text: With respect to these outer regions, the Qing maintained imperial control, with the emperor acting as Mongol khan, patron of Tibetan Buddhism and protector of Muslims. However, Qing policy changed with the establishment of Xinjiang province in 1884. During The Great Game era, taking advantage of the Dungan revolt in northwest China, Yaqub Beg invaded Xinjiang from Central Asia with support from the British Empire, and made himself the ruler of the kingdom of Kashgaria. The Qing court sent forces to defeat Yaqub Beg and Xinjiang was reconquered, and then the political system of China proper was formally applied onto Xinjiang. The Kumul Khanate, which was incorporated into the Qing empire as a vassal after helping Qing defeat the Zunghars in 1757, maintained its status after Xinjiang turned into a province through the end of the dynasty in the Xinhai Revolution up until 1930. In early 20th century, Britain sent an expedition force to Tibet and forced Tibetans to sign a treaty. The Qing court responded by asserting Chinese sovereignty over Tibet, resulting in the 1906 Anglo-Chinese Convention signed between Britain and China. The British agreed not to annex Tibetan territory or to interfere in the administration of Tibet, while China engaged not to permit any other foreign state to interfere with the territory or internal administration of Tibet. Furthermore, similar to Xinjiang which was converted into a province earlier, the Qing government also turned Manchuria into three provinces in the early 20th century, officially known as the "Three Northeast Provinces", and established the post of Viceroy of the Three Northeast Provinces to oversee these provinces, making the total number of regional viceroys to nine.

title: Qing_dynasty

title: Qing_dynasty

text: With

text: respect

text: to

text: these

text: outer

text: regions

text: the

text: Qing

text: maintained

text: imperial

text: control

text: with

text: the

text: emperor

text: acting

text: as

text: Mongol

text: khan

text: patron

text: of

text: Tibetan

text: Buddhism

text: and

text: protector

text: of

text: Muslims

text: However

text: Qing

text: policy

text: changed

text: with

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: Xinjiang

text: province

text: in

text: During

text: The

text: Great

text: Game

text: era

text: taking

text: advantage

text: of

text: the

text: Dungan

text: revolt

text: in

text: northwest

text: China

text: Yaqub

text: Beg

text: invaded

text: Xinjiang

text: from

text: Central

text: Asia

text: with

text: support

text: from

text: the

text: British

text: Empire

text: and

text: made

text: himself

text: the

text: ruler

text: of

text: the

text: kingdom

text: of

text: Kashgaria

text: The

text: Qing

text: court

text: sent

text: forces

text: to

text: defeat

text: Yaqub

text: Beg

text: and

text: Xinjiang

text: was

text: reconquered

text: and

text: then

text: the

text: political

text: system

text: of

text: China

text: proper

text: was

text: formally

text: applied

text: onto

text: Xinjiang

text: The

text: Kumul

text: Khanate

text: which

text: was

text: incorporated

text: into

text: the

text: Qing

text: empire

text: as

text: a

text: vassal

text: after

text: helping

text: Qing

text: defeat

text: the

text: Zunghars

text: in

text: maintained

text: its

text: status

text: after

text: Xinjiang

text: turned

text: into

text: a

text: province

text: through

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: dynasty

text: in

text: the

text: Xinhai

text: Revolution

text: up

text: until

text: In

text: early

text: century

text: Britain

text: sent

text: an

text: expedition

text: force

text: to

text: Tibet

text: and

text: forced

text: Tibetans

text: to

text: sign

text: a

text: treaty

text: The

text: Qing

text: court

text: responded

text: by

text: asserting

text: Chinese

text: sovereignty

text: over

text: Tibet

text: resulting

text: in

text: the

text: Anglo

text: Chinese

text: Convention

text: signed

text: between

text: Britain

text: and

text: China

text: The

text: British

text: agreed

text: not

text: to

text: annex

text: Tibetan

text: territory

text: or

text: to

text: interfere

text: in

text: the

text: administration

text: of

text: Tibet

text: while

text: China

text: engaged

text: not

text: to

text: permit

text: any

text: other

text: foreign

text: state

text: to

text: interfere

text: with

text: the

text: territory

text: or

text: internal

text: administration

text: of

text: Tibet

text: Furthermore

text: similar

text: to

text: Xinjiang

text: which

text: was

text: converted

text: into

text: a

text: province

text: earlier

text: the

text: Qing

text: government

text: also

text: turned

text: Manchuria

text: into

text: three

text: provinces

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: officially

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Three

text: Northeast

text: Provinces

text: and

text: established

text: the

text: post

text: of

text: Viceroy

text: of

text: the

text: Three

text: Northeast

text: Provinces

text: to

text: oversee

text: these

text: provinces

text: making

text: the

text: total

text: number

text: of

text: regional

text: viceroys

text: to

text: nine

question: What title did the emperor hold in Mongolia?

answer: khan

text: khan

question: Who ruled Kashgaria?

answer: Yaqub Beg

text: Yaqub Beg

question: Who supported Beg?

answer: British

text: British

question: When did the British invade Tibet?

answer: early 20th century

text: early 20th century

question: What was the name of the agreement between Britain and the Chinese that kept the British out of Tibet?

answer: 1906 Anglo-Chinese Convention

text: 1906 Anglo-Chinese Convention


text: Magic was practiced widely, and these too, were a continuation from earlier times. Throughout the Hellenistic world, people would consult oracles, and use charms and figurines to deter misfortune or to cast spells. Also developed in this era was the complex system of astrology, which sought to determine a person's character and future in the movements of the sun, moon, and planets. Astrology was widely associated with the cult of Tyche (luck, fortune), which grew in popularity during this period.

title: Hellenistic_period

title: Hellenistic_period

text: Magic

text: was

text: practiced

text: widely

text: and

text: these

text: too

text: were

text: a

text: continuation

text: from

text: earlier

text: times

text: Throughout

text: the

text: Hellenistic

text: world

text: people

text: would

text: consult

text: oracles

text: and

text: use

text: charms

text: and

text: figurines

text: to

text: deter

text: misfortune

text: or

text: to

text: cast

text: spells

text: Also

text: developed

text: in

text: this

text: era

text: was

text: the

text: complex

text: system

text: of

text: astrology

text: which

text: sought

text: to

text: determine

text: a

text: person

text: 's

text: character

text: and

text: future

text: in

text: the

text: movements

text: of

text: the

text: sun

text: moon

text: and

text: planets

text: Astrology

text: was

text: widely

text: associated

text: with

text: the

text: cult

text: of

text: Tyche

text: luck

text: fortune

text: which

text: grew

text: in

text: popularity

text: during

text: this

text: period

question: How would people ward off misfortune in Hellenistic times?

answer: charms

text: charms

question: What is the complex system based on the sun, moon, and planets movements that determine your personality?

answer: astrology

text: astrology

question: Astrology was associated with which cult?

answer: Tyche

text: Tyche

question: What does Tyche mean?

answer: luck

text: luck

question: What was the trajectory of Astrology during Hellenistic times?

answer: grew

text: grew


text: In May 2015, a coalition of more than 60 Asian-American organizations filed federal complaints with the Education and Justice Departments against Harvard University. The coalition asked for a civil rights investigation into what they described as Harvard's discriminatory admission practices against Asian-American applicants. The complaint asserts that recent studies indicate that Harvard has engaged in systematic and continuous discrimination against Asian Americans in its "holistic" admissions process. Asian-American applicants with near-perfect test scores, top-one-percent grade point averages, academic awards, and leadership positions are allegedly rejected by Harvard because the university uses racial stereotypes, racially differentiated standards, and de facto racial quotas. This federal complaint was dismissed in July 2015 because the Students for Fair Admissions lawsuit makes similar allegations.

title: Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States

title: Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States

text: In

text: May

text: a

text: coalition

text: of

text: more

text: than

text: Asian

text: American

text: organizations

text: filed

text: federal

text: complaints

text: with

text: the

text: Education

text: and

text: Justice

text: Departments

text: against

text: Harvard

text: University

text: The

text: coalition

text: asked

text: for

text: a

text: civil

text: rights

text: investigation

text: into

text: what

text: they

text: described

text: as

text: Harvard

text: 's

text: discriminatory

text: admission

text: practices

text: against

text: Asian

text: American

text: applicants

text: The

text: complaint

text: asserts

text: that

text: recent

text: studies

text: indicate

text: that

text: Harvard

text: has

text: engaged

text: in

text: systematic

text: and

text: continuous

text: discrimination

text: against

text: Asian

text: Americans

text: in

text: its

text: holistic

text: admissions

text: process

text: Asian

text: American

text: applicants

text: with

text: near

text: perfect

text: test

text: scores

text: top

text: one

text: percent

text: grade

text: point

text: averages

text: academic

text: awards

text: and

text: leadership

text: positions

text: are

text: allegedly

text: rejected

text: by

text: Harvard

text: because

text: the

text: university

text: uses

text: racial

text: stereotypes

text: racially

text: differentiated

text: standards

text: and

text: de

text: facto

text: racial

text: quotas

text: This

text: federal

text: complaint

text: was

text: dismissed

text: in

text: July

text: because

text: the

text: Students

text: for

text: Fair

text: Admissions

text: lawsuit

text: makes

text: similar

text: allegations

question: How many Asian organizations were involved in filing the federal complaints?

answer: more than 60

text: more than 60

question: Who did the organizations file the complaints with?

answer: Education and Justice Departments

text: Education and Justice Departments

question: Who was the target of the filing?

answer: Harvard University

text: Harvard University

question: What grade average do some students have that are being rejected?

answer: top-one-percent grade point averages

text: top-one-percent grade point averages

question: Why was the lawsuit eventually dismissed?

answer: the Students for Fair Admissions lawsuit makes similar allegations

text: the Students for Fair Admissions lawsuit makes similar allegations


text: In 1997, the Vienna Philharmonic was "facing protests during a [US] tour" by the National Organization for Women and the International Alliance for Women in Music. Finally, "after being held up to increasing ridicule even in socially conservative Austria, members of the orchestra gathered [on 28 February 1997] in an extraordinary meeting on the eve of their departure and agreed to admit a woman, Anna Lelkes, as harpist." As of 2013, the orchestra has six female members; one of them, violinist Albena Danailova became one of the orchestra's concertmasters in 2008, the first woman to hold that position. In 2012, women still made up just 6% of the orchestra's membership. VPO president Clemens Hellsberg said the VPO now uses completely screened blind auditions.

title: Classical_music

title: Classical_music

text: In

text: the

text: Vienna

text: Philharmonic

text: was

text: facing

text: protests

text: during

text: a

text: US

text: tour

text: by

text: the

text: National

text: Organization

text: for

text: Women

text: and

text: the

text: International

text: Alliance

text: for

text: Women

text: in

text: Music

text: Finally

text: after

text: being

text: held

text: up

text: to

text: increasing

text: ridicule

text: even

text: in

text: socially

text: conservative

text: Austria

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: orchestra

text: gathered

text: on

text: February

text: in

text: an

text: extraordinary

text: meeting

text: on

text: the

text: eve

text: of

text: their

text: departure

text: and

text: agreed

text: to

text: admit

text: a

text: woman

text: Anna

text: Lelkes

text: as

text: harpist

text: As

text: of

text: the

text: orchestra

text: has

text: six

text: female

text: members

text: one

text: of

text: them

text: violinist

text: Albena

text: Danailova

text: became

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: orchestra

text: 's

text: concertmasters

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: woman

text: to

text: hold

text: that

text: position

text: In

text: women

text: still

text: made

text: up

text: just

text: of

text: the

text: orchestra

text: 's

text: membership

text: VPO

text: president

text: Clemens

text: Hellsberg

text: said

text: the

text: VPO

text: now

text: uses

text: completely

text: screened

text: blind

text: auditions

question: In what year did the Vienna Philharmonic face protests in the US?

answer: 1997

question: Who was the first woman admitted to the Vienna Philharmonic?

answer: Anna Lelkes

text: Anna Lelkes

question: What instrument did Anna Lelkes play?

answer: harp

text: harp

question: How many female members were part of the Vienna Philharmonic in 2013?

answer: six

text: six

question: Who was the Vienna Philharmonic's first female concertmaster?

answer: Albena Danailova

text: Albena Danailova


text: Shifts of international power have most notably occurred through major conflicts. The conclusion of the Great War and the resulting treaties of Versailles, St-Germain, Neuilly, Trianon and Sèvres witnessed the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Japan and the United States as the chief arbiters of the new world order. In the aftermath of World War I the German Empire was defeated, the Austria-Hungarian empire was divided into new, less powerful states and the Russian Empire fell to a revolution. During the Paris Peace Conference, the "Big Four"—France, Italy, United Kingdom and the United States—held noticeably more power and influence on the proceedings and outcome of the treaties than Japan. The Big Four were leading architects of the Treaty of Versailles which was signed by Germany; the Treaty of St. Germain, with Austria; the Treaty of Neuilly, with Bulgaria; the Treaty of Trianon, with Hungary; and the Treaty of Sèvres, with the Ottoman Empire. During the decision-making of the Treaty of Versailles, Italy pulled out of the conference because a part of its demands were not met and temporarily left the other three countries as the sole major architects of that treaty, referred to as the "Big Three".

title: Great_power

title: Great_power

text: Shifts

text: of

text: international

text: power

text: have

text: most

text: notably

text: occurred

text: through

text: major

text: conflicts

text: The

text: conclusion

text: of

text: the

text: Great

text: War

text: and

text: the

text: resulting

text: treaties

text: of

text: Versailles

text: St

text: Germain

text: Neuilly

text: Trianon

text: and

text: Sèvres

text: witnessed

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: France

text: Italy

text: Japan

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: as

text: the

text: chief

text: arbiters

text: of

text: the

text: new

text: world

text: order

text: In

text: the

text: aftermath

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: I

text: the

text: German

text: Empire

text: was

text: defeated

text: the

text: Austria

text: Hungarian

text: empire

text: was

text: divided

text: into

text: new

text: less

text: powerful

text: states

text: and

text: the

text: Russian

text: Empire

text: fell

text: to

text: a

text: revolution

text: During

text: the

text: Paris

text: Peace

text: Conference

text: the

text: Big

text: Four

text: France

text: Italy

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: held

text: noticeably

text: more

text: power

text: and

text: influence

text: on

text: the

text: proceedings

text: and

text: outcome

text: of

text: the

text: treaties

text: than

text: Japan

text: The

text: Big

text: Four

text: were

text: leading

text: architects

text: of

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Versailles

text: which

text: was

text: signed

text: by

text: Germany

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: St.

text: Germain

text: with

text: Austria

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Neuilly

text: with

text: Bulgaria

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Trianon

text: with

text: Hungary

text: and

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Sèvres

text: with

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: During

text: the

text: decision

text: making

text: of

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Versailles

text: Italy

text: pulled

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: conference

text: because

text: a

text: part

text: of

text: its

text: demands

text: were

text: not

text: met

text: and

text: temporarily

text: left

text: the

text: other

text: three

text: countries

text: as

text: the

text: sole

text: major

text: architects

text: of

text: that

text: treaty

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Big

text: Three

question: What marked the conclusion of The Great War?

answer: treaties of Versailles, St-Germain, Neuilly, Trianon and Sèvres

text: treaties of Versailles, St-Germain, Neuilly, Trianon and Sèvres

question: Who were  the chief arbiters of the new world order?

answer: United Kingdom, France, Italy, Japan and the United States

text: United Kingdom, France, Italy, Japan and the United States

question: Who created the Treaty of Versailles?

answer: Big Three

text: Big Three

question: Who were the big four?

answer: France, Italy, United Kingdom and the United States

text: France, Italy, United Kingdom and the United States


text: Israel has embraced solar energy; its engineers are on the cutting edge of solar energy technology and its solar companies work on projects around the world. Over 90% of Israeli homes use solar energy for hot water, the highest per capita in the world. According to government figures, the country saves 8% of its electricity consumption per year because of its solar energy use in heating. The high annual incident solar irradiance at its geographic latitude creates ideal conditions for what is an internationally renowned solar research and development industry in the Negev Desert. Israel had a modern electric car infrastructure involving a countrywide network of recharging stations to facilitate the charging and exchange of car batteries. It was thought that this would have lowered Israel's oil dependency and lowered the fuel costs of hundreds of Israel's motorists that use cars powered only by electric batteries. The Israeli model was being studied by several countries and being implemented in Denmark and Australia. However, Israel's trailblazing electric car company Better Place shut down in 2013.

title: Israel

title: Israel

text: Israel

text: has

text: embraced

text: solar

text: energy

text: its

text: engineers

text: are

text: on

text: the

text: cutting

text: edge

text: of

text: solar

text: energy

text: technology

text: and

text: its

text: solar

text: companies

text: work

text: on

text: projects

text: around

text: the

text: world

text: Over

text: of

text: Israeli

text: homes

text: use

text: solar

text: energy

text: for

text: hot

text: water

text: the

text: highest

text: per

text: capita

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: According

text: to

text: government

text: figures

text: the

text: country

text: saves

text: of

text: its

text: electricity

text: consumption

text: per

text: year

text: because

text: of

text: its

text: solar

text: energy

text: use

text: in

text: heating

text: The

text: high

text: annual

text: incident

text: solar

text: irradiance

text: at

text: its

text: geographic

text: latitude

text: creates

text: ideal

text: conditions

text: for

text: what

text: is

text: an

text: internationally

text: renowned

text: solar

text: research

text: and

text: development

text: industry

text: in

text: the

text: Negev

text: Desert

text: Israel

text: had

text: a

text: modern

text: electric

text: car

text: infrastructure

text: involving

text: a

text: countrywide

text: network

text: of

text: recharging

text: stations

text: to

text: facilitate

text: the

text: charging

text: and

text: exchange

text: of

text: car

text: batteries

text: It

text: was

text: thought

text: that

text: this

text: would

text: have

text: lowered

text: Israel

text: 's

text: oil

text: dependency

text: and

text: lowered

text: the

text: fuel

text: costs

text: of

text: hundreds

text: of

text: Israel

text: 's

text: motorists

text: that

text: use

text: cars

text: powered

text: only

text: by

text: electric

text: batteries

text: The

text: Israeli

text: model

text: was

text: being

text: studied

text: by

text: several

text: countries

text: and

text: being

text: implemented

text: in

text: Denmark

text: and

text: Australia

text: However

text: Israel

text: 's

text: trailblazing

text: electric

text: car

text: company

text: Better

text: Place

text: shut

text: down

text: in

question: How many homes in Israel use solar energy for hot water?

answer: Over 90%

text: Over 90%

question: How much electricity does the country save per year?

answer: 8%

question: When did Better Place shut down?

answer: 2013


text: Unlike the majority of 1980s mainstream singers, the 1990s mainstream pop/R&B singers such as All-4-One, Boyz II Men, Rob Thomas, Christina Aguilera, Backstreet Boys and Savage Garden generally crossed over to the AC charts. Latin pop artists such as Lynda Thomas, Ricky Martin, Marc Anthony, Selena, Enrique Iglesias and Luis Miguel also enjoyed success in the AC charts.

title: Adult_contemporary_music

title: Adult_contemporary_music

text: Unlike

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: mainstream

text: singers

text: the

text: mainstream

text: pop

text: R&B

text: singers

text: such

text: as

text: Boyz

text: II

text: Men

text: Rob

text: Thomas

text: Christina

text: Aguilera

text: Backstreet

text: Boys

text: and

text: Savage

text: Garden

text: generally

text: crossed

text: over

text: to

text: the

text: AC

text: charts

text: Latin

text: pop

text: artists

text: such

text: as

text: Lynda

text: Thomas

text: Ricky

text: Martin

text: Marc

text: Anthony

text: Selena

text: Enrique

text: Iglesias

text: and

text: Luis

text: Miguel

text: also

text: enjoyed

text: success

text: in

text: the

text: AC

text: charts

question: Mainstream artists from what decade generally did not have success on the adult contemporary charts?

answer: 1980s

question: Along with All-4-One, Boyz II Men, Rob Thomas, Christina Aguilera and Backstreet Boys, what 90s artists were notable in the pop/R&B genre?

answer: Savage Garden

text: Savage Garden

question: What genre of music did Lynda Thomas, Ricky Martin, Selena, Marc Anthony, Enrique Iglesias and Luis Miguel make?

answer: Latin pop

text: Latin pop


text: Though most computers since mid-2004 can boot from USB mass storage devices, USB is not intended as a primary bus for a computer's internal storage. Buses such as Parallel ATA (PATA or IDE), Serial ATA (SATA), or SCSI fulfill that role in PC class computers. However, USB has one important advantage, in that it is possible to install and remove devices without rebooting the computer (hot-swapping), making it useful for mobile peripherals, including drives of various kinds (given SATA or SCSI devices may or may not support hot-swapping).

title: USB

title: USB

text: Though

text: most

text: computers

text: since

text: can

text: boot

text: from

text: USB

text: mass

text: storage

text: devices

text: USB

text: is

text: not

text: intended

text: as

text: a

text: primary

text: bus

text: for

text: a

text: computer

text: 's

text: internal

text: storage

text: Buses

text: such

text: as

text: Parallel

text: ATA

text: PATA

text: or

text: IDE

text: Serial

text: ATA

text: SATA

text: or

text: SCSI

text: fulfill

text: that

text: role

text: in

text: PC

text: class

text: computers

text: However

text: USB

text: has

text: one

text: important

text: advantage

text: in

text: that

text: it

text: is

text: possible

text: to

text: install

text: and

text: remove

text: devices

text: without

text: rebooting

text: the

text: computer

text: hot

text: swapping

text: making

text: it

text: useful

text: for

text: mobile

text: peripherals

text: including

text: drives

text: of

text: various

text: kinds

text: given

text: SATA

text: or

text: SCSI

text: devices

text: may

text: or

text: may

text: not

text: support

text: hot

text: swapping

question: Since when can most computers boot from USB mass storage devices?

answer: since mid-2004

text: since mid-2004

question: What is USB not intended for?

answer: a primary bus for a computer's internal storage

text: a primary bus for a computer's internal storage

question: What is an important advantage of USB?

answer: it is possible to install and remove devices without rebooting the computer

text: it is possible to install and remove devices without rebooting the computer

question: Buses such as Parallel ATA fulfill what role in PC computers?

answer: a computer's internal storage

text: a computer's internal storage


text: Reflections generally affect polarization. For radio waves, one important reflector is the ionosphere which can change the wave's polarization. Thus for signals received following reflection by the ionosphere (a skywave), a consistent polarization cannot be expected. For line-of-sight communications or ground wave propagation, horizontally or vertically polarized transmissions generally remain in about the same polarization state at the receiving location. Matching the receiving antenna's polarization to that of the transmitter can make a very substantial difference in received signal strength.

title: Antenna_(radio)

title: Antenna_(radio

text: Reflections

text: generally

text: affect

text: polarization

text: For

text: radio

text: waves

text: one

text: important

text: reflector

text: is

text: the

text: ionosphere

text: which

text: can

text: change

text: the

text: wave

text: 's

text: polarization

text: Thus

text: for

text: signals

text: received

text: following

text: reflection

text: by

text: the

text: ionosphere

text: a

text: skywave

text: a

text: consistent

text: polarization

text: can

text: not

text: be

text: expected

text: For

text: line

text: of

text: sight

text: communications

text: or

text: ground

text: wave

text: propagation

text: horizontally

text: or

text: vertically

text: polarized

text: transmissions

text: generally

text: remain

text: in

text: about

text: the

text: same

text: polarization

text: state

text: at

text: the

text: receiving

text: location

text: Matching

text: the

text: receiving

text: antenna

text: 's

text: polarization

text: to

text: that

text: of

text: the

text: transmitter

text: can

text: make

text: a

text: very

text: substantial

text: difference

text: in

text: received

text: signal

text: strength

question: What mostly affects polarization?

answer: Reflections

text: Reflections

question: What reflector can change the waves polarization?

answer: ionosphere

text: ionosphere

question: What will you be matching with the  receiving antenna's polarization?

answer: transmitter

text: transmitter

question: What stays the same regarding polarization state at the recieving location?

answer: polarized transmissions

text: polarized transmissions

question: What is the name used for signals recieved following reflection by the ionosphere?

answer: a skywave

text: a skywave


text: Napoleon ended lawlessness and disorder in post-Revolutionary France. He was, however, considered a tyrant and usurper by his opponents. His critics charge that he was not significantly troubled when faced with the prospect of war and death for thousands, turned his search for undisputed rule into a series of conflicts throughout Europe and ignored treaties and conventions alike. His role in the Haitian Revolution and decision to reinstate slavery in France's oversea colonies are controversial and have an impact on his reputation.

title: Napoleon

title: Napoleon

text: Napoleon

text: ended

text: lawlessness

text: and

text: disorder

text: in

text: post

text: Revolutionary

text: France

text: He

text: was

text: however

text: considered

text: a

text: tyrant

text: and

text: usurper

text: by

text: his

text: opponents

text: His

text: critics

text: charge

text: that

text: he

text: was

text: not

text: significantly

text: troubled

text: when

text: faced

text: with

text: the

text: prospect

text: of

text: war

text: and

text: death

text: for

text: thousands

text: turned

text: his

text: search

text: for

text: undisputed

text: rule

text: into

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: conflicts

text: throughout

text: Europe

text: and

text: ignored

text: treaties

text: and

text: conventions

text: alike

text: His

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: Haitian

text: Revolution

text: and

text: decision

text: to

text: reinstate

text: slavery

text: in

text: France

text: 's

text: oversea

text: colonies

text: are

text: controversial

text: and

text: have

text: an

text: impact

text: on

text: his

text: reputation

question: Who put a stop to the lack of law and presence of disorder in post-Revolutionary France?

answer: Napoleon

text: Napoleon

question: Napoleon's decision to reinstate what practice in France's overseas colonies has caused controversy regarding his reputation?

answer: slavery

text: slavery

question: Who considered Napoleon to be a tyrant and a usurper?

answer: his opponents

text: his opponents

question: Napoleon's role in which revolution has caused controversy regarding his reputation?

answer: the Haitian Revolution

text: the Haitian Revolution

question: Who charge that Napoleon was untroubled by the prospect of war and death for thousands?

answer: His critics

text: His critics


text: Migratory birds may use two electromagnetic tools to find their destinations: one that is entirely innate and another that relies on experience. A young bird on its first migration flies in the correct direction according to the Earth's magnetic field, but does not know how far the journey will be. It does this through a radical pair mechanism whereby chemical reactions in special photo pigments sensitive to long wavelengths are affected by the field. Although this only works during daylight hours, it does not use the position of the sun in any way. At this stage the bird is in the position of a boy scout with a compass but no map, until it grows accustomed to the journey and can put its other capabilities to use. With experience it learns various landmarks and this "mapping" is done by magnetites in the trigeminal system, which tell the bird how strong the field is. Because birds migrate between northern and southern regions, the magnetic field strengths at different latitudes let it interpret the radical pair mechanism more accurately and let it know when it has reached its destination. There is a neural connection between the eye and "Cluster N", the part of the forebrain that is active during migrational orientation, suggesting that birds may actually be able to see the magnetic field of the earth.

title: Bird_migration

title: Bird_migration

text: Migratory

text: birds

text: may

text: use

text: two

text: electromagnetic

text: tools

text: to

text: find

text: their

text: destinations

text: one

text: that

text: is

text: entirely

text: innate

text: and

text: another

text: that

text: relies

text: on

text: experience

text: A

text: young

text: bird

text: on

text: its

text: first

text: migration

text: flies

text: in

text: the

text: correct

text: direction

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: magnetic

text: field

text: but

text: does

text: not

text: know

text: how

text: far

text: the

text: journey

text: will

text: be

text: It

text: does

text: this

text: through

text: a

text: radical

text: pair

text: mechanism

text: whereby

text: chemical

text: reactions

text: in

text: special

text: photo

text: pigments

text: sensitive

text: to

text: long

text: wavelengths

text: are

text: affected

text: by

text: the

text: field

text: Although

text: this

text: only

text: works

text: during

text: daylight

text: hours

text: it

text: does

text: not

text: use

text: the

text: position

text: of

text: the

text: sun

text: in

text: any

text: way

text: At

text: this

text: stage

text: the

text: bird

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: position

text: of

text: a

text: boy

text: scout

text: with

text: a

text: compass

text: but

text: no

text: map

text: until

text: it

text: grows

text: accustomed

text: to

text: the

text: journey

text: and

text: can

text: put

text: its

text: other

text: capabilities

text: to

text: use

text: With

text: experience

text: it

text: learns

text: various

text: landmarks

text: and

text: this

text: mapping

text: is

text: done

text: by

text: magnetites

text: in

text: the

text: trigeminal

text: system

text: which

text: tell

text: the

text: bird

text: how

text: strong

text: the

text: field

text: is

text: Because

text: birds

text: migrate

text: between

text: northern

text: and

text: southern

text: regions

text: the

text: magnetic

text: field

text: strengths

text: at

text: different

text: latitudes

text: let

text: it

text: interpret

text: the

text: radical

text: pair

text: mechanism

text: more

text: accurately

text: and

text: let

text: it

text: know

text: when

text: it

text: has

text: reached

text: its

text: destination

text: There

text: is

text: a

text: neural

text: connection

text: between

text: the

text: eye

text: and

text: Cluster

text: N

text: the

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: forebrain

text: that

text: is

text: active

text: during

text: migrational

text: orientation

text: suggesting

text: that

text: birds

text: may

text: actually

text: be

text: able

text: to

text: see

text: the

text: magnetic

text: field

text: of

text: the

text: earth

question: What two electromagnetic tools do birds use to find their destinations?

answer: one that is entirely innate and another that relies on experience

text: one that is entirely innate and another that relies on experience

question: Where is the neural connection that is active during migration located?

answer: between the eye and "Cluster N"

text: between the eye and "Cluster N"

question: What is Cluster N?

answer: the part of the forebrain that is active during migrational orientation

text: the part of the forebrain that is active during migrational orientation

question: What is a young bird on it's first migration compared to?

answer: a boy scout with a compass but no map

text: a boy scout with a compass but no map

question: How does the magnetic field help the bird at different latitudes?

answer: let it know when it has reached its destination

text: let it know when it has reached its destination


text: Switzerland's ecosystems can be particularly fragile, because the many delicate valleys separated by high mountains often form unique ecologies. The mountainous regions themselves are also vulnerable, with a rich range of plants not found at other altitudes, and experience some pressure from visitors and grazing. The climatic, geological and topographical conditions of the alpine region make for a very fragile ecosystem that is particularly sensitive to climate change. Nevertheless, according to the 2014 Environmental Performance Index, Switzerland ranks first among 132 nations in safeguarding the environment, due to its high scores on environmental public health, its heavy reliance on renewable sources of energy (hydropower and geothermal energy), and its control of greenhouse gas emissions.

title: Switzerland

title: Switzerland

text: Switzerland

text: 's

text: ecosystems

text: can

text: be

text: particularly

text: fragile

text: because

text: the

text: many

text: delicate

text: valleys

text: separated

text: by

text: high

text: mountains

text: often

text: form

text: unique

text: ecologies

text: The

text: mountainous

text: regions

text: themselves

text: are

text: also

text: vulnerable

text: with

text: a

text: rich

text: range

text: of

text: plants

text: not

text: found

text: at

text: other

text: altitudes

text: and

text: experience

text: some

text: pressure

text: from

text: visitors

text: and

text: grazing

text: The

text: climatic

text: geological

text: and

text: topographical

text: conditions

text: of

text: the

text: alpine

text: region

text: make

text: for

text: a

text: very

text: fragile

text: ecosystem

text: that

text: is

text: particularly

text: sensitive

text: to

text: climate

text: change

text: Nevertheless

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: Environmental

text: Performance

text: Index

text: Switzerland

text: ranks

text: first

text: among

text: nations

text: in

text: safeguarding

text: the

text: environment

text: due

text: to

text: its

text: high

text: scores

text: on

text: environmental

text: public

text: health

text: its

text: heavy

text: reliance

text: on

text: renewable

text: sources

text: of

text: energy

text: hydropower

text: and

text: geothermal

text: energy

text: and

text: its

text: control

text: of

text: greenhouse

text: gas

text: emissions

question: What rank was Switzerland in safeguarding the environment according to the 2014 Environmental Performance Index?

answer: first among 132 nations

text: first among 132 nations

question: What do mountainous regions have that make their ecosystems particularly fragile?

answer: plants not found at other altitudes

text: plants not found at other altitudes

question: What is the ecosystem in the alpine region particularly sensitive to?

answer: climate change

text: climate change

question: What sources of energy does Switzerland heavily rely on?

answer: renewable

text: renewable


text: In 1803, an Act of Parliament, promoted by the East India Company, established the East India Dock Company, with the aim of establishing a new set of docks (the East India Docks) primarily for the use of ships trading with India. The existing Brunswick Dock, part of the Blackwall Yard site, became the Export Dock; while a new Import Dock was built to the north. In 1838 the East India Dock Company merged with the West India Dock Company. The docks were taken over by the Port of London Authority in 1909, and closed in 1967.

title: East_India_Company

title: East_India_Company

text: In

text: an

text: Act

text: of

text: Parliament

text: promoted

text: by

text: the

text: East

text: India

text: Company

text: established

text: the

text: East

text: India

text: Dock

text: Company

text: with

text: the

text: aim

text: of

text: establishing

text: a

text: new

text: set

text: of

text: docks

text: the

text: East

text: India

text: Docks

text: primarily

text: for

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: ships

text: trading

text: with

text: India

text: The

text: existing

text: Brunswick

text: Dock

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Blackwall

text: Yard

text: site

text: became

text: the

text: Export

text: Dock

text: while

text: a

text: new

text: Import

text: Dock

text: was

text: built

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: In

text: the

text: East

text: India

text: Dock

text: Company

text: merged

text: with

text: the

text: West

text: India

text: Dock

text: Company

text: The

text: docks

text: were

text: taken

text: over

text: by

text: the

text: Port

text: of

text: London

text: Authority

text: in

text: and

text: closed

text: in

question: in 1803 was act of parliament supported by  EIC?

answer: promoted by the East India Company

text: promoted by the East India Company

question: the 1803 act created what dock program?

answer: East India Dock Company

text: East India Dock Company

question: The goal of the East in dock company was  first what?

answer: aim of establishing a new set of docks (the East India Docks) primarily for the use of ships trading with India

text: aim of establishing a new set of docks (the East India Docks) primarily for the use of ships trading with India

question: What was the name of the export dock of the EIC after the 1803 act?

answer: Brunswick Dock

text: Brunswick Dock

question: in 1838 what company did the  East india dock company merge with?

answer: West India Dock Company

text: West India Dock Company


text: In parliamentary systems, governments are generally required to have the confidence of the lower house of parliament (though a small minority of parliaments, by giving a right to block supply to upper houses, in effect make the cabinet responsible to both houses, though in reality upper houses, even when they have the power, rarely exercise it). Where they lose a vote of confidence, have a motion of no confidence passed against them, or where they lose supply, most constitutional systems require either:

title: Prime_minister

title: Prime_minister

text: In

text: parliamentary

text: systems

text: governments

text: are

text: generally

text: required

text: to

text: have

text: the

text: confidence

text: of

text: the

text: lower

text: house

text: of

text: parliament

text: though

text: a

text: small

text: minority

text: of

text: parliaments

text: by

text: giving

text: a

text: right

text: to

text: block

text: supply

text: to

text: upper

text: houses

text: in

text: effect

text: make

text: the

text: cabinet

text: responsible

text: to

text: both

text: houses

text: though

text: in

text: reality

text: upper

text: houses

text: even

text: when

text: they

text: have

text: the

text: power

text: rarely

text: exercise

text: it

text: Where

text: they

text: lose

text: a

text: vote

text: of

text: confidence

text: have

text: a

text: motion

text: of

text: no

text: confidence

text: passed

text: against

text: them

text: or

text: where

text: they

text: lose

text: supply

text: most

text: constitutional

text: systems

text: require

text: either

question: Most parliamentary governments need to have the support of what governmental body?

answer: lower house of parliament

text: lower house of parliament

question: Which political division does not often utilize its power, if it has any?

answer: upper houses

text: upper houses

question: What kind of referendum can the lower house of parliament take against the government?

answer: vote of confidence

text: vote of confidence


text: Caesars Entertainment executives have been reconsidering the future of their three remaining Atlantic City properties (Bally's, Caesars and Harrah's), in the wake of a Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing by the company's casino operating unit in January 2015.

title: Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey

title: Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey

text: Caesars

text: Entertainment

text: executives

text: have

text: been

text: reconsidering

text: the

text: future

text: of

text: their

text: three

text: remaining

text: Atlantic

text: City

text: properties

text: Bally

text: 's

text: Caesars

text: and

text: Harrah

text: 's

text: in

text: the

text: wake

text: of

text: a

text: Chapter

text: bankruptcy

text: filing

text: by

text: the

text: company

text: 's

text: casino

text: operating

text: unit

text: in

text: January

question: How many remaining properties belong to Caesars Entertainment?

answer: three

text: three

question: What are the names of the three remaining Caesars Entertainment properties?

answer: Bally's, Caesars and Harrah's

text: Bally's, Caesars and Harrah's

question: What type of bankruptcy did Caesars Entertainment file for?

answer: Chapter 11

text: Chapter 11

question: What year did Caesars Entertainment file for bankruptcy?

answer: 2015

question: Which unit of Caesars Entertainment filed for bankruptcy in 2015?

answer: casino operating unit

text: casino operating unit


text: In 1358, the Sakya viceregal regime installed by the Mongols in Tibet was overthrown in a rebellion by the Phagmodru myriarch Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen (1302–1364). The Mongol Yuan court was forced to accept him as the new viceroy, and Changchub Gyaltsen and his successors, the Phagmodrupa Dynasty, gained de facto rule over Tibet.

title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty

title: Sino

text: In

text: the

text: Sakya

text: viceregal

text: regime

text: installed

text: by

text: the

text: Mongols

text: in

text: Tibet

text: was

text: overthrown

text: in

text: a

text: rebellion

text: by

text: the

text: Phagmodru

text: myriarch

text: Tai

text: Situ

text: Changchub

text: Gyaltsen

text: The

text: Mongol

text: Yuan

text: court

text: was

text: forced

text: to

text: accept

text: him

text: as

text: the

text: new

text: viceroy

text: and

text: Changchub

text: Gyaltsen

text: and

text: his

text: successors

text: the

text: Phagmodrupa

text: Dynasty

text: gained

text: de

text: facto

text: rule

text: over

text: Tibet

question: What year was the Sakya viceregal regime eradicated?

answer: 1358

question: Who placed the Sakya viceregal regime position of authority?

answer: the Mongols in Tibet

text: the Mongols in Tibet

question: Who eradicated the Sakya viceregal regime?

answer: the Phagmodru myriarch Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen

text: the Phagmodru myriarch Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen

question: Which dynasty became ruler of Tibet?

answer: the Phagmodrupa Dynasty

text: the Phagmodrupa Dynasty


text: Commercial credit and agricultural consumer loans were the main types of loans. The trade credit was usually extended by temples in order to finance trade expeditions and was nominated in silver. The interest rate was set at 1/60 a month (one shekel per mina) some time before 2000 BC and it remained at that level for about two thousand years. Rural loans commonly arose as a result of unpaid obligations due to an institution (such as a temple), in this case the arrears were considered to be lent to the debtor. They were denominated in barley or other crops and the interest rate was typically much higher than for commercial loans and could amount to 1/3 to 1/2 of the loan principal.

title: Sumer

title: Sumer

text: Commercial

text: credit

text: and

text: agricultural

text: consumer

text: loans

text: were

text: the

text: main

text: types

text: of

text: loans

text: The

text: trade

text: credit

text: was

text: usually

text: extended

text: by

text: temples

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: finance

text: trade

text: expeditions

text: and

text: was

text: nominated

text: in

text: silver

text: The

text: interest

text: rate

text: was

text: set

text: at

text: a

text: month

text: one

text: shekel

text: per

text: mina

text: some

text: time

text: before

text: BC

text: and

text: it

text: remained

text: at

text: that

text: level

text: for

text: about

text: two

text: thousand

text: years

text: Rural

text: loans

text: commonly

text: arose

text: as

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: unpaid

text: obligations

text: due

text: to

text: an

text: institution

text: such

text: as

text: a

text: temple

text: in

text: this

text: case

text: the

text: arrears

text: were

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: lent

text: to

text: the

text: debtor

text: They

text: were

text: denominated

text: in

text: barley

text: or

text: other

text: crops

text: and

text: the

text: interest

text: rate

text: was

text: typically

text: much

text: higher

text: than

text: for

text: commercial

text: loans

text: and

text: could

text: amount

text: to

text: to

text: of

text: the

text: loan

text: principal

question: What were the main types of loans in Sumerian society?

answer: Commercial credit and agricultural consumer

text: Commercial credit and agricultural consumer

question: How man shekel per mina was the interest rate for loans?

answer: one

text: one

question: What was trade credit backed by when extended by temples?

answer: silver

text: silver

question: For how long was the interest rate of Sumerian loans consistent?

answer: about two thousand years

text: about two thousand years

question: What typically arose as a result of unpaid obligations?

answer: Rural loans

text: Rural loans


text: The politics of Zhejiang is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in Mainland China. The Governor of Zhejiang is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Zhejiang. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor is subordinate to the Zhejiang Communist Party of China (CPC) Provincial Committee Secretary, colloquially termed the "Zhejiang CPC Party Chief".

title: Zhejiang

title: Zhejiang

text: The

text: politics

text: of

text: Zhejiang

text: is

text: structured

text: in

text: a

text: dual

text: party

text: government

text: system

text: like

text: all

text: other

text: governing

text: institutions

text: in

text: Mainland

text: China

text: The

text: Governor

text: of

text: Zhejiang

text: is

text: the

text: highest

text: ranking

text: official

text: in

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Government

text: of

text: Zhejiang

text: However

text: in

text: the

text: province

text: 's

text: dual

text: party

text: government

text: governing

text: system

text: the

text: Governor

text: is

text: subordinate

text: to

text: the

text: Zhejiang

text: Communist

text: Party

text: of

text: China

text: CPC

text: Provincial

text: Committee

text: Secretary

text: colloquially

text: termed

text: the

text: Zhejiang

text: CPC

text: Party

text: Chief

question: How are the politics of Zhejiang structured?

answer: a dual party-government system

text: a dual party-government system

question: Who is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Zhejiang?

answer: The Governor of Zhejiang

text: The Governor of Zhejiang

question: Who is the Governor subordinate to?

answer: the Zhejiang Communist Party of China (CPC) Provincial Committee Secretary

text: the Zhejiang Communist Party of China (CPC) Provincial Committee Secretary

question: What is the Zhejiang Communist Party of China (CPC) Provincial Committee Secretary provincially known as?

answer: Zhejiang CPC Party Chief

text: Zhejiang CPC Party Chief

question: What type of party-government system are all governing institutions in Mainland China?

answer: dual

text: dual


text: Infrared vibrational spectroscopy (see also near-infrared spectroscopy) is a technique that can be used to identify molecules by analysis of their constituent bonds. Each chemical bond in a molecule vibrates at a frequency characteristic of that bond. A group of atoms in a molecule (e.g., CH2) may have multiple modes of oscillation caused by the stretching and bending motions of the group as a whole. If an oscillation leads to a change in dipole in the molecule then it will absorb a photon that has the same frequency. The vibrational frequencies of most molecules correspond to the frequencies of infrared light. Typically, the technique is used to study organic compounds using light radiation from 4000–400 cm−1, the mid-infrared. A spectrum of all the frequencies of absorption in a sample is recorded. This can be used to gain information about the sample composition in terms of chemical groups present and also its purity (for example, a wet sample will show a broad O-H absorption around 3200 cm−1).

title: Infrared

title: Infrared

text: Infrared

text: vibrational

text: spectroscopy

text: see

text: also

text: near

text: infrared

text: spectroscopy

text: is

text: a

text: technique

text: that

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: identify

text: molecules

text: by

text: analysis

text: of

text: their

text: constituent

text: bonds

text: Each

text: chemical

text: bond

text: in

text: a

text: molecule

text: vibrates

text: at

text: a

text: frequency

text: characteristic

text: of

text: that

text: bond

text: A

text: group

text: of

text: atoms

text: in

text: a

text: molecule

text: e.g.

text: may

text: have

text: multiple

text: modes

text: of

text: oscillation

text: caused

text: by

text: the

text: stretching

text: and

text: bending

text: motions

text: of

text: the

text: group

text: as

text: a

text: whole

text: If

text: an

text: oscillation

text: leads

text: to

text: a

text: change

text: in

text: dipole

text: in

text: the

text: molecule

text: then

text: it

text: will

text: absorb

text: a

text: photon

text: that

text: has

text: the

text: same

text: frequency

text: The

text: vibrational

text: frequencies

text: of

text: most

text: molecules

text: correspond

text: to

text: the

text: frequencies

text: of

text: infrared

text: light

text: Typically

text: the

text: technique

text: is

text: used

text: to

text: study

text: organic

text: compounds

text: using

text: light

text: radiation

text: from

text: the

text: mid

text: infrared

text: A

text: spectrum

text: of

text: all

text: the

text: frequencies

text: of

text: absorption

text: in

text: a

text: sample

text: is

text: recorded

text: This

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: gain

text: information

text: about

text: the

text: sample

text: composition

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: chemical

text: groups

text: present

text: and

text: also

text: its

text: purity

text: for

text: example

text: a

text: wet

text: sample

text: will

text: show

text: a

text: broad

text: O

text: H

text: absorption

text: around

question: What is the technique that analyzes the constituent bonds of molecules to identify them?

answer: Infrared vibrational spectroscopy

text: Infrared vibrational spectroscopy

question: What happens to a molecule if an oscillation results in a dipole being changed?

answer: it will absorb a photon that has the same frequency

text: it will absorb a photon that has the same frequency

question: What do the vibrational frequencies of molecules usually correspond to?

answer: the frequencies of infrared light

text: the frequencies of infrared light

question: What is the term for light radiation in the 4000–400 cm−1 spectrum?

answer: the mid-infrared

text: the mid-infrared


text: A great power is a sovereign state that is recognized as having the ability and expertise to exert its influence on a global scale. Great powers characteristically possess military and economic strength, as well as diplomatic and soft power influence, which may cause middle or small powers to consider the great powers' opinions before taking actions of their own. International relations theorists have posited that great power status can be characterized into power capabilities, spatial aspects, and status dimensions. Sometimes the status of great powers is formally recognized in conferences such as the Congress of Vienna or an international structure such as the United Nations Security Council (China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States serve as the body's five permanent members). At the same time the status of great powers can be informally recognized in a forum such as the G7 which consists of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States of America.

title: Great_power

title: Great_power

text: A

text: great

text: power

text: is

text: a

text: sovereign

text: state

text: that

text: is

text: recognized

text: as

text: having

text: the

text: ability

text: and

text: expertise

text: to

text: exert

text: its

text: influence

text: on

text: a

text: global

text: scale

text: Great

text: powers

text: characteristically

text: possess

text: military

text: and

text: economic

text: strength

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: diplomatic

text: and

text: soft

text: power

text: influence

text: which

text: may

text: cause

text: middle

text: or

text: small

text: powers

text: to

text: consider

text: the

text: great

text: powers

text: opinions

text: before

text: taking

text: actions

text: of

text: their

text: own

text: International

text: relations

text: theorists

text: have

text: posited

text: that

text: great

text: power

text: status

text: can

text: be

text: characterized

text: into

text: power

text: capabilities

text: spatial

text: aspects

text: and

text: status

text: dimensions

text: Sometimes

text: the

text: status

text: of

text: great

text: powers

text: is

text: formally

text: recognized

text: in

text: conferences

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Congress

text: of

text: Vienna

text: or

text: an

text: international

text: structure

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: Security

text: Council

text: China

text: France

text: Russia

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: serve

text: as

text: the

text: body

text: 's

text: five

text: permanent

text: members

text: At

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: the

text: status

text: of

text: great

text: powers

text: can

text: be

text: informally

text: recognized

text: in

text: a

text: forum

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: which

text: consists

text: of

text: Canada

text: France

text: Germany

text: Italy

text: Japan

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: of

text: America

question: What is a nation which can exert its influence on a global scale called?

answer: A great power

text: A great power

question: What two dominant traits do great powers usually possess?

answer: military and economic strength

text: military and economic strength

question: China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States serve as what body's five permanent members?

answer: United Nations Security Council

text: United Nations Security Council

question: What two lesser traits do great powers usually possess?

answer: diplomatic and soft power influence

text: diplomatic and soft power influence

question: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States are part of what international forum?

answer: the G7

text: the G7

question: What do great powers usually have?

answer: military and economic strength, as well as diplomatic and soft power influence

text: military and economic strength, as well as diplomatic and soft power influence

question: What are the permanent members of UN Security Council?

answer: China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States

text: China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States

question: What are the countries in the G7?

answer: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States of America

text: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States of America

question: What 3 factors have international relations theorists considered factors for great power status?

answer: power capabilities, spatial aspects, and status dimensions

text: power capabilities, spatial aspects, and status dimensions


text: In 1950, von Neumann became a consultant to the Weapons Systems Evaluation Group (WSEG), whose function was to advise the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the United States Secretary of Defense on the development and use of new technologies. He also became an adviser to the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project (AFSWP), which was responsible for the military aspects on nuclear weapons.Over the following two years, he also became a consultant to the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), a member of the influential General Advisory Committee of the Atomic Energy Commission, a consultant to the newly established Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and a member of the Scientific Advisory Group of the United States Air Force.

title: John_von_Neumann

title: John_von_Neumann

text: In

text: von

text: Neumann

text: became

text: a

text: consultant

text: to

text: the

text: Weapons

text: Systems

text: Evaluation

text: Group

text: WSEG

text: whose

text: function

text: was

text: to

text: advise

text: the

text: Joint

text: Chiefs

text: of

text: Staff

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Secretary

text: of

text: Defense

text: on

text: the

text: development

text: and

text: use

text: of

text: new

text: technologies

text: He

text: also

text: became

text: an

text: adviser

text: to

text: the

text: Armed

text: Forces

text: Special

text: Weapons

text: Project

text: AFSWP

text: which

text: was

text: responsible

text: for

text: the

text: military

text: aspects

text: on

text: nuclear

text: weapons

text: Over

text: the

text: following

text: two

text: years

text: he

text: also

text: became

text: a

text: consultant

text: to

text: the

text: Central

text: Intelligence

text: Agency

text: CIA

text: a

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: influential

text: General

text: Advisory

text: Committee

text: of

text: the

text: Atomic

text: Energy

text: Commission

text: a

text: consultant

text: to

text: the

text: newly

text: established

text: Lawrence

text: Livermore

text: National

text: Laboratory

text: and

text: a

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Scientific

text: Advisory

text: Group

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Air

text: Force

question: In 1950 von Neumann became a consultant for what organization?

answer: Weapons Systems Evaluation Group

text: Weapons Systems Evaluation Group

question: What military organization did von NEumann also consult with for military aspect of nuclear weapons?

answer: Armed Forces Special Weapons Project

text: Armed Forces Special Weapons Project

question: What committee did von Neumann serve on within the Atomic Energy Commission?

answer: General Advisory Committee

text: General Advisory Committee


text: A number of studies have reported associations between pathogen load in an area and human behavior. Higher pathogen load is associated with decreased size of ethnic and religious groups in an area. This may be due high pathogen load favoring avoidance of other groups, which may reduce pathogen transmission, or a high pathogen load preventing the creation of large settlements and armies that enforce a common culture. Higher pathogen load is also associated with more restricted sexual behavior, which may reduce pathogen transmission. It also associated with higher preferences for health and attractiveness in mates. Higher fertility rates and shorter or less parental care per child is another association that may be a compensation for the higher mortality rate. There is also an association with polygyny which may be due to higher pathogen load, making selecting males with a high genetic resistance increasingly important. Higher pathogen load is also associated with more collectivism and less individualism, which may limit contacts with outside groups and infections. There are alternative explanations for at least some of the associations although some of these explanations may in turn ultimately be due to pathogen load. Thus, polygny may also be due to a lower male:female ratio in these areas but this may ultimately be due to male infants having increased mortality from infectious diseases. Another example is that poor socioeconomic factors may ultimately in part be due to high pathogen load preventing economic development.

title: Infection

title: Infection

text: A

text: number

text: of

text: studies

text: have

text: reported

text: associations

text: between

text: pathogen

text: load

text: in

text: an

text: area

text: and

text: human

text: behavior

text: Higher

text: pathogen

text: load

text: is

text: associated

text: with

text: decreased

text: size

text: of

text: ethnic

text: and

text: religious

text: groups

text: in

text: an

text: area

text: This

text: may

text: be

text: due

text: high

text: pathogen

text: load

text: favoring

text: avoidance

text: of

text: other

text: groups

text: which

text: may

text: reduce

text: pathogen

text: transmission

text: or

text: a

text: high

text: pathogen

text: load

text: preventing

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: large

text: settlements

text: and

text: armies

text: that

text: enforce

text: a

text: common

text: culture

text: Higher

text: pathogen

text: load

text: is

text: also

text: associated

text: with

text: more

text: restricted

text: sexual

text: behavior

text: which

text: may

text: reduce

text: pathogen

text: transmission

text: It

text: also

text: associated

text: with

text: higher

text: preferences

text: for

text: health

text: and

text: attractiveness

text: in

text: mates

text: Higher

text: fertility

text: rates

text: and

text: shorter

text: or

text: less

text: parental

text: care

text: per

text: child

text: is

text: another

text: association

text: that

text: may

text: be

text: a

text: compensation

text: for

text: the

text: higher

text: mortality

text: rate

text: There

text: is

text: also

text: an

text: association

text: with

text: polygyny

text: which

text: may

text: be

text: due

text: to

text: higher

text: pathogen

text: load

text: making

text: selecting

text: males

text: with

text: a

text: high

text: genetic

text: resistance

text: increasingly

text: important

text: Higher

text: pathogen

text: load

text: is

text: also

text: associated

text: with

text: more

text: collectivism

text: and

text: less

text: individualism

text: which

text: may

text: limit

text: contacts

text: with

text: outside

text: groups

text: and

text: infections

text: There

text: are

text: alternative

text: explanations

text: for

text: at

text: least

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: associations

text: although

text: some

text: of

text: these

text: explanations

text: may

text: in

text: turn

text: ultimately

text: be

text: due

text: to

text: pathogen

text: load

text: Thus

text: polygny

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: due

text: to

text: a

text: lower

text: male

text: female

text: ratio

text: in

text: these

text: areas

text: but

text: this

text: may

text: ultimately

text: be

text: due

text: to

text: male

text: infants

text: having

text: increased

text: mortality

text: from

text: infectious

text: diseases

text: Another

text: example

text: is

text: that

text: poor

text: socioeconomic

text: factors

text: may

text: ultimately

text: in

text: part

text: be

text: due

text: to

text: high

text: pathogen

text: load

text: preventing

text: economic

text: development

question: What have a number of studies found a correlation between?

answer: pathogen load in an area and human behavior

text: pathogen load in an area and human behavior

question: What is higher pathogen load associated with?

answer: decreased size of ethnic and religious groups in an area

text: decreased size of ethnic and religious groups in an area

question: What does avoidance of other groups reduce?

answer: pathogen transmission

text: pathogen transmission

question: What does more restricted sexual behavior result in?

answer: Higher pathogen load

text: Higher pathogen load

question: What may poor socioeconomic factors ultimately in part be due to?

answer: high pathogen load preventing economic development.

text: high pathogen load preventing economic development.


text: The Warsaw Pact (formally, the Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance, sometimes, informally WarPac, akin in format to NATO) was a collective defense treaty among Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War. The Warsaw Pact was the military complement to the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CoMEcon), the regional economic organization for the communist states of Central and Eastern Europe. The Warsaw Pact was created in reaction to the integration of West Germany into NATO in 1955 per the Paris Pacts of 1954, but it is also considered to have been motivated by Soviet desires to maintain control over military forces in Central and Eastern Europe.

title: Warsaw_Pact

title: Warsaw_Pact

text: The

text: Warsaw

text: Pact

text: formally

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Friendship

text: Co

text: operation

text: and

text: Mutual

text: Assistance

text: sometimes

text: informally

text: WarPac

text: akin

text: in

text: format

text: to

text: NATO

text: was

text: a

text: collective

text: defense

text: treaty

text: among

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: and

text: seven

text: Soviet

text: satellite

text: states

text: in

text: Central

text: and

text: Eastern

text: Europe

text: in

text: existence

text: during

text: the

text: Cold

text: War

text: The

text: Warsaw

text: Pact

text: was

text: the

text: military

text: complement

text: to

text: the

text: Council

text: for

text: Mutual

text: Economic

text: Assistance

text: CoMEcon

text: the

text: regional

text: economic

text: organization

text: for

text: the

text: communist

text: states

text: of

text: Central

text: and

text: Eastern

text: Europe

text: The

text: Warsaw

text: Pact

text: was

text: created

text: in

text: reaction

text: to

text: the

text: integration

text: of

text: West

text: Germany

text: into

text: NATO

text: in

text: per

text: the

text: Paris

text: Pacts

text: of

text: but

text: it

text: is

text: also

text: considered

text: to

text: have

text: been

text: motivated

text: by

text: Soviet

text: desires

text: to

text: maintain

text: control

text: over

text: military

text: forces

text: in

text: Central

text: and

text: Eastern

text: Europe

question: In which year was the Warsaw Pact established?

answer: 1955

question: Which nation formed the nucleus of the Warsaw Pact?

answer: Soviet Union

text: Soviet Union

question: Which conflict was the impetus for the formation of the Pact?

answer: the Cold War

text: the Cold War

question: How many Soviet allied countries were members of the Warsaw Pact?

answer: seven

text: seven

question: The acceptance of which country into NATO prompted the formation of the Warsaw Pact?

answer: West Germany

text: West Germany


text: In the north, substantial efforts were made against Newcastle-upon-Tyne and Sunderland, which were large ports on the English east coast. On 9 April 1941 Luftflotte 2 dropped 150 tons of high explosives and 50,000 incendiaries from 120 bombers in a five-hour attack. Sewer, rail, docklands, and electric installations were damaged. In Sunderland on 25 April, Luftflotte 2 sent 60 bombers which dropped 80 tons of high explosive and 9,000 incendiaries. Much damage was done. A further attack on the Clyde, this time at Greenock, took place on 6 and 7 May. However, as with the attacks in the south, the Germans failed to prevent maritime movements or cripple industry in the regions.

title: The_Blitz

title: The_Blitz

text: In

text: the

text: north

text: substantial

text: efforts

text: were

text: made

text: against

text: Newcastle

text: upon

text: Tyne

text: and

text: Sunderland

text: which

text: were

text: large

text: ports

text: on

text: the

text: English

text: east

text: coast

text: On

text: April

text: Luftflotte

text: dropped

text: tons

text: of

text: high

text: explosives

text: and

text: incendiaries

text: from

text: bombers

text: in

text: a

text: five

text: hour

text: attack

text: Sewer

text: rail

text: docklands

text: and

text: electric

text: installations

text: were

text: damaged

text: In

text: Sunderland

text: on

text: April

text: Luftflotte

text: sent

text: bombers

text: which

text: dropped

text: tons

text: of

text: high

text: explosive

text: and

text: incendiaries

text: Much

text: damage

text: was

text: done

text: A

text: further

text: attack

text: on

text: the

text: Clyde

text: this

text: time

text: at

text: Greenock

text: took

text: place

text: on

text: and

text: May.

text: However

text: as

text: with

text: the

text: attacks

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: the

text: Germans

text: failed

text: to

text: prevent

text: maritime

text: movements

text: or

text: cripple

text: industry

text: in

text: the

text: regions

question: What were two large ports on the English east coast in the North?

answer: Newcastle-upon-Tyne and Sunderland

text: Newcastle-upon-Tyne and Sunderland

question: Sunderland saw how many incendiaries used against it on 25 April?

answer: 9,000 incendiaries

text: 9,000 incendiaries

question: How many bombers were used in a five-hour attack?

answer: 120

question: What was the result of the German attacks?

answer: the Germans failed to prevent maritime movements or cripple industry in the regions

text: the Germans failed to prevent maritime movements or cripple industry in the regions


text: Corruption also generates economic distortion in the public sector by diverting public investment into capital projects where bribes and kickbacks are more plentiful. Officials may increase the technical complexity of public sector projects to conceal or pave the way for such dealings, thus further distorting investment. Corruption also lowers compliance with construction, environmental, or other regulations, reduces the quality of government services and infrastructure, and increases budgetary pressures on government.

title: Political_corruption

title: Political_corruption

text: Corruption

text: also

text: generates

text: economic

text: distortion

text: in

text: the

text: public

text: sector

text: by

text: diverting

text: public

text: investment

text: into

text: capital

text: projects

text: where

text: bribes

text: and

text: kickbacks

text: are

text: more

text: plentiful

text: Officials

text: may

text: increase

text: the

text: technical

text: complexity

text: of

text: public

text: sector

text: projects

text: to

text: conceal

text: or

text: pave

text: the

text: way

text: for

text: such

text: dealings

text: thus

text: further

text: distorting

text: investment

text: Corruption

text: also

text: lowers

text: compliance

text: with

text: construction

text: environmental

text: or

text: other

text: regulations

text: reduces

text: the

text: quality

text: of

text: government

text: services

text: and

text: infrastructure

text: and

text: increases

text: budgetary

text: pressures

text: on

text: government

question: Economic distortion is created by corruption in the public sector by diverting what into capital projects?

answer: public investment

text: public investment

question: What is more plentiful in capital projects?

answer: bribes and kickbacks

text: bribes and kickbacks

question: Corruption can lower what with environmental regulations?

answer: compliance

text: compliance


text: With the two-factor theory now incorporating cognition, several theories began to argue that cognitive activity in the form of judgments, evaluations, or thoughts were entirely necessary for an emotion to occur. One of the main proponents of this view was Richard Lazarus who argued that emotions must have some cognitive intentionality. The cognitive activity involved in the interpretation of an emotional context may be conscious or unconscious and may or may not take the form of conceptual processing.

title: Emotion

title: Emotion

text: With

text: the

text: two

text: factor

text: theory

text: now

text: incorporating

text: cognition

text: several

text: theories

text: began

text: to

text: argue

text: that

text: cognitive

text: activity

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: judgments

text: evaluations

text: or

text: thoughts

text: were

text: entirely

text: necessary

text: for

text: an

text: emotion

text: to

text: occur

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: main

text: proponents

text: of

text: this

text: view

text: was

text: Richard

text: Lazarus

text: who

text: argued

text: that

text: emotions

text: must

text: have

text: some

text: cognitive

text: intentionality

text: The

text: cognitive

text: activity

text: involved

text: in

text: the

text: interpretation

text: of

text: an

text: emotional

text: context

text: may

text: be

text: conscious

text: or

text: unconscious

text: and

text: may

text: or

text: may

text: not

text: take

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: conceptual

text: processing

question: Who argued that emotions arise from cognitive intentionality?

answer: Richard Lazarus

text: Richard Lazarus

question: Along with evaluations and thoughts, what cognitive activity did theorists believe to be required for emotion?

answer: judgments

text: judgments

question: In Lazarus' view, what could the cognitive activity be if it was not conscious?

answer: unconscious

text: unconscious


text: The succeeding Prussian reforms instigated by Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein and Karl August von Hardenberg included the implementation of an Oberlandesgericht appellation court at Königsberg, a municipal corporation, economic freedom as well as emancipation of the serfs and Jews. In the course of the Prussian restoration by the 1815 Congress of Vienna, the East Prussian territories were re-arranged in the Regierungsbezirke of Gumbinnen and Königsberg. From 1905, the southern districts of East Prussia formed the separate Regierungsbezirk of Allenstein. East and West Prussia were first united in personal union in 1824, and then merged in a real union in 1829 to form the Province of Prussia. The united province was again split into separate East and West Prussian provinces in 1878.

title: East_Prussia

title: East_Prussia

text: The

text: succeeding

text: Prussian

text: reforms

text: instigated

text: by

text: Heinrich

text: Friedrich

text: Karl

text: vom

text: und

text: zum

text: Stein

text: and

text: Karl

text: August

text: von

text: Hardenberg

text: included

text: the

text: implementation

text: of

text: an

text: Oberlandesgericht

text: appellation

text: court

text: at

text: Königsberg

text: a

text: municipal

text: corporation

text: economic

text: freedom

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: emancipation

text: of

text: the

text: serfs

text: and

text: Jews

text: In

text: the

text: course

text: of

text: the

text: Prussian

text: restoration

text: by

text: the

text: Congress

text: of

text: Vienna

text: the

text: East

text: Prussian

text: territories

text: were

text: re

text: arranged

text: in

text: the

text: Regierungsbezirke

text: of

text: Gumbinnen

text: and

text: Königsberg

text: From

text: the

text: southern

text: districts

text: of

text: East

text: Prussia

text: formed

text: the

text: separate

text: Regierungsbezirk

text: of

text: Allenstein

text: East

text: and

text: West

text: Prussia

text: were

text: first

text: united

text: in

text: personal

text: union

text: in

text: and

text: then

text: merged

text: in

text: a

text: real

text: union

text: in

text: to

text: form

text: the

text: Province

text: of

text: Prussia

text: The

text: united

text: province

text: was

text: again

text: split

text: into

text: separate

text: East

text: and

text: West

text: Prussian

text: provinces

text: in

question: Who instigated the Prussian reforms?

answer: Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein and Karl August von Hardenberg

text: Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein and Karl August von Hardenberg

question: What was included in the reform?

answer: emancipation of the serfs and Jews

text: emancipation of the serfs and Jews

question: In what year was East and West Prussia first united?

answer: 1824

question: When did East and West Prussia split again?

answer: 1878


text: Ibn Sīnā wrote extensively on early Islamic philosophy, especially the subjects logic, ethics, and metaphysics, including treatises named Logic and Metaphysics. Most of his works were written in Arabic – then the language of science in the Middle East – and some in Persian. Of linguistic significance even to this day are a few books that he wrote in nearly pure Persian language (particularly the Danishnamah-yi 'Ala', Philosophy for Ala' ad-Dawla'). Ibn Sīnā's commentaries on Aristotle often criticized the philosopher,[citation needed] encouraging a lively debate in the spirit of ijtihad.

title: Avicenna

title: Avicenna

text: Ibn

text: Sīnā

text: wrote

text: extensively

text: on

text: early

text: Islamic

text: philosophy

text: especially

text: the

text: subjects

text: logic

text: ethics

text: and

text: metaphysics

text: including

text: treatises

text: named

text: Logic

text: and

text: Metaphysics

text: Most

text: of

text: his

text: works

text: were

text: written

text: in

text: Arabic

text: then

text: the

text: language

text: of

text: science

text: in

text: the

text: Middle

text: East

text: and

text: some

text: in

text: Persian

text: Of

text: linguistic

text: significance

text: even

text: to

text: this

text: day

text: are

text: a

text: few

text: books

text: that

text: he

text: wrote

text: in

text: nearly

text: pure

text: Persian

text: language

text: particularly

text: the

text: Danishnamah

text: yi

text: Ala

text: Philosophy

text: for

text: Ala

text: ad

text: Dawla

text: Ibn

text: Sīnā

text: 's

text: commentaries

text: on

text: Aristotle

text: often

text: criticized

text: the

text: philosopher,[citation

text: needed

text: encouraging

text: a

text: lively

text: debate

text: in

text: the

text: spirit

text: of

text: ijtihad

question: In what language was most of Ibn Sina's works written in?

answer: Arabic

text: Arabic

question: What is one subject that Ibn SIna specialized in?

answer: ethics

text: ethics

question: Ibn Sina also wrote some of his works in what other language?

answer: Persian

text: Persian

question: What famous philosopher did Ibn Sina criticize heavily?

answer: Aristotle

text: Aristotle

question: What is one of the subjects of a treatise by Ibn Sina?

answer: Metaphysics

text: Metaphysics


text: The First Great Awakening was an evangelical and revitalization movement that swept through Protestant Europe and British America, especially the American colonies in the 1730s and 1740s, leaving a permanent impact on American Protestantism. It resulted from powerful preaching that gave listeners a sense of deep personal revelation of their need of salvation by Jesus Christ. Pulling away from ritual, ceremony, sacramentalism and hierarchy, it made Christianity intensely personal to the average person by fostering a deep sense of spiritual conviction and redemption, and by encouraging introspection and a commitment to a new standard of personal morality.

title: Protestantism

title: Protestantism

text: The

text: First

text: Great

text: Awakening

text: was

text: an

text: evangelical

text: and

text: revitalization

text: movement

text: that

text: swept

text: through

text: Protestant

text: Europe

text: and

text: British

text: America

text: especially

text: the

text: American

text: colonies

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: leaving

text: a

text: permanent

text: impact

text: on

text: American

text: Protestantism

text: It

text: resulted

text: from

text: powerful

text: preaching

text: that

text: gave

text: listeners

text: a

text: sense

text: of

text: deep

text: personal

text: revelation

text: of

text: their

text: need

text: of

text: salvation

text: by

text: Jesus

text: Christ

text: Pulling

text: away

text: from

text: ritual

text: ceremony

text: sacramentalism

text: and

text: hierarchy

text: it

text: made

text: Christianity

text: intensely

text: personal

text: to

text: the

text: average

text: person

text: by

text: fostering

text: a

text: deep

text: sense

text: of

text: spiritual

text: conviction

text: and

text: redemption

text: and

text: by

text: encouraging

text: introspection

text: and

text: a

text: commitment

text: to

text: a

text: new

text: standard

text: of

text: personal

text: morality

question: What movement occurred during the 1730's and 1740's?

answer: The First Great Awakening

text: The First Great Awakening

question: What movement made a permanent mark on Protestantism in the U.S.?

answer: The First Great Awakening

text: The First Great Awakening


text: Unknown to the Americans, the Soviet Moon program was in deep trouble. After two successive launch failures of the N1 rocket in 1969, Soviet plans for a piloted landing suffered delay. The launch pad explosion of the N-1 on July 3, 1969 was a significant setback. The rocket hit the pad after an engine shutdown, destroying itself and the launch facility. Without the N-1 rocket, the USSR could not send a large enough payload to the Moon to land a human and return him safely.

title: Space_Race

title: Space_Race

text: Unknown

text: to

text: the

text: Americans

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Moon

text: program

text: was

text: in

text: deep

text: trouble

text: After

text: two

text: successive

text: launch

text: failures

text: of

text: the

text: rocket

text: in

text: Soviet

text: plans

text: for

text: a

text: piloted

text: landing

text: suffered

text: delay

text: The

text: launch

text: pad

text: explosion

text: of

text: the

text: on

text: July

text: was

text: a

text: significant

text: setback

text: The

text: rocket

text: hit

text: the

text: pad

text: after

text: an

text: engine

text: shutdown

text: destroying

text: itself

text: and

text: the

text: launch

text: facility

text: Without

text: the

text: rocket

text: the

text: USSR

text: could

text: not

text: send

text: a

text: large

text: enough

text: payload

text: to

text: the

text: Moon

text: to

text: land

text: a

text: human

text: and

text: return

text: him

text: safely

question: The Soviet, N1 Rocket exploded and was destroyed on what date?

answer: July 3, 1969

text: July 3, 1969


text: According to the Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática (INEGI), 95.6% of the population over the age of 15 could read and write Spanish, and 97.3% of children of ages 8–14 could read and write Spanish. An estimated 93.5% of the population ages 6–14 attend an institution of education. Estimated 12.8% of residents of the state have obtained a college degree. Average schooling is 8.5 years, which means that in general the average citizen over 15 years of age has gone as far as a second year in secondary education.

title: Chihuahua_(state)

title: Chihuahua_(state

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: Instituto

text: Nacional

text: de

text: Estadística

text: Geografía

text: e

text: Informática

text: INEGI

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: over

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: could

text: read

text: and

text: write

text: Spanish

text: and

text: of

text: children

text: of

text: ages

text: could

text: read

text: and

text: write

text: Spanish

text: An

text: estimated

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: ages

text: attend

text: an

text: institution

text: of

text: education

text: Estimated

text: of

text: residents

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: have

text: obtained

text: a

text: college

text: degree

text: Average

text: schooling

text: is

text: years

text: which

text: means

text: that

text: in

text: general

text: the

text: average

text: citizen

text: over

text: years

text: of

text: age

text: has

text: gone

text: as

text: far

text: as

text: a

text: second

text: year

text: in

text: secondary

text: education

question: What percentage of the population over 15 could read and write Spanish?

answer: 95.6%

question: What percentage of children ages 8-14 could read and write Spanish?

answer: 97.3%

question: What percentage of children age 6-14 attend an institution of education?

answer: 93.5%

question: What percentage of the population have obtained a college degree?

answer: 12.8%


text: Semi-additive is the most common process: The unpatterned board has a thin layer of copper already on it. A reverse mask is then applied. (Unlike a subtractive process mask, this mask exposes those parts of the substrate that will eventually become the traces.) Additional copper is then plated onto the board in the unmasked areas; copper may be plated to any desired weight. Tin-lead or other surface platings are then applied. The mask is stripped away and a brief etching step removes the now-exposed bare original copper laminate from the board, isolating the individual traces. Some single-sided boards which have plated-through holes are made in this way. General Electric made consumer radio sets in the late 1960s using additive boards.

title: Printed_circuit_board

title: Printed_circuit_board

text: Semi

text: additive

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: process

text: The

text: unpatterned

text: board

text: has

text: a

text: thin

text: layer

text: of

text: copper

text: already

text: on

text: it

text: A

text: reverse

text: mask

text: is

text: then

text: applied

text: Unlike

text: a

text: subtractive

text: process

text: mask

text: this

text: mask

text: exposes

text: those

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: substrate

text: that

text: will

text: eventually

text: become

text: the

text: traces

text: Additional

text: copper

text: is

text: then

text: plated

text: onto

text: the

text: board

text: in

text: the

text: unmasked

text: areas

text: copper

text: may

text: be

text: plated

text: to

text: any

text: desired

text: weight

text: Tin

text: lead

text: or

text: other

text: surface

text: platings

text: are

text: then

text: applied

text: The

text: mask

text: is

text: stripped

text: away

text: and

text: a

text: brief

text: etching

text: step

text: removes

text: the

text: now

text: exposed

text: bare

text: original

text: copper

text: laminate

text: from

text: the

text: board

text: isolating

text: the

text: individual

text: traces

text: Some

text: single

text: sided

text: boards

text: which

text: have

text: plated

text: through

text: holes

text: are

text: made

text: in

text: this

text: way

text: General

text: Electric

text: made

text: consumer

text: radio

text: sets

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: using

text: additive

text: boards

question: In the semi-additive process, what do the areas exposed by the mask become at the end?

answer: traces

text: traces

question: What metal is used to plate the unmasked parts of the board in the semi-additive method?

answer: copper

text: copper

question: After the mask comes off of the board, what step takes off the original plating?

answer: etching

text: etching

question: What company used to make radios with additive boards in the mid-20th century?

answer: General Electric

text: General Electric

question: What weight of plating is possible with copper?

answer: any

text: any


text: Database transactions can be used to introduce some level of fault tolerance and data integrity after recovery from a crash. A database transaction is a unit of work, typically encapsulating a number of operations over a database (e.g., reading a database object, writing, acquiring lock, etc.), an abstraction supported in database and also other systems. Each transaction has well defined boundaries in terms of which program/code executions are included in that transaction (determined by the transaction's programmer via special transaction commands).

title: Database

title: Database

text: Database

text: transactions

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: introduce

text: some

text: level

text: of

text: fault

text: tolerance

text: and

text: data

text: integrity

text: after

text: recovery

text: from

text: a

text: crash

text: A

text: database

text: transaction

text: is

text: a

text: unit

text: of

text: work

text: typically

text: encapsulating

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: operations

text: over

text: a

text: database

text: e.g.

text: reading

text: a

text: database

text: object

text: writing

text: acquiring

text: lock

text: etc

text: an

text: abstraction

text: supported

text: in

text: database

text: and

text: also

text: other

text: systems

text: Each

text: transaction

text: has

text: well

text: defined

text: boundaries

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: which

text: program

text: code

text: executions

text: are

text: included

text: in

text: that

text: transaction

text: determined

text: by

text: the

text: transaction

text: 's

text: programmer

text: via

text: special

text: transaction

text: commands

question: What is a unit of work called in a database?

answer: transaction

text: transaction

question: Are transactions limited?

answer: Each transaction has well defined boundaries

text: Each transaction has well defined boundaries

question: How can database transactions ensure accuracy after a crash?

answer: fault tolerance

text: fault tolerance


text: The expansive area northwest of the city limits is diverse, ranging from the rural communities of Catalina and parts of the town of Marana, the small suburb of Picture Rocks, the affluent town of Oro Valley in the western foothills of the Santa Catalina Mountains, and residential areas in the northeastern foothills of the Tucson Mountains. Continental Ranch (Marana), Dove Mountain (Marana), and Rancho Vistoso (Oro Valley) are all masterplanned communities located in the Northwest, where thousands of residents live.

title: Tucson,_Arizona

title: Tucson,_Arizona

text: The

text: expansive

text: area

text: northwest

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: limits

text: is

text: diverse

text: ranging

text: from

text: the

text: rural

text: communities

text: of

text: Catalina

text: and

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: town

text: of

text: Marana

text: the

text: small

text: suburb

text: of

text: Picture

text: Rocks

text: the

text: affluent

text: town

text: of

text: Oro

text: Valley

text: in

text: the

text: western

text: foothills

text: of

text: the

text: Santa

text: Catalina

text: Mountains

text: and

text: residential

text: areas

text: in

text: the

text: northeastern

text: foothills

text: of

text: the

text: Tucson

text: Mountains

text: Continental

text: Ranch

text: Marana

text: Dove

text: Mountain

text: Marana

text: and

text: Rancho

text: Vistoso

text: Oro

text: Valley

text: are

text: all

text: masterplanned

text: communities

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: Northwest

text: where

text: thousands

text: of

text: residents

text: live

question: How many residents live in the master-planned communities?

answer: thousands

text: thousands

question: Which town is Rancho Vistoso located?

answer: Oro Valley

text: Oro Valley

question: What mountains is Oro Valley next to?

answer: Santa Catalina Mountains

text: Santa Catalina Mountains

question: Which town would you find Dove Mountain and Continental Ranch?

answer: Marana

text: Marana

question: Where is Oro Valley?

answer: in the western foothills of the Santa Catalina Mountains

text: in the western foothills of the Santa Catalina Mountains

question: Where is the Continental Ranch planned community?

answer: Marana

text: Marana

question: Where is the Dove Mountain planned community?

answer: Marana

text: Marana

question: Where is the Rancho Vistoso planned community?

answer: Oro Valley

text: Oro Valley

question: Which direction from Tucson is Picture Rocks?

answer: northwest

text: northwest