text: Paris' manufacturing is mostly focused in its suburbs, and the city itself has only around 75,000 manufacturing workers, most of which are in the textile, clothing, leather goods and shoe trades. Paris region manufacturing specialises in transportation, mainly automobiles, aircraft and trains, but this is in a sharp decline: Paris proper manufacturing jobs dropped by 64 percent between 1990 and 2010, and the Paris region lost 48 percent during the same period. Most of this is due to companies relocating outside the Paris region. The Paris region's 800 aerospace companies employed 100,000. Four hundred automobile industry companies employ another 100,000 workers: many of these are centred in the Yvelines department around the Renault and PSA-Citroen plants (this department alone employs 33,000), but the industry as a whole suffered a major loss with the 2014 closing of a major Aulnay-sous-Bois Citroen assembly plant.

title: Paris

title: Paris

text: Paris

text: manufacturing

text: is

text: mostly

text: focused

text: in

text: its

text: suburbs

text: and

text: the

text: city

text: itself

text: has

text: only

text: around

text: manufacturing

text: workers

text: most

text: of

text: which

text: are

text: in

text: the

text: textile

text: clothing

text: leather

text: goods

text: and

text: shoe

text: trades

text: Paris

text: region

text: manufacturing

text: specialises

text: in

text: transportation

text: mainly

text: automobiles

text: aircraft

text: and

text: trains

text: but

text: this

text: is

text: in

text: a

text: sharp

text: decline

text: Paris

text: proper

text: manufacturing

text: jobs

text: dropped

text: by

text: percent

text: between

text: and

text: and

text: the

text: Paris

text: region

text: lost

text: percent

text: during

text: the

text: same

text: period

text: Most

text: of

text: this

text: is

text: due

text: to

text: companies

text: relocating

text: outside

text: the

text: Paris

text: region

text: The

text: Paris

text: region

text: 's

text: aerospace

text: companies

text: employed

text: Four

text: hundred

text: automobile

text: industry

text: companies

text: employ

text: another

text: workers

text: many

text: of

text: these

text: are

text: centred

text: in

text: the

text: Yvelines

text: department

text: around

text: the

text: Renault

text: and

text: PSA

text: Citroen

text: plants

text: this

text: department

text: alone

text: employs

text: but

text: the

text: industry

text: as

text: a

text: whole

text: suffered

text: a

text: major

text: loss

text: with

text: the

text: closing

text: of

text: a

text: major

text: Aulnay

text: sous

text: Bois

text: Citroen

text: assembly

text: plant

question: What does Paris region manufacturing specialize in?

answer: transportation

text: transportation

question: How much of a drop was there in manufacturing jobs between 1990 and 2010?

answer: 64

question: How many people does the Paris regions aerospace companies employ?

answer: 100,000

question: The closing of what plant in 20147 caused a major loss to the automobile industry?

answer: Aulnay-sous-Bois Citroen

text: Aulnay-sous-Bois Citroen

question: How many manufacturing workers does Paris have?

answer: 75,000


text: More recently, articles in various financial periodicals, most notably Forbes magazine, have pointed to Fidel Castro, General Secretary of the Republic of Cuba since 1959, of likely being the beneficiary of up to $900 million, based on "his control" of state-owned companies. Opponents of his regime claim that he has used money amassed through weapons sales, narcotics, international loans, and confiscation of private property to enrich himself and his political cronies who hold his dictatorship together, and that the $900 million published by Forbes is merely a portion of his assets, although that needs to be proven.

title: Political_corruption

title: Political_corruption

text: More

text: recently

text: articles

text: in

text: various

text: financial

text: periodicals

text: most

text: notably

text: Forbes

text: magazine

text: have

text: pointed

text: to

text: Fidel

text: Castro

text: General

text: Secretary

text: of

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Cuba

text: since

text: of

text: likely

text: being

text: the

text: beneficiary

text: of

text: up

text: to

text: million

text: based

text: on

text: his

text: control

text: of

text: state

text: owned

text: companies

text: Opponents

text: of

text: his

text: regime

text: claim

text: that

text: he

text: has

text: used

text: money

text: amassed

text: through

text: weapons

text: sales

text: narcotics

text: international

text: loans

text: and

text: confiscation

text: of

text: private

text: property

text: to

text: enrich

text: himself

text: and

text: his

text: political

text: cronies

text: who

text: hold

text: his

text: dictatorship

text: together

text: and

text: that

text: the

text: million

text: published

text: by

text: Forbes

text: is

text: merely

text: a

text: portion

text: of

text: his

text: assets

text: although

text: that

text: needs

text: to

text: be

text: proven

question: What magazine had articles about Castro benefiting from corruption?

answer: Forbes

text: Forbes

question: The $900 million Forbes said Castro took may only be what of his total assets?

answer: a portion

text: a portion

question: What is Fidel Castro's official title?

answer: General Secretary of the Republic of Cuba

text: General Secretary of the Republic of Cuba


text: Political and religious animosity against Jehovah's Witnesses has at times led to mob action and government oppression in various countries. Their doctrine of political neutrality and their refusal to serve in the military has led to imprisonment of members who refused conscription during World War II and at other times where national service has been compulsory. In 1933, there were approximately 20,000 Jehovah's Witnesses in Germany, of whom about 10,000 were later imprisoned. Of those, 2000 were sent to Nazi concentration camps, where they were identified by purple triangles; as many as 1200 died, including 250 who were executed. In Canada, Jehovah's Witnesses were interned in camps along with political dissidents and people of Chinese and Japanese descent. In the former Soviet Union, about 9,300 Jehovah's Witnesses were deported to Siberia as part of Operation North in April 1951. Their religious activities are currently banned or restricted in some countries, including China, Vietnam and some Islamic states.

title: Jehovah%27s_Witnesses

title: Jehovah%27s_Witnesses

text: Political

text: and

text: religious

text: animosity

text: against

text: Jehovah

text: 's

text: Witnesses

text: has

text: at

text: times

text: led

text: to

text: mob

text: action

text: and

text: government

text: oppression

text: in

text: various

text: countries

text: Their

text: doctrine

text: of

text: political

text: neutrality

text: and

text: their

text: refusal

text: to

text: serve

text: in

text: the

text: military

text: has

text: led

text: to

text: imprisonment

text: of

text: members

text: who

text: refused

text: conscription

text: during

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: and

text: at

text: other

text: times

text: where

text: national

text: service

text: has

text: been

text: compulsory

text: In

text: there

text: were

text: approximately

text: Jehovah

text: 's

text: Witnesses

text: in

text: Germany

text: of

text: whom

text: about

text: were

text: later

text: imprisoned

text: Of

text: those

text: were

text: sent

text: to

text: Nazi

text: concentration

text: camps

text: where

text: they

text: were

text: identified

text: by

text: purple

text: triangles

text: as

text: many

text: as

text: died

text: including

text: who

text: were

text: executed

text: In

text: Canada

text: Jehovah

text: 's

text: Witnesses

text: were

text: interned

text: in

text: camps

text: along

text: with

text: political

text: dissidents

text: and

text: people

text: of

text: Chinese

text: and

text: Japanese

text: descent

text: In

text: the

text: former

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: about

text: Jehovah

text: 's

text: Witnesses

text: were

text: deported

text: to

text: Siberia

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: Operation

text: North

text: in

text: April

text: Their

text: religious

text: activities

text: are

text: currently

text: banned

text: or

text: restricted

text: in

text: some

text: countries

text: including

text: China

text: Vietnam

text: and

text: some

text: Islamic

text: states

question: What has at times led to immense violence against Jehovah's Witnesses?

answer: Political and religious animosity

text: Political and religious animosity

question: Why have Jehovah's Witnesses sometimes been imprisoned?

answer: doctrine of political neutrality and their refusal to serve in the military

text: doctrine of political neutrality and their refusal to serve in the military

question: Of the 20,000 Jehovah's Witnesses in Germany in 1933, how many were later imprisoned?

answer: 10,000

question: What were Jehovah's Witnesses identified by in Nazi concentration camps?

answer: purple triangles

text: purple triangles

question: What countries ban the religious activities of Jehovah's Witnesses?

answer: China, Vietnam and some Islamic states

text: China, Vietnam and some Islamic states


text: In the Paris Agreements of 23 October 1954, France offered to establish an independent "Saarland", under the auspices of the Western European Union (WEU), but on 23 October 1955 in the Saar Statute referendum the Saar electorate rejected this plan by 67.7% to 32.3% (out of a 96.5% turnout: 423,434 against, 201,975 for) despite the public support of Federal German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer for the plan. The rejection of the plan by the Saarlanders was interpreted as support for the Saar to join the Federal Republic of Germany.

title: States_of_Germany

title: States_of_Germany

text: In

text: the

text: Paris

text: Agreements

text: of

text: October

text: France

text: offered

text: to

text: establish

text: an

text: independent

text: Saarland

text: under

text: the

text: auspices

text: of

text: the

text: Western

text: European

text: Union

text: WEU

text: but

text: on

text: October

text: in

text: the

text: Saar

text: Statute

text: referendum

text: the

text: Saar

text: electorate

text: rejected

text: this

text: plan

text: by

text: to

text: out

text: of

text: a

text: turnout

text: against

text: for

text: despite

text: the

text: public

text: support

text: of

text: Federal

text: German

text: Chancellor

text: Konrad

text: Adenauer

text: for

text: the

text: plan

text: The

text: rejection

text: of

text: the

text: plan

text: by

text: the

text: Saarlanders

text: was

text: interpreted

text: as

text: support

text: for

text: the

text: Saar

text: to

text: join

text: the

text: Federal

text: Republic

text: of

text: Germany

question: In what negotiation did France offer to establish the independent Saarland?

answer: Paris Agreements

text: Paris Agreements

question: In the 23 October 1955 Saar Statute referendum, what percentage opposed the formation of the Saarland?

answer: 67.7%

question: What was the Saar Statute referendum voter turnout?

answer: 96.5%

question: Which political figure supported the Saar Statute referendum?

answer: Chancellor Konrad Adenauer

text: Chancellor Konrad Adenauer

question: The rejection of the plan by the Saarlanders was interpreted as support for the Saar to do what?

answer: join the Federal Republic of Germany.

text: join the Federal Republic of Germany.


text: Greater London's population declined steadily in the decades after the Second World War, from an estimated peak of 8.6 million in 1939 to around 6.8 million in the 1980s. The principal ports for London moved downstream to Felixstowe and Tilbury, with the London Docklands area becoming a focus for regeneration, including the Canary Wharf development. This was borne out of London's ever-increasing role as a major international financial centre during the 1980s. The Thames Barrier was completed in the 1980s to protect London against tidal surges from the North Sea.

title: London

title: London

text: Greater

text: London

text: 's

text: population

text: declined

text: steadily

text: in

text: the

text: decades

text: after

text: the

text: Second

text: World

text: War

text: from

text: an

text: estimated

text: peak

text: of

text: million

text: in

text: to

text: around

text: million

text: in

text: the

text: The

text: principal

text: ports

text: for

text: London

text: moved

text: downstream

text: to

text: Felixstowe

text: and

text: Tilbury

text: with

text: the

text: London

text: Docklands

text: area

text: becoming

text: a

text: focus

text: for

text: regeneration

text: including

text: the

text: Canary

text: Wharf

text: development

text: This

text: was

text: borne

text: out

text: of

text: London

text: 's

text: ever

text: increasing

text: role

text: as

text: a

text: major

text: international

text: financial

text: centre

text: during

text: the

text: The

text: Thames

text: Barrier

text: was

text: completed

text: in

text: the

text: to

text: protect

text: London

text: against

text: tidal

text: surges

text: from

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

question: What was London's estimated population in the 1980s?

answer: around 6.8 million

text: around 6.8 million

question: What event preceded a substantial decrease in the average population in London?

answer: the Second World War

text: the Second World War

question: The main ports for London were relocated to where?

answer: Felixstowe and Tilbury

text: Felixstowe and Tilbury

question: When was construction on the Thames Barrier completed?

answer: the 1980s

text: the 1980s

question: What was the primary function of the Thames Barrier?

answer: to protect London against tidal surges from the North Sea

text: to protect London against tidal surges from the North Sea


text: At the end of the 12th century, Europe was divided into a multitude of city states and kingdoms. The area encompassing modern Germany, southern Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Austria, Slovakia, Czech Republic and much of northern Italy (excluding Venice and Papal State) was nominally part of the Holy Roman Empire, but local rulers exercised considerable autonomy. France, Denmark, Poland, Hungary, Portugal, Scotland, Castile, Aragon, Navarre, Sicily and Cyprus were independent kingdoms, as was the Angevin Empire, whose Plantagenet kings ruled England and large domains in what was to become modern France. Norway came under the influence of England, while the other Scandinavian countries and Poland were influenced by trading contacts with the Hanseatic League. Angevin kings brought the Gothic tradition from France to Southern Italy, while Lusignan kings introduced French Gothic architecture to Cyprus.

title: Gothic_architecture

title: Gothic_architecture

text: At

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: Europe

text: was

text: divided

text: into

text: a

text: multitude

text: of

text: city

text: states

text: and

text: kingdoms

text: The

text: area

text: encompassing

text: modern

text: Germany

text: southern

text: Denmark

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: Belgium

text: Luxembourg

text: Switzerland

text: Austria

text: Slovakia

text: Czech

text: Republic

text: and

text: much

text: of

text: northern

text: Italy

text: excluding

text: Venice

text: and

text: Papal

text: State

text: was

text: nominally

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Holy

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: but

text: local

text: rulers

text: exercised

text: considerable

text: autonomy

text: France

text: Denmark

text: Poland

text: Hungary

text: Portugal

text: Scotland

text: Castile

text: Aragon

text: Navarre

text: Sicily

text: and

text: Cyprus

text: were

text: independent

text: kingdoms

text: as

text: was

text: the

text: Angevin

text: Empire

text: whose

text: Plantagenet

text: kings

text: ruled

text: England

text: and

text: large

text: domains

text: in

text: what

text: was

text: to

text: become

text: modern

text: France

text: Norway

text: came

text: under

text: the

text: influence

text: of

text: England

text: while

text: the

text: other

text: Scandinavian

text: countries

text: and

text: Poland

text: were

text: influenced

text: by

text: trading

text: contacts

text: with

text: the

text: Hanseatic

text: League

text: Angevin

text: kings

text: brought

text: the

text: Gothic

text: tradition

text: from

text: France

text: to

text: Southern

text: Italy

text: while

text: Lusignan

text: kings

text: introduced

text: French

text: Gothic

text: architecture

text: to

text: Cyprus

question: At the end of what century was Europe separated into several city states and kingdoms?

answer: the end of the 12th century

text: the end of the 12th century

question: What was the region covering modern Germany, southern Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Austria, Slovakia, Czech Republic and much of northern Italy known as?

answer: the Holy Roman Empire

text: the Holy Roman Empire

question: What modern country contains regions in which Plantagenet kings controlled large domains?

answer: modern France

text: modern France

question: Poland was affected by trade connections with what League?

answer: the Hanseatic League

text: the Hanseatic League

question: What type of kings brought the Gothic style from France to Southern Italy?

answer: Angevin kings

text: Angevin kings


text: Royal assent is the method by which a country's constitutional monarch (possibly through a delegated official) formally approves an act of that nation's parliament, thus making it a law or letting it be promulgated as law. In the vast majority of contemporary monarchies, this act is considered to be little more than a formality; even in those nations which still permit their ruler to withhold the royal assent (such as the United Kingdom, Norway, and Liechtenstein), the monarch almost never does so, save in a dire political emergency or upon the advice of their government. While the power to withhold royal assent was once exercised often in European monarchies, it is exceedingly rare in the modern, democratic political atmosphere that has developed there since the 18th century.

title: Royal_assent

title: Royal_assent

text: Royal

text: assent

text: is

text: the

text: method

text: by

text: which

text: a

text: country

text: 's

text: constitutional

text: monarch

text: possibly

text: through

text: a

text: delegated

text: official

text: formally

text: approves

text: an

text: act

text: of

text: that

text: nation

text: 's

text: parliament

text: thus

text: making

text: it

text: a

text: law

text: or

text: letting

text: it

text: be

text: promulgated

text: as

text: law

text: In

text: the

text: vast

text: majority

text: of

text: contemporary

text: monarchies

text: this

text: act

text: is

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: little

text: more

text: than

text: a

text: formality

text: even

text: in

text: those

text: nations

text: which

text: still

text: permit

text: their

text: ruler

text: to

text: withhold

text: the

text: royal

text: assent

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: Norway

text: and

text: Liechtenstein

text: the

text: monarch

text: almost

text: never

text: does

text: so

text: save

text: in

text: a

text: dire

text: political

text: emergency

text: or

text: upon

text: the

text: advice

text: of

text: their

text: government

text: While

text: the

text: power

text: to

text: withhold

text: royal

text: assent

text: was

text: once

text: exercised

text: often

text: in

text: European

text: monarchies

text: it

text: is

text: exceedingly

text: rare

text: in

text: the

text: modern

text: democratic

text: political

text: atmosphere

text: that

text: has

text: developed

text: there

text: since

text: the

text: century

question: Royal assent is a process of approving a nation's legislative acts by whom?

answer: constitutional monarch

text: constitutional monarch

question: Which three modern monarchies allow their ruler to withhold royal assent?

answer: United Kingdom, Norway, and Liechtenstein

text: United Kingdom, Norway, and Liechtenstein

question: Since which century have modern political processes forgone royal assent?

answer: 18th

question: What nations allow the withold of the royal assent?

answer: United Kingdom, Norway, and Liechtenstein

text: United Kingdom, Norway, and Liechtenstein

question: Under what circumstances does a monarch typically use the royal assent?

answer: a dire political emergency or upon the advice of their government

text: a dire political emergency or upon the advice of their government

question: Is usage of the royal assent frequent or rare in today's societies?

answer: exceedingly rare

text: exceedingly rare


text: The earliest examples of neoclassical architecture in Hungary may be found in Vác. In this town the triumphal arch and the neoclassical façade of the baroque Cathedral were designed by the French architect Isidor Marcellus Amandus Ganneval (Isidore Canevale) in the 1760s. Also the work of a French architect Charles Moreau is the garden façade of the Esterházy Palace (1797–1805) in Kismarton (today Eisenstadt in Austria). The two principal architect of Neoclassicism in Hungary was Mihály Pollack and József Hild. Pollack's major work is the Hungarian National Museum (1837–1844). Hild is famous for his designs for the Cathedral of Eger and Esztergom.

title: Neoclassical_architecture

title: Neoclassical_architecture

text: The

text: earliest

text: examples

text: of

text: neoclassical

text: architecture

text: in

text: Hungary

text: may

text: be

text: found

text: in

text: Vác

text: In

text: this

text: town

text: the

text: triumphal

text: arch

text: and

text: the

text: neoclassical

text: façade

text: of

text: the

text: baroque

text: Cathedral

text: were

text: designed

text: by

text: the

text: French

text: architect

text: Isidor

text: Marcellus

text: Amandus

text: Ganneval

text: Isidore

text: Canevale

text: in

text: the

text: Also

text: the

text: work

text: of

text: a

text: French

text: architect

text: Charles

text: Moreau

text: is

text: the

text: garden

text: façade

text: of

text: the

text: Esterházy

text: Palace

text: in

text: Kismarton

text: today

text: Eisenstadt

text: in

text: Austria

text: The

text: two

text: principal

text: architect

text: of

text: Neoclassicism

text: in

text: Hungary

text: was

text: Mihály

text: Pollack

text: and

text: József

text: Hild

text: Pollack

text: 's

text: major

text: work

text: is

text: the

text: Hungarian

text: National

text: Museum

text: Hild

text: is

text: famous

text: for

text: his

text: designs

text: for

text: the

text: Cathedral

text: of

text: Eger

text: and

text: Esztergom

question: In what town is the oldest neoclassical architecture in Hungary?

answer: Vác

text: Vác

question: What French architect designed important neoclassical structures in 1760s?

answer: Isidor Marcellus Amandus Ganneval

text: Isidor Marcellus Amandus Ganneval

question: Who designed the Esterhazy Palace?

answer: Charles Moreau

text: Charles Moreau

question: Who is famous for Cathedral Eger and Esztergom?

answer: József Hild

text: József Hild


text: With the death of Zhengde and ascension of Jiajing, the politics at court shifted in favor of the Neo-Confucian establishment which not only rejected the Portuguese embassy of Fernão Pires de Andrade (d. 1523), but had a predisposed animosity towards Tibetan Buddhism and lamas. Evelyn S. Rawski, a professor in the Department of History of the University of Pittsburgh, writes that the Ming's unique relationship with Tibetan prelates essentially ended with Jiajing's reign while Ming influence in the Amdo region was supplanted by the Mongols.

title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty

title: Sino

text: With

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: Zhengde

text: and

text: ascension

text: of

text: Jiajing

text: the

text: politics

text: at

text: court

text: shifted

text: in

text: favor

text: of

text: the

text: Neo

text: Confucian

text: establishment

text: which

text: not

text: only

text: rejected

text: the

text: Portuguese

text: embassy

text: of

text: Fernão

text: Pires

text: de

text: Andrade

text: d.

text: but

text: had

text: a

text: predisposed

text: animosity

text: towards

text: Tibetan

text: Buddhism

text: and

text: lamas

text: Evelyn

text: S.

text: Rawski

text: a

text: professor

text: in

text: the

text: Department

text: of

text: History

text: of

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Pittsburgh

text: writes

text: that

text: the

text: Ming

text: 's

text: unique

text: relationship

text: with

text: Tibetan

text: prelates

text: essentially

text: ended

text: with

text: Jiajing

text: 's

text: reign

text: while

text: Ming

text: influence

text: in

text: the

text: Amdo

text: region

text: was

text: supplanted

text: by

text: the

text: Mongols

question: Who was Zhengde's successor?

answer: Jiajing

text: Jiajing

question: What establishment did the politics at court shift in favor of?

answer: Neo-Confucian establishment

text: Neo-Confucian establishment

question: Which embassy did the Neo-Confucian establishment reject?

answer: the Portuguese embassy

text: the Portuguese embassy

question: Who did the Neo-Confucian establishment have animosity towards?

answer: Tibetan Buddhism and lamas

text: Tibetan Buddhism and lamas

question: Evelyn S. Rawski claims that Ming's relationship with Tibetan prelates ended during who's reign?

answer: Jiajing

text: Jiajing


text: The different dialects show many sound shifts in different vowels (even shifting between diphthongs and monophthongs), and in some cases consonants also shift pronunciation. For example, an oddity of West Flemings (and to a lesser extent, East Flemings) is that, the voiced velar fricative (written as "g" in Dutch) shifts to a voiced glottal fricative (written as "h" in Dutch), while the letter "h" in West Flemish becomes mute (just like in French). As a result, when West Flemish try to talk Standard Dutch, they're often unable to pronounce the g-sound, and pronounce it similar to the h-sound. This leaves f.e. no difference between "held" (hero) and "geld" (money). Or in some cases, they are aware of the problem, and hyper-correct the "h" into a voiced velar fricative or g-sound, again leaving no difference.

title: Dutch_language

title: Dutch_language

text: The

text: different

text: dialects

text: show

text: many

text: sound

text: shifts

text: in

text: different

text: vowels

text: even

text: shifting

text: between

text: diphthongs

text: and

text: monophthongs

text: and

text: in

text: some

text: cases

text: consonants

text: also

text: shift

text: pronunciation

text: For

text: example

text: an

text: oddity

text: of

text: West

text: Flemings

text: and

text: to

text: a

text: lesser

text: extent

text: East

text: Flemings

text: is

text: that

text: the

text: voiced

text: velar

text: fricative

text: written

text: as

text: g

text: in

text: Dutch

text: shifts

text: to

text: a

text: voiced

text: glottal

text: fricative

text: written

text: as

text: h

text: in

text: Dutch

text: while

text: the

text: letter

text: h

text: in

text: West

text: Flemish

text: becomes

text: mute

text: just

text: like

text: in

text: French

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: when

text: West

text: Flemish

text: try

text: to

text: talk

text: Standard

text: Dutch

text: they

text: 're

text: often

text: unable

text: to

text: pronounce

text: the

text: g

text: sound

text: and

text: pronounce

text: it

text: similar

text: to

text: the

text: h

text: sound

text: This

text: leaves

text: f.e

text: no

text: difference

text: between

text: held

text: hero

text: and

text: geld

text: money

text: Or

text: in

text: some

text: cases

text: they

text: are

text: aware

text: of

text: the

text: problem

text: and

text: hyper

text: correct

text: the

text: h

text: into

text: a

text: voiced

text: velar

text: fricative

text: or

text: g

text: sound

text: again

text: leaving

text: no

text: difference

question: What's the Dutch word for "money"?

answer: geld

text: geld

question: West Flemings pronounce the Dutch "g" as a voiced glottal frivative, which would be represented by what letter in standard Dutch?

answer: "h"

text: "h"

question: What other European language has a mute "h" like the West Flemings do?

answer: French

text: French

question: What word that means "hero" would a West Fleming speaker probably pronounce the same as "geld"?

answer: held

text: held

question: If a West Fleming speaker were being extra careful to avoid the silent "h," they might over-correct into what sound?

answer: g-sound

text: g-sound


text: The 21 nocturnes are more structured, and of greater emotional depth, than those of Field (whom Chopin met in 1833). Many of the Chopin nocturnes have middle sections marked by agitated expression (and often making very difficult demands on the performer) which heightens their dramatic character.

title: Frédéric_Chopin

title: Frédéric_Chopin

text: The

text: nocturnes

text: are

text: more

text: structured

text: and

text: of

text: greater

text: emotional

text: depth

text: than

text: those

text: of

text: Field

text: whom

text: Chopin

text: met

text: in

text: Many

text: of

text: the

text: Chopin

text: nocturnes

text: have

text: middle

text: sections

text: marked

text: by

text: agitated

text: expression

text: and

text: often

text: making

text: very

text: difficult

text: demands

text: on

text: the

text: performer

text: which

text: heightens

text: their

text: dramatic

text: character

question: How many nocturnes did Chopin compose?

answer: 21

question: What is it about the middle of Chopin's nocturnes that increases their drama?

answer: agitated expression

text: agitated expression

question: Chopin's nocturnes were more structured than who?

answer: Field

text: Field

question: What year did Chopin meet Field?

answer: 1833

question: Which type of Chopin's compositons were difficult for perfomers due to their middle sections?

answer: nocturnes

text: nocturnes


text: About 10,000 years ago, when the ice melted after the last glacial period, late Paleolithic communities were established along the lake shores and in cave systems. Evidence of human habitation has been found in caves near Vercors, close to Grenoble; in Austria the Mondsee culture shows evidence of houses built on piles to keep them dry. Standing stones have been found in Alpine areas of France and Italy. The rock drawings in Valcamonica are more than 5000 years old; more than 200,000 drawings and etchings have been identified at the site.

title: Alps

title: Alps

text: About

text: years

text: ago

text: when

text: the

text: ice

text: melted

text: after

text: the

text: last

text: glacial

text: period

text: late

text: Paleolithic

text: communities

text: were

text: established

text: along

text: the

text: lake

text: shores

text: and

text: in

text: cave

text: systems

text: Evidence

text: of

text: human

text: habitation

text: has

text: been

text: found

text: in

text: caves

text: near

text: Vercors

text: close

text: to

text: Grenoble

text: in

text: Austria

text: the

text: Mondsee

text: culture

text: shows

text: evidence

text: of

text: houses

text: built

text: on

text: piles

text: to

text: keep

text: them

text: dry

text: Standing

text: stones

text: have

text: been

text: found

text: in

text: Alpine

text: areas

text: of

text: France

text: and

text: Italy

text: The

text: rock

text: drawings

text: in

text: Valcamonica

text: are

text: more

text: than

text: years

text: old

text: more

text: than

text: drawings

text: and

text: etchings

text: have

text: been

text: identified

text: at

text: the

text: site

question: When were late Paleolithic communities established along the lake shores?

answer: About 10,000 years ago

text: About 10,000 years ago

question: What has been found in caves near Vercors?

answer: Evidence of human habitation

text: Evidence of human habitation

question: Why were houses built on piles?

answer: to keep them dry

text: to keep them dry

question: What have been found in Alpine areas of France and Italy?

answer: Standing stones

text: Standing stones

question: How old are rock drawings in Valcamonica?

answer: more than 5000 years old

text: more than 5000 years old


text: The US Congress was urged to create the exemption by proponents of a conservation plan on San Bruno Mountain, California that was drafted in the early 1980s and is the first HCP in the nation. In the conference report on the 1982 amendments, Congress specified that it intended the San Bruno plan to act "as a model" for future conservation plans developed under the incidental take exemption provision and that "the adequacy of similar conservation plans should be measured against the San Bruno plan". Congress further noted that the San Bruno plan was based on "an independent exhaustive biological study" and protected at least 87% of the habitat of the listed butterflies that led to the development of the HCP.

title: Endangered_Species_Act

title: Endangered_Species_Act

text: The

text: US

text: Congress

text: was

text: urged

text: to

text: create

text: the

text: exemption

text: by

text: proponents

text: of

text: a

text: conservation

text: plan

text: on

text: San

text: Bruno

text: Mountain

text: California

text: that

text: was

text: drafted

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: first

text: HCP

text: in

text: the

text: nation

text: In

text: the

text: conference

text: report

text: on

text: the

text: amendments

text: Congress

text: specified

text: that

text: it

text: intended

text: the

text: San

text: Bruno

text: plan

text: to

text: act

text: as

text: a

text: model

text: for

text: future

text: conservation

text: plans

text: developed

text: under

text: the

text: incidental

text: take

text: exemption

text: provision

text: and

text: that

text: the

text: adequacy

text: of

text: similar

text: conservation

text: plans

text: should

text: be

text: measured

text: against

text: the

text: San

text: Bruno

text: plan

text: Congress

text: further

text: noted

text: that

text: the

text: San

text: Bruno

text: plan

text: was

text: based

text: on

text: an

text: independent

text: exhaustive

text: biological

text: study

text: and

text: protected

text: at

text: least

text: of

text: the

text: habitat

text: of

text: the

text: listed

text: butterflies

text: that

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: the

text: HCP

question: What location held the first HCP?

answer: San Bruno Mountain, California

text: San Bruno Mountain, California

question: What percentage of the critical habitat was protected for the area that received the first HCP?

answer: 87%

question: What type of animal was being protected in the area that received the first HCP?

answer: butterflies

text: butterflies


text: For example, the full name of Oda Nobunaga would be "Oda Kazusanosuke Saburo Nobunaga" (織田上総介三郎信長), in which "Oda" is a clan or family name, "Kazusanosuke" is a title of vice-governor of Kazusa province, "Saburo" is a formal nickname (yobina), and "Nobunaga" is an adult name (nanori) given at genpuku, the coming of age ceremony. A man was addressed by his family name and his title, or by his yobina if he did not have a title. However, the nanori was a private name that could be used by only a very few, including the Emperor.

title: Samurai

title: Samurai

text: For

text: example

text: the

text: full

text: name

text: of

text: Oda

text: Nobunaga

text: would

text: be

text: Oda

text: Kazusanosuke

text: Saburo

text: Nobunaga

text: 織田上総介三郎信長

text: in

text: which

text: Oda

text: is

text: a

text: clan

text: or

text: family

text: name

text: Kazusanosuke

text: is

text: a

text: title

text: of

text: vice

text: governor

text: of

text: Kazusa

text: province

text: Saburo

text: is

text: a

text: formal

text: nickname

text: yobina

text: and

text: Nobunaga

text: is

text: an

text: adult

text: name

text: nanori

text: given

text: at

text: genpuku

text: the

text: coming

text: of

text: age

text: ceremony

text: A

text: man

text: was

text: addressed

text: by

text: his

text: family

text: name

text: and

text: his

text: title

text: or

text: by

text: his

text: yobina

text: if

text: he

text: did

text: not

text: have

text: a

text: title

text: However

text: the

text: nanori

text: was

text: a

text: private

text: name

text: that

text: could

text: be

text: used

text: by

text: only

text: a

text: very

text: few

text: including

text: the

text: Emperor

question: What did Nobunaga mean?

answer: an adult name (nanori) given at genpuku, the coming of age ceremony

text: an adult name (nanori) given at genpuku, the coming of age ceremony

question: What did Kazusanosuke mean?

answer: a title of vice-governor of Kazusa province

text: a title of vice-governor of Kazusa province

question: What did Saburo mean?

answer: a formal nickname (yobina)

text: a formal nickname (yobina)

question: What did Oda mean?

answer: a clan or family name

text: a clan or family name

question: What was Oda Nobunaga's full name?

answer: Oda Kazusanosuke Saburo Nobunaga

text: Oda Kazusanosuke Saburo Nobunaga


text: Media outlets began reporting in late September 2009 that Comcast was in talks to buy NBCUniversal. Comcast denied the rumors at first, while NBC would not comment on them. However, CNBC itself reported on October 1 that General Electric was considering spinning NBCUniversal off into a separate company that would merge the NBC television network and its cable properties such as USA Network, Syfy and MSNBC with Comcast's content assets. GE would maintain 49% control of the new company, while Comcast owned 51%. Vivendi, which owns 20%, would have to sell its stake to GE. It was reported that under the current deal with GE that it would happen in November or December. It was also reported that Time Warner would be interested in placing a bid, until CEO Jeffrey L. Bewkes directly denied interest, leaving Comcast the sole bidder. On November 1, 2009, The New York Times reported Comcast had moved closer to a deal to purchase NBCUniversal and that a formal announcement could be made sometime the following week.

title: Comcast

title: Comcast

text: Media

text: outlets

text: began

text: reporting

text: in

text: late

text: September

text: that

text: Comcast

text: was

text: in

text: talks

text: to

text: buy

text: NBCUniversal

text: Comcast

text: denied

text: the

text: rumors

text: at

text: first

text: while

text: NBC

text: would

text: not

text: comment

text: on

text: them

text: However

text: CNBC

text: itself

text: reported

text: on

text: October

text: that

text: General

text: Electric

text: was

text: considering

text: spinning

text: NBCUniversal

text: off

text: into

text: a

text: separate

text: company

text: that

text: would

text: merge

text: the

text: NBC

text: television

text: network

text: and

text: its

text: cable

text: properties

text: such

text: as

text: USA

text: Network

text: Syfy

text: and

text: MSNBC

text: with

text: Comcast

text: 's

text: content

text: assets

text: GE

text: would

text: maintain

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: new

text: company

text: while

text: Comcast

text: owned

text: Vivendi

text: which

text: owns

text: would

text: have

text: to

text: sell

text: its

text: stake

text: to

text: GE

text: It

text: was

text: reported

text: that

text: under

text: the

text: current

text: deal

text: with

text: GE

text: that

text: it

text: would

text: happen

text: in

text: November

text: or

text: December

text: It

text: was

text: also

text: reported

text: that

text: Time

text: Warner

text: would

text: be

text: interested

text: in

text: placing

text: a

text: bid

text: until

text: CEO

text: Jeffrey

text: L.

text: Bewkes

text: directly

text: denied

text: interest

text: leaving

text: Comcast

text: the

text: sole

text: bidder

text: On

text: November

text: The

text: New

text: York

text: Times

text: reported

text: Comcast

text: had

text: moved

text: closer

text: to

text: a

text: deal

text: to

text: purchase

text: NBCUniversal

text: and

text: that

text: a

text: formal

text: announcement

text: could

text: be

text: made

text: sometime

text: the

text: following

text: week

question: What media conglomerate did Comcast begin preliminary talks to buy in 2009?

answer: NBCUniversal

text: NBCUniversal

question: What was NBC's parent company in 2009?

answer: General Electric

text: General Electric

question: What ownership stake did Ccomcast get in this deal?

answer: 51%

question: What company was forced to sell its interest in NBCUniversal as part of the purchase deal?

answer: Vivendi

text: Vivendi

question: What other cable company was reputed to have an interest in NBCUniversal?

answer: Time Warner

text: Time Warner


text: The geologic record of the Proterozoic (2,500 to 541 million years ago) is more complete than that for the preceding Archean. In contrast to the deep-water deposits of the Archean, the Proterozoic features many strata that were laid down in extensive shallow epicontinental seas; furthermore, many of these rocks are less metamorphosed than Archean-age ones, and plenty are unaltered. Study of these rocks show that the eon featured massive, rapid continental accretion (unique to the Proterozoic), supercontinent cycles, and wholly modern orogenic activity. Roughly 750 million years ago, the earliest-known supercontinent Rodinia, began to break apart. The continents later recombined to form Pannotia, 600–540 Ma.

title: Geological_history_of_Earth

title: Geological_history_of_Earth

text: The

text: geologic

text: record

text: of

text: the

text: Proterozoic

text: to

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: is

text: more

text: complete

text: than

text: that

text: for

text: the

text: preceding

text: Archean

text: In

text: contrast

text: to

text: the

text: deep

text: water

text: deposits

text: of

text: the

text: Archean

text: the

text: Proterozoic

text: features

text: many

text: strata

text: that

text: were

text: laid

text: down

text: in

text: extensive

text: shallow

text: epicontinental

text: seas

text: furthermore

text: many

text: of

text: these

text: rocks

text: are

text: less

text: metamorphosed

text: than

text: Archean

text: age

text: ones

text: and

text: plenty

text: are

text: unaltered

text: Study

text: of

text: these

text: rocks

text: show

text: that

text: the

text: eon

text: featured

text: massive

text: rapid

text: continental

text: accretion

text: unique

text: to

text: the

text: Proterozoic

text: supercontinent

text: cycles

text: and

text: wholly

text: modern

text: orogenic

text: activity

text: Roughly

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: the

text: earliest

text: known

text: supercontinent

text: Rodinia

text: began

text: to

text: break

text: apart

text: The

text: continents

text: later

text: recombined

text: to

text: form

text: Pannotia

text: Ma

question: During what time period did the Proterozoic era occur?

answer: 2,500 to 541 million years ago

text: 2,500 to 541 million years ago

question: What era came before the Proterozoic era?

answer: Archean

text: Archean

question: In what type of sea did typical Proterozoic geology come to be?

answer: shallow epicontinental seas

text: shallow epicontinental seas

question: What type of continental behavior was unique to the Proterozoic?

answer: rapid continental accretion

text: rapid continental accretion

question: What is the name for the large super continent that broke apart 750 million years ago?

answer: Rodinia

text: Rodinia


text: The layout of the inner suburbs on a largely one-mile grid pattern, cut through by wide radial boulevards, and string of gardens surrounding the central city was largely established in the 1850s and 1860s. These areas were rapidly filled from the mid 1850s by the ubiquitous terrace house, as well as detached houses and some grand mansions in large grounds, while some of the major roads developed as shopping streets. Melbourne quickly became a major finance centre, home to several banks, the Royal Mint, and Australia's first stock exchange in 1861. In 1855 the Melbourne Cricket Club secured possession of its now famous ground, the MCG. Members of the Melbourne Football Club codified Australian football in 1859, and Yarra rowing clubs and "regattas" became popular about the same time. In 1861 the Melbourne Cup was first run. In 1864 Melbourne acquired its first public monument—the Burke and Wills statue.

title: Melbourne

title: Melbourne

text: The

text: layout

text: of

text: the

text: inner

text: suburbs

text: on

text: a

text: largely

text: one

text: mile

text: grid

text: pattern

text: cut

text: through

text: by

text: wide

text: radial

text: boulevards

text: and

text: string

text: of

text: gardens

text: surrounding

text: the

text: central

text: city

text: was

text: largely

text: established

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: These

text: areas

text: were

text: rapidly

text: filled

text: from

text: the

text: mid

text: by

text: the

text: ubiquitous

text: terrace

text: house

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: detached

text: houses

text: and

text: some

text: grand

text: mansions

text: in

text: large

text: grounds

text: while

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: major

text: roads

text: developed

text: as

text: shopping

text: streets

text: Melbourne

text: quickly

text: became

text: a

text: major

text: finance

text: centre

text: home

text: to

text: several

text: banks

text: the

text: Royal

text: Mint

text: and

text: Australia

text: 's

text: first

text: stock

text: exchange

text: in

text: In

text: the

text: Melbourne

text: Cricket

text: Club

text: secured

text: possession

text: of

text: its

text: now

text: famous

text: ground

text: the

text: MCG

text: Members

text: of

text: the

text: Melbourne

text: Football

text: Club

text: codified

text: Australian

text: football

text: in

text: and

text: Yarra

text: rowing

text: clubs

text: and

text: regattas

text: became

text: popular

text: about

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: In

text: the

text: Melbourne

text: Cup

text: was

text: first

text: run

text: In

text: Melbourne

text: acquired

text: its

text: first

text: public

text: monument

text: the

text: Burke

text: and

text: Wills

text: statue

question: In what two decades was the layout of Melbourne's inner suburbs established?

answer: 1850s and 1860s

text: 1850s and 1860s

question: In what year did the Melbourne Cricket Club secure possession of its now famous ground, the MCG?

answer: 1855

question: Around what year did Yarra rowing clubs and "regattas" become popular?

answer: 1859

question: In what year was the Melbourne Cup first run?

answer: 1861

question: What was the first public monumnet acquired in Melbourne in 1864?

answer: the Burke and Wills statue

text: the Burke and Wills statue


text: In 1839 Mariano Spada (1796 - 1872), professor of theology at the Roman College of Saint Thomas, published Esame Critico sulla dottrina dell’ Angelico Dottore S. Tommaso di Aquino circa il Peccato originale, relativamente alla Beatissima Vergine Maria [A critical examination of the doctrine of St. Thomas Aquinas, the Angelic Doctor, regarding original sin with respect to the Most Blessed Virgin Mary], in which Aquinas is interpreted not as treating the question of the Immaculate Conception later formulated in the papal bull Ineffabilis Deus but rather the sanctification of the fetus within Mary's womb. Spada furnished an interpretation whereby Pius IX was relieved of the problem of seeming to foster a doctrine not in agreement with the Aquinas' teaching. Pope Pius IX would later appoint Spada Master of the Sacred Palace in 1867.

title: Immaculate_Conception

title: Immaculate_Conception

text: In

text: Mariano

text: Spada

text: professor

text: of

text: theology

text: at

text: the

text: Roman

text: College

text: of

text: Saint

text: Thomas

text: published

text: Esame

text: Critico

text: sulla

text: dottrina

text: dell’

text: Angelico

text: Dottore

text: S.

text: Tommaso

text: di

text: Aquino

text: circa

text: il

text: Peccato

text: originale

text: relativamente

text: alla

text: Beatissima

text: Vergine

text: Maria

text: A

text: critical

text: examination

text: of

text: the

text: doctrine

text: of

text: St.

text: Thomas

text: Aquinas

text: the

text: Angelic

text: Doctor

text: regarding

text: original

text: sin

text: with

text: respect

text: to

text: the

text: Most

text: Blessed

text: Virgin

text: Mary

text: in

text: which

text: Aquinas

text: is

text: interpreted

text: not

text: as

text: treating

text: the

text: question

text: of

text: the

text: Immaculate

text: Conception

text: later

text: formulated

text: in

text: the

text: papal

text: bull

text: Ineffabilis

text: Deus

text: but

text: rather

text: the

text: sanctification

text: of

text: the

text: fetus

text: within

text: Mary

text: 's

text: womb

text: Spada

text: furnished

text: an

text: interpretation

text: whereby

text: Pius

text: IX

text: was

text: relieved

text: of

text: the

text: problem

text: of

text: seeming

text: to

text: foster

text: a

text: doctrine

text: not

text: in

text: agreement

text: with

text: the

text: Aquinas

text: teaching

text: Pope

text: Pius

text: IX

text: would

text: later

text: appoint

text: Spada

text: Master

text: of

text: the

text: Sacred

text: Palace

text: in

question: What did a teacher of religion  from the college that was named after a Dominican friar do in 1839 of historical note ?

answer: published Esame Critico sulla dottrina dell’ Angelico Dottore S. Tommaso di Aquino circa il Peccato originale, relativamente alla Beatissima Vergine Maria

text: published Esame Critico sulla dottrina dell’ Angelico Dottore S. Tommaso di Aquino circa il Peccato originale, relativamente alla Beatissima Vergine Maria

question: What position was the teacher later given by the Holy Roman Church ?

answer: appoint Spada Master of the Sacred Palace in 1867

text: appoint Spada Master of the Sacred Palace in 1867

question: Who gave the teacher the new job ?

answer: Pope Pius IX

text: Pope Pius IX

question: Who was the teacher who committed the act  ?

answer: Mariano Spada

text: Mariano Spada

question: What  problem did the teacher's publication solve for the Holy Roman leader with act that was committed  to do in response to the actions of the teacher  ?

answer: Pius IX was relieved of the problem of seeming to foster a doctrine not in agreement with the Aquinas' teaching.

text: Pius IX was relieved of the problem of seeming to foster a doctrine not in agreement with the Aquinas' teaching.


text: A gene is a locus (or region) of DNA that encodes a functional RNA or protein product, and is the molecular unit of heredity.:Glossary The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring is the basis of the inheritance of phenotypic traits. Most biological traits are under the influence of polygenes (many different genes) as well as the gene–environment interactions. Some genetic traits are instantly visible, such as eye colour or number of limbs, and some are not, such as blood type, risk for specific diseases, or the thousands of basic biochemical processes that comprise life.

title: Gene

title: Gene

text: A

text: gene

text: is

text: a

text: locus

text: or

text: region

text: of

text: DNA

text: that

text: encodes

text: a

text: functional

text: RNA

text: or

text: protein

text: product

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: molecular

text: unit

text: of

text: heredity.:Glossary

text: The

text: transmission

text: of

text: genes

text: to

text: an

text: organism

text: 's

text: offspring

text: is

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: the

text: inheritance

text: of

text: phenotypic

text: traits

text: Most

text: biological

text: traits

text: are

text: under

text: the

text: influence

text: of

text: polygenes

text: many

text: different

text: genes

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: gene

text: environment

text: interactions

text: Some

text: genetic

text: traits

text: are

text: instantly

text: visible

text: such

text: as

text: eye

text: colour

text: or

text: number

text: of

text: limbs

text: and

text: some

text: are

text: not

text: such

text: as

text: blood

text: type

text: risk

text: for

text: specific

text: diseases

text: or

text: the

text: thousands

text: of

text: basic

text: biochemical

text: processes

text: that

text: comprise

text: life

question: What is a gene?

answer: a locus (or region) of DNA that encodes a functional RNA or protein product

text: a locus (or region) of DNA that encodes a functional RNA or protein product

question: What is the basis of inheritance of phenotypic traits?

answer: The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring

text: The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring

question: What influence are most biological traits under?

answer: polygenes (many different genes)

text: polygenes (many different genes)

question: What is one instantly visible genetic trait?

answer: eye colour or number of limbs

text: eye colour or number of limbs

question: What is one invisible genetic trait?

answer: blood type, risk for specific diseases, or the thousands of basic biochemical processes that comprise life

text: blood type, risk for specific diseases, or the thousands of basic biochemical processes that comprise life


text: Following the Távora affair, the new Count of Oeiras knew no opposition. Made "Marquis of Pombal" in 1770, he effectively ruled Portugal until Joseph I's death in 1779. However, historians also argue that Pombal’s "enlightenment," while far-reaching, was primarily a mechanism for enhancing autocracy at the expense of individual liberty and especially an apparatus for crushing opposition, suppressing criticism, and furthering colonial economic exploitation as well as intensifying book censorship and consolidating personal control and profit.

title: Portugal

title: Portugal

text: Following

text: the

text: Távora

text: affair

text: the

text: new

text: Count

text: of

text: Oeiras

text: knew

text: no

text: opposition

text: Made

text: Marquis

text: of

text: Pombal

text: in

text: he

text: effectively

text: ruled

text: Portugal

text: until

text: Joseph

text: I

text: 's

text: death

text: in

text: However

text: historians

text: also

text: argue

text: that

text: Pombal

text: ’s

text: enlightenment

text: while

text: far

text: reaching

text: was

text: primarily

text: a

text: mechanism

text: for

text: enhancing

text: autocracy

text: at

text: the

text: expense

text: of

text: individual

text: liberty

text: and

text: especially

text: an

text: apparatus

text: for

text: crushing

text: opposition

text: suppressing

text: criticism

text: and

text: furthering

text: colonial

text: economic

text: exploitation

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: intensifying

text: book

text: censorship

text: and

text: consolidating

text: personal

text: control

text: and

text: profit

question: In which year was the Count of Oeiras made the Marquis of Pambal?

answer: 1770

question: How long did the Marquis of Pombal rule Portugal?

answer: until Joseph I's death in 1779

text: until Joseph I's death in 1779

question: What did Pombal's enlightenment promote at the expense of individual liberty?

answer: autocracy

text: autocracy

question: Was the new Count of Oeiras opposed by anyone after the Tavora affair?

answer: knew no opposition

text: knew no opposition

question: What was Pombal's "enlightenment" an apparatus for?

answer: crushing opposition, suppressing criticism, and furthering colonial economic exploitation

text: crushing opposition, suppressing criticism, and furthering colonial economic exploitation


text: In most bacteria, a cell wall is present on the outside of the cell membrane. The cell membrane and cell wall comprise the cell envelope. A common bacterial cell wall material is peptidoglycan (called "murein" in older sources), which is made from polysaccharide chains cross-linked by peptides containing D-amino acids. Bacterial cell walls are different from the cell walls of plants and fungi, which are made of cellulose and chitin, respectively. The cell wall of bacteria is also distinct from that of Archaea, which do not contain peptidoglycan. The cell wall is essential to the survival of many bacteria, and the antibiotic penicillin is able to kill bacteria by inhibiting a step in the synthesis of peptidoglycan.

title: Bacteria

title: Bacteria

text: In

text: most

text: bacteria

text: a

text: cell

text: wall

text: is

text: present

text: on

text: the

text: outside

text: of

text: the

text: cell

text: membrane

text: The

text: cell

text: membrane

text: and

text: cell

text: wall

text: comprise

text: the

text: cell

text: envelope

text: A

text: common

text: bacterial

text: cell

text: wall

text: material

text: is

text: peptidoglycan

text: called

text: murein

text: in

text: older

text: sources

text: which

text: is

text: made

text: from

text: polysaccharide

text: chains

text: cross

text: linked

text: by

text: peptides

text: containing

text: D

text: amino

text: acids

text: Bacterial

text: cell

text: walls

text: are

text: different

text: from

text: the

text: cell

text: walls

text: of

text: plants

text: and

text: fungi

text: which

text: are

text: made

text: of

text: cellulose

text: and

text: chitin

text: respectively

text: The

text: cell

text: wall

text: of

text: bacteria

text: is

text: also

text: distinct

text: from

text: that

text: of

text: Archaea

text: which

text: do

text: not

text: contain

text: peptidoglycan

text: The

text: cell

text: wall

text: is

text: essential

text: to

text: the

text: survival

text: of

text: many

text: bacteria

text: and

text: the

text: antibiotic

text: penicillin

text: is

text: able

text: to

text: kill

text: bacteria

text: by

text: inhibiting

text: a

text: step

text: in

text: the

text: synthesis

text: of

text: peptidoglycan

question: What composes the cell envelope?

answer: cell membrane and cell wall

text: cell membrane and cell wall

question: What is most common cell wall material?

answer: peptidoglycan

text: peptidoglycan

question: Are cell walls of bacteria similar to cell walls of plants and fungi?

answer: Bacterial cell walls are different

text: Bacterial cell walls are different

question: How can antibiotic penicillin destroy bacteria?

answer: by inhibiting a step in the synthesis of peptidoglycan

text: by inhibiting a step in the synthesis of peptidoglycan

question: What are the main materials of cell walls of plants and fungi?

answer: cellulose and chitin

text: cellulose and chitin


text: Idris' government was increasingly unpopular by the latter 1960s; it had exacerbated Libya's traditional regional and tribal divisions by centralising the country's federal system in order to take advantage of the country's oil wealth, while corruption and entrenched systems of patronage were widespread throughout the oil industry. Arab nationalism was increasingly popular, and protests flared up following Egypt's 1967 defeat in the Six-Day War with Israel; allied to the western powers, Idris' administration was seen as pro-Israeli. Anti-western riots broke out in Tripoli and Benghazi, while Libyan workers shut down oil terminals in solidarity with Egypt. By 1969, the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency was expecting segments of Libya's armed forces to launch a coup. Although claims have been made that they knew of Gaddafi's Free Officers Movement, they have since claimed ignorance, stating that they were monitoring Abdul Aziz Shalhi's Black Boots revolutionary group.

title: Muammar_Gaddafi

title: Muammar_Gaddafi

text: Idris

text: government

text: was

text: increasingly

text: unpopular

text: by

text: the

text: latter

text: it

text: had

text: exacerbated

text: Libya

text: 's

text: traditional

text: regional

text: and

text: tribal

text: divisions

text: by

text: centralising

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: federal

text: system

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: take

text: advantage

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: oil

text: wealth

text: while

text: corruption

text: and

text: entrenched

text: systems

text: of

text: patronage

text: were

text: widespread

text: throughout

text: the

text: oil

text: industry

text: Arab

text: nationalism

text: was

text: increasingly

text: popular

text: and

text: protests

text: flared

text: up

text: following

text: Egypt

text: 's

text: defeat

text: in

text: the

text: Six

text: Day

text: War

text: with

text: Israel

text: allied

text: to

text: the

text: western

text: powers

text: Idris

text: administration

text: was

text: seen

text: as

text: pro

text: Israeli

text: Anti

text: western

text: riots

text: broke

text: out

text: in

text: Tripoli

text: and

text: Benghazi

text: while

text: Libyan

text: workers

text: shut

text: down

text: oil

text: terminals

text: in

text: solidarity

text: with

text: Egypt

text: By

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Central

text: Intelligence

text: Agency

text: was

text: expecting

text: segments

text: of

text: Libya

text: 's

text: armed

text: forces

text: to

text: launch

text: a

text: coup

text: Although

text: claims

text: have

text: been

text: made

text: that

text: they

text: knew

text: of

text: Gaddafi

text: 's

text: Free

text: Officers

text: Movement

text: they

text: have

text: since

text: claimed

text: ignorance

text: stating

text: that

text: they

text: were

text: monitoring

text: Abdul

text: Aziz

text: Shalhi

text: 's

text: Black

text: Boots

text: revolutionary

text: group

question: What was happening to Idris' government in the 1960s?

answer: Idris' government was increasingly unpopular by the latter 1960s

text: Idris' government was increasingly unpopular by the latter 1960s

question: What industry greatly impacted the downfall of Idris's government?

answer: the oil industry

text: the oil industry

question: What sort of problems did the oil industry experience in Libya?

answer: corruption and entrenched systems of patronage were widespread throughout the oil industry

text: corruption and entrenched systems of patronage were widespread throughout the oil industry

question: What did the Libyan workers do to show their support of Egypt?

answer: Libyan workers shut down oil terminals in solidarity with Egypt

text: Libyan workers shut down oil terminals in solidarity with Egypt

question: Did the CIA confirm knowledge of Gaddafi's upcoming coup?:

answer: they have since claimed ignorance, stating that they were monitoring Abdul Aziz Shalhi's Black Boots revolutionary group.

text: they have since claimed ignorance, stating that they were monitoring Abdul Aziz Shalhi's Black Boots revolutionary group.

question: What country won the Six-Day War?

answer: Israel

text: Israel

question: In what cities did protests against westerners flare up in 1967?

answer: Tripoli and Benghazi

text: Tripoli and Benghazi

question: On what country's behalf were the 1967 protests taking place?

answer: Egypt

text: Egypt

question: In what year did the CIA begin to expect a military coup in Libya?

answer: 1969

question: What revolutionary organization was led by Abdul Aziz Shalhi?

answer: Black Boots

text: Black Boots


text: The North Slope is mostly tundra peppered with small villages. The area is known for its massive reserves of crude oil, and contains both the National Petroleum Reserve–Alaska and the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field. Barrow, the northernmost city in the United States, is located here. The Northwest Arctic area, anchored by Kotzebue and also containing the Kobuk River valley, is often regarded as being part of this region. However, the respective Inupiat of the North Slope and of the Northwest Arctic seldom consider themselves to be one people.

title: Alaska

title: Alaska

text: The

text: North

text: Slope

text: is

text: mostly

text: tundra

text: peppered

text: with

text: small

text: villages

text: The

text: area

text: is

text: known

text: for

text: its

text: massive

text: reserves

text: of

text: crude

text: oil

text: and

text: contains

text: both

text: the

text: National

text: Petroleum

text: Reserve

text: Alaska

text: and

text: the

text: Prudhoe

text: Bay

text: Oil

text: Field

text: Barrow

text: the

text: northernmost

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: is

text: located

text: here

text: The

text: Northwest

text: Arctic

text: area

text: anchored

text: by

text: Kotzebue

text: and

text: also

text: containing

text: the

text: Kobuk

text: River

text: valley

text: is

text: often

text: regarded

text: as

text: being

text: part

text: of

text: this

text: region

text: However

text: the

text: respective

text: Inupiat

text: of

text: the

text: North

text: Slope

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: Northwest

text: Arctic

text: seldom

text: consider

text: themselves

text: to

text: be

text: one

text: people

question: Which area contains the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field?

answer: The North Slope

text: The North Slope

question: What is the northernmost city in the US?

answer: Barrow

text: Barrow

question: What resource is the North Slope known for?

answer: massive reserves of crude oil

text: massive reserves of crude oil


text: In a channel transupport system, several proteins form a contiguous channel traversing the inner and outer membranes of the bacteria. It is a simple system, which consists of only three protein subunits: the ABC protein, membrane fusion protein (MFP), and outer membrane protein (OMP)[specify]. This secretion system transports various molecules, from ions, drugs, to proteins of various sizes (20 - 900 kDa). The molecules secreted vary in size from the small Escherichia coli peptide colicin V, (10 kDa) to the Pseudomonas fluorescens cell adhesion protein LapA of 900 kDa.

title: Digestion

title: Digestion

text: In

text: a

text: channel

text: transupport

text: system

text: several

text: proteins

text: form

text: a

text: contiguous

text: channel

text: traversing

text: the

text: inner

text: and

text: outer

text: membranes

text: of

text: the

text: bacteria

text: It

text: is

text: a

text: simple

text: system

text: which

text: consists

text: of

text: only

text: three

text: protein

text: subunits

text: the

text: ABC

text: protein

text: membrane

text: fusion

text: protein

text: MFP

text: and

text: outer

text: membrane

text: protein

text: OMP)[specify

text: This

text: secretion

text: system

text: transports

text: various

text: molecules

text: from

text: ions

text: drugs

text: to

text: proteins

text: of

text: various

text: sizes

text: kDa

text: The

text: molecules

text: secreted

text: vary

text: in

text: size

text: from

text: the

text: small

text: Escherichia

text: coli

text: peptide

text: colicin

text: V

text: kDa

text: to

text: the

text: Pseudomonas

text: fluorescens

text: cell

text: adhesion

text: protein

text: LapA

text: of

text: kDa

question: What happens in a chennel transupport system?

answer: several proteins form a contiguous channel traversing the inner and outer membranes of the bacteria

text: several proteins form a contiguous channel traversing the inner and outer membranes of the bacteria

question: What three protien subunites are in the chennel transupport system?

answer: the ABC protein, membrane fusion protein (MFP), and outer membrane protein (OMP)[specify]

text: the ABC protein, membrane fusion protein (MFP), and outer membrane protein (OMP)[specify]

question: What does this secretion system transport?

answer: various molecules, from ions, drugs, to proteins of various sizes

text: various molecules, from ions, drugs, to proteins of various sizes


text: Arthur M. Diamond argues Hayek's problems arise when he goes beyond claims that can be evaluated within economic science. Diamond argued that: “The human mind, Hayek says, is not just limited in its ability to synthesize a vast array of concrete facts, it is also limited in its ability to give a deductively sound ground to ethics. Here is where the tension develops, for he also wants to give a reasoned moral defense of the free market. He is an intellectual skeptic who wants to give political philosophy a secure intellectual foundation. It is thus not too surprising that what results is confused and contradictory.”

title: Friedrich_Hayek

title: Friedrich_Hayek

text: Arthur

text: M.

text: Diamond

text: argues

text: Hayek

text: 's

text: problems

text: arise

text: when

text: he

text: goes

text: beyond

text: claims

text: that

text: can

text: be

text: evaluated

text: within

text: economic

text: science

text: Diamond

text: argued

text: that

text: The

text: human

text: mind

text: Hayek

text: says

text: is

text: not

text: just

text: limited

text: in

text: its

text: ability

text: to

text: synthesize

text: a

text: vast

text: array

text: of

text: concrete

text: facts

text: it

text: is

text: also

text: limited

text: in

text: its

text: ability

text: to

text: give

text: a

text: deductively

text: sound

text: ground

text: to

text: ethics

text: Here

text: is

text: where

text: the

text: tension

text: develops

text: for

text: he

text: also

text: wants

text: to

text: give

text: a

text: reasoned

text: moral

text: defense

text: of

text: the

text: free

text: market

text: He

text: is

text: an

text: intellectual

text: skeptic

text: who

text: wants

text: to

text: give

text: political

text: philosophy

text: a

text: secure

text: intellectual

text: foundation

text: It

text: is

text: thus

text: not

text: too

text: surprising

text: that

text: what

text: results

text: is

text: confused

text: and

text: contradictory

question: Who criticizes Hayek's ability to provide specific facts?

answer: Arthur M. Diamond

text: Arthur M. Diamond

question: Diamond believes Hayek's weaknesses come out when he steps beyond the bounds of what topic?

answer: economic science

text: economic science

question: What term does Diamond use to refer to Hayek?

answer: intellectual skeptic

text: intellectual skeptic

question: Diamond states that the final result of Hayek's statements are what?

answer: confused and contradictory

text: confused and contradictory


text: In the 1990s and the new millennium, the city has produced a number of influential hip hop artists, including Eminem, the hip-hop artist with the highest cumulative sales, hip-hop producer J Dilla, rapper and producer Esham and hip hop duo Insane Clown Posse. The city is also home to rappers Big Sean and Danny Brown. The band Sponge toured and produced music, with artists such as Kid Rock and Uncle Kracker. The city also has an active garage rock genre that has generated national attention with acts such as: The White Stripes, The Von Bondies, The Detroit Cobras, The Dirtbombs, Electric Six, and The Hard Lessons.

title: Detroit

title: Detroit

text: In

text: the

text: and

text: the

text: new

text: millennium

text: the

text: city

text: has

text: produced

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: influential

text: hip

text: hop

text: artists

text: including

text: Eminem

text: the

text: hip

text: hop

text: artist

text: with

text: the

text: highest

text: cumulative

text: sales

text: hip

text: hop

text: producer

text: J

text: Dilla

text: rapper

text: and

text: producer

text: Esham

text: and

text: hip

text: hop

text: duo

text: Insane

text: Clown

text: Posse

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: also

text: home

text: to

text: rappers

text: Big

text: Sean

text: and

text: Danny

text: Brown

text: The

text: band

text: Sponge

text: toured

text: and

text: produced

text: music

text: with

text: artists

text: such

text: as

text: Kid

text: Rock

text: and

text: Uncle

text: Kracker

text: The

text: city

text: also

text: has

text: an

text: active

text: garage

text: rock

text: genre

text: that

text: has

text: generated

text: national

text: attention

text: with

text: acts

text: such

text: as

text: The

text: White

text: Stripes

text: The

text: Von

text: Bondies

text: The

text: Detroit

text: Cobras

text: The

text: Dirtbombs

text: Electric

text: Six

text: and

text: The

text: Hard

text: Lessons

question: Which Detroit artist has the highest hip-hop sales?

answer: Eminem

text: Eminem

question: Which band toured with Kid Rock?

answer: Sponge

text: Sponge

question: What genre does The White Stripes fit into?

answer: garage rock

text: garage rock

question: What is J Dilla's occupation?

answer: producer

text: producer


text: Though it is the most played local derby in the history of La Liga, it is also the most unbalanced, with Barcelona overwhelmingly dominant. In the primera división league table, Espanyol has only managed to end above Barça on three occasions from 80 seasons (1928–2015) and the only all-Catalan Copa del Rey final was won by Barça in 1957. Espanyol has the consolation of achieving the largest margin win with a 6–0 in 1951, while Barcelona's biggest win was 5–0 on five occasions (in 1933, 1947, 1964, 1975 and 1992). Espanyol achieved a 2–1 win against Barça during the 2008–09 season, becoming the first team to defeat Barcelona at Camp Nou in their treble-winning season.

title: FC_Barcelona

title: FC_Barcelona

text: Though

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: played

text: local

text: derby

text: in

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: La

text: Liga

text: it

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: most

text: unbalanced

text: with

text: Barcelona

text: overwhelmingly

text: dominant

text: In

text: the

text: primera

text: división

text: league

text: table

text: Espanyol

text: has

text: only

text: managed

text: to

text: end

text: above

text: Barça

text: on

text: three

text: occasions

text: from

text: seasons

text: and

text: the

text: only

text: all

text: Catalan

text: Copa

text: del

text: Rey

text: final

text: was

text: won

text: by

text: Barça

text: in

text: Espanyol

text: has

text: the

text: consolation

text: of

text: achieving

text: the

text: largest

text: margin

text: win

text: with

text: a

text: in

text: while

text: Barcelona

text: 's

text: biggest

text: win

text: was

text: on

text: five

text: occasions

text: in

text: and

text: Espanyol

text: achieved

text: a

text: win

text: against

text: Barça

text: during

text: the

text: season

text: becoming

text: the

text: first

text: team

text: to

text: defeat

text: Barcelona

text: at

text: Camp

text: Nou

text: in

text: their

text: treble

text: winning

text: season

question: What team is dominate in won games in La Liga?

answer: Barcelona

text: Barcelona

question: What team has beaten Barcelona three times in 80 seasons?

answer: Espanyol

text: Espanyol

question: What team won the all-Catalan Copa del Rey in 1957?

answer: Barcelona

text: Barcelona

question: Which team has the largest margin win?

answer: Espanyol

text: Espanyol

question: When was Espanyol's margin win of 6-0?

answer: 1951


text: The advertised battery life on most models is different from the real-world achievable life. For example, the fifth generation 30 GB iPod is advertised as having up to 14 hours of music playback. An MP3.com report stated that this was virtually unachievable under real-life usage conditions, with a writer for MP3.com getting on average less than 8 hours from an iPod. In 2003, class action lawsuits were brought against Apple complaining that the battery charges lasted for shorter lengths of time than stated and that the battery degraded over time. The lawsuits were settled by offering individuals either US$50 store credit or a free battery replacement.

title: IPod

title: IPod

text: The

text: advertised

text: battery

text: life

text: on

text: most

text: models

text: is

text: different

text: from

text: the

text: real

text: world

text: achievable

text: life

text: For

text: example

text: the

text: fifth

text: generation

text: GB

text: iPod

text: is

text: advertised

text: as

text: having

text: up

text: to

text: hours

text: of

text: music

text: playback

text: An

text: report

text: stated

text: that

text: this

text: was

text: virtually

text: unachievable

text: under

text: real

text: life

text: usage

text: conditions

text: with

text: a

text: writer

text: for

text: getting

text: on

text: average

text: less

text: than

text: hours

text: from

text: an

text: iPod

text: In

text: class

text: action

text: lawsuits

text: were

text: brought

text: against

text: Apple

text: complaining

text: that

text: the

text: battery

text: charges

text: lasted

text: for

text: shorter

text: lengths

text: of

text: time

text: than

text: stated

text: and

text: that

text: the

text: battery

text: degraded

text: over

text: time

text: The

text: lawsuits

text: were

text: settled

text: by

text: offering

text: individuals

text: either

text: US$

text: store

text: credit

text: or

text: a

text: free

text: battery

text: replacement

question: How long were 5th generation iPods marketed as being able to function before needing to be charged?

answer: 14 hours

text: 14 hours

question: Which website criticized Apple's battery life claims?

answer: MP3.com

question: In what year was Apple sued for issues relating to its battery life?

answer: 2003

question: Discrepancy in what spec brought about a class action suit against Apple in 2003?

answer: battery life

text: battery life

question: How many hours of real-time battery life did the 5th-generation iPod test at, compared to its advertised 14 hours?

answer: 8 hours

text: 8 hours


text: Queen are one of the most bootlegged bands ever, according to Nick Weymouth, who manages the band's official website. A 2001 survey discovered the existence of 12,225 websites dedicated to Queen bootlegs, the highest number for any band. Bootleg recordings have contributed to the band's popularity in certain countries where Western music is censored, such as Iran. In a project called Queen: The Top 100 Bootlegs, many of these have been made officially available to download for a nominal fee from Queen's website, with profits going to the Mercury Phoenix Trust. Rolling Stone ranked Queen at number 52 on its list of the "100 Greatest Artists of All Time", while ranking Mercury the 18th greatest singer, and May the twenty-sixth greatest guitarist. Queen were named 13th on VH1's 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock list, and in 2010 were ranked 17th on VH1's 100 Greatest Artists of All Time list. In 2012, Gigwise readers named Queen the best band of past 60 years.

title: Queen_(band)

title: Queen_(band

text: Queen

text: are

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: bootlegged

text: bands

text: ever

text: according

text: to

text: Nick

text: Weymouth

text: who

text: manages

text: the

text: band

text: 's

text: official

text: website

text: A

text: survey

text: discovered

text: the

text: existence

text: of

text: websites

text: dedicated

text: to

text: Queen

text: bootlegs

text: the

text: highest

text: number

text: for

text: any

text: band

text: Bootleg

text: recordings

text: have

text: contributed

text: to

text: the

text: band

text: 's

text: popularity

text: in

text: certain

text: countries

text: where

text: Western

text: music

text: is

text: censored

text: such

text: as

text: Iran

text: In

text: a

text: project

text: called

text: Queen

text: The

text: Top

text: Bootlegs

text: many

text: of

text: these

text: have

text: been

text: made

text: officially

text: available

text: to

text: download

text: for

text: a

text: nominal

text: fee

text: from

text: Queen

text: 's

text: website

text: with

text: profits

text: going

text: to

text: the

text: Mercury

text: Phoenix

text: Trust

text: Rolling

text: Stone

text: ranked

text: Queen

text: at

text: number

text: on

text: its

text: list

text: of

text: the

text: Greatest

text: Artists

text: of

text: All

text: Time

text: while

text: ranking

text: Mercury

text: the

text: greatest

text: singer

text: and

text: May

text: the

text: twenty

text: sixth

text: greatest

text: guitarist

text: Queen

text: were

text: named

text: on

text: 's

text: Greatest

text: Artists

text: of

text: Hard

text: Rock

text: list

text: and

text: in

text: were

text: ranked

text: on

text: 's

text: Greatest

text: Artists

text: of

text: All

text: Time

text: list

text: In

text: Gigwise

text: readers

text: named

text: Queen

text: the

text: best

text: band

text: of

text: past

text: years

question: How many Queen bootleg sites were discovered in 2001?

answer: 12,225

question: Where did Queen rank on Rolling Stone's 100 Greatest Artists of All Time in 2001?

answer: number 52

text: number 52

question: In 2010 VH1 ranked Queen at what number on their Greatest Artist of All Time List?

answer: 17th

question: What country is a popular site for Queen bootlegs because it is outlawed?

answer: Iran

text: Iran


text: By the end of the 18th century the population had risen to 300 million from approximately 150 million during the late Ming dynasty. The dramatic rise in population was due to several reasons, including the long period of peace and stability in the 18th century and the import of new crops China received from the Americas, including peanuts, sweet potatoes and maize. New species of rice from Southeast Asia led to a huge increase in production. Merchant guilds proliferated in all of the growing Chinese cities and often acquired great social and even political influence. Rich merchants with official connections built up huge fortunes and patronized literature, theater and the arts. Textile and handicraft production boomed.

title: Qing_dynasty

title: Qing_dynasty

text: By

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: population

text: had

text: risen

text: to

text: million

text: from

text: approximately

text: million

text: during

text: the

text: late

text: Ming

text: dynasty

text: The

text: dramatic

text: rise

text: in

text: population

text: was

text: due

text: to

text: several

text: reasons

text: including

text: the

text: long

text: period

text: of

text: peace

text: and

text: stability

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: and

text: the

text: import

text: of

text: new

text: crops

text: China

text: received

text: from

text: the

text: Americas

text: including

text: peanuts

text: sweet

text: potatoes

text: and

text: maize

text: New

text: species

text: of

text: rice

text: from

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: led

text: to

text: a

text: huge

text: increase

text: in

text: production

text: Merchant

text: guilds

text: proliferated

text: in

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: growing

text: Chinese

text: cities

text: and

text: often

text: acquired

text: great

text: social

text: and

text: even

text: political

text: influence

text: Rich

text: merchants

text: with

text: official

text: connections

text: built

text: up

text: huge

text: fortunes

text: and

text: patronized

text: literature

text: theater

text: and

text: the

text: arts

text: Textile

text: and

text: handicraft

text: production

text: boomed

question: What was China's population at the end of the 18th century?

answer: 300 million

text: 300 million

question: What were the reasons for the population explosion during the 18th century?

answer: peace and stability in the 18th century and the import of new crops

text: peace and stability in the 18th century and the import of new crops

question: What crops were imported?

answer: peanuts, sweet potatoes and maize. New species of rice

text: peanuts, sweet potatoes and maize. New species of rice


text: With Eisenhower's leadership and Dulles' direction, CIA activities increased under the pretense of resisting the spread of communism in poorer countries; the CIA in part deposed the leaders of Iran in Operation Ajax, of Guatemala through Operation Pbsuccess, and possibly the newly independent Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville). In 1954 Eisenhower wanted to increase surveillance inside the Soviet Union. With Dulles' recommendation, he authorized the deployment of thirty Lockheed U-2's at a cost of $35 million. The Eisenhower administration also planned the Bay of Pigs Invasion to overthrow Fidel Castro in Cuba, which John F. Kennedy was left to carry out."

title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

text: With

text: Eisenhower

text: 's

text: leadership

text: and

text: Dulles

text: direction

text: CIA

text: activities

text: increased

text: under

text: the

text: pretense

text: of

text: resisting

text: the

text: spread

text: of

text: communism

text: in

text: poorer

text: countries

text: the

text: CIA

text: in

text: part

text: deposed

text: the

text: leaders

text: of

text: Iran

text: in

text: Operation

text: Ajax

text: of

text: Guatemala

text: through

text: Operation

text: Pbsuccess

text: and

text: possibly

text: the

text: newly

text: independent

text: Republic

text: of

text: the

text: Congo

text: Léopoldville

text: In

text: Eisenhower

text: wanted

text: to

text: increase

text: surveillance

text: inside

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: With

text: Dulles

text: recommendation

text: he

text: authorized

text: the

text: deployment

text: of

text: thirty

text: Lockheed

text: 's

text: at

text: a

text: cost

text: of

text: million

text: The

text: Eisenhower

text: administration

text: also

text: planned

text: the

text: Bay

text: of

text: Pigs

text: Invasion

text: to

text: overthrow

text: Fidel

text: Castro

text: in

text: Cuba

text: which

text: John

text: F.

text: Kennedy

text: was

text: left

text: to

text: carry

text: out

question: Who was the director of the CIA?

answer: Dulles

text: Dulles

question: What was the code name of the overthrow of the Iranian government?

answer: Operation Ajax

text: Operation Ajax

question: What CIA operation toppled the Guatemalan government?

answer: Pbsuccess

text: Pbsuccess

question: What company made the U-2?

answer: Lockheed

text: Lockheed

question: Under what president did the Bay of Pigs Invasion take place?

answer: John F. Kennedy

text: John F. Kennedy


text: Israelites enjoyed political independence twice in ancient history, first during the periods of the Biblical judges followed by the United Monarchy.[disputed – discuss] After the fall of the United Monarchy the land was divided into Israel and Judah. The term Jew originated from the Roman "Judean" and denoted someone from the southern kingdom of Judah. The shift of ethnonym from "Israelites" to "Jews" (inhabitant of Judah), although not contained in the Torah, is made explicit in the Book of Esther (4th century BCE), a book in the Ketuvim, the third section of the Jewish Tanakh. In 587 BC Nebuchadnezzar II, King of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, besieged Jerusalem, destroyed the First Temple, and deported the most prominent citizens of Judah. In 586 BC, Judah itself ceased to be an independent kingdom, and its remaining Jews were left stateless. The Babylonian exile ended in 539 BCE when the Achaemenid Empire conquered Babylon and Cyrus the Great allowed the exiled Jews to return to Yehud and rebuild their Temple. The Second Temple was completed in 515 BCE. Yehud province was a peaceful part of the Achaemenid Empire until the fall of the Empire in c. 333 BCE to Alexander the Great. Jews were also politically independent during the Hasmonean dynasty spanning from 140 to 37 BCE and to some degree under the Herodian dynasty from 37 BCE to 6 CE. Since the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE, most Jews have lived in diaspora. As an ethnic minority in every country in which they live (except Israel), they have frequently experienced persecution throughout history, resulting in a population that has fluctuated both in numbers and distribution over the centuries.[citation needed]

title: Jews

title: Jews

text: Israelites

text: enjoyed

text: political

text: independence

text: twice

text: in

text: ancient

text: history

text: first

text: during

text: the

text: periods

text: of

text: the

text: Biblical

text: judges

text: followed

text: by

text: the

text: United

text: Monarchy.[disputed

text: discuss

text: After

text: the

text: fall

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Monarchy

text: the

text: land

text: was

text: divided

text: into

text: Israel

text: and

text: Judah

text: The

text: term

text: Jew

text: originated

text: from

text: the

text: Roman

text: Judean

text: and

text: denoted

text: someone

text: from

text: the

text: southern

text: kingdom

text: of

text: Judah

text: The

text: shift

text: of

text: ethnonym

text: from

text: Israelites

text: to

text: Jews

text: inhabitant

text: of

text: Judah

text: although

text: not

text: contained

text: in

text: the

text: Torah

text: is

text: made

text: explicit

text: in

text: the

text: Book

text: of

text: Esther

text: century

text: BCE

text: a

text: book

text: in

text: the

text: Ketuvim

text: the

text: third

text: section

text: of

text: the

text: Jewish

text: Tanakh

text: In

text: BC

text: Nebuchadnezzar

text: II

text: King

text: of

text: the

text: Neo

text: Babylonian

text: Empire

text: besieged

text: Jerusalem

text: destroyed

text: the

text: First

text: Temple

text: and

text: deported

text: the

text: most

text: prominent

text: citizens

text: of

text: Judah

text: In

text: BC

text: Judah

text: itself

text: ceased

text: to

text: be

text: an

text: independent

text: kingdom

text: and

text: its

text: remaining

text: Jews

text: were

text: left

text: stateless

text: The

text: Babylonian

text: exile

text: ended

text: in

text: BCE

text: when

text: the

text: Achaemenid

text: Empire

text: conquered

text: Babylon

text: and

text: Cyrus

text: the

text: Great

text: allowed

text: the

text: exiled

text: Jews

text: to

text: return

text: to

text: Yehud

text: and

text: rebuild

text: their

text: Temple

text: The

text: Second

text: Temple

text: was

text: completed

text: in

text: BCE

text: Yehud

text: province

text: was

text: a

text: peaceful

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Achaemenid

text: Empire

text: until

text: the

text: fall

text: of

text: the

text: Empire

text: in

text: c.

text: BCE

text: to

text: Alexander

text: the

text: Great

text: Jews

text: were

text: also

text: politically

text: independent

text: during

text: the

text: Hasmonean

text: dynasty

text: spanning

text: from

text: to

text: BCE

text: and

text: to

text: some

text: degree

text: under

text: the

text: Herodian

text: dynasty

text: from

text: BCE

text: to

text: CE

text: Since

text: the

text: destruction

text: of

text: the

text: Second

text: Temple

text: in

text: CE

text: most

text: Jews

text: have

text: lived

text: in

text: diaspora

text: As

text: an

text: ethnic

text: minority

text: in

text: every

text: country

text: in

text: which

text: they

text: live

text: except

text: Israel

text: they

text: have

text: frequently

text: experienced

text: persecution

text: throughout

text: history

text: resulting

text: in

text: a

text: population

text: that

text: has

text: fluctuated

text: both

text: in

text: numbers

text: and

text: distribution

text: over

text: the

text: centuries.[citation

text: needed

question: How many times did Israelites have political independence in ancient history?

answer: twice

text: twice

question: From where did the term Jews originate?

answer: Roman "Judean

text: Roman "Judean

question: When was land divided into Israel and Judah?

answer: After the fall of the United Monarchy

text: After the fall of the United Monarchy

question: Inhabitants of Judah are known as what?

answer: Jews

text: Jews

question: When did the Babylonian exile end?

answer: 539 BCE

text: 539 BCE


text: The Governor's Cup is a yacht race between Cape Town and Saint Helena island, held every two years in December/January; the most recent event was in December 2010. In Jamestown a timed run takes place up Jacob's Ladder every year, with people coming from all over the world to take part.

title: Saint_Helena

title: Saint_Helena

text: The

text: Governor

text: 's

text: Cup

text: is

text: a

text: yacht

text: race

text: between

text: Cape

text: Town

text: and

text: Saint

text: Helena

text: island

text: held

text: every

text: two

text: years

text: in

text: December

text: January

text: the

text: most

text: recent

text: event

text: was

text: in

text: December

text: In

text: Jamestown

text: a

text: timed

text: run

text: takes

text: place

text: up

text: Jacob

text: 's

text: Ladder

text: every

text: year

text: with

text: people

text: coming

text: from

text: all

text: over

text: the

text: world

text: to

text: take

text: part

question: Where does the Governor's cup take place?

answer: between Cape Town and Saint Helena island,

text: between Cape Town and Saint Helena island,

question: What months does the Governor's cup take place?

answer: December/January

text: December/January

question: When did the most recent Governor's cup take place?

answer: December 2010

text: December 2010


text: The post-Mughal era was dominated by the rise of the Maratha suzerainty as other small regional states (mostly late Mughal tributary states) emerged, and also by the increasing activities of European powers. There is no doubt that the single most important power to emerge in the long twilight of the Mughal dynasty was the Maratha confederacy. The Maratha kingdom was founded and consolidated by Chatrapati Shivaji, a Maratha aristocrat of the Bhonsle clan who was determined to establish Hindavi Swarajya. Sir J.N. Sarkar described Shivaji as "the last great constructive genius and nation builder that the Hindu race has produced". However, the credit for making the Marathas formidable power nationally goes to Peshwa Bajirao I. Historian K.K. Datta wrote about Bajirao I:

title: History_of_India

title: History_of_India

text: The

text: post

text: Mughal

text: era

text: was

text: dominated

text: by

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: the

text: Maratha

text: suzerainty

text: as

text: other

text: small

text: regional

text: states

text: mostly

text: late

text: Mughal

text: tributary

text: states

text: emerged

text: and

text: also

text: by

text: the

text: increasing

text: activities

text: of

text: European

text: powers

text: There

text: is

text: no

text: doubt

text: that

text: the

text: single

text: most

text: important

text: power

text: to

text: emerge

text: in

text: the

text: long

text: twilight

text: of

text: the

text: Mughal

text: dynasty

text: was

text: the

text: Maratha

text: confederacy

text: The

text: Maratha

text: kingdom

text: was

text: founded

text: and

text: consolidated

text: by

text: Chatrapati

text: Shivaji

text: a

text: Maratha

text: aristocrat

text: of

text: the

text: Bhonsle

text: clan

text: who

text: was

text: determined

text: to

text: establish

text: Hindavi

text: Swarajya

text: Sir

text: J.N.

text: Sarkar

text: described

text: Shivaji

text: as

text: the

text: last

text: great

text: constructive

text: genius

text: and

text: nation

text: builder

text: that

text: the

text: Hindu

text: race

text: has

text: produced

text: However

text: the

text: credit

text: for

text: making

text: the

text: Marathas

text: formidable

text: power

text: nationally

text: goes

text: to

text: Peshwa

text: Bajirao

text: I.

text: Historian

text: K.K.

text: Datta

text: wrote

text: about

text: Bajirao

text: I

question: The rise of what dynasty followed the era of the Mughals?

answer: Maratha suzerainty

text: Maratha suzerainty

question: What founding was of importance in the  decline of the Mughals?

answer: Maratha confederacy

text: Maratha confederacy

question: Who consolidated the Maratha kingdom?

answer: Chatrapati Shivaji

text: Chatrapati Shivaji

question: What did J.N. Sarkar say of Shivaji's nation building?

answer: great constructive genius

text: great constructive genius

question: Who made the Marathas a strong power?

answer: Peshwa Bajirao I

text: Peshwa Bajirao I