text: In the 1980s, parents of mixed-race children began to organize and lobby for the addition of a more inclusive term of racial designation that would reflect the heritage of their children. When the U.S. government proposed the addition of the category of "bi-racial" or "multiracial" in 1988, the response from the public was mostly negative. Some African-American organizations, and African-American political leaders, such as Congresswoman Diane Watson and Congressman Augustus Hawkins, were particularly vocal in their rejection of the category, as they feared the loss of political and economic power if African Americans reduced their numbers by self-identification.

title: Multiracial_American

title: Multiracial_American

text: In

text: the

text: parents

text: of

text: mixed

text: race

text: children

text: began

text: to

text: organize

text: and

text: lobby

text: for

text: the

text: addition

text: of

text: a

text: more

text: inclusive

text: term

text: of

text: racial

text: designation

text: that

text: would

text: reflect

text: the

text: heritage

text: of

text: their

text: children

text: When

text: the

text: U.S.

text: government

text: proposed

text: the

text: addition

text: of

text: the

text: category

text: of

text: bi

text: racial

text: or

text: multiracial

text: in

text: the

text: response

text: from

text: the

text: public

text: was

text: mostly

text: negative

text: Some

text: African

text: American

text: organizations

text: and

text: African

text: American

text: political

text: leaders

text: such

text: as

text: Congresswoman

text: Diane

text: Watson

text: and

text: Congressman

text: Augustus

text: Hawkins

text: were

text: particularly

text: vocal

text: in

text: their

text: rejection

text: of

text: the

text: category

text: as

text: they

text: feared

text: the

text: loss

text: of

text: political

text: and

text: economic

text: power

text: if

text: African

text: Americans

text: reduced

text: their

text: numbers

text: by

text: self

text: identification

question: When did multiracial people start to organize for more inclusive racial identifiers?

answer: In the 1980s

text: In the 1980s

question: What was the response to the idea of identifying people as biracial or multiracial?

answer: mostly negative

text: mostly negative

question: What could have cause loss of power via the use of the term biracial and multiracial?

answer: if African Americans reduced their numbers by self-identification

text: if African Americans reduced their numbers by self-identification

question: Who are some of the opponents of biracial and multiracial as identifiers?

answer: Congresswoman Diane Watson and Congressman Augustus Hawkins

text: Congresswoman Diane Watson and Congressman Augustus Hawkins


text: Three weeks later, on May 5, 1961, Alan Shepard became the first American in space, launched in a ballistic trajectory on Mercury-Redstone 3, in a spacecraft he named Freedom 7. Though he did not achieve orbit like Gagarin, he was the first person to exercise manual control over his spacecraft's attitude and retro-rocket firing. After his successful return, Shepard was celebrated as a national hero, honored with parades in Washington, New York and Los Angeles, and received the NASA Distinguished Service Medal from President John F. Kennedy.

title: Space_Race

title: Space_Race

text: Three

text: weeks

text: later

text: on

text: May

text: Alan

text: Shepard

text: became

text: the

text: first

text: American

text: in

text: space

text: launched

text: in

text: a

text: ballistic

text: trajectory

text: on

text: Mercury

text: Redstone

text: in

text: a

text: spacecraft

text: he

text: named

text: Freedom

text: Though

text: he

text: did

text: not

text: achieve

text: orbit

text: like

text: Gagarin

text: he

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: person

text: to

text: exercise

text: manual

text: control

text: over

text: his

text: spacecraft

text: 's

text: attitude

text: and

text: retro

text: rocket

text: firing

text: After

text: his

text: successful

text: return

text: Shepard

text: was

text: celebrated

text: as

text: a

text: national

text: hero

text: honored

text: with

text: parades

text: in

text: Washington

text: New

text: York

text: and

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: and

text: received

text: the

text: NASA

text: Distinguished

text: Service

text: Medal

text: from

text: President

text: John

text: F.

text: Kennedy

question: The first American to travel into space was whom?

answer: Alan Shepard

text: Alan Shepard

question: When did Alan Shepard first arrive in space?

answer: May 5, 1961

text: May 5, 1961

question: The spaceship that carried Alan Shepard was named what?

answer: Freedom 7

text: Freedom 7

question: The first person to have control over driving their spacecraft was whom?

answer: Alan Shepard

text: Alan Shepard

question: Which president awarded Alan Shepard the NASA Distinguished Service Medal?

answer: John F. Kennedy

text: John F. Kennedy


text: During the oil boom of the 1970s, Nigeria joined OPEC and the huge revenue generated made the economy richer. Despite huge revenues from oil production and sale, the military administration did little to improve the standard of living of the population, help small and medium businesses, or invest in infrastructure. As oil revenues fuelled the rise of federal subventions to states, the federal government became the centre of political struggle and the threshold of power in the country. As oil production and revenue rose, the Nigerian government became increasingly dependent on oil revenues and the international commodity markets for budgetary and economic concerns. It did not develop other sources of the economy for economic stability. That spelled doom to federalism in Nigeria.

title: Nigeria

title: Nigeria

text: During

text: the

text: oil

text: boom

text: of

text: the

text: Nigeria

text: joined

text: OPEC

text: and

text: the

text: huge

text: revenue

text: generated

text: made

text: the

text: economy

text: richer

text: Despite

text: huge

text: revenues

text: from

text: oil

text: production

text: and

text: sale

text: the

text: military

text: administration

text: did

text: little

text: to

text: improve

text: the

text: standard

text: of

text: living

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: help

text: small

text: and

text: medium

text: businesses

text: or

text: invest

text: in

text: infrastructure

text: As

text: oil

text: revenues

text: fuelled

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: federal

text: subventions

text: to

text: states

text: the

text: federal

text: government

text: became

text: the

text: centre

text: of

text: political

text: struggle

text: and

text: the

text: threshold

text: of

text: power

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: As

text: oil

text: production

text: and

text: revenue

text: rose

text: the

text: Nigerian

text: government

text: became

text: increasingly

text: dependent

text: on

text: oil

text: revenues

text: and

text: the

text: international

text: commodity

text: markets

text: for

text: budgetary

text: and

text: economic

text: concerns

text: It

text: did

text: not

text: develop

text: other

text: sources

text: of

text: the

text: economy

text: for

text: economic

text: stability

text: That

text: spelled

text: doom

text: to

text: federalism

text: in

text: Nigeria

question: Which oil group did Nigeria join?

answer: OPEC

text: OPEC

question: Who failed to use the oil revenues to invest in infrastructure?

answer: the military administration

text: the military administration

question: Overdependence on oil income led to the fall of what form of government in Nigeria?

answer: federalism

text: federalism


text: Socioeconomic factors, in combination with early but enduring views of race, have led to considerable suffering within disadvantaged racial groups. Racial discrimination often coincides with racist mindsets, whereby the individuals and ideologies of one group come to perceive the members of an outgroup as both racially defined and morally inferior. As a result, racial groups possessing relatively little power often find themselves excluded or oppressed, while hegemonic individuals and institutions are charged with holding racist attitudes. Racism has led to many instances of tragedy, including slavery and genocide.

title: Race_(human_categorization)

title: Race_(human_categorization

text: Socioeconomic

text: factors

text: in

text: combination

text: with

text: early

text: but

text: enduring

text: views

text: of

text: race

text: have

text: led

text: to

text: considerable

text: suffering

text: within

text: disadvantaged

text: racial

text: groups

text: Racial

text: discrimination

text: often

text: coincides

text: with

text: racist

text: mindsets

text: whereby

text: the

text: individuals

text: and

text: ideologies

text: of

text: one

text: group

text: come

text: to

text: perceive

text: the

text: members

text: of

text: an

text: outgroup

text: as

text: both

text: racially

text: defined

text: and

text: morally

text: inferior

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: racial

text: groups

text: possessing

text: relatively

text: little

text: power

text: often

text: find

text: themselves

text: excluded

text: or

text: oppressed

text: while

text: hegemonic

text: individuals

text: and

text: institutions

text: are

text: charged

text: with

text: holding

text: racist

text: attitudes

text: Racism

text: has

text: led

text: to

text: many

text: instances

text: of

text: tragedy

text: including

text: slavery

text: and

text: genocide

question: Socioeconomic factors and enduring views on race has led to what for certain racial groups?

answer: considerable suffering

text: considerable suffering

question: What is discrimination often paired with?

answer: racist mindsets

text: racist mindsets

question: What do members of one group typically perceive the moral standing of outgroups as?

answer: inferior

text: inferior

question: What do groups with less power often find themselves?

answer: excluded or oppressed

text: excluded or oppressed

question: What has led to many tragic instances of events like slavery and genocide?

answer: Racism

text: Racism


text: From the Rigveda until the time of Pāṇini (fourth century BCE) the development of the early Vedic language can be observed in other Vedic texts: the Samaveda, Yajurveda, Atharvaveda, Brahmanas, and Upanishads. During this time, the prestige of the language, its use for sacred purposes, and the importance attached to its correct enunciation all served as powerful conservative forces resisting the normal processes of linguistic change. However, there is a clear, five-level linguistic development of Vedic from the Rigveda to the language of the Upanishads and the earliest sutras such as the Baudhayana sutras.

title: Sanskrit

title: Sanskrit

text: From

text: the

text: Rigveda

text: until

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: Pāṇini

text: fourth

text: century

text: BCE

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: the

text: early

text: Vedic

text: language

text: can

text: be

text: observed

text: in

text: other

text: Vedic

text: texts

text: the

text: Samaveda

text: Yajurveda

text: Atharvaveda

text: Brahmanas

text: and

text: Upanishads

text: During

text: this

text: time

text: the

text: prestige

text: of

text: the

text: language

text: its

text: use

text: for

text: sacred

text: purposes

text: and

text: the

text: importance

text: attached

text: to

text: its

text: correct

text: enunciation

text: all

text: served

text: as

text: powerful

text: conservative

text: forces

text: resisting

text: the

text: normal

text: processes

text: of

text: linguistic

text: change

text: However

text: there

text: is

text: a

text: clear

text: five

text: level

text: linguistic

text: development

text: of

text: Vedic

text: from

text: the

text: Rigveda

text: to

text: the

text: language

text: of

text: the

text: Upanishads

text: and

text: the

text: earliest

text: sutras

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Baudhayana

text: sutras

question: When was the time of Panini?

answer: fourth century BCE

text: fourth century BCE

question: What type of text is the Samaveda?

answer: Vedic texts

text: Vedic texts

question: What was Sanskrit used for?

answer: sacred purposes

text: sacred purposes

question: How was Sanskrit viewed to be in relation to maintaining class?

answer: conservative

text: conservative

question: To what did the use of Sanskrit as a upper class language produce a resistance ?

answer: change

text: change


text: Academic higher education in Estonia is divided into three levels: bachelor's, master's, and doctoral studies. In some specialties (basic medical studies, veterinary, pharmacy, dentistry, architect-engineer, and a classroom teacher programme) the bachelor's and master's levels are integrated into one unit. Estonian public universities have significantly more autonomy than applied higher education institutions. In addition to organising the academic life of the university, universities can create new curricula, establish admission terms and conditions, approve the budget, approve the development plan, elect the rector, and make restricted decisions in matters concerning assets. Estonia has a moderate number of public and private universities. The largest public universities are the University of Tartu, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn University, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Estonian Academy of Arts; the largest private university is Estonian Business School.

title: Estonia

title: Estonia

text: Academic

text: higher

text: education

text: in

text: Estonia

text: is

text: divided

text: into

text: three

text: levels

text: bachelor

text: 's

text: master

text: 's

text: and

text: doctoral

text: studies

text: In

text: some

text: specialties

text: basic

text: medical

text: studies

text: veterinary

text: pharmacy

text: dentistry

text: architect

text: engineer

text: and

text: a

text: classroom

text: teacher

text: programme

text: the

text: bachelor

text: 's

text: and

text: master

text: 's

text: levels

text: are

text: integrated

text: into

text: one

text: unit

text: Estonian

text: public

text: universities

text: have

text: significantly

text: more

text: autonomy

text: than

text: applied

text: higher

text: education

text: institutions

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: organising

text: the

text: academic

text: life

text: of

text: the

text: university

text: universities

text: can

text: create

text: new

text: curricula

text: establish

text: admission

text: terms

text: and

text: conditions

text: approve

text: the

text: budget

text: approve

text: the

text: development

text: plan

text: elect

text: the

text: rector

text: and

text: make

text: restricted

text: decisions

text: in

text: matters

text: concerning

text: assets

text: Estonia

text: has

text: a

text: moderate

text: number

text: of

text: public

text: and

text: private

text: universities

text: The

text: largest

text: public

text: universities

text: are

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Tartu

text: Tallinn

text: University

text: of

text: Technology

text: Tallinn

text: University

text: Estonian

text: University

text: of

text: Life

text: Sciences

text: Estonian

text: Academy

text: of

text: Arts

text: the

text: largest

text: private

text: university

text: is

text: Estonian

text: Business

text: School

question: What are the three levels of higher learning in Estonia?

answer: bachelor's, master's, and doctoral studies

text: bachelor's, master's, and doctoral studies

question: What medical fields have their bachelor's and master's levels combined into one unit?

answer: basic medical studies, veterinary, pharmacy, dentistry

text: basic medical studies, veterinary, pharmacy, dentistry

question: What do Estonian public universities have more of than higher education institutions?

answer: autonomy

text: autonomy

question: What is the largest private university in Estonia?

answer: Estonian Business School

text: Estonian Business School


text: Somali society is traditionally ethnically endogamous. So to extend ties of alliance, marriage is often to another ethnic Somali from a different clan. Thus, for example, a recent study observed that in 89 marriages contracted by men of the Dhulbahante clan, 55 (62%) were with women of Dhulbahante sub-clans other than those of their husbands; 30 (33.7%) were with women of surrounding clans of other clan families (Isaaq, 28; Hawiye, 3); and 3 (4.3%) were with women of other clans of the Darod clan family (Majerteen 2, Ogaden 1).

title: Somalis

title: Somalis

text: Somali

text: society

text: is

text: traditionally

text: ethnically

text: endogamous

text: So

text: to

text: extend

text: ties

text: of

text: alliance

text: marriage

text: is

text: often

text: to

text: another

text: ethnic

text: Somali

text: from

text: a

text: different

text: clan

text: Thus

text: for

text: example

text: a

text: recent

text: study

text: observed

text: that

text: in

text: marriages

text: contracted

text: by

text: men

text: of

text: the

text: Dhulbahante

text: clan

text: were

text: with

text: women

text: of

text: Dhulbahante

text: sub

text: clans

text: other

text: than

text: those

text: of

text: their

text: husbands

text: were

text: with

text: women

text: of

text: surrounding

text: clans

text: of

text: other

text: clan

text: families

text: Isaaq

text: Hawiye

text: and

text: were

text: with

text: women

text: of

text: other

text: clans

text: of

text: the

text: Darod

text: clan

text: family

text: Majerteen

text: Ogaden

question: What practice is often used to bind different clans together?

answer: marriage

text: marriage

question: According to a recent study, how many men of the Dhulbahante clan married women from the Hawiye clan?

answer: 3

question: According to a recent study, how many Dhulbahante men married women of a different Dhulbahante sub-clan?

answer: 55

question: To what clan family do the Ogaden belong?

answer: Darod

text: Darod

question: What percentage of Dhulbahante men married women of the Majerteen or Ogaden?

answer: 4.3%


text: Dumbwaiters are small freight elevators that are intended to carry food, books or other small freight loads rather than passengers. They often connect kitchens to rooms on other floors. they usually do not have the same safety features found in passenger elevators, like various ropes for redundancy. they have a lower capacity, and they can be up to 1 meter (3 ft.) tall. there's a control panel at every stop, that mimics the ones found in passenger elevators, like calling, door control, floor selection.

title: Elevator

title: Elevator

text: Dumbwaiters

text: are

text: small

text: freight

text: elevators

text: that

text: are

text: intended

text: to

text: carry

text: food

text: books

text: or

text: other

text: small

text: freight

text: loads

text: rather

text: than

text: passengers

text: They

text: often

text: connect

text: kitchens

text: to

text: rooms

text: on

text: other

text: floors

text: they

text: usually

text: do

text: not

text: have

text: the

text: same

text: safety

text: features

text: found

text: in

text: passenger

text: elevators

text: like

text: various

text: ropes

text: for

text: redundancy

text: they

text: have

text: a

text: lower

text: capacity

text: and

text: they

text: can

text: be

text: up

text: to

text: meter

text: ft

text: tall

text: there

text: 's

text: a

text: control

text: panel

text: at

text: every

text: stop

text: that

text: mimics

text: the

text: ones

text: found

text: in

text: passenger

text: elevators

text: like

text: calling

text: door

text: control

text: floor

text: selection

question: What are small freight elevators used for things such as food, called?

answer: Dumbwaiters

text: Dumbwaiters

question: What rooms are dumbwaiters frequently used in?

answer: They often connect kitchens to rooms on other floors

text: They often connect kitchens to rooms on other floors

question: What is a safety feature found in passenger elevators they generally do not have?

answer: various ropes for redundancy

text: various ropes for redundancy

question: What is the height restriction on dumbwaiters?

answer: they can be up to 1 meter (3 ft.) tall

text: they can be up to 1 meter (3 ft.) tall

question: What features do they have that mimic passenger elevators?

answer: calling, door control, floor selection

text: calling, door control, floor selection


text: The National Council on Qualifications for the Lighting Professions (NCQLP) offers the Lighting Certification Examination which tests rudimentary lighting design principles. Individuals who pass this exam become ‘Lighting Certified’ and may append the abbreviation LC to their name. This certification process is one of three national (U.S.) examinations (the others are CLEP and CLMC) in the lighting industry and is open not only to designers, but to lighting equipment manufacturers, electric utility employees, etc.

title: Lighting

title: Lighting

text: The

text: National

text: Council

text: on

text: Qualifications

text: for

text: the

text: Lighting

text: Professions

text: NCQLP

text: offers

text: the

text: Lighting

text: Certification

text: Examination

text: which

text: tests

text: rudimentary

text: lighting

text: design

text: principles

text: Individuals

text: who

text: pass

text: this

text: exam

text: become

text: Lighting

text: Certified’

text: and

text: may

text: append

text: the

text: abbreviation

text: LC

text: to

text: their

text: name

text: This

text: certification

text: process

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: three

text: national

text: U.S.

text: examinations

text: the

text: others

text: are

text: CLEP

text: and

text: CLMC

text: in

text: the

text: lighting

text: industry

text: and

text: is

text: open

text: not

text: only

text: to

text: designers

text: but

text: to

text: lighting

text: equipment

text: manufacturers

text: electric

text: utility

text: employees

text: etc

question: Who offers the Lighting Certification Examination?

answer: NCQLP

text: NCQLP

question: What does NCQLP stand for?

answer: The National Council on Qualifications for the Lighting Professions

text: The National Council on Qualifications for the Lighting Professions

question: Which abbreviation can you append to your name after becoming Lighting Certified?

answer: LC

text: LC

question: What other national examinations are available?

answer: CLEP and CLMC

text: CLEP and CLMC


text: Unlike vermilion or red ochre, made from minerals, red lake pigments are made by mixing organic dyes, made from insects or plants, with white chalk or alum. Red lac was made from the gum lac, the dark red resinous substance secreted by various scale insects, particularly the Laccifer lacca from India. Carmine lake was made from the cochineal insect from Central and South America, Kermes lake came from a different scale insect, kermes vermilio, which thrived on oak trees around the Mediterranean. Other red lakes were made from the rose madder plant and from the brazilwood tree.

title: Red

title: Red

text: Unlike

text: vermilion

text: or

text: red

text: ochre

text: made

text: from

text: minerals

text: red

text: lake

text: pigments

text: are

text: made

text: by

text: mixing

text: organic

text: dyes

text: made

text: from

text: insects

text: or

text: plants

text: with

text: white

text: chalk

text: or

text: alum

text: Red

text: lac

text: was

text: made

text: from

text: the

text: gum

text: lac

text: the

text: dark

text: red

text: resinous

text: substance

text: secreted

text: by

text: various

text: scale

text: insects

text: particularly

text: the

text: Laccifer

text: lacca

text: from

text: India

text: Carmine

text: lake

text: was

text: made

text: from

text: the

text: cochineal

text: insect

text: from

text: Central

text: and

text: South

text: America

text: Kermes

text: lake

text: came

text: from

text: a

text: different

text: scale

text: insect

text: kermes

text: vermilio

text: which

text: thrived

text: on

text: oak

text: trees

text: around

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Other

text: red

text: lakes

text: were

text: made

text: from

text: the

text: rose

text: madder

text: plant

text: and

text: from

text: the

text: brazilwood

text: tree

question: What was red ochre composed of?

answer: minerals

text: minerals

question: How were pigments like red lake created?

answer: mixing organic dyes

text: mixing organic dyes

question: What was red lake composed of?

answer: insects or plants, with white chalk or alum

text: insects or plants, with white chalk or alum

question: What was the source of color in Red lac?

answer: the dark red resinous substance secreted by various scale insects

text: the dark red resinous substance secreted by various scale insects

question: The Laccifer lacca was crucial to making what pigment?

answer: Red lac

text: Red lac


text: According to recent estimates, 50% of the population adheres to Christianity, Islam 48%, while 2% of the population follows other religions including traditional African religion and animism. According to a study made by Pew Research Center, 63% adheres to Christianity and 36% adheres to Islam. Since May 2002, the government of Eritrea has officially recognized the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church (Oriental Orthodox), Sunni Islam, the Eritrean Catholic Church (a Metropolitanate sui juris) and the Evangelical Lutheran church. All other faiths and denominations are required to undergo a registration process. Among other things, the government's registration system requires religious groups to submit personal information on their membership to be allowed to worship.

title: Eritrea

title: Eritrea

text: According

text: to

text: recent

text: estimates

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: adheres

text: to

text: Christianity

text: Islam

text: while

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: follows

text: other

text: religions

text: including

text: traditional

text: African

text: religion

text: and

text: animism

text: According

text: to

text: a

text: study

text: made

text: by

text: Pew

text: Research

text: Center

text: adheres

text: to

text: Christianity

text: and

text: adheres

text: to

text: Islam

text: Since

text: May

text: the

text: government

text: of

text: Eritrea

text: has

text: officially

text: recognized

text: the

text: Eritrean

text: Orthodox

text: Tewahedo

text: Church

text: Oriental

text: Orthodox

text: Sunni

text: Islam

text: the

text: Eritrean

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: a

text: Metropolitanate

text: sui

text: juris

text: and

text: the

text: Evangelical

text: Lutheran

text: church

text: All

text: other

text: faiths

text: and

text: denominations

text: are

text: required

text: to

text: undergo

text: a

text: registration

text: process

text: Among

text: other

text: things

text: the

text: government

text: 's

text: registration

text: system

text: requires

text: religious

text: groups

text: to

text: submit

text: personal

text: information

text: on

text: their

text: membership

text: to

text: be

text: allowed

text: to

text: worship

question: What percentage of Eritrea is estimated to adhere to Christianity?

answer: 50%

question: What percentage of Eritrea is estimated to adhere to Islam?

answer: 48%

question: What do unrecognized faiths and denominations in Eritrea have to undergo?

answer: a registration process

text: a registration process

question: When did the Eritrean government begin to officially recognize certain churches?

answer: May 2002

text: May 2002

question: What does the government's registration system require religious groups to submit about their membership?

answer: personal information

text: personal information


text: Paleobotanists study ancient plants in the fossil record to provide information about the evolutionary history of plants. Cyanobacteria, the first oxygen-releasing photosynthetic organisms on Earth, are thought to have given rise to the ancestor of plants by entering into an endosymbiotic relationship with an early eukaryote, ultimately becoming the chloroplasts in plant cells. The new photosynthetic plants (along with their algal relatives) accelerated the rise in atmospheric oxygen started by the cyanobacteria, changing the ancient oxygen-free, reducing, atmosphere to one in which free oxygen has been abundant for more than 2 billion years.

title: Botany

title: Botany

text: Paleobotanists

text: study

text: ancient

text: plants

text: in

text: the

text: fossil

text: record

text: to

text: provide

text: information

text: about

text: the

text: evolutionary

text: history

text: of

text: plants

text: Cyanobacteria

text: the

text: first

text: oxygen

text: releasing

text: photosynthetic

text: organisms

text: on

text: Earth

text: are

text: thought

text: to

text: have

text: given

text: rise

text: to

text: the

text: ancestor

text: of

text: plants

text: by

text: entering

text: into

text: an

text: endosymbiotic

text: relationship

text: with

text: an

text: early

text: eukaryote

text: ultimately

text: becoming

text: the

text: chloroplasts

text: in

text: plant

text: cells

text: The

text: new

text: photosynthetic

text: plants

text: along

text: with

text: their

text: algal

text: relatives

text: accelerated

text: the

text: rise

text: in

text: atmospheric

text: oxygen

text: started

text: by

text: the

text: cyanobacteria

text: changing

text: the

text: ancient

text: oxygen

text: free

text: reducing

text: atmosphere

text: to

text: one

text: in

text: which

text: free

text: oxygen

text: has

text: been

text: abundant

text: for

text: more

text: than

text: billion

text: years

question: What is the study of ancient, fossilized plants?

answer: Paleobotanists

text: Paleobotanists

question: What organism is credited with starting the oxygen-rich atmosphere on Earth?

answer: cyanobacteria

text: cyanobacteria

question: What can scientists learn from the fossil record?

answer: evolutionary history of plants

text: evolutionary history of plants

question: What was the first organism to produce oxygen through photosynthesis?

answer: Cyanobacteria

text: Cyanobacteria


text: Detroit and the rest of southeastern Michigan have a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa) which is influenced by the Great Lakes; the city and close-in suburbs are part of USDA Hardiness zone 6b, with farther-out northern and western suburbs generally falling in zone 6a. Winters are cold, with moderate snowfall and temperatures not rising above freezing on an average 44 days annually, while dropping to or below 0 °F (−18 °C) on an average 4.4 days a year; summers are warm to hot with temperatures exceeding 90 °F (32 °C) on 12 days. The warm season runs from May to September. The monthly daily mean temperature ranges from 25.6 °F (−3.6 °C) in January to 73.6 °F (23.1 °C) in July. Official temperature extremes range from 105 °F (41 °C) on July 24, 1934 down to −21 °F (−29 °C) on January 21, 1984; the record low maximum is −4 °F (−20 °C) on January 19, 1994, while, conversely the record high minimum is 80 °F (27 °C) on August 1, 2006, the most recent of five occurrences. A decade or two may pass between readings of 100 °F (38 °C) or higher, which last occurred July 17, 2012. The average window for freezing temperatures is October 20 thru April 22, allowing a growing season of 180 days.

title: Detroit

title: Detroit

text: Detroit

text: and

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: southeastern

text: Michigan

text: have

text: a

text: humid

text: continental

text: climate

text: Köppen

text: Dfa

text: which

text: is

text: influenced

text: by

text: the

text: Great

text: Lakes

text: the

text: city

text: and

text: close

text: in

text: suburbs

text: are

text: part

text: of

text: USDA

text: Hardiness

text: zone

text: with

text: farther

text: out

text: northern

text: and

text: western

text: suburbs

text: generally

text: falling

text: in

text: zone

text: Winters

text: are

text: cold

text: with

text: moderate

text: snowfall

text: and

text: temperatures

text: not

text: rising

text: above

text: freezing

text: on

text: an

text: average

text: days

text: annually

text: while

text: dropping

text: to

text: or

text: below

text: F

text: C

text: on

text: an

text: average

text: days

text: a

text: year

text: summers

text: are

text: warm

text: to

text: hot

text: with

text: temperatures

text: exceeding

text: F

text: C

text: on

text: days

text: The

text: warm

text: season

text: runs

text: from

text: May

text: to

text: September

text: The

text: monthly

text: daily

text: mean

text: temperature

text: ranges

text: from

text: F

text: C

text: in

text: January

text: to

text: F

text: C

text: in

text: July

text: Official

text: temperature

text: extremes

text: range

text: from

text: F

text: C

text: on

text: July

text: down

text: to

text: F

text: C

text: on

text: January

text: the

text: record

text: low

text: maximum

text: is

text: −4

text: F

text: C

text: on

text: January

text: while

text: conversely

text: the

text: record

text: high

text: minimum

text: is

text: F

text: C

text: on

text: August

text: the

text: most

text: recent

text: of

text: five

text: occurrences

text: A

text: decade

text: or

text: two

text: may

text: pass

text: between

text: readings

text: of

text: F

text: C

text: or

text: higher

text: which

text: last

text: occurred

text: July

text: The

text: average

text: window

text: for

text: freezing

text: temperatures

text: is

text: October

text: thru

text: April

text: allowing

text: a

text: growing

text: season

text: of

text: days

question: What body of water affects Detroit's climate?

answer: Great Lakes

text: Great Lakes

question: How many days a year does the temperature in Detroit drop below 0?

answer: 4.4

question: When is the warm season in Detroit?

answer: May to September

text: May to September


text: Over the past two years,[clarification needed] dozens of rights-holders, including Sony Music, have sent complaints about Wikipedia.org directly to Google to have content removed.

title: Sony_Music_Entertainment

title: Sony_Music_Entertainment

text: Over

text: the

text: past

text: two

text: years,[clarification

text: needed

text: dozens

text: of

text: rights

text: holders

text: including

text: Sony

text: Music

text: have

text: sent

text: complaints

text: about

text: Wikipedia.org

text: directly

text: to

text: Google

text: to

text: have

text: content

text: removed

question: What search engine company giant has Sony sent requests to regarding content on a website?

answer: Google

text: Google

question: What website does Sony have complaints against?

answer: Wikipedia.org

text: Wikipedia.org


text: Lower interest rates encouraged borrowing. From 2000 to 2003, the Federal Reserve lowered the federal funds rate target from 6.5% to 1.0%. This was done to soften the effects of the collapse of the dot-com bubble and the September 2001 terrorist attacks, as well as to combat a perceived risk of deflation. As early as 2002 it was apparent that credit was fueling housing instead of business investment as some economists went so far as to advocate that the Fed "needs to create a housing bubble to replace the Nasdaq bubble". Moreover, empirical studies using data from advanced countries show that excessive credit growth contributed greatly to the severity of the crisis.

title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

text: Lower

text: interest

text: rates

text: encouraged

text: borrowing

text: From

text: to

text: the

text: Federal

text: Reserve

text: lowered

text: the

text: federal

text: funds

text: rate

text: target

text: from

text: to

text: This

text: was

text: done

text: to

text: soften

text: the

text: effects

text: of

text: the

text: collapse

text: of

text: the

text: dot

text: com

text: bubble

text: and

text: the

text: September

text: terrorist

text: attacks

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: to

text: combat

text: a

text: perceived

text: risk

text: of

text: deflation

text: As

text: early

text: as

text: it

text: was

text: apparent

text: that

text: credit

text: was

text: fueling

text: housing

text: instead

text: of

text: business

text: investment

text: as

text: some

text: economists

text: went

text: so

text: far

text: as

text: to

text: advocate

text: that

text: the

text: Fed

text: needs

text: to

text: create

text: a

text: housing

text: bubble

text: to

text: replace

text: the

text: Nasdaq

text: bubble

text: Moreover

text: empirical

text: studies

text: using

text: data

text: from

text: advanced

text: countries

text: show

text: that

text: excessive

text: credit

text: growth

text: contributed

text: greatly

text: to

text: the

text: severity

text: of

text: the

text: crisis

question: Was was the federal funds rate target lowered to by the Federal Reserve in 2003?

answer: 1.0%

question: What is one reason the Federal Reserve lowered the federal funds rate target to 1.0% in 2003?

answer: to combat a perceived risk of deflation

text: to combat a perceived risk of deflation

question: In the early 2000s, what type bubble did some economists believe the Fed needed to create to replace the Nasdaq bubble?

answer: a housing bubble

text: a housing bubble

question: What contributed greatly to the severity of the financial crisis of 2007?

answer: excessive credit growth

text: excessive credit growth

question: What encouraged borrowing from 2000 to 2003?

answer: Lower interest rates

text: Lower interest rates


text: The year 2000 brought heightened interest in the AFL. Then-St. Louis Rams quarterback Kurt Warner, who was MVP of Super Bowl XXXIV, was first noticed because he played quarterback for the AFL's Iowa Barnstormers. While many sports commentators and fans continued to ridicule the league, Warner's story gave the league positive exposure, and it brought the league a new television deal with TNN, which, unlike ESPN, televised regular season games live. While it was not financially lucrative, it helped set the stage for what the league would become in the new millennium. Also, the year also brought a spin-off league, the AF2, intended to be a developmental league, comparable to the National Football League's NFL Europe. There was a lot of expansion in the 2000s. Expansion teams included the Austin Wranglers, Carolina Cobras, Los Angeles Avengers, Chicago Rush, Detroit Fury, Dallas Desperados, Colorado Crush, New Orleans VooDoo, Philadelphia Soul, Nashville Kats, Kansas City Brigade, New York Dragons and Utah Blaze. Some of these teams, including the Crush, Desperados, Kats, and VooDoo, were owned by the same group which owned the NFL teams in their host cities. The NFL purchased, but never exercised, an option to buy a major interest the AFL. Of all of these teams, only the Soul still compete in the AFL as of now.

title: Arena_Football_League

title: Arena_Football_League

text: The

text: year

text: brought

text: heightened

text: interest

text: in

text: the

text: AFL

text: Then

text: St

text: Louis

text: Rams

text: quarterback

text: Kurt

text: Warner

text: who

text: was

text: MVP

text: of

text: Super

text: Bowl

text: XXXIV

text: was

text: first

text: noticed

text: because

text: he

text: played

text: quarterback

text: for

text: the

text: AFL

text: 's

text: Iowa

text: Barnstormers

text: While

text: many

text: sports

text: commentators

text: and

text: fans

text: continued

text: to

text: ridicule

text: the

text: league

text: Warner

text: 's

text: story

text: gave

text: the

text: league

text: positive

text: exposure

text: and

text: it

text: brought

text: the

text: league

text: a

text: new

text: television

text: deal

text: with

text: TNN

text: which

text: unlike

text: ESPN

text: televised

text: regular

text: season

text: games

text: live

text: While

text: it

text: was

text: not

text: financially

text: lucrative

text: it

text: helped

text: set

text: the

text: stage

text: for

text: what

text: the

text: league

text: would

text: become

text: in

text: the

text: new

text: millennium

text: Also

text: the

text: year

text: also

text: brought

text: a

text: spin

text: off

text: league

text: the

text: intended

text: to

text: be

text: a

text: developmental

text: league

text: comparable

text: to

text: the

text: National

text: Football

text: League

text: 's

text: NFL

text: Europe

text: There

text: was

text: a

text: lot

text: of

text: expansion

text: in

text: the

text: Expansion

text: teams

text: included

text: the

text: Austin

text: Wranglers

text: Carolina

text: Cobras

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: Avengers

text: Chicago

text: Rush

text: Detroit

text: Fury

text: Dallas

text: Desperados

text: Colorado

text: Crush

text: New

text: Orleans

text: VooDoo

text: Philadelphia

text: Soul

text: Nashville

text: Kats

text: Kansas

text: City

text: Brigade

text: New

text: York

text: Dragons

text: and

text: Utah

text: Blaze

text: Some

text: of

text: these

text: teams

text: including

text: the

text: Crush

text: Desperados

text: Kats

text: and

text: VooDoo

text: were

text: owned

text: by

text: the

text: same

text: group

text: which

text: owned

text: the

text: NFL

text: teams

text: in

text: their

text: host

text: cities

text: The

text: NFL

text: purchased

text: but

text: never

text: exercised

text: an

text: option

text: to

text: buy

text: a

text: major

text: interest

text: the

text: AFL

text: Of

text: all

text: of

text: these

text: teams

text: only

text: the

text: Soul

text: still

text: compete

text: in

text: the

text: AFL

text: as

text: of

text: now

question: What AFL team did Kurt Warner play for?

answer: Iowa Barnstormers

text: Iowa Barnstormers

question: Kurt Warner was the Most Valuable Player in what Super Bowl?

answer: Super Bowl XXXIV

text: Super Bowl XXXIV

question: What NFL team did Kurt Warner play for?

answer: St. Louis Rams

text: St. Louis Rams

question: What television network did the AFL sign a deal with in 2000?

answer: TNN

text: TNN

question: What was the name of the AFL team based in New Orleans?

answer: VooDoo

text: VooDoo


text: West's middle-class background, flamboyant fashion sense and outspokenness have additionally set him apart from other rappers. Early in his career, he was among the first rappers to publicly criticize the preponderance of homophobia in hip hop. The sales competition between rapper 50 Cent's Curtis and West's Graduation altered the direction of hip hop and helped pave the way for new rappers who did not follow the hardcore-gangster mold. Rosie Swash of The Guardian viewed the sales competition as a historical moment in hip-hop, because it "highlighted the diverging facets of hip-hop in the last decade; the former was gangsta rap for the noughties, while West was the thinking man's alternative." Rolling Stone credited West with transforming hip hop's mainstream, "establishing a style of introspective yet glossy rap [...]", and called him "as interesting and complicated a pop star as the 2000s produced—a rapper who mastered, upped and moved beyond the hip-hop game, a producer who created a signature sound and then abandoned it to his imitators, a flashy, free-spending sybarite with insightful things to say about college, culture and economics, an egomaniac with more than enough artistic firepower to back it up." His 2008 album 808s & Heartbreak polarized both listeners and critics upon its release, but was commercially successful and impacted hip hop and pop stylistically, as it laid the groundwork for a new wave of artists who generally eschewed typical rap braggadocio for intimate subject matter and introspection, including Frank Ocean, The Weeknd, Drake, Future, Kid Cudi, Childish Gambino, Lil Durk, Chief Keef, and Soulja Boy. According to Ben Detrick of XXL magazine, West effectively led a new wave of artists, including Kid Cudi, Wale, Lupe Fiasco, Kidz in the Hall, and Drake, who lacked the interest or ability to rap about gunplay or drug-dealing.

title: Kanye_West

title: Kanye_West

text: West

text: 's

text: middle

text: class

text: background

text: flamboyant

text: fashion

text: sense

text: and

text: outspokenness

text: have

text: additionally

text: set

text: him

text: apart

text: from

text: other

text: rappers

text: Early

text: in

text: his

text: career

text: he

text: was

text: among

text: the

text: first

text: rappers

text: to

text: publicly

text: criticize

text: the

text: preponderance

text: of

text: homophobia

text: in

text: hip

text: hop

text: The

text: sales

text: competition

text: between

text: rapper

text: Cent

text: 's

text: Curtis

text: and

text: West

text: 's

text: Graduation

text: altered

text: the

text: direction

text: of

text: hip

text: hop

text: and

text: helped

text: pave

text: the

text: way

text: for

text: new

text: rappers

text: who

text: did

text: not

text: follow

text: the

text: hardcore

text: gangster

text: mold

text: Rosie

text: Swash

text: of

text: The

text: Guardian

text: viewed

text: the

text: sales

text: competition

text: as

text: a

text: historical

text: moment

text: in

text: hip

text: hop

text: because

text: it

text: highlighted

text: the

text: diverging

text: facets

text: of

text: hip

text: hop

text: in

text: the

text: last

text: decade

text: the

text: former

text: was

text: gangsta

text: rap

text: for

text: the

text: noughties

text: while

text: West

text: was

text: the

text: thinking

text: man

text: 's

text: alternative

text: Rolling

text: Stone

text: credited

text: West

text: with

text: transforming

text: hip

text: hop

text: 's

text: mainstream

text: establishing

text: a

text: style

text: of

text: introspective

text: yet

text: glossy

text: rap

text: and

text: called

text: him

text: as

text: interesting

text: and

text: complicated

text: a

text: pop

text: star

text: as

text: the

text: produced

text: a

text: rapper

text: who

text: mastered

text: upped

text: and

text: moved

text: beyond

text: the

text: hip

text: hop

text: game

text: a

text: producer

text: who

text: created

text: a

text: signature

text: sound

text: and

text: then

text: abandoned

text: it

text: to

text: his

text: imitators

text: a

text: flashy

text: free

text: spending

text: sybarite

text: with

text: insightful

text: things

text: to

text: say

text: about

text: college

text: culture

text: and

text: economics

text: an

text: egomaniac

text: with

text: more

text: than

text: enough

text: artistic

text: firepower

text: to

text: back

text: it

text: up

text: His

text: album

text: Heartbreak

text: polarized

text: both

text: listeners

text: and

text: critics

text: upon

text: its

text: release

text: but

text: was

text: commercially

text: successful

text: and

text: impacted

text: hip

text: hop

text: and

text: pop

text: stylistically

text: as

text: it

text: laid

text: the

text: groundwork

text: for

text: a

text: new

text: wave

text: of

text: artists

text: who

text: generally

text: eschewed

text: typical

text: rap

text: braggadocio

text: for

text: intimate

text: subject

text: matter

text: and

text: introspection

text: including

text: Frank

text: Ocean

text: The

text: Weeknd

text: Drake

text: Future

text: Kid

text: Cudi

text: Childish

text: Gambino

text: Lil

text: Durk

text: Chief

text: Keef

text: and

text: Soulja

text: Boy

text: According

text: to

text: Ben

text: Detrick

text: of

text: XXL

text: magazine

text: West

text: effectively

text: led

text: a

text: new

text: wave

text: of

text: artists

text: including

text: Kid

text: Cudi

text: Wale

text: Lupe

text: Fiasco

text: Kidz

text: in

text: the

text: Hall

text: and

text: Drake

text: who

text: lacked

text: the

text: interest

text: or

text: ability

text: to

text: rap

text: about

text: gunplay

text: or

text: drug

text: dealing

question: What overabundance of themes did Kanye criticize early in his career?

answer: homophobia in hip hop

text: homophobia in hip hop

question: The shift away from what genre of rap is Kanye credited for?

answer: gangsta rap

text: gangsta rap

question: What kind of background did Kanye West grow up in?

answer: middle-class

text: middle-class

question: Who did Kanye West have a sales competition with during his album release of Graduation?

answer: 50 Cent

text: 50 Cent

question: Who said that Kanye West effectively led a new wave of artists that weren't only interested in rapping about gunplay or drug dealing?

answer: Ben Detrick

text: Ben Detrick


text: In September 1216 John began a fresh, vigorous attack. He marched from the Cotswolds, feigned an offensive to relieve the besieged Windsor Castle, and attacked eastwards around London to Cambridge to separate the rebel-held areas of Lincolnshire and East Anglia. From there he travelled north to relieve the rebel siege at Lincoln and back east to King's Lynn, probably to order further supplies from the continent.[nb 17] In King's Lynn, John contracted dysentery, which would ultimately prove fatal. Meanwhile, Alexander II invaded northern England again, taking Carlisle in August and then marching south to give homage to Prince Louis for his English possessions; John narrowly missed intercepting Alexander along the way. Tensions between Louis and the English barons began to increase, prompting a wave of desertions, including William Marshal's son William and William Longespée, who both returned to John's faction.

title: John,_King_of_England

title: John,_King_of_England

text: In

text: September

text: John

text: began

text: a

text: fresh

text: vigorous

text: attack

text: He

text: marched

text: from

text: the

text: Cotswolds

text: feigned

text: an

text: offensive

text: to

text: relieve

text: the

text: besieged

text: Windsor

text: Castle

text: and

text: attacked

text: eastwards

text: around

text: London

text: to

text: Cambridge

text: to

text: separate

text: the

text: rebel

text: held

text: areas

text: of

text: Lincolnshire

text: and

text: East

text: Anglia

text: From

text: there

text: he

text: travelled

text: north

text: to

text: relieve

text: the

text: rebel

text: siege

text: at

text: Lincoln

text: and

text: back

text: east

text: to

text: King

text: 's

text: Lynn

text: probably

text: to

text: order

text: further

text: supplies

text: from

text: the

text: continent.[nb

text: In

text: King

text: 's

text: Lynn

text: John

text: contracted

text: dysentery

text: which

text: would

text: ultimately

text: prove

text: fatal

text: Meanwhile

text: Alexander

text: II

text: invaded

text: northern

text: England

text: again

text: taking

text: Carlisle

text: in

text: August

text: and

text: then

text: marching

text: south

text: to

text: give

text: homage

text: to

text: Prince

text: Louis

text: for

text: his

text: English

text: possessions

text: John

text: narrowly

text: missed

text: intercepting

text: Alexander

text: along

text: the

text: way

text: Tensions

text: between

text: Louis

text: and

text: the

text: English

text: barons

text: began

text: to

text: increase

text: prompting

text: a

text: wave

text: of

text: desertions

text: including

text: William

text: Marshal

text: 's

text: son

text: William

text: and

text: William

text: Longespée

text: who

text: both

text: returned

text: to

text: John

text: 's

text: faction

question: When did John begin a fresh, vigorous attack?

answer: September 1216

text: September 1216

question: Where did John march from?

answer: Cotswolds

text: Cotswolds

question: Where did John contract dysentery?

answer: King's Lynn

text: King's Lynn

question: Who invaded northern England?

answer: Alexander II

text: Alexander II


text: HDTV technology was introduced in the United States in the late 1980s and made official in 1993 by the Digital HDTV Grand Alliance, a group of television, electronic equipment, communications companies consisting of AT&T Bell Labs, General Instrument, Philips, Sarnoff, Thomson, Zenith and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Field testing of HDTV at 199 sites in the United States was completed August 14, 1994. The first public HDTV broadcast in the United States occurred on July 23, 1996 when the Raleigh, North Carolina television station WRAL-HD began broadcasting from the existing tower of WRAL-TV southeast of Raleigh, winning a race to be first with the HD Model Station in Washington, D.C., which began broadcasting July 31, 1996 with the callsign WHD-TV, based out of the facilities of NBC owned and operated station WRC-TV. The American Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) HDTV system had its public launch on October 29, 1998, during the live coverage of astronaut John Glenn's return mission to space on board the Space Shuttle Discovery. The signal was transmitted coast-to-coast, and was seen by the public in science centers, and other public theaters specially equipped to receive and display the broadcast.

title: High-definition_television

title: High

title: definition_television

text: HDTV

text: technology

text: was

text: introduced

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: and

text: made

text: official

text: in

text: by

text: the

text: Digital

text: HDTV

text: Grand

text: Alliance

text: a

text: group

text: of

text: television

text: electronic

text: equipment

text: communications

text: companies

text: consisting

text: of

text: AT&T

text: Bell

text: Labs

text: General

text: Instrument

text: Philips

text: Sarnoff

text: Thomson

text: Zenith

text: and

text: the

text: Massachusetts

text: Institute

text: of

text: Technology

text: Field

text: testing

text: of

text: HDTV

text: at

text: sites

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: was

text: completed

text: August

text: The

text: first

text: public

text: HDTV

text: broadcast

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: occurred

text: on

text: July

text: when

text: the

text: Raleigh

text: North

text: Carolina

text: television

text: station

text: WRAL

text: HD

text: began

text: broadcasting

text: from

text: the

text: existing

text: tower

text: of

text: WRAL

text: TV

text: southeast

text: of

text: Raleigh

text: winning

text: a

text: race

text: to

text: be

text: first

text: with

text: the

text: HD

text: Model

text: Station

text: in

text: Washington

text: D.C.

text: which

text: began

text: broadcasting

text: July

text: with

text: the

text: callsign

text: WHD

text: TV

text: based

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: facilities

text: of

text: NBC

text: owned

text: and

text: operated

text: station

text: WRC

text: TV

text: The

text: American

text: Advanced

text: Television

text: Systems

text: Committee

text: ATSC

text: HDTV

text: system

text: had

text: its

text: public

text: launch

text: on

text: October

text: during

text: the

text: live

text: coverage

text: of

text: astronaut

text: John

text: Glenn

text: 's

text: return

text: mission

text: to

text: space

text: on

text: board

text: the

text: Space

text: Shuttle

text: Discovery

text: The

text: signal

text: was

text: transmitted

text: coast

text: to

text: coast

text: and

text: was

text: seen

text: by

text: the

text: public

text: in

text: science

text: centers

text: and

text: other

text: public

text: theaters

text: specially

text: equipped

text: to

text: receive

text: and

text: display

text: the

text: broadcast

question: When was HDTV introduced in the US?

answer: late 1980s

text: late 1980s

question: Who made HDTV official in 1993?

answer: the Digital HDTV Grand Alliance

text: the Digital HDTV Grand Alliance

question: AT&T, Philips, Zenith, and MIT, among others, made up what group in the 90's?

answer: the Digital HDTV Grand Alliance

text: the Digital HDTV Grand Alliance

question: When did the first public HDTV broadcast happen in the US?

answer: July 23, 1996

text: July 23, 1996

question: What does ATSC stand for?

answer: Advanced Television Systems Committee

text: Advanced Television Systems Committee


text: In the Low Middle Ages, Catalan went through a golden age, reaching a peak of maturity and cultural richness. Examples include the work of Majorcan polymath Ramon Llull (1232–1315), the Four Great Chronicles (13th–14th centuries), and the Valencian school of poetry culminating in Ausiàs March (1397–1459). By the 15th century, the city of Valencia had become the sociocultural center of the Crown of Aragon, and Catalan was present all over the Mediterranean world. During this period, the Royal Chancery propagated a highly standardized language. Catalan was widely used as an official language in Sicily until the 15th century, and in Sardinia until the 17th. During this period, the language was what Costa Carreras terms "one of the 'great languages' of medieval Europe".

title: Catalan_language

title: Catalan_language

text: In

text: the

text: Low

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: Catalan

text: went

text: through

text: a

text: golden

text: age

text: reaching

text: a

text: peak

text: of

text: maturity

text: and

text: cultural

text: richness

text: Examples

text: include

text: the

text: work

text: of

text: Majorcan

text: polymath

text: Ramon

text: Llull

text: the

text: Four

text: Great

text: Chronicles

text: centuries

text: and

text: the

text: Valencian

text: school

text: of

text: poetry

text: culminating

text: in

text: Ausiàs

text: March

text: By

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Valencia

text: had

text: become

text: the

text: sociocultural

text: center

text: of

text: the

text: Crown

text: of

text: Aragon

text: and

text: Catalan

text: was

text: present

text: all

text: over

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: world

text: During

text: this

text: period

text: the

text: Royal

text: Chancery

text: propagated

text: a

text: highly

text: standardized

text: language

text: Catalan

text: was

text: widely

text: used

text: as

text: an

text: official

text: language

text: in

text: Sicily

text: until

text: the

text: century

text: and

text: in

text: Sardinia

text: until

text: the

text: During

text: this

text: period

text: the

text: language

text: was

text: what

text: Costa

text: Carreras

text: terms

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: great

text: languages

text: of

text: medieval

text: Europe

question: When was the golden age of Catalan?

answer: Low Middle Ages

text: Low Middle Ages

question: Where was the center of the Crown of Aragon?

answer: city of Valencia

text: city of Valencia

question: What was the official language of Sicily until the 15th century?

answer: Catalan

text: Catalan

question: Until what century was Catalan used as the official language in Sardinia?

answer: 17th

question: Who called Catalan one of the great languages?

answer: Costa Carreras

text: Costa Carreras


text: During the Napoleonic Occupation of Spain, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a Catholic priest of progressive ideas, declared Mexican independence in the small town of Dolores, Guanajuato on September 16, 1810 with a proclamation known as the "Grito de Dolores". Hidalgo built a large support among intellectuals, liberal priests and many poor people. Hidalgo fought to protect the rights of the poor and indigenous population. He started on a march to the capital, Mexico City, but retreated back north when faced with the elite of the royal forces at the outskirts of the capital. He established a liberal government from Guadalajara, Jalisco but was soon forced to flee north by the royal forces that recaptured the city. Hidalgo attempted to reach the United States and gain American support for Mexican independence. HIdalgo reached Saltillo, Coahuila where he publicly resigned his military post and rejected a pardon offered by Viceroy Francisco Venegas in return for Hidalgo's surrender. A short time later, he and his supporters were captured by royalist Ignacio Elizondo at the Wells of Baján (Norias de Baján) on March 21, 1811 and taken to the city of Chihuahua. Hidalgo forced the Bishop of Valladolid, Manuel Abad y Queipo, to rescind the excommunication order he had circulated against him on September 24, 1810. Later, the Inquisition issued an excommunication edict on October 13, 1810 condemning Miguel Hidalgo as a seditionary, apostate, and heretic.

title: Chihuahua_(state)

title: Chihuahua_(state

text: During

text: the

text: Napoleonic

text: Occupation

text: of

text: Spain

text: Miguel

text: Hidalgo

text: y

text: Costilla

text: a

text: Catholic

text: priest

text: of

text: progressive

text: ideas

text: declared

text: Mexican

text: independence

text: in

text: the

text: small

text: town

text: of

text: Dolores

text: Guanajuato

text: on

text: September

text: with

text: a

text: proclamation

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Grito

text: de

text: Dolores

text: Hidalgo

text: built

text: a

text: large

text: support

text: among

text: intellectuals

text: liberal

text: priests

text: and

text: many

text: poor

text: people

text: Hidalgo

text: fought

text: to

text: protect

text: the

text: rights

text: of

text: the

text: poor

text: and

text: indigenous

text: population

text: He

text: started

text: on

text: a

text: march

text: to

text: the

text: capital

text: Mexico

text: City

text: but

text: retreated

text: back

text: north

text: when

text: faced

text: with

text: the

text: elite

text: of

text: the

text: royal

text: forces

text: at

text: the

text: outskirts

text: of

text: the

text: capital

text: He

text: established

text: a

text: liberal

text: government

text: from

text: Guadalajara

text: Jalisco

text: but

text: was

text: soon

text: forced

text: to

text: flee

text: north

text: by

text: the

text: royal

text: forces

text: that

text: recaptured

text: the

text: city

text: Hidalgo

text: attempted

text: to

text: reach

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: gain

text: American

text: support

text: for

text: Mexican

text: independence

text: HIdalgo

text: reached

text: Saltillo

text: Coahuila

text: where

text: he

text: publicly

text: resigned

text: his

text: military

text: post

text: and

text: rejected

text: a

text: pardon

text: offered

text: by

text: Viceroy

text: Francisco

text: Venegas

text: in

text: return

text: for

text: Hidalgo

text: 's

text: surrender

text: A

text: short

text: time

text: later

text: he

text: and

text: his

text: supporters

text: were

text: captured

text: by

text: royalist

text: Ignacio

text: Elizondo

text: at

text: the

text: Wells

text: of

text: Baján

text: Norias

text: de

text: Baján

text: on

text: March

text: and

text: taken

text: to

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Chihuahua

text: Hidalgo

text: forced

text: the

text: Bishop

text: of

text: Valladolid

text: Manuel

text: Abad

text: y

text: Queipo

text: to

text: rescind

text: the

text: excommunication

text: order

text: he

text: had

text: circulated

text: against

text: him

text: on

text: September

text: Later

text: the

text: Inquisition

text: issued

text: an

text: excommunication

text: edict

text: on

text: October

text: condemning

text: Miguel

text: Hidalgo

text: as

text: a

text: seditionary

text: apostate

text: and

text: heretic

question: What was the name of the town in which Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla declared independence?

answer: Dolores

text: Dolores

question: What was the name of the Proclamation?

answer: Grito de Dolores

text: Grito de Dolores

question: What was Hidalgo's occupation?

answer: priest

text: priest

question: What was the name of the royalist who captured Hidalgo?

answer: Ignacio Elizondo

text: Ignacio Elizondo

question: Which country had Hidalgo attempted to reach to gain support?

answer: United States

text: United States


text: Most sexually reproducing organisms are diploid, with paired chromosomes, but doubling of their chromosome number may occur due to errors in cytokinesis. This can occur early in development to produce an autopolyploid or partly autopolyploid organism, or during normal processes of cellular differentiation to produce some cell types that are polyploid (endopolyploidy), or during gamete formation. An allopolyploid plant may result from a hybridisation event between two different species. Both autopolyploid and allopolyploid plants can often reproduce normally, but may be unable to cross-breed successfully with the parent population because there is a mismatch in chromosome numbers. These plants that are reproductively isolated from the parent species but live within the same geographical area, may be sufficiently successful to form a new species. Some otherwise sterile plant polyploids can still reproduce vegetatively or by seed apomixis, forming clonal populations of identical individuals. Durum wheat is a fertile tetraploid allopolyploid, while bread wheat is a fertile hexaploid. The commercial banana is an example of a sterile, seedless triploid hybrid. Common dandelion is a triploid that produces viable seeds by apomictic seed.

title: Botany

title: Botany

text: Most

text: sexually

text: reproducing

text: organisms

text: are

text: diploid

text: with

text: paired

text: chromosomes

text: but

text: doubling

text: of

text: their

text: chromosome

text: number

text: may

text: occur

text: due

text: to

text: errors

text: in

text: cytokinesis

text: This

text: can

text: occur

text: early

text: in

text: development

text: to

text: produce

text: an

text: autopolyploid

text: or

text: partly

text: autopolyploid

text: organism

text: or

text: during

text: normal

text: processes

text: of

text: cellular

text: differentiation

text: to

text: produce

text: some

text: cell

text: types

text: that

text: are

text: polyploid

text: endopolyploidy

text: or

text: during

text: gamete

text: formation

text: An

text: allopolyploid

text: plant

text: may

text: result

text: from

text: a

text: hybridisation

text: event

text: between

text: two

text: different

text: species

text: Both

text: autopolyploid

text: and

text: allopolyploid

text: plants

text: can

text: often

text: reproduce

text: normally

text: but

text: may

text: be

text: unable

text: to

text: cross

text: breed

text: successfully

text: with

text: the

text: parent

text: population

text: because

text: there

text: is

text: a

text: mismatch

text: in

text: chromosome

text: numbers

text: These

text: plants

text: that

text: are

text: reproductively

text: isolated

text: from

text: the

text: parent

text: species

text: but

text: live

text: within

text: the

text: same

text: geographical

text: area

text: may

text: be

text: sufficiently

text: successful

text: to

text: form

text: a

text: new

text: species

text: Some

text: otherwise

text: sterile

text: plant

text: polyploids

text: can

text: still

text: reproduce

text: vegetatively

text: or

text: by

text: seed

text: apomixis

text: forming

text: clonal

text: populations

text: of

text: identical

text: individuals

text: Durum

text: wheat

text: is

text: a

text: fertile

text: tetraploid

text: allopolyploid

text: while

text: bread

text: wheat

text: is

text: a

text: fertile

text: hexaploid

text: The

text: commercial

text: banana

text: is

text: an

text: example

text: of

text: a

text: sterile

text: seedless

text: triploid

text: hybrid

text: Common

text: dandelion

text: is

text: a

text: triploid

text: that

text: produces

text: viable

text: seeds

text: by

text: apomictic

text: seed

question: What can cause the doubling of chromosome pairs?

answer: errors in cytokinesis

text: errors in cytokinesis

question: Are the plants produced by this error, able to reproduce?

answer: often reproduce normally

text: often reproduce normally

question: Can these plants cross breed with the parent population of plants?

answer: unable to cross-breed successfully

text: unable to cross-breed successfully

question: What happens to these new plants if they are able to reproduce?

answer: form a new species

text: form a new species

question: What is a yellow example of a sterile,hybrid plant with no seeds?

answer: commercial banana

text: commercial banana


text: Apple's application to the United States Patent and Trademark Office for a patent on "rotational user inputs", as used on the iPod interface, received a third "non-final rejection" (NFR) in August 2005. Also in August 2005, Creative Technology, one of Apple's main rivals in the MP3 player market, announced that it held a patent on part of the music selection interface used by the iPod line, which Creative Technology dubbed the "Zen Patent", granted on August 9, 2005. On May 15, 2006, Creative filed another suit against Apple with the United States District Court for the Northern District of California. Creative also asked the United States International Trade Commission to investigate whether Apple was breaching U.S. trade laws by importing iPods into the United States.

title: IPod

title: IPod

text: Apple

text: 's

text: application

text: to

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Patent

text: and

text: Trademark

text: Office

text: for

text: a

text: patent

text: on

text: rotational

text: user

text: inputs

text: as

text: used

text: on

text: the

text: iPod

text: interface

text: received

text: a

text: third

text: non

text: final

text: rejection

text: NFR

text: in

text: August

text: Also

text: in

text: August

text: Creative

text: Technology

text: one

text: of

text: Apple

text: 's

text: main

text: rivals

text: in

text: the

text: player

text: market

text: announced

text: that

text: it

text: held

text: a

text: patent

text: on

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: music

text: selection

text: interface

text: used

text: by

text: the

text: iPod

text: line

text: which

text: Creative

text: Technology

text: dubbed

text: the

text: Zen

text: Patent

text: granted

text: on

text: August

text: On

text: May

text: Creative

text: filed

text: another

text: suit

text: against

text: Apple

text: with

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: District

text: Court

text: for

text: the

text: Northern

text: District

text: of

text: California

text: Creative

text: also

text: asked

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: International

text: Trade

text: Commission

text: to

text: investigate

text: whether

text: Apple

text: was

text: breaching

text: U.S.

text: trade

text: laws

text: by

text: importing

text: iPods

text: into

text: the

text: United

text: States

question: What interface component did Apple attempt to patent in 2005?

answer: rotational user inputs

text: rotational user inputs

question: When did Apple receive a decision on its attempt to patent rotational user inputs?

answer: August 2005

text: August 2005

question: Which competitor sued Apple over rights to part of the software user interface?

answer: Creative Technology

text: Creative Technology

question: What was the name of the patent over which Creative asserted its ownership?

answer: Zen Patent

text: Zen Patent

question: From which entity did Creative request an investigation into Apple importing their devices to the US?

answer: United States International Trade Commission

text: United States International Trade Commission

question: What interface feature did Apple unsuccessfully try to patent?

answer: rotational user inputs

text: rotational user inputs

question: Which rival company sued Apple in 2005 and 2006?

answer: Creative Technology

text: Creative Technology


text: In January 1938, Milt Gabler started recording for his new label, Commodore Records, and to allow for longer continuous performances, he recorded some 12-inch records. Eddie Condon explained: "Gabler realized that a jam session needs room for development." The first two 12-inch recordings did not take advantage of the extra length: "Carnegie Drag" was 3:15; "Carnegie Jump", 2:41. But at the second session, on April 30, the two 12-inch recordings were longer: "Embraceable You" was 4:05; "Serenade to a Shylock", 4:32. Another way around the time limitation was to issue a selection on both sides of a single record. Vaudeville stars Gallagher and Shean recorded "Mr. Gallagher and Mr. Shean", written by Irving and Jack Kaufman, as two sides of a 10-inch 78 in 1922 for Cameo. An obvious workaround for longer recordings was to release a set of records. An early multi-record release was in 1903, when HMV in England made the first complete recording of an opera, Verdi's Ernani, on 40 single-sided discs. In 1940, Commodore released Eddie Condon and his Band's recording of "A Good Man Is Hard to Find" in four parts, issued on both sides of two 12-inch 78s. This limitation on the duration of recordings persisted from 1910 until the invention of the LP record, in 1948. In popular music, this time limitation of about 3:30 on a 10-inch 78 rpm record meant that singers usually did not release long pieces on record. One exception is Frank Sinatra's recording of Rodgers and Hammerstein's "Soliloquy", from Carousel, made on May 28, 1946. Because it ran 7:57, longer than both sides of a standard 78 rpm 10-inch record, it was released on Columbia's Masterwork label (the classical division) as two sides of a 12-inch record. The same was true of John Raitt's performance of the song on the original cast album of Carousel, which had been issued on a 78-rpm album set by American Decca in 1945.

title: Gramophone_record

title: Gramophone_record

text: In

text: January

text: Milt

text: Gabler

text: started

text: recording

text: for

text: his

text: new

text: label

text: Commodore

text: Records

text: and

text: to

text: allow

text: for

text: longer

text: continuous

text: performances

text: he

text: recorded

text: some

text: records

text: Eddie

text: Condon

text: explained

text: Gabler

text: realized

text: that

text: a

text: jam

text: session

text: needs

text: room

text: for

text: development

text: The

text: first

text: two

text: recordings

text: did

text: not

text: take

text: advantage

text: of

text: the

text: extra

text: length

text: Carnegie

text: Drag

text: was

text: Carnegie

text: Jump

text: But

text: at

text: the

text: second

text: session

text: on

text: April

text: the

text: two

text: recordings

text: were

text: longer

text: Embraceable

text: You

text: was

text: Serenade

text: to

text: a

text: Shylock

text: Another

text: way

text: around

text: the

text: time

text: limitation

text: was

text: to

text: issue

text: a

text: selection

text: on

text: both

text: sides

text: of

text: a

text: single

text: record

text: Vaudeville

text: stars

text: Gallagher

text: and

text: Shean

text: recorded

text: Mr.

text: Gallagher

text: and

text: Mr.

text: Shean

text: written

text: by

text: Irving

text: and

text: Jack

text: Kaufman

text: as

text: two

text: sides

text: of

text: a

text: in

text: for

text: Cameo

text: An

text: obvious

text: workaround

text: for

text: longer

text: recordings

text: was

text: to

text: release

text: a

text: set

text: of

text: records

text: An

text: early

text: multi

text: record

text: release

text: was

text: in

text: when

text: HMV

text: in

text: England

text: made

text: the

text: first

text: complete

text: recording

text: of

text: an

text: opera

text: Verdi

text: 's

text: Ernani

text: on

text: single

text: sided

text: discs

text: In

text: Commodore

text: released

text: Eddie

text: Condon

text: and

text: his

text: Band

text: 's

text: recording

text: of

text: A

text: Good

text: Man

text: Is

text: Hard

text: to

text: Find

text: in

text: four

text: parts

text: issued

text: on

text: both

text: sides

text: of

text: two

text: This

text: limitation

text: on

text: the

text: duration

text: of

text: recordings

text: persisted

text: from

text: until

text: the

text: invention

text: of

text: the

text: LP

text: record

text: in

text: In

text: popular

text: music

text: this

text: time

text: limitation

text: of

text: about

text: on

text: a

text: rpm

text: record

text: meant

text: that

text: singers

text: usually

text: did

text: not

text: release

text: long

text: pieces

text: on

text: record

text: One

text: exception

text: is

text: Frank

text: Sinatra

text: 's

text: recording

text: of

text: Rodgers

text: and

text: Hammerstein

text: 's

text: Soliloquy

text: from

text: Carousel

text: made

text: on

text: May

text: Because

text: it

text: ran

text: longer

text: than

text: both

text: sides

text: of

text: a

text: standard

text: rpm

text: record

text: it

text: was

text: released

text: on

text: Columbia

text: 's

text: Masterwork

text: label

text: the

text: classical

text: division

text: as

text: two

text: sides

text: of

text: a

text: record

text: The

text: same

text: was

text: true

text: of

text: John

text: Raitt

text: 's

text: performance

text: of

text: the

text: song

text: on

text: the

text: original

text: cast

text: album

text: of

text: Carousel

text: which

text: had

text: been

text: issued

text: on

text: a

text: album

text: set

text: by

text: American

text: Decca

text: in

question: On which label did Frank Sinatra release his recording of Soliloquy?

answer: Columbia's Masterwork label

text: Columbia's Masterwork label

question: What was a typical recording time of a song in 1948?

answer: about 3:30

text: about 3:30

question: What was a way musicians got sounds such short recording times?

answer: release a set of records

text: release a set of records

question: How many sides of a disc commonly held a recording?

answer: two sides

text: two sides


text: John Lewis Newcastle (formerly Bainbridge) in Newcastle upon Tyne, is the world's oldest Department Store. It is still known to many of its customers as Bainbridge, despite the name change to 'John Lewis'. The Newcastle institution dates back to 1838 when Emerson Muschamp Bainbridge, aged 21, went into partnership with William Alder Dunn and opened a draper's and fashion in Market Street, Newcastle. In terms of retailing history, one of the most significant facts about the Newcastle Bainbridge shop, is that as early as 1849 weekly takings were recorded by department, making it the earliest of all department stores. This ledger survives and is kept in the John Lewis archives. John Lewis bought the Bainbridge store in 1952.

title: Department_store

title: Department_store

text: John

text: Lewis

text: Newcastle

text: formerly

text: Bainbridge

text: in

text: Newcastle

text: upon

text: Tyne

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: oldest

text: Department

text: Store

text: It

text: is

text: still

text: known

text: to

text: many

text: of

text: its

text: customers

text: as

text: Bainbridge

text: despite

text: the

text: name

text: change

text: to

text: John

text: Lewis

text: The

text: Newcastle

text: institution

text: dates

text: back

text: to

text: when

text: Emerson

text: Muschamp

text: Bainbridge

text: aged

text: went

text: into

text: partnership

text: with

text: William

text: Alder

text: Dunn

text: and

text: opened

text: a

text: draper

text: 's

text: and

text: fashion

text: in

text: Market

text: Street

text: Newcastle

text: In

text: terms

text: of

text: retailing

text: history

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: significant

text: facts

text: about

text: the

text: Newcastle

text: Bainbridge

text: shop

text: is

text: that

text: as

text: early

text: as

text: weekly

text: takings

text: were

text: recorded

text: by

text: department

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: earliest

text: of

text: all

text: department

text: stores

text: This

text: ledger

text: survives

text: and

text: is

text: kept

text: in

text: the

text: John

text: Lewis

text: archives

text: John

text: Lewis

text: bought

text: the

text: Bainbridge

text: store

text: in

question: What is the former name of John Lewis Newcastle?

answer: Bainbridge

text: Bainbridge

question: What is the world's oldest department store?

answer: John Lewis Newcastle

text: John Lewis Newcastle

question: Who partnered with William Alder Dunn to open the first store?

answer: Emerson Muschamp Bainbridge

text: Emerson Muschamp Bainbridge

question: What was the location of the first store?

answer: Market Street, Newcastle

text: Market Street, Newcastle

question: When did John Lewis purchase and take over the Bainbridge store?

answer: 1952


text: The 7th and 6th centuries BC witnessed the composition of the earliest Upanishads. Upanishads form the theoretical basis of classical Hinduism and are known as Vedanta (conclusion of the Vedas). The older Upanishads launched attacks of increasing intensity on the ritual. Anyone who worships a divinity other than the Self is called a domestic animal of the gods in the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad. The Mundaka launches the most scathing attack on the ritual by comparing those who value sacrifice with an unsafe boat that is endlessly overtaken by old age and death.

title: History_of_India

title: History_of_India

text: The

text: and

text: centuries

text: BC

text: witnessed

text: the

text: composition

text: of

text: the

text: earliest

text: Upanishads

text: Upanishads

text: form

text: the

text: theoretical

text: basis

text: of

text: classical

text: Hinduism

text: and

text: are

text: known

text: as

text: Vedanta

text: conclusion

text: of

text: the

text: Vedas

text: The

text: older

text: Upanishads

text: launched

text: attacks

text: of

text: increasing

text: intensity

text: on

text: the

text: ritual

text: Anyone

text: who

text: worships

text: a

text: divinity

text: other

text: than

text: the

text: Self

text: is

text: called

text: a

text: domestic

text: animal

text: of

text: the

text: gods

text: in

text: the

text: Brihadaranyaka

text: Upanishad

text: The

text: Mundaka

text: launches

text: the

text: most

text: scathing

text: attack

text: on

text: the

text: ritual

text: by

text: comparing

text: those

text: who

text: value

text: sacrifice

text: with

text: an

text: unsafe

text: boat

text: that

text: is

text: endlessly

text: overtaken

text: by

text: old

text: age

text: and

text: death

question: When were the earliest Upanishads composed?

answer: 7th and 6th centuries BC

text: 7th and 6th centuries BC

question: Of what philosophical system do the Upanishads form the basis?

answer: Hinduism

text: Hinduism

question: What are the Upanishads called in Hinduism?

answer: Vedanta

text: Vedanta

question: What part of the Hinduism belief system did the Upanishads attack?

answer: ritual

text: ritual

question: What worship system is central to Hinduism?

answer: Self

text: Self


text: A wireless Internet service provider (WISP) is an Internet service provider with a network based on wireless networking. Technology may include commonplace Wi-Fi wireless mesh networking, or proprietary equipment designed to operate over open 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 4.9, 5.2, 5.4, 5.7, and 5.8 GHz bands or licensed frequencies such as 2.5 GHz (EBS/BRS), 3.65 GHz (NN) and in the UHF band (including the MMDS frequency band) and LMDS.[citation needed]

title: Internet_service_provider

title: Internet_service_provider

text: A

text: wireless

text: Internet

text: service

text: provider

text: WISP

text: is

text: an

text: Internet

text: service

text: provider

text: with

text: a

text: network

text: based

text: on

text: wireless

text: networking

text: Technology

text: may

text: include

text: commonplace

text: Wi

text: Fi

text: wireless

text: mesh

text: networking

text: or

text: proprietary

text: equipment

text: designed

text: to

text: operate

text: over

text: open

text: MHz

text: GHz

text: and

text: GHz

text: bands

text: or

text: licensed

text: frequencies

text: such

text: as

text: GHz

text: EBS

text: BRS

text: GHz

text: NN

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: UHF

text: band

text: including

text: the

text: MMDS

text: frequency

text: band

text: and

text: LMDS.[citation

text: needed

question: What is a WISP?

answer: wireless Internet service provider

text: wireless Internet service provider

question: What technology is part of a WISP?

answer: commonplace Wi-Fi wireless mesh networking, or proprietary equipment

text: commonplace Wi-Fi wireless mesh networking, or proprietary equipment

question: What are some bands that Wi-Fi can operate over?

answer: 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 4.9, 5.2, 5.4, 5.7, and 5.8 GHz bands

text: 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 4.9, 5.2, 5.4, 5.7, and 5.8 GHz bands

question: What is a wireless internet service provider's network based on?

answer: wireless networking

text: wireless networking


text: Since the 2006 FIFA World Cup, the internal and external evaluation of Germany's national image has changed. In the annual Nation Brands Index global survey, Germany became significantly and repeatedly more highly ranked after the tournament. People in 20 different states assessed the country's reputation in terms of culture, politics, exports, its people and its attractiveness to tourists, immigrants and investments. Germany has been named the world's second most valued nation among 50 countries in 2010. Another global opinion poll, for the BBC, revealed that Germany is recognised for the most positive influence in the world in 2010. A majority of 59% have a positive view of the country, while 14% have a negative view.

title: Germans

title: Germans

text: Since

text: the

text: FIFA

text: World

text: Cup

text: the

text: internal

text: and

text: external

text: evaluation

text: of

text: Germany

text: 's

text: national

text: image

text: has

text: changed

text: In

text: the

text: annual

text: Nation

text: Brands

text: Index

text: global

text: survey

text: Germany

text: became

text: significantly

text: and

text: repeatedly

text: more

text: highly

text: ranked

text: after

text: the

text: tournament

text: People

text: in

text: different

text: states

text: assessed

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: reputation

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: culture

text: politics

text: exports

text: its

text: people

text: and

text: its

text: attractiveness

text: to

text: tourists

text: immigrants

text: and

text: investments

text: Germany

text: has

text: been

text: named

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: second

text: most

text: valued

text: nation

text: among

text: countries

text: in

text: Another

text: global

text: opinion

text: poll

text: for

text: the

text: BBC

text: revealed

text: that

text: Germany

text: is

text: recognised

text: for

text: the

text: most

text: positive

text: influence

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: in

text: A

text: majority

text: of

text: have

text: a

text: positive

text: view

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: while

text: have

text: a

text: negative

text: view

question: What year was the turning point for Germany in the Nation Brands Index?

answer: 2006

question: What year did BBC reveal that Germany is the most positive influence in the world?

answer: 2010

question: what percentage have a negative view of Germany?

answer: 14%

question: What percentage of people have a positive view of Germany?

answer: 59


text: In the UK, Italy and Australia which share the PAL A region, two versions of the NES were released; the "Mattel Version" and "NES Version". When the NES was first released in those countries, it was distributed by Mattel and Nintendo decided to use a lockout chip specific to those countries, different from the chip used in other European countries. When Nintendo took over European distribution in 1990, they produced consoles that were then labelled "NES Version"; therefore, the only differences between the two are the text on the front flap and texture on the top/bottom of the casing.

title: Nintendo_Entertainment_System

title: Nintendo_Entertainment_System

text: In

text: the

text: UK

text: Italy

text: and

text: Australia

text: which

text: share

text: the

text: PAL

text: A

text: region

text: two

text: versions

text: of

text: the

text: NES

text: were

text: released

text: the

text: Mattel

text: Version

text: and

text: NES

text: Version

text: When

text: the

text: NES

text: was

text: first

text: released

text: in

text: those

text: countries

text: it

text: was

text: distributed

text: by

text: Mattel

text: and

text: Nintendo

text: decided

text: to

text: use

text: a

text: lockout

text: chip

text: specific

text: to

text: those

text: countries

text: different

text: from

text: the

text: chip

text: used

text: in

text: other

text: European

text: countries

text: When

text: Nintendo

text: took

text: over

text: European

text: distribution

text: in

text: they

text: produced

text: consoles

text: that

text: were

text: then

text: labelled

text: NES

text: Version

text: therefore

text: the

text: only

text: differences

text: between

text: the

text: two

text: are

text: the

text: text

text: on

text: the

text: front

text: flap

text: and

text: texture

text: on

text: the

text: top

text: bottom

text: of

text: the

text: casing

question: Which company distributed the NES to the UK, Italy, and Australia?

answer: Mattel

text: Mattel

question: When did Nintendo take over European distribution?

answer: 1990

question: Which three countries share the PAL A region?

answer: UK, Italy and Australia

text: UK, Italy and Australia

question: What two versions of the NES were released in the UK, Italy, and Australia?

answer: "Mattel Version" and "NES Version"

text: "Mattel Version" and "NES Version"


text: These court categories were not, however, wholly exclusive: for instance, the Islamic courts—which were the Empire's primary courts—could also be used to settle a trade conflict or disputes between litigants of differing religions, and Jews and Christians often went to them to obtain a more forceful ruling on an issue. The Ottoman state tended not to interfere with non-Muslim religious law systems, despite legally having a voice to do so through local governors. The Islamic Sharia law system had been developed from a combination of the Qur'an; the Hadīth, or words of the prophet Muhammad; ijmā', or consensus of the members of the Muslim community; qiyas, a system of analogical reasoning from earlier precedents; and local customs. Both systems were taught at the Empire's law schools, which were in Istanbul and Bursa.

title: Ottoman_Empire

title: Ottoman_Empire

text: These

text: court

text: categories

text: were

text: not

text: however

text: wholly

text: exclusive

text: for

text: instance

text: the

text: Islamic

text: courts

text: which

text: were

text: the

text: Empire

text: 's

text: primary

text: courts

text: could

text: also

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: settle

text: a

text: trade

text: conflict

text: or

text: disputes

text: between

text: litigants

text: of

text: differing

text: religions

text: and

text: Jews

text: and

text: Christians

text: often

text: went

text: to

text: them

text: to

text: obtain

text: a

text: more

text: forceful

text: ruling

text: on

text: an

text: issue

text: The

text: Ottoman

text: state

text: tended

text: not

text: to

text: interfere

text: with

text: non

text: Muslim

text: religious

text: law

text: systems

text: despite

text: legally

text: having

text: a

text: voice

text: to

text: do

text: so

text: through

text: local

text: governors

text: The

text: Islamic

text: Sharia

text: law

text: system

text: had

text: been

text: developed

text: from

text: a

text: combination

text: of

text: the

text: Qur'an

text: the

text: Hadīth

text: or

text: words

text: of

text: the

text: prophet

text: Muhammad

text: ijmā

text: or

text: consensus

text: of

text: the

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: Muslim

text: community

text: qiyas

text: a

text: system

text: of

text: analogical

text: reasoning

text: from

text: earlier

text: precedents

text: and

text: local

text: customs

text: Both

text: systems

text: were

text: taught

text: at

text: the

text: Empire

text: 's

text: law

text: schools

text: which

text: were

text: in

text: Istanbul

text: and

text: Bursa

question: What were the primary courts of the empire?

answer: Islamic courts

text: Islamic courts

question: From what works was Sharia developed?

answer: the Qur'an; the Hadīth

text: the Qur'an; the Hadīth

question: Whose words contributed to the Islamic Sharia law system?

answer: the prophet Muhammad

text: the prophet Muhammad

question: Where were the empire's law schools?

answer: in Istanbul and Bursa.

text: in Istanbul and Bursa.

question: What other religious groups went to Islamic courts?

answer: Jews and Christians

text: Jews and Christians


text: On August 19, the 1939 German–Soviet Commercial Agreement was finally signed. On 21 August, the Soviets suspended Tripartite military talks, citing other reasons. That same day, Stalin received assurance that Germany would approve secret protocols to the proposed non-aggression pact that would place half of Poland (border along the Vistula river), Latvia, Estonia, Finland, and Bessarabia in the Soviets' sphere of influence. That night, Stalin replied that the Soviets were willing to sign the pact and that he would receive Ribbentrop on 23 August.

title: Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact

title: Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact

text: On

text: August

text: the

text: German

text: Soviet

text: Commercial

text: Agreement

text: was

text: finally

text: signed

text: On

text: August

text: the

text: Soviets

text: suspended

text: Tripartite

text: military

text: talks

text: citing

text: other

text: reasons

text: That

text: same

text: day

text: Stalin

text: received

text: assurance

text: that

text: Germany

text: would

text: approve

text: secret

text: protocols

text: to

text: the

text: proposed

text: non

text: aggression

text: pact

text: that

text: would

text: place

text: half

text: of

text: Poland

text: border

text: along

text: the

text: Vistula

text: river

text: Latvia

text: Estonia

text: Finland

text: and

text: Bessarabia

text: in

text: the

text: Soviets

text: sphere

text: of

text: influence

text: That

text: night

text: Stalin

text: replied

text: that

text: the

text: Soviets

text: were

text: willing

text: to

text: sign

text: the

text: pact

text: and

text: that

text: he

text: would

text: receive

text: Ribbentrop

text: on

text: August

question: What was the German-Soviet dividing line in regards to annexing Poland?

answer: Vistula river

text: Vistula river

question: How many days after the German-Soviet agreement were the Tripartite discussions ceased?

answer: 2

question: What other countries did the Soviet government agree to annex through the agreement with Germany?

answer: Latvia, Estonia, Finland, and Bessarabia

text: Latvia, Estonia, Finland, and Bessarabia