text: The inevitable march to civil war and the combat in Madrid resulted in the removal of the capital of the Republic to Valencia. On 6 November 1936 the city became the capital of Republican Spain under the control of the prime minister Manuel Azana; the government moved to the Palau de Benicarló, its ministries occupying various other buildings. The city was heavily bombarded by air and sea, necessitating the construction of over two hundred bomb shelters to protect the population. On 13 January 1937 the city was first shelled by a vessel of the Fascist Italian Navy, which was blockading the port by the order of Benito Mussolini. The bombardment intensified and inflicted massive destruction on several occasions; by the end of the war the city had survived 442 bombardments, leaving 2,831 dead and 847 wounded, although it is estimated that the death toll was higher, as the data given are those recognised by Francisco Franco's government. The Republican government passed to Juan Negrín on 17 May 1937 and on 31 October of that year moved to Barcelona. On 30 March 1939 Valencia surrendered and the Nationalist troops entered the city. The postwar years were a time of hardship for Valencians. During Franco's regime speaking or teaching Valencian was prohibited; in a significant reversal it is now compulsory for every schoolchild in Valencia.

title: Valencia

title: Valencia

text: The

text: inevitable

text: march

text: to

text: civil

text: war

text: and

text: the

text: combat

text: in

text: Madrid

text: resulted

text: in

text: the

text: removal

text: of

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: Republic

text: to

text: Valencia

text: On

text: November

text: the

text: city

text: became

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: Republican

text: Spain

text: under

text: the

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: prime

text: minister

text: Manuel

text: Azana

text: the

text: government

text: moved

text: to

text: the

text: Palau

text: de

text: Benicarló

text: its

text: ministries

text: occupying

text: various

text: other

text: buildings

text: The

text: city

text: was

text: heavily

text: bombarded

text: by

text: air

text: and

text: sea

text: necessitating

text: the

text: construction

text: of

text: over

text: two

text: hundred

text: bomb

text: shelters

text: to

text: protect

text: the

text: population

text: On

text: January

text: the

text: city

text: was

text: first

text: shelled

text: by

text: a

text: vessel

text: of

text: the

text: Fascist

text: Italian

text: Navy

text: which

text: was

text: blockading

text: the

text: port

text: by

text: the

text: order

text: of

text: Benito

text: Mussolini

text: The

text: bombardment

text: intensified

text: and

text: inflicted

text: massive

text: destruction

text: on

text: several

text: occasions

text: by

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: war

text: the

text: city

text: had

text: survived

text: bombardments

text: leaving

text: dead

text: and

text: wounded

text: although

text: it

text: is

text: estimated

text: that

text: the

text: death

text: toll

text: was

text: higher

text: as

text: the

text: data

text: given

text: are

text: those

text: recognised

text: by

text: Francisco

text: Franco

text: 's

text: government

text: The

text: Republican

text: government

text: passed

text: to

text: Juan

text: Negrín

text: on

text: May

text: and

text: on

text: October

text: of

text: that

text: year

text: moved

text: to

text: Barcelona

text: On

text: March

text: Valencia

text: surrendered

text: and

text: the

text: Nationalist

text: troops

text: entered

text: the

text: city

text: The

text: postwar

text: years

text: were

text: a

text: time

text: of

text: hardship

text: for

text: Valencians

text: During

text: Franco

text: 's

text: regime

text: speaking

text: or

text: teaching

text: Valencian

text: was

text: prohibited

text: in

text: a

text: significant

text: reversal

text: it

text: is

text: now

text: compulsory

text: for

text: every

text: schoolchild

text: in

text: Valencia

question: Who was prime minister in 1936?

answer: Manuel Azana

text: Manuel Azana

question: What building did the government move to in 1936?

answer: Palau de Benicarló

text: Palau de Benicarló

question: How many bomb shelters were built?

answer: over two hundred

text: over two hundred

question: When did the Italian Navy first attack Valencia?

answer: 13 January 1937

text: 13 January 1937

question: Where did the government relocate to in 1937?

answer: Barcelona

text: Barcelona


text: Schwarzenegger's official height of 6'2" (1.88 m) has been brought into question by several articles. In his bodybuilding days in the late 1960s, he was measured to be 6'1.5" (1.87 m), a height confirmed by his fellow bodybuilders. However, in 1988 both the Daily Mail and Time Out magazine mentioned that Schwarzenegger appeared noticeably shorter. Prior to running for Governor, Schwarzenegger's height was once again questioned in an article by the Chicago Reader. As Governor, Schwarzenegger engaged in a light-hearted exchange with Assemblyman Herb Wesson over their heights. At one point, Wesson made an unsuccessful attempt to, in his own words, "settle this once and for all and find out how tall he is" by using a tailor's tape measure on the Governor. Schwarzenegger retaliated by placing a pillow stitched with the words "Need a lift?" on the five-foot-five inch (165 cm) Wesson's chair before a negotiating session in his office. Bob Mulholland also claimed Schwarzenegger was 5'10" (1.78 m) and that he wore risers in his boots. In 1999, Men's Health magazine stated his height was 5'10".

title: Arnold_Schwarzenegger

title: Arnold_Schwarzenegger

text: Schwarzenegger

text: 's

text: official

text: height

text: of

text: m

text: has

text: been

text: brought

text: into

text: question

text: by

text: several

text: articles

text: In

text: his

text: bodybuilding

text: days

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: he

text: was

text: measured

text: to

text: be

text: m

text: a

text: height

text: confirmed

text: by

text: his

text: fellow

text: bodybuilders

text: However

text: in

text: both

text: the

text: Daily

text: Mail

text: and

text: Time

text: Out

text: magazine

text: mentioned

text: that

text: Schwarzenegger

text: appeared

text: noticeably

text: shorter

text: Prior

text: to

text: running

text: for

text: Governor

text: Schwarzenegger

text: 's

text: height

text: was

text: once

text: again

text: questioned

text: in

text: an

text: article

text: by

text: the

text: Chicago

text: Reader

text: As

text: Governor

text: Schwarzenegger

text: engaged

text: in

text: a

text: light

text: hearted

text: exchange

text: with

text: Assemblyman

text: Herb

text: Wesson

text: over

text: their

text: heights

text: At

text: one

text: point

text: Wesson

text: made

text: an

text: unsuccessful

text: attempt

text: to

text: in

text: his

text: own

text: words

text: settle

text: this

text: once

text: and

text: for

text: all

text: and

text: find

text: out

text: how

text: tall

text: he

text: is

text: by

text: using

text: a

text: tailor

text: 's

text: tape

text: measure

text: on

text: the

text: Governor

text: Schwarzenegger

text: retaliated

text: by

text: placing

text: a

text: pillow

text: stitched

text: with

text: the

text: words

text: Need

text: a

text: lift

text: on

text: the

text: five

text: foot

text: five

text: inch

text: cm

text: Wesson

text: 's

text: chair

text: before

text: a

text: negotiating

text: session

text: in

text: his

text: office

text: Bob

text: Mulholland

text: also

text: claimed

text: Schwarzenegger

text: was

text: m

text: and

text: that

text: he

text: wore

text: risers

text: in

text: his

text: boots

text: In

text: Men

text: 's

text: Health

text: magazine

text: stated

text: his

text: height

text: was

question: How tall does Schwarzenegger claim to be?

answer: 6'2"

question: What Assemblyman playfully tried to measure Schwarzenegger's height?

answer: Herb Wesson

text: Herb Wesson

question: How tall did Men's Health magazine report Schwarzenegger to be in a 1999 issue?

answer: 5'10"


text: The history of biodiversity during the Phanerozoic (the last 540 million years), starts with rapid growth during the Cambrian explosion—a period during which nearly every phylum of multicellular organisms first appeared. Over the next 400 million years or so, invertebrate diversity showed little overall trend, and vertebrate diversity shows an overall exponential trend. This dramatic rise in diversity was marked by periodic, massive losses of diversity classified as mass extinction events. A significant loss occurred when rainforests collapsed in the carboniferous. The worst was the Permian-Triassic extinction event, 251 million years ago. Vertebrates took 30 million years to recover from this event.

title: Biodiversity

title: Biodiversity

text: The

text: history

text: of

text: biodiversity

text: during

text: the

text: Phanerozoic

text: the

text: last

text: million

text: years

text: starts

text: with

text: rapid

text: growth

text: during

text: the

text: Cambrian

text: explosion

text: a

text: period

text: during

text: which

text: nearly

text: every

text: phylum

text: of

text: multicellular

text: organisms

text: first

text: appeared

text: Over

text: the

text: next

text: million

text: years

text: or

text: so

text: invertebrate

text: diversity

text: showed

text: little

text: overall

text: trend

text: and

text: vertebrate

text: diversity

text: shows

text: an

text: overall

text: exponential

text: trend

text: This

text: dramatic

text: rise

text: in

text: diversity

text: was

text: marked

text: by

text: periodic

text: massive

text: losses

text: of

text: diversity

text: classified

text: as

text: mass

text: extinction

text: events

text: A

text: significant

text: loss

text: occurred

text: when

text: rainforests

text: collapsed

text: in

text: the

text: carboniferous

text: The

text: worst

text: was

text: the

text: Permian

text: Triassic

text: extinction

text: event

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: Vertebrates

text: took

text: million

text: years

text: to

text: recover

text: from

text: this

text: event

question: Which era included a rapid growth period?

answer: the Cambrian explosion

text: the Cambrian explosion

question: The Phanerozoic era covers what time period?

answer: the last 540 million years

text: the last 540 million years

question: In which era, did the first phylum of multicellular organisms appear?

answer: the Cambrian explosion

text: the Cambrian explosion

question: What type of diversity showed an overall exponential trend?

answer: vertebrate diversity

text: vertebrate diversity

question: In which event did the rainforests collapsed in the carboniferous?

answer: the Permian-Triassic extinction event

text: the Permian-Triassic extinction event


text: The Cubs had high expectations in 2002, but the squad played poorly. On July 5, 2002 the Cubs promoted assistant general manager and player personnel director Jim Hendry to the General Manager position. The club responded by hiring Dusty Baker and by making some major moves in '03. Most notably, they traded with the Pittsburgh Pirates for outfielder Kenny Lofton and third baseman Aramis Ramírez, and rode dominant pitching, led by Kerry Wood and Mark Prior, as the Cubs led the division down the stretch.

title: Chicago_Cubs

title: Chicago_Cubs

text: The

text: Cubs

text: had

text: high

text: expectations

text: in

text: but

text: the

text: squad

text: played

text: poorly

text: On

text: July

text: the

text: Cubs

text: promoted

text: assistant

text: general

text: manager

text: and

text: player

text: personnel

text: director

text: Jim

text: Hendry

text: to

text: the

text: General

text: Manager

text: position

text: The

text: club

text: responded

text: by

text: hiring

text: Dusty

text: Baker

text: and

text: by

text: making

text: some

text: major

text: moves

text: in

text: Most

text: notably

text: they

text: traded

text: with

text: the

text: Pittsburgh

text: Pirates

text: for

text: outfielder

text: Kenny

text: Lofton

text: and

text: third

text: baseman

text: Aramis

text: Ramírez

text: and

text: rode

text: dominant

text: pitching

text: led

text: by

text: Kerry

text: Wood

text: and

text: Mark

text: Prior

text: as

text: the

text: Cubs

text: led

text: the

text: division

text: down

text: the

text: stretch

question: When did the Cubs promote assistant general manager and player personnel director Jim Hendry?

answer: July 5, 2002

text: July 5, 2002

question: What was Jim Hendry promoted to?

answer: the General Manager position

text: the General Manager position

question: Who did the Cubs hire in response to Jim Hendry's promotion?

answer: Dusty Baker

text: Dusty Baker


text: During World War II, the British at Bletchley Park achieved a number of successes at breaking encrypted German military communications. The German encryption machine, Enigma, was first attacked with the help of the electro-mechanical bombes. To crack the more sophisticated German Lorenz SZ 40/42 machine, used for high-level Army communications, Max Newman and his colleagues commissioned Flowers to build the Colossus. He spent eleven months from early February 1943 designing and building the first Colossus. After a functional test in December 1943, Colossus was shipped to Bletchley Park, where it was delivered on 18 January 1944 and attacked its first message on 5 February.

title: Computer

title: Computer

text: During

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: the

text: British

text: at

text: Bletchley

text: Park

text: achieved

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: successes

text: at

text: breaking

text: encrypted

text: German

text: military

text: communications

text: The

text: German

text: encryption

text: machine

text: Enigma

text: was

text: first

text: attacked

text: with

text: the

text: help

text: of

text: the

text: electro

text: mechanical

text: bombes

text: To

text: crack

text: the

text: more

text: sophisticated

text: German

text: Lorenz

text: SZ

text: machine

text: used

text: for

text: high

text: level

text: Army

text: communications

text: Max

text: Newman

text: and

text: his

text: colleagues

text: commissioned

text: Flowers

text: to

text: build

text: the

text: Colossus

text: He

text: spent

text: eleven

text: months

text: from

text: early

text: February

text: designing

text: and

text: building

text: the

text: first

text: Colossus

text: After

text: a

text: functional

text: test

text: in

text: December

text: Colossus

text: was

text: shipped

text: to

text: Bletchley

text: Park

text: where

text: it

text: was

text: delivered

text: on

text: January

text: and

text: attacked

text: its

text: first

text: message

text: on

text: February

question: Who built the first Colossus in 1943?

answer: Flowers

text: Flowers

question: When was the Colossus sent to Bletchley Park?

answer: 18 January 1944

text: 18 January 1944

question: Who achieved success at cracking secret German military communications during World War II?

answer: , the British

text: , the British

question: Where did the British crack secret German military communications during World War II?

answer: Bletchley Park

text: Bletchley Park


text: When a second round of elections were finally held in 1993, again with the help of the international community coordinated by GIBAFOR, Ange-Félix Patassé won in the second round of voting with 53% of the vote while Goumba won 45.6%. Patassé's party, the Mouvement pour la Libération du Peuple Centrafricain (MLPC) or Movement for the Liberation of the Central African People, gained a simple but not an absolute majority of seats in parliament, which meant Patassé's party required coalition partners.[citation needed]

title: Central_African_Republic

title: Central_African_Republic

text: When

text: a

text: second

text: round

text: of

text: elections

text: were

text: finally

text: held

text: in

text: again

text: with

text: the

text: help

text: of

text: the

text: international

text: community

text: coordinated

text: by

text: GIBAFOR

text: Ange

text: Félix

text: Patassé

text: won

text: in

text: the

text: second

text: round

text: of

text: voting

text: with

text: of

text: the

text: vote

text: while

text: Goumba

text: won

text: Patassé

text: 's

text: party

text: the

text: Mouvement

text: pour

text: la

text: Libération

text: du

text: Peuple

text: Centrafricain

text: MLPC

text: or

text: Movement

text: for

text: the

text: Liberation

text: of

text: the

text: Central

text: African

text: People

text: gained

text: a

text: simple

text: but

text: not

text: an

text: absolute

text: majority

text: of

text: seats

text: in

text: parliament

text: which

text: meant

text: Patassé

text: 's

text: party

text: required

text: coalition

text: partners.[citation

text: needed

question: When was a second democratic election held?

answer: in 1993

text: in 1993

question: Who became the first democratically elected president?

answer: Ange-Félix Patassé

text: Ange-Félix Patassé

question: What percentage did Patasse win with?

answer: 53% of the vote

text: 53% of the vote

question: What was the winning party?

answer: Mouvement pour la Libération du Peuple Centrafricain

text: Mouvement pour la Libération du Peuple Centrafricain

question: Did Patasse get a majority of the votes?

answer: gained a simple but not an absolute majority

text: gained a simple but not an absolute majority


text: Ann Arbor's residential neighborhoods contain architectural styles ranging from classic 19th-century and early-20th-century designs to ranch-style houses. Among these homes are a number of kit houses built in the early 20th century. Contemporary-style houses are farther from the downtown district. Surrounding the University of Michigan campus are houses and apartment complexes occupied primarily by student renters. Tower Plaza, a 26-story condominium building located between the University of Michigan campus and downtown, is the tallest building in Ann Arbor. The 19th-century buildings and streetscape of the Old West Side neighborhood have been preserved virtually intact; in 1972, the district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and it is further protected by city ordinances and a nonprofit preservation group.

title: Ann_Arbor,_Michigan

title: Ann_Arbor,_Michigan

text: Ann

text: Arbor

text: 's

text: residential

text: neighborhoods

text: contain

text: architectural

text: styles

text: ranging

text: from

text: classic

text: century

text: and

text: century

text: designs

text: to

text: ranch

text: style

text: houses

text: Among

text: these

text: homes

text: are

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: kit

text: houses

text: built

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: Contemporary

text: style

text: houses

text: are

text: farther

text: from

text: the

text: downtown

text: district

text: Surrounding

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Michigan

text: campus

text: are

text: houses

text: and

text: apartment

text: complexes

text: occupied

text: primarily

text: by

text: student

text: renters

text: Tower

text: Plaza

text: a

text: condominium

text: building

text: located

text: between

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Michigan

text: campus

text: and

text: downtown

text: is

text: the

text: tallest

text: building

text: in

text: Ann

text: Arbor

text: The

text: century

text: buildings

text: and

text: streetscape

text: of

text: the

text: Old

text: West

text: Side

text: neighborhood

text: have

text: been

text: preserved

text: virtually

text: intact

text: in

text: the

text: district

text: was

text: listed

text: on

text: the

text: National

text: Register

text: of

text: Historic

text: Places

text: and

text: it

text: is

text: further

text: protected

text: by

text: city

text: ordinances

text: and

text: a

text: nonprofit

text: preservation

text: group

question: Which century does the Kit houses belong to?

answer: 20th century

text: 20th century

question: Who primarily occupies the complexes surrounding the University?

answer: student renters

text: student renters

question: Which is the tallest building in Ann Arbor?

answer: Tower Plaza

text: Tower Plaza

question: When was the city listed on the National Register of historic Places?

answer: 1972


text: During World War II, when Denmark was occupied by Nazi Germany, the United States briefly controlled Greenland for battlefields and protection. In 1946, the United States offered to buy Greenland from Denmark for $100 million ($1.2 billion today) but Denmark refused to sell it. Several politicians and others have in recent years argued that Greenland could hypothetically be in a better financial situation as a part of the United States; for instance mentioned by professor Gudmundur Alfredsson at University of Akureyri in 2014. One of the actual reasons behind US interest in Greenland could be the vast natural resources of the island. According to Wikileaks, the U.S. appears to be highly interested in investing in the resource base of the island and in tapping the vast expected hydrocarbons off the Greenlandic coast.

title: 51st_state

title: 51st_state

text: During

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: when

text: Denmark

text: was

text: occupied

text: by

text: Nazi

text: Germany

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: briefly

text: controlled

text: Greenland

text: for

text: battlefields

text: and

text: protection

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: offered

text: to

text: buy

text: Greenland

text: from

text: Denmark

text: for

text: million

text: billion

text: today

text: but

text: Denmark

text: refused

text: to

text: sell

text: it

text: Several

text: politicians

text: and

text: others

text: have

text: in

text: recent

text: years

text: argued

text: that

text: Greenland

text: could

text: hypothetically

text: be

text: in

text: a

text: better

text: financial

text: situation

text: as

text: a

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: for

text: instance

text: mentioned

text: by

text: professor

text: Gudmundur

text: Alfredsson

text: at

text: University

text: of

text: Akureyri

text: in

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: actual

text: reasons

text: behind

text: US

text: interest

text: in

text: Greenland

text: could

text: be

text: the

text: vast

text: natural

text: resources

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: According

text: to

text: Wikileaks

text: the

text: U.S.

text: appears

text: to

text: be

text: highly

text: interested

text: in

text: investing

text: in

text: the

text: resource

text: base

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: and

text: in

text: tapping

text: the

text: vast

text: expected

text: hydrocarbons

text: off

text: the

text: Greenlandic

text: coast

question: When did the US control Greenland?

answer: when Denmark was occupied by Nazi Germany

text: when Denmark was occupied by Nazi Germany

question: How much did the US offer to pay for Greenland?

answer: $100 million

text: $100 million

question: What university is professor Gudmundur Alfredssson from?

answer: University of Akureyri

text: University of Akureyri

question: What is one reason the US would be interested in Greenland?

answer: the vast expected hydrocarbons off the Greenlandic coast.

text: the vast expected hydrocarbons off the Greenlandic coast.


text: Unlike those of Mexican states' schools, curricula of Mexico City's public schools is managed by the federal Secretary of Public Education. The whole funding is allocated by the government of Mexico City (in some specific cases, such as El Colegio de México, funding comes from both the city's government and other public and private national and international entities).[citation needed] The city's public high school system is the Instituto de Educación Media Superior del Distrito Federal (IEMS-DF).

title: Mexico_City

title: Mexico_City

text: Unlike

text: those

text: of

text: Mexican

text: states

text: schools

text: curricula

text: of

text: Mexico

text: City

text: 's

text: public

text: schools

text: is

text: managed

text: by

text: the

text: federal

text: Secretary

text: of

text: Public

text: Education

text: The

text: whole

text: funding

text: is

text: allocated

text: by

text: the

text: government

text: of

text: Mexico

text: City

text: in

text: some

text: specific

text: cases

text: such

text: as

text: El

text: Colegio

text: de

text: México

text: funding

text: comes

text: from

text: both

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: government

text: and

text: other

text: public

text: and

text: private

text: national

text: and

text: international

text: entities).[citation

text: needed

text: The

text: city

text: 's

text: public

text: high

text: school

text: system

text: is

text: the

text: Instituto

text: de

text: Educación

text: Media

text: Superior

text: del

text: Distrito

text: Federal

text: IEMS

text: DF

question: Who is in charge of the education in Mexico City?

answer: Secretary of Public Education

text: Secretary of Public Education

question: What is the public high school system called in Mexico City?

answer: Instituto de Educación Media Superior del Distrito Federal

text: Instituto de Educación Media Superior del Distrito Federal

question: Who allocates the funding of the school systems?

answer: government of Mexico City

text: government of Mexico City


text: Starting at the transition between the Middle to Upper Paleolithic period, some 80,000 to 70,000 years ago, some hunter-gatherers bands began to specialize, concentrating on hunting a smaller selection of (often larger) game and gathering a smaller selection of food. This specialization of work also involved creating specialized tools, like fishing nets and hooks and bone harpoons. The transition into the subsequent Neolithic period is chiefly defined by the unprecedented development of nascent agricultural practices. Agriculture originated and spread in several different areas including the Middle East, Asia, Mesoamerica, and the Andes beginning as early as 12,000 years ago.

title: Hunter-gatherer

title: Hunter

title: gatherer

text: Starting

text: at

text: the

text: transition

text: between

text: the

text: Middle

text: to

text: Upper

text: Paleolithic

text: period

text: some

text: to

text: years

text: ago

text: some

text: hunter

text: gatherers

text: bands

text: began

text: to

text: specialize

text: concentrating

text: on

text: hunting

text: a

text: smaller

text: selection

text: of

text: often

text: larger

text: game

text: and

text: gathering

text: a

text: smaller

text: selection

text: of

text: food

text: This

text: specialization

text: of

text: work

text: also

text: involved

text: creating

text: specialized

text: tools

text: like

text: fishing

text: nets

text: and

text: hooks

text: and

text: bone

text: harpoons

text: The

text: transition

text: into

text: the

text: subsequent

text: Neolithic

text: period

text: is

text: chiefly

text: defined

text: by

text: the

text: unprecedented

text: development

text: of

text: nascent

text: agricultural

text: practices

text: Agriculture

text: originated

text: and

text: spread

text: in

text: several

text: different

text: areas

text: including

text: the

text: Middle

text: East

text: Asia

text: Mesoamerica

text: and

text: the

text: Andes

text: beginning

text: as

text: early

text: as

text: years

text: ago

question: During what period did hunter-gatherers begin to focus food collection on a more limited range?

answer: Middle to Upper Paleolithic

text: Middle to Upper Paleolithic

question: How many years ago did hunting-gatherers start specializing in their collection practices?

answer: 80,000 to 70,000 years ago

text: 80,000 to 70,000 years ago

question: What was the change in gathering?

answer: a smaller selection

text: a smaller selection

question: When did the use of agriculture begin it's spread?

answer: 12,000 years ago

text: 12,000 years ago


text: The Late Middle Ages was marked by difficulties and calamities including famine, plague, and war, which significantly diminished the population of Europe; between 1347 and 1350, the Black Death killed about a third of Europeans. Controversy, heresy, and schism within the Church paralleled the interstate conflict, civil strife, and peasant revolts that occurred in the kingdoms. Cultural and technological developments transformed European society, concluding the Late Middle Ages and beginning the early modern period.

title: Middle_Ages

title: Middle_Ages

text: The

text: Late

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: was

text: marked

text: by

text: difficulties

text: and

text: calamities

text: including

text: famine

text: plague

text: and

text: war

text: which

text: significantly

text: diminished

text: the

text: population

text: of

text: Europe

text: between

text: and

text: the

text: Black

text: Death

text: killed

text: about

text: a

text: third

text: of

text: Europeans

text: Controversy

text: heresy

text: and

text: schism

text: within

text: the

text: Church

text: paralleled

text: the

text: interstate

text: conflict

text: civil

text: strife

text: and

text: peasant

text: revolts

text: that

text: occurred

text: in

text: the

text: kingdoms

text: Cultural

text: and

text: technological

text: developments

text: transformed

text: European

text: society

text: concluding

text: the

text: Late

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: and

text: beginning

text: the

text: early

text: modern

text: period

question: When did the Black Death end?

answer: 1350

question: In what period of the Middle Ages did the Black Death occur?

answer: Late

text: Late

question: What portion of the European population died in the Black Death?

answer: a third

text: a third

question: What era occurred after the Late Middle Ages?

answer: the early modern period

text: the early modern period

question: Along with controversy and schism, what upset the peace of the Church during the Late Middle Ages?

answer: heresy

text: heresy


text: Reverse migration, where the genetic programming of young birds fails to work properly, can lead to rarities turning up as vagrants thousands of kilometres out of range.

title: Bird_migration

title: Bird_migration

text: Reverse

text: migration

text: where

text: the

text: genetic

text: programming

text: of

text: young

text: birds

text: fails

text: to

text: work

text: properly

text: can

text: lead

text: to

text: rarities

text: turning

text: up

text: as

text: vagrants

text: thousands

text: of

text: kilometres

text: out

text: of

text: range

question: What is it called when the genetic programing of young birds fail?

answer: Reverse migration

text: Reverse migration

question: What is reverse migration?

answer: where the genetic programming of young birds fails to work properly

text: where the genetic programming of young birds fails to work properly

question: What does reverse migration lead to?

answer: rarities turning up as vagrants thousands of kilometres out of range

text: rarities turning up as vagrants thousands of kilometres out of range

question: How far out of range can rarities get?

answer: thousands of kilometres

text: thousands of kilometres


text: There are various terms that linguists may use to avoid taking a position on whether the speech of a community is an independent language in its own right or a dialect of another language. Perhaps the most common is "variety"; "lect" is another. A more general term is "languoid", which does not distinguish between dialects, languages, and groups of languages, whether genealogically related or not.

title: Dialect

title: Dialect

text: There

text: are

text: various

text: terms

text: that

text: linguists

text: may

text: use

text: to

text: avoid

text: taking

text: a

text: position

text: on

text: whether

text: the

text: speech

text: of

text: a

text: community

text: is

text: an

text: independent

text: language

text: in

text: its

text: own

text: right

text: or

text: a

text: dialect

text: of

text: another

text: language

text: Perhaps

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: is

text: variety

text: lect

text: is

text: another

text: A

text: more

text: general

text: term

text: is

text: languoid

text: which

text: does

text: not

text: distinguish

text: between

text: dialects

text: languages

text: and

text: groups

text: of

text: languages

text: whether

text: genealogically

text: related

text: or

text: not

question: What term avoids distinguishing between languages and dialects?

answer: languoid

text: languoid

question: What is the most common way of referring to a language without making the determination of whether it's a dialect or independent language?

answer: variety

text: variety

question: Along with variety and languoid, what is another term used for a language without determining its independent status?

answer: lect

text: lect


text: Oklahoma City has a major park in each quadrant of the city, going back to the first parks masterplan. Will Rogers Park, Lincoln Park, Trosper Park, and Woodson Park were once connected by the Grand Boulevard loop, some sections of which no longer exist. Martin Park Nature Center is a natural habitat in far northwest Oklahoma City. Will Rogers Park is home to the Lycan Conservatory, the Rose Garden, and Butterfly Garden, all built in the WPA era. Oklahoma City is home to the American Banjo Museum, which houses a large collection of highly decorated banjos from the early 20th century and exhibits on the history of the banjo and its place in American history. Concerts and lectures are also held there.

title: Oklahoma_City

title: Oklahoma_City

text: Oklahoma

text: City

text: has

text: a

text: major

text: park

text: in

text: each

text: quadrant

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: going

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: first

text: parks

text: masterplan

text: Will

text: Rogers

text: Park

text: Lincoln

text: Park

text: Trosper

text: Park

text: and

text: Woodson

text: Park

text: were

text: once

text: connected

text: by

text: the

text: Grand

text: Boulevard

text: loop

text: some

text: sections

text: of

text: which

text: no

text: longer

text: exist

text: Martin

text: Park

text: Nature

text: Center

text: is

text: a

text: natural

text: habitat

text: in

text: far

text: northwest

text: Oklahoma

text: City

text: Will

text: Rogers

text: Park

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: the

text: Lycan

text: Conservatory

text: the

text: Rose

text: Garden

text: and

text: Butterfly

text: Garden

text: all

text: built

text: in

text: the

text: WPA

text: era

text: Oklahoma

text: City

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: the

text: American

text: Banjo

text: Museum

text: which

text: houses

text: a

text: large

text: collection

text: of

text: highly

text: decorated

text: banjos

text: from

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: and

text: exhibits

text: on

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: the

text: banjo

text: and

text: its

text: place

text: in

text: American

text: history

text: Concerts

text: and

text: lectures

text: are

text: also

text: held

text: there

question: What place hosts concerts and lectures?

answer: American Banjo Museum

text: American Banjo Museum

question: Where is the Lycan Conservatory located?

answer: Will Rogers Park

text: Will Rogers Park


text: In Latin America and English-speaking countries, most wrestlers (and other on-stage performers) portray character roles, sometimes with personalities wildly different from their own. These personalities are a gimmick intended to heighten interest in a wrestler without regard to athletic ability. Some can be unrealistic and cartoon-like (such as Doink the Clown), while others carry more verisimilitude and can be seen as exaggerated versions of the performer's real life personality (such as Chris Jericho, The Rock, John Cena, Stone Cold Steve Austin, and CM Punk). In lucha libre, many characters wear masks, adopting a secret identity akin to a superhero, a near-sacred tradition.

title: Professional_wrestling

title: Professional_wrestling

text: In

text: Latin

text: America

text: and

text: English

text: speaking

text: countries

text: most

text: wrestlers

text: and

text: other

text: on

text: stage

text: performers

text: portray

text: character

text: roles

text: sometimes

text: with

text: personalities

text: wildly

text: different

text: from

text: their

text: own

text: These

text: personalities

text: are

text: a

text: gimmick

text: intended

text: to

text: heighten

text: interest

text: in

text: a

text: wrestler

text: without

text: regard

text: to

text: athletic

text: ability

text: Some

text: can

text: be

text: unrealistic

text: and

text: cartoon

text: like

text: such

text: as

text: Doink

text: the

text: Clown

text: while

text: others

text: carry

text: more

text: verisimilitude

text: and

text: can

text: be

text: seen

text: as

text: exaggerated

text: versions

text: of

text: the

text: performer

text: 's

text: real

text: life

text: personality

text: such

text: as

text: Chris

text: Jericho

text: The

text: Rock

text: John

text: Cena

text: Stone

text: Cold

text: Steve

text: Austin

text: and

text: CM

text: Punk

text: In

text: lucha

text: libre

text: many

text: characters

text: wear

text: masks

text: adopting

text: a

text: secret

text: identity

text: akin

text: to

text: a

text: superhero

text: a

text: near

text: sacred

text: tradition

question: What do most wrestlers do, as far as how they act?

answer: portray character roles

text: portray character roles

question: What is the name of one wrestler who acts like a cartoonish character?

answer: Doink the Clown

text: Doink the Clown

question: The Rock's persona is seen as what?

answer: exaggerated versions of the performer's real life personality

text: exaggerated versions of the performer's real life personality

question: What is common apparel in lucha libre?

answer: masks

text: masks


text: The caricature of the period is also reflected in some more specific notions. One misconception, first propagated in the 19th century and still very common, is that all people in the Middle Ages believed that the Earth was flat. This is untrue, as lecturers in the medieval universities commonly argued that evidence showed the Earth was a sphere. Lindberg and Ronald Numbers, another scholar of the period, state that there "was scarcely a Christian scholar of the Middle Ages who did not acknowledge [Earth's] sphericity and even know its approximate circumference". Other misconceptions such as "the Church prohibited autopsies and dissections during the Middle Ages", "the rise of Christianity killed off ancient science", or "the medieval Christian church suppressed the growth of natural philosophy", are all cited by Numbers as examples of widely popular myths that still pass as historical truth, although they are not supported by current historical research.

title: Middle_Ages

title: Middle_Ages

text: The

text: caricature

text: of

text: the

text: period

text: is

text: also

text: reflected

text: in

text: some

text: more

text: specific

text: notions

text: One

text: misconception

text: first

text: propagated

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: and

text: still

text: very

text: common

text: is

text: that

text: all

text: people

text: in

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: believed

text: that

text: the

text: Earth

text: was

text: flat

text: This

text: is

text: untrue

text: as

text: lecturers

text: in

text: the

text: medieval

text: universities

text: commonly

text: argued

text: that

text: evidence

text: showed

text: the

text: Earth

text: was

text: a

text: sphere

text: Lindberg

text: and

text: Ronald

text: Numbers

text: another

text: scholar

text: of

text: the

text: period

text: state

text: that

text: there

text: was

text: scarcely

text: a

text: Christian

text: scholar

text: of

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: who

text: did

text: not

text: acknowledge

text: Earth

text: 's

text: sphericity

text: and

text: even

text: know

text: its

text: approximate

text: circumference

text: Other

text: misconceptions

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Church

text: prohibited

text: autopsies

text: and

text: dissections

text: during

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: Christianity

text: killed

text: off

text: ancient

text: science

text: or

text: the

text: medieval

text: Christian

text: church

text: suppressed

text: the

text: growth

text: of

text: natural

text: philosophy

text: are

text: all

text: cited

text: by

text: Numbers

text: as

text: examples

text: of

text: widely

text: popular

text: myths

text: that

text: still

text: pass

text: as

text: historical

text: truth

text: although

text: they

text: are

text: not

text: supported

text: by

text: current

text: historical

text: research

question: During what century was it first proposed that people in the Middle Ages thought the Earth was flat?

answer: 19th

question: Along with autopsies, what is it erroneously believed that the medieval Church forbade?

answer: dissections

text: dissections

question: According to a misconception, what did the rise of Christianity destroy?

answer: ancient science

text: ancient science

question: According to another misconception, what field of study was the medieval Church opposed to?

answer: natural philosophy

text: natural philosophy

question: Along with Lindberg, who is a notable scholar of the Middle Ages?

answer: Ronald Numbers

text: Ronald Numbers


text: Dell advertisements have appeared in several types of media including television, the Internet, magazines, catalogs and newspapers. Some of Dell Inc's marketing strategies include lowering prices at all times of the year, free bonus products (such as Dell printers), and free shipping to encourage more sales and stave off competitors. In 2006, Dell cut its prices in an effort to maintain its 19.2% market share. This also cut profit-margins by more than half, from 8.7 to 4.3 percent. To maintain its low prices, Dell continues to accept most purchases of its products via the Internet and through the telephone network, and to move its customer-care division to India and El Salvador.

title: Dell

title: Dell

text: Dell

text: advertisements

text: have

text: appeared

text: in

text: several

text: types

text: of

text: media

text: including

text: television

text: the

text: Internet

text: magazines

text: catalogs

text: and

text: newspapers

text: Some

text: of

text: Dell

text: Inc

text: 's

text: marketing

text: strategies

text: include

text: lowering

text: prices

text: at

text: all

text: times

text: of

text: the

text: year

text: free

text: bonus

text: products

text: such

text: as

text: Dell

text: printers

text: and

text: free

text: shipping

text: to

text: encourage

text: more

text: sales

text: and

text: stave

text: off

text: competitors

text: In

text: Dell

text: cut

text: its

text: prices

text: in

text: an

text: effort

text: to

text: maintain

text: its

text: market

text: share

text: This

text: also

text: cut

text: profit

text: margins

text: by

text: more

text: than

text: half

text: from

text: to

text: percent

text: To

text: maintain

text: its

text: low

text: prices

text: Dell

text: continues

text: to

text: accept

text: most

text: purchases

text: of

text: its

text: products

text: via

text: the

text: Internet

text: and

text: through

text: the

text: telephone

text: network

text: and

text: to

text: move

text: its

text: customer

text: care

text: division

text: to

text: India

text: and

text: El

text: Salvador

question: What type of Dell media has appeared on TV, on the internet, and in magazines?

answer: advertisements

text: advertisements

question: One of Dell's marketing strategies is what kind of shipping?

answer: free

text: free

question: What year did Dell cut its prices to keep its market share?

answer: 2006

question: By how much did Dell cut it's margins when it cut its prices?

answer: half

text: half

question: Where does Dell take most of its purchases for its products?

answer: Internet

text: Internet


text: Interestingly, research has revealed that asking individuals to repeatedly imagine actions that they have never performed or events that they have never experienced could result in false memories. For instance, Goff and Roediger (1998) asked participants to imagine that they performed an act (e.g., break a toothpick) and then later asked them whether they had done such a thing. Findings revealed that those participants who repeatedly imagined performing such an act were more likely to think that they had actually performed that act during the first session of the experiment. Similarly, Garry and her colleagues (1996) asked college students to report how certain they were that they experienced a number of events as children (e.g., broke a window with their hand) and then two weeks later asked them to imagine four of those events. The researchers found that one-fourth of the students asked to imagine the four events reported that they had actually experienced such events as children. That is, when asked to imagine the events they were more confident that they experienced the events.

title: Memory

title: Memory

text: Interestingly

text: research

text: has

text: revealed

text: that

text: asking

text: individuals

text: to

text: repeatedly

text: imagine

text: actions

text: that

text: they

text: have

text: never

text: performed

text: or

text: events

text: that

text: they

text: have

text: never

text: experienced

text: could

text: result

text: in

text: false

text: memories

text: For

text: instance

text: Goff

text: and

text: Roediger

text: asked

text: participants

text: to

text: imagine

text: that

text: they

text: performed

text: an

text: act

text: e.g.

text: break

text: a

text: toothpick

text: and

text: then

text: later

text: asked

text: them

text: whether

text: they

text: had

text: done

text: such

text: a

text: thing

text: Findings

text: revealed

text: that

text: those

text: participants

text: who

text: repeatedly

text: imagined

text: performing

text: such

text: an

text: act

text: were

text: more

text: likely

text: to

text: think

text: that

text: they

text: had

text: actually

text: performed

text: that

text: act

text: during

text: the

text: first

text: session

text: of

text: the

text: experiment

text: Similarly

text: Garry

text: and

text: her

text: colleagues

text: asked

text: college

text: students

text: to

text: report

text: how

text: certain

text: they

text: were

text: that

text: they

text: experienced

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: events

text: as

text: children

text: e.g.

text: broke

text: a

text: window

text: with

text: their

text: hand

text: and

text: then

text: two

text: weeks

text: later

text: asked

text: them

text: to

text: imagine

text: four

text: of

text: those

text: events

text: The

text: researchers

text: found

text: that

text: one

text: fourth

text: of

text: the

text: students

text: asked

text: to

text: imagine

text: the

text: four

text: events

text: reported

text: that

text: they

text: had

text: actually

text: experienced

text: such

text: events

text: as

text: children

text: That

text: is

text: when

text: asked

text: to

text: imagine

text: the

text: events

text: they

text: were

text: more

text: confident

text: that

text: they

text: experienced

text: the

text: events

question: What can cause a person to have fake memories?

answer: repeatedly imagine actions that they have never performed or events that they have never experienced

text: repeatedly imagine actions that they have never performed or events that they have never experienced

question: Who performed a study that showed the similarirty of imaginging doing something and then later remembering actually doing that task?

answer: Goff and Roediger

text: Goff and Roediger

question: What did a similar study done by Garry find?

answer: researchers found that one-fourth of the students asked to imagine the four events reported that they had actually experienced such events as children

text: researchers found that one-fourth of the students asked to imagine the four events reported that they had actually experienced such events as children


text: Plato describes the priestesses of Delphi and Dodona as frenzied women, obsessed by "mania" (μανία, "frenzy"), a Greek word he connected with mantis (μάντις, "prophet"). Frenzied women like Sibyls from whose lips the god speaks are recorded in the Near East as Mari in the second millennium BC. Although Crete had contacts with Mari from 2000 BC, there is no evidence that the ecstatic prophetic art existed during the Minoan and Mycenean ages. It is more probable that this art was introduced later from Anatolia and regenerated an existing oracular cult that was local to Delphi and dormant in several areas of Greece.

title: Apollo

title: Apollo

text: Plato

text: describes

text: the

text: priestesses

text: of

text: Delphi

text: and

text: Dodona

text: as

text: frenzied

text: women

text: obsessed

text: by

text: mania

text: μανία

text: frenzy

text: a

text: Greek

text: word

text: he

text: connected

text: with

text: mantis

text: μάντις

text: prophet

text: Frenzied

text: women

text: like

text: Sibyls

text: from

text: whose

text: lips

text: the

text: god

text: speaks

text: are

text: recorded

text: in

text: the

text: Near

text: East

text: as

text: Mari

text: in

text: the

text: second

text: millennium

text: BC

text: Although

text: Crete

text: had

text: contacts

text: with

text: Mari

text: from

text: BC

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: evidence

text: that

text: the

text: ecstatic

text: prophetic

text: art

text: existed

text: during

text: the

text: Minoan

text: and

text: Mycenean

text: ages

text: It

text: is

text: more

text: probable

text: that

text: this

text: art

text: was

text: introduced

text: later

text: from

text: Anatolia

text: and

text: regenerated

text: an

text: existing

text: oracular

text: cult

text: that

text: was

text: local

text: to

text: Delphi

text: and

text: dormant

text: in

text: several

text: areas

text: of

text: Greece

question: Who describes Delphi and Dodona as frenzied women?

answer: Plato

text: Plato

question: What two women were said to be obsessed by "mania?"

answer: Delphi and Dodona

text: Delphi and Dodona

question: What Greek word is connected with mantis?

answer: mania

text: mania


text: Robert Plutchik agreed with Ekman's biologically driven perspective but developed the "wheel of emotions", suggesting eight primary emotions grouped on a positive or negative basis: joy versus sadness; anger versus fear; trust versus disgust; and surprise versus anticipation. Some basic emotions can be modified to form complex emotions. The complex emotions could arise from cultural conditioning or association combined with the basic emotions. Alternatively, similar to the way primary colors combine, primary emotions could blend to form the full spectrum of human emotional experience. For example, interpersonal anger and disgust could blend to form contempt. Relationships exist between basic emotions, resulting in positive or negative influences.

title: Emotion

title: Emotion

text: Robert

text: Plutchik

text: agreed

text: with

text: Ekman

text: 's

text: biologically

text: driven

text: perspective

text: but

text: developed

text: the

text: wheel

text: of

text: emotions

text: suggesting

text: eight

text: primary

text: emotions

text: grouped

text: on

text: a

text: positive

text: or

text: negative

text: basis

text: joy

text: versus

text: sadness

text: anger

text: versus

text: fear

text: trust

text: versus

text: disgust

text: and

text: surprise

text: versus

text: anticipation

text: Some

text: basic

text: emotions

text: can

text: be

text: modified

text: to

text: form

text: complex

text: emotions

text: The

text: complex

text: emotions

text: could

text: arise

text: from

text: cultural

text: conditioning

text: or

text: association

text: combined

text: with

text: the

text: basic

text: emotions

text: Alternatively

text: similar

text: to

text: the

text: way

text: primary

text: colors

text: combine

text: primary

text: emotions

text: could

text: blend

text: to

text: form

text: the

text: full

text: spectrum

text: of

text: human

text: emotional

text: experience

text: For

text: example

text: interpersonal

text: anger

text: and

text: disgust

text: could

text: blend

text: to

text: form

text: contempt

text: Relationships

text: exist

text: between

text: basic

text: emotions

text: resulting

text: in

text: positive

text: or

text: negative

text: influences

question: What is the name of the theory Plutchik created?

answer: wheel of emotions

text: wheel of emotions

question: How many main emotions exist in Plutchik's theory?

answer: eight

text: eight

question: In Plutchik's theory, what emotion is the opposite of anticipation?

answer: surprise

text: surprise

question: What emotion can be perceived as a combination of disgust and anger?

answer: contempt

text: contempt

question: What does Plutchik see as the positive equivalent of disgust?

answer: trust

text: trust


text: The James River reaches tidewater at Richmond where flooding may occur in every month of the year, most frequently in March and least in July. Hurricanes and tropical storms have been responsible for most of the flooding during the summer and early fall months. Hurricanes passing near Richmond have produced record rainfalls. In 1955, three hurricanes brought record rainfall to Richmond within a six-week period. The most noteworthy of these were Hurricane Connie and Hurricane Diane that brought heavy rains five days apart. And in 2004, the downtown area suffered extensive flood damage after the remnants of Hurricane Gaston dumped up to 12 inches (300 mm) of rainfall.

title: Richmond,_Virginia

title: Richmond,_Virginia

text: The

text: James

text: River

text: reaches

text: tidewater

text: at

text: Richmond

text: where

text: flooding

text: may

text: occur

text: in

text: every

text: month

text: of

text: the

text: year

text: most

text: frequently

text: in

text: March

text: and

text: least

text: in

text: July

text: Hurricanes

text: and

text: tropical

text: storms

text: have

text: been

text: responsible

text: for

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: flooding

text: during

text: the

text: summer

text: and

text: early

text: fall

text: months

text: Hurricanes

text: passing

text: near

text: Richmond

text: have

text: produced

text: record

text: rainfalls

text: In

text: three

text: hurricanes

text: brought

text: record

text: rainfall

text: to

text: Richmond

text: within

text: a

text: six

text: week

text: period

text: The

text: most

text: noteworthy

text: of

text: these

text: were

text: Hurricane

text: Connie

text: and

text: Hurricane

text: Diane

text: that

text: brought

text: heavy

text: rains

text: five

text: days

text: apart

text: And

text: in

text: the

text: downtown

text: area

text: suffered

text: extensive

text: flood

text: damage

text: after

text: the

text: remnants

text: of

text: Hurricane

text: Gaston

text: dumped

text: up

text: to

text: inches

text: mm

text: of

text: rainfall

question: What is the most likely month for the James to flood Richmond?

answer: March

text: March

question: What month sees the lowest likelihood of the James flooding?

answer: July

text: July

question: In 1955, Richmond was hit with three hurricanes in how many weeks?

answer: six

text: six

question: In 1955, what two hurricanes occurred within a week of one another?

answer: Hurricane Connie and Hurricane Diane

text: Hurricane Connie and Hurricane Diane

question: What hurricane hit Richmond in 2004?

answer: Gaston

text: Gaston


text: The period preceding, and contemporary with, the Protestant Reformation saw the translation of the Bible into local European languages—a development that contributed to Western Christianity's split into Roman Catholicism and Protestantism due to disparities between Catholic and Protestant versions of crucial words and passages (although the Protestant movement was largely based on other things, such as a perceived need for reformation of the Roman Catholic Church to eliminate corruption). Lasting effects on the religions, cultures and languages of their respective countries have been exerted by such Bible translations as Martin Luther's into German, Jakub Wujek's into Polish, and the King James Bible's translators' into English. Debate and religious schism over different translations of religious texts remain to this day, as demonstrated by, for example, the King James Only movement.

title: Translation

title: Translation

text: The

text: period

text: preceding

text: and

text: contemporary

text: with

text: the

text: Protestant

text: Reformation

text: saw

text: the

text: translation

text: of

text: the

text: Bible

text: into

text: local

text: European

text: languages

text: a

text: development

text: that

text: contributed

text: to

text: Western

text: Christianity

text: 's

text: split

text: into

text: Roman

text: Catholicism

text: and

text: Protestantism

text: due

text: to

text: disparities

text: between

text: Catholic

text: and

text: Protestant

text: versions

text: of

text: crucial

text: words

text: and

text: passages

text: although

text: the

text: Protestant

text: movement

text: was

text: largely

text: based

text: on

text: other

text: things

text: such

text: as

text: a

text: perceived

text: need

text: for

text: reformation

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: to

text: eliminate

text: corruption

text: Lasting

text: effects

text: on

text: the

text: religions

text: cultures

text: and

text: languages

text: of

text: their

text: respective

text: countries

text: have

text: been

text: exerted

text: by

text: such

text: Bible

text: translations

text: as

text: Martin

text: Luther

text: 's

text: into

text: German

text: Jakub

text: Wujek

text: 's

text: into

text: Polish

text: and

text: the

text: King

text: James

text: Bible

text: 's

text: translators

text: into

text: English

text: Debate

text: and

text: religious

text: schism

text: over

text: different

text: translations

text: of

text: religious

text: texts

text: remain

text: to

text: this

text: day

text: as

text: demonstrated

text: by

text: for

text: example

text: the

text: King

text: James

text: Only

text: movement

question: During the Protestant Reformation, what local languages was the bible translated into?

answer: European

text: European

question: Biblical translations have caused lasting effects on what?

answer: religions, cultures and languages of their respective countries

text: religions, cultures and languages of their respective countries

question: Disparities between versions of crucial words and passages in versions of the bible contributed to what split?

answer: Roman Catholicism and Protestantism

text: Roman Catholicism and Protestantism

question: What does the fact of the King James Only movement demonstrate?

answer: religious schism over different translations of religious texts remain to this day

text: religious schism over different translations of religious texts remain to this day

question: Who translated the Bible to German?

answer: Martin Luther

text: Martin Luther


text: When not celebrating Mass but still serving a liturgical function, such as the semiannual Urbi et Orbi papal blessing, some Papal Masses and some events at Ecumenical Councils, cardinal deacons can be recognized by the dalmatics they would don with the simple white mitre (so called mitra simplex).

title: Cardinal_(Catholicism)

title: Cardinal_(Catholicism

text: When

text: not

text: celebrating

text: Mass

text: but

text: still

text: serving

text: a

text: liturgical

text: function

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: semiannual

text: Urbi

text: et

text: Orbi

text: papal

text: blessing

text: some

text: Papal

text: Masses

text: and

text: some

text: events

text: at

text: Ecumenical

text: Councils

text: cardinal

text: deacons

text: can

text: be

text: recognized

text: by

text: the

text: dalmatics

text: they

text: would

text: don

text: with

text: the

text: simple

text: white

text: mitre

text: so

text: called

text: mitra

text: simplex

question: What color is the hat?

answer: white

text: white


text: Following the start of the Arab Spring in 2011, Gaddafi spoke out in favour of Tunisian President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, then threatened by the Tunisian Revolution. He suggested that Tunisia's people would be satisfied if Ben Ali introduced a Jamahiriyah system there. Fearing domestic protest, Libya's government implemented preventative measures, reducing food prices, purging the army leadership of potential defectors and releasing several Islamist prisoners. They proved ineffective, and on 17 February 2011, major protests broke out against Gaddafi's government. Unlike Tunisia or Egypt, Libya was largely religiously homogenous and had no strong Islamist movement, but there was widespread dissatisfaction with the corruption and entrenched systems of patronage, while unemployment had reached around 30%.

title: Muammar_Gaddafi

title: Muammar_Gaddafi

text: Following

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: the

text: Arab

text: Spring

text: in

text: Gaddafi

text: spoke

text: out

text: in

text: favour

text: of

text: Tunisian

text: President

text: Zine

text: El

text: Abidine

text: Ben

text: Ali

text: then

text: threatened

text: by

text: the

text: Tunisian

text: Revolution

text: He

text: suggested

text: that

text: Tunisia

text: 's

text: people

text: would

text: be

text: satisfied

text: if

text: Ben

text: Ali

text: introduced

text: a

text: Jamahiriyah

text: system

text: there

text: Fearing

text: domestic

text: protest

text: Libya

text: 's

text: government

text: implemented

text: preventative

text: measures

text: reducing

text: food

text: prices

text: purging

text: the

text: army

text: leadership

text: of

text: potential

text: defectors

text: and

text: releasing

text: several

text: Islamist

text: prisoners

text: They

text: proved

text: ineffective

text: and

text: on

text: February

text: major

text: protests

text: broke

text: out

text: against

text: Gaddafi

text: 's

text: government

text: Unlike

text: Tunisia

text: or

text: Egypt

text: Libya

text: was

text: largely

text: religiously

text: homogenous

text: and

text: had

text: no

text: strong

text: Islamist

text: movement

text: but

text: there

text: was

text: widespread

text: dissatisfaction

text: with

text: the

text: corruption

text: and

text: entrenched

text: systems

text: of

text: patronage

text: while

text: unemployment

text: had

text: reached

text: around

question: In what year did the so-called Arab Spring occur?

answer: 2011

question: Who was the president of Tunisia in 2011?

answer: Zine El Abidine Ben Ali

text: Zine El Abidine Ben Ali

question: About what percentage of the Libyan population was unemployed in 2011?

answer: 30

question: On what date in 2011 did protests begin in Libya?

answer: 17 February

text: 17 February

question: Along with corruption, what were Libyans upset with in 2011?

answer: patronage

text: patronage


text: Dominic inspired his followers with loyalty to learning and virtue, a deep recognition of the spiritual power of worldly deprivation and the religious state, and a highly developed governmental structure. At the same time, Dominic inspired the members of his order to develop a "mixed" spirituality. They were both active in preaching, and contemplative in study, prayer and meditation. The brethren of the Dominican Order were urban and learned, as well as contemplative and mystical in their spirituality. While these traits had an impact on the women of the order, the nuns especially absorbed the latter characteristics and made those characteristics their own. In England, the Dominican nuns blended these elements with the defining characteristics of English Dominican spirituality and created a spirituality and collective personality that set them apart.

title: Dominican_Order

title: Dominican_Order

text: Dominic

text: inspired

text: his

text: followers

text: with

text: loyalty

text: to

text: learning

text: and

text: virtue

text: a

text: deep

text: recognition

text: of

text: the

text: spiritual

text: power

text: of

text: worldly

text: deprivation

text: and

text: the

text: religious

text: state

text: and

text: a

text: highly

text: developed

text: governmental

text: structure

text: At

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: Dominic

text: inspired

text: the

text: members

text: of

text: his

text: order

text: to

text: develop

text: a

text: mixed

text: spirituality

text: They

text: were

text: both

text: active

text: in

text: preaching

text: and

text: contemplative

text: in

text: study

text: prayer

text: and

text: meditation

text: The

text: brethren

text: of

text: the

text: Dominican

text: Order

text: were

text: urban

text: and

text: learned

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: contemplative

text: and

text: mystical

text: in

text: their

text: spirituality

text: While

text: these

text: traits

text: had

text: an

text: impact

text: on

text: the

text: women

text: of

text: the

text: order

text: the

text: nuns

text: especially

text: absorbed

text: the

text: latter

text: characteristics

text: and

text: made

text: those

text: characteristics

text: their

text: own

text: In

text: England

text: the

text: Dominican

text: nuns

text: blended

text: these

text: elements

text: with

text: the

text: defining

text: characteristics

text: of

text: English

text: Dominican

text: spirituality

text: and

text: created

text: a

text: spirituality

text: and

text: collective

text: personality

text: that

text: set

text: them

text: apart

question: How did Dominic inspire his followers?

answer: with loyalty to learning and virtue

text: with loyalty to learning and virtue

question: What group especially benefited from the Dominican Order's mystical spirituality?

answer: nuns

text: nuns

question: In what country did Dominican Order nuns thrive in?

answer: England

text: England

question: What type of spirituality did Dominic want his followers to learn?

answer: a "mixed" spirituality

text: a "mixed" spirituality


text: By the early 1970s Portugal's fast economic growth with increasing consumption and purchase of new automobiles set the priority for improvements in transportation. Again in the 1990s, after joining the European Economic Community, the country built many new motorways. Today, the country has a 68,732 km (42,708 mi) road network, of which almost 3,000 km (1,864 mi) are part of system of 44 motorways. Opened in 1944, the first motorway (which linked Lisbon to the National Stadium) was an innovative project that made Portugal among one of the first countries in the world to establish a motorway (this roadway eventually became the Lisbon-Cascais highway, or A5). But, although a few other tracts were created (around 1960 and 1970), it was only after the beginning of the 1980s that large-scale motorway construction was implemented. In 1972, Brisa, the highway concessionaire, was founded to handle the management of many of the regions motorways. On many highways, toll needs to be paid, see Via Verde. Vasco da Gama bridge is the longest bridge in Europe.

title: Portugal

title: Portugal

text: By

text: the

text: early

text: Portugal

text: 's

text: fast

text: economic

text: growth

text: with

text: increasing

text: consumption

text: and

text: purchase

text: of

text: new

text: automobiles

text: set

text: the

text: priority

text: for

text: improvements

text: in

text: transportation

text: Again

text: in

text: the

text: after

text: joining

text: the

text: European

text: Economic

text: Community

text: the

text: country

text: built

text: many

text: new

text: motorways

text: Today

text: the

text: country

text: has

text: a

text: km

text: mi

text: road

text: network

text: of

text: which

text: almost

text: km

text: mi

text: are

text: part

text: of

text: system

text: of

text: motorways

text: Opened

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: motorway

text: which

text: linked

text: Lisbon

text: to

text: the

text: National

text: Stadium

text: was

text: an

text: innovative

text: project

text: that

text: made

text: Portugal

text: among

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: countries

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: to

text: establish

text: a

text: motorway

text: this

text: roadway

text: eventually

text: became

text: the

text: Lisbon

text: Cascais

text: highway

text: or

text: But

text: although

text: a

text: few

text: other

text: tracts

text: were

text: created

text: around

text: and

text: it

text: was

text: only

text: after

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: that

text: large

text: scale

text: motorway

text: construction

text: was

text: implemented

text: In

text: Brisa

text: the

text: highway

text: concessionaire

text: was

text: founded

text: to

text: handle

text: the

text: management

text: of

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: regions

text: motorways

text: On

text: many

text: highways

text: toll

text: needs

text: to

text: be

text: paid

text: see

text: Via

text: Verde

text: Vasco

text: da

text: Gama

text: bridge

text: is

text: the

text: longest

text: bridge

text: in

text: Europe

question: What prompted transportation improvements in Portugal in the 1970's?

answer: fast economic growth with increasing consumption and purchase of new automobiles

text: fast economic growth with increasing consumption and purchase of new automobiles

question: After joining the European Economic Community in the 90's, what did Portugal begin building?

answer: new motorways

text: new motorways

question: How long is Portugal's total road network?

answer: 68,732 km (42,708 mi)

text: 68,732 km (42,708 mi)

question: In which year was the first motorway opened in Portugal?

answer: 1944


text: In June 1989, Nintendo of America's vice president of marketing Peter Main, said that the Famicom was present in 37% of Japan's households. By 1990, 30% of American households owned the NES, compared to 23% for all personal computers. By 1990, the NES had outsold all previously released consoles worldwide.[better source needed] The slogan for this brand was It can't be beaten. In Europe and South America, however, the NES was outsold by Sega's Master System, while the Nintendo Entertainment System was not available in the Soviet Union.

title: Nintendo_Entertainment_System

title: Nintendo_Entertainment_System

text: In

text: June

text: Nintendo

text: of

text: America

text: 's

text: vice

text: president

text: of

text: marketing

text: Peter

text: Main

text: said

text: that

text: the

text: Famicom

text: was

text: present

text: in

text: of

text: Japan

text: 's

text: households

text: By

text: of

text: American

text: households

text: owned

text: the

text: NES

text: compared

text: to

text: for

text: all

text: personal

text: computers

text: By

text: the

text: NES

text: had

text: outsold

text: all

text: previously

text: released

text: consoles

text: worldwide.[better

text: source

text: needed

text: The

text: slogan

text: for

text: this

text: brand

text: was

text: It

text: ca

text: n't

text: be

text: beaten

text: In

text: Europe

text: and

text: South

text: America

text: however

text: the

text: NES

text: was

text: outsold

text: by

text: Sega

text: 's

text: Master

text: System

text: while

text: the

text: Nintendo

text: Entertainment

text: System

text: was

text: not

text: available

text: in

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

question: In June 1989 who was Nintendo of America's vice president of marketing?

answer: Peter Main

text: Peter Main

question: In 1990, what percentage of American households owned an NES?

answer: 30%

question: What was the slogan for the Nintendo brand?

answer: It can't be beaten

text: It can't be beaten

question: What outsold the NES in Europe and South America?

answer: Sega's Master System

text: Sega's Master System

question: Where was Nintendo not available?

answer: Soviet Union

text: Soviet Union


text: After the lengthy Iraq disarmament crisis culminated with an American demand that Iraqi President Saddam Hussein leave Iraq, which was refused, a coalition led by the United States and the United Kingdom fought the Iraqi army in the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Approximately 250,000 United States troops, with support from 45,000 British, 2,000 Australian and 200 Polish combat forces, entered Iraq primarily through their staging area in Kuwait. (Turkey had refused to permit its territory to be used for an invasion from the north.) Coalition forces also supported Iraqi Kurdish militia, estimated to number upwards of 50,000. After approximately three weeks of fighting, Hussein and the Ba'ath Party were forcibly removed, followed by 9 years of military presence by the United States and the coalition fighting alongside the newly elected Iraqi government against various insurgent groups.

title: Military_history_of_the_United_States

title: Military_history_of_the_United_States

text: After

text: the

text: lengthy

text: Iraq

text: disarmament

text: crisis

text: culminated

text: with

text: an

text: American

text: demand

text: that

text: Iraqi

text: President

text: Saddam

text: Hussein

text: leave

text: Iraq

text: which

text: was

text: refused

text: a

text: coalition

text: led

text: by

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: fought

text: the

text: Iraqi

text: army

text: in

text: the

text: invasion

text: of

text: Iraq

text: Approximately

text: United

text: States

text: troops

text: with

text: support

text: from

text: British

text: Australian

text: and

text: Polish

text: combat

text: forces

text: entered

text: Iraq

text: primarily

text: through

text: their

text: staging

text: area

text: in

text: Kuwait

text: Turkey

text: had

text: refused

text: to

text: permit

text: its

text: territory

text: to

text: be

text: used

text: for

text: an

text: invasion

text: from

text: the

text: north

text: Coalition

text: forces

text: also

text: supported

text: Iraqi

text: Kurdish

text: militia

text: estimated

text: to

text: number

text: upwards

text: of

text: After

text: approximately

text: three

text: weeks

text: of

text: fighting

text: Hussein

text: and

text: the

text: Ba'ath

text: Party

text: were

text: forcibly

text: removed

text: followed

text: by

text: years

text: of

text: military

text: presence

text: by

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: the

text: coalition

text: fighting

text: alongside

text: the

text: newly

text: elected

text: Iraqi

text: government

text: against

text: various

text: insurgent

text: groups

question: What demand did the US make before invading Iraq in 2003?

answer: that Iraqi President Saddam Hussein leave Iraq

text: that Iraqi President Saddam Hussein leave Iraq

question: How many US troops participated in the invasion?

answer: 250,000

question: What country refused to allow forces to stage within it?

answer: Turkey

text: Turkey

question: How long did the first phase of fighting last?

answer: approximately three weeks

text: approximately three weeks

question: How long did the US and its coalition partners have to occupy Iraq?

answer: 9 years

text: 9 years


text: In December 2009 the United Kingdom became the first European country to deploy high definition content using the new DVB-T2 transmission standard, as specified in the Digital TV Group (DTG) D-book, on digital terrestrial television.

title: High-definition_television

title: High

title: definition_television

text: In

text: December

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: became

text: the

text: first

text: European

text: country

text: to

text: deploy

text: high

text: definition

text: content

text: using

text: the

text: new

text: DVB

text: transmission

text: standard

text: as

text: specified

text: in

text: the

text: Digital

text: TV

text: Group

text: DTG

text: D

text: book

text: on

text: digital

text: terrestrial

text: television

question: Which European country first deployed HD content using the new DVB-T2 standard?

answer: the United Kingdom

text: the United Kingdom

question: When did the UK deploy HD content using the new DVB-T2 transmission standard?

answer: December 2009

text: December 2009

question: What transmission standard did the UK start using in December 2009?

answer: DVB-T2

question: What does DTG stand for?

answer: Digital TV Group

text: Digital TV Group


text: Dismayed to find that groundbreaking work had already been undertaken by Helmholtz who had conveyed vowel sounds by means of a similar tuning fork "contraption", he pored over the German scientist's book. Working from his own erroneous mistranslation of a French edition, Bell fortuitously then made a deduction that would be the underpinning of all his future work on transmitting sound, reporting: "Without knowing much about the subject, it seemed to me that if vowel sounds could be produced by electrical means, so could consonants, so could articulate speech." He also later remarked: "I thought that Helmholtz had done it ... and that my failure was due only to my ignorance of electricity. It was a valuable blunder ... If I had been able to read German in those days, I might never have commenced my experiments!"[N 7]

title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

text: Dismayed

text: to

text: find

text: that

text: groundbreaking

text: work

text: had

text: already

text: been

text: undertaken

text: by

text: Helmholtz

text: who

text: had

text: conveyed

text: vowel

text: sounds

text: by

text: means

text: of

text: a

text: similar

text: tuning

text: fork

text: contraption

text: he

text: pored

text: over

text: the

text: German

text: scientist

text: 's

text: book

text: Working

text: from

text: his

text: own

text: erroneous

text: mistranslation

text: of

text: a

text: French

text: edition

text: Bell

text: fortuitously

text: then

text: made

text: a

text: deduction

text: that

text: would

text: be

text: the

text: underpinning

text: of

text: all

text: his

text: future

text: work

text: on

text: transmitting

text: sound

text: reporting

text: Without

text: knowing

text: much

text: about

text: the

text: subject

text: it

text: seemed

text: to

text: me

text: that

text: if

text: vowel

text: sounds

text: could

text: be

text: produced

text: by

text: electrical

text: means

text: so

text: could

text: consonants

text: so

text: could

text: articulate

text: speech

text: He

text: also

text: later

text: remarked

text: I

text: thought

text: that

text: Helmholtz

text: had

text: done

text: it

text: and

text: that

text: my

text: failure

text: was

text: due

text: only

text: to

text: my

text: ignorance

text: of

text: electricity

text: It

text: was

text: a

text: valuable

text: blunder

text: If

text: I

text: had

text: been

text: able

text: to

text: read

text: German

text: in

text: those

text: days

text: I

text: might

text: never

text: have

text: commenced

text: my

text: experiments!"[N

question: By what means did Bell conclude vowel sounds could be made?

answer: electrical

text: electrical

question: What else besides vowels did Bell decide could be created?

answer: consonants

text: consonants

question: What language was Bell happy he couldn't read?

answer: German

text: German

question: What did Bell think he didn't know well enough?

answer: electricity

text: electricity


text: Vocalization markers indicating specific vowel sounds were introduced into the Arabic language by the end of the 9th century. The first Quranic manuscripts lacked these marks, therefore several recitations remain acceptable. The variation in readings of the text permitted by the nature of the defective vocalization led to an increase in the number of readings during the 10th century. The 10th-century Muslim scholar from Baghdad, Ibn Mujāhid, is famous for establishing seven acceptable textual readings of the Quran. He studied various readings and their trustworthiness and chose seven 8th-century readers from the cities of Mecca, Medina, Kufa, Basra and Damascus. Ibn Mujahid did not explain why he chose seven readers, rather than six or ten, but this may be related to a prophetic tradition (Muhammad's saying) reporting that the Quran had been revealed in seven "ahruf" (meaning seven letters or modes). Today, the most popular readings are those transmitted by Ḥafṣ (d.796) and Warsh (d. 812) which are according to two of Ibn Mujahid's reciters, Aasim ibn Abi al-Najud (Kufa, d. 745) and Nafi‘ al-Madani (Medina, d. 785), respectively. The influential standard Quran of Cairo (1924) uses an elaborate system of modified vowel-signs and a set of additional symbols for minute details and is based on ʻAsim's recitation, the 8th-century recitation of Kufa. This edition has become the standard for modern printings of the Quran.

title: Quran

title: Quran

text: Vocalization

text: markers

text: indicating

text: specific

text: vowel

text: sounds

text: were

text: introduced

text: into

text: the

text: Arabic

text: language

text: by

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: The

text: first

text: Quranic

text: manuscripts

text: lacked

text: these

text: marks

text: therefore

text: several

text: recitations

text: remain

text: acceptable

text: The

text: variation

text: in

text: readings

text: of

text: the

text: text

text: permitted

text: by

text: the

text: nature

text: of

text: the

text: defective

text: vocalization

text: led

text: to

text: an

text: increase

text: in

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: readings

text: during

text: the

text: century

text: The

text: century

text: Muslim

text: scholar

text: from

text: Baghdad

text: Ibn

text: Mujāhid

text: is

text: famous

text: for

text: establishing

text: seven

text: acceptable

text: textual

text: readings

text: of

text: the

text: Quran

text: He

text: studied

text: various

text: readings

text: and

text: their

text: trustworthiness

text: and

text: chose

text: seven

text: century

text: readers

text: from

text: the

text: cities

text: of

text: Mecca

text: Medina

text: Kufa

text: Basra

text: and

text: Damascus

text: Ibn

text: Mujahid

text: did

text: not

text: explain

text: why

text: he

text: chose

text: seven

text: readers

text: rather

text: than

text: six

text: or

text: ten

text: but

text: this

text: may

text: be

text: related

text: to

text: a

text: prophetic

text: tradition

text: Muhammad

text: 's

text: saying

text: reporting

text: that

text: the

text: Quran

text: had

text: been

text: revealed

text: in

text: seven

text: ahruf

text: meaning

text: seven

text: letters

text: or

text: modes

text: Today

text: the

text: most

text: popular

text: readings

text: are

text: those

text: transmitted

text: by

text: Ḥafṣ

text: and

text: Warsh

text: d.

text: which

text: are

text: according

text: to

text: two

text: of

text: Ibn

text: Mujahid

text: 's

text: reciters

text: Aasim

text: ibn

text: Abi

text: al

text: Najud

text: Kufa

text: d.

text: and

text: Nafi

text: al

text: Madani

text: Medina

text: d.

text: respectively

text: The

text: influential

text: standard

text: Quran

text: of

text: Cairo

text: uses

text: an

text: elaborate

text: system

text: of

text: modified

text: vowel

text: signs

text: and

text: a

text: set

text: of

text: additional

text: symbols

text: for

text: minute

text: details

text: and

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: ʻAsim

text: 's

text: recitation

text: the

text: century

text: recitation

text: of

text: Kufa

text: This

text: edition

text: has

text: become

text: the

text: standard

text: for

text: modern

text: printings

text: of

text: the

text: Quran

question: The absence of which language feature made early Quranic recitation more diverse?

answer: Vocalization markers

text: Vocalization markers

question: Which Baghdad scholar identified justified seven different Quranic readings?

answer: Ibn Mujāhid

text: Ibn Mujāhid

question: Which century produced the seven readings selected by Ibn Mujāhid?

answer: 8th

question: Which recitation is the original basis of the Quran of Cairo?

answer: ʻAsim's

text: ʻAsim's

question: Which city corresponds to Asim's recitation of the Quran?

answer: Kufa

text: Kufa


text: The International Association for the Study of Pain advocates that the relief of pain should be recognized as a human right, that chronic pain should be considered a disease in its own right, and that pain medicine should have the full status of a specialty. It is a specialty only in China and Australia at this time. Elsewhere, pain medicine is a subspecialty under disciplines such as anesthesiology, physiatry, neurology, palliative medicine and psychiatry. In 2011, Human Rights Watch alerted that tens of millions of people worldwide are still denied access to inexpensive medications for severe pain.

title: Pain

title: Pain

text: The

text: International

text: Association

text: for

text: the

text: Study

text: of

text: Pain

text: advocates

text: that

text: the

text: relief

text: of

text: pain

text: should

text: be

text: recognized

text: as

text: a

text: human

text: right

text: that

text: chronic

text: pain

text: should

text: be

text: considered

text: a

text: disease

text: in

text: its

text: own

text: right

text: and

text: that

text: pain

text: medicine

text: should

text: have

text: the

text: full

text: status

text: of

text: a

text: specialty

text: It

text: is

text: a

text: specialty

text: only

text: in

text: China

text: and

text: Australia

text: at

text: this

text: time

text: Elsewhere

text: pain

text: medicine

text: is

text: a

text: subspecialty

text: under

text: disciplines

text: such

text: as

text: anesthesiology

text: physiatry

text: neurology

text: palliative

text: medicine

text: and

text: psychiatry

text: In

text: Human

text: Rights

text: Watch

text: alerted

text: that

text: tens

text: of

text: millions

text: of

text: people

text: worldwide

text: are

text: still

text: denied

text: access

text: to

text: inexpensive

text: medications

text: for

text: severe

text: pain

question: What does the IASP advocate that the relief of pain should be recognized as?

answer: a human right

text: a human right

question: What should chronic pain be considered in its own right?

answer: a disease

text: a disease

question: What two countries is treating pain a specialty in?

answer: China and Australia

text: China and Australia

question: What is pain medicine often under disciplines like physiatry, neurology, etc?

answer: subspecialty

text: subspecialty

question: As of 2011, how many people worldwide are still denied access to inexpensive medications for severe pain?

answer: tens of millions

text: tens of millions


text: A physical USB device may consist of several logical sub-devices that are referred to as device functions. A single device may provide several functions, for example, a webcam (video device function) with a built-in microphone (audio device function). This kind of device is called a composite device. An alternative to this is compound device, in which the host assigns each logical device a distinctive address and all logical devices connect to a built-in hub that connects to the physical USB cable.

title: USB

title: USB

text: A

text: physical

text: USB

text: device

text: may

text: consist

text: of

text: several

text: logical

text: sub

text: devices

text: that

text: are

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: device

text: functions

text: A

text: single

text: device

text: may

text: provide

text: several

text: functions

text: for

text: example

text: a

text: webcam

text: video

text: device

text: function

text: with

text: a

text: built

text: in

text: microphone

text: audio

text: device

text: function

text: This

text: kind

text: of

text: device

text: is

text: called

text: a

text: composite

text: device

text: An

text: alternative

text: to

text: this

text: is

text: compound

text: device

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: host

text: assigns

text: each

text: logical

text: device

text: a

text: distinctive

text: address

text: and

text: all

text: logical

text: devices

text: connect

text: to

text: a

text: built

text: in

text: hub

text: that

text: connects

text: to

text: the

text: physical

text: USB

text: cable

question: What are logical sub-devices referred to as?

answer: device functions

text: device functions

question: A single device can provide an audio device function such as?

answer: built-in microphone

text: built-in microphone

question: A single device can provide a video device function such as?

answer: a webcam

text: a webcam


text: Popular opinion remained firmly behind the celebration of Mary's conception. In 1439, the Council of Basel, which is not reckoned an ecumenical council, stated that belief in the immaculate conception of Mary is in accord with the Catholic faith. By the end of the 15th century the belief was widely professed and taught in many theological faculties, but such was the influence of the Dominicans, and the weight of the arguments of Thomas Aquinas (who had been canonised in 1323 and declared "Doctor Angelicus" of the Church in 1567) that the Council of Trent (1545–63)—which might have been expected to affirm the doctrine—instead declined to take a position.

title: Immaculate_Conception

title: Immaculate_Conception

text: Popular

text: opinion

text: remained

text: firmly

text: behind

text: the

text: celebration

text: of

text: Mary

text: 's

text: conception

text: In

text: the

text: Council

text: of

text: Basel

text: which

text: is

text: not

text: reckoned

text: an

text: ecumenical

text: council

text: stated

text: that

text: belief

text: in

text: the

text: immaculate

text: conception

text: of

text: Mary

text: is

text: in

text: accord

text: with

text: the

text: Catholic

text: faith

text: By

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: belief

text: was

text: widely

text: professed

text: and

text: taught

text: in

text: many

text: theological

text: faculties

text: but

text: such

text: was

text: the

text: influence

text: of

text: the

text: Dominicans

text: and

text: the

text: weight

text: of

text: the

text: arguments

text: of

text: Thomas

text: Aquinas

text: who

text: had

text: been

text: canonised

text: in

text: and

text: declared

text: Doctor

text: Angelicus

text: of

text: the

text: Church

text: in

text: that

text: the

text: Council

text: of

text: Trent

text: might

text: have

text: been

text: expected

text: to

text: affirm

text: the

text: doctrine

text: instead

text: declined

text: to

text: take

text: a

text: position

question: Where did the mass majority stand in relation to having or not having the Mary inception festivals ?

answer: Popular opinion remained firmly behind the celebration of Mary's conception.

text: Popular opinion remained firmly behind the celebration of Mary's conception.

question: How did the Holy Roman Church rule on the matter of the festivals ?

answer: stated that belief in the immaculate conception of Mary is in accord with the Catholic faith.

text: stated that belief in the immaculate conception of Mary is in accord with the Catholic faith.

question: Was the practce behind the meaning of the Mary inception festivals taught at Universities of theology ?

answer: end of the 15th century the belief was widely professed and taught in many theological faculties

text: end of the 15th century the belief was widely professed and taught in many theological faculties

question: In what year was the famous friar named Tom given a position as a saint of the Holy Roman Catholic Church ?

answer: Thomas Aquinas (who had been canonised in 1323

text: Thomas Aquinas (who had been canonised in 1323

question: What happened to Tom at one of the 1567 that changed his title ?

answer: declared "Doctor Angelicus" of the Church in 1567

text: declared "Doctor Angelicus" of the Church in 1567


text: A mandolin (Italian: mandolino pronounced [mandoˈliːno]; literally "small mandola") is a musical instrument in the lute family and is usually plucked with a plectrum or "pick". It commonly has four courses of doubled metal strings tuned in unison (8 strings), although five (10 strings) and six (12 strings) course versions also exist. The courses are normally tuned in a succession of perfect fifths. It is the soprano member of a family that includes the mandola, octave mandolin, mandocello and mandobass.

title: Mandolin

title: Mandolin

text: A

text: mandolin

text: Italian

text: mandolino

text: pronounced

text: mandoˈliːno

text: literally

text: small

text: mandola

text: is

text: a

text: musical

text: instrument

text: in

text: the

text: lute

text: family

text: and

text: is

text: usually

text: plucked

text: with

text: a

text: plectrum

text: or

text: pick

text: It

text: commonly

text: has

text: four

text: courses

text: of

text: doubled

text: metal

text: strings

text: tuned

text: in

text: unison

text: strings

text: although

text: five

text: strings

text: and

text: six

text: strings

text: course

text: versions

text: also

text: exist

text: The

text: courses

text: are

text: normally

text: tuned

text: in

text: a

text: succession

text: of

text: perfect

text: fifths

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: soprano

text: member

text: of

text: a

text: family

text: that

text: includes

text: the

text: mandola

text: octave

text: mandolin

text: mandocello

text: and

text: mandobass

question: What country did the mandolin originate from?

answer: Italian

text: Italian

question: What does mandolin translate to?

answer: small mandola

text: small mandola

question: What musical family does the mandolin come from?

answer: lute family

text: lute family

question: How is the mandolin usually played?

answer: usually plucked with a plectrum or "pick"

text: usually plucked with a plectrum or "pick"

question: How many courses does a mandolin commonly have?

answer: four

text: four