text: Glacial abrasion is commonly characterized by glacial striations. Glaciers produce these when they contain large boulders that carve long scratches in the bedrock. By mapping the direction of the striations, researchers can determine the direction of the glacier's movement. Similar to striations are chatter marks, lines of crescent-shape depressions in the rock underlying a glacier. They are formed by abrasion when boulders in the glacier are repeatedly caught and released as they are dragged along the bedrock.

title: Glacier

title: Glacier

text: Glacial

text: abrasion

text: is

text: commonly

text: characterized

text: by

text: glacial

text: striations

text: Glaciers

text: produce

text: these

text: when

text: they

text: contain

text: large

text: boulders

text: that

text: carve

text: long

text: scratches

text: in

text: the

text: bedrock

text: By

text: mapping

text: the

text: direction

text: of

text: the

text: striations

text: researchers

text: can

text: determine

text: the

text: direction

text: of

text: the

text: glacier

text: 's

text: movement

text: Similar

text: to

text: striations

text: are

text: chatter

text: marks

text: lines

text: of

text: crescent

text: shape

text: depressions

text: in

text: the

text: rock

text: underlying

text: a

text: glacier

text: They

text: are

text: formed

text: by

text: abrasion

text: when

text: boulders

text: in

text: the

text: glacier

text: are

text: repeatedly

text: caught

text: and

text: released

text: as

text: they

text: are

text: dragged

text: along

text: the

text: bedrock

question: What cause glacial stiations?

answer: large boulders that carve long scratches in the bedrock

text: large boulders that carve long scratches in the bedrock

question: What can scientists deduct from the direction of the striations?

answer: direction of the glacier's movement

text: direction of the glacier's movement

question: What are chatter marks?

answer: lines of crescent-shape depressions in the rock underlying a glacier

text: lines of crescent-shape depressions in the rock underlying a glacier

question: How are chatter marks formed?

answer: abrasion when boulders in the glacier are repeatedly caught and released

text: abrasion when boulders in the glacier are repeatedly caught and released


text: As the patron of Delphi (Pythian Apollo), Apollo was an oracular god—the prophetic deity of the Delphic Oracle. Medicine and healing are associated with Apollo, whether through the god himself or mediated through his son Asclepius, yet Apollo was also seen as a god who could bring ill-health and deadly plague. Amongst the god's custodial charges, Apollo became associated with dominion over colonists, and as the patron defender of herds and flocks. As the leader of the Muses (Apollon Musegetes) and director of their choir, Apollo functioned as the patron god of music and poetry. Hermes created the lyre for him, and the instrument became a common attribute of Apollo. Hymns sung to Apollo were called paeans.

title: Apollo

title: Apollo

text: As

text: the

text: patron

text: of

text: Delphi

text: Pythian

text: Apollo

text: Apollo

text: was

text: an

text: oracular

text: god

text: the

text: prophetic

text: deity

text: of

text: the

text: Delphic

text: Oracle

text: Medicine

text: and

text: healing

text: are

text: associated

text: with

text: Apollo

text: whether

text: through

text: the

text: god

text: himself

text: or

text: mediated

text: through

text: his

text: son

text: Asclepius

text: yet

text: Apollo

text: was

text: also

text: seen

text: as

text: a

text: god

text: who

text: could

text: bring

text: ill

text: health

text: and

text: deadly

text: plague

text: Amongst

text: the

text: god

text: 's

text: custodial

text: charges

text: Apollo

text: became

text: associated

text: with

text: dominion

text: over

text: colonists

text: and

text: as

text: the

text: patron

text: defender

text: of

text: herds

text: and

text: flocks

text: As

text: the

text: leader

text: of

text: the

text: Muses

text: Apollon

text: Musegetes

text: and

text: director

text: of

text: their

text: choir

text: Apollo

text: functioned

text: as

text: the

text: patron

text: god

text: of

text: music

text: and

text: poetry

text: Hermes

text: created

text: the

text: lyre

text: for

text: him

text: and

text: the

text: instrument

text: became

text: a

text: common

text: attribute

text: of

text: Apollo

text: Hymns

text: sung

text: to

text: Apollo

text: were

text: called

text: paeans

question: Who was described at the prophetic deity of the Delphic Oracle?

answer: Apollo

text: Apollo

question: What is the name of Apollo's son?

answer: Asclepius

text: Asclepius

question: Who created the lyre for Apollo?

answer: Hermes

text: Hermes

question: What was the term for hymns sung to Apollo?

answer: paeans

text: paeans


text: The term "Late Middle Ages" refers to one of the three periods of the Middle Ages, along with the Early Middle Ages and the High Middle Ages. Leonardo Bruni was the first historian to use tripartite periodization in his History of the Florentine People (1442). Flavio Biondo used a similar framework in Decades of History from the Deterioration of the Roman Empire (1439–1453). Tripartite periodization became standard after the German historian Christoph Cellarius published Universal History Divided into an Ancient, Medieval, and New Period (1683).

title: Late_Middle_Ages

title: Late_Middle_Ages

text: The

text: term

text: Late

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: refers

text: to

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: periods

text: of

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: Early

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: and

text: the

text: High

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: Leonardo

text: Bruni

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: historian

text: to

text: use

text: tripartite

text: periodization

text: in

text: his

text: History

text: of

text: the

text: Florentine

text: People

text: Flavio

text: Biondo

text: used

text: a

text: similar

text: framework

text: in

text: Decades

text: of

text: History

text: from

text: the

text: Deterioration

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: Tripartite

text: periodization

text: became

text: standard

text: after

text: the

text: German

text: historian

text: Christoph

text: Cellarius

text: published

text: Universal

text: History

text: Divided

text: into

text: an

text: Ancient

text: Medieval

text: and

text: New

text: Period

question: Along with the Late Middle Ages, what are the other two period of the Middle Ages?

answer: Early Middle Ages and the High Middle Ages

text: Early Middle Ages and the High Middle Ages

question: When was Leonardo Bruni's "History of the Florentine People" published?

answer: 1442

question: What is the name for the division of the periods of history introduced by Bruni?

answer: tripartite periodization

text: tripartite periodization

question: Who was the author of "Decades of History from the Deterioration of the Roman Empire

answer: Flavio Biondo

text: Flavio Biondo

question: What 1683 work resulted in the standard use of tripartite periodization?

answer: Universal History Divided into an Ancient, Medieval, and New Period

text: Universal History Divided into an Ancient, Medieval, and New Period


text: Phytogeographically, Greece belongs to the Boreal Kingdom and is shared between the East Mediterranean province of the Mediterranean Region and the Illyrian province of the Circumboreal Region. According to the World Wide Fund for Nature and the European Environment Agency, the territory of Greece can be subdivided into six ecoregions: the Illyrian deciduous forests, Pindus Mountains mixed forests, Balkan mixed forests, Rhodope montane mixed forests, Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests and Crete Mediterranean forests.

title: Greece

title: Greece

text: Phytogeographically

text: Greece

text: belongs

text: to

text: the

text: Boreal

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: is

text: shared

text: between

text: the

text: East

text: Mediterranean

text: province

text: of

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Region

text: and

text: the

text: Illyrian

text: province

text: of

text: the

text: Circumboreal

text: Region

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: World

text: Wide

text: Fund

text: for

text: Nature

text: and

text: the

text: European

text: Environment

text: Agency

text: the

text: territory

text: of

text: Greece

text: can

text: be

text: subdivided

text: into

text: six

text: ecoregions

text: the

text: Illyrian

text: deciduous

text: forests

text: Pindus

text: Mountains

text: mixed

text: forests

text: Balkan

text: mixed

text: forests

text: Rhodope

text: montane

text: mixed

text: forests

text: Aegean

text: and

text: Western

text: Turkey

text: sclerophyllous

text: and

text: mixed

text: forests

text: and

text: Crete

text: Mediterranean

text: forests

question: Greece's plant distribution belongs to what?

answer: the Boreal Kingdom

text: the Boreal Kingdom

question: How many ecoregions occupies Greece?

answer: six

text: six

question: The Pindus and Balkan ecoregions are known as what?

answer: mixed forests

text: mixed forests

question: The Crete ecoregion is known as what?

answer: Mediterranean forests

text: Mediterranean forests

question: The Illyrian ecoregion is known as what?

answer: deciduous forests

text: deciduous forests


text: Modern Estonia is a fairly ethnically heterogeneous country, but this heterogeneity is not a feature of much of the country as the non-Estonian population is concentrated in two of Estonia's counties. Thirteen of Estonia's 15 counties are over 80% ethnic Estonian, the most homogeneous being Hiiumaa, where Estonians account for 98.4% of the population. In the counties of Harju (including the capital city, Tallinn) and Ida-Viru, however, ethnic Estonians make up 60% and 20% of the population, respectively. Russians make up 25.6% of the total population but account for 36% of the population in Harju county and 70% of the population in Ida-Viru county.

title: Estonia

title: Estonia

text: Modern

text: Estonia

text: is

text: a

text: fairly

text: ethnically

text: heterogeneous

text: country

text: but

text: this

text: heterogeneity

text: is

text: not

text: a

text: feature

text: of

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: as

text: the

text: non

text: Estonian

text: population

text: is

text: concentrated

text: in

text: two

text: of

text: Estonia

text: 's

text: counties

text: Thirteen

text: of

text: Estonia

text: 's

text: counties

text: are

text: over

text: ethnic

text: Estonian

text: the

text: most

text: homogeneous

text: being

text: Hiiumaa

text: where

text: Estonians

text: account

text: for

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: In

text: the

text: counties

text: of

text: Harju

text: including

text: the

text: capital

text: city

text: Tallinn

text: and

text: Ida

text: Viru

text: however

text: ethnic

text: Estonians

text: make

text: up

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: respectively

text: Russians

text: make

text: up

text: of

text: the

text: total

text: population

text: but

text: account

text: for

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: in

text: Harju

text: county

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: in

text: Ida

text: Viru

text: county

question: What number of Estonia's counties are over 80% ethnic Estonian?

answer: Thirteen

text: Thirteen

question: How many counties are in Estonia?

answer: 15

question: Which county in Estonia is the most uniform?

answer: Hiiumaa

text: Hiiumaa

question: What percentage accounts for the total number people living in Hiiumaa that are ethnic Estonians?

answer: 98.4%

question: What number describes the percentage of Russian Estonians?

answer: 25.6%


text: 58.1% of the population described themselves in the 2011 census return as being at least nominally Christian and 0.8% as Muslim with all other religions represented by less than 0.5% each. The portion of people without a religion is 32.9%; above the national average of 24.7%. 7.1% did not state their religious belief. Since the 2001 Census, the number of Christians and Jews has decreased (-16% and -7% respectively), while all other religions have increased and non-religious people have almost doubled in number.

title: Plymouth

title: Plymouth

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: described

text: themselves

text: in

text: the

text: census

text: return

text: as

text: being

text: at

text: least

text: nominally

text: Christian

text: and

text: as

text: Muslim

text: with

text: all

text: other

text: religions

text: represented

text: by

text: less

text: than

text: each

text: The

text: portion

text: of

text: people

text: without

text: a

text: religion

text: is

text: above

text: the

text: national

text: average

text: of

text: did

text: not

text: state

text: their

text: religious

text: belief

text: Since

text: the

text: Census

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: Christians

text: and

text: Jews

text: has

text: decreased

text: and

text: respectively

text: while

text: all

text: other

text: religions

text: have

text: increased

text: and

text: non

text: religious

text: people

text: have

text: almost

text: doubled

text: in

text: number

question: What percentage of Plymouth's population call themselves Christian?

answer: 58.1%

question: What percentage of Plymouth residents follow Islam?

answer: 0.8%

question: What percentage of Plymouth consists of non-religious people?

answer: 32.9%

question: What percentage of people in the United Kingdom describe themselves as non-religious?

answer: 24.7%

question: What was the percentage decline in Jewish residents of Plymouth between 2001 and 2011?

answer: 7%


text: Richmond is not home to any major league professional sports teams, but since 2013, the Washington Redskins of the National Football League have held their summer training camp in the city. There are also several minor league sports in the city, including the Richmond Kickers of the USL Professional Division (third tier of American soccer) and the Richmond Flying Squirrels of the Class AA Eastern League of Minor League Baseball (an affiliate of the San Francisco Giants). The Kickers began playing in Richmond in 1993, and currently play at City Stadium. The Squirrels opened their first season at The Diamond on April 15, 2010. From 1966 through 2008, the city was home to the Richmond Braves, a AAA affiliate of the Atlanta Braves of Major League Baseball, until the franchise relocated to Georgia.

title: Richmond,_Virginia

title: Richmond,_Virginia

text: Richmond

text: is

text: not

text: home

text: to

text: any

text: major

text: league

text: professional

text: sports

text: teams

text: but

text: since

text: the

text: Washington

text: Redskins

text: of

text: the

text: National

text: Football

text: League

text: have

text: held

text: their

text: summer

text: training

text: camp

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: There

text: are

text: also

text: several

text: minor

text: league

text: sports

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: including

text: the

text: Richmond

text: Kickers

text: of

text: the

text: USL

text: Professional

text: Division

text: third

text: tier

text: of

text: American

text: soccer

text: and

text: the

text: Richmond

text: Flying

text: Squirrels

text: of

text: the

text: Class

text: AA

text: Eastern

text: League

text: of

text: Minor

text: League

text: Baseball

text: an

text: affiliate

text: of

text: the

text: San

text: Francisco

text: Giants

text: The

text: Kickers

text: began

text: playing

text: in

text: Richmond

text: in

text: and

text: currently

text: play

text: at

text: City

text: Stadium

text: The

text: Squirrels

text: opened

text: their

text: first

text: season

text: at

text: The

text: Diamond

text: on

text: April

text: From

text: through

text: the

text: city

text: was

text: home

text: to

text: the

text: Richmond

text: Braves

text: a

text: AAA

text: affiliate

text: of

text: the

text: Atlanta

text: Braves

text: of

text: Major

text: League

text: Baseball

text: until

text: the

text: franchise

text: relocated

text: to

text: Georgia

question: What sport do the Washington Redskins play?

answer: Football

text: Football

question: What sport do the Richmond Kickers compete in?

answer: soccer

text: soccer

question: With what Major League Baseball team are the Richmond Flying Squirrels associated?

answer: San Francisco Giants

text: San Francisco Giants

question: What is the home ground of the Richmond Kickers?

answer: City Stadium

text: City Stadium

question: Where did the Richmond Braves move to?

answer: Georgia

text: Georgia


text: The William Allen White School of Journalism and Mass Communications is recognized for its ability to prepare students to work in a variety of media when they graduate. The school offers two tracts of study: News and Information and Strategic Communication. This professional school teaches its students reporting for print, online and broadcast, strategic campaigning for PR and advertising, photojournalism and video reporting and editing. The J-School's students maintain various publications on campus, including The University Daily Kansan, Jayplay magazine, KUJH TV and KJHK radio. In 2008, the Fiske Guide to Colleges praised the KU J-School for its strength. In 2010, the School of Journalism and Mass Communications finished second at the prestigious Hearst Foundation national writing competition.

title: University_of_Kansas

title: University_of_Kansas

text: The

text: William

text: Allen

text: White

text: School

text: of

text: Journalism

text: and

text: Mass

text: Communications

text: is

text: recognized

text: for

text: its

text: ability

text: to

text: prepare

text: students

text: to

text: work

text: in

text: a

text: variety

text: of

text: media

text: when

text: they

text: graduate

text: The

text: school

text: offers

text: two

text: tracts

text: of

text: study

text: News

text: and

text: Information

text: and

text: Strategic

text: Communication

text: This

text: professional

text: school

text: teaches

text: its

text: students

text: reporting

text: for

text: print

text: online

text: and

text: broadcast

text: strategic

text: campaigning

text: for

text: PR

text: and

text: advertising

text: photojournalism

text: and

text: video

text: reporting

text: and

text: editing

text: The

text: J

text: School

text: 's

text: students

text: maintain

text: various

text: publications

text: on

text: campus

text: including

text: The

text: University

text: Daily

text: Kansan

text: Jayplay

text: magazine

text: KUJH

text: TV

text: and

text: KJHK

text: radio

text: In

text: the

text: Fiske

text: Guide

text: to

text: Colleges

text: praised

text: the

text: KU

text: J

text: School

text: for

text: its

text: strength

text: In

text: the

text: School

text: of

text: Journalism

text: and

text: Mass

text: Communications

text: finished

text: second

text: at

text: the

text: prestigious

text: Hearst

text: Foundation

text: national

text: writing

text: competition

question: What is the full name of KU's journalism school?

answer: The William Allen White School of Journalism and Mass Communications

text: The William Allen White School of Journalism and Mass Communications

question: What are the two different programs offered at KU's Schoold of Journalism?

answer: News and Information and Strategic Communication

text: News and Information and Strategic Communication

question: What three types of media are students taught to work with at KU's School of Journalism?

answer: print, online and broadcast

text: print, online and broadcast

question: What is the name of a magazine published at KU?

answer: Jayplay magazine

text: Jayplay magazine

question: Who sponsors a contest for journalistic writing?

answer: Hearst Foundation

text: Hearst Foundation


text: The Roman Empire reached its greatest territorial extent during the 2nd century AD; the following two centuries witnessed the slow decline of Roman control over its outlying territories. Economic issues, including inflation, and external pressure on the frontiers combined to make the 3rd century politically unstable, with emperors coming to the throne only to be rapidly replaced by new usurpers. Military expenses increased steadily during the 3rd century, mainly in response to the war with Sassanid Persia, which revived in the middle of the 3rd century. The army doubled in size, and cavalry and smaller units replaced the legion as the main tactical unit. The need for revenue led to increased taxes and a decline in numbers of the curial, or landowning, class, and decreasing numbers of them willing to shoulder the burdens of holding office in their native towns. More bureaucrats were needed in the central administration to deal with the needs of the army, which led to complaints from civilians that there were more tax-collectors in the empire than tax-payers.

title: Middle_Ages

title: Middle_Ages

text: The

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: reached

text: its

text: greatest

text: territorial

text: extent

text: during

text: the

text: century

text: AD

text: the

text: following

text: two

text: centuries

text: witnessed

text: the

text: slow

text: decline

text: of

text: Roman

text: control

text: over

text: its

text: outlying

text: territories

text: Economic

text: issues

text: including

text: inflation

text: and

text: external

text: pressure

text: on

text: the

text: frontiers

text: combined

text: to

text: make

text: the

text: century

text: politically

text: unstable

text: with

text: emperors

text: coming

text: to

text: the

text: throne

text: only

text: to

text: be

text: rapidly

text: replaced

text: by

text: new

text: usurpers

text: Military

text: expenses

text: increased

text: steadily

text: during

text: the

text: century

text: mainly

text: in

text: response

text: to

text: the

text: war

text: with

text: Sassanid

text: Persia

text: which

text: revived

text: in

text: the

text: middle

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: The

text: army

text: doubled

text: in

text: size

text: and

text: cavalry

text: and

text: smaller

text: units

text: replaced

text: the

text: legion

text: as

text: the

text: main

text: tactical

text: unit

text: The

text: need

text: for

text: revenue

text: led

text: to

text: increased

text: taxes

text: and

text: a

text: decline

text: in

text: numbers

text: of

text: the

text: curial

text: or

text: landowning

text: class

text: and

text: decreasing

text: numbers

text: of

text: them

text: willing

text: to

text: shoulder

text: the

text: burdens

text: of

text: holding

text: office

text: in

text: their

text: native

text: towns

text: More

text: bureaucrats

text: were

text: needed

text: in

text: the

text: central

text: administration

text: to

text: deal

text: with

text: the

text: needs

text: of

text: the

text: army

text: which

text: led

text: to

text: complaints

text: from

text: civilians

text: that

text: there

text: were

text: more

text: tax

text: collectors

text: in

text: the

text: empire

text: than

text: tax

text: payers

question: In what century did the Roman Empire achieve its greatest extent?

answer: the 2nd century AD

text: the 2nd century AD

question: In what century did the revival of Persia occur under the Sassanids?

answer: 3rd century

text: 3rd century

question: How much did the size of the Roman army increase in the 3rd century?

answer: doubled

text: doubled

question: What did the need for increased revenue to pay for the Roman army lead to an increase in?

answer: taxes

text: taxes

question: What is another term for the Roman landowning class?

answer: curial

text: curial


text: From the 1990s onwards, the predominant approach to constructing phylogenies for living plants has been molecular phylogenetics, which uses molecular characters, particularly DNA sequences, rather than morphological characters like the presence or absence of spines and areoles. The difference is that the genetic code itself is used to decide evolutionary relationships, instead of being used indirectly via the characters it gives rise to. Clive Stace describes this as having "direct access to the genetic basis of evolution." As a simple example, prior to the use of genetic evidence, fungi were thought either to be plants or to be more closely related to plants than animals. Genetic evidence suggests that the true evolutionary relationship of multicelled organisms is as shown in the cladogram below – fungi are more closely related to animals than to plants.

title: Botany

title: Botany

text: From

text: the

text: onwards

text: the

text: predominant

text: approach

text: to

text: constructing

text: phylogenies

text: for

text: living

text: plants

text: has

text: been

text: molecular

text: phylogenetics

text: which

text: uses

text: molecular

text: characters

text: particularly

text: DNA

text: sequences

text: rather

text: than

text: morphological

text: characters

text: like

text: the

text: presence

text: or

text: absence

text: of

text: spines

text: and

text: areoles

text: The

text: difference

text: is

text: that

text: the

text: genetic

text: code

text: itself

text: is

text: used

text: to

text: decide

text: evolutionary

text: relationships

text: instead

text: of

text: being

text: used

text: indirectly

text: via

text: the

text: characters

text: it

text: gives

text: rise

text: to

text: Clive

text: Stace

text: describes

text: this

text: as

text: having

text: direct

text: access

text: to

text: the

text: genetic

text: basis

text: of

text: evolution

text: As

text: a

text: simple

text: example

text: prior

text: to

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: genetic

text: evidence

text: fungi

text: were

text: thought

text: either

text: to

text: be

text: plants

text: or

text: to

text: be

text: more

text: closely

text: related

text: to

text: plants

text: than

text: animals

text: Genetic

text: evidence

text: suggests

text: that

text: the

text: true

text: evolutionary

text: relationship

text: of

text: multicelled

text: organisms

text: is

text: as

text: shown

text: in

text: the

text: cladogram

text: below

text: fungi

text: are

text: more

text: closely

text: related

text: to

text: animals

text: than

text: to

text: plants

question: What is used now to group plants?

answer: DNA sequences

text: DNA sequences

question: What was previously used to group plants?

answer: morphological characters

text: morphological characters

question: How is DNA grouping superior?

answer: genetic code itself is used

text: genetic code itself is used

question: Are fungi more like plants or animals?

answer: closely related to animals

text: closely related to animals

question: When was DNA sequencing first used for grouping plants?

answer: 1990s


text: Von Neumann made fundamental contributions in exploration of problems in numerical hydrodynamics. For example, with Robert D. Richtmyer he developed an algorithm defining artificial viscosity that improved the understanding of shock waves. A problem was that when computers solved hydrodynamic or aerodynamic problems, they tried to put too many computational grid points at regions of sharp discontinuity (shock waves). The mathematics of artificial viscosity smoothed the shock transition without sacrificing basic physics. Other well known contributions to fluid dynamics included the classic flow solution to blast waves, and the co-discovery of the ZND detonation model of explosives.

title: John_von_Neumann

title: John_von_Neumann

text: Von

text: Neumann

text: made

text: fundamental

text: contributions

text: in

text: exploration

text: of

text: problems

text: in

text: numerical

text: hydrodynamics

text: For

text: example

text: with

text: Robert

text: D.

text: Richtmyer

text: he

text: developed

text: an

text: algorithm

text: defining

text: artificial

text: viscosity

text: that

text: improved

text: the

text: understanding

text: of

text: shock

text: waves

text: A

text: problem

text: was

text: that

text: when

text: computers

text: solved

text: hydrodynamic

text: or

text: aerodynamic

text: problems

text: they

text: tried

text: to

text: put

text: too

text: many

text: computational

text: grid

text: points

text: at

text: regions

text: of

text: sharp

text: discontinuity

text: shock

text: waves

text: The

text: mathematics

text: of

text: artificial

text: viscosity

text: smoothed

text: the

text: shock

text: transition

text: without

text: sacrificing

text: basic

text: physics

text: Other

text: well

text: known

text: contributions

text: to

text: fluid

text: dynamics

text: included

text: the

text: classic

text: flow

text: solution

text: to

text: blast

text: waves

text: and

text: the

text: co

text: discovery

text: of

text: the

text: ZND

text: detonation

text: model

text: of

text: explosives

question: The algorithm defining artificial viscosity is a fundamental contribution to what area?

answer: numerical hydrodynamics

text: numerical hydrodynamics

question: What did the math of artificial viscosity do?

answer: smoothed the shock transition without sacrificing basic physics

text: smoothed the shock transition without sacrificing basic physics

question: What was the problem of computers solving fluid dynamics?

answer: they tried to put too many computational grid points at regions of sharp discontinuity (shock waves)

text: they tried to put too many computational grid points at regions of sharp discontinuity (shock waves)


text: A major battleground, Burma was devastated during World War II. By March 1942, within months after they entered the war, Japanese troops had advanced on Rangoon and the British administration had collapsed. A Burmese Executive Administration headed by Ba Maw was established by the Japanese in August 1942. Wingate's British Chindits were formed into long-range penetration groups trained to operate deep behind Japanese lines. A similar American unit, Merrill's Marauders, followed the Chindits into the Burmese jungle in 1943. Beginning in late 1944, allied troops launched a series of offensives that led to the end of Japanese rule in July 1945. The battles were intense with much of Burma laid waste by the fighting. Overall, the Japanese lost some 150,000 men in Burma. Only 1,700 prisoners were taken.

title: Myanmar

title: Myanmar

text: A

text: major

text: battleground

text: Burma

text: was

text: devastated

text: during

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: By

text: March

text: within

text: months

text: after

text: they

text: entered

text: the

text: war

text: Japanese

text: troops

text: had

text: advanced

text: on

text: Rangoon

text: and

text: the

text: British

text: administration

text: had

text: collapsed

text: A

text: Burmese

text: Executive

text: Administration

text: headed

text: by

text: Ba

text: Maw

text: was

text: established

text: by

text: the

text: Japanese

text: in

text: August

text: Wingate

text: 's

text: British

text: Chindits

text: were

text: formed

text: into

text: long

text: range

text: penetration

text: groups

text: trained

text: to

text: operate

text: deep

text: behind

text: Japanese

text: lines

text: A

text: similar

text: American

text: unit

text: Merrill

text: 's

text: Marauders

text: followed

text: the

text: Chindits

text: into

text: the

text: Burmese

text: jungle

text: in

text: Beginning

text: in

text: late

text: allied

text: troops

text: launched

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: offensives

text: that

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: Japanese

text: rule

text: in

text: July

text: The

text: battles

text: were

text: intense

text: with

text: much

text: of

text: Burma

text: laid

text: waste

text: by

text: the

text: fighting

text: Overall

text: the

text: Japanese

text: lost

text: some

text: men

text: in

text: Burma

text: Only

text: prisoners

text: were

text: taken

question: Was Burma effected by the world wars?

answer: Burma was devastated during World War II

text: Burma was devastated during World War II

question: Did the British protect Burma as its colony during WWII?

answer: the British administration had collapsed

text: the British administration had collapsed

question: Where groups from Burma an advantage to the Allies during WWII?

answer: British Chindits were formed into long-range penetration groups trained to operate deep behind Japanese lines. A similar American unit, Merrill's Marauders

text: British Chindits were formed into long-range penetration groups trained to operate deep behind Japanese lines. A similar American unit, Merrill's Marauders

question: How many soldiers were lost by the Japanese in Burma during WWII ?

answer: the Japanese lost some 150,000 men in Burma

text: the Japanese lost some 150,000 men in Burma

question: When did the temporary Japanese rule end in Burma?

answer: the end of Japanese rule in July 1945

text: the end of Japanese rule in July 1945


text: Many of the smaller insectivorous birds including the warblers, hummingbirds and flycatchers migrate large distances, usually at night. They land in the morning and may feed for a few days before resuming their migration. The birds are referred to as passage migrants in the regions where they occur for short durations between the origin and destination.

title: Bird_migration

title: Bird_migration

text: Many

text: of

text: the

text: smaller

text: insectivorous

text: birds

text: including

text: the

text: warblers

text: hummingbirds

text: and

text: flycatchers

text: migrate

text: large

text: distances

text: usually

text: at

text: night

text: They

text: land

text: in

text: the

text: morning

text: and

text: may

text: feed

text: for

text: a

text: few

text: days

text: before

text: resuming

text: their

text: migration

text: The

text: birds

text: are

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: passage

text: migrants

text: in

text: the

text: regions

text: where

text: they

text: occur

text: for

text: short

text: durations

text: between

text: the

text: origin

text: and

text: destination

question: When do many insectivorous birds migrate?

answer: usually at night

text: usually at night

question: Which kinds of birds land for a few days before resuming migration?

answer: smaller insectivorous birds

text: smaller insectivorous birds

question: What are smaller insectivorous birds referred to?

answer: passage migrants

text: passage migrants

question: How long do passage migrants stop and feed before resuming migration?

answer: a few days

text: a few days


text: The traditional picture of an orderly series of scripts, each one invented suddenly and then completely displacing the previous one, has been conclusively demonstrated to be fiction by the archaeological finds and scholarly research of the later 20th and early 21st centuries. Gradual evolution and the coexistence of two or more scripts was more often the case. As early as the Shang dynasty, oracle-bone script coexisted as a simplified form alongside the normal script of bamboo books (preserved in typical bronze inscriptions), as well as the extra-elaborate pictorial forms (often clan emblems) found on many bronzes.

title: Chinese_characters

title: Chinese_characters

text: The

text: traditional

text: picture

text: of

text: an

text: orderly

text: series

text: of

text: scripts

text: each

text: one

text: invented

text: suddenly

text: and

text: then

text: completely

text: displacing

text: the

text: previous

text: one

text: has

text: been

text: conclusively

text: demonstrated

text: to

text: be

text: fiction

text: by

text: the

text: archaeological

text: finds

text: and

text: scholarly

text: research

text: of

text: the

text: later

text: and

text: early

text: centuries

text: Gradual

text: evolution

text: and

text: the

text: coexistence

text: of

text: two

text: or

text: more

text: scripts

text: was

text: more

text: often

text: the

text: case

text: As

text: early

text: as

text: the

text: Shang

text: dynasty

text: oracle

text: bone

text: script

text: coexisted

text: as

text: a

text: simplified

text: form

text: alongside

text: the

text: normal

text: script

text: of

text: bamboo

text: books

text: preserved

text: in

text: typical

text: bronze

text: inscriptions

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: extra

text: elaborate

text: pictorial

text: forms

text: often

text: clan

text: emblems

text: found

text: on

text: many

text: bronzes

question: What existed as early as the Shang dynasty?

answer: oracle-bone script

text: oracle-bone script

question: What did the oracle-bone script coexist alongside?

answer: bamboo books

text: bamboo books

question: What were preserved in typical bronze inscriptions?

answer: bamboo books

text: bamboo books


text: The Middle Triassic spans from 247 million to 237 million years ago. The Middle Triassic featured the beginnings of the breakup of Pangaea, and the beginning of the Tethys Sea. The ecosystem had recovered from the devastation that was the Great Dying. Phytoplankton, coral, and crustaceans all had recovered, and the reptiles began to get bigger and bigger. New aquatic reptiles evolved such as Ichthyosaurs and Nothosaurs. Meanwhile, on land, Pine forests flourished, bringing along mosquitoes and fruit flies. The first ancient crocodilians evolved, which sparked competition with the large amphibians that had since ruled the freshwater world.

title: Mesozoic

title: Mesozoic

text: The

text: Middle

text: Triassic

text: spans

text: from

text: million

text: to

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: The

text: Middle

text: Triassic

text: featured

text: the

text: beginnings

text: of

text: the

text: breakup

text: of

text: Pangaea

text: and

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Tethys

text: Sea

text: The

text: ecosystem

text: had

text: recovered

text: from

text: the

text: devastation

text: that

text: was

text: the

text: Great

text: Dying

text: Phytoplankton

text: coral

text: and

text: crustaceans

text: all

text: had

text: recovered

text: and

text: the

text: reptiles

text: began

text: to

text: get

text: bigger

text: and

text: bigger

text: New

text: aquatic

text: reptiles

text: evolved

text: such

text: as

text: Ichthyosaurs

text: and

text: Nothosaurs

text: Meanwhile

text: on

text: land

text: Pine

text: forests

text: flourished

text: bringing

text: along

text: mosquitoes

text: and

text: fruit

text: flies

text: The

text: first

text: ancient

text: crocodilians

text: evolved

text: which

text: sparked

text: competition

text: with

text: the

text: large

text: amphibians

text: that

text: had

text: since

text: ruled

text: the

text: freshwater

text: world

question: What is the span of years of the Middle Triassic?

answer: 247 million to 237 million

text: 247 million to 237 million

question: What continuing event began in the Middle Triassic?

answer: breakup of Pangaea

text: breakup of Pangaea

question: From what had the ecosystem had to recover?

answer: the Great Dying

text: the Great Dying

question: During the breakup of Pangaea, what sea was created?

answer: Tethys Sea

text: Tethys Sea

question: What type of animal began to flourish and become increasingly large?

answer: reptiles

text: reptiles


text: Holometabolism, or complete metamorphosis, is where the insect changes in four stages, an egg or embryo, a larva, a pupa and the adult or imago. In these species, an egg hatches to produce a larva, which is generally worm-like in form. This worm-like form can be one of several varieties: eruciform (caterpillar-like), scarabaeiform (grub-like), campodeiform (elongated, flattened and active), elateriform (wireworm-like) or vermiform (maggot-like). The larva grows and eventually becomes a pupa, a stage marked by reduced movement and often sealed within a cocoon. There are three types of pupae: obtect, exarate or coarctate. Obtect pupae are compact, with the legs and other appendages enclosed. Exarate pupae have their legs and other appendages free and extended. Coarctate pupae develop inside the larval skin.:151 Insects undergo considerable change in form during the pupal stage, and emerge as adults. Butterflies are a well-known example of insects that undergo complete metamorphosis, although most insects use this life cycle. Some insects have evolved this system to hypermetamorphosis.

title: Insect

title: Insect

text: Holometabolism

text: or

text: complete

text: metamorphosis

text: is

text: where

text: the

text: insect

text: changes

text: in

text: four

text: stages

text: an

text: egg

text: or

text: embryo

text: a

text: larva

text: a

text: pupa

text: and

text: the

text: adult

text: or

text: imago

text: In

text: these

text: species

text: an

text: egg

text: hatches

text: to

text: produce

text: a

text: larva

text: which

text: is

text: generally

text: worm

text: like

text: in

text: form

text: This

text: worm

text: like

text: form

text: can

text: be

text: one

text: of

text: several

text: varieties

text: eruciform

text: caterpillar

text: like

text: scarabaeiform

text: grub

text: like

text: campodeiform

text: elongated

text: flattened

text: and

text: active

text: elateriform

text: wireworm

text: like

text: or

text: vermiform

text: maggot

text: like

text: The

text: larva

text: grows

text: and

text: eventually

text: becomes

text: a

text: pupa

text: a

text: stage

text: marked

text: by

text: reduced

text: movement

text: and

text: often

text: sealed

text: within

text: a

text: cocoon

text: There

text: are

text: three

text: types

text: of

text: pupae

text: obtect

text: exarate

text: or

text: coarctate

text: Obtect

text: pupae

text: are

text: compact

text: with

text: the

text: legs

text: and

text: other

text: appendages

text: enclosed

text: Exarate

text: pupae

text: have

text: their

text: legs

text: and

text: other

text: appendages

text: free

text: and

text: extended

text: Coarctate

text: pupae

text: develop

text: inside

text: the

text: larval

text: Insects

text: undergo

text: considerable

text: change

text: in

text: form

text: during

text: the

text: pupal

text: stage

text: and

text: emerge

text: as

text: adults

text: Butterflies

text: are

text: a

text: well

text: known

text: example

text: of

text: insects

text: that

text: undergo

text: complete

text: metamorphosis

text: although

text: most

text: insects

text: use

text: this

text: life

text: cycle

text: Some

text: insects

text: have

text: evolved

text: this

text: system

text: to

text: hypermetamorphosis

question: What is a complete metamorphosis called?

answer: Holometabolism

text: Holometabolism

question: How many stages happen in complete metamorphosis?

answer: four stages

text: four stages

question: What is another word for egg?

answer: embryo

text: embryo

question: What is an imago?

answer: the adult

text: the adult

question: Name an example of an insect that undergoes complete metamorphosis?

answer: Butterflies

text: Butterflies


text: Because of the vastness and diversity of the territory occupied by Slavic people, there were several centers of Slavic consolidation. In the 19th century, Pan-Slavism developed as a movement among intellectuals, scholars, and poets, but it rarely influenced practical politics and did not find support in some nations that had Slavic origins. Pan-Slavism became compromised when the Russian Empire started to use it as an ideology justifying its territorial conquests in Central Europe as well as subjugation of other ethnic groups of Slavic origins such as Poles and Ukrainians, and the ideology became associated with Russian imperialism. The common Slavic experience of communism combined with the repeated usage of the ideology by Soviet propaganda after World War II within the Eastern bloc (Warsaw Pact) was a forced high-level political and economic hegemony of the USSR dominated by Russians. A notable political union of the 20th century that covered most South Slavs was Yugoslavia, but it ultimately broke apart in the 1990s along with the Soviet Union.

title: Slavs

title: Slavs

text: Because

text: of

text: the

text: vastness

text: and

text: diversity

text: of

text: the

text: territory

text: occupied

text: by

text: Slavic

text: people

text: there

text: were

text: several

text: centers

text: of

text: Slavic

text: consolidation

text: In

text: the

text: century

text: Pan

text: Slavism

text: developed

text: as

text: a

text: movement

text: among

text: intellectuals

text: scholars

text: and

text: poets

text: but

text: it

text: rarely

text: influenced

text: practical

text: politics

text: and

text: did

text: not

text: find

text: support

text: in

text: some

text: nations

text: that

text: had

text: Slavic

text: origins

text: Pan

text: Slavism

text: became

text: compromised

text: when

text: the

text: Russian

text: Empire

text: started

text: to

text: use

text: it

text: as

text: an

text: ideology

text: justifying

text: its

text: territorial

text: conquests

text: in

text: Central

text: Europe

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: subjugation

text: of

text: other

text: ethnic

text: groups

text: of

text: Slavic

text: origins

text: such

text: as

text: Poles

text: and

text: Ukrainians

text: and

text: the

text: ideology

text: became

text: associated

text: with

text: Russian

text: imperialism

text: The

text: common

text: Slavic

text: experience

text: of

text: communism

text: combined

text: with

text: the

text: repeated

text: usage

text: of

text: the

text: ideology

text: by

text: Soviet

text: propaganda

text: after

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: within

text: the

text: Eastern

text: bloc

text: Warsaw

text: Pact

text: was

text: a

text: forced

text: high

text: level

text: political

text: and

text: economic

text: hegemony

text: of

text: the

text: USSR

text: dominated

text: by

text: Russians

text: A

text: notable

text: political

text: union

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: that

text: covered

text: most

text: South

text: Slavs

text: was

text: Yugoslavia

text: but

text: it

text: ultimately

text: broke

text: apart

text: in

text: the

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

question: When did Pan-Slavism develop as a movement?

answer: In the 19th century

text: In the 19th century

question: Pan-Slavism became compromised when what empire started to use it as an ideology justifying its territorial conquests?

answer: Russian Empire

text: Russian Empire

question: The Russian Empire used what as justification for its territorial conquests?

answer: Pan-Slavism

text: Pan-Slavism

question: What notable political union of the 20th century covered most South Slavs?

answer: Yugoslavia

text: Yugoslavia

question: When did Yugoslavia break apart?

answer: 1990s


text: The foundation stone of the city was laid by George V, Emperor of India during the Delhi Durbar of 1911. It was designed by British architects, Sir Edwin Lutyens and Sir Herbert Baker. The new capital was inaugurated on 13 February 1931, by India's Viceroy Lord Irwin.

title: New_Delhi

title: New_Delhi

text: The

text: foundation

text: stone

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: was

text: laid

text: by

text: George

text: V

text: Emperor

text: of

text: India

text: during

text: the

text: Delhi

text: Durbar

text: of

text: It

text: was

text: designed

text: by

text: British

text: architects

text: Sir

text: Edwin

text: Lutyens

text: and

text: Sir

text: Herbert

text: Baker

text: The

text: new

text: capital

text: was

text: inaugurated

text: on

text: February

text: by

text: India

text: 's

text: Viceroy

text: Lord

text: Irwin

question: Who laid the foundation stone of New Delhi?

answer: George V

text: George V

question: In what year was the foundation stone of New Delhi laid?

answer: 1911

question: Who designed the foundation stone of the city of New Delhi?

answer: Sir Edwin Lutyens and Sir Herbert Baker

text: Sir Edwin Lutyens and Sir Herbert Baker

question: On what date was New Delhi inaugurated?

answer: 13 February 1931

text: 13 February 1931

question: Who inaugurated the city of New Delhi?

answer: Viceroy Lord Irwin

text: Viceroy Lord Irwin


text: In Fall 2008, Northwestern opened a campus in Education City, Doha, Qatar, joining five other American universities: Carnegie Mellon University, Cornell University, Georgetown University, Texas A&M University, and Virginia Commonwealth University. Through the Medill School of Journalism and School of Communication, NU-Q offers bachelor's degrees in journalism and communication respectively. The Qatar Foundation for Education, Science and Community Development provided funding for construction and administrative costs as well as support to hire 50 to 60 faculty and staff, some of whom rotate between the Evanston and Qatar campuses. In February 2016, Northwestern reached an agreement with the Qatar Foundation to extend the operations of the NU-Q branch for an additional decade, through the 2027-2028 academic year.

title: Northwestern_University

title: Northwestern_University

text: In

text: Fall

text: Northwestern

text: opened

text: a

text: campus

text: in

text: Education

text: City

text: Doha

text: Qatar

text: joining

text: five

text: other

text: American

text: universities

text: Carnegie

text: Mellon

text: University

text: Cornell

text: University

text: Georgetown

text: University

text: Texas

text: A&M

text: University

text: and

text: Virginia

text: Commonwealth

text: University

text: Through

text: the

text: Medill

text: School

text: of

text: Journalism

text: and

text: School

text: of

text: Communication

text: NU

text: Q

text: offers

text: bachelor

text: 's

text: degrees

text: in

text: journalism

text: and

text: communication

text: respectively

text: The

text: Qatar

text: Foundation

text: for

text: Education

text: Science

text: and

text: Community

text: Development

text: provided

text: funding

text: for

text: construction

text: and

text: administrative

text: costs

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: support

text: to

text: hire

text: to

text: faculty

text: and

text: staff

text: some

text: of

text: whom

text: rotate

text: between

text: the

text: Evanston

text: and

text: Qatar

text: campuses

text: In

text: February

text: Northwestern

text: reached

text: an

text: agreement

text: with

text: the

text: Qatar

text: Foundation

text: to

text: extend

text: the

text: operations

text: of

text: the

text: NU

text: Q

text: branch

text: for

text: an

text: additional

text: decade

text: through

text: the

text: academic

text: year

question: What branch did Northwestern open in Education City, Doha, Qatar?

answer: NU-Q

text: NU-Q

question: What bachelor's degree is offered at NU-Q through the Medill School of Journalism?

answer: journalism

text: journalism

question: Who provided the funding for the construction and administrative costs for NU-Q?

answer: The Qatar Foundation for Education, Science and Community Development

text: The Qatar Foundation for Education, Science and Community Development

question: How long is the NU-Q branch of Northwestern scheduled to operate through an agreement in 2016?

answer: through the 2027-2028 academic year

text: through the 2027-2028 academic year

question: What bachelor's degree is offered at NU-Q through the School of Communication?

answer: journalism

text: journalism


text: Following the elections of 1973, the constitution of Swaziland was suspended by King Sobhuza II who thereafter ruled the country by decree until his death in 1982. At this point Sobhuza II had ruled Swaziland for 61 years, making him the longest ruling monarch in history. A regency followed his death, with Queen Regent Dzeliwe Shongwe being head of state until 1984 when she was removed by Liqoqo and replaced by Queen Mother Ntfombi Tfwala. Mswati III, the son of Ntfombi, was crowned king on 25 April 1986 as King and Ingwenyama of Swaziland.

title: Swaziland

title: Swaziland

text: Following

text: the

text: elections

text: of

text: the

text: constitution

text: of

text: Swaziland

text: was

text: suspended

text: by

text: King

text: Sobhuza

text: II

text: who

text: thereafter

text: ruled

text: the

text: country

text: by

text: decree

text: until

text: his

text: death

text: in

text: At

text: this

text: point

text: Sobhuza

text: II

text: had

text: ruled

text: Swaziland

text: for

text: years

text: making

text: him

text: the

text: longest

text: ruling

text: monarch

text: in

text: history

text: A

text: regency

text: followed

text: his

text: death

text: with

text: Queen

text: Regent

text: Dzeliwe

text: Shongwe

text: being

text: head

text: of

text: state

text: until

text: when

text: she

text: was

text: removed

text: by

text: Liqoqo

text: and

text: replaced

text: by

text: Queen

text: Mother

text: Ntfombi

text: Tfwala

text: Mswati

text: III

text: the

text: son

text: of

text: Ntfombi

text: was

text: crowned

text: king

text: on

text: April

text: as

text: King

text: and

text: Ingwenyama

text: of

text: Swaziland

question: In what year was the constitution of Swaziland suspended?

answer: 1973

question: Who ruled Swaziland in the late 1970s?

answer: King Sobhuza II

text: King Sobhuza II

question: When did King Sobhuza II die?

answer: 1982

question: Who was the head of state of Swaziland after King Sobhuza II

answer: Queen Regent Dzeliwe Shongwe

text: Queen Regent Dzeliwe Shongwe

question: Which monarch of Swaziland was crownd in April 1986?

answer: Mswati III

text: Mswati III


text: In late 2002, the Internet Archive removed various sites that were critical of Scientology from the Wayback Machine. An error message stated that this was in response to a "request by the site owner." Later, it was clarified that lawyers from the Church of Scientology had demanded the removal and that the site owners did not want their material removed.

title: Wayback_Machine

title: Wayback_Machine

text: In

text: late

text: the

text: Internet

text: Archive

text: removed

text: various

text: sites

text: that

text: were

text: critical

text: of

text: Scientology

text: from

text: the

text: Wayback

text: Machine

text: An

text: error

text: message

text: stated

text: that

text: this

text: was

text: in

text: response

text: to

text: a

text: request

text: by

text: the

text: site

text: owner

text: Later

text: it

text: was

text: clarified

text: that

text: lawyers

text: from

text: the

text: Church

text: of

text: Scientology

text: had

text: demanded

text: the

text: removal

text: and

text: that

text: the

text: site

text: owners

text: did

text: not

text: want

text: their

text: material

text: removed

question: Web pages that contained content critical of what religous movement were taken off of the Internet Archive in 2002?

answer: Scientology

text: Scientology

question: Who was mistakenly credited for having the sites with criticism of Scientology removed from the Internet Archive?

answer: the site owner

text: the site owner

question: Who was the actual party that requested the critical sites be taken down?

answer: Church of Scientology

text: Church of Scientology


text: Several references in Indian literature praise the knowledge of the Yavanas or the Greeks. The Mahabharata compliments them as "the all-knowing Yavanas" (sarvajnaa yavanaa) i.e. "The Yavanas, O king, are all-knowing; the Suras are particularly so. The mlecchas are wedded to the creations of their own fancy." and the creators of flying machines that are generally called vimanas. The "Brihat-Samhita" of the mathematician Varahamihira says: "The Greeks, though impure, must be honored since they were trained in sciences and therein, excelled others....." .

title: Hellenistic_period

title: Hellenistic_period

text: Several

text: references

text: in

text: Indian

text: literature

text: praise

text: the

text: knowledge

text: of

text: the

text: Yavanas

text: or

text: the

text: Greeks

text: The

text: Mahabharata

text: compliments

text: them

text: as

text: the

text: all

text: knowing

text: Yavanas

text: sarvajnaa

text: yavanaa

text: i.e.

text: The

text: Yavanas

text: O

text: king

text: are

text: all

text: knowing

text: the

text: Suras

text: are

text: particularly

text: so

text: The

text: mlecchas

text: are

text: wedded

text: to

text: the

text: creations

text: of

text: their

text: own

text: fancy

text: and

text: the

text: creators

text: of

text: flying

text: machines

text: that

text: are

text: generally

text: called

text: vimanas

text: The

text: Brihat

text: Samhita

text: of

text: the

text: mathematician

text: Varahamihira

text: says

text: The

text: Greeks

text: though

text: impure

text: must

text: be

text: honored

text: since

text: they

text: were

text: trained

text: in

text: sciences

text: and

text: therein

text: excelled

text: others

question: What does "sarvajnaa yavanaa" mean?

answer: the all-knowing Yavanas

text: the all-knowing Yavanas

question: Who said "The Yavanas, O king, are all-knowing; the Suras are particularly so."?

answer: The Mahabharata

text: The Mahabharata

question: Who wrote the Brihat-Samhita?

answer: Varahamihira

text: Varahamihira

question: Who said "The mlecchas are wedded to the creations of their own fancy."

answer: The Mahabharata

text: The Mahabharata

question: Who said "The Greeks, though impure, must be honored since they were trained in sciences and therein, excelled others...."

answer: Varahamihira

text: Varahamihira


text: The relationships above are valid for only a few percent change of voltage around rated conditions, but they do indicate that a lamp operated at much lower than rated voltage could last for hundreds of times longer than at rated conditions, albeit with greatly reduced light output. The "Centennial Light" is a light bulb that is accepted by the Guinness Book of World Records as having been burning almost continuously at a fire station in Livermore, California, since 1901. However, the bulb emits the equivalent light of a four watt bulb. A similar story can be told of a 40-watt bulb in Texas that has been illuminated since 21 September 1908. It once resided in an opera house where notable celebrities stopped to take in its glow, and was moved to an area museum in 1977.

title: Incandescent_light_bulb

title: Incandescent_light_bulb

text: The

text: relationships

text: above

text: are

text: valid

text: for

text: only

text: a

text: few

text: percent

text: change

text: of

text: voltage

text: around

text: rated

text: conditions

text: but

text: they

text: do

text: indicate

text: that

text: a

text: lamp

text: operated

text: at

text: much

text: lower

text: than

text: rated

text: voltage

text: could

text: last

text: for

text: hundreds

text: of

text: times

text: longer

text: than

text: at

text: rated

text: conditions

text: albeit

text: with

text: greatly

text: reduced

text: light

text: output

text: The

text: Centennial

text: Light

text: is

text: a

text: light

text: bulb

text: that

text: is

text: accepted

text: by

text: the

text: Guinness

text: Book

text: of

text: World

text: Records

text: as

text: having

text: been

text: burning

text: almost

text: continuously

text: at

text: a

text: fire

text: station

text: in

text: Livermore

text: California

text: since

text: However

text: the

text: bulb

text: emits

text: the

text: equivalent

text: light

text: of

text: a

text: four

text: watt

text: bulb

text: A

text: similar

text: story

text: can

text: be

text: told

text: of

text: a

text: bulb

text: in

text: Texas

text: that

text: has

text: been

text: illuminated

text: since

text: September

text: It

text: once

text: resided

text: in

text: an

text: opera

text: house

text: where

text: notable

text: celebrities

text: stopped

text: to

text: take

text: in

text: its

text: glow

text: and

text: was

text: moved

text: to

text: an

text: area

text: museum

text: in

question: When did the "Centennial Light" begin burning?

answer: 1901

question: How much light does the bulb emit?

answer: the equivalent light of a four watt bulb

text: the equivalent light of a four watt bulb

question: When did the long-lasting bulb in Texas begin continuing illumination?

answer: 21 September 1908

text: 21 September 1908

question: Where did the Texas bulb begin its life?

answer: an opera house

text: an opera house


text: Philadelphia Gas Works (PGW), overseen by the Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission, is the nation's largest municipally owned natural gas utility. It serves over 500,000 homes and businesses in the Philadelphia area. Founded in 1836, the company came under city ownership in 1987 and has been providing the majority of gas distributed within city limits. In 2014, the Philadelphia City Council refused to conduct hearings on a $1.86 billion sale of PGW, part of a two-year effort that was proposed by the mayor. The refusal led to the prospective buyer terminating its offer.

title: Philadelphia

title: Philadelphia

text: Philadelphia

text: Gas

text: Works

text: PGW

text: overseen

text: by

text: the

text: Pennsylvania

text: Public

text: Utility

text: Commission

text: is

text: the

text: nation

text: 's

text: largest

text: municipally

text: owned

text: natural

text: gas

text: utility

text: It

text: serves

text: over

text: homes

text: and

text: businesses

text: in

text: the

text: Philadelphia

text: area

text: Founded

text: in

text: the

text: company

text: came

text: under

text: city

text: ownership

text: in

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: providing

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: gas

text: distributed

text: within

text: city

text: limits

text: In

text: the

text: Philadelphia

text: City

text: Council

text: refused

text: to

text: conduct

text: hearings

text: on

text: a

text: billion

text: sale

text: of

text: PGW

text: part

text: of

text: a

text: two

text: year

text: effort

text: that

text: was

text: proposed

text: by

text: the

text: mayor

text: The

text: refusal

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: prospective

text: buyer

text: terminating

text: its

text: offer

question: What is the largest city owned gas utility?

answer: Philadelphia Gas Works

text: Philadelphia Gas Works

question: How many homes does PGW serve?

answer: 500,000

question: When was PGW founded?

answer: 1836

question: When did the city take PGW over?

answer: 1987


text: The city hockey club, Southampton Hockey Club, founded in 1938, is now one of the largest and highly regarded clubs in Hampshire, fielding 7 senior men's and 5 senior ladies teams on a weekly basis along with boys’ and girls’ teams from 6 upwards.

title: Southampton

title: Southampton

text: The

text: city

text: hockey

text: club

text: Southampton

text: Hockey

text: Club

text: founded

text: in

text: is

text: now

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: and

text: highly

text: regarded

text: clubs

text: in

text: Hampshire

text: fielding

text: senior

text: men

text: 's

text: and

text: senior

text: ladies

text: teams

text: on

text: a

text: weekly

text: basis

text: along

text: with

text: boys’

text: and

text: girls’

text: teams

text: from

text: upwards

question: What's Southampton's hockey club named?

answer: Southampton Hockey Club

text: Southampton Hockey Club

question: What year was Southampton Hockey Club founded?

answer: 1938

question: How many senior men's teams does the hockey club field each week?

answer: 7

question: Weekly, how many senior ladies teams does Southampton Hockey Club field?

answer: 5

question: How old do kids need to be to play in the hockey club?

answer: 6


text: Long a major population center and site of worldwide automobile manufacturing, Detroit has suffered a long economic decline produced by numerous factors. Like many industrial American cities, Detroit reached its population peak in the 1950 census. The peak population was 1.8 million people. Following suburbanization, industrial restructuring, and loss of jobs (as described above), by the 2010 census, the city had less than 40 percent of that number, with just over 700,000 residents. The city has declined in population in each census since 1950.

title: Detroit

title: Detroit

text: Long

text: a

text: major

text: population

text: center

text: and

text: site

text: of

text: worldwide

text: automobile

text: manufacturing

text: Detroit

text: has

text: suffered

text: a

text: long

text: economic

text: decline

text: produced

text: by

text: numerous

text: factors

text: Like

text: many

text: industrial

text: American

text: cities

text: Detroit

text: reached

text: its

text: population

text: peak

text: in

text: the

text: census

text: The

text: peak

text: population

text: was

text: million

text: people

text: Following

text: suburbanization

text: industrial

text: restructuring

text: and

text: loss

text: of

text: jobs

text: as

text: described

text: above

text: by

text: the

text: census

text: the

text: city

text: had

text: less

text: than

text: percent

text: of

text: that

text: number

text: with

text: just

text: over

text: residents

text: The

text: city

text: has

text: declined

text: in

text: population

text: in

text: each

text: census

text: since

question: In which year did Detroit's population peak?

answer: 1950

question: What was the population of Detroit in 1950?

answer: 1.8 million

text: 1.8 million

question: By how much in percent has the population of Detroit declined since 1950?

answer: 40

question: What was the population of Detroit in 2010?

answer: 700,000


text: In Virginia prior to 1920, for example, a person was legally white if having seven-eights or more white ancestry. The one-drop rule originated in some Southern United States in the late 19th century, likely in response to whites' attempt to maintain white supremacy and limit black political power following the Democrats' regaining control of state legislatures in the late 1870s. The first year in which the U.S. Census dropped the mulatto category was 1920; that year enumerators were instructed to classify people in a binary way as white or black. This was a result of the Southern-dominated Congress convincing the Census Bureau to change its rules.

title: Multiracial_American

title: Multiracial_American

text: In

text: Virginia

text: prior

text: to

text: for

text: example

text: a

text: person

text: was

text: legally

text: white

text: if

text: having

text: seven

text: eights

text: or

text: more

text: white

text: ancestry

text: The

text: one

text: drop

text: rule

text: originated

text: in

text: some

text: Southern

text: United

text: States

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: likely

text: in

text: response

text: to

text: whites

text: attempt

text: to

text: maintain

text: white

text: supremacy

text: and

text: limit

text: black

text: political

text: power

text: following

text: the

text: Democrats

text: regaining

text: control

text: of

text: state

text: legislatures

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: The

text: first

text: year

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Census

text: dropped

text: the

text: mulatto

text: category

text: was

text: that

text: year

text: enumerators

text: were

text: instructed

text: to

text: classify

text: people

text: in

text: a

text: binary

text: way

text: as

text: white

text: or

text: black

text: This

text: was

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: the

text: Southern

text: dominated

text: Congress

text: convincing

text: the

text: Census

text: Bureau

text: to

text: change

text: its

text: rules

question: Before 1920, how would a person be white by law?

answer: if having seven-eights or more white ancestry

text: if having seven-eights or more white ancestry

question: What year was mulatto left off the US Census?

answer: 1920

question: Who is responsible for the Census Bureau discarding the mulatto category?

answer: Southern-dominated Congress

text: Southern-dominated Congress


text: When in choir dress, a Latin-rite cardinal wears scarlet garments — the blood-like red symbolizes a cardinal's willingness to die for his faith. Excluding the rochet — which is always white — the scarlet garments include the cassock, mozzetta, and biretta (over the usual scarlet zucchetto). The biretta of a cardinal is distinctive not merely for its scarlet color, but also for the fact that it does not have a pompon or tassel on the top as do the birettas of other prelates. Until the 1460s, it was customary for cardinals to wear a violet or blue cape unless granted the privilege of wearing red when acting on papal business. His normal-wear cassock is black but has scarlet piping and a scarlet fascia (sash). Occasionally, a cardinal wears a scarlet ferraiolo which is a cape worn over the shoulders, tied at the neck in a bow by narrow strips of cloth in the front, without any 'trim' or piping on it. It is because of the scarlet color of cardinals' vesture that the bird of the same name has become known as such.[citation needed]

title: Cardinal_(Catholicism)

title: Cardinal_(Catholicism

text: When

text: in

text: choir

text: dress

text: a

text: Latin

text: rite

text: cardinal

text: wears

text: scarlet

text: garments

text: the

text: blood

text: like

text: red

text: symbolizes

text: a

text: cardinal

text: 's

text: willingness

text: to

text: die

text: for

text: his

text: faith

text: Excluding

text: the

text: rochet

text: which

text: is

text: always

text: white

text: the

text: scarlet

text: garments

text: include

text: the

text: cassock

text: mozzetta

text: and

text: biretta

text: over

text: the

text: usual

text: scarlet

text: zucchetto

text: The

text: biretta

text: of

text: a

text: cardinal

text: is

text: distinctive

text: not

text: merely

text: for

text: its

text: scarlet

text: color

text: but

text: also

text: for

text: the

text: fact

text: that

text: it

text: does

text: not

text: have

text: a

text: pompon

text: or

text: tassel

text: on

text: the

text: top

text: as

text: do

text: the

text: birettas

text: of

text: other

text: prelates

text: Until

text: the

text: it

text: was

text: customary

text: for

text: cardinals

text: to

text: wear

text: a

text: violet

text: or

text: blue

text: cape

text: unless

text: granted

text: the

text: privilege

text: of

text: wearing

text: red

text: when

text: acting

text: on

text: papal

text: business

text: His

text: normal

text: wear

text: cassock

text: is

text: black

text: but

text: has

text: scarlet

text: piping

text: and

text: a

text: scarlet

text: fascia

text: sash

text: Occasionally

text: a

text: cardinal

text: wears

text: a

text: scarlet

text: ferraiolo

text: which

text: is

text: a

text: cape

text: worn

text: over

text: the

text: shoulders

text: tied

text: at

text: the

text: neck

text: in

text: a

text: bow

text: by

text: narrow

text: strips

text: of

text: cloth

text: in

text: the

text: front

text: without

text: any

text: trim

text: or

text: piping

text: on

text: it

text: It

text: is

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: scarlet

text: color

text: of

text: cardinals

text: vesture

text: that

text: the

text: bird

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: name

text: has

text: become

text: known

text: as

text: such.[citation

text: needed

question: What does the color red symbolize in the clothing worn by Cardinals?

answer: willingness to die for his faith

text: willingness to die for his faith

question: Which item of clothing worn by cardinals is always white?

answer: rochet

text: rochet

question: The Cardinal bird was named as such because of what in relation to Cardinals of the church?

answer: the scarlet color of cardinals' vesture

text: the scarlet color of cardinals' vesture

question: When did Cardinals stop wearing purple or blue capes?

answer: 1460s


text: The racial categories represent a social-political construct for the race or races that respondents consider themselves to be and "generally reflect a social definition of race recognized in this country." OMB defines the concept of race as outlined for the U.S. Census as not "scientific or anthropological" and takes into account "social and cultural characteristics as well as ancestry", using "appropriate scientific methodologies" that are not "primarily biological or genetic in reference." The race categories include both racial and national-origin groups.

title: Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census

text: The

text: racial

text: categories

text: represent

text: a

text: social

text: political

text: construct

text: for

text: the

text: race

text: or

text: races

text: that

text: respondents

text: consider

text: themselves

text: to

text: be

text: and

text: generally

text: reflect

text: a

text: social

text: definition

text: of

text: race

text: recognized

text: in

text: this

text: country

text: OMB

text: defines

text: the

text: concept

text: of

text: race

text: as

text: outlined

text: for

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Census

text: as

text: not

text: scientific

text: or

text: anthropological

text: and

text: takes

text: into

text: account

text: social

text: and

text: cultural

text: characteristics

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: ancestry

text: using

text: appropriate

text: scientific

text: methodologies

text: that

text: are

text: not

text: primarily

text: biological

text: or

text: genetic

text: in

text: reference

text: The

text: race

text: categories

text: include

text: both

text: racial

text: and

text: national

text: origin

text: groups

question: Who defines the concept of race in the United States Census?

answer: OMB

text: OMB

question: What do the race categories in the US Census include in addition to race?

answer: national-origin

text: national-origin

question: In addition to social and cultural characteristics, what else is taken into account for race classification in the US census?

answer: ancestry

text: ancestry


text: Several years later, in 88 BC, a Roman army was sent to put down an emerging Asian power, king Mithridates of Pontus. The army, however, was defeated. One of Marius' old quaestors, Lucius Cornelius Sulla, had been elected consul for the year, and was ordered by the senate to assume command of the war against Mithridates. Marius, a member of the "populares" party, had a tribune revoke Sulla's command of the war against Mithridates. Sulla, a member of the aristocratic ("optimates") party, brought his army back to Italy and marched on Rome. Sulla was so angry at Marius' tribune that he passed a law intended to permanently weaken the tribunate. He then returned to his war against Mithridates. With Sulla gone, the populares under Marius and Lucius Cornelius Cinna soon took control of the city.

title: Roman_Republic

title: Roman_Republic

text: Several

text: years

text: later

text: in

text: BC

text: a

text: Roman

text: army

text: was

text: sent

text: to

text: put

text: down

text: an

text: emerging

text: Asian

text: power

text: king

text: Mithridates

text: of

text: Pontus

text: The

text: army

text: however

text: was

text: defeated

text: One

text: of

text: Marius

text: old

text: quaestors

text: Lucius

text: Cornelius

text: Sulla

text: had

text: been

text: elected

text: consul

text: for

text: the

text: year

text: and

text: was

text: ordered

text: by

text: the

text: senate

text: to

text: assume

text: command

text: of

text: the

text: war

text: against

text: Mithridates

text: Marius

text: a

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: populares

text: party

text: had

text: a

text: tribune

text: revoke

text: Sulla

text: 's

text: command

text: of

text: the

text: war

text: against

text: Mithridates

text: Sulla

text: a

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: aristocratic

text: optimates

text: party

text: brought

text: his

text: army

text: back

text: to

text: Italy

text: and

text: marched

text: on

text: Rome

text: Sulla

text: was

text: so

text: angry

text: at

text: Marius

text: tribune

text: that

text: he

text: passed

text: a

text: law

text: intended

text: to

text: permanently

text: weaken

text: the

text: tribunate

text: He

text: then

text: returned

text: to

text: his

text: war

text: against

text: Mithridates

text: With

text: Sulla

text: gone

text: the

text: populares

text: under

text: Marius

text: and

text: Lucius

text: Cornelius

text: Cinna

text: soon

text: took

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: city

question: In what year was a Roman army dispatched to terminate the King of Pontus?

answer: 88 BC

text: 88 BC

question: Who was ordered by the senate to become commander in the conflict with King Mithridates?

answer: Lucius Cornelius Sulla

text: Lucius Cornelius Sulla

question: What political party did Lucius Cornelius Sulla belong to?

answer: populares

text: populares

question: Who had successfully passed a law whose sole purpose was to lessen the power of the tribunate?

answer: Sulla

text: Sulla

question: What happened after Sulla returned to the conflict with Mithridates?

answer: Marius and Lucius Cornelius Cinna soon took control of the city

text: Marius and Lucius Cornelius Cinna soon took control of the city


text: On 14 January 1858, an Italian refugee from Britain called Orsini attempted to assassinate Napoleon III with a bomb made in England. The ensuing diplomatic crisis destabilised the government, and Palmerston resigned. Derby was reinstated as prime minister. Victoria and Albert attended the opening of a new basin at the French military port of Cherbourg on 5 August 1858, in an attempt by Napoleon III to reassure Britain that his military preparations were directed elsewhere. On her return Victoria wrote to Derby reprimanding him for the poor state of the Royal Navy in comparison to the French one. Derby's ministry did not last long, and in June 1859 Victoria recalled Palmerston to office.

title: Queen_Victoria

title: Queen_Victoria

text: On

text: January

text: an

text: Italian

text: refugee

text: from

text: Britain

text: called

text: Orsini

text: attempted

text: to

text: assassinate

text: Napoleon

text: III

text: with

text: a

text: bomb

text: made

text: in

text: England

text: The

text: ensuing

text: diplomatic

text: crisis

text: destabilised

text: the

text: government

text: and

text: Palmerston

text: resigned

text: Derby

text: was

text: reinstated

text: as

text: prime

text: minister

text: Victoria

text: and

text: Albert

text: attended

text: the

text: opening

text: of

text: a

text: new

text: basin

text: at

text: the

text: French

text: military

text: port

text: of

text: Cherbourg

text: on

text: August

text: in

text: an

text: attempt

text: by

text: Napoleon

text: III

text: to

text: reassure

text: Britain

text: that

text: his

text: military

text: preparations

text: were

text: directed

text: elsewhere

text: On

text: her

text: return

text: Victoria

text: wrote

text: to

text: Derby

text: reprimanding

text: him

text: for

text: the

text: poor

text: state

text: of

text: the

text: Royal

text: Navy

text: in

text: comparison

text: to

text: the

text: French

text: one

text: Derby

text: 's

text: ministry

text: did

text: not

text: last

text: long

text: and

text: in

text: June

text: Victoria

text: recalled

text: Palmerston

text: to

text: office

question: Where was Orsini from?

answer: Britain

text: Britain

question: Who did Orsini try to assassinate?

answer: Napoleon III

text: Napoleon III

question: What happened in June 1859?

answer: Victoria recalled Palmerston to office

text: Victoria recalled Palmerston to office

question: What position did Derby hold?

answer: prime minister

text: prime minister

question: What was the date of an attempted assasination on Napoleon?

answer: 14 January 1858

text: 14 January 1858

question: What was the name of the person that attempted to assasinate Napoleon?

answer: Orsini

text: Orsini

question: What was the name of the French military port that opened on 5 August 1858?

answer: port of Cherbourg

text: port of Cherbourg

question: Where was the bomb that Orsini used to attempt to assasinate Napoleon made?

answer: England

text: England

question: Who resigned due to the attempt on Napoleons life?

answer: Palmerston

text: Palmerston

question: Who survived an assasination attempt by the Italian refugee Orsini in 1858?

answer: Napoleon III

text: Napoleon III

question: Who resigned their position following the scandal due to Orsini's bomb being made in England?

answer: Palmerston

text: Palmerston

question: What new military port in France did Victoria and Albert visit after the crisis in 1858?

answer: Cherbourg

text: Cherbourg

question: Why did Victoria repremend Derby following her visit with Napolean III?

answer: the poor state of the Royal Navy in comparison to the French one

text: the poor state of the Royal Navy in comparison to the French one

question: Who did Victoria recall to office following her disappointment with Derby in June of 1859?

answer: Palmerston

text: Palmerston

question: Who attempted to assassinate Napoleon?

answer: an Italian refugee from Britain called Orsini

text: an Italian refugee from Britain called Orsini

question: When did Orsinin attempt to assassinate Napoleon?

answer: 14 January 1858

text: 14 January 1858

question: How did Orsini try to assassinate Napoleon?

answer: a bomb

text: a bomb

question: When did Victoria ask Palmerston to resume his office?

answer: June 1859

text: June 1859

question: Where did Victoria visit that led her to reprimand Derby for the state of the Royal Navy?

answer: French military port of Cherbourg

text: French military port of Cherbourg


text: The Ecdysozoa are protostomes, named after the common trait of growth by moulting or ecdysis. The largest animal phylum belongs here, the Arthropoda, including insects, spiders, crabs, and their kin. All these organisms have a body divided into repeating segments, typically with paired appendages. Two smaller phyla, the Onychophora and Tardigrada, are close relatives of the arthropods and share these traits. The ecdysozoans also include the Nematoda or roundworms, perhaps the second largest animal phylum. Roundworms are typically microscopic, and occur in nearly every environment where there is water. A number are important parasites. Smaller phyla related to them are the Nematomorpha or horsehair worms, and the Kinorhyncha, Priapulida, and Loricifera. These groups have a reduced coelom, called a pseudocoelom.

title: Animal

title: Animal

text: The

text: Ecdysozoa

text: are

text: protostomes

text: named

text: after

text: the

text: common

text: trait

text: of

text: growth

text: by

text: moulting

text: or

text: ecdysis

text: The

text: largest

text: animal

text: phylum

text: belongs

text: here

text: the

text: Arthropoda

text: including

text: insects

text: spiders

text: crabs

text: and

text: their

text: kin

text: All

text: these

text: organisms

text: have

text: a

text: body

text: divided

text: into

text: repeating

text: segments

text: typically

text: with

text: paired

text: appendages

text: Two

text: smaller

text: phyla

text: the

text: Onychophora

text: and

text: Tardigrada

text: are

text: close

text: relatives

text: of

text: the

text: arthropods

text: and

text: share

text: these

text: traits

text: The

text: ecdysozoans

text: also

text: include

text: the

text: Nematoda

text: or

text: roundworms

text: perhaps

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: animal

text: phylum

text: Roundworms

text: are

text: typically

text: microscopic

text: and

text: occur

text: in

text: nearly

text: every

text: environment

text: where

text: there

text: is

text: water

text: A

text: number

text: are

text: important

text: parasites

text: Smaller

text: phyla

text: related

text: to

text: them

text: are

text: the

text: Nematomorpha

text: or

text: horsehair

text: worms

text: and

text: the

text: Kinorhyncha

text: Priapulida

text: and

text: Loricifera

text: These

text: groups

text: have

text: a

text: reduced

text: coelom

text: called

text: a

text: pseudocoelom

question: What groups is named after the trait of growth by moulting or ecdysis?

answer: Ecdysozoa

text: Ecdysozoa

question: What are some animals in the Arthropoda group?

answer: insects, spiders, crabs

text: insects, spiders, crabs

question: Organisms in the Arthropoda group have bodies that are divided into what?

answer: repeating segments

text: repeating segments

question: What groups are relatives of the arthropods?

answer: Onychophora and Tardigrada

text: Onychophora and Tardigrada

question: What is another name for roundworms?

answer: Nematoda

text: Nematoda


text: John Dewey (1859–1952) modified James' pragmatism to form a theory known as instrumentalism. The role of sense experience in Dewey's theory is crucial, in that he saw experience as unified totality of things through which everything else is interrelated. Dewey's basic thought, in accordance with empiricism was that reality is determined by past experience. Therefore, humans adapt their past experiences of things to perform experiments upon and test the pragmatic values of such experience. The value of such experience is measured experientially and scientifically, and the results of such tests generate ideas that serve as instruments for future experimentation, in physical sciences as in ethics. Thus, ideas in Dewey's system retain their empiricist flavour in that they are only known a posteriori.

title: Empiricism

title: Empiricism

text: John

text: Dewey

text: modified

text: James

text: pragmatism

text: to

text: form

text: a

text: theory

text: known

text: as

text: instrumentalism

text: The

text: role

text: of

text: sense

text: experience

text: in

text: Dewey

text: 's

text: theory

text: is

text: crucial

text: in

text: that

text: he

text: saw

text: experience

text: as

text: unified

text: totality

text: of

text: things

text: through

text: which

text: everything

text: else

text: is

text: interrelated

text: Dewey

text: 's

text: basic

text: thought

text: in

text: accordance

text: with

text: empiricism

text: was

text: that

text: reality

text: is

text: determined

text: by

text: past

text: experience

text: Therefore

text: humans

text: adapt

text: their

text: past

text: experiences

text: of

text: things

text: to

text: perform

text: experiments

text: upon

text: and

text: test

text: the

text: pragmatic

text: values

text: of

text: such

text: experience

text: The

text: value

text: of

text: such

text: experience

text: is

text: measured

text: experientially

text: and

text: scientifically

text: and

text: the

text: results

text: of

text: such

text: tests

text: generate

text: ideas

text: that

text: serve

text: as

text: instruments

text: for

text: future

text: experimentation

text: in

text: physical

text: sciences

text: as

text: in

text: ethics

text: Thus

text: ideas

text: in

text: Dewey

text: 's

text: system

text: retain

text: their

text: empiricist

text: flavour

text: in

text: that

text: they

text: are

text: only

text: known

text: a

text: posteriori

question: Who came up with 'instrumentalism'?

answer: John Dewey

text: John Dewey

question: What did Dewey think about reality?

answer: reality is determined by past experience

text: reality is determined by past experience

question: When was Dewey born?

answer: 1859

question: When did Dewey die?

answer: 1952

question: What was instrumentalism a modification of?

answer: James' pragmatism

text: James' pragmatism


text: Hazards to aircraft include debris, nesting birds, and reduced friction levels due to environmental conditions such as ice, snow, or rain. Part of runway maintenance is airfield rubber removal which helps maintain friction levels. The fields must be kept clear of debris using cleaning equipment so that loose material does not become a projectile and enter an engine duct (see foreign object damage). In adverse weather conditions, ice and snow clearing equipment can be used to improve traction on the landing strip. For waiting aircraft, equipment is used to spray special deicing fluids on the wings.

title: Airport

title: Airport

text: Hazards

text: to

text: aircraft

text: include

text: debris

text: nesting

text: birds

text: and

text: reduced

text: friction

text: levels

text: due

text: to

text: environmental

text: conditions

text: such

text: as

text: ice

text: snow

text: or

text: rain

text: Part

text: of

text: runway

text: maintenance

text: is

text: airfield

text: rubber

text: removal

text: which

text: helps

text: maintain

text: friction

text: levels

text: The

text: fields

text: must

text: be

text: kept

text: clear

text: of

text: debris

text: using

text: cleaning

text: equipment

text: so

text: that

text: loose

text: material

text: does

text: not

text: become

text: a

text: projectile

text: and

text: enter

text: an

text: engine

text: duct

text: see

text: foreign

text: object

text: damage

text: In

text: adverse

text: weather

text: conditions

text: ice

text: and

text: snow

text: clearing

text: equipment

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: improve

text: traction

text: on

text: the

text: landing

text: strip

text: For

text: waiting

text: aircraft

text: equipment

text: is

text: used

text: to

text: spray

text: special

text: deicing

text: fluids

text: on

text: the

text: wings

question: What includes debris and nesting birds?

answer: Hazards to aircraft

text: Hazards to aircraft

question: In adverse weather conditions, what can be used to improve traction on the landing strip?

answer: ice and snow clearing equipment

text: ice and snow clearing equipment

question: What is one part of runway maintenance that helps maintain friction levels?

answer: airfield rubber removal

text: airfield rubber removal


text: Another limitation of current U.S. Intellectual Property legislation is its focus on individual and joint works; thus, copyright protection can only be obtained in 'original' works of authorship. This definition excludes any works that are the result of community creativity, for example Native American songs and stories; current legislation does not recognize the uniqueness of indigenous cultural "property" and its ever-changing nature. Simply asking native cultures to 'write down' their cultural artifacts on tangible mediums ignores their necessary orality and enforces a Western bias of the written form as more authoritative.

title: Intellectual_property

title: Intellectual_property

text: Another

text: limitation

text: of

text: current

text: U.S.

text: Intellectual

text: Property

text: legislation

text: is

text: its

text: focus

text: on

text: individual

text: and

text: joint

text: works

text: thus

text: copyright

text: protection

text: can

text: only

text: be

text: obtained

text: in

text: original

text: works

text: of

text: authorship

text: This

text: definition

text: excludes

text: any

text: works

text: that

text: are

text: the

text: result

text: of

text: community

text: creativity

text: for

text: example

text: Native

text: American

text: songs

text: and

text: stories

text: current

text: legislation

text: does

text: not

text: recognize

text: the

text: uniqueness

text: of

text: indigenous

text: cultural

text: property

text: and

text: its

text: ever

text: changing

text: nature

text: Simply

text: asking

text: native

text: cultures

text: to

text: write

text: down

text: their

text: cultural

text: artifacts

text: on

text: tangible

text: mediums

text: ignores

text: their

text: necessary

text: orality

text: and

text: enforces

text: a

text: Western

text: bias

text: of

text: the

text: written

text: form

text: as

text: more

text: authoritative

question: What type of creativity is excluded from the US definition of IP?

answer: community creativity

text: community creativity

question: What doesn't current US IP law recognize the uniqueness of?

answer: indigenous cultural "property"

text: indigenous cultural "property"

question: Requiring written records enforces what kind of bias?

answer: Western

text: Western

question: The Western bias is that what form is more authoritative?

answer: written

text: written


text: Emotions involve different components, such as subjective experience, cognitive processes, expressive behavior, psychophysiological changes, and instrumental behavior. At one time, academics attempted to identify the emotion with one of the components: William James with a subjective experience, behaviorists with instrumental behavior, psychophysiologists with physiological changes, and so on. More recently, emotion is said to consist of all the components. The different components of emotion are categorized somewhat differently depending on the academic discipline. In psychology and philosophy, emotion typically includes a subjective, conscious experience characterized primarily by psychophysiological expressions, biological reactions, and mental states. A similar multicomponential description of emotion is found in sociology. For example, Peggy Thoits described emotions as involving physiological components, cultural or emotional labels (e.g., anger, surprise etc.), expressive body actions, and the appraisal of situations and contexts.

title: Emotion

title: Emotion

text: Emotions

text: involve

text: different

text: components

text: such

text: as

text: subjective

text: experience

text: cognitive

text: processes

text: expressive

text: behavior

text: psychophysiological

text: changes

text: and

text: instrumental

text: behavior

text: At

text: one

text: time

text: academics

text: attempted

text: to

text: identify

text: the

text: emotion

text: with

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: components

text: William

text: James

text: with

text: a

text: subjective

text: experience

text: behaviorists

text: with

text: instrumental

text: behavior

text: psychophysiologists

text: with

text: physiological

text: changes

text: and

text: so

text: on

text: More

text: recently

text: emotion

text: is

text: said

text: to

text: consist

text: of

text: all

text: the

text: components

text: The

text: different

text: components

text: of

text: emotion

text: are

text: categorized

text: somewhat

text: differently

text: depending

text: on

text: the

text: academic

text: discipline

text: In

text: psychology

text: and

text: philosophy

text: emotion

text: typically

text: includes

text: a

text: subjective

text: conscious

text: experience

text: characterized

text: primarily

text: by

text: psychophysiological

text: expressions

text: biological

text: reactions

text: and

text: mental

text: states

text: A

text: similar

text: multicomponential

text: description

text: of

text: emotion

text: is

text: found

text: in

text: sociology

text: For

text: example

text: Peggy

text: Thoits

text: described

text: emotions

text: as

text: involving

text: physiological

text: components

text: cultural

text: or

text: emotional

text: labels

text: e.g.

text: anger

text: surprise

text: etc

text: expressive

text: body

text: actions

text: and

text: the

text: appraisal

text: of

text: situations

text: and

text: contexts

question: Along with subjective experience, cognitive processes, expressive behavior and psychophysiological changes, what is another notable emotional component?

answer: instrumental behavior

text: instrumental behavior

question: With what emotional component did William James identify emotion?

answer: subjective experience

text: subjective experience

question: What emotional component did behaviorists identify emotion with?

answer: instrumental behavior

text: instrumental behavior

question: What academics identified emotions with physiological changes?

answer: psychophysiologists

text: psychophysiologists

question: Who discussed emotions in the context of expressive body actions and cultural labels?

answer: Peggy Thoits

text: Peggy Thoits