text: Until March 1, 2009, the Borough President of the Bronx was Adolfo Carrión Jr., elected as a Democrat in 2001 and 2005 before retiring early to direct the White House Office of Urban Affairs Policy. His successor, Democratic New York State Assembly member Rubén Díaz, Jr., who won a special election on April 21, 2009 by a vote of 86.3% (29,420) on the "Bronx Unity" line to 13.3% (4,646) for the Republican district leader Anthony Ribustello on the "People First" line, became Borough President on May 1.

title: The_Bronx

title: The_Bronx

text: Until

text: March

text: the

text: Borough

text: President

text: of

text: the

text: Bronx

text: was

text: Adolfo

text: Carrión

text: Jr.

text: elected

text: as

text: a

text: Democrat

text: in

text: and

text: before

text: retiring

text: early

text: to

text: direct

text: the

text: White

text: House

text: Office

text: of

text: Urban

text: Affairs

text: Policy

text: His

text: successor

text: Democratic

text: New

text: York

text: State

text: Assembly

text: member

text: Rubén

text: Díaz

text: Jr.

text: who

text: won

text: a

text: special

text: election

text: on

text: April

text: by

text: a

text: vote

text: of

text: on

text: the

text: Bronx

text: Unity

text: line

text: to

text: for

text: the

text: Republican

text: district

text: leader

text: Anthony

text: Ribustello

text: on

text: the

text: People

text: First

text: line

text: became

text: Borough

text: President

text: on

text: May

question: When did Carrion Jr. retire as Borough President?

answer: March 1, 2009

text: March 1, 2009

question: When was Carrion Jr. first elected Borough President?

answer: 2001

question: When was Carrion Jr. re-elected Borough President?

answer: 2005

question: Who succeeded Carrion Jr.?

answer: Rubén Díaz, Jr.

text: Rubén Díaz, Jr.

question: When was Diaz Jr. elected?

answer: April 21, 2009

text: April 21, 2009


text: In mathematics, the Persian mathematician Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi gave his name to the concept of the algorithm, while the term algebra is derived from al-jabr, the beginning of the title of one of his publications. What is now known as Arabic numerals originally came from India, but Muslim mathematicians did make several refinements to the number system, such as the introduction of decimal point notation. Sabian mathematician Al-Battani (850-929) contributed to astronomy and mathematics, while Persian scholar Al-Razi contributed to chemistry and medicine.

title: History_of_science

title: History_of_science

text: In

text: mathematics

text: the

text: Persian

text: mathematician

text: Muhammad

text: ibn

text: Musa

text: al

text: Khwarizmi

text: gave

text: his

text: name

text: to

text: the

text: concept

text: of

text: the

text: algorithm

text: while

text: the

text: term

text: algebra

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: al

text: jabr

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: title

text: of

text: one

text: of

text: his

text: publications

text: What

text: is

text: now

text: known

text: as

text: Arabic

text: numerals

text: originally

text: came

text: from

text: India

text: but

text: Muslim

text: mathematicians

text: did

text: make

text: several

text: refinements

text: to

text: the

text: number

text: system

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: introduction

text: of

text: decimal

text: point

text: notation

text: Sabian

text: mathematician

text: Al

text: Battani

text: contributed

text: to

text: astronomy

text: and

text: mathematics

text: while

text: Persian

text: scholar

text: Al

text: Razi

text: contributed

text: to

text: chemistry

text: and

text: medicine

question: What was Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi's profession?

answer: mathematician

text: mathematician

question: Where does the word "algebra" come from?

answer: al-jabr

text: al-jabr

question: Where did Arabic numerals originate?

answer: India

text: India

question: What did Muslim mathematicians add to Arabic numerals?

answer: decimal point notation

text: decimal point notation

question: What area of science did Al-Razi contribute to?

answer: chemistry and medicine

text: chemistry and medicine


text: Some states distinguish between two levels: felonies and misdemeanors (minor crimes). Generally, most felony convictions result in lengthy prison sentences as well as subsequent probation, large fines, and orders to pay restitution directly to victims; while misdemeanors may lead to a year or less in jail and a substantial fine. To simplify the prosecution of traffic violations and other relatively minor crimes, some states have added a third level, infractions. These may result in fines and sometimes the loss of one's driver's license, but no jail time.

title: Law_of_the_United_States

title: Law_of_the_United_States

text: Some

text: states

text: distinguish

text: between

text: two

text: levels

text: felonies

text: and

text: misdemeanors

text: minor

text: crimes

text: Generally

text: most

text: felony

text: convictions

text: result

text: in

text: lengthy

text: prison

text: sentences

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: subsequent

text: probation

text: large

text: fines

text: and

text: orders

text: to

text: pay

text: restitution

text: directly

text: to

text: victims

text: while

text: misdemeanors

text: may

text: lead

text: to

text: a

text: year

text: or

text: less

text: in

text: jail

text: and

text: a

text: substantial

text: fine

text: To

text: simplify

text: the

text: prosecution

text: of

text: traffic

text: violations

text: and

text: other

text: relatively

text: minor

text: crimes

text: some

text: states

text: have

text: added

text: a

text: third

text: level

text: infractions

text: These

text: may

text: result

text: in

text: fines

text: and

text: sometimes

text: the

text: loss

text: of

text: one

text: 's

text: driver

text: 's

text: license

text: but

text: no

text: jail

text: time

question: What two levels of crime are there?

answer: felonies and misdemeanors

text: felonies and misdemeanors

question: What is a misdemeanor?

answer: minor crimes

text: minor crimes

question: What results in lengthy prison sentences as well as subsequent probation, large fines, and orders to pay restitution directly to victims?

answer: felony convictions

text: felony convictions

question: What usually happens with misdemeanors?

answer: a year or less in jail and a substantial fine

text: a year or less in jail and a substantial fine

question: What is a third level of crime that some states have adopted?

answer: infractions

text: infractions


text: In 62 BC, Pompey returned victorious from Asia. The Senate, elated by its successes against Catiline, refused to ratify the arrangements that Pompey had made. Pompey, in effect, became powerless. Thus, when Julius Caesar returned from a governorship in Spain in 61 BC, he found it easy to make an arrangement with Pompey. Caesar and Pompey, along with Crassus, established a private agreement, now known as the First Triumvirate. Under the agreement, Pompey's arrangements would be ratified. Caesar would be elected consul in 59 BC, and would then serve as governor of Gaul for five years. Crassus was promised a future consulship.

title: Roman_Republic

title: Roman_Republic

text: In

text: BC

text: Pompey

text: returned

text: victorious

text: from

text: Asia

text: The

text: Senate

text: elated

text: by

text: its

text: successes

text: against

text: Catiline

text: refused

text: to

text: ratify

text: the

text: arrangements

text: that

text: Pompey

text: had

text: made

text: Pompey

text: in

text: effect

text: became

text: powerless

text: Thus

text: when

text: Julius

text: Caesar

text: returned

text: from

text: a

text: governorship

text: in

text: Spain

text: in

text: BC

text: he

text: found

text: it

text: easy

text: to

text: make

text: an

text: arrangement

text: with

text: Pompey

text: Caesar

text: and

text: Pompey

text: along

text: with

text: Crassus

text: established

text: a

text: private

text: agreement

text: now

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: First

text: Triumvirate

text: Under

text: the

text: agreement

text: Pompey

text: 's

text: arrangements

text: would

text: be

text: ratified

text: Caesar

text: would

text: be

text: elected

text: consul

text: in

text: BC

text: and

text: would

text: then

text: serve

text: as

text: governor

text: of

text: Gaul

text: for

text: five

text: years

text: Crassus

text: was

text: promised

text: a

text: future

text: consulship

question: In which year would Julius Caesar hope to be elected to the position of consul?

answer: 59 BC

text: 59 BC

question: What was the name of the private agreement between Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus?

answer: First Triumvirate

text: First Triumvirate

question: What was Crassus agree to receive in the First Triumvirate agreement?

answer: a future consulship

text: a future consulship

question: When did Julius Caesar return to Rome?

answer: 61 BC

text: 61 BC

question: What provided the Roman senate with exuberance?

answer: successes against Catiline

text: successes against Catiline


text: On 30 October 2009, May wrote a fanclub letter on his website stating that Queen had no intentions to tour in 2010 but that there was a possibility of a performance. He was quoted as saying, "The greatest debate, though, is always about when we will next play together as Queen. At the moment, in spite of the many rumours that are out there, we do not have plans to tour in 2010. The good news, though, is that Roger and I have a much closer mutual understanding these days—privately and professionally ... and all ideas are carefully considered. Music is never far away from us. As I write, there is an important one-off performance on offer, in the USA, and it remains to be decided whether we will take up this particular challenge. Every day, doors seem to open, and every day, we interact, perhaps more than ever before, with the world outside. It is a time of exciting transition in Rock music and in 'The Business'. It's good that the pulse still beats". On 15 November 2009, May and Taylor performed "Bohemian Rhapsody" live on the British TV show The X Factor alongside the finalists.

title: Queen_(band)

title: Queen_(band

text: On

text: October

text: May

text: wrote

text: a

text: fanclub

text: letter

text: on

text: his

text: website

text: stating

text: that

text: Queen

text: had

text: no

text: intentions

text: to

text: tour

text: in

text: but

text: that

text: there

text: was

text: a

text: possibility

text: of

text: a

text: performance

text: He

text: was

text: quoted

text: as

text: saying

text: The

text: greatest

text: debate

text: though

text: is

text: always

text: about

text: when

text: we

text: will

text: next

text: play

text: together

text: as

text: Queen

text: At

text: the

text: moment

text: in

text: spite

text: of

text: the

text: many

text: rumours

text: that

text: are

text: out

text: there

text: we

text: do

text: not

text: have

text: plans

text: to

text: tour

text: in

text: The

text: good

text: news

text: though

text: is

text: that

text: Roger

text: and

text: I

text: have

text: a

text: much

text: closer

text: mutual

text: understanding

text: these

text: days

text: privately

text: and

text: professionally

text: and

text: all

text: ideas

text: are

text: carefully

text: considered

text: Music

text: is

text: never

text: far

text: away

text: from

text: us

text: As

text: I

text: write

text: there

text: is

text: an

text: important

text: one

text: off

text: performance

text: on

text: offer

text: in

text: the

text: USA

text: and

text: it

text: remains

text: to

text: be

text: decided

text: whether

text: we

text: will

text: take

text: up

text: this

text: particular

text: challenge

text: Every

text: day

text: doors

text: seem

text: to

text: open

text: and

text: every

text: day

text: we

text: interact

text: perhaps

text: more

text: than

text: ever

text: before

text: with

text: the

text: world

text: outside

text: It

text: is

text: a

text: time

text: of

text: exciting

text: transition

text: in

text: Rock

text: music

text: and

text: in

text: The

text: Business

text: It

text: 's

text: good

text: that

text: the

text: pulse

text: still

text: beats

text: On

text: November

text: May

text: and

text: Taylor

text: performed

text: Bohemian

text: Rhapsody

text: live

text: on

text: the

text: British

text: TV

text: show

text: The

text: X

text: Factor

text: alongside

text: the

text: finalists

question: Which member of Queen wrote a letter to fans in 2009 regarding touring for 2010?

answer: May

text: May

question: What date did May and Taylor of Queen perform Bohemian Rhapsody on X-Factor?

answer: 15 November 2009

text: 15 November 2009

question: In 2009, what was the first name of the former Queen member Brian May told fans he had a better understanding with?

answer: Roger

text: Roger

question: Which country had made an offer to Queen for a one off performance in 2010?

answer: USA

text: USA


text: The 1990s, along with a rise in object-oriented programming, saw a growth in how data in various databases were handled. Programmers and designers began to treat the data in their databases as objects. That is to say that if a person's data were in a database, that person's attributes, such as their address, phone number, and age, were now considered to belong to that person instead of being extraneous data. This allows for relations between data to be relations to objects and their attributes and not to individual fields. The term "object-relational impedance mismatch" described the inconvenience of translating between programmed objects and database tables. Object databases and object-relational databases attempt to solve this problem by providing an object-oriented language (sometimes as extensions to SQL) that programmers can use as alternative to purely relational SQL. On the programming side, libraries known as object-relational mappings (ORMs) attempt to solve the same problem.

title: Database

title: Database

text: The

text: along

text: with

text: a

text: rise

text: in

text: object

text: oriented

text: programming

text: saw

text: a

text: growth

text: in

text: how

text: data

text: in

text: various

text: databases

text: were

text: handled

text: Programmers

text: and

text: designers

text: began

text: to

text: treat

text: the

text: data

text: in

text: their

text: databases

text: as

text: objects

text: That

text: is

text: to

text: say

text: that

text: if

text: a

text: person

text: 's

text: data

text: were

text: in

text: a

text: database

text: that

text: person

text: 's

text: attributes

text: such

text: as

text: their

text: address

text: phone

text: number

text: and

text: age

text: were

text: now

text: considered

text: to

text: belong

text: to

text: that

text: person

text: instead

text: of

text: being

text: extraneous

text: data

text: This

text: allows

text: for

text: relations

text: between

text: data

text: to

text: be

text: relations

text: to

text: objects

text: and

text: their

text: attributes

text: and

text: not

text: to

text: individual

text: fields

text: The

text: term

text: object

text: relational

text: impedance

text: mismatch

text: described

text: the

text: inconvenience

text: of

text: translating

text: between

text: programmed

text: objects

text: and

text: database

text: tables

text: Object

text: databases

text: and

text: object

text: relational

text: databases

text: attempt

text: to

text: solve

text: this

text: problem

text: by

text: providing

text: an

text: object

text: oriented

text: language

text: sometimes

text: as

text: extensions

text: to

text: SQL

text: that

text: programmers

text: can

text: use

text: as

text: alternative

text: to

text: purely

text: relational

text: SQL

text: On

text: the

text: programming

text: side

text: libraries

text: known

text: as

text: object

text: relational

text: mappings

text: ORMs

text: attempt

text: to

text: solve

text: the

text: same

text: problem

question: In the 1990s, what type of programming changed the handling of databases?

answer: object-oriented

text: object-oriented

question: What term is used for the difficulty in database table and programmed object translation?

answer: object-relational impedance mismatch

text: object-relational impedance mismatch

question: How is the problem of object-relational impedance mismatch corrected?

answer: object-oriented language

text: object-oriented language

question: What is the library programmers use to solve object-relational impedance mismatch?

answer: object-relational mappings (ORMs)

text: object-relational mappings (ORMs)


text: The 1850 census saw a dramatic shift in the way information about residents was collected. For the first time, free persons were listed individually instead of by head of household. There were two questionnaires: one for free inhabitants and one for slaves. The question on the free inhabitants schedule about color was a column that was to be left blank if a person was white, marked "B" if a person was black, and marked "M" if a person was mulatto. Slaves were listed by owner, and classified by gender and age, not individually, and the question about color was a column that was to be marked with a "B" if the slave was black and an "M" if mulatto.

title: Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census

text: The

text: census

text: saw

text: a

text: dramatic

text: shift

text: in

text: the

text: way

text: information

text: about

text: residents

text: was

text: collected

text: For

text: the

text: first

text: time

text: free

text: persons

text: were

text: listed

text: individually

text: instead

text: of

text: by

text: head

text: of

text: household

text: There

text: were

text: two

text: questionnaires

text: one

text: for

text: free

text: inhabitants

text: and

text: one

text: for

text: slaves

text: The

text: question

text: on

text: the

text: free

text: inhabitants

text: schedule

text: about

text: color

text: was

text: a

text: column

text: that

text: was

text: to

text: be

text: left

text: blank

text: if

text: a

text: person

text: was

text: white

text: marked

text: B

text: if

text: a

text: person

text: was

text: black

text: and

text: marked

text: M

text: if

text: a

text: person

text: was

text: mulatto

text: Slaves

text: were

text: listed

text: by

text: owner

text: and

text: classified

text: by

text: gender

text: and

text: age

text: not

text: individually

text: and

text: the

text: question

text: about

text: color

text: was

text: a

text: column

text: that

text: was

text: to

text: be

text: marked

text: with

text: a

text: B

text: if

text: the

text: slave

text: was

text: black

text: and

text: an

text: M

text: if

text: mulatto

question: In what year were free persons first listed individually in the US census?

answer: 1850

question: How were free persons listed in the US census prior to 1850?

answer: by head of household

text: by head of household

question: In the 1850 US census, what was put into the color column for black persons?

answer: B

text: B

question: If M was marked in the color column for a person in the 1850 census, How were they classified?

answer: mulatto

text: mulatto

question: How were slaves listed in the 1850 US census?

answer: by owner

text: by owner


text: West spent much of the late-1990s producing records for a number of well-known artists and music groups. The third song on Foxy Brown's second studio album Chyna Doll was produced by West. Her second effort subsequently became the very first hip-hop album by a female rapper to debut at the top of the U.S. Billboard 200 chart in its first week of release. West produced three of the tracks on Harlem World's first and only album The Movement alongside Jermaine Dupri and the production duo Trackmasters. His songs featured rappers Nas, Drag-On, and R&B singer Carl Thomas. The ninth track from World Party, the last Goodie Mob album to feature the rap group's four founding members prior to their break-up, was co-produced by West with his manager Deric "D-Dot" Angelettie. At the close of the millennium, West ended up producing six songs for Tell 'Em Why U Madd, an album that was released by D-Dot under the alias of The Madd Rapper; a fictional character he created for a skit on The Notorious B.I.G.'s second and final studio album Life After Death. West's songs featured guest appearances from rappers such as Ma$e, Raekwon, and Eminem.

title: Kanye_West

title: Kanye_West

text: West

text: spent

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: producing

text: records

text: for

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: well

text: known

text: artists

text: and

text: music

text: groups

text: The

text: third

text: song

text: on

text: Foxy

text: Brown

text: 's

text: second

text: studio

text: album

text: Chyna

text: Doll

text: was

text: produced

text: by

text: West

text: Her

text: second

text: effort

text: subsequently

text: became

text: the

text: very

text: first

text: hip

text: hop

text: album

text: by

text: a

text: female

text: rapper

text: to

text: debut

text: at

text: the

text: top

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Billboard

text: chart

text: in

text: its

text: first

text: week

text: of

text: release

text: West

text: produced

text: three

text: of

text: the

text: tracks

text: on

text: Harlem

text: World

text: 's

text: first

text: and

text: only

text: album

text: The

text: Movement

text: alongside

text: Jermaine

text: Dupri

text: and

text: the

text: production

text: duo

text: Trackmasters

text: His

text: songs

text: featured

text: rappers

text: Nas

text: Drag

text: On

text: and

text: R&B

text: singer

text: Carl

text: Thomas

text: The

text: ninth

text: track

text: from

text: World

text: Party

text: the

text: last

text: Goodie

text: Mob

text: album

text: to

text: feature

text: the

text: rap

text: group

text: 's

text: four

text: founding

text: members

text: prior

text: to

text: their

text: break

text: up

text: was

text: co

text: produced

text: by

text: West

text: with

text: his

text: manager

text: Deric

text: D

text: Dot

text: Angelettie

text: At

text: the

text: close

text: of

text: the

text: millennium

text: West

text: ended

text: up

text: producing

text: six

text: songs

text: for

text: Tell

text: Em

text: Why

text: U

text: Madd

text: an

text: album

text: that

text: was

text: released

text: by

text: D

text: Dot

text: under

text: the

text: alias

text: of

text: The

text: Madd

text: Rapper

text: a

text: fictional

text: character

text: he

text: created

text: for

text: a

text: skit

text: on

text: The

text: Notorious

text: B.I.G.

text: 's

text: second

text: and

text: final

text: studio

text: album

text: Life

text: After

text: Death

text: West

text: 's

text: songs

text: featured

text: guest

text: appearances

text: from

text: rappers

text: such

text: as

text: Ma$e

text: Raekwon

text: and

text: Eminem

question: Kanye produced the third song from the second album of what artist?

answer: Foxy Brown

text: Foxy Brown

question: What rappers were featured in the songs that Kanye produced for Tell 'Em Why U Madd?

answer: Ma$e, Raekwon, and Eminem.

text: Ma$e, Raekwon, and Eminem.

question: Which U.S. Billboard 200 chart topper did Kanye West produce a song for?

answer: Foxy Brown

text: Foxy Brown

question: What was the name of the CD produced by Kanye that was by a made-up character?

answer: Tell 'Em Why U Madd

text: Tell 'Em Why U Madd


text: In December 2013, Vatican officials approved a supposed miracle that was attributed to the intercession of the late pontiff which was the curing of an unborn child in California, U.S.A in the 1990s. It was expected that Pope Francis would approve the miracle in the near future, thus, warranting the beatification of the late pontiff. In February 2014, it was reported that the consulting Vatican theologians to the Congregation for the Causes of Saints recognized the miracle attributed to the late pontiff.

title: Pope_Paul_VI

title: Pope_Paul_VI

text: In

text: December

text: Vatican

text: officials

text: approved

text: a

text: supposed

text: miracle

text: that

text: was

text: attributed

text: to

text: the

text: intercession

text: of

text: the

text: late

text: pontiff

text: which

text: was

text: the

text: curing

text: of

text: an

text: unborn

text: child

text: in

text: California

text: U.S.A

text: in

text: the

text: It

text: was

text: expected

text: that

text: Pope

text: Francis

text: would

text: approve

text: the

text: miracle

text: in

text: the

text: near

text: future

text: thus

text: warranting

text: the

text: beatification

text: of

text: the

text: late

text: pontiff

text: In

text: February

text: it

text: was

text: reported

text: that

text: the

text: consulting

text: Vatican

text: theologians

text: to

text: the

text: Congregation

text: for

text: the

text: Causes

text: of

text: Saints

text: recognized

text: the

text: miracle

text: attributed

text: to

text: the

text: late

text: pontiff

question: According to the Vatican who could the healing of an unborn child be attributed to in the 1990's?

answer: pontiff

text: pontiff

question: Who approved the miracle of Paul VI?

answer: Pope Francis

text: Pope Francis

question: What group was responsible for recognizing Paul Vi's miracle?

answer: Congregation for the Causes of Saints

text: Congregation for the Causes of Saints

question: What is the process called that acknowledges sainthood?

answer: beatification

text: beatification


text: WPXD channel 31, an affiliate of the ION Television network, is licensed to the city. WHTV channel 18, a MyNetworkTV-affiliated station for the Lansing market, broadcasts from a transmitter in Lyndon Township, west of Ann Arbor. Community Television Network (CTN) is a city-provided cable television channel with production facilities open to city residents and nonprofit organizations. Detroit and Toledo-area radio and television stations also serve Ann Arbor, and stations from Lansing and Windsor, Ontario, can be heard in parts of the area.

title: Ann_Arbor,_Michigan

title: Ann_Arbor,_Michigan

text: WPXD

text: channel

text: an

text: affiliate

text: of

text: the

text: ION

text: Television

text: network

text: is

text: licensed

text: to

text: the

text: city

text: WHTV

text: channel

text: a

text: MyNetworkTV

text: affiliated

text: station

text: for

text: the

text: Lansing

text: market

text: broadcasts

text: from

text: a

text: transmitter

text: in

text: Lyndon

text: Township

text: west

text: of

text: Ann

text: Arbor

text: Community

text: Television

text: Network

text: CTN

text: is

text: a

text: city

text: provided

text: cable

text: television

text: channel

text: with

text: production

text: facilities

text: open

text: to

text: city

text: residents

text: and

text: nonprofit

text: organizations

text: Detroit

text: and

text: Toledo

text: area

text: radio

text: and

text: television

text: stations

text: also

text: serve

text: Ann

text: Arbor

text: and

text: stations

text: from

text: Lansing

text: and

text: Windsor

text: Ontario

text: can

text: be

text: heard

text: in

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: area

question: WPXD channel 31 is an affliate of which TV network?

answer: ION

text: ION

question: What is the abbreviation of CTN?

answer: Community Television Network

text: Community Television Network


text: During and after the Greek War of Independence, Greeks of the diaspora were important in establishing the fledgling state, raising funds and awareness abroad. Greek merchant families already had contacts in other countries and during the disturbances many set up home around the Mediterranean (notably Marseilles in France, Livorno in Italy, Alexandria in Egypt), Russia (Odessa and Saint Petersburg), and Britain (London and Liverpool) from where they traded, typically in textiles and grain. Businesses frequently comprised the extended family, and with them they brought schools teaching Greek and the Greek Orthodox Church.

title: Greeks

title: Greeks

text: During

text: and

text: after

text: the

text: Greek

text: War

text: of

text: Independence

text: Greeks

text: of

text: the

text: diaspora

text: were

text: important

text: in

text: establishing

text: the

text: fledgling

text: state

text: raising

text: funds

text: and

text: awareness

text: abroad

text: Greek

text: merchant

text: families

text: already

text: had

text: contacts

text: in

text: other

text: countries

text: and

text: during

text: the

text: disturbances

text: many

text: set

text: up

text: home

text: around

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: notably

text: Marseilles

text: in

text: France

text: Livorno

text: in

text: Italy

text: Alexandria

text: in

text: Egypt

text: Russia

text: Odessa

text: and

text: Saint

text: Petersburg

text: and

text: Britain

text: London

text: and

text: Liverpool

text: from

text: where

text: they

text: traded

text: typically

text: in

text: textiles

text: and

text: grain

text: Businesses

text: frequently

text: comprised

text: the

text: extended

text: family

text: and

text: with

text: them

text: they

text: brought

text: schools

text: teaching

text: Greek

text: and

text: the

text: Greek

text: Orthodox

text: Church

question: After freedom was won by the Greeks who was of import to forming the rules  ?

answer: Greek War of Independence, Greeks of the diaspora were important in establishing the fledgling state

text: Greek War of Independence, Greeks of the diaspora were important in establishing the fledgling state

question: What did they do that contributed to the Greek's success of establishment?

answer: important in establishing the fledgling state, raising funds and awareness abroad

text: important in establishing the fledgling state, raising funds and awareness abroad

question: Who already had contact over a network of countries ready to offer assistance to the Greeks ?

answer: Greek merchant families already had contacts in other countries

text: Greek merchant families already had contacts in other countries

question: What countries did they settle in ?

answer: Marseilles in France, Livorno in Italy, Alexandria in Egypt), Russia (Odessa and Saint Petersburg), and Britain (London and Liverpool)

text: Marseilles in France, Livorno in Italy, Alexandria in Egypt), Russia (Odessa and Saint Petersburg), and Britain (London and Liverpool)

question: How were these relationships with the other countries most likely established ?

answer: from where they traded, typically in textiles and grain.

text: from where they traded, typically in textiles and grain.


text: Through-hole manufacture adds to board cost by requiring many holes to be drilled accurately, and limits the available routing area for signal traces on layers immediately below the top layer on multi-layer boards since the holes must pass through all layers to the opposite side. Once surface-mounting came into use, small-sized SMD components were used where possible, with through-hole mounting only of components unsuitably large for surface-mounting due to power requirements or mechanical limitations, or subject to mechanical stress which might damage the PCB.

title: Printed_circuit_board

title: Printed_circuit_board

text: Through

text: hole

text: manufacture

text: adds

text: to

text: board

text: cost

text: by

text: requiring

text: many

text: holes

text: to

text: be

text: drilled

text: accurately

text: and

text: limits

text: the

text: available

text: routing

text: area

text: for

text: signal

text: traces

text: on

text: layers

text: immediately

text: below

text: the

text: top

text: layer

text: on

text: multi

text: layer

text: boards

text: since

text: the

text: holes

text: must

text: pass

text: through

text: all

text: layers

text: to

text: the

text: opposite

text: side

text: Once

text: surface

text: mounting

text: came

text: into

text: use

text: small

text: sized

text: SMD

text: components

text: were

text: used

text: where

text: possible

text: with

text: through

text: hole

text: mounting

text: only

text: of

text: components

text: unsuitably

text: large

text: for

text: surface

text: mounting

text: due

text: to

text: power

text: requirements

text: or

text: mechanical

text: limitations

text: or

text: subject

text: to

text: mechanical

text: stress

text: which

text: might

text: damage

text: the

text: PCB

question: Which type of construction is more expensive?

answer: Through-hole

text: Through-hole

question: What type of boards end up with limited routing space in through-hole manufacture?

answer: multi-layer

text: multi-layer

question: What force might damage a PCB if large components are surface mounted?

answer: mechanical stress

text: mechanical stress

question: What components can be surface mounted to save space?

answer: small-sized SMD components

text: small-sized SMD components

question: A component might not be able to be made any smaller because of its mechanical limitations or what other need?

answer: power requirements

text: power requirements


text: Areas that should not be soldered may be covered with solder resist (solder mask). One of the most common solder resists used today is called "LPI" (liquid photoimageable solder mask).  A photo-sensitive coating is applied to the surface of the PWB, then exposed to light through the solder mask image film, and finally developed where the unexposed areas are washed away. Dry film solder mask is similar to the dry film used to image the PWB for plating or etching. After being laminated to the PWB surface it is imaged and develop as LPI. Once common but no longer commonly used because of its low accuracy and resolution is to screen print epoxy ink. Solder resist also provides protection from the environment.

title: Printed_circuit_board

title: Printed_circuit_board

text: Areas

text: that

text: should

text: not

text: be

text: soldered

text: may

text: be

text: covered

text: with

text: solder

text: resist

text: solder

text: mask

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: solder

text: resists

text: used

text: today

text: is

text: called

text: LPI

text: liquid

text: photoimageable

text: solder

text: mask

text: A

text: photo

text: sensitive

text: coating

text: is

text: applied

text: to

text: the

text: surface

text: of

text: the

text: PWB

text: then

text: exposed

text: to

text: light

text: through

text: the

text: solder

text: mask

text: image

text: film

text: and

text: finally

text: developed

text: where

text: the

text: unexposed

text: areas

text: are

text: washed

text: away

text: Dry

text: film

text: solder

text: mask

text: is

text: similar

text: to

text: the

text: dry

text: film

text: used

text: to

text: image

text: the

text: PWB

text: for

text: plating

text: or

text: etching

text: After

text: being

text: laminated

text: to

text: the

text: PWB

text: surface

text: it

text: is

text: imaged

text: and

text: develop

text: as

text: LPI

text: Once

text: common

text: but

text: no

text: longer

text: commonly

text: used

text: because

text: of

text: its

text: low

text: accuracy

text: and

text: resolution

text: is

text: to

text: screen

text: print

text: epoxy

text: ink

text: Solder

text: resist

text: also

text: provides

text: protection

text: from

text: the

text: environment

question: If part of a PCB isn't solderable, what can be used instead?

answer: solder resist

text: solder resist

question: What's another term used for "solder resist"?

answer: solder mask

text: solder mask

question: What solder resist with a four-word name is a popular choice in the industry?

answer: liquid photoimageable solder mask

text: liquid photoimageable solder mask

question: What kind of coating gets applied to the PWB before light exposure?

answer: photo-sensitive

text: photo-sensitive

question: What solder resist is so inaccurate that few choose it anymore?

answer: screen print epoxy ink

text: screen print epoxy ink


text: The Oklahoma City National Memorial in the northern part of Oklahoma City's downtown was created as the inscription on its eastern gate of the Memorial reads, "to honor the victims, survivors, rescuers, and all who were changed forever on April 19, 1995"; the memorial was built on the land formerly occupied by the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building complex prior to its 1995 bombing. The outdoor Symbolic Memorial can be visited 24 hours a day for free, and the adjacent Memorial Museum, located in the former Journal Record building damaged by the bombing, can be entered for a small fee. The site is also home to the National Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism, a non-partisan, nonprofit think tank devoted to the prevention of terrorism.

title: Oklahoma_City

title: Oklahoma_City

text: The

text: Oklahoma

text: City

text: National

text: Memorial

text: in

text: the

text: northern

text: part

text: of

text: Oklahoma

text: City

text: 's

text: downtown

text: was

text: created

text: as

text: the

text: inscription

text: on

text: its

text: eastern

text: gate

text: of

text: the

text: Memorial

text: reads

text: to

text: honor

text: the

text: victims

text: survivors

text: rescuers

text: and

text: all

text: who

text: were

text: changed

text: forever

text: on

text: April

text: the

text: memorial

text: was

text: built

text: on

text: the

text: land

text: formerly

text: occupied

text: by

text: the

text: Alfred

text: P.

text: Murrah

text: Federal

text: Building

text: complex

text: prior

text: to

text: its

text: bombing

text: The

text: outdoor

text: Symbolic

text: Memorial

text: can

text: be

text: visited

text: hours

text: a

text: day

text: for

text: free

text: and

text: the

text: adjacent

text: Memorial

text: Museum

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: former

text: Journal

text: Record

text: building

text: damaged

text: by

text: the

text: bombing

text: can

text: be

text: entered

text: for

text: a

text: small

text: fee

text: The

text: site

text: is

text: also

text: home

text: to

text: the

text: National

text: Memorial

text: Institute

text: for

text: the

text: Prevention

text: of

text: Terrorism

text: a

text: non

text: partisan

text: nonprofit

text: think

text: tank

text: devoted

text: to

text: the

text: prevention

text: of

text: terrorism

question: What is the name of Oklahoma Cities memorial?

answer: The Oklahoma City National Memorial

text: The Oklahoma City National Memorial

question: What institute is located near the Oklahoma City National Memorial?

answer: Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism

text: Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism


text: There are several details that are only found in one of the gospel accounts. For instance, only Matthew's gospel mentions an earthquake, resurrected saints who went to the city and that Roman soldiers were assigned to guard the tomb, while Mark is the only one to state the actual time of the crucifixion (the third hour, or 9 am) and the centurion's report of Jesus' death. The Gospel of Luke's unique contributions to the narrative include Jesus' words to the women who were mourning, one criminal's rebuke of the other, the reaction of the multitudes who left "beating their breasts", and the women preparing spices and ointments before resting on the Sabbath. John is also the only one to refer to the request that the legs be broken and the soldier's subsequent piercing of Jesus' side (as fulfillment of Old Testament prophecy), as well as that Nicodemus assisted Joseph with burial.

title: Crucifixion_of_Jesus

title: Crucifixion_of_Jesus

text: There

text: are

text: several

text: details

text: that

text: are

text: only

text: found

text: in

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: gospel

text: accounts

text: For

text: instance

text: only

text: Matthew

text: 's

text: gospel

text: mentions

text: an

text: earthquake

text: resurrected

text: saints

text: who

text: went

text: to

text: the

text: city

text: and

text: that

text: Roman

text: soldiers

text: were

text: assigned

text: to

text: guard

text: the

text: tomb

text: while

text: Mark

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: one

text: to

text: state

text: the

text: actual

text: time

text: of

text: the

text: crucifixion

text: the

text: third

text: hour

text: or

text: am

text: and

text: the

text: centurion

text: 's

text: report

text: of

text: Jesus

text: death

text: The

text: Gospel

text: of

text: Luke

text: 's

text: unique

text: contributions

text: to

text: the

text: narrative

text: include

text: Jesus

text: words

text: to

text: the

text: women

text: who

text: were

text: mourning

text: one

text: criminal

text: 's

text: rebuke

text: of

text: the

text: other

text: the

text: reaction

text: of

text: the

text: multitudes

text: who

text: left

text: beating

text: their

text: breasts

text: and

text: the

text: women

text: preparing

text: spices

text: and

text: ointments

text: before

text: resting

text: on

text: the

text: Sabbath

text: John

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: only

text: one

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: the

text: request

text: that

text: the

text: legs

text: be

text: broken

text: and

text: the

text: soldier

text: 's

text: subsequent

text: piercing

text: of

text: Jesus

text: side

text: as

text: fulfillment

text: of

text: Old

text: Testament

text: prophecy

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: that

text: Nicodemus

text: assisted

text: Joseph

text: with

text: burial

question: What detail of Jesus's Crucifiction was only found in Matthew's Gospel?

answer: an earthquake

text: an earthquake

question: Which gospel mentioned the time of Crucifiction?

answer: Mark

text: Mark

question: Who did Jesus talk to in the Gospel of Luke?

answer: words to the women who were mourning

text: words to the women who were mourning

question: What gospel talks about breaking Jesus' legs?

answer: John

text: John

question: What prophecy was fulfilled by the piercing of Jesus' side?

answer: Old Testament prophecy

text: Old Testament prophecy


text: Under Ptolemy II, Callimachus, Apollonius of Rhodes, Theocritus and a host of other poets made the city a center of Hellenistic literature. Ptolemy himself was eager to patronise the library, scientific research and individual scholars who lived on the grounds of the library. He and his successors also fought a series of wars with the Seleucids, known as the Syrian wars, over the region of Coele-Syria. Ptolemy IV won the great battle of Raphia (217 BCE) against the Seleucids, using native Egyptians trained as phalangites. However these Egyptian soldiers revolted, eventually setting up a native breakaway Egyptian state in the Thebaid between 205-186/5 BCE, severely weakening the Ptolemaic state.

title: Hellenistic_period

title: Hellenistic_period

text: Under

text: Ptolemy

text: II

text: Callimachus

text: Apollonius

text: of

text: Rhodes

text: Theocritus

text: and

text: a

text: host

text: of

text: other

text: poets

text: made

text: the

text: city

text: a

text: center

text: of

text: Hellenistic

text: literature

text: Ptolemy

text: himself

text: was

text: eager

text: to

text: patronise

text: the

text: library

text: scientific

text: research

text: and

text: individual

text: scholars

text: who

text: lived

text: on

text: the

text: grounds

text: of

text: the

text: library

text: He

text: and

text: his

text: successors

text: also

text: fought

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: wars

text: with

text: the

text: Seleucids

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Syrian

text: wars

text: over

text: the

text: region

text: of

text: Coele

text: Syria

text: Ptolemy

text: IV

text: won

text: the

text: great

text: battle

text: of

text: Raphia

text: BCE

text: against

text: the

text: Seleucids

text: using

text: native

text: Egyptians

text: trained

text: as

text: phalangites

text: However

text: these

text: Egyptian

text: soldiers

text: revolted

text: eventually

text: setting

text: up

text: a

text: native

text: breakaway

text: Egyptian

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: Thebaid

text: between

text: BCE

text: severely

text: weakening

text: the

text: Ptolemaic

text: state

question: The Syrian was were fought between Ptolemy II and whom?

answer: the Seleucids

text: the Seleucids

question: What region was fought for during the Syrian wars?

answer: Coele-Syria

text: Coele-Syria

question: Who won the great battle of Raphia?

answer: Ptolemy IV

text: Ptolemy IV

question: When was the great battle of Raphia?

answer: 217 BCE

text: 217 BCE

question: Who did Ptolemy IV defeat in the great battle of Raphia?

answer: Seleucids

text: Seleucids


text: During colonial times, Edenton served as the state capital beginning in 1722, and New Bern was selected as the capital in 1766. Construction of Tryon Palace, which served as the residence and offices of the provincial governor William Tryon, began in 1767 and was completed in 1771. In 1788 Raleigh was chosen as the site of the new capital, as its central location protected it from attacks from the coast. Officially established in 1792 as both county seat and state capital, the city was named after Sir Walter Raleigh, sponsor of Roanoke, the "lost colony" on Roanoke Island.

title: North_Carolina

title: North_Carolina

text: During

text: colonial

text: times

text: Edenton

text: served

text: as

text: the

text: state

text: capital

text: beginning

text: in

text: and

text: New

text: Bern

text: was

text: selected

text: as

text: the

text: capital

text: in

text: Construction

text: of

text: Tryon

text: Palace

text: which

text: served

text: as

text: the

text: residence

text: and

text: offices

text: of

text: the

text: provincial

text: governor

text: William

text: Tryon

text: began

text: in

text: and

text: was

text: completed

text: in

text: In

text: Raleigh

text: was

text: chosen

text: as

text: the

text: site

text: of

text: the

text: new

text: capital

text: as

text: its

text: central

text: location

text: protected

text: it

text: from

text: attacks

text: from

text: the

text: coast

text: Officially

text: established

text: in

text: as

text: both

text: county

text: seat

text: and

text: state

text: capital

text: the

text: city

text: was

text: named

text: after

text: Sir

text: Walter

text: Raleigh

text: sponsor

text: of

text: Roanoke

text: the

text: lost

text: colony

text: on

text: Roanoke

text: Island

question: What was the state capital of North Carolina in 1722?

answer: Edenton

text: Edenton

question: What city became the capital of North Carolina in 1766?

answer: New Bern

text: New Bern

question: Who was the governor of North carolina in 1767?

answer: William Tryon

text: William Tryon

question: What was the name of the offices and residence built for William Tryon?

answer: Tryon Palace

text: Tryon Palace

question: What central North carolina cuty was chosen for the capital in 1788?

answer: Raleigh

text: Raleigh


text: The Canadian Special Operations Forces Command (CANSOFCOM) is a formation capable of operating independently but primarily focused on generating special operations forces (SOF) elements to support CJOC. The command includes Joint Task Force 2 (JTF2), the Canadian Joint Incident Response Unit (CJIRU) based at CFB Trenton, as well as the Canadian Special Operations Regiment (CSOR) and 427 Special Operations Aviation Squadron (SOAS) based at CFB Petawawa.

title: Canadian_Armed_Forces

title: Canadian_Armed_Forces

text: The

text: Canadian

text: Special

text: Operations

text: Forces

text: Command

text: CANSOFCOM

text: is

text: a

text: formation

text: capable

text: of

text: operating

text: independently

text: but

text: primarily

text: focused

text: on

text: generating

text: special

text: operations

text: forces

text: SOF

text: elements

text: to

text: support

text: CJOC

text: The

text: command

text: includes

text: Joint

text: Task

text: Force

text: the

text: Canadian

text: Joint

text: Incident

text: Response

text: Unit

text: CJIRU

text: based

text: at

text: CFB

text: Trenton

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: Canadian

text: Special

text: Operations

text: Regiment

text: CSOR

text: and

text: Special

text: Operations

text: Aviation

text: Squadron

text: SOAS

text: based

text: at

text: CFB

text: Petawawa

question: what does CANSOFCOM stand for?

answer: The Canadian Special Operations Forces Command

text: The Canadian Special Operations Forces Command

question: What is the CANSOFCOM focussed on?

answer: generating special operations forces

text: generating special operations forces

question: What do the special forces support?

answer: CJOC

text: CJOC

question: Where is the Canadian Joint Incident Response Unit based?

answer: CFB Trenton

text: CFB Trenton

question: How many Special Operations Aviation Squadron are based at Petawawa?

answer: 427


text: When an ally of the Ü-Tsang ruler threatened destruction of the Gelugpas again, the fifth Dalai Lama Lozang Gyatso pleaded for help from the Mongol prince Güshi Khan (1582–1655), leader of the Khoshut (Qoshot) tribe of the Oirat Mongols, who was then on a pilgrimage to Lhasa. Güshi Khan accepted his role as protector, and from 1637–1640 he not only defeated the Gelugpas' enemies in the Amdo and Kham regions, but also resettled his entire tribe into Amdo. Sonam Chöpel urged Güshi Khan to assault the Ü-Tsang king's homebase of Shigatse, which Güshi Khan agreed upon, enlisting the aid of Gelug monks and supporters. In 1642, after a year's siege of Shigatse, the Ü-Tsang forces surrendered. Güshi Khan then captured and summarily executed Karma Tenkyong, the ruler of Ü-Tsang, King of Tibet.

title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty

title: Sino

text: When

text: an

text: ally

text: of

text: the

text: Ü

text: Tsang

text: ruler

text: threatened

text: destruction

text: of

text: the

text: Gelugpas

text: again

text: the

text: fifth

text: Dalai

text: Lama

text: Lozang

text: Gyatso

text: pleaded

text: for

text: help

text: from

text: the

text: Mongol

text: prince

text: Güshi

text: Khan

text: leader

text: of

text: the

text: Khoshut

text: Qoshot

text: tribe

text: of

text: the

text: Oirat

text: Mongols

text: who

text: was

text: then

text: on

text: a

text: pilgrimage

text: to

text: Lhasa

text: Güshi

text: Khan

text: accepted

text: his

text: role

text: as

text: protector

text: and

text: from

text: he

text: not

text: only

text: defeated

text: the

text: Gelugpas

text: enemies

text: in

text: the

text: Amdo

text: and

text: Kham

text: regions

text: but

text: also

text: resettled

text: his

text: entire

text: tribe

text: into

text: Amdo

text: Sonam

text: Chöpel

text: urged

text: Güshi

text: Khan

text: to

text: assault

text: the

text: Ü

text: Tsang

text: king

text: 's

text: homebase

text: of

text: Shigatse

text: which

text: Güshi

text: Khan

text: agreed

text: upon

text: enlisting

text: the

text: aid

text: of

text: Gelug

text: monks

text: and

text: supporters

text: In

text: after

text: a

text: year

text: 's

text: siege

text: of

text: Shigatse

text: the

text: Ü

text: Tsang

text: forces

text: surrendered

text: Güshi

text: Khan

text: then

text: captured

text: and

text: summarily

text: executed

text: Karma

text: Tenkyong

text: the

text: ruler

text: of

text: Ü

text: Tsang

text: King

text: of

text: Tibet

question: Who did the 5th Dalai Lama beg for help from?

answer: the Mongol prince Güshi Khan

text: the Mongol prince Güshi Khan

question: What role did Güshi Khan take on?

answer: protector

text: protector

question: Which enemies did Güshi Khan defeat?

answer: the Gelugpas

text: the Gelugpas

question: Where did Güshi Khan resettle his tribe?

answer: Amdo

text: Amdo

question: When did the  Ü-Tsang forces surrender?

answer: 1642


text: Standing out in Clarke's (and Newton's) response to Leibniz's arguments is the bucket argument: Water in a bucket, hung from a rope and set to spin, will start with a flat surface. As the water begins to spin in the bucket, the surface of the water will become concave. If the bucket is stopped, the water will continue to spin, and while the spin continues, the surface will remain concave. The concave surface is apparently not the result of the interaction of the bucket and the water, since the surface is flat when the bucket first starts to spin, it becomes concave as the water starts to spin, and it remains concave as the bucket stops.

title: Philosophy_of_space_and_time

title: Philosophy_of_space_and_time

text: Standing

text: out

text: in

text: Clarke

text: 's

text: and

text: Newton

text: 's

text: response

text: to

text: Leibniz

text: 's

text: arguments

text: is

text: the

text: bucket

text: argument

text: Water

text: in

text: a

text: bucket

text: hung

text: from

text: a

text: rope

text: and

text: set

text: to

text: spin

text: will

text: start

text: with

text: a

text: flat

text: surface

text: As

text: the

text: water

text: begins

text: to

text: spin

text: in

text: the

text: bucket

text: the

text: surface

text: of

text: the

text: water

text: will

text: become

text: concave

text: If

text: the

text: bucket

text: is

text: stopped

text: the

text: water

text: will

text: continue

text: to

text: spin

text: and

text: while

text: the

text: spin

text: continues

text: the

text: surface

text: will

text: remain

text: concave

text: The

text: concave

text: surface

text: is

text: apparently

text: not

text: the

text: result

text: of

text: the

text: interaction

text: of

text: the

text: bucket

text: and

text: the

text: water

text: since

text: the

text: surface

text: is

text: flat

text: when

text: the

text: bucket

text: first

text: starts

text: to

text: spin

text: it

text: becomes

text: concave

text: as

text: the

text: water

text: starts

text: to

text: spin

text: and

text: it

text: remains

text: concave

text: as

text: the

text: bucket

text: stops

question: What stood out in Clark's response to Leibniz?

answer: the bucket argument

text: the bucket argument

question: According to Clark's argument, water in a bucket, hung from a rope and spun, will begin with kind of surface?

answer: flat

text: flat

question: As the buck spins, what happens to the water?

answer: the water will become concave

text: the water will become concave

question: If the buck stops, the water will do what?

answer: continue to spin

text: continue to spin

question: What is the surface of the water apparently not caused by?

answer: the interaction of the bucket and the water

text: the interaction of the bucket and the water


text: In the colonial years, while conditions were more fluid, white women, indentured servant or free, and African men, servant, slave or free, made unions. Because the women were free, their mixed-race children were born free; they and their descendants formed most of the families of free people of color during the colonial period in Virginia. The scholar Paul Heinegg found that eighty percent of the free people of color in North Carolina in censuses from 1790–1810 could be traced to families free in Virginia in colonial years.

title: Multiracial_American

title: Multiracial_American

text: In

text: the

text: colonial

text: years

text: while

text: conditions

text: were

text: more

text: fluid

text: white

text: women

text: indentured

text: servant

text: or

text: free

text: and

text: African

text: men

text: servant

text: slave

text: or

text: free

text: made

text: unions

text: Because

text: the

text: women

text: were

text: free

text: their

text: mixed

text: race

text: children

text: were

text: born

text: free

text: they

text: and

text: their

text: descendants

text: formed

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: families

text: of

text: free

text: people

text: of

text: color

text: during

text: the

text: colonial

text: period

text: in

text: Virginia

text: The

text: scholar

text: Paul

text: Heinegg

text: found

text: that

text: eighty

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: free

text: people

text: of

text: color

text: in

text: North

text: Carolina

text: in

text: censuses

text: from

text: could

text: be

text: traced

text: to

text: families

text: free

text: in

text: Virginia

text: in

text: colonial

text: years

question: When could white women and black men be in a union?

answer: In the colonial years

text: In the colonial years

question: Where did 80% of free people of color in NC come from?

answer: Virginia in colonial years

text: Virginia in colonial years

question: What is Paul Heinegg?

answer: scholar

text: scholar

question: What censuses did he study?

answer: from 1790–1810

text: from 1790–1810


text: The first hydrogen-filled balloon was invented by Jacques Charles in 1783. Hydrogen provided the lift for the first reliable form of air-travel following the 1852 invention of the first hydrogen-lifted airship by Henri Giffard. German count Ferdinand von Zeppelin promoted the idea of rigid airships lifted by hydrogen that later were called Zeppelins; the first of which had its maiden flight in 1900. Regularly scheduled flights started in 1910 and by the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, they had carried 35,000 passengers without a serious incident. Hydrogen-lifted airships were used as observation platforms and bombers during the war.

title: Hydrogen

title: Hydrogen

text: The

text: first

text: hydrogen

text: filled

text: balloon

text: was

text: invented

text: by

text: Jacques

text: Charles

text: in

text: Hydrogen

text: provided

text: the

text: lift

text: for

text: the

text: first

text: reliable

text: form

text: of

text: air

text: travel

text: following

text: the

text: invention

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: hydrogen

text: lifted

text: airship

text: by

text: Henri

text: Giffard

text: German

text: count

text: Ferdinand

text: von

text: Zeppelin

text: promoted

text: the

text: idea

text: of

text: rigid

text: airships

text: lifted

text: by

text: hydrogen

text: that

text: later

text: were

text: called

text: Zeppelins

text: the

text: first

text: of

text: which

text: had

text: its

text: maiden

text: flight

text: in

text: Regularly

text: scheduled

text: flights

text: started

text: in

text: and

text: by

text: the

text: outbreak

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: I

text: in

text: August

text: they

text: had

text: carried

text: passengers

text: without

text: a

text: serious

text: incident

text: Hydrogen

text: lifted

text: airships

text: were

text: used

text: as

text: observation

text: platforms

text: and

text: bombers

text: during

text: the

text: war

question: Who invented the hydrogen filled balloons?

answer: Jacques Charles

text: Jacques Charles

question: What year was hydrogen filled balloons invented?

answer: 1783

question: what were the hydrogen lifted airships called?

answer: Zeppelins

text: Zeppelins

question: In what year did the first zeppelin make flight?

answer: 1900


text: Born in Bay City, Michigan, Madonna moved to New York City in 1977 to pursue a career in modern dance. After performing in the music groups Breakfast Club and Emmy, she signed with Sire Records (an auxiliary label of Warner Bros. Records) in 1982 and released her self-titled debut album the following year. She followed it with a series of commercially and critcally successful albums, including the Grammy Award winners Ray of Light (1998) and Confessions on a Dance Floor (2005). Throughout her career, Madonna has written and produced most of her songs, with many of them reaching number one on the record charts, including "Like a Virgin", "Into the Groove", "Papa Don't Preach", "Like a Prayer", "Vogue", "Frozen", "Music", "Hung Up", and "4 Minutes".

title: Madonna_(entertainer)

title: Madonna_(entertainer

text: Born

text: in

text: Bay

text: City

text: Michigan

text: Madonna

text: moved

text: to

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: in

text: to

text: pursue

text: a

text: career

text: in

text: modern

text: dance

text: After

text: performing

text: in

text: the

text: music

text: groups

text: Breakfast

text: Club

text: and

text: Emmy

text: she

text: signed

text: with

text: Sire

text: Records

text: an

text: auxiliary

text: label

text: of

text: Warner

text: Bros.

text: Records

text: in

text: and

text: released

text: her

text: self

text: titled

text: debut

text: album

text: the

text: following

text: year

text: She

text: followed

text: it

text: with

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: commercially

text: and

text: critcally

text: successful

text: albums

text: including

text: the

text: Grammy

text: Award

text: winners

text: Ray

text: of

text: Light

text: and

text: Confessions

text: on

text: a

text: Dance

text: Floor

text: Throughout

text: her

text: career

text: Madonna

text: has

text: written

text: and

text: produced

text: most

text: of

text: her

text: songs

text: with

text: many

text: of

text: them

text: reaching

text: number

text: one

text: on

text: the

text: record

text: charts

text: including

text: Like

text: a

text: Virgin

text: Into

text: the

text: Groove

text: Papa

text: Do

text: n't

text: Preach

text: Like

text: a

text: Prayer

text: Vogue

text: Frozen

text: Music

text: Hung

text: Up

text: and

text: Minutes

question: Where was Madonna born?

answer: Bay City, Michigan

text: Bay City, Michigan

question: In which year did Madonna move to New York City?

answer: 1977

question: Which record label did Madonna sign with in 1982?

answer: Sire Records

text: Sire Records

question: What was the name of the album she released in 1983?

answer: Madonna

text: Madonna

question: Name Madonna's Grammy award album in 1998?

answer: Ray of Light

text: Ray of Light


text: Some researchers are now focusing on learning about how adolescents view their own relationships and sexuality; they want to move away from a research point of view that focuses on the problems associated with adolescent sexuality.[why?] College Professor Lucia O'Sullivan and her colleagues found that there weren't any significant gender differences in the relationship events adolescent boys and girls from grades 7-12 reported. Most teens said they had kissed their partners, held hands with them, thought of themselves as being a couple and told people they were in a relationship. This means that private thoughts about the relationship as well as public recognition of the relationship were both important to the adolescents in the sample. Sexual events (such as sexual touching, sexual intercourse) were less common than romantic events (holding hands) and social events (being with one's partner in a group setting). The researchers state that these results are important because the results focus on the more positive aspects of adolescents and their social and romantic interactions rather than focusing on sexual behavior and its consequences.

title: Adolescence

title: Adolescence

text: Some

text: researchers

text: are

text: now

text: focusing

text: on

text: learning

text: about

text: how

text: adolescents

text: view

text: their

text: own

text: relationships

text: and

text: sexuality

text: they

text: want

text: to

text: move

text: away

text: from

text: a

text: research

text: point

text: of

text: view

text: that

text: focuses

text: on

text: the

text: problems

text: associated

text: with

text: adolescent

text: sexuality.[why

text: College

text: Professor

text: Lucia

text: O'Sullivan

text: and

text: her

text: colleagues

text: found

text: that

text: there

text: were

text: n't

text: any

text: significant

text: gender

text: differences

text: in

text: the

text: relationship

text: events

text: adolescent

text: boys

text: and

text: girls

text: from

text: grades

text: reported

text: Most

text: teens

text: said

text: they

text: had

text: kissed

text: their

text: partners

text: held

text: hands

text: with

text: them

text: thought

text: of

text: themselves

text: as

text: being

text: a

text: couple

text: and

text: told

text: people

text: they

text: were

text: in

text: a

text: relationship

text: This

text: means

text: that

text: private

text: thoughts

text: about

text: the

text: relationship

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: public

text: recognition

text: of

text: the

text: relationship

text: were

text: both

text: important

text: to

text: the

text: adolescents

text: in

text: the

text: sample

text: Sexual

text: events

text: such

text: as

text: sexual

text: touching

text: sexual

text: intercourse

text: were

text: less

text: common

text: than

text: romantic

text: events

text: holding

text: hands

text: and

text: social

text: events

text: being

text: with

text: one

text: 's

text: partner

text: in

text: a

text: group

text: setting

text: The

text: researchers

text: state

text: that

text: these

text: results

text: are

text: important

text: because

text: the

text: results

text: focus

text: on

text: the

text: more

text: positive

text: aspects

text: of

text: adolescents

text: and

text: their

text: social

text: and

text: romantic

text: interactions

text: rather

text: than

text: focusing

text: on

text: sexual

text: behavior

text: and

text: its

text: consequences

question: Did adolescents report more sexual or social events to researchers?

answer: social events

text: social events

question: Why do researchers believe the social event reporting by adolescents (rather than sexual activity) is important?

answer: focus on the more positive aspects of adolescents

text: focus on the more positive aspects of adolescents

question: Holding hands with one's partner and telling others about a relationship are examples of what kind of adolescent event?

answer: romantic

text: romantic


text: Gaddafi's earliest education was of a religious nature, imparted by a local Islamic teacher. Subsequently moving to nearby Sirte to attend elementary school, he progressed through six grades in four years. Education in Libya was not free, but his father thought it would greatly benefit his son despite the financial strain. During the week Gaddafi slept in a mosque, and at weekends walked 20 miles to visit his parents. Bullied for being a Bedouin, he was proud of his identity and encouraged pride in other Bedouin children. From Sirte, he and his family moved to the market town of Sabha in Fezzan, south-central Libya, where his father worked as a caretaker for a tribal leader while Muammar attended secondary school, something neither parent had done. Gaddafi was popular at school; some friends made there received significant jobs in his later administration, most notably his best friend Abdul Salam Jalloud.

title: Muammar_Gaddafi

title: Muammar_Gaddafi

text: Gaddafi

text: 's

text: earliest

text: education

text: was

text: of

text: a

text: religious

text: nature

text: imparted

text: by

text: a

text: local

text: Islamic

text: teacher

text: Subsequently

text: moving

text: to

text: nearby

text: Sirte

text: to

text: attend

text: elementary

text: school

text: he

text: progressed

text: through

text: six

text: grades

text: in

text: four

text: years

text: Education

text: in

text: Libya

text: was

text: not

text: free

text: but

text: his

text: father

text: thought

text: it

text: would

text: greatly

text: benefit

text: his

text: son

text: despite

text: the

text: financial

text: strain

text: During

text: the

text: week

text: Gaddafi

text: slept

text: in

text: a

text: mosque

text: and

text: at

text: weekends

text: walked

text: miles

text: to

text: visit

text: his

text: parents

text: Bullied

text: for

text: being

text: a

text: Bedouin

text: he

text: was

text: proud

text: of

text: his

text: identity

text: and

text: encouraged

text: pride

text: in

text: other

text: Bedouin

text: children

text: From

text: Sirte

text: he

text: and

text: his

text: family

text: moved

text: to

text: the

text: market

text: town

text: of

text: Sabha

text: in

text: Fezzan

text: south

text: central

text: Libya

text: where

text: his

text: father

text: worked

text: as

text: a

text: caretaker

text: for

text: a

text: tribal

text: leader

text: while

text: Muammar

text: attended

text: secondary

text: school

text: something

text: neither

text: parent

text: had

text: done

text: Gaddafi

text: was

text: popular

text: at

text: school

text: some

text: friends

text: made

text: there

text: received

text: significant

text: jobs

text: in

text: his

text: later

text: administration

text: most

text: notably

text: his

text: best

text: friend

text: Abdul

text: Salam

text: Jalloud

question: Describe Gaddafi's first experience with education.

answer: a religious nature, imparted by a local Islamic teacher

text: a religious nature, imparted by a local Islamic teacher

question: In addition to gaining an education, describe how Gaddafi managed to attend school 20 miles from his family.

answer: During the week Gaddafi slept in a mosque, and at weekends walked 20 miles to visit his parents

text: During the week Gaddafi slept in a mosque, and at weekends walked 20 miles to visit his parents

question: How did Gaddafi deal with peer pressure regarding his cultural background?

answer: Bullied for being a Bedouin, he was proud of his identity and encouraged pride in other Bedouin children.

text: Bullied for being a Bedouin, he was proud of his identity and encouraged pride in other Bedouin children.

question: When Gaddafi's family moved to Sabha, describe his educational experiences in secondary school.

answer: Gaddafi was popular at school; some friends made there received significant jobs in his later administration, most notably his best friend Abdul Salam Jalloud.

text: Gaddafi was popular at school; some friends made there received significant jobs in his later administration, most notably his best friend Abdul Salam Jalloud.

question: Describe Gaddafi's parents' educational backgrounds.

answer: where his father worked as a caretaker for a tribal leader while Muammar attended secondary school, something neither parent had done.

text: where his father worked as a caretaker for a tribal leader while Muammar attended secondary school, something neither parent had done.

question: Why was Gaddafi made fun of in elementary school?

answer: Bullied for being a Bedouin, he was proud of his identity and encouraged pride in other Bedouin children.

text: Bullied for being a Bedouin, he was proud of his identity and encouraged pride in other Bedouin children.

question: How did Gaddafi manage to attend elementary school so far from home?

answer: During the week Gaddafi slept in a mosque, and at weekends walked 20 miles to visit his parents.

text: During the week Gaddafi slept in a mosque, and at weekends walked 20 miles to visit his parents.

question: Were Gaddafi's parents educated?

answer: while Muammar attended secondary school, something neither parent had done.

text: while Muammar attended secondary school, something neither parent had done.

question: Was Gaddafi's education free?

answer: Education in Libya was not free, but his father thought it would greatly benefit his son despite the financial strain.

text: Education in Libya was not free, but his father thought it would greatly benefit his son despite the financial strain.

question: How did his early relationships play a role later when Gaddafi  became a ruler?

answer: Gaddafi was popular at school; some friends made there received significant jobs in his later administration, most notably his best friend Abdul Salam Jalloud.

text: Gaddafi was popular at school; some friends made there received significant jobs in his later administration, most notably his best friend Abdul Salam Jalloud.

question: In what religion was Gaddafi educated?

answer: Islamic

text: Islamic

question: What town did Gaddafi's family move to after they left Sirte?

answer: Sabha

text: Sabha

question: What geographical portion of Libya is Fezzan located in?

answer: south-central

text: south-central

question: Who was Gaddafi's closest friend in secondary school?

answer: Abdul Salam Jalloud

text: Abdul Salam Jalloud

question: In what town did Gaddafi first attend primary school?

answer: Sirte

text: Sirte


text: From November 17, 1947 to December 23, 1947, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain at AT&T's Bell Labs in the United States performed experiments and observed that when two gold point contacts were applied to a crystal of germanium, a signal was produced with the output power greater than the input. Solid State Physics Group leader William Shockley saw the potential in this, and over the next few months worked to greatly expand the knowledge of semiconductors. The term transistor was coined by John R. Pierce as a contraction of the term transresistance. According to Lillian Hoddeson and Vicki Daitch, authors of a biography of John Bardeen, Shockley had proposed that Bell Labs' first patent for a transistor should be based on the field-effect and that he be named as the inventor. Having unearthed Lilienfeld’s patents that went into obscurity years earlier, lawyers at Bell Labs advised against Shockley's proposal because the idea of a field-effect transistor that used an electric field as a "grid" was not new. Instead, what Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley invented in 1947 was the first point-contact transistor. In acknowledgement of this accomplishment, Shockley, Bardeen, and Brattain were jointly awarded the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect."

title: Transistor

title: Transistor

text: From

text: November

text: to

text: December

text: John

text: Bardeen

text: and

text: Walter

text: Brattain

text: at

text: AT&T

text: 's

text: Bell

text: Labs

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: performed

text: experiments

text: and

text: observed

text: that

text: when

text: two

text: gold

text: point

text: contacts

text: were

text: applied

text: to

text: a

text: crystal

text: of

text: germanium

text: a

text: signal

text: was

text: produced

text: with

text: the

text: output

text: power

text: greater

text: than

text: the

text: input

text: Solid

text: State

text: Physics

text: Group

text: leader

text: William

text: Shockley

text: saw

text: the

text: potential

text: in

text: this

text: and

text: over

text: the

text: next

text: few

text: months

text: worked

text: to

text: greatly

text: expand

text: the

text: knowledge

text: of

text: semiconductors

text: The

text: term

text: transistor

text: was

text: coined

text: by

text: John

text: R.

text: Pierce

text: as

text: a

text: contraction

text: of

text: the

text: term

text: transresistance

text: According

text: to

text: Lillian

text: Hoddeson

text: and

text: Vicki

text: Daitch

text: authors

text: of

text: a

text: biography

text: of

text: John

text: Bardeen

text: Shockley

text: had

text: proposed

text: that

text: Bell

text: Labs

text: first

text: patent

text: for

text: a

text: transistor

text: should

text: be

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: field

text: effect

text: and

text: that

text: he

text: be

text: named

text: as

text: the

text: inventor

text: Having

text: unearthed

text: Lilienfeld

text: ’s

text: patents

text: that

text: went

text: into

text: obscurity

text: years

text: earlier

text: lawyers

text: at

text: Bell

text: Labs

text: advised

text: against

text: Shockley

text: 's

text: proposal

text: because

text: the

text: idea

text: of

text: a

text: field

text: effect

text: transistor

text: that

text: used

text: an

text: electric

text: field

text: as

text: a

text: grid

text: was

text: not

text: new

text: Instead

text: what

text: Bardeen

text: Brattain

text: and

text: Shockley

text: invented

text: in

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: point

text: contact

text: transistor

text: In

text: acknowledgement

text: of

text: this

text: accomplishment

text: Shockley

text: Bardeen

text: and

text: Brattain

text: were

text: jointly

text: awarded

text: the

text: Nobel

text: Prize

text: in

text: Physics

text: for

text: their

text: researches

text: on

text: semiconductors

text: and

text: their

text: discovery

text: of

text: the

text: transistor

text: effect

question: At what time did Bardeen and Brattain experiment on increasing signal output?

answer: November 17, 1947 to December 23, 1947

text: November 17, 1947 to December 23, 1947

question: What were gold contacts attached to to increase signal output?

answer: germanium

text: germanium

question: Who was the Solid State Physics Group Leader?

answer: William Shockley

text: William Shockley

question: Who came up with the term transistor?

answer: John R. Pierce

text: John R. Pierce

question: Why was the term transistor used?

answer: a contraction of the term transresistance

text: a contraction of the term transresistance


text: After the Civil War, population expansion, railroad construction, and the disappearance of the buffalo herds heightened military tensions on the Great Plains. Several tribes, especially the Sioux and Comanche, fiercely resisted confinement to reservations. The main role of the Army was to keep indigenous peoples on reservations and to end their wars against settlers and each other, William Tecumseh Sherman and Philip Sheridan were in charge. A famous victory for the Plains Nations was the Battle of the Little Big Horn in 1876, when Col. George Armstrong Custer and two hundred plus members of the 7th Cavalry were killed by a force consisting of Native Americans from the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho nations. The last significant conflict came in 1891.

title: Military_history_of_the_United_States

title: Military_history_of_the_United_States

text: After

text: the

text: Civil

text: War

text: population

text: expansion

text: railroad

text: construction

text: and

text: the

text: disappearance

text: of

text: the

text: buffalo

text: herds

text: heightened

text: military

text: tensions

text: on

text: the

text: Great

text: Plains

text: Several

text: tribes

text: especially

text: the

text: Sioux

text: and

text: Comanche

text: fiercely

text: resisted

text: confinement

text: to

text: reservations

text: The

text: main

text: role

text: of

text: the

text: Army

text: was

text: to

text: keep

text: indigenous

text: peoples

text: on

text: reservations

text: and

text: to

text: end

text: their

text: wars

text: against

text: settlers

text: and

text: each

text: other

text: William

text: Tecumseh

text: Sherman

text: and

text: Philip

text: Sheridan

text: were

text: in

text: charge

text: A

text: famous

text: victory

text: for

text: the

text: Plains

text: Nations

text: was

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: the

text: Little

text: Big

text: Horn

text: in

text: when

text: Col

text: George

text: Armstrong

text: Custer

text: and

text: two

text: hundred

text: plus

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: Cavalry

text: were

text: killed

text: by

text: a

text: force

text: consisting

text: of

text: Native

text: Americans

text: from

text: the

text: Lakota

text: Northern

text: Cheyenne

text: and

text: Arapaho

text: nations

text: The

text: last

text: significant

text: conflict

text: came

text: in

question: What two tribes particularly resisted being confined to reservations?

answer: the Sioux and Comanche

text: the Sioux and Comanche

question: What caused a spike in difficulties between settlers and indigenous peoples on the western plains after the Civil War?

answer: population expansion, railroad construction, and the disappearance of the buffalo herds

text: population expansion, railroad construction, and the disappearance of the buffalo herds

question: Who were two of the military leaders tasked with overseeing American policy of putting Indians on reservations?

answer: William Tecumseh Sherman and Philip Sheridan

text: William Tecumseh Sherman and Philip Sheridan

question: When was the Battle of Little Big Horn fought?

answer: 1876

question: What US officer led the troops who were destroyed at Little Big Horn?

answer: Col. George Armstrong Custer

text: Col. George Armstrong Custer


text: Methodism identifies principally with the theology of John Wesley—an Anglican priest and evangelist. This evangelical movement originated as a revival within the 18th-century Church of England and became a separate Church following Wesley's death. Because of vigorous missionary activity, the movement spread throughout the British Empire, the United States, and beyond, today claiming approximately 80 million adherents worldwide. Originally it appealed especially to workers, agricultural workers, and slaves.

title: Protestantism

title: Protestantism

text: Methodism

text: identifies

text: principally

text: with

text: the

text: theology

text: of

text: John

text: Wesley

text: an

text: Anglican

text: priest

text: and

text: evangelist

text: This

text: evangelical

text: movement

text: originated

text: as

text: a

text: revival

text: within

text: the

text: century

text: Church

text: of

text: England

text: and

text: became

text: a

text: separate

text: Church

text: following

text: Wesley

text: 's

text: death

text: Because

text: of

text: vigorous

text: missionary

text: activity

text: the

text: movement

text: spread

text: throughout

text: the

text: British

text: Empire

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: beyond

text: today

text: claiming

text: approximately

text: million

text: adherents

text: worldwide

text: Originally

text: it

text: appealed

text: especially

text: to

text: workers

text: agricultural

text: workers

text: and

text: slaves

question: Who was the inspiration for Methodism?

answer: John Wesley

text: John Wesley

question: Who did Methodism originally attract?

answer: workers, agricultural workers, and slaves

text: workers, agricultural workers, and slaves

question: What was John Wesley's occupation?

answer: Anglican priest

text: Anglican priest

question: How many Methodists are there in the world today?

answer: approximately 80 million

text: approximately 80 million

question: How did the Methodist movement spread so far and wide?

answer: vigorous missionary activity

text: vigorous missionary activity


text: Another occasionally used criterion for discriminating dialects from languages is that of linguistic authority, a more sociolinguistic notion. According to this definition, two varieties are considered dialects of the same language if (under at least some circumstances) they would defer to the same authority regarding some questions about their language. For instance, to learn the name of a new invention, or an obscure foreign species of plant, speakers of Bavarian German and East Franconian German might each consult a German dictionary or ask a German-speaking expert in the subject. By way of contrast, although Yiddish is classified by linguists as a language in the "Middle High German" group of languages, a Yiddish speaker would not consult a German dictionary to determine the word to use in such a case.

title: Dialect

title: Dialect

text: Another

text: occasionally

text: used

text: criterion

text: for

text: discriminating

text: dialects

text: from

text: languages

text: is

text: that

text: of

text: linguistic

text: authority

text: a

text: more

text: sociolinguistic

text: notion

text: According

text: to

text: this

text: definition

text: two

text: varieties

text: are

text: considered

text: dialects

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: language

text: if

text: under

text: at

text: least

text: some

text: circumstances

text: they

text: would

text: defer

text: to

text: the

text: same

text: authority

text: regarding

text: some

text: questions

text: about

text: their

text: language

text: For

text: instance

text: to

text: learn

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: a

text: new

text: invention

text: or

text: an

text: obscure

text: foreign

text: species

text: of

text: plant

text: speakers

text: of

text: Bavarian

text: German

text: and

text: East

text: Franconian

text: German

text: might

text: each

text: consult

text: a

text: German

text: dictionary

text: or

text: ask

text: a

text: German

text: speaking

text: expert

text: in

text: the

text: subject

text: By

text: way

text: of

text: contrast

text: although

text: Yiddish

text: is

text: classified

text: by

text: linguists

text: as

text: a

text: language

text: in

text: the

text: Middle

text: High

text: German

text: group

text: of

text: languages

text: a

text: Yiddish

text: speaker

text: would

text: not

text: consult

text: a

text: German

text: dictionary

text: to

text: determine

text: the

text: word

text: to

text: use

text: in

text: such

text: a

text: case

question: What term refers to another way in which dialects are distinguished from languages?

answer: linguistic authority

text: linguistic authority

question: Under the linguistic authority criteria, what is a dialect of German along with Bavarian German?

answer: East Franconian German

text: East Franconian German

question: Of what group of languages is Yiddish a member?

answer: Middle High German

text: Middle High German

question: Why is Yiddish not a dialect of German?

answer: a Yiddish speaker would not consult a German dictionary

text: a Yiddish speaker would not consult a German dictionary


text: With Lieutenant-General Matthew Ridgway assuming the command of the U.S. Eighth Army on 26 December, the PVA and the KPA launched their Third Phase Offensive (also known as the "Chinese New Year's Offensive") on New Year's Eve of 1950. Utilizing night attacks in which UN Command fighting positions were encircled and then assaulted by numerically superior troops who had the element of surprise, the attacks were accompanied by loud trumpets and gongs, which fulfilled the double purpose of facilitating tactical communication and mentally disorienting the enemy. UN forces initially had no familiarity with this tactic, and as a result some soldiers panicked, abandoning their weapons and retreating to the south. The Chinese New Year's Offensive overwhelmed UN forces, allowing the PVA and KPA to conquer Seoul for the second time on 4 January 1951.

title: Korean_War

title: Korean_War

text: With

text: Lieutenant

text: General

text: Matthew

text: Ridgway

text: assuming

text: the

text: command

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Eighth

text: Army

text: on

text: December

text: the

text: PVA

text: and

text: the

text: KPA

text: launched

text: their

text: Third

text: Phase

text: Offensive

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Chinese

text: New

text: Year

text: 's

text: Offensive

text: on

text: New

text: Year

text: 's

text: Eve

text: of

text: Utilizing

text: night

text: attacks

text: in

text: which

text: UN

text: Command

text: fighting

text: positions

text: were

text: encircled

text: and

text: then

text: assaulted

text: by

text: numerically

text: superior

text: troops

text: who

text: had

text: the

text: element

text: of

text: surprise

text: the

text: attacks

text: were

text: accompanied

text: by

text: loud

text: trumpets

text: and

text: gongs

text: which

text: fulfilled

text: the

text: double

text: purpose

text: of

text: facilitating

text: tactical

text: communication

text: and

text: mentally

text: disorienting

text: the

text: enemy

text: UN

text: forces

text: initially

text: had

text: no

text: familiarity

text: with

text: this

text: tactic

text: and

text: as

text: a

text: result

text: some

text: soldiers

text: panicked

text: abandoning

text: their

text: weapons

text: and

text: retreating

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: The

text: Chinese

text: New

text: Year

text: 's

text: Offensive

text: overwhelmed

text: UN

text: forces

text: allowing

text: the

text: PVA

text: and

text: KPA

text: to

text: conquer

text: Seoul

text: for

text: the

text: second

text: time

text: on

text: January

question: What is the Third Phase Offensive also known as?

answer: Chinese New Year's Offensive

text: Chinese New Year's Offensive

question: Why goals were accomplished the the KPA and PVA's use gongs during these attacks?

answer: facilitating tactical communication and mentally disorienting the enemy

text: facilitating tactical communication and mentally disorienting the enemy

question: How did some UN troops react to the use of noise?

answer: some soldiers panicked, abandoning their weapons and retreating to the south

text: some soldiers panicked, abandoning their weapons and retreating to the south

question: What did the PVA and KPA gain by using the tactics during the Third Phase Offensive

answer: Seoul

text: Seoul

question: Who was commanding the U.S. Eight Army at the time of the Third Phase Offensive?

answer: Lieutenant-General Matthew Ridgway

text: Lieutenant-General Matthew Ridgway


text: Libya's economy witnessed increasing privatization; although rejecting the socialist policies of nationalized industry advocated in The Green Book, government figures asserted that they were forging "people's socialism" rather than capitalism. Gaddafi welcomed these reforms, calling for wide-scale privatization in a March 2003 speech. In 2003, the oil industry was largely sold to private corporations, and by 2004, there was $40 billion of direct foreign investment in Libya, a sixfold rise over 2003. Sectors of Libya's population reacted against these reforms with public demonstrations, and in March 2006, revolutionary hard-liners took control of the GPC cabinet; although scaling back the pace of the changes, they did not halt them. In 2010, plans were announced that would have seen half the Libyan economy privatized over the following decade. While there was no accompanying political liberalization, with Gaddafi retaining predominant control, in March 2010, the government devolved further powers to the municipal councils. Rising numbers of reformist technocrats attained positions in the country's governance; best known was Gaddafi's son and heir apparent Saif al-Islam Gaddafi, who was openly critical of Libya's human rights record. He led a group who proposed the drafting of the new constitution, although it was never adopted, and in October 2009 was appointed to head the PSLC. Involved in encouraging tourism, Saif founded several privately run media channels in 2008, but after criticising the government they were nationalised in 2009. In October 2010, Gaddafi apologized to African leaders on behalf of Arab nations for their involvement in the African slave trade.

title: Muammar_Gaddafi

title: Muammar_Gaddafi

text: Libya

text: 's

text: economy

text: witnessed

text: increasing

text: privatization

text: although

text: rejecting

text: the

text: socialist

text: policies

text: of

text: nationalized

text: industry

text: advocated

text: in

text: The

text: Green

text: Book

text: government

text: figures

text: asserted

text: that

text: they

text: were

text: forging

text: people

text: 's

text: socialism

text: rather

text: than

text: capitalism

text: Gaddafi

text: welcomed

text: these

text: reforms

text: calling

text: for

text: wide

text: scale

text: privatization

text: in

text: a

text: March

text: speech

text: In

text: the

text: oil

text: industry

text: was

text: largely

text: sold

text: to

text: private

text: corporations

text: and

text: by

text: there

text: was

text: billion

text: of

text: direct

text: foreign

text: investment

text: in

text: Libya

text: a

text: sixfold

text: rise

text: over

text: Sectors

text: of

text: Libya

text: 's

text: population

text: reacted

text: against

text: these

text: reforms

text: with

text: public

text: demonstrations

text: and

text: in

text: March

text: revolutionary

text: hard

text: liners

text: took

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: GPC

text: cabinet

text: although

text: scaling

text: back

text: the

text: pace

text: of

text: the

text: changes

text: they

text: did

text: not

text: halt

text: them

text: In

text: plans

text: were

text: announced

text: that

text: would

text: have

text: seen

text: half

text: the

text: Libyan

text: economy

text: privatized

text: over

text: the

text: following

text: decade

text: While

text: there

text: was

text: no

text: accompanying

text: political

text: liberalization

text: with

text: Gaddafi

text: retaining

text: predominant

text: control

text: in

text: March

text: the

text: government

text: devolved

text: further

text: powers

text: to

text: the

text: municipal

text: councils

text: Rising

text: numbers

text: of

text: reformist

text: technocrats

text: attained

text: positions

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: governance

text: best

text: known

text: was

text: Gaddafi

text: 's

text: son

text: and

text: heir

text: apparent

text: Saif

text: al

text: Islam

text: Gaddafi

text: who

text: was

text: openly

text: critical

text: of

text: Libya

text: 's

text: human

text: rights

text: record

text: He

text: led

text: a

text: group

text: who

text: proposed

text: the

text: drafting

text: of

text: the

text: new

text: constitution

text: although

text: it

text: was

text: never

text: adopted

text: and

text: in

text: October

text: was

text: appointed

text: to

text: head

text: the

text: PSLC

text: Involved

text: in

text: encouraging

text: tourism

text: Saif

text: founded

text: several

text: privately

text: run

text: media

text: channels

text: in

text: but

text: after

text: criticising

text: the

text: government

text: they

text: were

text: nationalised

text: in

text: In

text: October

text: Gaddafi

text: apologized

text: to

text: African

text: leaders

text: on

text: behalf

text: of

text: Arab

text: nations

text: for

text: their

text: involvement

text: in

text: the

text: African

text: slave

text: trade

question: In what month and year did Gaddafi make a speech promoting economic privatization?

answer: March 2003

text: March 2003

question: How much direct foreign investment existed in Libya circa 2004?

answer: $40 billion

text: $40 billion

question: By what factor did direct foreign investment in Libya increase between 2003 and 2004?

answer: sixfold

text: sixfold

question: According to the plan of 2010, what fraction of Libya's economy was intended to be privatized?

answer: half

text: half

question: As of October 2009, who was the head of the PSLC?

answer: Saif al-Islam Gaddafi

text: Saif al-Islam Gaddafi


text: Alpine crystals have been studied and collected for hundreds of years, and began to be classified in the 18th century. Leonhard Euler studied the shapes of crystals, and by the 19th century crystal hunting was common in Alpine regions. David Friedrich Wiser amassed a collection of 8000 crystals that he studied and documented. In the 20th century Robert Parker wrote a well-known work about the rock crystals of the Swiss Alps; at the same period a commission was established to control and standardize the naming of Alpine minerals.

title: Alps

title: Alps

text: Alpine

text: crystals

text: have

text: been

text: studied

text: and

text: collected

text: for

text: hundreds

text: of

text: years

text: and

text: began

text: to

text: be

text: classified

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: Leonhard

text: Euler

text: studied

text: the

text: shapes

text: of

text: crystals

text: and

text: by

text: the

text: century

text: crystal

text: hunting

text: was

text: common

text: in

text: Alpine

text: regions

text: David

text: Friedrich

text: Wiser

text: amassed

text: a

text: collection

text: of

text: crystals

text: that

text: he

text: studied

text: and

text: documented

text: In

text: the

text: century

text: Robert

text: Parker

text: wrote

text: a

text: well

text: known

text: work

text: about

text: the

text: rock

text: crystals

text: of

text: the

text: Swiss

text: Alps

text: at

text: the

text: same

text: period

text: a

text: commission

text: was

text: established

text: to

text: control

text: and

text: standardize

text: the

text: naming

text: of

text: Alpine

text: minerals

question: How long have Alpine crystals been studied and collected?

answer: hundreds of years

text: hundreds of years

question: When did the alpine crystals begin to be classified?

answer: the 18th century

text: the 18th century

question: Who studied the shapes of crystals?

answer: Leonhard Euler

text: Leonhard Euler

question: By the 19th century what was common in the Alpine regions?

answer: crystal hunting

text: crystal hunting

question: Who amassed a collection 8000 crystals?

answer: David Friedrich Wiser

text: David Friedrich Wiser