text: Voiced consonants are seldom actually aspirated. Symbols for voiced consonants followed by ⟨◌ʰ⟩, such as ⟨bʰ⟩, typically represent consonants with breathy voiced release (see below). In the grammatical tradition of Sanskrit, aspirated consonants are called voiceless aspirated, and breathy-voiced consonants are called voiced aspirated.

title: Aspirated_consonant

title: Aspirated_consonant

text: Voiced

text: consonants

text: are

text: seldom

text: actually

text: aspirated

text: Symbols

text: for

text: voiced

text: consonants

text: followed

text: by

text: ʰ⟩

text: such

text: as

text: ⟨bʰ⟩

text: typically

text: represent

text: consonants

text: with

text: breathy

text: voiced

text: release

text: see

text: below

text: In

text: the

text: grammatical

text: tradition

text: of

text: Sanskrit

text: aspirated

text: consonants

text: are

text: called

text: voiceless

text: aspirated

text: and

text: breathy

text: voiced

text: consonants

text: are

text: called

text: voiced

text: aspirated

question: What is not often aspirated?

answer: Voiced consonants

text: Voiced consonants

question: The symbol followed by bʰ would likely mean the consonant has what type of release?

answer: breathy

text: breathy

question: Voiced aspirated consonants are what type?

answer: breathy-voiced

text: breathy-voiced


text: Roman religion was thus practical and contractual, based on the principle of do ut des, "I give that you might give." Religion depended on knowledge and the correct practice of prayer, ritual, and sacrifice, not on faith or dogma, although Latin literature preserves learned speculation on the nature of the divine and its relation to human affairs. Even the most skeptical among Rome's intellectual elite such as Cicero, who was an augur, saw religion as a source of social order. For ordinary Romans, religion was a part of daily life. Each home had a household shrine at which prayers and libations to the family's domestic deities were offered. Neighborhood shrines and sacred places such as springs and groves dotted the city. The Roman calendar was structured around religious observances. Women, slaves, and children all participated in a range of religious activities. Some public rituals could be conducted only by women, and women formed what is perhaps Rome's most famous priesthood, the state-supported Vestals, who tended Rome's sacred hearth for centuries, until disbanded under Christian domination.

title: Religion_in_ancient_Rome

title: Religion_in_ancient_Rome

text: Roman

text: religion

text: was

text: thus

text: practical

text: and

text: contractual

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: principle

text: of

text: do

text: ut

text: des

text: I

text: give

text: that

text: you

text: might

text: give

text: Religion

text: depended

text: on

text: knowledge

text: and

text: the

text: correct

text: practice

text: of

text: prayer

text: ritual

text: and

text: sacrifice

text: not

text: on

text: faith

text: or

text: dogma

text: although

text: Latin

text: literature

text: preserves

text: learned

text: speculation

text: on

text: the

text: nature

text: of

text: the

text: divine

text: and

text: its

text: relation

text: to

text: human

text: affairs

text: Even

text: the

text: most

text: skeptical

text: among

text: Rome

text: 's

text: intellectual

text: elite

text: such

text: as

text: Cicero

text: who

text: was

text: an

text: augur

text: saw

text: religion

text: as

text: a

text: source

text: of

text: social

text: order

text: For

text: ordinary

text: Romans

text: religion

text: was

text: a

text: part

text: of

text: daily

text: life

text: Each

text: home

text: had

text: a

text: household

text: shrine

text: at

text: which

text: prayers

text: and

text: libations

text: to

text: the

text: family

text: 's

text: domestic

text: deities

text: were

text: offered

text: Neighborhood

text: shrines

text: and

text: sacred

text: places

text: such

text: as

text: springs

text: and

text: groves

text: dotted

text: the

text: city

text: The

text: Roman

text: calendar

text: was

text: structured

text: around

text: religious

text: observances

text: Women

text: slaves

text: and

text: children

text: all

text: participated

text: in

text: a

text: range

text: of

text: religious

text: activities

text: Some

text: public

text: rituals

text: could

text: be

text: conducted

text: only

text: by

text: women

text: and

text: women

text: formed

text: what

text: is

text: perhaps

text: Rome

text: 's

text: most

text: famous

text: priesthood

text: the

text: state

text: supported

text: Vestals

text: who

text: tended

text: Rome

text: 's

text: sacred

text: hearth

text: for

text: centuries

text: until

text: disbanded

text: under

text: Christian

text: domination

question: What characteristics were not inherent in Roman religious practice?

answer: faith or dogma

text: faith or dogma

question: What was brought forth by religion in Rome?

answer: social order

text: social order

question: What religious feature did each Roman home have?

answer: household shrine

text: household shrine

question: What type of celebrations made up the Roman calendar?

answer: religious observances

text: religious observances

question: What religious group was in charge of Rome's sacred flame?

answer: Vestals

text: Vestals


text: The earliest written form of the Germanic word God (always, in this usage, capitalized) comes from the 6th-century Christian Codex Argenteus. The English word itself is derived from the Proto-Germanic * ǥuđan. The reconstructed Proto-Indo-European form * ǵhu-tó-m was likely based on the root * ǵhau(ə)-, which meant either "to call" or "to invoke". The Germanic words for God were originally neuter—applying to both genders—but during the process of the Christianization of the Germanic peoples from their indigenous Germanic paganism, the words became a masculine syntactic form.

title: God

title: God

text: The

text: earliest

text: written

text: form

text: of

text: the

text: Germanic

text: word

text: God

text: always

text: in

text: this

text: usage

text: capitalized

text: comes

text: from

text: the

text: century

text: Christian

text: Codex

text: Argenteus

text: The

text: English

text: word

text: itself

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: Proto

text: Germanic

text: ǥuđan

text: The

text: reconstructed

text: Proto

text: Indo

text: European

text: form

text: ǵhu

text: tó

text: m

text: was

text: likely

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: root

text: ǵhau(ə)-

text: which

text: meant

text: either

text: to

text: call

text: or

text: to

text: invoke

text: The

text: Germanic

text: words

text: for

text: God

text: were

text: originally

text: neuter

text: applying

text: to

text: both

text: genders

text: but

text: during

text: the

text: process

text: of

text: the

text: Christianization

text: of

text: the

text: Germanic

text: peoples

text: from

text: their

text: indigenous

text: Germanic

text: paganism

text: the

text: words

text: became

text: a

text: masculine

text: syntactic

text: form

question: Where is the English word God derived from?

answer: the Proto-Germanic * ǥuđan

text: the Proto-Germanic * ǥuđan

question: Where the first Germanic words for God masculine or feminine?

answer: neuter—applying to both genders

text: neuter—applying to both genders

question: When did the Germanic words for God take on a masculine form?

answer: Christianization of the Germanic peoples

text: Christianization of the Germanic peoples

question: What was practiced by the Germanic people before their Christianization?

answer: Germanic paganism

text: Germanic paganism

question: What did the gaelic root of the word for God mean?

answer: "to call" or "to invoke"

text: "to call" or "to invoke"

question: Where does the word God come from originally?

answer: Codex Argenteus

text: Codex Argenteus

question: What language does the English word God come from?

answer: German

text: German

question: What gender where the original Germanic words meaning God in?

answer: neuter

text: neuter


text: The Defence Committee—Third Report "Defence Equipment 2009" cites an article from the Financial Times website stating that the Chief of Defence Materiel, General Sir Kevin O’Donoghue, had instructed staff within Defence Equipment and Support (DE&S) through an internal memorandum to reprioritize the approvals process to focus on supporting current operations over the next three years; deterrence related programmes; those that reflect defence obligations both contractual or international; and those where production contracts are already signed. The report also cites concerns over potential cuts in the defence science and technology research budget; implications of inappropriate estimation of Defence Inflation within budgetary processes; underfunding in the Equipment Programme; and a general concern over striking the appropriate balance over a short-term focus (Current Operations) and long-term consequences of failure to invest in the delivery of future UK defence capabilities on future combatants and campaigns. The then Secretary of State for Defence, Bob Ainsworth MP, reinforced this reprioritisation of focus on current operations and had not ruled out "major shifts" in defence spending. In the same article the First Sea Lord and Chief of the Naval Staff, Admiral Sir Mark Stanhope, Royal Navy, acknowledged that there was not enough money within the defence budget and it is preparing itself for tough decisions and the potential for cutbacks. According to figures published by the London Evening Standard the defence budget for 2009 is "more than 10% overspent" (figures cannot be verified) and the paper states that this had caused Gordon Brown to say that the defence spending must be cut. The MoD has been investing in IT to cut costs and improve services for its personnel.

title: Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)

title: Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom

text: The

text: Defence

text: Committee

text: Third

text: Report

text: Defence

text: Equipment

text: cites

text: an

text: article

text: from

text: the

text: Financial

text: Times

text: website

text: stating

text: that

text: the

text: Chief

text: of

text: Defence

text: Materiel

text: General

text: Sir

text: Kevin

text: O’Donoghue

text: had

text: instructed

text: staff

text: within

text: Defence

text: Equipment

text: and

text: Support

text: DE&S

text: through

text: an

text: internal

text: memorandum

text: to

text: reprioritize

text: the

text: approvals

text: process

text: to

text: focus

text: on

text: supporting

text: current

text: operations

text: over

text: the

text: next

text: three

text: years

text: deterrence

text: related

text: programmes

text: those

text: that

text: reflect

text: defence

text: obligations

text: both

text: contractual

text: or

text: international

text: and

text: those

text: where

text: production

text: contracts

text: are

text: already

text: signed

text: The

text: report

text: also

text: cites

text: concerns

text: over

text: potential

text: cuts

text: in

text: the

text: defence

text: science

text: and

text: technology

text: research

text: budget

text: implications

text: of

text: inappropriate

text: estimation

text: of

text: Defence

text: Inflation

text: within

text: budgetary

text: processes

text: underfunding

text: in

text: the

text: Equipment

text: Programme

text: and

text: a

text: general

text: concern

text: over

text: striking

text: the

text: appropriate

text: balance

text: over

text: a

text: short

text: term

text: focus

text: Current

text: Operations

text: and

text: long

text: term

text: consequences

text: of

text: failure

text: to

text: invest

text: in

text: the

text: delivery

text: of

text: future

text: UK

text: defence

text: capabilities

text: on

text: future

text: combatants

text: and

text: campaigns

text: The

text: then

text: Secretary

text: of

text: State

text: for

text: Defence

text: Bob

text: Ainsworth

text: MP

text: reinforced

text: this

text: reprioritisation

text: of

text: focus

text: on

text: current

text: operations

text: and

text: had

text: not

text: ruled

text: out

text: major

text: shifts

text: in

text: defence

text: spending

text: In

text: the

text: same

text: article

text: the

text: First

text: Sea

text: Lord

text: and

text: Chief

text: of

text: the

text: Naval

text: Staff

text: Admiral

text: Sir

text: Mark

text: Stanhope

text: Royal

text: Navy

text: acknowledged

text: that

text: there

text: was

text: not

text: enough

text: money

text: within

text: the

text: defence

text: budget

text: and

text: it

text: is

text: preparing

text: itself

text: for

text: tough

text: decisions

text: and

text: the

text: potential

text: for

text: cutbacks

text: According

text: to

text: figures

text: published

text: by

text: the

text: London

text: Evening

text: Standard

text: the

text: defence

text: budget

text: for

text: is

text: more

text: than

text: overspent

text: figures

text: can

text: not

text: be

text: verified

text: and

text: the

text: paper

text: states

text: that

text: this

text: had

text: caused

text: Gordon

text: Brown

text: to

text: say

text: that

text: the

text: defence

text: spending

text: must

text: be

text: cut

text: The

text: MoD

text: has

text: been

text: investing

text: in

text: IT

text: to

text: cut

text: costs

text: and

text: improve

text: services

text: for

text: its

text: personnel

question: Who was the Chief of Defence Materiel in 2009?

answer: General Sir Kevin O’Donoghue

text: General Sir Kevin O’Donoghue

question: Which department is overseen by the Chief of Defence Materiel?

answer: Defence Equipment and Support (DE&S)

text: Defence Equipment and Support (DE&S)

question: Which programme was mentioned as being underfunded?

answer: Equipment Programme

text: Equipment Programme

question: Who was the Secretary of State for Defence in 2009?

answer: Bob Ainsworth MP

text: Bob Ainsworth MP

question: Which publication said the 2009 defence budget was more than 10% overbudget?

answer: London Evening Standard

text: London Evening Standard


text: The NES dropped the hardwired controllers, instead featuring two custom 7-pin ports on the front of the console. Also in contrast to the Famicom, the controllers included with the NES were identical to each other—the second controller lacked the microphone that was present on the Famicom model and possessed the same START and SELECT buttons as the primary controller. Some NES localizations of games, such as The Legend of Zelda, which required the use of the Famicom microphone in order to kill certain enemies, suffered from the lack of hardware to do so.

title: Nintendo_Entertainment_System

title: Nintendo_Entertainment_System

text: The

text: NES

text: dropped

text: the

text: hardwired

text: controllers

text: instead

text: featuring

text: two

text: custom

text: ports

text: on

text: the

text: front

text: of

text: the

text: console

text: Also

text: in

text: contrast

text: to

text: the

text: Famicom

text: the

text: controllers

text: included

text: with

text: the

text: NES

text: were

text: identical

text: to

text: each

text: other

text: the

text: second

text: controller

text: lacked

text: the

text: microphone

text: that

text: was

text: present

text: on

text: the

text: Famicom

text: model

text: and

text: possessed

text: the

text: same

text: START

text: and

text: SELECT

text: buttons

text: as

text: the

text: primary

text: controller

text: Some

text: NES

text: localizations

text: of

text: games

text: such

text: as

text: The

text: Legend

text: of

text: Zelda

text: which

text: required

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: Famicom

text: microphone

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: kill

text: certain

text: enemies

text: suffered

text: from

text: the

text: lack

text: of

text: hardware

text: to

text: do

text: so

question: How many pins did the controller ports have on the NES?

answer: 7

question: Unlike the Famicom, the NES controllers possessed what consistent feature?

answer: identical

text: identical

question: The second controller possessed the START and SELECT buttons as what other device?

answer: primary controller

text: primary controller

question: What did the Legend of Zelda require in certain instances to kill enemies?

answer: Famicom microphone

text: Famicom microphone


text: Noether's theorem (1918) states that any differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system has a corresponding conservation law. Noether's theorem has become a fundamental tool of modern theoretical physics and the calculus of variations. A generalisation of the seminal formulations on constants of motion in Lagrangian and Hamiltonian mechanics (1788 and 1833, respectively), it does not apply to systems that cannot be modeled with a Lagrangian; for example, dissipative systems with continuous symmetries need not have a corresponding conservation law.

title: Energy

title: Energy

text: Noether

text: 's

text: theorem

text: states

text: that

text: any

text: differentiable

text: symmetry

text: of

text: the

text: action

text: of

text: a

text: physical

text: system

text: has

text: a

text: corresponding

text: conservation

text: law

text: Noether

text: 's

text: theorem

text: has

text: become

text: a

text: fundamental

text: tool

text: of

text: modern

text: theoretical

text: physics

text: and

text: the

text: calculus

text: of

text: variations

text: A

text: generalisation

text: of

text: the

text: seminal

text: formulations

text: on

text: constants

text: of

text: motion

text: in

text: Lagrangian

text: and

text: Hamiltonian

text: mechanics

text: and

text: respectively

text: it

text: does

text: not

text: apply

text: to

text: systems

text: that

text: can

text: not

text: be

text: modeled

text: with

text: a

text: Lagrangian

text: for

text: example

text: dissipative

text: systems

text: with

text: continuous

text: symmetries

text: need

text: not

text: have

text: a

text: corresponding

text: conservation

text: law

question: When was Noether's theorem created?

answer: 1918

question: What states that any differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system has a corresponding conservation law?

answer: Noether's theorem

text: Noether's theorem

question: What has become a fundamental tool of modern theoretical physics and the calculus of variations?

answer: Noether's theorem

text: Noether's theorem


text: The Aeneid is widely considered Virgil's finest work and one of the most important poems in the history of western literature. Virgil worked on the Aeneid during the last eleven years of his life (29–19 BC), commissioned, according to Propertius, by Augustus. The epic poem consists of 12 books in dactylic hexameter verse which describe the journey of Aeneas, a warrior fleeing the sack of Troy, to Italy, his battle with the Italian prince Turnus, and the foundation of a city from which Rome would emerge. The Aeneid's first six books describe the journey of Aeneas from Troy to Rome. Virgil made use of several models in the composition of his epic; Homer, the preeminent author of classical epic, is everywhere present, but Virgil also makes special use of the Latin poet Ennius and the Hellenistic poet Apollonius of Rhodes among the various other writers to which he alludes. Although the Aeneid casts itself firmly into the epic mode, it often seeks to expand the genre by including elements of other genres such as tragedy and aetiological poetry. Ancient commentators noted that Virgil seems to divide the Aeneid into two sections based on the poetry of Homer; the first six books were viewed as employing the Odyssey as a model while the last six were connected to the Iliad.

title: Virgil

title: Virgil

text: The

text: Aeneid

text: is

text: widely

text: considered

text: Virgil

text: 's

text: finest

text: work

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: poems

text: in

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: western

text: literature

text: Virgil

text: worked

text: on

text: the

text: Aeneid

text: during

text: the

text: last

text: eleven

text: years

text: of

text: his

text: life

text: BC

text: commissioned

text: according

text: to

text: Propertius

text: by

text: Augustus

text: The

text: epic

text: poem

text: consists

text: of

text: books

text: in

text: dactylic

text: hexameter

text: verse

text: which

text: describe

text: the

text: journey

text: of

text: Aeneas

text: a

text: warrior

text: fleeing

text: the

text: sack

text: of

text: Troy

text: to

text: Italy

text: his

text: battle

text: with

text: the

text: Italian

text: prince

text: Turnus

text: and

text: the

text: foundation

text: of

text: a

text: city

text: from

text: which

text: Rome

text: would

text: emerge

text: The

text: Aeneid

text: 's

text: first

text: six

text: books

text: describe

text: the

text: journey

text: of

text: Aeneas

text: from

text: Troy

text: to

text: Rome

text: Virgil

text: made

text: use

text: of

text: several

text: models

text: in

text: the

text: composition

text: of

text: his

text: epic

text: Homer

text: the

text: preeminent

text: author

text: of

text: classical

text: epic

text: is

text: everywhere

text: present

text: but

text: Virgil

text: also

text: makes

text: special

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: Latin

text: poet

text: Ennius

text: and

text: the

text: Hellenistic

text: poet

text: Apollonius

text: of

text: Rhodes

text: among

text: the

text: various

text: other

text: writers

text: to

text: which

text: he

text: alludes

text: Although

text: the

text: Aeneid

text: casts

text: itself

text: firmly

text: into

text: the

text: epic

text: mode

text: it

text: often

text: seeks

text: to

text: expand

text: the

text: genre

text: by

text: including

text: elements

text: of

text: other

text: genres

text: such

text: as

text: tragedy

text: and

text: aetiological

text: poetry

text: Ancient

text: commentators

text: noted

text: that

text: Virgil

text: seems

text: to

text: divide

text: the

text: Aeneid

text: into

text: two

text: sections

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: poetry

text: of

text: Homer

text: the

text: first

text: six

text: books

text: were

text: viewed

text: as

text: employing

text: the

text: Odyssey

text: as

text: a

text: model

text: while

text: the

text: last

text: six

text: were

text: connected

text: to

text: the

text: Iliad

question: Which of Virgil's works is widely considered his finest?

answer: The Aeneid

text: The Aeneid

question: Who commissioned the Aeneid according to Propertius?

answer: Augustus

text: Augustus

question: How many books are included in The Aeneid?

answer: 12

question: Which of Homer's works did the first six books of the Aeneid model after?

answer: Odyssey

text: Odyssey

question: Which of Homer's works did the last six books of the Aeneid connect to?

answer: Iliad

text: Iliad


text: Much of the fighting in World War I took place along the Western Front, within a system of opposing manned trenches and fortifications (separated by a "No man's land") running from the North Sea to the border of Switzerland. On the Eastern Front, the vast eastern plains and limited rail network prevented a trench warfare stalemate from developing, although the scale of the conflict was just as large. Hostilities also occurred on and under the sea and—for the first time—from the air. More than 9 million soldiers died on the various battlefields, and nearly that many more in the participating countries' home fronts on account of food shortages and genocide committed under the cover of various civil wars and internal conflicts. Notably, more people died of the worldwide influenza outbreak at the end of the war and shortly after than died in the hostilities. The unsanitary conditions engendered by the war, severe overcrowding in barracks, wartime propaganda interfering with public health warnings, and migration of so many soldiers around the world helped the outbreak become a pandemic.

title: Modern_history

title: Modern_history

text: Much

text: of

text: the

text: fighting

text: in

text: World

text: War

text: I

text: took

text: place

text: along

text: the

text: Western

text: Front

text: within

text: a

text: system

text: of

text: opposing

text: manned

text: trenches

text: and

text: fortifications

text: separated

text: by

text: a

text: No

text: man

text: 's

text: land

text: running

text: from

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: border

text: of

text: Switzerland

text: On

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Front

text: the

text: vast

text: eastern

text: plains

text: and

text: limited

text: rail

text: network

text: prevented

text: a

text: trench

text: warfare

text: stalemate

text: from

text: developing

text: although

text: the

text: scale

text: of

text: the

text: conflict

text: was

text: just

text: as

text: large

text: Hostilities

text: also

text: occurred

text: on

text: and

text: under

text: the

text: sea

text: and

text: for

text: the

text: first

text: time

text: from

text: the

text: air

text: More

text: than

text: million

text: soldiers

text: died

text: on

text: the

text: various

text: battlefields

text: and

text: nearly

text: that

text: many

text: more

text: in

text: the

text: participating

text: countries

text: home

text: fronts

text: on

text: account

text: of

text: food

text: shortages

text: and

text: genocide

text: committed

text: under

text: the

text: cover

text: of

text: various

text: civil

text: wars

text: and

text: internal

text: conflicts

text: Notably

text: more

text: people

text: died

text: of

text: the

text: worldwide

text: influenza

text: outbreak

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: war

text: and

text: shortly

text: after

text: than

text: died

text: in

text: the

text: hostilities

text: The

text: unsanitary

text: conditions

text: engendered

text: by

text: the

text: war

text: severe

text: overcrowding

text: in

text: barracks

text: wartime

text: propaganda

text: interfering

text: with

text: public

text: health

text: warnings

text: and

text: migration

text: of

text: so

text: many

text: soldiers

text: around

text: the

text: world

text: helped

text: the

text: outbreak

text: become

text: a

text: pandemic

question: Where did most of the fighting in World War I take place?

answer: along the Western Front

text: along the Western Front

question: What is the Western Front?

answer: a system of opposing manned trenches and fortifications (separated by a "No man's land") running from the North Sea to the border of Switzerland.

text: a system of opposing manned trenches and fortifications (separated by a "No man's land") running from the North Sea to the border of Switzerland.

question: What prevented a trench warfare stalemate?

answer: On the Eastern Front, the vast eastern plains and limited rail network

text: On the Eastern Front, the vast eastern plains and limited rail network

question: How many soldiers died? in World War I?

answer: More than 9 million

text: More than 9 million

question: Where did hostiles appear for the first time during the war?

answer: from the air.

text: from the air.


text: Although Ottoman madaris had a number of different branches of study, such as calligraphic sciences, oral sciences, and intellectual sciences, they primarily served the function of an Islamic centre for spiritual learning. "The goal of all knowledge and in particular, of the spiritual sciences is knowledge of God." Religion, for the most part, determines the significance and importance of each science. As İnalcık mentions: "Those which aid religion are good and sciences like astrology are bad." However, even though mathematics, or studies in logic were part of the madrasa's curriculum, they were all centred around religion. Even mathematics had a religious impulse behind its teachings. "The Ulema of the Ottoman medreses held the view that hostility to logic and mathematics was futile since these accustomed the mind to correct thinking and thus helped to reveal divine truths" – key word being "divine". İnalcık also mentions that even philosophy was only allowed to be studied so that it helped to confirm the doctrines of Islam." Hence, madaris – schools were basically religious centres for religious teachings and learning in the Ottoman world. Although scholars such as Goffman have argued that the Ottomans were highly tolerant and lived in a pluralistic society, it seems that schools that were the main centres for learning were in fact heftily religious and were not religiously pluralistic, but centred around Islam. Similarly, in Europe "Jewish children learned the Hebrew letters and texts of basic prayers at home, and then attended a school organised by the synagogue to study the Torah." Wiesner-Hanks also says that Protestants also wanted to teach "proper religious values." This shows that in the early modern period, Ottomans and Europeans were similar in their ideas about how schools should be managed and what they should be primarily focused on. Thus, Ottoman madaris were very similar to present day schools in the sense that they offered a wide range of studies; however, these studies, in their ultimate objective, aimed to further solidify and consolidate Islamic practices and theories.

title: Madrasa

title: Madrasa

text: Although

text: Ottoman

text: madaris

text: had

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: different

text: branches

text: of

text: study

text: such

text: as

text: calligraphic

text: sciences

text: oral

text: sciences

text: and

text: intellectual

text: sciences

text: they

text: primarily

text: served

text: the

text: function

text: of

text: an

text: Islamic

text: centre

text: for

text: spiritual

text: learning

text: The

text: goal

text: of

text: all

text: knowledge

text: and

text: in

text: particular

text: of

text: the

text: spiritual

text: sciences

text: is

text: knowledge

text: of

text: God

text: Religion

text: for

text: the

text: most

text: part

text: determines

text: the

text: significance

text: and

text: importance

text: of

text: each

text: science

text: As

text: İnalcık

text: mentions

text: Those

text: which

text: aid

text: religion

text: are

text: good

text: and

text: sciences

text: like

text: astrology

text: are

text: bad

text: However

text: even

text: though

text: mathematics

text: or

text: studies

text: in

text: logic

text: were

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: madrasa

text: 's

text: curriculum

text: they

text: were

text: all

text: centred

text: around

text: religion

text: Even

text: mathematics

text: had

text: a

text: religious

text: impulse

text: behind

text: its

text: teachings

text: The

text: Ulema

text: of

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: medreses

text: held

text: the

text: view

text: that

text: hostility

text: to

text: logic

text: and

text: mathematics

text: was

text: futile

text: since

text: these

text: accustomed

text: the

text: mind

text: to

text: correct

text: thinking

text: and

text: thus

text: helped

text: to

text: reveal

text: divine

text: truths

text: key

text: word

text: being

text: divine

text: İnalcık

text: also

text: mentions

text: that

text: even

text: philosophy

text: was

text: only

text: allowed

text: to

text: be

text: studied

text: so

text: that

text: it

text: helped

text: to

text: confirm

text: the

text: doctrines

text: of

text: Islam

text: Hence

text: madaris

text: schools

text: were

text: basically

text: religious

text: centres

text: for

text: religious

text: teachings

text: and

text: learning

text: in

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: world

text: Although

text: scholars

text: such

text: as

text: Goffman

text: have

text: argued

text: that

text: the

text: Ottomans

text: were

text: highly

text: tolerant

text: and

text: lived

text: in

text: a

text: pluralistic

text: society

text: it

text: seems

text: that

text: schools

text: that

text: were

text: the

text: main

text: centres

text: for

text: learning

text: were

text: in

text: fact

text: heftily

text: religious

text: and

text: were

text: not

text: religiously

text: pluralistic

text: but

text: centred

text: around

text: Islam

text: Similarly

text: in

text: Europe

text: Jewish

text: children

text: learned

text: the

text: Hebrew

text: letters

text: and

text: texts

text: of

text: basic

text: prayers

text: at

text: home

text: and

text: then

text: attended

text: a

text: school

text: organised

text: by

text: the

text: synagogue

text: to

text: study

text: the

text: Torah

text: Wiesner

text: Hanks

text: also

text: says

text: that

text: Protestants

text: also

text: wanted

text: to

text: teach

text: proper

text: religious

text: values

text: This

text: shows

text: that

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: modern

text: period

text: Ottomans

text: and

text: Europeans

text: were

text: similar

text: in

text: their

text: ideas

text: about

text: how

text: schools

text: should

text: be

text: managed

text: and

text: what

text: they

text: should

text: be

text: primarily

text: focused

text: on

text: Thus

text: Ottoman

text: madaris

text: were

text: very

text: similar

text: to

text: present

text: day

text: schools

text: in

text: the

text: sense

text: that

text: they

text: offered

text: a

text: wide

text: range

text: of

text: studies

text: however

text: these

text: studies

text: in

text: their

text: ultimate

text: objective

text: aimed

text: to

text: further

text: solidify

text: and

text: consolidate

text: Islamic

text: practices

text: and

text: theories

question: What was the essential mission of Islamic schools in the Ottoman Empire?

answer: spiritual learning

text: spiritual learning

question: Why was philosophy taught in Ottoman madaris?

answer: confirm the doctrines of Islam

text: confirm the doctrines of Islam

question: What type of social structure did the Ottoman Empire have?

answer: pluralistic

text: pluralistic

question: What religion was at the center of education in the Ottoman Empire?

answer: Islam

text: Islam

question: What did Ottoman madaris have that was similar to modern American schools?

answer: wide range of studies

text: wide range of studies


text: Airport construction boomed during the 1960s with the increase in jet aircraft traffic. Runways were extended out to 3,000 m (9,800 ft). The fields were constructed out of reinforced concrete using a slip-form machine that produces a continual slab with no disruptions along the length. The early 1960s also saw the introduction of jet bridge systems to modern airport terminals, an innovation which eliminated outdoor passenger boarding. These systems became commonplace in the United States by the 1970s.

title: Airport

title: Airport

text: Airport

text: construction

text: boomed

text: during

text: the

text: with

text: the

text: increase

text: in

text: jet

text: aircraft

text: traffic

text: Runways

text: were

text: extended

text: out

text: to

text: m

text: ft

text: The

text: fields

text: were

text: constructed

text: out

text: of

text: reinforced

text: concrete

text: using

text: a

text: slip

text: form

text: machine

text: that

text: produces

text: a

text: continual

text: slab

text: with

text: no

text: disruptions

text: along

text: the

text: length

text: The

text: early

text: also

text: saw

text: the

text: introduction

text: of

text: jet

text: bridge

text: systems

text: to

text: modern

text: airport

text: terminals

text: an

text: innovation

text: which

text: eliminated

text: outdoor

text: passenger

text: boarding

text: These

text: systems

text: became

text: commonplace

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: by

text: the

question: Why did airport construction boom during the 1960s?

answer: increase in jet aircraft traffic

text: increase in jet aircraft traffic

question: How far were runways extended out?

answer: 9,800 ft

text: 9,800 ft

question: What was constructed out of reinforced concrete?

answer: The fields

text: The fields

question: When were jet bridge systems introduced to modern airport terminals?

answer: early 1960s

text: early 1960s


text: The Maya writing system (often called hieroglyphs from a superficial resemblance to the Ancient Egyptian writing) was a combination of phonetic symbols and logograms. It is most often classified as a logographic or (more properly) a logosyllabic writing system, in which syllabic signs play a significant role. It is the only pre-Columbian writing system known to represent completely the spoken language of its community. In total, the script has more than one thousand different glyphs although a few are variations of the same sign or meaning and many appear only rarely or are confined to particular localities. At any one time, no more than about five hundred glyphs were in use, some two hundred of which (including variations) had a phonetic or syllabic interpretation.

title: Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

title: Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

text: The

text: Maya

text: writing

text: system

text: often

text: called

text: hieroglyphs

text: from

text: a

text: superficial

text: resemblance

text: to

text: the

text: Ancient

text: Egyptian

text: writing

text: was

text: a

text: combination

text: of

text: phonetic

text: symbols

text: and

text: logograms

text: It

text: is

text: most

text: often

text: classified

text: as

text: a

text: logographic

text: or

text: more

text: properly

text: a

text: logosyllabic

text: writing

text: system

text: in

text: which

text: syllabic

text: signs

text: play

text: a

text: significant

text: role

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: pre

text: Columbian

text: writing

text: system

text: known

text: to

text: represent

text: completely

text: the

text: spoken

text: language

text: of

text: its

text: community

text: In

text: total

text: the

text: script

text: has

text: more

text: than

text: one

text: thousand

text: different

text: glyphs

text: although

text: a

text: few

text: are

text: variations

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: sign

text: or

text: meaning

text: and

text: many

text: appear

text: only

text: rarely

text: or

text: are

text: confined

text: to

text: particular

text: localities

text: At

text: any

text: one

text: time

text: no

text: more

text: than

text: about

text: five

text: hundred

text: glyphs

text: were

text: in

text: use

text: some

text: two

text: hundred

text: of

text: which

text: including

text: variations

text: had

text: a

text: phonetic

text: or

text: syllabic

text: interpretation

question: What is the Mayan writing system the only known pre-Columbian one to completely represent this?

answer: spoken language of its community

text: spoken language of its community

question: What writing system combined phonetic symbols and logograms?

answer: Maya

text: Maya

question: What signs play a significant role in the Mayan's writing system?

answer: syllabic

text: syllabic

question: How many different glyphs in total does the Mayan writing system have?

answer: more than one thousand

text: more than one thousand

question: How many of the Mayan glyphs had phonetic or syllabic interpretations?

answer: some two hundred

text: some two hundred


text: In the 1950s, the recruitment of women was open to roles in medicine, communication, logistics, and administration. The roles of women in the CAF began to expand in 1971, after the Department reviewed the recommendations of the Royal Commission on the Status of Women, at which time it lifted the ceiling of 1,500 women personnel, and gradually expanded employment opportunities into the non-traditional areas—vehicle drivers and mechanics, aircraft mechanics, air-traffic controllers, military police, and firefighters. The Department further reviewed personnel policies in 1978 and 1985, after Parliament passed the Canadian Human Rights Act and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. As a result of these reviews, the Department changed its policies to permit women to serve at sea in replenishment ships and in a diving tender, with the army service battalions, in military police platoons and field ambulance units, and in most air squadrons.

title: Canadian_Armed_Forces

title: Canadian_Armed_Forces

text: In

text: the

text: the

text: recruitment

text: of

text: women

text: was

text: open

text: to

text: roles

text: in

text: medicine

text: communication

text: logistics

text: and

text: administration

text: The

text: roles

text: of

text: women

text: in

text: the

text: CAF

text: began

text: to

text: expand

text: in

text: after

text: the

text: Department

text: reviewed

text: the

text: recommendations

text: of

text: the

text: Royal

text: Commission

text: on

text: the

text: Status

text: of

text: Women

text: at

text: which

text: time

text: it

text: lifted

text: the

text: ceiling

text: of

text: women

text: personnel

text: and

text: gradually

text: expanded

text: employment

text: opportunities

text: into

text: the

text: non

text: traditional

text: areas

text: vehicle

text: drivers

text: and

text: mechanics

text: aircraft

text: mechanics

text: air

text: traffic

text: controllers

text: military

text: police

text: and

text: firefighters

text: The

text: Department

text: further

text: reviewed

text: personnel

text: policies

text: in

text: and

text: after

text: Parliament

text: passed

text: the

text: Canadian

text: Human

text: Rights

text: Act

text: and

text: the

text: Canadian

text: Charter

text: of

text: Rights

text: and

text: Freedoms

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: these

text: reviews

text: the

text: Department

text: changed

text: its

text: policies

text: to

text: permit

text: women

text: to

text: serve

text: at

text: sea

text: in

text: replenishment

text: ships

text: and

text: in

text: a

text: diving

text: tender

text: with

text: the

text: army

text: service

text: battalions

text: in

text: military

text: police

text: platoons

text: and

text: field

text: ambulance

text: units

text: and

text: in

text: most

text: air

text: squadrons

question: What roles were women recruited for in the 1950s?

answer: medicine, communication, logistics, and administration

text: medicine, communication, logistics, and administration

question: What year did further recruitment for women open in the CAF?

answer: 1971

question: What non traditional tasks were women recruited for in the 1970s?

answer: vehicle drivers and mechanics, aircraft mechanics, air-traffic controllers

text: vehicle drivers and mechanics, aircraft mechanics, air-traffic controllers

question: Why were women eventually allowed to serve at sea in the CAF?

answer: the Department changed its policies

text: the Department changed its policies

question: What charter directly affected a women's right to serve in the CAF?

answer: Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms

text: Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms


text: A fundamental part of Gaddafi's ideology was anti-Zionism. He believed that the state of Israel should not exist, and that any Arab compromise with the Israeli government was a betrayal of the Arab people. In large part due to their support of Israel, Gaddafi despised the United States, considering the country to be imperialist and lambasting it as "the embodiment of evil." Rallying against Jews in many of his speeches, his anti-Semitism has been described as "almost Hitlerian" by Blundy and Lycett. From the late 1990s onward, his view seemed to become more moderate. In 2007, he advocated the Isratin single-state solution to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, stating that "the [Israel-Palestine] solution is to establish a democratic state for the Jews and the Palestinians... This is the fundamental solution, or else the Jews will be annihilated in the future, because the Palestinians have [strategic] depth." Two years later he argued that a single-state solution would "move beyond old conflicts and look to a unified future based on shared culture and respect."

title: Muammar_Gaddafi

title: Muammar_Gaddafi

text: A

text: fundamental

text: part

text: of

text: Gaddafi

text: 's

text: ideology

text: was

text: anti

text: Zionism

text: He

text: believed

text: that

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Israel

text: should

text: not

text: exist

text: and

text: that

text: any

text: Arab

text: compromise

text: with

text: the

text: Israeli

text: government

text: was

text: a

text: betrayal

text: of

text: the

text: Arab

text: people

text: In

text: large

text: part

text: due

text: to

text: their

text: support

text: of

text: Israel

text: Gaddafi

text: despised

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: considering

text: the

text: country

text: to

text: be

text: imperialist

text: and

text: lambasting

text: it

text: as

text: the

text: embodiment

text: of

text: evil

text: Rallying

text: against

text: Jews

text: in

text: many

text: of

text: his

text: speeches

text: his

text: anti

text: Semitism

text: has

text: been

text: described

text: as

text: almost

text: Hitlerian

text: by

text: Blundy

text: and

text: Lycett

text: From

text: the

text: late

text: onward

text: his

text: view

text: seemed

text: to

text: become

text: more

text: moderate

text: In

text: he

text: advocated

text: the

text: Isratin

text: single

text: state

text: solution

text: to

text: the

text: Israeli

text: Palestinian

text: conflict

text: stating

text: that

text: the

text: Israel

text: Palestine

text: solution

text: is

text: to

text: establish

text: a

text: democratic

text: state

text: for

text: the

text: Jews

text: and

text: the

text: Palestinians

text: This

text: is

text: the

text: fundamental

text: solution

text: or

text: else

text: the

text: Jews

text: will

text: be

text: annihilated

text: in

text: the

text: future

text: because

text: the

text: Palestinians

text: have

text: strategic

text: depth

text: Two

text: years

text: later

text: he

text: argued

text: that

text: a

text: single

text: state

text: solution

text: would

text: move

text: beyond

text: old

text: conflicts

text: and

text: look

text: to

text: a

text: unified

text: future

text: based

text: on

text: shared

text: culture

text: and

text: respect

question: What country did Gaddafi refer to as "the embodiment of evil"?

answer: United States

text: United States

question: How did Gaddafi believe the Israel-Palestine conflict should be resolved?

answer: Isratin single-state solution

text: Isratin single-state solution

question: Who compared Gaddafi to Hitler?

answer: Blundy and Lycett

text: Blundy and Lycett

question: What was a major factor in Gaddafi's hatred of the United States?

answer: support of Israel

text: support of Israel


text: Animal intestines contain a large population of gut flora. In humans, the four dominant phyla are Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria. They are essential to digestion and are also affected by food that is consumed. Bacteria in the gut perform many important functions for humans, including breaking down and aiding in the absorption of otherwise indigestible food; stimulating cell growth; repressing the growth of harmful bacteria, training the immune system to respond only to pathogens; producing vitamin B12; and defending against some infectious diseases.

title: Nutrition

title: Nutrition

text: Animal

text: intestines

text: contain

text: a

text: large

text: population

text: of

text: gut

text: flora

text: In

text: humans

text: the

text: four

text: dominant

text: phyla

text: are

text: Firmicutes

text: Bacteroidetes

text: Actinobacteria

text: and

text: Proteobacteria

text: They

text: are

text: essential

text: to

text: digestion

text: and

text: are

text: also

text: affected

text: by

text: food

text: that

text: is

text: consumed

text: Bacteria

text: in

text: the

text: gut

text: perform

text: many

text: important

text: functions

text: for

text: humans

text: including

text: breaking

text: down

text: and

text: aiding

text: in

text: the

text: absorption

text: of

text: otherwise

text: indigestible

text: food

text: stimulating

text: cell

text: growth

text: repressing

text: the

text: growth

text: of

text: harmful

text: bacteria

text: training

text: the

text: immune

text: system

text: to

text: respond

text: only

text: to

text: pathogens

text: producing

text: vitamin

text: and

text: defending

text: against

text: some

text: infectious

text: diseases

question: What term collectively describes "Firmicutes" and "Bacteroidetes" among others?

answer: phyla

text: phyla

question: What is the importance of having phyla in the body?

answer: essential to digestion

text: essential to digestion

question: Which vitamin are the bacteria present in the gut responsible for producing?

answer: vitamin B12

text: vitamin B12

question: What role specifically in digestion do bacteria in the gut have?

answer: breaking down and aiding in the absorption of otherwise indigestible food

text: breaking down and aiding in the absorption of otherwise indigestible food

question: Where could one find a large population of gut flora?

answer: Animal intestines

text: Animal intestines


text: There are few accredited diplomats in Bermuda. The United States maintains the largest diplomatic mission in Bermuda, comprising both the United States Consulate and the US Customs and Border Protection Services at the L.F. Wade International Airport. The current US Consul General is Robert Settje, who took office in August 2012. The United States is Bermuda's largest trading partner (providing over 71% of total imports, 85% of tourist visitors, and an estimated $163 billion of US capital in the Bermuda insurance/re-insurance industry), and an estimated 5% of Bermuda residents are US citizens, representing 14% of all foreign-born persons. The American diplomatic presence is an important element in the Bermuda political landscape.

title: Bermuda

title: Bermuda

text: There

text: are

text: few

text: accredited

text: diplomats

text: in

text: Bermuda

text: The

text: United

text: States

text: maintains

text: the

text: largest

text: diplomatic

text: mission

text: in

text: Bermuda

text: comprising

text: both

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Consulate

text: and

text: the

text: US

text: Customs

text: and

text: Border

text: Protection

text: Services

text: at

text: the

text: L.F.

text: Wade

text: International

text: Airport

text: The

text: current

text: US

text: Consul

text: General

text: is

text: Robert

text: Settje

text: who

text: took

text: office

text: in

text: August

text: The

text: United

text: States

text: is

text: Bermuda

text: 's

text: largest

text: trading

text: partner

text: providing

text: over

text: of

text: total

text: imports

text: of

text: tourist

text: visitors

text: and

text: an

text: estimated

text: billion

text: of

text: US

text: capital

text: in

text: the

text: Bermuda

text: insurance

text: re

text: insurance

text: industry

text: and

text: an

text: estimated

text: of

text: Bermuda

text: residents

text: are

text: US

text: citizens

text: representing

text: of

text: all

text: foreign

text: born

text: persons

text: The

text: American

text: diplomatic

text: presence

text: is

text: an

text: important

text: element

text: in

text: the

text: Bermuda

text: political

text: landscape

question: Who has the largest accredited diplomats in Bermuda?

answer: The United States

text: The United States

question: Who is the current US Consul General?

answer: Robert Settje

text: Robert Settje

question: Why is the US so important to Bermuda?

answer: The United States is Bermuda's largest trading partner

text: The United States is Bermuda's largest trading partner

question: What percentage of Bermuda's residents are US citizens?

answer: 5%


text: In 2004, NIST researchers presented evidence that an isotropic non-crystalline metallic phase (dubbed "q-glass") could be grown from the melt. This phase is the first phase, or "primary phase," to form in the Al-Fe-Si system during rapid cooling. Interestingly, experimental evidence indicates that this phase forms by a first-order transition. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images show that the q-glass nucleates from the melt as discrete particles, which grow spherically with a uniform growth rate in all directions. The diffraction pattern shows it to be an isotropic glassy phase. Yet there is a nucleation barrier, which implies an interfacial discontinuity (or internal surface) between the glass and the melt.

title: Glass

title: Glass

text: In

text: NIST

text: researchers

text: presented

text: evidence

text: that

text: an

text: isotropic

text: non

text: crystalline

text: metallic

text: phase

text: dubbed

text: q

text: glass

text: could

text: be

text: grown

text: from

text: the

text: melt

text: This

text: phase

text: is

text: the

text: first

text: phase

text: or

text: primary

text: phase

text: to

text: form

text: in

text: the

text: Al

text: Fe

text: Si

text: system

text: during

text: rapid

text: cooling

text: Interestingly

text: experimental

text: evidence

text: indicates

text: that

text: this

text: phase

text: forms

text: by

text: a

text: first

text: order

text: transition

text: Transmission

text: electron

text: microscopy

text: TEM

text: images

text: show

text: that

text: the

text: q

text: glass

text: nucleates

text: from

text: the

text: melt

text: as

text: discrete

text: particles

text: which

text: grow

text: spherically

text: with

text: a

text: uniform

text: growth

text: rate

text: in

text: all

text: directions

text: The

text: diffraction

text: pattern

text: shows

text: it

text: to

text: be

text: an

text: isotropic

text: glassy

text: phase

text: Yet

text: there

text: is

text: a

text: nucleation

text: barrier

text: which

text: implies

text: an

text: interfacial

text: discontinuity

text: or

text: internal

text: surface

text: between

text: the

text: glass

text: and

text: the

text: melt

question: Who showed that q-glass could be produced from a melt?

answer: NIST researchers

text: NIST researchers

question: What shows that there is an inner surface between glass and melt?

answer: nucleation barrier

text: nucleation barrier

question: What is q-glass?

answer: an isotropic non-crystalline metallic phase

text: an isotropic non-crystalline metallic phase

question: What kind of microscope shows that q-glass grows as separate particles?

answer: Transmission electron

text: Transmission electron


text: The greatest strength increase due to drying is in the ultimate crushing strength, and strength at elastic limit in endwise compression; these are followed by the modulus of rupture, and stress at elastic limit in cross-bending, while the modulus of elasticity is least affected.

title: Wood

title: Wood

text: The

text: greatest

text: strength

text: increase

text: due

text: to

text: drying

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: ultimate

text: crushing

text: strength

text: and

text: strength

text: at

text: elastic

text: limit

text: in

text: endwise

text: compression

text: these

text: are

text: followed

text: by

text: the

text: modulus

text: of

text: rupture

text: and

text: stress

text: at

text: elastic

text: limit

text: in

text: cross

text: bending

text: while

text: the

text: modulus

text: of

text: elasticity

text: is

text: least

text: affected

question: What type of "ultimate" strength is one of the two types increased the most by drying wood?

answer: crushing

text: crushing

question: What property of wood is least affected by drying?

answer: elasticity

text: elasticity

question: Is strength at elastic limit in endwise compression or stress at elastic limit in cross-bending increased more by drying wood?

answer: strength at elastic limit in endwise compression

text: strength at elastic limit in endwise compression

question: Is the strength of the modulus of rupture or elasticity increased more when wood is dried?

answer: modulus of rupture

text: modulus of rupture


text: In England, Presbyterianism was established in secret in 1592. Thomas Cartwright is thought to be the first Presbyterian in England. Cartwright's controversial lectures at Cambridge University condemning the episcopal hierarchy of the Elizabethan Church led to his deprivation of his post by Archbishop John Whitgift and his emigration abroad. Between 1645 and 1648, a series of ordinances of the Long Parliament established Presbyterianism as the polity of the Church of England. Presbyterian government was established in London and Lancashire and in a few other places in England, although Presbyterian hostility to the execution of Charles I and the establishment of the republican Commonwealth of England meant that Parliament never enforced the Presbyterian system in England. The re-establishment of the monarchy in 1660 brought the return of Episcopal church government in England (and in Scotland for a short time); but the Presbyterian church in England continued in Non-Conformity, outside of the established church. In 1719 a major split, the Salter's Hall controversy, occurred; with the majority siding with nontrinitarian views. Thomas Bradbury published several sermons bearing on the controversy, and in 1719, "An answer to the reproaches cast on the dissenting ministers who subscribed their belief of the Eternal Trinity.". By the 18th century many English Presbyterian congregations had become Unitarian in doctrine.

title: Presbyterianism

title: Presbyterianism

text: In

text: England

text: Presbyterianism

text: was

text: established

text: in

text: secret

text: in

text: Thomas

text: Cartwright

text: is

text: thought

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: first

text: Presbyterian

text: in

text: England

text: Cartwright

text: 's

text: controversial

text: lectures

text: at

text: Cambridge

text: University

text: condemning

text: the

text: episcopal

text: hierarchy

text: of

text: the

text: Elizabethan

text: Church

text: led

text: to

text: his

text: deprivation

text: of

text: his

text: post

text: by

text: Archbishop

text: John

text: Whitgift

text: and

text: his

text: emigration

text: abroad

text: Between

text: and

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: ordinances

text: of

text: the

text: Long

text: Parliament

text: established

text: Presbyterianism

text: as

text: the

text: polity

text: of

text: the

text: Church

text: of

text: England

text: Presbyterian

text: government

text: was

text: established

text: in

text: London

text: and

text: Lancashire

text: and

text: in

text: a

text: few

text: other

text: places

text: in

text: England

text: although

text: Presbyterian

text: hostility

text: to

text: the

text: execution

text: of

text: Charles

text: I

text: and

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: the

text: republican

text: Commonwealth

text: of

text: England

text: meant

text: that

text: Parliament

text: never

text: enforced

text: the

text: Presbyterian

text: system

text: in

text: England

text: The

text: re

text: establishment

text: of

text: the

text: monarchy

text: in

text: brought

text: the

text: return

text: of

text: Episcopal

text: church

text: government

text: in

text: England

text: and

text: in

text: Scotland

text: for

text: a

text: short

text: time

text: but

text: the

text: Presbyterian

text: church

text: in

text: England

text: continued

text: in

text: Non

text: Conformity

text: outside

text: of

text: the

text: established

text: church

text: In

text: a

text: major

text: split

text: the

text: Salter

text: 's

text: Hall

text: controversy

text: occurred

text: with

text: the

text: majority

text: siding

text: with

text: nontrinitarian

text: views

text: Thomas

text: Bradbury

text: published

text: several

text: sermons

text: bearing

text: on

text: the

text: controversy

text: and

text: in

text: An

text: answer

text: to

text: the

text: reproaches

text: cast

text: on

text: the

text: dissenting

text: ministers

text: who

text: subscribed

text: their

text: belief

text: of

text: the

text: Eternal

text: Trinity

text: By

text: the

text: century

text: many

text: English

text: Presbyterian

text: congregations

text: had

text: become

text: Unitarian

text: in

text: doctrine

question: In what year was the Presbyterianism church formed in England?

answer: 1592

question: Who was the first known Presbyterian in England?

answer: Thomas Cartwright

text: Thomas Cartwright

question: Between what years were the ordinances enacted Presbyterianism as the polity of the Church of England?

answer: 1645 and 1648

text: 1645 and 1648

question: In what year did Salter's Hall controversy, occur that would lead to a split?

answer: 1719

question: When did the result in English Presbyterian congregations becomingUnitarian in doctrine?

answer: 18th century

text: 18th century


text: Bitumen was the nemesis of many artists during the 19th century. Although widely used for a time, it ultimately proved unstable for use in oil painting, especially when mixed with the most common diluents, such as linseed oil, varnish and turpentine. Unless thoroughly diluted, bitumen never fully solidifies and will in time corrupt the other pigments with which it comes into contact. The use of bitumen as a glaze to set in shadow or mixed with other colors to render a darker tone resulted in the eventual deterioration of many paintings, for instance those of Delacroix. Perhaps the most famous example of the destructiveness of bitumen is Théodore Géricault's Raft of the Medusa (1818–1819), where his use of bitumen caused the brilliant colors to degenerate into dark greens and blacks and the paint and canvas to buckle.

title: Asphalt

title: Asphalt

text: Bitumen

text: was

text: the

text: nemesis

text: of

text: many

text: artists

text: during

text: the

text: century

text: Although

text: widely

text: used

text: for

text: a

text: time

text: it

text: ultimately

text: proved

text: unstable

text: for

text: use

text: in

text: oil

text: painting

text: especially

text: when

text: mixed

text: with

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: diluents

text: such

text: as

text: linseed

text: oil

text: varnish

text: and

text: turpentine

text: Unless

text: thoroughly

text: diluted

text: bitumen

text: never

text: fully

text: solidifies

text: and

text: will

text: in

text: time

text: corrupt

text: the

text: other

text: pigments

text: with

text: which

text: it

text: comes

text: into

text: contact

text: The

text: use

text: of

text: bitumen

text: as

text: a

text: glaze

text: to

text: set

text: in

text: shadow

text: or

text: mixed

text: with

text: other

text: colors

text: to

text: render

text: a

text: darker

text: tone

text: resulted

text: in

text: the

text: eventual

text: deterioration

text: of

text: many

text: paintings

text: for

text: instance

text: those

text: of

text: Delacroix

text: Perhaps

text: the

text: most

text: famous

text: example

text: of

text: the

text: destructiveness

text: of

text: bitumen

text: is

text: Théodore

text: Géricault

text: 's

text: Raft

text: of

text: the

text: Medusa

text: where

text: his

text: use

text: of

text: bitumen

text: caused

text: the

text: brilliant

text: colors

text: to

text: degenerate

text: into

text: dark

text: greens

text: and

text: blacks

text: and

text: the

text: paint

text: and

text: canvas

text: to

text: buckle

question: What pigment did 19th century artists use that was deemed unfavorably?

answer: Bitumen

text: Bitumen

question: What did bitumen when used as a paint not do correctly?

answer: solidifies

text: solidifies

question: What did even limited use of bitumen do to damage paintings?

answer: deterioration

text: deterioration

question: What artist's work i considered to be an example of the damaging effects of bitumen?

answer: Théodore Géricault's

text: Théodore Géricault's

question: What major problem did bitumen as a pigment show itself to be?

answer: unstable

text: unstable


text: Some recordings, such as books for the blind, were pressed at 16 2⁄3 rpm. Prestige Records released jazz records in this format in the late 1950s; for example, two of their Miles Davis albums were paired together in this format. Peter Goldmark, the man who developed the 33 1⁄3 rpm record, developed the Highway Hi-Fi 16 2⁄3 rpm record to be played in Chrysler automobiles, but poor performance of the system and weak implementation by Chrysler and Columbia led to the demise of the 16 2⁄3 rpm records. Subsequently, the 16 2⁄3 rpm speed was used for narrated publications for the blind and visually impaired, and were never widely commercially available, although it was common to see new turntable models with a 16 rpm speed setting produced as late as the 1970s.

title: Gramophone_record

title: Gramophone_record

text: Some

text: recordings

text: such

text: as

text: books

text: for

text: the

text: blind

text: were

text: pressed

text: at

text: rpm

text: Prestige

text: Records

text: released

text: jazz

text: records

text: in

text: this

text: format

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: for

text: example

text: two

text: of

text: their

text: Miles

text: Davis

text: albums

text: were

text: paired

text: together

text: in

text: this

text: format

text: Peter

text: Goldmark

text: the

text: man

text: who

text: developed

text: the

text: rpm

text: record

text: developed

text: the

text: Highway

text: Hi

text: Fi

text: rpm

text: record

text: to

text: be

text: played

text: in

text: Chrysler

text: automobiles

text: but

text: poor

text: performance

text: of

text: the

text: system

text: and

text: weak

text: implementation

text: by

text: Chrysler

text: and

text: Columbia

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: demise

text: of

text: the

text: rpm

text: records

text: Subsequently

text: the

text: rpm

text: speed

text: was

text: used

text: for

text: narrated

text: publications

text: for

text: the

text: blind

text: and

text: visually

text: impaired

text: and

text: were

text: never

text: widely

text: commercially

text: available

text: although

text: it

text: was

text: common

text: to

text: see

text: new

text: turntable

text: models

text: with

text: a

text: rpm

text: speed

text: setting

text: produced

text: as

text: late

text: as

text: the

question: What was 16 2/3 rpm speed used for?

answer: narrated publications

text: narrated publications

question: Who developed the 33 1/3 rpm speed record?

answer: Peter Goldmark

text: Peter Goldmark

question: What record format was created for use in Chrysler automobiles?

answer: Highway Hi-Fi 16 2⁄3 rpm record

text: Highway Hi-Fi 16 2⁄3 rpm record

question: Why did Chrysler discontinue use of the Hifi 16 2/3 rpm record?

answer: poor performance

text: poor performance

question: To the end of which era could you find 16 rpm setting on record players?

answer: 1970s


text: The city and surrounding area suffered the bulk of the economic damage and largest loss of human life in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks when 10 of the 19 terrorists associated with Al-Qaeda piloted American Airlines Flight 11 into the North Tower of the World Trade Center and United Airlines Flight 175 into the South Tower of the World Trade Center, and later destroyed them, killing 2,192 civilians, 343 firefighters, and 71 law enforcement officers who were in the towers and in the surrounding area. The rebuilding of the area, has created a new One World Trade Center, and a 9/11 memorial and museum along with other new buildings and infrastructure. The World Trade Center PATH station, which opened on July 19, 1909 as the Hudson Terminal, was also destroyed in the attack. A temporary station was built and opened on November 23, 2003. A permanent station, the World Trade Center Transportation Hub, is currently under construction. The new One World Trade Center is the tallest skyscraper in the Western Hemisphere and the fourth-tallest building in the world by pinnacle height, with its spire reaching a symbolic 1,776 feet (541.3 m) in reference to the year of American independence.

title: New_York_City

title: New_York_City

text: The

text: city

text: and

text: surrounding

text: area

text: suffered

text: the

text: bulk

text: of

text: the

text: economic

text: damage

text: and

text: largest

text: loss

text: of

text: human

text: life

text: in

text: the

text: aftermath

text: of

text: the

text: September

text: attacks

text: when

text: of

text: the

text: terrorists

text: associated

text: with

text: Al

text: Qaeda

text: piloted

text: American

text: Airlines

text: Flight

text: into

text: the

text: North

text: Tower

text: of

text: the

text: World

text: Trade

text: Center

text: and

text: United

text: Airlines

text: Flight

text: into

text: the

text: South

text: Tower

text: of

text: the

text: World

text: Trade

text: Center

text: and

text: later

text: destroyed

text: them

text: killing

text: civilians

text: firefighters

text: and

text: law

text: enforcement

text: officers

text: who

text: were

text: in

text: the

text: towers

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: surrounding

text: area

text: The

text: rebuilding

text: of

text: the

text: area

text: has

text: created

text: a

text: new

text: One

text: World

text: Trade

text: Center

text: and

text: a

text: memorial

text: and

text: museum

text: along

text: with

text: other

text: new

text: buildings

text: and

text: infrastructure

text: The

text: World

text: Trade

text: Center

text: PATH

text: station

text: which

text: opened

text: on

text: July

text: as

text: the

text: Hudson

text: Terminal

text: was

text: also

text: destroyed

text: in

text: the

text: attack

text: A

text: temporary

text: station

text: was

text: built

text: and

text: opened

text: on

text: November

text: A

text: permanent

text: station

text: the

text: World

text: Trade

text: Center

text: Transportation

text: Hub

text: is

text: currently

text: under

text: construction

text: The

text: new

text: One

text: World

text: Trade

text: Center

text: is

text: the

text: tallest

text: skyscraper

text: in

text: the

text: Western

text: Hemisphere

text: and

text: the

text: fourth

text: tallest

text: building

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: by

text: pinnacle

text: height

text: with

text: its

text: spire

text: reaching

text: a

text: symbolic

text: feet

text: m

text: in

text: reference

text: to

text: the

text: year

text: of

text: American

text: independence

question: What was the name of the aircraft that crashed into the World Trade Center's North Tower on September 11, 2001?

answer: American Airlines Flight 11

text: American Airlines Flight 11

question: What was the name of the aircraft that crashed into the World Trade Center's South Tower on September 11, 2001?

answer: United Airlines Flight 175

text: United Airlines Flight 175

question: How many firefighters died in the World Trade Center attack?

answer: 343

question: On what date did the World Trade Center PATH begin operation?

answer: July 19, 1909

text: July 19, 1909

question: How tall is One World Trade Center in meters?

answer: 541.3

question: The Hudson Terminal which was also demolished was build in what year?

answer: 1909

question: How many leader terrorists of Al Quada were involved with the 9/11 attacks directly that day?

answer: 10

question: What was the plane named that crashed into the World Trade Center?

answer: American Airlines Flight 11

text: American Airlines Flight 11


text: Cognitive neuroscientists consider memory as the retention, reactivation, and reconstruction of the experience-independent internal representation. The term of internal representation implies that such definition of memory contains two components: the expression of memory at the behavioral or conscious level, and the underpinning physical neural changes (Dudai 2007). The latter component is also called engram or memory traces (Semon 1904). Some neuroscientists and psychologists mistakenly equate the concept of engram and memory, broadly conceiving all persisting after-effects of experiences as memory; others argue against this notion that memory does not exist until it is revealed in behavior or thought (Moscovitch 2007).

title: Memory

title: Memory

text: Cognitive

text: neuroscientists

text: consider

text: memory

text: as

text: the

text: retention

text: reactivation

text: and

text: reconstruction

text: of

text: the

text: experience

text: independent

text: internal

text: representation

text: The

text: term

text: of

text: internal

text: representation

text: implies

text: that

text: such

text: definition

text: of

text: memory

text: contains

text: two

text: components

text: the

text: expression

text: of

text: memory

text: at

text: the

text: behavioral

text: or

text: conscious

text: level

text: and

text: the

text: underpinning

text: physical

text: neural

text: changes

text: Dudai

text: The

text: latter

text: component

text: is

text: also

text: called

text: engram

text: or

text: memory

text: traces

text: Semon

text: Some

text: neuroscientists

text: and

text: psychologists

text: mistakenly

text: equate

text: the

text: concept

text: of

text: engram

text: and

text: memory

text: broadly

text: conceiving

text: all

text: persisting

text: after

text: effects

text: of

text: experiences

text: as

text: memory

text: others

text: argue

text: against

text: this

text: notion

text: that

text: memory

text: does

text: not

text: exist

text: until

text: it

text: is

text: revealed

text: in

text: behavior

text: or

text: thought

text: Moscovitch

question: What do cognitive neuroscientists believe memory is?

answer: the retention, reactivation, and reconstruction of the experience-independent internal representation

text: the retention, reactivation, and reconstruction of the experience-independent internal representation

question: What suggests that memory has two different components?

answer: term of internal representation

text: term of internal representation

question: What showed that memory exists even before that memory is known to the person?

answer: Moscovitch 2007

text: Moscovitch 2007

question: What is an engram trace?

answer: the underpinning physical neural changes

text: the underpinning physical neural changes


text: The person or organization submits a HCP and if approved by the agency (FWS or NMFS), will be issued an Incidental Take Permit (ITP) which allows a certain number of "takes" of the listed species. The permit may be revoked at any time and can allow incidental takes for varying amounts of time. For instance, the San Bruno Habitat Conservation Plan/ Incidental Take Permit is good for 30 years and the Wal-Mart store (in Florida) permit expires after one year. Because the permit is issued by a federal agency to a private party, it is a federal action-which means other federal laws can apply, such as the National Environmental Policy Act or NEPA. A notice of the permit application action is published in the Federal Register and a public comment period of 30 to 90 days begins.

title: Endangered_Species_Act

title: Endangered_Species_Act

text: The

text: person

text: or

text: organization

text: submits

text: a

text: HCP

text: and

text: if

text: approved

text: by

text: the

text: agency

text: FWS

text: or

text: NMFS

text: will

text: be

text: issued

text: an

text: Incidental

text: Take

text: Permit

text: ITP

text: which

text: allows

text: a

text: certain

text: number

text: of

text: takes

text: of

text: the

text: listed

text: species

text: The

text: permit

text: may

text: be

text: revoked

text: at

text: any

text: time

text: and

text: can

text: allow

text: incidental

text: takes

text: for

text: varying

text: amounts

text: of

text: time

text: For

text: instance

text: the

text: San

text: Bruno

text: Habitat

text: Conservation

text: Plan/

text: Incidental

text: Take

text: Permit

text: is

text: good

text: for

text: years

text: and

text: the

text: Wal

text: Mart

text: store

text: in

text: Florida

text: permit

text: expires

text: after

text: one

text: year

text: Because

text: the

text: permit

text: is

text: issued

text: by

text: a

text: federal

text: agency

text: to

text: a

text: private

text: party

text: it

text: is

text: a

text: federal

text: action

text: which

text: means

text: other

text: federal

text: laws

text: can

text: apply

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: National

text: Environmental

text: Policy

text: Act

text: or

text: NEPA

text: A

text: notice

text: of

text: the

text: permit

text: application

text: action

text: is

text: published

text: in

text: the

text: Federal

text: Register

text: and

text: a

text: public

text: comment

text: period

text: of

text: to

text: days

text: begins

question: An approved HCP results in what being issued for the species?

answer: an Incidental Take Permit (ITP)

text: an Incidental Take Permit (ITP)

question: How long do ITPs last?

answer: allow incidental takes for varying amounts of time

text: allow incidental takes for varying amounts of time

question: How is the public made aware of ITP applications?

answer: A notice of the permit application action is published in the Federal Register

text: A notice of the permit application action is published in the Federal Register

question: How long does the public have to comment on ITP applications?

answer: 30 to 90 days

text: 30 to 90 days


text: In most parts of medieval Europe, the upper class obtained the sole rights to hunt in certain areas of a feudal territory. Game in these areas was used as a source of food and furs, often provided via professional huntsmen, but it was also expected to provide a form of recreation for the aristocracy. The importance of this proprietary view of game can be seen in the Robin Hood legends, in which one of the primary charges against the outlaws is that they "hunt the King's deer". In contrast, settlers in Anglophone colonies gloried democratically in hunting for all.

title: Hunting

title: Hunting

text: In

text: most

text: parts

text: of

text: medieval

text: Europe

text: the

text: upper

text: class

text: obtained

text: the

text: sole

text: rights

text: to

text: hunt

text: in

text: certain

text: areas

text: of

text: a

text: feudal

text: territory

text: Game

text: in

text: these

text: areas

text: was

text: used

text: as

text: a

text: source

text: of

text: food

text: and

text: furs

text: often

text: provided

text: via

text: professional

text: huntsmen

text: but

text: it

text: was

text: also

text: expected

text: to

text: provide

text: a

text: form

text: of

text: recreation

text: for

text: the

text: aristocracy

text: The

text: importance

text: of

text: this

text: proprietary

text: view

text: of

text: game

text: can

text: be

text: seen

text: in

text: the

text: Robin

text: Hood

text: legends

text: in

text: which

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: primary

text: charges

text: against

text: the

text: outlaws

text: is

text: that

text: they

text: hunt

text: the

text: King

text: 's

text: deer

text: In

text: contrast

text: settlers

text: in

text: Anglophone

text: colonies

text: gloried

text: democratically

text: in

text: hunting

text: for

text: all

question: Who in medieval Europe obtained the sole rights to hunt in certain areas of a feudal territory?

answer: the upper class

text: the upper class

question: What was game in the  areas used by the upper class used as a source of?

answer: food and furs

text: food and furs

question: What legends show the importance of the proprietary view of game as held by the nobles?

answer: Robin Hood

text: Robin Hood

question: What is one of the primary charges against the outlaws in the legend?

answer: they "hunt the King's deer

text: they "hunt the King's deer

question: Who in medieval Europe obtained the sole rights to hunt in certain areas of a feudal territory?

answer: the upper class

text: the upper class

question: What did Anglophone settles take gloried pride in?

answer: democratically in hunting for all

text: democratically in hunting for all

question: What was game in the  areas used by the upper class used as a source of?

answer: food and furs

text: food and furs

question: What legends show the importance of the proprietary view of game as held by the nobles?

answer: Robin Hood

text: Robin Hood

question: What is one of the primary charges against the outlaws in the legend?

answer: they "hunt the King's deer

text: they "hunt the King's deer

question: What did Anglophone settles take gloried pride in?

answer: democratically in hunting for all

text: democratically in hunting for all

question: In medieval Europe who obtained sole rights to hunt in certain areas?

answer: upper class

text: upper class

question: What was the game in feudal territory was used as?

answer: food and furs

text: food and furs

question: Who provided the game obtained in feudal territory?

answer: professional huntsmen

text: professional huntsmen

question: The importance of can be seen in what legends?

answer: Robin Hood

text: Robin Hood

question: Who did Anglophone colonies democratically glorify hunting for?

answer: all

text: all


text: It is easy for Western-educated scholars to fall into the trap of viewing hunter-gatherer social and sexual arrangements in the light of Western values.[editorializing] One common arrangement is the sexual division of labour, with women doing most of the gathering, while men concentrate on big game hunting. It might be imagined that this arrangement oppresses women, keeping them in the domestic sphere. However, according to some observers, hunter-gatherer women would not understand this interpretation. Since childcare is collective, with every baby having multiple mothers and male carers, the domestic sphere is not atomised or privatised but an empowering place to be.[citation needed] In all hunter-gatherer societies, women appreciate the meat brought back to camp by men. An illustrative account is Megan Biesele's study of the southern African Ju/'hoan, 'Women Like Meat'. Recent archaeological research suggests that the sexual division of labor was the fundamental organisational innovation that gave Homo sapiens the edge over the Neanderthals, allowing our ancestors to migrate from Africa and spread across the globe.

title: Hunter-gatherer

title: Hunter

title: gatherer

text: It

text: is

text: easy

text: for

text: Western

text: educated

text: scholars

text: to

text: fall

text: into

text: the

text: trap

text: of

text: viewing

text: hunter

text: gatherer

text: social

text: and

text: sexual

text: arrangements

text: in

text: the

text: light

text: of

text: Western

text: values.[editorializing

text: One

text: common

text: arrangement

text: is

text: the

text: sexual

text: division

text: of

text: labour

text: with

text: women

text: doing

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: gathering

text: while

text: men

text: concentrate

text: on

text: big

text: game

text: hunting

text: It

text: might

text: be

text: imagined

text: that

text: this

text: arrangement

text: oppresses

text: women

text: keeping

text: them

text: in

text: the

text: domestic

text: sphere

text: However

text: according

text: to

text: some

text: observers

text: hunter

text: gatherer

text: women

text: would

text: not

text: understand

text: this

text: interpretation

text: Since

text: childcare

text: is

text: collective

text: with

text: every

text: baby

text: having

text: multiple

text: mothers

text: and

text: male

text: carers

text: the

text: domestic

text: sphere

text: is

text: not

text: atomised

text: or

text: privatised

text: but

text: an

text: empowering

text: place

text: to

text: be.[citation

text: needed

text: In

text: all

text: hunter

text: gatherer

text: societies

text: women

text: appreciate

text: the

text: meat

text: brought

text: back

text: to

text: camp

text: by

text: men

text: An

text: illustrative

text: account

text: is

text: Megan

text: Biesele

text: 's

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: southern

text: African

text: Ju/'hoan

text: Women

text: Like

text: Meat

text: Recent

text: archaeological

text: research

text: suggests

text: that

text: the

text: sexual

text: division

text: of

text: labor

text: was

text: the

text: fundamental

text: organisational

text: innovation

text: that

text: gave

text: Homo

text: sapiens

text: the

text: edge

text: over

text: the

text: Neanderthals

text: allowing

text: our

text: ancestors

text: to

text: migrate

text: from

text: Africa

text: and

text: spread

text: across

text: the

text: globe

question: What value system do Western scholars tend to use in analyzing societies?

answer: Western values

text: Western values

question: Who does most of the gathering in a hunter-gatherer society?

answer: women

text: women

question: What group members are the big game hunters?

answer: men

text: men

question: What does the argument over women as gathers said to produce ?

answer: arrangement oppresses women

text: arrangement oppresses women

question: How is childcare viewed in a hunter-gatherer society?

answer: childcare is collective

text: childcare is collective


text: Of his eight encyclicals, Pope Paul VI is best known for his encyclical Humanae vitae (Of Human Life, subtitled On the Regulation of Birth), published on 25 July 1968. In this encyclical he reaffirmed the Catholic Church's traditional view of marriage and marital relations and a continued condemnation of artificial birth control. There were two Papal committees and numerous independent experts looking into the latest advancement of science and medicine on the question of artificial birth control. which were noted by the Pope in his encyclical The expressed views of Paul VI reflected the teachings of his predecessors, especially Pius XI, Pius XII and John XXIII and never changed, as he repeatedly stated them in the first few years of his Pontificate

title: Pope_Paul_VI

title: Pope_Paul_VI

text: Of

text: his

text: eight

text: encyclicals

text: Pope

text: Paul

text: VI

text: is

text: best

text: known

text: for

text: his

text: encyclical

text: Humanae

text: vitae

text: Of

text: Human

text: Life

text: subtitled

text: On

text: the

text: Regulation

text: of

text: Birth

text: published

text: on

text: July

text: In

text: this

text: encyclical

text: he

text: reaffirmed

text: the

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: 's

text: traditional

text: view

text: of

text: marriage

text: and

text: marital

text: relations

text: and

text: a

text: continued

text: condemnation

text: of

text: artificial

text: birth

text: control

text: There

text: were

text: two

text: Papal

text: committees

text: and

text: numerous

text: independent

text: experts

text: looking

text: into

text: the

text: latest

text: advancement

text: of

text: science

text: and

text: medicine

text: on

text: the

text: question

text: of

text: artificial

text: birth

text: control

text: which

text: were

text: noted

text: by

text: the

text: Pope

text: in

text: his

text: encyclical

text: The

text: expressed

text: views

text: of

text: Paul

text: VI

text: reflected

text: the

text: teachings

text: of

text: his

text: predecessors

text: especially

text: Pius

text: XI

text: Pius

text: XII

text: and

text: John

text: XXIII

text: and

text: never

text: changed

text: as

text: he

text: repeatedly

text: stated

text: them

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: few

text: years

text: of

text: his

text: Pontificate

question: Which one of Paul Vi's encyclicals best known in Catholic history?

answer: Humanae vitae

text: Humanae vitae

question: What did Paul VI's Humanae Vitae condemn?

answer: artificial birth control

text: artificial birth control

question: What type of birth control is condemned by the Catholic church?

answer: artificial

text: artificial

question: How many encyclicals did Paul VI publish?

answer: eight

text: eight

question: What does Humanae Vitae mean?

answer: Of Human Life

text: Of Human Life


text: After DNA replication is complete, the cell must physically separate the two copies of the genome and divide into two distinct membrane-bound cells.:18.2 In prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) this usually occurs via a relatively simple process called binary fission, in which each circular genome attaches to the cell membrane and is separated into the daughter cells as the membrane invaginates to split the cytoplasm into two membrane-bound portions. Binary fission is extremely fast compared to the rates of cell division in eukaryotes. Eukaryotic cell division is a more complex process known as the cell cycle; DNA replication occurs during a phase of this cycle known as S phase, whereas the process of segregating chromosomes and splitting the cytoplasm occurs during M phase.:18.1

title: Gene

title: Gene

text: After

text: DNA

text: replication

text: is

text: complete

text: the

text: cell

text: must

text: physically

text: separate

text: the

text: two

text: copies

text: of

text: the

text: genome

text: and

text: divide

text: into

text: two

text: distinct

text: membrane

text: bound

text: In

text: prokaryotes

text: bacteria

text: and

text: archaea

text: this

text: usually

text: occurs

text: via

text: a

text: relatively

text: simple

text: process

text: called

text: binary

text: fission

text: in

text: which

text: each

text: circular

text: genome

text: attaches

text: to

text: the

text: cell

text: membrane

text: and

text: is

text: separated

text: into

text: the

text: daughter

text: cells

text: as

text: the

text: membrane

text: invaginates

text: to

text: split

text: the

text: cytoplasm

text: into

text: two

text: membrane

text: bound

text: portions

text: Binary

text: fission

text: is

text: extremely

text: fast

text: compared

text: to

text: the

text: rates

text: of

text: cell

text: division

text: in

text: eukaryotes

text: Eukaryotic

text: cell

text: division

text: is

text: a

text: more

text: complex

text: process

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: cell

text: cycle

text: DNA

text: replication

text: occurs

text: during

text: a

text: phase

text: of

text: this

text: cycle

text: known

text: as

text: S

text: phase

text: whereas

text: the

text: process

text: of

text: segregating

text: chromosomes

text: and

text: splitting

text: the

text: cytoplasm

text: occurs

text: during

text: M

question: What is one thing the cell must do once DNA replication is compete?

answer: physically separate the two copies of the genome

text: physically separate the two copies of the genome

question: What is another thing the cell must do once DNA replication is complete?

answer: divide into two distinct membrane-bound cells

text: divide into two distinct membrane-bound cells

question: In binary fission, what shape is each genome?

answer: circular

text: circular

question: In binary fission. when does each genome separate into daughter cells?

answer: as the membrane invaginates to split the cytoplasm

text: as the membrane invaginates to split the cytoplasm

question: Compared to the rates of cell division in eukaryotes, with what speed does binary fission occur?

answer: extremely fast

text: extremely fast


text: The early Western Han court simultaneously accepted the philosophical teachings of Legalism, Huang-Lao Daoism, and Confucianism in making state decisions and shaping government policy. However, the Han court under Emperor Wu gave Confucianism exclusive patronage. He abolished all academic chairs or erudites (bóshì 博士) not dealing with the Confucian Five Classics in 136 BC and encouraged nominees for office to receive a Confucian-based education at the Imperial University that he established in 124 BC. Unlike the original ideology espoused by Confucius, or Kongzi (551–479 BC), Han Confucianism in Emperor Wu's reign was the creation of Dong Zhongshu (179–104 BC). Dong was a scholar and minor official who aggregated the ethical Confucian ideas of ritual, filial piety, and harmonious relationships with five phases and yin-yang cosmologies. Much to the interest of the ruler, Dong's synthesis justified the imperial system of government within the natural order of the universe. The Imperial University grew in importance as the student body grew to over 30,000 by the 2nd century AD. A Confucian-based education was also made available at commandery-level schools and private schools opened in small towns, where teachers earned respectable incomes from tuition payments.

title: Han_dynasty

title: Han_dynasty

text: The

text: early

text: Western

text: Han

text: court

text: simultaneously

text: accepted

text: the

text: philosophical

text: teachings

text: of

text: Legalism

text: Huang

text: Lao

text: Daoism

text: and

text: Confucianism

text: in

text: making

text: state

text: decisions

text: and

text: shaping

text: government

text: policy

text: However

text: the

text: Han

text: court

text: under

text: Emperor

text: Wu

text: gave

text: Confucianism

text: exclusive

text: patronage

text: He

text: abolished

text: all

text: academic

text: chairs

text: or

text: erudites

text: bóshì

text: 博士

text: not

text: dealing

text: with

text: the

text: Confucian

text: Five

text: Classics

text: in

text: BC

text: and

text: encouraged

text: nominees

text: for

text: office

text: to

text: receive

text: a

text: Confucian

text: based

text: education

text: at

text: the

text: Imperial

text: University

text: that

text: he

text: established

text: in

text: BC

text: Unlike

text: the

text: original

text: ideology

text: espoused

text: by

text: Confucius

text: or

text: Kongzi

text: BC

text: Han

text: Confucianism

text: in

text: Emperor

text: Wu

text: 's

text: reign

text: was

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: Dong

text: Zhongshu

text: BC

text: Dong

text: was

text: a

text: scholar

text: and

text: minor

text: official

text: who

text: aggregated

text: the

text: ethical

text: Confucian

text: ideas

text: of

text: ritual

text: filial

text: piety

text: and

text: harmonious

text: relationships

text: with

text: five

text: phases

text: and

text: yin

text: yang

text: cosmologies

text: Much

text: to

text: the

text: interest

text: of

text: the

text: ruler

text: Dong

text: 's

text: synthesis

text: justified

text: the

text: imperial

text: system

text: of

text: government

text: within

text: the

text: natural

text: order

text: of

text: the

text: universe

text: The

text: Imperial

text: University

text: grew

text: in

text: importance

text: as

text: the

text: student

text: body

text: grew

text: to

text: over

text: by

text: the

text: century

text: AD

text: A

text: Confucian

text: based

text: education

text: was

text: also

text: made

text: available

text: at

text: commandery

text: level

text: schools

text: and

text: private

text: schools

text: opened

text: in

text: small

text: towns

text: where

text: teachers

text: earned

text: respectable

text: incomes

text: from

text: tuition

text: payments

question: What philosophy was given exclusivity in the court during the rule of Emperor Wu?

answer: Confucianism

text: Confucianism

question: Who put an end to all erudites?

answer: Emperor Wu

text: Emperor Wu

question: How many students were in the Imperial University by the second century?

answer: over 30,000

text: over 30,000

question: What type of philosophy was available for individuals at the commanderies?

answer: Confucian

text: Confucian

question: Where did teachers make their money from at private schools?

answer: tuition payments

text: tuition payments