: on

text: the

text: PC

text: industry

text: and

text: decide

text: to

text: shape

text: it

text: in

text: a

text: direction

text: touch

text: and

text: tablets

text: that

text: allows

text: it

text: to

text: compete

text: against

text: and

text: remain

text: relevant

text: in

text: the

text: face

text: of

text: Apple

text: 's

text: iPad

question: What makes the Windows 8 interface difficult to use?

answer: the lack of instructions provided by the operating system on the functions accessed through the user interface

text: the lack of instructions provided by the operating system on the functions accessed through the user interface

question: Who said the Windows 8 interface was clumsy and impractical?

answer: Adrian Kingsley-Hughes

text: Adrian Kingsley-Hughes

question: What kind of feedback has Windows 8 received?

answer: mixed

text: mixed


text: In the 6th century BCE, Taoist teacher Lao Tzu espoused a series of naturalistic concepts with some elements of humanistic philosophy. The Silver Rule of Confucianism from Analects XV.24, is an example of ethical philosophy based on human values rather than the supernatural. Humanistic thought is also contained in other Confucian classics, e.g., as recorded in Zuo Zhuan, Ji Liang says, "People is the zhu (master, lord, dominance, owner or origin) of gods. So, to sage kings, people first, gods second"; Neishi Guo says, "Gods, clever, righteous and wholehearted, comply with human." Taoist and Confucian secularism contain elements of moral thought devoid of religious authority or deism however they only partly resembled our modern concept of secularism.

title: Humanism

title: Humanism

text: In

text: the

text: century

text: BCE

text: Taoist

text: teacher

text: Lao

text: Tzu

text: espoused

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: naturalistic

text: concepts

text: with

text: some

text: elements

text: of

text: humanistic

text: philosophy

text: The

text: Silver

text: Rule

text: of

text: Confucianism

text: from

text: Analects

text: is

text: an

text: example

text: of

text: ethical

text: philosophy

text: based

text: on

text: human

text: values

text: rather

text: than

text: the

text: supernatural

text: Humanistic

text: thought

text: is

text: also

text: contained

text: in

text: other

text: Confucian

text: classics

text: e.g.

text: as

text: recorded

text: in

text: Zuo

text: Zhuan

text: Ji

text: Liang

text: says

text: People

text: is

text: the

text: zhu

text: master

text: lord

text: dominance

text: owner

text: or

text: origin

text: of

text: gods

text: So

text: to

text: sage

text: kings

text: people

text: first

text: gods

text: second

text: Neishi

text: Guo

text: says

text: Gods

text: clever

text: righteous

text: and

text: wholehearted

text: comply

text: with

text: human

text: Taoist

text: and

text: Confucian

text: secularism

text: contain

text: elements

text: of

text: moral

text: thought

text: devoid

text: of

text: religious

text: authority

text: or

text: deism

text: however

text: they

text: only

text: partly

text: resembled

text: our

text: modern

text: concept

text: of

text: secularism

question: When were humanism beliefs mixed with another philosophy by a Taoist thinker?

answer: 6th century BCE

text: 6th century BCE

question: What is an example of Humanism based philosophy that focused on ethics?

answer: Silver Rule of Confucianism

text: Silver Rule of Confucianism

question: Who can be credited with saying essentially humans are the gods of gods?

answer: Ji Liang

text: Ji Liang

question: Where could you read this information?

answer: Zuo Zhuan

text: Zuo Zhuan


text: By 1353, the three original cantons had joined with the cantons of Glarus and Zug and the Lucerne, Zürich and Bern city states to form the "Old Confederacy" of eight states that existed until the end of the 15th century. The expansion led to increased power and wealth for the federation. By 1460, the confederates controlled most of the territory south and west of the Rhine to the Alps and the Jura mountains, particularly after victories against the Habsburgs (Battle of Sempach, Battle of Näfels), over Charles the Bold of Burgundy during the 1470s, and the success of the Swiss mercenaries. The Swiss victory in the Swabian War against the Swabian League of Emperor Maximilian I in 1499 amounted to de facto independence within the Holy Roman Empire.

title: Switzerland

title: Switzerland

text: By

text: the

text: three

text: original

text: cantons

text: had

text: joined

text: with

text: the

text: cantons

text: of

text: Glarus

text: and

text: Zug

text: and

text: the

text: Lucerne

text: Zürich

text: and

text: Bern

text: city

text: states

text: to

text: form

text: the

text: Old

text: Confederacy

text: of

text: eight

text: states

text: that

text: existed

text: until

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: The

text: expansion

text: led

text: to

text: increased

text: power

text: and

text: wealth

text: for

text: the

text: federation

text: By

text: the

text: confederates

text: controlled

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: territory

text: south

text: and

text: west

text: of

text: the

text: Rhine

text: to

text: the

text: Alps

text: and

text: the

text: Jura

text: mountains

text: particularly

text: after

text: victories

text: against

text: the

text: Habsburgs

text: Battle

text: of

text: Sempach

text: Battle

text: of

text: Näfels

text: over

text: Charles

text: the

text: Bold

text: of

text: Burgundy

text: during

text: the

text: and

text: the

text: success

text: of

text: the

text: Swiss

text: mercenaries

text: The

text: Swiss

text: victory

text: in

text: the

text: Swabian

text: War

text: against

text: the

text: Swabian

text: League

text: of

text: Emperor

text: Maximilian

text: I

text: in

text: amounted

text: to

text: de

text: facto

text: independence

text: within

text: the

text: Holy

text: Roman

text: Empire

question: In what year did the three original  cantons join with five other cantons to form the "Old Confederacy" of eight states?

answer: By 1353

text: By 1353

question: Which century did the Old Confederacy of the eight states exist until?

answer: end of the 15th century

text: end of the 15th century

question: What effect did the expansion of the three cantons into eight have on the status of the federation?

answer: increased power and wealth

text: increased power and wealth

question: By 1460, who controlled most of the territory south and west of the Rhine?

answer: the confederates

text: the confederates

question: Which Swiss victory in 1499 amounted to de facto independence within the Holy Roman Empire?

answer: Swabian War

text: Swabian War


text: On 12 March 2015, the FCC released the specific details of the net neutrality rules. On 13 April 2015, the FCC published the final rule on its new "Net Neutrality" regulations.

title: Internet_service_provider

title: Internet_service_provider

text: On

text: March

text: the

text: FCC

text: released

text: the

text: specific

text: details

text: of

text: the

text: net

text: neutrality

text: rules

text: On

text: April

text: the

text: FCC

text: published

text: the

text: final

text: rule

text: on

text: its

text: new

text: Net

text: Neutrality

text: regulations

question: When did the FCC publish its final rule on net neutrality regulations?

answer: 13 April 2015

text: 13 April 2015


text: In the Al-Burhan (On Demonstration) section of The Book of Healing, Avicenna discussed the philosophy of science and described an early scientific method of inquiry. He discusses Aristotle's Posterior Analytics and significantly diverged from it on several points. Avicenna discussed the issue of a proper methodology for scientific inquiry and the question of "How does one acquire the first principles of a science?" He asked how a scientist would arrive at "the initial axioms or hypotheses of a deductive science without inferring them from some more basic premises?" He explains that the ideal situation is when one grasps that a "relation holds between the terms, which would allow for absolute, universal certainty." Avicenna then adds two further methods for arriving at the first principles: the ancient Aristotelian method of induction (istiqra), and the method of examination and experimentation (tajriba). Avicenna criticized Aristotelian induction, arguing that "it does not lead to the absolute, universal, and certain premises that it purports to provide." In its place, he develops a "method of experimentation as a means for scientific inquiry."

title: Avicenna

title: Avicenna

text: In

text: the

text: Al

text: Burhan

text: On

text: Demonstration

text: section

text: of

text: The

text: Book

text: of

text: Healing

text: Avicenna

text: discussed

text: the

text: philosophy

text: of

text: science

text: and

text: described

text: an

text: early

text: scientific

text: method

text: of

text: inquiry

text: He

text: discusses

text: Aristotle

text: 's

text: Posterior

text: Analytics

text: and

text: significantly

text: diverged

text: from

text: it

text: on

text: several

text: points

text: Avicenna

text: discussed

text: the

text: issue

text: of

text: a

text: proper

text: methodology

text: for

text: scientific

text: inquiry

text: and

text: the

text: question

text: of

text: How

text: does

text: one

text: acquire

text: the

text: first

text: principles

text: of

text: a

text: science

text: He

text: asked

text: how

text: a

text: scientist

text: would

text: arrive

text: at

text: the

text: initial

text: axioms

text: or

text: hypotheses

text: of

text: a

text: deductive

text: science

text: without

text: inferring

text: them

text: from

text: some

text: more

text: basic

text: premises

text: He

text: explains

text: that

text: the

text: ideal

text: situation

text: is

text: when

text: one

text: grasps

text: that

text: a

text: relation

text: holds

text: between

text: the

text: terms

text: which

text: would

text: allow

text: for

text: absolute

text: universal

text: certainty

text: Avicenna

text: then

text: adds

text: two

text: further

text: methods

text: for

text: arriving

text: at

text: the

text: first

text: principles

text: the

text: ancient

text: Aristotelian

text: method

text: of

text: induction

text: istiqra

text: and

text: the

text: method

text: of

text: examination

text: and

text: experimentation

text: tajriba

text: Avicenna

text: criticized

text: Aristotelian

text: induction

text: arguing

text: that

text: it

text: does

text: not

text: lead

text: to

text: the

text: absolute

text: universal

text: and

text: certain

text: premises

text: that

text: it

text: purports

text: to

text: provide

text: In

text: its

text: place

text: he

text: develops

text: a

text: method

text: of

text: experimentation

text: as

text: a

text: means

text: for

text: scientific

text: inquiry

question: What philosopher did Avicenna discuss in his The Book of Healing text?

answer: Aristotle

text: Aristotle

question: What work of Aristotle's does Avicenna focus on?

answer: Posterior Analytics

text: Posterior Analytics

question: What method did Avicenna criticize as not leading to absolute certainty?

answer: Aristotelian induction

text: Aristotelian induction


text: The term "great power" was first used to represent the most important powers in Europe during the post-Napoleonic era. The "Great Powers" constituted the "Concert of Europe" and claimed the right to joint enforcement of the postwar treaties. The formalization of the division between small powers and great powers came about with the signing of the Treaty of Chaumont in 1814. Since then, the international balance of power has shifted numerous times, most dramatically during World War I and World War II. While some nations are widely considered to be great powers, there is no definitive list of them. In literature, alternative terms for great power are often world power or major power, but these terms can also be interchangeable with superpower.

title: Great_power

title: Great_power

text: The

text: term

text: great

text: power

text: was

text: first

text: used

text: to

text: represent

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: powers

text: in

text: Europe

text: during

text: the

text: post

text: Napoleonic

text: era

text: The

text: Great

text: Powers

text: constituted

text: the

text: Concert

text: of

text: Europe

text: and

text: claimed

text: the

text: right

text: to

text: joint

text: enforcement

text: of

text: the

text: postwar

text: treaties

text: The

text: formalization

text: of

text: the

text: division

text: between

text: small

text: powers

text: and

text: great

text: powers

text: came

text: about

text: with

text: the

text: signing

text: of

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Chaumont

text: in

text: Since

text: then

text: the

text: international

text: balance

text: of

text: power

text: has

text: shifted

text: numerous

text: times

text: most

text: dramatically

text: during

text: World

text: War

text: I

text: and

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: While

text: some

text: nations

text: are

text: widely

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: great

text: powers

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: definitive

text: list

text: of

text: them

text: In

text: literature

text: alternative

text: terms

text: for

text: great

text: power

text: are

text: often

text: world

text: power

text: or

text: major

text: power

text: but

text: these

text: terms

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: interchangeable

text: with

text: superpower

question: The term "great power" was first used on which continent?

answer: Europe

text: Europe

question: Which treaty made the distinction of small powers and great powers a formal affair?

answer: Treaty of Chaumont

text: Treaty of Chaumont

question: What year was this treaty signed?

answer: 1814

question: During which two wars has the balance of power shifted the most dramatically?

answer: World War I and World War II

text: World War I and World War II

question: What is another more modern term used in place of "great power"?

answer: superpower

text: superpower

question: What was the formalization of the division of small powers and great powers?

answer: Treaty of Chaumont

text: Treaty of Chaumont

question: During the post Napoleonic era where were the first Great Powers concentrated?

answer: Europe

text: Europe

question: What is another term for Great Power?

answer: superpower

text: superpower

question: During what 2 wars was the balance of power shift most dramatic?

answer: World War I and World War II

text: World War I and World War II


text: Nasser's involvement in political activity increased throughout his school years, such that he only attended 45 days of classes during his last year of secondary school. Despite it having the almost unanimous backing of Egypt's political forces, Nasser strongly objected to the 1936 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty because it stipulated the continued presence of British military bases in the country. Nonetheless, political unrest in Egypt declined significantly and Nasser resumed his studies at al-Nahda, where he received his leaving certificate later that year.

title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

text: Nasser

text: 's

text: involvement

text: in

text: political

text: activity

text: increased

text: throughout

text: his

text: school

text: years

text: such

text: that

text: he

text: only

text: attended

text: days

text: of

text: classes

text: during

text: his

text: last

text: year

text: of

text: secondary

text: school

text: Despite

text: it

text: having

text: the

text: almost

text: unanimous

text: backing

text: of

text: Egypt

text: 's

text: political

text: forces

text: Nasser

text: strongly

text: objected

text: to

text: the

text: Anglo

text: Egyptian

text: Treaty

text: because

text: it

text: stipulated

text: the

text: continued

text: presence

text: of

text: British

text: military

text: bases

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: Nonetheless

text: political

text: unrest

text: in

text: Egypt

text: declined

text: significantly

text: and

text: Nasser

text: resumed

text: his

text: studies

text: at

text: al

text: Nahda

text: where

text: he

text: received

text: his

text: leaving

text: certificate

text: later

text: that

text: year

question: How many days did Nasser attend classes in his senior year?

answer: 45

question: What treaty did Nasser object to?

answer: Anglo-Egyptian Treaty

text: Anglo-Egyptian Treaty

question: What did Nasser not want to have in Egypt?

answer: British military bases

text: British military bases

question: What was the trajectory of political unrest after the treaty?

answer: declined significantly

text: declined significantly

question: From where did Nasser graduate?

answer: al-Nahda

text: al-Nahda


text: Ibn Sīnā wrote at least one treatise on alchemy, but several others have been falsely attributed to him. His Logic, Metaphysics, Physics, and De Caelo, are treatises giving a synoptic view of Aristotelian doctrine, though Metaphysics demonstrates a significant departure from the brand of Neoplatonism known as Aristotelianism in Ibn Sīnā's world; Arabic philosophers[who?][year needed] have hinted at the idea that Ibn Sīnā was attempting to "re-Aristotelianise" Muslim philosophy in its entirety, unlike his predecessors, who accepted the conflation of Platonic, Aristotelian, Neo- and Middle-Platonic works transmitted into the Muslim world.

title: Avicenna

title: Avicenna

text: Ibn

text: Sīnā

text: wrote

text: at

text: least

text: one

text: treatise

text: on

text: alchemy

text: but

text: several

text: others

text: have

text: been

text: falsely

text: attributed

text: to

text: him

text: His

text: Logic

text: Metaphysics

text: Physics

text: and

text: De

text: Caelo

text: are

text: treatises

text: giving

text: a

text: synoptic

text: view

text: of

text: Aristotelian

text: doctrine

text: though

text: Metaphysics

text: demonstrates

text: a

text: significant

text: departure

text: from

text: the

text: brand

text: of

text: Neoplatonism

text: known

text: as

text: Aristotelianism

text: in

text: Ibn

text: Sīnā

text: 's

text: world

text: Arabic

text: philosophers[who?][year

text: needed

text: have

text: hinted

text: at

text: the

text: idea

text: that

text: Ibn

text: Sīnā

text: was

text: attempting

text: to

text: re

text: Aristotelianise

text: Muslim

text: philosophy

text: in

text: its

text: entirety

text: unlike

text: his

text: predecessors

text: who

text: accepted

text: the

text: conflation

text: of

text: Platonic

text: Aristotelian

text: Neo-

text: and

text: Middle

text: Platonic

text: works

text: transmitted

text: into

text: the

text: Muslim

text: world

question: What is a rare discipline that Avicenna worked on?

answer: alchemy

text: alchemy

question: On what subject is one of Avicenna's treatise based on?

answer: Physics

text: Physics

question: What doctrine is some of Avicenna's works based around?

answer: Aristotelian doctrine

text: Aristotelian doctrine

question: According to some, what was Ibn Sina trying to do regarding his works?

answer: "re-Aristotelianise" Muslim philosophy

text: "re-Aristotelianise" Muslim philosophy


text: Because of a low literacy rate among the public (about 2–3% until the early 19th century and just about 15% at the end of 19th century),[citation needed] ordinary people had to hire scribes as "special request-writers" (arzuhâlcis) to be able to communicate with the government. The ethnic groups continued to speak within their families and neighborhoods (mahalles) with their own languages (e.g., Jews, Greeks, Armenians, etc.). In villages where two or more populations lived together, the inhabitants would often speak each other's language. In cosmopolitan cities, people often spoke their family languages; many of those who were not ethnic Turks spoke Turkish as a second language.

title: Ottoman_Empire

title: Ottoman_Empire

text: Because

text: of

text: a

text: low

text: literacy

text: rate

text: among

text: the

text: public

text: about

text: until

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: and

text: just

text: about

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: century),[citation

text: needed

text: ordinary

text: people

text: had

text: to

text: hire

text: scribes

text: as

text: special

text: request

text: writers

text: arzuhâlcis

text: to

text: be

text: able

text: to

text: communicate

text: with

text: the

text: government

text: The

text: ethnic

text: groups

text: continued

text: to

text: speak

text: within

text: their

text: families

text: and

text: neighborhoods

text: mahalles

text: with

text: their

text: own

text: languages

text: e.g.

text: Jews

text: Greeks

text: Armenians

text: etc

text: In

text: villages

text: where

text: two

text: or

text: more

text: populations

text: lived

text: together

text: the

text: inhabitants

text: would

text: often

text: speak

text: each

text: other

text: 's

text: language

text: In

text: cosmopolitan

text: cities

text: people

text: often

text: spoke

text: their

text: family

text: languages

text: many

text: of

text: those

text: who

text: were

text: not

text: ethnic

text: Turks

text: spoke

text: Turkish

text: as

text: a

text: second

text: language

question: What was the public's literacy rate in leading up to the early 19th century in the empire?

answer: about 2–3%

text: about 2–3%

question: At the end of the 19th century what was the literacy rate for the public in the Empire believed to be?

answer: 15%

question: What did people resort to when they needed to communicate with the government?

answer: people had to hire scribes

text: people had to hire scribes

question: What were hired scribes known as?

answer: "special request-writers" (arzuhâlcis)

text: "special request-writers" (arzuhâlcis)

question: What was the second language of those that weren't ethnically Turkish?

answer: Turkish

text: Turkish


text: The local government continuously strives for a reduction of massive traffic congestion, and has increased incentives for making a bicycle-friendly city. This includes North America's second-largest bicycle sharing system, EcoBici, launched in 2010, in which registered residents can get bicycles for 45 minutes with a pre-paid subscription of 300 pesos a year. There are, as of September 2013, 276 stations with 4,000 bicycles across an area stretching from the Historic center to Polanco. within 300 metres (980 feet) of one another and are fully automatic using a transponder based card. Bicycle-service users have access to several permanent Ciclovías (dedicated bike paths/lanes/streets), including ones along Paseo de la Reforma and Avenida Chapultepec as well as one running 59 kilometres (37 miles) from Polanco to Fierro del Toro, which is located south of Cumbres del Ajusco National Park, near the Morelos state line. The city's initiative is inspired by forward thinking examples, such as Denmark's Copenhagenization.

title: Mexico_City

title: Mexico_City

text: The

text: local

text: government

text: continuously

text: strives

text: for

text: a

text: reduction

text: of

text: massive

text: traffic

text: congestion

text: and

text: has

text: increased

text: incentives

text: for

text: making

text: a

text: bicycle

text: friendly

text: city

text: This

text: includes

text: North

text: America

text: 's

text: second

text: largest

text: bicycle

text: sharing

text: system

text: EcoBici

text: launched

text: in

text: in

text: which

text: registered

text: residents

text: can

text: get

text: bicycles

text: for

text: minutes

text: with

text: a

text: pre

text: paid

text: subscription

text: of

text: pesos

text: a

text: year

text: There

text: are

text: as

text: of

text: September

text: stations

text: with

text: bicycles

text: across

text: an

text: area

text: stretching

text: from

text: the

text: Historic

text: center

text: to

text: Polanco

text: within

text: metres

text: feet

text: of

text: one

text: another

text: and

text: are

text: fully

text: automatic

text: using

text: a

text: transponder

text: based

text: card

text: Bicycle

text: service

text: users

text: have

text: access

text: to

text: several

text: permanent

text: Ciclovías

text: dedicated

text: bike

text: paths

text: lanes

text: streets

text: including

text: ones

text: along

text: Paseo

text: de

text: la

text: Reforma

text: and

text: Avenida

text: Chapultepec

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: one

text: running

text: kilometres

text: miles

text: from

text: Polanco

text: to

text: Fierro

text: del

text: Toro

text: which

text: is

text: located

text: south

text: of

text: Cumbres

text: del

text: Ajusco

text: National

text: Park

text: near

text: the

text: Morelos

text: state

text: line

text: The

text: city

text: 's

text: initiative

text: is

text: inspired

text: by

text: forward

text: thinking

text: examples

text: such

text: as

text: Denmark

text: 's

text: Copenhagenization

question: What is the name of the city's bike sharing system?

answer: EcoBici

text: EcoBici

question: When did the bike sharing system of the city begin?

answer: 2010

question: How many bikes are involved in the bike share system?

answer: 4,000

question: What do they call the bike paths in Mexico City?

answer: Ciclovías

text: Ciclovías

question: What country is the inspiration for Mexico City's new programs?

answer: Denmark

text: Denmark


text: The Alps provide lowland Europe with drinking water, irrigation, and hydroelectric power. Although the area is only about 11 percent of the surface area of Europe, the Alps provide up to 90 percent of water to lowland Europe, particularly to arid areas and during the summer months. Cities such as Milan depend on 80 percent of water from Alpine runoff. Water from the rivers is used in over 500 hydroelectricity power plants, generating as much as 2900 kilowatts of electricity.

title: Alps

title: Alps

text: The

text: Alps

text: provide

text: lowland

text: Europe

text: with

text: drinking

text: water

text: irrigation

text: and

text: hydroelectric

text: power

text: Although

text: the

text: area

text: is

text: only

text: about

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: surface

text: area

text: of

text: Europe

text: the

text: Alps

text: provide

text: up

text: to

text: percent

text: of

text: water

text: to

text: lowland

text: Europe

text: particularly

text: to

text: arid

text: areas

text: and

text: during

text: the

text: summer

text: months

text: Cities

text: such

text: as

text: Milan

text: depend

text: on

text: percent

text: of

text: water

text: from

text: Alpine

text: runoff

text: Water

text: from

text: the

text: rivers

text: is

text: used

text: in

text: over

text: hydroelectricity

text: power

text: plants

text: generating

text: as

text: much

text: as

text: kilowatts

text: of

text: electricity

question: What provides Europe with drinking water, irrigation, and hydroelectric power?

answer: The Alps

text: The Alps

question: How much of Europe does the Alps cover?

answer: 11 percent of the surface area

text: 11 percent of the surface area

question: How much water does the Alps provide to lowland Europe?

answer: 90 percent

text: 90 percent

question: How much water does Milan depend on from the Alpine runoff?

answer: 80 percent

text: 80 percent

question: Water from the rivers is used in over how many hydroelectric power plants?

answer: 500


text: In the late 1970s many arterial roads were redesigned as ejes viales; high-volume one-way roads that cross, in theory, Mexico City proper from side to side. The eje vial network is based on a quasi-Cartesian grid, with the ejes themselves being called Eje 1 Poniente, Eje Central, and Eje 1 Oriente, for example, for the north-south roads, and Eje 2 Sur and Eje 3 Norte, for example, for east-west roads. Ring roads are the Circuito Interior (inner ring), Anillo Periférico; the Circuito Exterior Mexiquense ("State of Mexico outer loop") toll road skirting the northeastern and eastern edges of the metropolitan area, the Chamapa-La Venta toll road skirting the northwestern edge, and the Arco Norte completely bypassing the metropolitan area in an arc from northwest (Atlacomulco) to north (Tula, Hidalgo) to east (Puebla). A second level (where tolls are charged) of the Periférico, colloquially called the segundo piso ("second floor"), was officially opened in 2012, with sections still being completed. The Viaducto Miguel Alemán crosses the city east-west from Observatorio to the airport. In 2013 the Supervía Poniente opened, a toll road linking the new Santa Fe business district with southwestern Mexico City.

title: Mexico_City

title: Mexico_City

text: In

text: the

text: late

text: many

text: arterial

text: roads

text: were

text: redesigned

text: as

text: ejes

text: viales

text: high

text: volume

text: one

text: way

text: roads

text: that

text: cross

text: in

text: theory

text: Mexico

text: City

text: proper

text: from

text: side

text: to

text: side

text: The

text: eje

text: vial

text: network

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: a

text: quasi

text: Cartesian

text: grid

text: with

text: the

text: ejes

text: themselves

text: being

text: called

text: Eje

text: Poniente

text: Eje

text: Central

text: and

text: Eje

text: Oriente

text: for

text: example

text: for

text: the

text: north

text: south

text: roads

text: and

text: Eje

text: Sur

text: and

text: Eje

text: Norte

text: for

text: example

text: for

text: east

text: west

text: roads

text: Ring

text: roads

text: are

text: the

text: Circuito

text: Interior

text: inner

text: ring

text: Anillo

text: Periférico

text: the

text: Circuito

text: Exterior

text: Mexiquense

text: State

text: of

text: Mexico

text: outer

text: loop

text: toll

text: road

text: skirting

text: the

text: northeastern

text: and

text: eastern

text: edges

text: of

text: the

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: the

text: Chamapa

text: La

text: Venta

text: toll

text: road

text: skirting

text: the

text: northwestern

text: edge

text: and

text: the

text: Arco

text: Norte

text: completely

text: bypassing

text: the

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: in

text: an

text: arc

text: from

text: northwest

text: Atlacomulco

text: to

text: north

text: Tula

text: Hidalgo

text: to

text: east

text: Puebla

text: A

text: second

text: level

text: where

text: tolls

text: are

text: charged

text: of

text: the

text: Periférico

text: colloquially

text: called

text: the

text: segundo

text: piso

text: second

text: floor

text: was

text: officially

text: opened

text: in

text: with

text: sections

text: still

text: being

text: completed

text: The

text: Viaducto

text: Miguel

text: Alemán

text: crosses

text: the

text: city

text: east

text: west

text: from

text: Observatorio

text: to

text: the

text: airport

text: In

text: the

text: Supervía

text: Poniente

text: opened

text: a

text: toll

text: road

text: linking

text: the

text: new

text: Santa

text: Fe

text: business

text: district

text: with

text: southwestern

text: Mexico

text: City

question: What are the one-way roads in Mexico city called?

answer: ejes viales

text: ejes viales

question: What is different about the second level roads?

answer: tolls are charged

text: tolls are charged

question: When were these second level roads opened?

answer: 2012

question: What main road leads to the airport?

answer: The Viaducto Miguel Alemán

text: The Viaducto Miguel Alemán

question: What connects Santa Fe and the southwestern part of the city?

answer: the Supervía Poniente

text: the Supervía Poniente


text: Autumn, winter, and early spring are frequently characterized by rain. Winters are cool and wet with December, the coolest month, averaging 40.6 °F (4.8 °C), with 28 annual days with lows that reach the freezing mark, and 2.0 days where the temperature stays at or below freezing all day; the temperature rarely lowers to 20 °F (−7 °C). Summers are sunny, dry and warm, with August, the warmest month, averaging 66.1 °F (18.9 °C), and with temperatures reaching 90 °F (32 °C) on 3.1 days per year, although 2011 is the most recent year to not reach 90 °F. The hottest officially recorded temperature was 103 °F (39 °C) on July 29, 2009; the coldest recorded temperature was 0 °F (−18 °C) on January 31, 1950; the record cold daily maximum is 16 °F (−9 °C) on January 14, 1950, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum is 71 °F (22 °C) the day the official record high was set. The average window for freezing temperatures is November 16 thru March 10, allowing a growing season of 250 days.

title: Seattle

title: Seattle

text: Autumn

text: winter

text: and

text: early

text: spring

text: are

text: frequently

text: characterized

text: by

text: rain

text: Winters

text: are

text: cool

text: and

text: wet

text: with

text: December

text: the

text: coolest

text: month

text: averaging

text: F

text: C

text: with

text: annual

text: days

text: with

text: lows

text: that

text: reach

text: the

text: freezing

text: mark

text: and

text: days

text: where

text: the

text: temperature

text: stays

text: at

text: or

text: below

text: freezing

text: all

text: day

text: the

text: temperature

text: rarely

text: lowers

text: to

text: F

text: −7

text: C

text: Summers

text: are

text: sunny

text: dry

text: and

text: warm

text: with

text: August

text: the

text: warmest

text: month

text: averaging

text: F

text: C

text: and

text: with

text: temperatures

text: reaching

text: F

text: C

text: on

text: days

text: per

text: year

text: although

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: recent

text: year

text: to

text: not

text: reach

text: F

text: The

text: hottest

text: officially

text: recorded

text: temperature

text: was

text: F

text: C

text: on

text: July

text: the

text: coldest

text: recorded

text: temperature

text: was

text: F

text: C

text: on

text: January

text: the

text: record

text: cold

text: daily

text: maximum

text: is

text: F

text: −9

text: C

text: on

text: January

text: while

text: conversely

text: the

text: record

text: warm

text: daily

text: minimum

text: is

text: F

text: C

text: the

text: day

text: the

text: official

text: record

text: high

text: was

text: set

text: The

text: average

text: window

text: for

text: freezing

text: temperatures

text: is

text: November

text: thru

text: March

text: allowing

text: a

text: growing

text: season

text: of

text: days

question: What is Seattle's average December temperature?

answer: 40.6 °F

text: 40.6 °F

question: How many winter days reach freezing in Seattle?

answer: 28 annual days

text: 28 annual days

question: What month is the warmest in Seattle?

answer: August

text: August

question: What is August's usual temperature?

answer: 66.1 °F

text: 66.1 °F

question: How long is the growing season in the Seattle area?

answer: 250 days

text: 250 days


text: In the early Sumerian Uruk period, the primitive pictograms suggest that sheep, goats, cattle, and pigs were domesticated. They used oxen as their primary beasts of burden and donkeys or equids as their primary transport animal and "woollen clothing as well as rugs were made from the wool or hair of the animals. ... By the side of the house was an enclosed garden planted with trees and other plants; wheat and probably other cereals were sown in the fields, and the shaduf was already employed for the purpose of irrigation. Plants were also grown in pots or vases."

title: Sumer

title: Sumer

text: In

text: the

text: early

text: Sumerian

text: Uruk

text: period

text: the

text: primitive

text: pictograms

text: suggest

text: that

text: sheep

text: goats

text: cattle

text: and

text: pigs

text: were

text: domesticated

text: They

text: used

text: oxen

text: as

text: their

text: primary

text: beasts

text: of

text: burden

text: and

text: donkeys

text: or

text: equids

text: as

text: their

text: primary

text: transport

text: animal

text: and

text: woollen

text: clothing

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: rugs

text: were

text: made

text: from

text: the

text: wool

text: or

text: hair

text: of

text: the

text: animals

text: By

text: the

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: house

text: was

text: an

text: enclosed

text: garden

text: planted

text: with

text: trees

text: and

text: other

text: plants

text: wheat

text: and

text: probably

text: other

text: cereals

text: were

text: sown

text: in

text: the

text: fields

text: and

text: the

text: shaduf

text: was

text: already

text: employed

text: for

text: the

text: purpose

text: of

text: irrigation

text: Plants

text: were

text: also

text: grown

text: in

text: pots

text: or

text: vases

question: When do the pictograms suggest Sumerians had domesticated livestock?

answer: Uruk period

text: Uruk period

question: What might be found by the side of a Sumerian house?

answer: enclosed garden planted with trees and other plants

text: enclosed garden planted with trees and other plants

question: What animal did Sumerians use primary to facilitate transportation?

answer: donkeys

text: donkeys

question: What was the primary purpose of oxen for Sumerians?

answer: beasts of burden

text: beasts of burden

question: Where were plants also grown besides the garden?

answer: pots or vases

text: pots or vases


text: This 164-page monthly magazine is sold separately from the newspaper of record and is Britain's best-selling travel magazine. The first issue of The Sunday Times Travel Magazine was in 2003, and it includes news, features and insider guides.

title: The_Times

title: The_Times

text: This

text: monthly

text: magazine

text: is

text: sold

text: separately

text: from

text: the

text: newspaper

text: of

text: record

text: and

text: is

text: Britain

text: 's

text: best

text: selling

text: travel

text: magazine

text: The

text: first

text: issue

text: of

text: The

text: Sunday

text: Times

text: Travel

text: Magazine

text: was

text: in

text: and

text: it

text: includes

text: news

text: features

text: and

text: insider

text: guides

question: What is the name of the travel magazine sold by The Times?

answer: Sunday Times Travel Magazine

text: Sunday Times Travel Magazine

question: In what year was The Times' travel magazine first sold?

answer: 2003

question: How many pages is The Times' travel magazine?

answer: 164

question: What is the name of Britain's best-selling travel magazine?

answer: Sunday Times Travel Magazine

text: Sunday Times Travel Magazine