text: Hayek’s concept of the market as a spontaneous order has been recently applied to ecosystems to defend a broadly non-interventionist policy. Like the market, ecosystems contain complex networks of information, involve an ongoing dynamic process, contain orders within orders, and the entire system operates without being directed by a conscious mind. On this analysis, species takes the place of price as a visible element of the system formed by a complex set of largely unknowable elements. Human ignorance about the countless interactions between the organisms of an ecosystem limits our ability to manipulate nature. Since humans rely on the ecosystem to sustain themselves, we have a prima facie obligation to not disrupt such systems. This analysis of ecosystems as spontaneous orders does not rely on markets qualifying as spontaneous orders. As such, one need not endorse Hayek’s analysis of markets to endorse ecosystems as spontaneous orders.

title: Friedrich_Hayek

title: Friedrich_Hayek

text: Hayek

text: ’s

text: concept

text: of

text: the

text: market

text: as

text: a

text: spontaneous

text: order

text: has

text: been

text: recently

text: applied

text: to

text: ecosystems

text: to

text: defend

text: a

text: broadly

text: non

text: interventionist

text: policy

text: Like

text: the

text: market

text: ecosystems

text: contain

text: complex

text: networks

text: of

text: information

text: involve

text: an

text: ongoing

text: dynamic

text: process

text: contain

text: orders

text: within

text: orders

text: and

text: the

text: entire

text: system

text: operates

text: without

text: being

text: directed

text: by

text: a

text: conscious

text: mind

text: On

text: this

text: analysis

text: species

text: takes

text: the

text: place

text: of

text: price

text: as

text: a

text: visible

text: element

text: of

text: the

text: system

text: formed

text: by

text: a

text: complex

text: set

text: of

text: largely

text: unknowable

text: elements

text: Human

text: ignorance

text: about

text: the

text: countless

text: interactions

text: between

text: the

text: organisms

text: of

text: an

text: ecosystem

text: limits

text: our

text: ability

text: to

text: manipulate

text: nature

text: Since

text: humans

text: rely

text: on

text: the

text: ecosystem

text: to

text: sustain

text: themselves

text: we

text: have

text: a

text: prima

text: facie

text: obligation

text: to

text: not

text: disrupt

text: such

text: systems

text: This

text: analysis

text: of

text: ecosystems

text: as

text: spontaneous

text: orders

text: does

text: not

text: rely

text: on

text: markets

text: qualifying

text: as

text: spontaneous

text: orders

text: As

text: such

text: one

text: need

text: not

text: endorse

text: Hayek

text: ’s

text: analysis

text: of

text: markets

text: to

text: endorse

text: ecosystems

text: as

text: spontaneous

text: orders

question: What has Hayek's views on the market been used to defend?

answer: non-interventionist policy

text: non-interventionist policy

question: What is the term used to describe the obligation for humans to avoid disrupting the ecosystem?

answer: prima facie

text: prima facie

question: What are ecosystems views to be?

answer: spontaneous orders

text: spontaneous orders

question: One might still support spontaneous orders without agreeing with which of Hayek's assessments?

answer: analysis of markets

text: analysis of markets

question: What is limited by the ignorance of humanity?

answer: our ability to manipulate nature

text: our ability to manipulate nature


text: Relations between Nasser and King Hussein deteriorated in April when Hussein implicated Nasser in two coup attempts against him—although Nasser's involvement was never established—and dissolved al-Nabulsi's cabinet. Nasser subsequently slammed Hussein on Cairo radio as being "a tool of the imperialists". Relations with King Saud also became antagonistic as the latter began to fear that Nasser's increasing popularity in Saudi Arabia was a genuine threat to the royal family's survival. Despite opposition from the governments of Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Lebanon, Nasser maintained his prestige among their citizens and those of other Arab countries.

title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

text: Relations

text: between

text: Nasser

text: and

text: King

text: Hussein

text: deteriorated

text: in

text: April

text: when

text: Hussein

text: implicated

text: Nasser

text: in

text: two

text: coup

text: attempts

text: against

text: him

text: although

text: Nasser

text: 's

text: involvement

text: was

text: never

text: established

text: and

text: dissolved

text: al

text: Nabulsi

text: 's

text: cabinet

text: Nasser

text: subsequently

text: slammed

text: Hussein

text: on

text: Cairo

text: radio

text: as

text: being

text: a

text: tool

text: of

text: the

text: imperialists

text: Relations

text: with

text: King

text: Saud

text: also

text: became

text: antagonistic

text: as

text: the

text: latter

text: began

text: to

text: fear

text: that

text: Nasser

text: 's

text: increasing

text: popularity

text: in

text: Saudi

text: Arabia

text: was

text: a

text: genuine

text: threat

text: to

text: the

text: royal

text: family

text: 's

text: survival

text: Despite

text: opposition

text: from

text: the

text: governments

text: of

text: Jordan

text: Saudi

text: Arabia

text: Iraq

text: and

text: Lebanon

text: Nasser

text: maintained

text: his

text: prestige

text: among

text: their

text: citizens

text: and

text: those

text: of

text: other

text: Arab

text: countries

question: What leader accused Nasser of trying to overthrow him?

answer: King Hussein

text: King Hussein

question: What did Nasser call King Hussein?

answer: a tool of the imperialists

text: a tool of the imperialists

question: What non-Egyptian leader was concerned about Nasser's popularity outside of Egypt?

answer: King Saud

text: King Saud

question: Despite conflicts with Arab governments, who continued to support Nasser?

answer: citizens

text: citizens


text: The Gaza Strip was occupied by Egypt from 1948 to 1967 and then by Israel after 1967. In 2005, as part of Israel's unilateral disengagement plan, Israel removed all of its settlers and forces from the territory. Israel does not consider the Gaza Strip to be occupied territory and declared it a "foreign territory". That view has been disputed by numerous international humanitarian organizations and various bodies of the United Nations. Following June 2007, when Hamas assumed power in the Gaza Strip, Israel tightened its control of the Gaza crossings along its border, as well as by sea and air, and prevented persons from entering and exiting the area except for isolated cases it deemed humanitarian. Gaza has a border with Egypt and an agreement between Israel, the European Union and the PA governed how border crossing would take place (it was monitored by European observers). Egypt adhered to this agreement under Mubarak and prevented access to Gaza until April 2011 when it announced it was opening its border with Gaza.

title: Israel

title: Israel

text: The

text: Gaza

text: Strip

text: was

text: occupied

text: by

text: Egypt

text: from

text: to

text: and

text: then

text: by

text: Israel

text: after

text: In

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: Israel

text: 's

text: unilateral

text: disengagement

text: plan

text: Israel

text: removed

text: all

text: of

text: its

text: settlers

text: and

text: forces

text: from

text: the

text: territory

text: Israel

text: does

text: not

text: consider

text: the

text: Gaza

text: Strip

text: to

text: be

text: occupied

text: territory

text: and

text: declared

text: it

text: a

text: foreign

text: territory

text: That

text: view

text: has

text: been

text: disputed

text: by

text: numerous

text: international

text: humanitarian

text: organizations

text: and

text: various

text: bodies

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: Following

text: June

text: when

text: Hamas

text: assumed

text: power

text: in

text: the

text: Gaza

text: Strip

text: Israel

text: tightened

text: its

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: Gaza

text: crossings

text: along

text: its

text: border

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: by

text: sea

text: and

text: air

text: and

text: prevented

text: persons

text: from

text: entering

text: and

text: exiting

text: the

text: area

text: except

text: for

text: isolated

text: cases

text: it

text: deemed

text: humanitarian

text: Gaza

text: has

text: a

text: border

text: with

text: Egypt

text: and

text: an

text: agreement

text: between

text: Israel

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: and

text: the

text: PA

text: governed

text: how

text: border

text: crossing

text: would

text: take

text: place

text: it

text: was

text: monitored

text: by

text: European

text: observers

text: Egypt

text: adhered

text: to

text: this

text: agreement

text: under

text: Mubarak

text: and

text: prevented

text: access

text: to

text: Gaza

text: until

text: April

text: when

text: it

text: announced

text: it

text: was

text: opening

text: its

text: border

text: with

text: Gaza

question: The Gaza Strip was occupied by who from 1948 to 1967?

answer: Egypt

text: Egypt

question: Who occupied the Gaza Strip after 1967?

answer: Israel

text: Israel

question: When did Hamas assume it's power in the Gaza Strip?

answer: June 2007

text: June 2007


text: The strides that the Johnson presidency made in ensuring equal opportunity in the workforce were further picked up by his successor Nixon. In 1969 the Nixon administration initiated the "Philadelphia Order". It was regarded as the most forceful plan thus far to guarantee fair hiring practices in construction jobs. Philadelphia was selected as the test case because, as Assistant Secretary of Labor Arthur Fletcher explained, "The craft unions and the construction industry are among the most egregious offenders against equal opportunity laws . . . openly hostile toward letting blacks into their closed circle." The order included definite "goals and timetables." As President Nixon asserted, "We would not impose quotas, but would require federal contractors to show 'affirmative action' to meet the goals of increasing minority employment."

title: Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States

title: Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States

text: The

text: strides

text: that

text: the

text: Johnson

text: presidency

text: made

text: in

text: ensuring

text: equal

text: opportunity

text: in

text: the

text: workforce

text: were

text: further

text: picked

text: up

text: by

text: his

text: successor

text: Nixon

text: In

text: the

text: Nixon

text: administration

text: initiated

text: the

text: Philadelphia

text: Order

text: It

text: was

text: regarded

text: as

text: the

text: most

text: forceful

text: plan

text: thus

text: far

text: to

text: guarantee

text: fair

text: hiring

text: practices

text: in

text: construction

text: jobs

text: Philadelphia

text: was

text: selected

text: as

text: the

text: test

text: case

text: because

text: as

text: Assistant

text: Secretary

text: of

text: Labor

text: Arthur

text: Fletcher

text: explained

text: The

text: craft

text: unions

text: and

text: the

text: construction

text: industry

text: are

text: among

text: the

text: most

text: egregious

text: offenders

text: against

text: equal

text: opportunity

text: laws

text: openly

text: hostile

text: toward

text: letting

text: blacks

text: into

text: their

text: closed

text: circle

text: The

text: order

text: included

text: definite

text: goals

text: and

text: timetables

text: As

text: President

text: Nixon

text: asserted

text: We

text: would

text: not

text: impose

text: quotas

text: but

text: would

text: require

text: federal

text: contractors

text: to

text: show

text: affirmative

text: action

text: to

text: meet

text: the

text: goals

text: of

text: increasing

text: minority

text: employment

question: Who followed in Johnson's footsteps in terms of ensuring equal opportunity?

answer: his successor Nixon

text: his successor Nixon

question: Which piece of legislation was begun in 1969?

answer: Philadelphia Order

text: Philadelphia Order

question: Which industry of jobs did the legislation target?

answer: construction

text: construction

question: Aside from the construction industry, which other group was one of the main offenders against equal opportunity laws?

answer: craft unions

text: craft unions

question: Who held the position of Assistant Secretary of Labor?

answer: Arthur Fletcher

text: Arthur Fletcher


text: The RCAF and Joint Task Force (North) (JTFN) also maintain at various points throughout Canada's northern region a chain of forward operating locations, each capable of supporting fighter operations. Elements of CF-18 squadrons periodically deploy to these airports for short training exercises or Arctic sovereignty patrols.

title: Canadian_Armed_Forces

title: Canadian_Armed_Forces

text: The

text: RCAF

text: and

text: Joint

text: Task

text: Force

text: North

text: JTFN

text: also

text: maintain

text: at

text: various

text: points

text: throughout

text: Canada

text: 's

text: northern

text: region

text: a

text: chain

text: of

text: forward

text: operating

text: locations

text: each

text: capable

text: of

text: supporting

text: fighter

text: operations

text: Elements

text: of

text: squadrons

text: periodically

text: deploy

text: to

text: these

text: airports

text: for

text: short

text: training

text: exercises

text: or

text: Arctic

text: sovereignty

text: patrols

question: What does JTFN stand for?

answer: Joint Task Force (North)

text: Joint Task Force (North)

question: What it located through Canada's Northern Regions?

answer: a chain of forward operating locations

text: a chain of forward operating locations

question: What can each forwarding operation location provide?

answer: fighter operations

text: fighter operations

question: What squadrons deploy to these locations?

answer: CF-18 squadrons

text: CF-18 squadrons

question: What patrols are organized from these locations?

answer: Arctic sovereignty patrols.

text: Arctic sovereignty patrols.


text: On 15 October 1969, while paying a visit to the northern town of Las Anod, Somalia's then President Abdirashid Ali Shermarke was shot dead by one of his own bodyguards. His assassination was quickly followed by a military coup d'état on 21 October 1969 (the day after his funeral), in which the Somali Army seized power without encountering armed opposition — essentially a bloodless takeover. The putsch was spearheaded by Major General Mohamed Siad Barre, who at the time commanded the army.

title: Somalis

title: Somalis

text: On

text: October

text: while

text: paying

text: a

text: visit

text: to

text: the

text: northern

text: town

text: of

text: Las

text: Anod

text: Somalia

text: 's

text: then

text: President

text: Abdirashid

text: Ali

text: Shermarke

text: was

text: shot

text: dead

text: by

text: one

text: of

text: his

text: own

text: bodyguards

text: His

text: assassination

text: was

text: quickly

text: followed

text: by

text: a

text: military

text: coup

text: d'état

text: on

text: October

text: the

text: day

text: after

text: his

text: funeral

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: Somali

text: Army

text: seized

text: power

text: without

text: encountering

text: armed

text: opposition

text: essentially

text: a

text: bloodless

text: takeover

text: The

text: putsch

text: was

text: spearheaded

text: by

text: Major

text: General

text: Mohamed

text: Siad

text: Barre

text: who

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: commanded

text: the

text: army

question: On what date was Abdirashid Ali Shermarke assassinated?

answer: 15 October 1969

text: 15 October 1969

question: Who assassinated Abdirashid Ali Shermarke?

answer: one of his own bodyguards

text: one of his own bodyguards

question: On what day, the day after the funeral of Abdirashid Ali Shermarke, did a coup occur?

answer: 21 October 1969

text: 21 October 1969

question: Who was the commander of the army when the coup occurred?

answer: Mohamed Siad Barre

text: Mohamed Siad Barre

question: What was Mohamed Siad Barre's rank?

answer: Major General

text: Major General


text: Portugal operates a multi-party system of competitive legislatures/local administrative governments at the national-, regional- and local-levels. The Assembly of the Republic, Regional Assemblies and local municipalities and parishes, are dominated by two political parties, the Socialist Party and the Social Democratic Party, in addition to the Unitary Democratic Coalition (Portuguese Communist Party and Ecologist Party "The Greens"), the Left Bloc and the Democratic and Social Centre – People's Party, which garner between 5 and 15% of the vote regularly.

title: Portugal

title: Portugal

text: Portugal

text: operates

text: a

text: multi

text: party

text: system

text: of

text: competitive

text: legislatures

text: local

text: administrative

text: governments

text: at

text: the

text: national-

text: regional-

text: and

text: local

text: levels

text: The

text: Assembly

text: of

text: the

text: Republic

text: Regional

text: Assemblies

text: and

text: local

text: municipalities

text: and

text: parishes

text: are

text: dominated

text: by

text: two

text: political

text: parties

text: the

text: Socialist

text: Party

text: and

text: the

text: Social

text: Democratic

text: Party

text: in

text: addition

text: to

text: the

text: Unitary

text: Democratic

text: Coalition

text: Portuguese

text: Communist

text: Party

text: and

text: Ecologist

text: Party

text: The

text: Greens

text: the

text: Left

text: Bloc

text: and

text: the

text: Democratic

text: and

text: Social

text: Centre

text: People

text: 's

text: Party

text: which

text: garner

text: between

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: vote

text: regularly

question: What two political parties dominate Portugal's government?

answer: Socialist Party and the Social Democratic Party

text: Socialist Party and the Social Democratic Party

question: At what three levels does the Portugal government operate?

answer: national-, regional- and local-levels

text: national-, regional- and local-levels

question: What other political groups exist other than the two dominant ones?

answer: Unitary Democratic Coalition (Portuguese Communist Party and Ecologist Party "The Greens"), the Left Bloc and the Democratic and Social Centre – People's Party

text: Unitary Democratic Coalition (Portuguese Communist Party and Ecologist Party "The Greens"), the Left Bloc and the Democratic and Social Centre – People's Party

question: What percentage of the vote do the non-dominant parties get?

answer: 5 and 15%

text: 5 and 15%


text: During the siege of Jerusalem by the First Crusade in 1099, the Jewish inhabitants of the city fought side by side with the Fatimid garrison and the Muslim population who tried in vain to defend the city against the Crusaders. When the city fell, about 60,000 people were massacred, including 6,000 Jews seeking refuge in a synagogue. At this time, a full thousand years after the fall of the Jewish state, there were Jewish communities all over the country. Fifty of them are known and include Jerusalem, Tiberias, Ramleh, Ashkelon, Caesarea, and Gaza. According to Albert of Aachen, the Jewish residents of Haifa were the main fighting force of the city, and "mixed with Saracen [Fatimid] troops", they fought bravely for close to a month until forced into retreat by the Crusader fleet and land army. However, Joshua Prawer expressed doubt over the story, noting that Albert did not attend the Crusades and that such a prominent role for the Jews is not mentioned by any other source.[undue weight? – discuss]

title: Israel

title: Israel

text: During

text: the

text: siege

text: of

text: Jerusalem

text: by

text: the

text: First

text: Crusade

text: in

text: the

text: Jewish

text: inhabitants

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: fought

text: side

text: by

text: side

text: with

text: the

text: Fatimid

text: garrison

text: and

text: the

text: Muslim

text: population

text: who

text: tried

text: in

text: vain

text: to

text: defend

text: the

text: city

text: against

text: the

text: Crusaders

text: When

text: the

text: city

text: fell

text: about

text: people

text: were

text: massacred

text: including

text: Jews

text: seeking

text: refuge

text: in

text: a

text: synagogue

text: At

text: this

text: time

text: a

text: full

text: thousand

text: years

text: after

text: the

text: fall

text: of

text: the

text: Jewish

text: state

text: there

text: were

text: Jewish

text: communities

text: all

text: over

text: the

text: country

text: Fifty

text: of

text: them

text: are

text: known

text: and

text: include

text: Jerusalem

text: Tiberias

text: Ramleh

text: Ashkelon

text: Caesarea

text: and

text: Gaza

text: According

text: to

text: Albert

text: of

text: Aachen

text: the

text: Jewish

text: residents

text: of

text: Haifa

text: were

text: the

text: main

text: fighting

text: force

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: and

text: mixed

text: with

text: Saracen

text: Fatimid

text: troops

text: they

text: fought

text: bravely

text: for

text: close

text: to

text: a

text: month

text: until

text: forced

text: into

text: retreat

text: by

text: the

text: Crusader

text: fleet

text: and

text: land

text: army

text: However

text: Joshua

text: Prawer

text: expressed

text: doubt

text: over

text: the

text: story

text: noting

text: that

text: Albert

text: did

text: not

text: attend

text: the

text: Crusades

text: and

text: that

text: such

text: a

text: prominent

text: role

text: for

text: the

text: Jews

text: is

text: not

text: mentioned

text: by

text: any

text: other

text: source.[undue

text: weight

text: discuss

question: Who did the Jewish inhabitants fight side by side with?

answer: Fatimid garrison

text: Fatimid garrison

question: How many people were massacred when the city fell?

answer: 60,000

question: How many Jews were seeking refuge?

answer: 6,000


text: According to Tilmann Vetter, the core of earliest Buddhism is the practice of dhyāna. Bronkhorst agrees that dhyana was a Buddhist invention, whereas Norman notes that "the Buddha's way to release [...] was by means of meditative practices." Discriminating insight into transiency as a separate path to liberation was a later development.

title: Buddhism

title: Buddhism

text: According

text: to

text: Tilmann

text: Vetter

text: the

text: core

text: of

text: earliest

text: Buddhism

text: is

text: the

text: practice

text: of

text: dhyāna

text: Bronkhorst

text: agrees

text: that

text: dhyana

text: was

text: a

text: Buddhist

text: invention

text: whereas

text: Norman

text: notes

text: that

text: the

text: Buddha

text: 's

text: way

text: to

text: release

text: was

text: by

text: means

text: of

text: meditative

text: practices

text: Discriminating

text: insight

text: into

text: transiency

text: as

text: a

text: separate

text: path

text: to

text: liberation

text: was

text: a

text: later

text: development

question: What was the earliest Buddhism type?

answer: dhyana

text: dhyana

question: Buddha's way to release was by means of what type of practices?

answer: meditative

text: meditative


text: In the words of Labour Member of Parliament George Hardie, the abdication crisis of 1936 did "more for republicanism than fifty years of propaganda". George VI wrote to his brother Edward that in the aftermath of the abdication he had reluctantly assumed "a rocking throne", and tried "to make it steady again". He became king at a point when public faith in the monarchy was at a low ebb. During his reign his people endured the hardships of war, and imperial power was eroded. However, as a dutiful family man and by showing personal courage, he succeeded in restoring the popularity of the monarchy.

title: George_VI

title: George_VI

text: In

text: the

text: words

text: of

text: Labour

text: Member

text: of

text: Parliament

text: George

text: Hardie

text: the

text: abdication

text: crisis

text: of

text: did

text: more

text: for

text: republicanism

text: than

text: fifty

text: years

text: of

text: propaganda

text: George

text: VI

text: wrote

text: to

text: his

text: brother

text: Edward

text: that

text: in

text: the

text: aftermath

text: of

text: the

text: abdication

text: he

text: had

text: reluctantly

text: assumed

text: a

text: rocking

text: throne

text: and

text: tried

text: to

text: make

text: it

text: steady

text: again

text: He

text: became

text: king

text: at

text: a

text: point

text: when

text: public

text: faith

text: in

text: the

text: monarchy

text: was

text: at

text: a

text: low

text: ebb

text: During

text: his

text: reign

text: his

text: people

text: endured

text: the

text: hardships

text: of

text: war

text: and

text: imperial

text: power

text: was

text: eroded

text: However

text: as

text: a

text: dutiful

text: family

text: man

text: and

text: by

text: showing

text: personal

text: courage

text: he

text: succeeded

text: in

text: restoring

text: the

text: popularity

text: of

text: the

text: monarchy

question: How high was public faith in the monarchy when King George assumed the throne?

answer: low

text: low

question: What position did George Hardie hold?

answer: Labour Member of Parliament

text: Labour Member of Parliament

question: Who was George VI's brother?

answer: Edward

text: Edward


text: Several works from the Golden Age of Animation matched the action to classical music. Notable examples are Walt Disney's Fantasia, Tom and Jerry's Johann Mouse, and Warner Bros.' Rabbit of Seville and What's Opera, Doc?.

title: Classical_music

title: Classical_music

text: Several

text: works

text: from

text: the

text: Golden

text: Age

text: of

text: Animation

text: matched

text: the

text: action

text: to

text: classical

text: music

text: Notable

text: examples

text: are

text: Walt

text: Disney

text: 's

text: Fantasia

text: Tom

text: and

text: Jerry

text: 's

text: Johann

text: Mouse

text: and

text: Warner

text: Bros.

text: Rabbit

text: of

text: Seville

text: and

text: What

text: 's

text: Opera

text: Doc

question: Works from the Golden Age of music matches action to what?

answer: classical music

text: classical music

question: Who produced Fantasia?

answer: Walt Disney

text: Walt Disney

question: Who starred in Johann Mouse?

answer: Tom and Jerry

text: Tom and Jerry

question: Who produced Rabbit of Seville?

answer: Warner Bros

text: Warner Bros

question: Who produced What's Opera, Doc?

answer: Warner Bros

text: Warner Bros


text: With crude oil as the country's primary export, Gaddafi sought to improve Libya's oil sector. In October 1969, he proclaimed the current trade terms unfair, benefiting foreign corporations more than the Libyan state, and by threatening to reduce production, in December Jalloud successfully increased the price of Libyan oil. In 1970, other OPEC states followed suit, leading to a global increase in the price of crude oil. The RCC followed with the Tripoli Agreement, in which they secured income tax, back-payments and better pricing from the oil corporations; these measures brought Libya an estimated $1 billion in additional revenues in its first year.

title: Muammar_Gaddafi

title: Muammar_Gaddafi

text: With

text: crude

text: oil

text: as

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: primary

text: export

text: Gaddafi

text: sought

text: to

text: improve

text: Libya

text: 's

text: oil

text: sector

text: In

text: October

text: he

text: proclaimed

text: the

text: current

text: trade

text: terms

text: unfair

text: benefiting

text: foreign

text: corporations

text: more

text: than

text: the

text: Libyan

text: state

text: and

text: by

text: threatening

text: to

text: reduce

text: production

text: in

text: December

text: Jalloud

text: successfully

text: increased

text: the

text: price

text: of

text: Libyan

text: oil

text: In

text: other

text: OPEC

text: states

text: followed

text: suit

text: leading

text: to

text: a

text: global

text: increase

text: in

text: the

text: price

text: of

text: crude

text: oil

text: The

text: RCC

text: followed

text: with

text: the

text: Tripoli

text: Agreement

text: in

text: which

text: they

text: secured

text: income

text: tax

text: back

text: payments

text: and

text: better

text: pricing

text: from

text: the

text: oil

text: corporations

text: these

text: measures

text: brought

text: Libya

text: an

text: estimated

text: billion

text: in

text: additional

text: revenues

text: in

text: its

text: first

text: year

question: What was Libya's main export?

answer: crude oil

text: crude oil

question: How did Gaddafi's decisions in the oil industry impact other OPEC states?

answer: In 1970, other OPEC states followed suit, leading to a global increase in the price of crude oil.

text: In 1970, other OPEC states followed suit, leading to a global increase in the price of crude oil.

question: What was the main export of Libya?

answer: crude oil

text: crude oil

question: How much money did Libya accrue in a year as a result of the Tripoli Agreement?

answer: $1 billion

text: $1 billion

question: What organization of oil producers was Libya a part of?

answer: OPEC

text: OPEC

question: Who was responsible for raising the price of Libyan oil in 1969?

answer: Jalloud

text: Jalloud


text: Beyoncé is believed to have first started a relationship with Jay Z after a collaboration on "'03 Bonnie & Clyde", which appeared on his seventh album The Blueprint 2: The Gift & The Curse (2002). Beyoncé appeared as Jay Z's girlfriend in the music video for the song, which would further fuel speculation of their relationship. On April 4, 2008, Beyoncé and Jay Z were married without publicity. As of April 2014, the couple have sold a combined 300 million records together. The couple are known for their private relationship, although they have appeared to become more relaxed in recent years. Beyoncé suffered a miscarriage in 2010 or 2011, describing it as "the saddest thing" she had ever endured. She returned to the studio and wrote music in order to cope with the loss. In April 2011, Beyoncé and Jay Z traveled to Paris in order to shoot the album cover for her 4, and unexpectedly became pregnant in Paris.

title: Beyoncé

title: Beyoncé

text: Beyoncé

text: is

text: believed

text: to

text: have

text: first

text: started

text: a

text: relationship

text: with

text: Jay

text: Z

text: after

text: a

text: collaboration

text: on

text: Bonnie

text: Clyde

text: which

text: appeared

text: on

text: his

text: seventh

text: album

text: The

text: Blueprint

text: The

text: Gift

text: The

text: Curse

text: Beyoncé

text: appeared

text: as

text: Jay

text: Z

text: 's

text: girlfriend

text: in

text: the

text: music

text: video

text: for

text: the

text: song

text: which

text: would

text: further

text: fuel

text: speculation

text: of

text: their

text: relationship

text: On

text: April

text: Beyoncé

text: and

text: Jay

text: Z

text: were

text: married

text: without

text: publicity

text: As

text: of

text: April

text: the

text: couple

text: have

text: sold

text: a

text: combined

text: million

text: records

text: together

text: The

text: couple

text: are

text: known

text: for

text: their

text: private

text: relationship

text: although

text: they

text: have

text: appeared

text: to

text: become

text: more

text: relaxed

text: in

text: recent

text: years

text: Beyoncé

text: suffered

text: a

text: miscarriage

text: in

text: or

text: describing

text: it

text: as

text: the

text: saddest

text: thing

text: she

text: had

text: ever

text: endured

text: She

text: returned

text: to

text: the

text: studio

text: and

text: wrote

text: music

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: cope

text: with

text: the

text: loss

text: In

text: April

text: Beyoncé

text: and

text: Jay

text: Z

text: traveled

text: to

text: Paris

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: shoot

text: the

text: album

text: cover

text: for

text: her

text: and

text: unexpectedly

text: became

text: pregnant

text: in

text: Paris

question: As of April 2014, how many albums have Jay Z and Beyonce sold together?

answer: 300 million

text: 300 million

question: Where did Beyonce become pregnant?

answer: Paris

text: Paris

question: Beyonce described what as the "hardest thing she had to endure"?

answer: miscarriage

text: miscarriage

question: Who did Beyonce have a relationship with?

answer: Jay Z

text: Jay Z

question: When were Beyonce and Jay Z married?

answer: April 4, 2008

text: April 4, 2008

question: Together how records have they sold ?

answer: 300 million

text: 300 million

question: How did Beyonce deal with the miscarriage of her child?

answer: wrote music

text: wrote music

question: Where was Beyonce when she became pregnant?

answer: Paris

text: Paris

question: In which music video did Beyoncé star as Jay Z's girlfriend, creating speculation about their relationship?

answer: '03 Bonnie & Clyde

text: '03 Bonnie & Clyde

question: When were Beyoncé and Jay Z married?

answer: April 4, 2008

text: April 4, 2008

question: How many records combined have Beyoncé and Jay Z sold?

answer: 300 million

text: 300 million

question: What did Beyoncé describe as the saddest thing in her life?

answer: miscarriage

text: miscarriage

question: Where did Beyoncé get pregnant?

answer: Paris.

text: Paris.


text: There are four categories of terra nullius, land that is unclaimed by any state: the small unclaimed territory of Bir Tawil between Egypt and Sudan, Antarctica, the oceans, and celestial bodies such as the Moon or Mars. In the last three of these, international treaties (the Antarctic Treaty, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, and the Outer Space Treaty respectively) prevent colonization and potential statehood of any of these uninhabited (and, given current technology, not permanently inhabitable) territories.

title: 51st_state

title: 51st_state

text: There

text: are

text: four

text: categories

text: of

text: terra

text: nullius

text: land

text: that

text: is

text: unclaimed

text: by

text: any

text: state

text: the

text: small

text: unclaimed

text: territory

text: of

text: Bir

text: Tawil

text: between

text: Egypt

text: and

text: Sudan

text: Antarctica

text: the

text: oceans

text: and

text: celestial

text: bodies

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Moon

text: or

text: Mars

text: In

text: the

text: last

text: three

text: of

text: these

text: international

text: treaties

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: Treaty

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: Convention

text: on

text: the

text: Law

text: of

text: the

text: Sea

text: and

text: the

text: Outer

text: Space

text: Treaty

text: respectively

text: prevent

text: colonization

text: and

text: potential

text: statehood

text: of

text: any

text: of

text: these

text: uninhabited

text: and

text: given

text: current

text: technology

text: not

text: permanently

text: inhabitable

text: territories

question: What are the four categories of terra nullius?

answer: the small unclaimed territory of Bir Tawil between Egypt and Sudan, Antarctica, the oceans, and celestial bodies

text: the small unclaimed territory of Bir Tawil between Egypt and Sudan, Antarctica, the oceans, and celestial bodies

question: What three treaties exist for unclaimed lands?

answer: the Antarctic Treaty, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, and the Outer Space Treaty

text: the Antarctic Treaty, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, and the Outer Space Treaty

question: What do the treaties defend against?

answer: prevent colonization and potential statehood of any of these uninhabited (and, given current technology, not permanently inhabitable) territories.

text: prevent colonization and potential statehood of any of these uninhabited (and, given current technology, not permanently inhabitable) territories.

question: Where is Bir Tawil located?

answer: between Egypt and Sudan

text: between Egypt and Sudan


text: In 2005, the number of public employees per thousand inhabitants in the Portuguese government (70.8) was above the European Union average (62.4 per thousand inhabitants). By EU and USA standards, Portugal's justice system was internationally known as being slow and inefficient, and by 2011 it was the second slowest in Western Europe (after Italy); conversely, Portugal has one of the highest rates of judges and prosecutors—over 30 per 100,000 people. The entire Portuguese public service has been known for its mismanagement, useless redundancies, waste, excess of bureaucracy and a general lack of productivity in certain sectors, particularly in justice.

title: Portugal

title: Portugal

text: In

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: public

text: employees

text: per

text: thousand

text: inhabitants

text: in

text: the

text: Portuguese

text: government

text: was

text: above

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: average

text: per

text: thousand

text: inhabitants

text: By

text: EU

text: and

text: USA

text: standards

text: Portugal

text: 's

text: justice

text: system

text: was

text: internationally

text: known

text: as

text: being

text: slow

text: and

text: inefficient

text: and

text: by

text: it

text: was

text: the

text: second

text: slowest

text: in

text: Western

text: Europe

text: after

text: Italy

text: conversely

text: Portugal

text: has

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: highest

text: rates

text: of

text: judges

text: and

text: prosecutors

text: over

text: per

text: people

text: The

text: entire

text: Portuguese

text: public

text: service

text: has

text: been

text: known

text: for

text: its

text: mismanagement

text: useless

text: redundancies

text: waste

text: excess

text: of

text: bureaucracy

text: and

text: a

text: general

text: lack

text: of

text: productivity

text: in

text: certain

text: sectors

text: particularly

text: in

text: justice

question: In 2005, how many public employees did Portugal have for every thousand inhabitants?

answer: 70.8

question: What was the average number of public employees per every thousand inhabitants for the European Union in 2005?

answer: 62.4

question: In comparison to EU and USA standards, how was Portugal's justice system regarded?

answer: slow and inefficient

text: slow and inefficient

question: Which country had the slowest criminal justice system in Western Europe in 2005?

answer: Italy

text: Italy

question: How many judges and prosecutors does Portugal have per 100,000 inhabitants?

answer: over 30

text: over 30


text: Established in 1591 by Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, Hyderabad remained under the rule of the Qutb Shahi dynasty for nearly a century before the Mughals captured the region. In 1724, Mughal viceroy Asif Jah I declared his sovereignty and created his own dynasty, known as the Nizams of Hyderabad. The Nizam's dominions became a princely state during the British Raj, and remained so for 150 years, with the city serving as its capital. The Nizami influence can still be seen in the culture of the Hyderabadi Muslims. The city continued as the capital of Hyderabad State after it was brought into the Indian Union in 1948, and became the capital of Andhra Pradesh after the States Reorganisation Act, 1956. Since 1956, Rashtrapati Nilayam in the city has been the winter office of the President of India. In 2014, the newly formed state of Telangana split from Andhra Pradesh and the city became joint capital of the two states, a transitional arrangement scheduled to end by 2025.

title: Hyderabad

title: Hyderabad

text: Established

text: in

text: by

text: Muhammad

text: Quli

text: Qutb

text: Shah

text: Hyderabad

text: remained

text: under

text: the

text: rule

text: of

text: the

text: Qutb

text: Shahi

text: dynasty

text: for

text: nearly

text: a

text: century

text: before

text: the

text: Mughals

text: captured

text: the

text: region

text: In

text: Mughal

text: viceroy

text: Asif

text: Jah

text: I

text: declared

text: his

text: sovereignty

text: and

text: created

text: his

text: own

text: dynasty

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Nizams

text: of

text: Hyderabad

text: The

text: Nizam

text: 's

text: dominions

text: became

text: a

text: princely

text: state

text: during

text: the

text: British

text: Raj

text: and

text: remained

text: so

text: for

text: years

text: with

text: the

text: city

text: serving

text: as

text: its

text: capital

text: The

text: Nizami

text: influence

text: can

text: still

text: be

text: seen

text: in

text: the

text: culture

text: of

text: the

text: Hyderabadi

text: Muslims

text: The

text: city

text: continued

text: as

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: Hyderabad

text: State

text: after

text: it

text: was

text: brought

text: into

text: the

text: Indian

text: Union

text: in

text: and

text: became

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: Andhra

text: Pradesh

text: after

text: the

text: States

text: Reorganisation

text: Act

text: Since

text: Rashtrapati

text: Nilayam

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: has

text: been

text: the

text: winter

text: office

text: of

text: the

text: President

text: of

text: India

text: In

text: the

text: newly

text: formed

text: state

text: of

text: Telangana

text: split

text: from

text: Andhra

text: Pradesh

text: and

text: the

text: city

text: became

text: joint

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: states

text: a

text: transitional

text: arrangement

text: scheduled

text: to

text: end

text: by

question: In what year was Hyderabad established?

answer: Established in 1591

text: Established in 1591

question: Who is the person that established Hyderabad?

answer: Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah

text: Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah

question: What dynasty controlled Hyderabad until the early 18th century?

answer: the Qutb Shahi dynasty

text: the Qutb Shahi dynasty

question: Which Mughal viceroy created a dynasty in early 18th century Hyderabad?

answer: Mughal viceroy Asif Jah I declared his sovereignty and created his own dynasty

text: Mughal viceroy Asif Jah I declared his sovereignty and created his own dynasty

question: Which dynasty did Asif Jah I create?

answer: Nizams of Hyderabad

text: Nizams of Hyderabad


text: Currently, the largest professional wrestling company worldwide is the United States-based WWE, which bought out many smaller regional companies in the late 20th century, as well as its primary US competitors WCW and Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) in early 2001. Other prominent professional wrestling companies worldwide include the US-based Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) and Ring of Honor (ROH), Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) and Asistencia Asesoría y Administración (AAA) in Mexico, and the Japanese New Japan Pro Wrestling (NJPW), All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW), and Pro Wrestling Noah (NOAH) leagues.

title: Professional_wrestling

title: Professional_wrestling

text: Currently

text: the

text: largest

text: professional

text: wrestling

text: company

text: worldwide

text: is

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: based

text: WWE

text: which

text: bought

text: out

text: many

text: smaller

text: regional

text: companies

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: its

text: primary

text: US

text: competitors

text: WCW

text: and

text: Extreme

text: Championship

text: Wrestling

text: ECW

text: in

text: early

text: Other

text: prominent

text: professional

text: wrestling

text: companies

text: worldwide

text: include

text: the

text: US

text: based

text: Total

text: Nonstop

text: Action

text: Wrestling

text: TNA

text: and

text: Ring

text: of

text: Honor

text: ROH

text: Consejo

text: Mundial

text: de

text: Lucha

text: Libre

text: CMLL

text: and

text: Asistencia

text: Asesoría

text: y

text: Administración

text: AAA

text: in

text: Mexico

text: and

text: the

text: Japanese

text: New

text: Japan

text: Pro

text: Wrestling

text: NJPW

text: All

text: Japan

text: Pro

text: Wrestling

text: AJPW

text: and

text: Pro

text: Wrestling

text: Noah

text: NOAH

text: leagues

question: What is the biggest wrestling company?

answer: the United States-based WWE

text: the United States-based WWE

question: Which companies are some of WWE's competition?

answer: WCW and Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW)

text: WCW and Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW)

question: What are some other major wrestling companies?

answer: Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) and Ring of Honor (ROH), Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) and Asistencia Asesoría y Administración (AAA)

text: Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) and Ring of Honor (ROH), Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) and Asistencia Asesoría y Administración (AAA)

question: What is the name of a Japanese wrestling company?

answer: Japanese New Japan Pro Wrestling (NJPW)

text: Japanese New Japan Pro Wrestling (NJPW)


text: The most serious objection to regarding the Demoiselles as the origin of Cubism, with its evident influence of primitive art, is that "such deductions are unhistorical", wrote the art historian Daniel Robbins. This familiar explanation "fails to give adequate consideration to the complexities of a flourishing art that existed just before and during the period when Picasso's new painting developed." Between 1905 and 1908, a conscious search for a new style caused rapid changes in art across France, Germany, Holland, Italy, and Russia. The Impressionists had used a double point of view, and both Les Nabis and the Symbolists (who also admired Cézanne) flattened the picture plane, reducing their subjects to simple geometric forms. Neo-Impressionist structure and subject matter, most notably to be seen in the works of Georges Seurat (e.g., Parade de Cirque, Le Chahut and Le Cirque), was another important influence. There were also parallels in the development of literature and social thought.

title: Cubism

title: Cubism

text: The

text: most

text: serious

text: objection

text: to

text: regarding

text: the

text: Demoiselles

text: as

text: the

text: origin

text: of

text: Cubism

text: with

text: its

text: evident

text: influence

text: of

text: primitive

text: art

text: is

text: that

text: such

text: deductions

text: are

text: unhistorical

text: wrote

text: the

text: art

text: historian

text: Daniel

text: Robbins

text: This

text: familiar

text: explanation

text: fails

text: to

text: give

text: adequate

text: consideration

text: to

text: the

text: complexities

text: of

text: a

text: flourishing

text: art

text: that

text: existed

text: just

text: before

text: and

text: during

text: the

text: period

text: when

text: Picasso

text: 's

text: new

text: painting

text: developed

text: Between

text: and

text: a

text: conscious

text: search

text: for

text: a

text: new

text: style

text: caused

text: rapid

text: changes

text: in

text: art

text: across

text: France

text: Germany

text: Holland

text: Italy

text: and

text: Russia

text: The

text: Impressionists

text: had

text: used

text: a

text: double

text: point

text: of

text: view

text: and

text: both

text: Les

text: Nabis

text: and

text: the

text: Symbolists

text: who

text: also

text: admired

text: Cézanne

text: flattened

text: the

text: picture

text: plane

text: reducing

text: their

text: subjects

text: to

text: simple

text: geometric

text: forms

text: Neo

text: Impressionist

text: structure

text: and

text: subject

text: matter

text: most

text: notably

text: to

text: be

text: seen

text: in

text: the

text: works

text: of

text: Georges

text: Seurat

text: e.g.

text: Parade

text: de

text: Cirque

text: Le

text: Chahut

text: and

text: Le

text: Cirque

text: was

text: another

text: important

text: influence

text: There

text: were

text: also

text: parallels

text: in

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: literature

text: and

text: social

text: thought

question: What did Daniel Robbins say about Demoiselles being the beginning of Cubism?

answer: such deductions are unhistorical

text: such deductions are unhistorical

question: During which years did the conscious begin to look for a new style in Germany, Italy, Russia, and Holland?

answer: 1905 and 1908,

text: 1905 and 1908,

question: Which impressionist movements were also influenced by Cubism?

answer: Les Nabis and the Symbolists

text: Les Nabis and the Symbolists

question: Which technique did the Impressionists use to make their subjects simple forms?

answer: double point of view

text: double point of view


text: All of the state frequently experiences temperatures above 100 °F (38 °C) or below 0 °F (−18 °C), though below-zero temperatures are rare in south-central and southeastern Oklahoma. Snowfall ranges from an average of less than 4 inches (10 cm) in the south to just over 20 inches (51 cm) on the border of Colorado in the panhandle. The state is home to the Storm Prediction Center, the National Severe Storms Laboratory, and the Warning Decision Training Branch, all part of the National Weather Service and located in Norman. Oklahoma's highest recorded temperature of 120 °F (49 °C) was recorded at Tipton on June 27, 1994 and the lowest recorded temperature of −31 °F (−35 °C) was recorded at Nowata on February 10, 2011.

title: Oklahoma

title: Oklahoma

text: All

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: frequently

text: experiences

text: temperatures

text: above

text: F

text: C

text: or

text: below

text: F

text: C

text: though

text: below

text: zero

text: temperatures

text: are

text: rare

text: in

text: south

text: central

text: and

text: southeastern

text: Oklahoma

text: Snowfall

text: ranges

text: from

text: an

text: average

text: of

text: less

text: than

text: inches

text: cm

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: to

text: just

text: over

text: inches

text: cm

text: on

text: the

text: border

text: of

text: Colorado

text: in

text: the

text: panhandle

text: The

text: state

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: the

text: Storm

text: Prediction

text: Center

text: the

text: National

text: Severe

text: Storms

text: Laboratory

text: and

text: the

text: Warning

text: Decision

text: Training

text: Branch

text: all

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: National

text: Weather

text: Service

text: and

text: located

text: in

text: Norman

text: Oklahoma

text: 's

text: highest

text: recorded

text: temperature

text: of

text: F

text: C

text: was

text: recorded

text: at

text: Tipton

text: on

text: June

text: and

text: the

text: lowest

text: recorded

text: temperature

text: of

text: F

text: C

text: was

text: recorded

text: at

text: Nowata

text: on

text: February

question: What parts of Oklahoma rarely see below-zero temperatures?

answer: south-central and southeastern

text: south-central and southeastern

question: What is the average snowfall in southern Oklahoma?

answer: less than 4 inches

text: less than 4 inches

question: What is the average snowfall in Oklahoma near the Colorado border?

answer: over 20 inches

text: over 20 inches

question: Where is the Storm Prediction Center located?

answer: Norman

text: Norman

question: What was Oklahoma's record high temperature?

answer: 120 °F

text: 120 °F


text: The Bronx's highest elevation at 280 feet (85 m) is in the northwest corner, west of Van Cortlandt Park and in the Chapel Farm area near the Riverdale Country School. The opposite (southeastern) side of the Bronx has four large low peninsulas or "necks" of low-lying land that jut into the waters of the East River and were once salt marsh: Hunt's Point, Clason's Point, Screvin's Neck and Throg's Neck. Further up the coastline, Rodman's Neck lies between Pelham Bay Park in the northeast and City Island. The Bronx's irregular shoreline extends for 75 square miles (194 km2).

title: The_Bronx

title: The_Bronx

text: The

text: Bronx

text: 's

text: highest

text: elevation

text: at

text: feet

text: m

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: northwest

text: corner

text: west

text: of

text: Van

text: Cortlandt

text: Park

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: Chapel

text: Farm

text: area

text: near

text: the

text: Riverdale

text: Country

text: School

text: The

text: opposite

text: southeastern

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: Bronx

text: has

text: four

text: large

text: low

text: peninsulas

text: or

text: necks

text: of

text: low

text: lying

text: land

text: that

text: jut

text: into

text: the

text: waters

text: of

text: the

text: East

text: River

text: and

text: were

text: once

text: salt

text: marsh

text: Hunt

text: 's

text: Point

text: Clason

text: 's

text: Point

text: Screvin

text: 's

text: Neck

text: and

text: Throg

text: 's

text: Neck

text: Further

text: up

text: the

text: coastline

text: Rodman

text: 's

text: Neck

text: lies

text: between

text: Pelham

text: Bay

text: Park

text: in

text: the

text: northeast

text: and

text: City

text: Island

text: The

text: Bronx

text: 's

text: irregular

text: shoreline

text: extends

text: for

text: square

text: miles

question: Where is the Bronx's highest point?

answer: in the northwest corner, west of Van Cortlandt Park and in the Chapel Farm area near the Riverdale Country School

text: in the northwest corner, west of Van Cortlandt Park and in the Chapel Farm area near the Riverdale Country School

question: What part of the Bronx formerly a salt marsh?

answer: southeastern

text: southeastern

question: What are the Bronx's four low peninsulas?

answer: Hunt's Point, Clason's Point, Screvin's Neck and Throg's Neck

text: Hunt's Point, Clason's Point, Screvin's Neck and Throg's Neck

question: What is Rodman's Neck between?

answer: Pelham Bay Park in the northeast and City Island

text: Pelham Bay Park in the northeast and City Island

question: How long is the Bronx's shoreline?

answer: 75 square miles

text: 75 square miles


text: The base of the stupa has 108 small depictions of the Dhyani Buddha Amitabha. It is surrounded with a brick wall with 147 niches, each with four or five prayer wheels engraved with the mantra, om mani padme hum. At the northern entrance where visitors must pass is a shrine dedicated to Ajima, the goddess of smallpox. Every year the stupa attracts many Tibetan Buddhist pilgrims who perform full body prostrations in the inner lower enclosure, walk around the stupa with prayer wheels, chant, and pray. Thousands of prayer flags are hoisted up from the top of the stupa downwards and dot the perimeter of the complex. The influx of many Tibetan refugees from China has seen the construction of over 50 Tibetan gompas (monasteries) around Boudhanath.

title: Kathmandu

title: Kathmandu

text: The

text: base

text: of

text: the

text: stupa

text: has

text: small

text: depictions

text: of

text: the

text: Dhyani

text: Buddha

text: Amitabha

text: It

text: is

text: surrounded

text: with

text: a

text: brick

text: wall

text: with

text: niches

text: each

text: with

text: four

text: or

text: five

text: prayer

text: wheels

text: engraved

text: with

text: the

text: mantra

text: om

text: mani

text: padme

text: hum

text: At

text: the

text: northern

text: entrance

text: where

text: visitors

text: must

text: pass

text: is

text: a

text: shrine

text: dedicated

text: to

text: Ajima

text: the

text: goddess

text: of

text: smallpox

text: Every

text: year

text: the

text: stupa

text: attracts

text: many

text: Tibetan

text: Buddhist

text: pilgrims

text: who

text: perform

text: full

text: body

text: prostrations

text: in

text: the

text: inner

text: lower

text: enclosure

text: walk

text: around

text: the

text: stupa

text: with

text: prayer

text: wheels

text: chant

text: and

text: pray

text: Thousands

text: of

text: prayer

text: flags

text: are

text: hoisted

text: up

text: from

text: the

text: top

text: of

text: the

text: stupa

text: downwards

text: and

text: dot

text: the

text: perimeter

text: of

text: the

text: complex

text: The

text: influx

text: of

text: many

text: Tibetan

text: refugees

text: from

text: China

text: has

text: seen

text: the

text: construction

text: of

text: over

text: Tibetan

text: gompas

text: monasteries

text: around

text: Boudhanath

question: Who is pictured on the stupa's base?

answer: Dhyani Buddha Amitabha

text: Dhyani Buddha Amitabha

question: What is Ajima the deity of?

answer: smallpox

text: smallpox

question: What are gompas?

answer: monasteries

text: monasteries

question: Visitors from what faith routinely visit the stupa?

answer: Tibetan Buddhist

text: Tibetan Buddhist

question: What mantra is engraved on the stupa's prayer wheels?

answer: om mani padme hum

text: om mani padme hum


text: There are four hundred securities listed on the stock exchange, of which almost three hundred are offshore funds and alternative investment structures attracted by Bermuda's regulatory environment. The Exchange specialises in listing and trading of capital market instruments such as equities, debt issues, funds (including hedge fund structures) and depository receipt programmes. The BSX is a full member of the World Federation of Exchanges and is located in an OECD member nation. It also has Approved Stock Exchange status under Australia's Foreign Investment Fund (FIF) taxation rules and Designated Investment Exchange status by the UK's Financial Services Authority.

title: Bermuda

title: Bermuda

text: There

text: are

text: four

text: hundred

text: securities

text: listed

text: on

text: the

text: stock

text: exchange

text: of

text: which

text: almost

text: three

text: hundred

text: are

text: offshore

text: funds

text: and

text: alternative

text: investment

text: structures

text: attracted

text: by

text: Bermuda

text: 's

text: regulatory

text: environment

text: The

text: Exchange

text: specialises

text: in

text: listing

text: and

text: trading

text: of

text: capital

text: market

text: instruments

text: such

text: as

text: equities

text: debt

text: issues

text: funds

text: including

text: hedge

text: fund

text: structures

text: and

text: depository

text: receipt

text: programmes

text: The

text: BSX

text: is

text: a

text: full

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: World

text: Federation

text: of

text: Exchanges

text: and

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: an

text: OECD

text: member

text: nation

text: It

text: also

text: has

text: Approved

text: Stock

text: Exchange

text: status

text: under

text: Australia

text: 's

text: Foreign

text: Investment

text: Fund

text: FIF

text: taxation

text: rules

text: and

text: Designated

text: Investment

text: Exchange

text: status

text: by

text: the

text: UK

text: 's

text: Financial

text: Services

text: Authority

question: What does the Exchange specialize in?

answer: listing and trading of capital market instruments such as equities, debt issues, funds

text: listing and trading of capital market instruments such as equities, debt issues, funds

question: What is the BSX a member of?

answer: the World Federation of Exchanges

text: the World Federation of Exchanges

question: Where is the BSX located?

answer: an OECD member nation

text: an OECD member nation

question: Which foreign country offers the BSX Approved Stock Exchange Status?

answer: Australia

text: Australia


text: The lands of Galicia are ascribed to two different areas in the Köppen climate classification: a south area (roughly, the province of Ourense and Pontevedra) with tendencies to have some summer drought, classified as a warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Csb), with mild temperatures and rainfall usual throughout the year; and the western and northern coastal regions, the provinces of Lugo and A Coruña, which are characterized by their Oceanic climate (Cfb), with a more uniform precipitation distribution along the year, and milder summers. However, precipitation in southern coastal areas are often classified as oceanic since the averages remain significantly higher than a typical mediterranean climate.

title: Galicia_(Spain)

title: Galicia_(Spain

text: The

text: lands

text: of

text: Galicia

text: are

text: ascribed

text: to

text: two

text: different

text: areas

text: in

text: the

text: Köppen

text: climate

text: classification

text: a

text: south

text: area

text: roughly

text: the

text: province

text: of

text: Ourense

text: and

text: Pontevedra

text: with

text: tendencies

text: to

text: have

text: some

text: summer

text: drought

text: classified

text: as

text: a

text: warm

text: summer

text: Mediterranean

text: climate

text: Csb

text: with

text: mild

text: temperatures

text: and

text: rainfall

text: usual

text: throughout

text: the

text: year

text: and

text: the

text: western

text: and

text: northern

text: coastal

text: regions

text: the

text: provinces

text: of

text: Lugo

text: and

text: A

text: Coruña

text: which

text: are

text: characterized

text: by

text: their

text: Oceanic

text: climate

text: Cfb

text: with

text: a

text: more

text: uniform

text: precipitation

text: distribution

text: along

text: the

text: year

text: and

text: milder

text: summers

text: However

text: precipitation

text: in

text: southern

text: coastal

text: areas

text: are

text: often

text: classified

text: as

text: oceanic

text: since

text: the

text: averages

text: remain

text: significantly

text: higher

text: than

text: a

text: typical

text: mediterranean

text: climate

question: What is the southern area's climate classified as?

answer: Mediterranean

text: Mediterranean

question: What about the climate of its coastal areas?

answer: Oceanic

text: Oceanic


text: In Cambodia, there are Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes, and Universities that offer instruction in a variety of programs that can lead to: certificates, diplomas, and degrees. Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes and Universities tend to be independent institutions.

title: Institute_of_technology

title: Institute_of_technology

text: In

text: Cambodia

text: there

text: are

text: Institutes

text: of

text: Technology

text: Polytechnic

text: Institutes

text: and

text: Universities

text: that

text: offer

text: instruction

text: in

text: a

text: variety

text: of

text: programs

text: that

text: can

text: lead

text: to

text: certificates

text: diplomas

text: and

text: degrees

text: Institutes

text: of

text: Technology

text: Polytechnic

text: Institutes

text: and

text: Universities

text: tend

text: to

text: be

text: independent

text: institutions

question: What country has Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes from which students can earn certificates, diplomas, and degrees?

answer: Cambodia

text: Cambodia


text: Several instances of popular etymology are attested from ancient authors. Thus, the Greeks most often associated Apollo's name with the Greek verb ἀπόλλυμι (apollymi), "to destroy". Plato in Cratylus connects the name with ἀπόλυσις (apolysis), "redemption", with ἀπόλουσις (apolousis), "purification", and with ἁπλοῦν ([h]aploun), "simple", in particular in reference to the Thessalian form of the name, Ἄπλουν, and finally with Ἀειβάλλων (aeiballon), "ever-shooting". Hesychius connects the name Apollo with the Doric ἀπέλλα (apella), which means "assembly", so that Apollo would be the god of political life, and he also gives the explanation σηκός (sekos), "fold", in which case Apollo would be the god of flocks and herds. In the Ancient Macedonian language πέλλα (pella) means "stone," and some toponyms may be derived from this word: Πέλλα (Pella, the capital of Ancient Macedonia) and Πελλήνη (Pellēnē/Pallene).

title: Apollo

title: Apollo

text: Several

text: instances

text: of

text: popular

text: etymology

text: are

text: attested

text: from

text: ancient

text: authors

text: Thus

text: the

text: Greeks

text: most

text: often

text: associated

text: Apollo

text: 's

text: name

text: with

text: the

text: Greek

text: verb

text: ἀπόλλυμι

text: apollymi

text: to

text: destroy

text: Plato

text: in

text: Cratylus

text: connects

text: the

text: name

text: with

text: ἀπόλυσις

text: apolysis

text: redemption

text: with

text: ἀπόλουσις

text: apolousis

text: purification

text: and

text: with

text: ἁπλοῦν

text: h]aploun

text: simple

text: in

text: particular

text: in

text: reference

text: to

text: the

text: Thessalian

text: form

text: of

text: the

text: name

text: Ἄπλουν

text: and

text: finally

text: with

text: Ἀειβάλλων

text: aeiballon

text: ever

text: shooting

text: Hesychius

text: connects

text: the

text: name

text: Apollo

text: with

text: the

text: Doric

text: ἀπέλλα

text: apella

text: which

text: means

text: assembly

text: so

text: that

text: Apollo

text: would

text: be

text: the

text: god

text: of

text: political

text: life

text: and

text: he

text: also

text: gives

text: the

text: explanation

text: σηκός

text: sekos

text: fold

text: in

text: which

text: case

text: Apollo

text: would

text: be

text: the

text: god

text: of

text: flocks

text: and

text: herds

text: In

text: the

text: Ancient

text: Macedonian

text: language

text: πέλλα

text: pella

text: means

text: stone

text: and

text: some

text: toponyms

text: may

text: be

text: derived

text: from

text: this

text: word

text: Πέλλα

text: Pella

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: Ancient

text: Macedonia

text: and

text: Πελλήνη

text: Pellēnē

text: Pallene

question: What Doric word means assembly?

answer: apella

text: apella

question: What is the Ancient Macedonian word for stone?

answer: pella

text: pella

question: What is the Greek word for "to destroy?"

answer: apollymi

text: apollymi


text: Between 1042 and 1052 King Edward the Confessor began rebuilding St Peter's Abbey to provide himself with a royal burial church. It was the first church in England built in the Romanesque style. The building was not completed until around 1090 but was consecrated on 28 December 1065, only a week before Edward's death on 5 January 1066. A week later he was buried in the church, and nine years later his wife Edith was buried alongside him. His successor, Harold II, was probably crowned in the abbey, although the first documented coronation is that of William the Conqueror later the same year.

title: Westminster_Abbey

title: Westminster_Abbey

text: Between

text: and

text: King

text: Edward

text: the

text: Confessor

text: began

text: rebuilding

text: St

text: Peter

text: 's

text: Abbey

text: to

text: provide

text: himself

text: with

text: a

text: royal

text: burial

text: church

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: church

text: in

text: England

text: built

text: in

text: the

text: Romanesque

text: style

text: The

text: building

text: was

text: not

text: completed

text: until

text: around

text: but

text: was

text: consecrated

text: on

text: December

text: only

text: a

text: week

text: before

text: Edward

text: 's

text: death

text: on

text: January

text: A

text: week

text: later

text: he

text: was

text: buried

text: in

text: the

text: church

text: and

text: nine

text: years

text: later

text: his

text: wife

text: Edith

text: was

text: buried

text: alongside

text: him

text: His

text: successor

text: Harold

text: II

text: was

text: probably

text: crowned

text: in

text: the

text: abbey

text: although

text: the

text: first

text: documented

text: coronation

text: is

text: that

text: of

text: William

text: the

text: Conqueror

text: later

text: the

text: same

text: year

question: What architectural design was St Peter's abbey considered?

answer: Romanesque style

text: Romanesque style

question: What year was the building finished?

answer: 1090

question: What was the date of the Abbey's coronation?

answer: 28 December 1065

text: 28 December 1065

question: Who was the first recorded coronation at the Abbey?

answer: William the Conqueror

text: William the Conqueror

question: What King restored the Abbey in the years 1042 and 1052?

answer: King Edward the Confessor

text: King Edward the Confessor

question: Who rebuilt the abbey for a burial church?

answer: King Edward the Confessor

text: King Edward the Confessor

question: What style was the church rebuilt in?

answer: Romanesque

text: Romanesque

question: When was the building consecrated?

answer: 28 December 1065

text: 28 December 1065

question: When did King Edward the Confessor die?

answer: 5 January 1066

text: 5 January 1066

question: Who was the first documented coronation?

answer: William the Conqueror

text: William the Conqueror


text: Pioneer Electronics also entered the optical disc market in 1977 as a 50/50 joint-venture with MCA called Universal-Pioneer and manufacturing MCA designed industrial players under the MCA DiscoVision name (the PR-7800 and PR-7820). For the 1980 launch of the first Universal-Pioneer player, the VP-1000 was noted as a "laser disc player", although the "LaserDisc" logo displayed clearly on the device. In 1981, "LaserDisc" was used exclusively for the medium itself, although the official name was "LaserVision" (as seen at the beginning of many LaserDisc releases just before the start of the film). However, as Pioneer reminded numerous video magazines and stores in 1984, LaserDisc was a trademarked word, standing only for LaserVision products manufactured for sale by Pioneer Video or Pioneer Electronics. A 1984 Ray Charles ad for the LD-700 player bore the term "Pioneer LaserDisc brand videodisc player". From 1981 until the early 1990s, all properly licensed discs carried the LaserVision name and logo, even Pioneer Artists titles.

title: LaserDisc

title: LaserDisc

text: Pioneer

text: Electronics

text: also

text: entered

text: the

text: optical

text: disc

text: market

text: in

text: as

text: a

text: joint

text: venture

text: with

text: MCA

text: called

text: Universal

text: Pioneer

text: and

text: manufacturing

text: MCA

text: designed

text: industrial

text: players

text: under

text: the

text: MCA

text: DiscoVision

text: name

text: the

text: and

text: For

text: the

text: launch

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: Universal

text: Pioneer

text: player

text: the

text: was

text: noted

text: as

text: a

text: laser

text: disc

text: player

text: although

text: the

text: LaserDisc

text: logo

text: displayed

text: clearly

text: on

text: the

text: device

text: In

text: LaserDisc

text: was

text: used

text: exclusively

text: for

text: the

text: medium

text: itself

text: although

text: the

text: official

text: name

text: was

text: LaserVision

text: as

text: seen

text: at

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: many

text: LaserDisc

text: releases

text: just

text: before

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: the

text: film

text: However

text: as

text: Pioneer

text: reminded

text: numerous

text: video

text: magazines

text: and

text: stores

text: in

text: LaserDisc

text: was

text: a

text: trademarked

text: word

text: standing

text: only

text: for

text: LaserVision

text: products

text: manufactured

text: for

text: sale

text: by

text: Pioneer

text: Video

text: or

text: Pioneer

text: Electronics

text: A

text: Ray

text: Charles

text: ad

text: for

text: the

text: player

text: bore

text: the

text: term

text: Pioneer

text: LaserDisc

text: brand

text: videodisc

text: player

text: From

text: until

text: the

text: early

text: all

text: properly

text: licensed

text: discs

text: carried

text: the

text: LaserVision

text: name

text: and

text: logo

text: even

text: Pioneer

text: Artists

text: titles

question: Which company joined a 50/50 partnership with MCA in 1977?

answer: Pioneer Electronics

text: Pioneer Electronics

question: In what year was the first Universal-Pioneer player released?

answer: 1980

question: What was the name of the first Universal-Pioneer player?

answer: the VP-1000

text: the VP-1000

question: Which singer did an ad for the LD-700 player in 1984?

answer: Ray Charles

text: Ray Charles


text: When a historic document survives only in translation, the original having been lost, researchers sometimes undertake back-translation in an effort to reconstruct the original text. An example involves the novel The Saragossa Manuscript by the Polish aristocrat Jan Potocki (1761–1815), who wrote the novel in French and anonymously published fragments in 1804 and 1813–14. Portions of the original French-language manuscript were subsequently lost; however, the missing fragments survived in a Polish translation that was made by Edmund Chojecki in 1847 from a complete French copy, now lost. French-language versions of the complete Saragossa Manuscript have since been produced, based on extant French-language fragments and on French-language versions that have been back-translated from Chojecki’s Polish version.

title: Translation

title: Translation

text: When

text: a

text: historic

text: document

text: survives

text: only

text: in

text: translation

text: the

text: original

text: having

text: been

text: lost

text: researchers

text: sometimes

text: undertake

text: back

text: translation

text: in

text: an

text: effort

text: to

text: reconstruct

text: the

text: original

text: text

text: An

text: example

text: involves

text: the

text: novel

text: The

text: Saragossa

text: Manuscript

text: by

text: the

text: Polish

text: aristocrat

text: Jan

text: Potocki

text: who

text: wrote

text: the

text: novel

text: in

text: French

text: and

text: anonymously

text: published

text: fragments

text: in

text: and

text: Portions

text: of

text: the

text: original

text: French

text: language

text: manuscript

text: were

text: subsequently

text: lost

text: however

text: the

text: missing

text: fragments

text: survived

text: in

text: a

text: Polish

text: translation

text: that

text: was

text: made

text: by

text: Edmund

text: Chojecki

text: in

text: from

text: a

text: complete

text: French

text: copy

text: now

text: lost

text: French

text: language

text: versions

text: of

text: the

text: complete

text: Saragossa

text: Manuscript

text: have

text: since

text: been

text: produced

text: based

text: on

text: extant

text: French

text: language

text: fragments

text: and

text: on

text: French

text: language

text: versions

text: that

text: have

text: been

text: back

text: translated

text: from

text: Chojecki

text: ’s

text: Polish

text: version

question: What do researchers use back-translation to try to reconstruct when a document survives only in translation?

answer: the original text

text: the original text

question: Who was Jan Potocki?

answer: Polish aristocrat

text: Polish aristocrat

question: What language was The Saragossa Manuscript originally written in?

answer: French

text: French

question: When had Edmund Chojecki translated portions of the Saragossa Manuscript into Polish from French?

answer: 1847

question: What fragments were the complete Saragossa Manuscripts now produced based on?

answer: French-language

text: French-language


text: Between 10 and 17 October 1757, a Hungarian general, Count András Hadik, serving in the Austrian army, executed what may be the most famous hussar action in history. When the Prussian King Frederick was marching south with his powerful armies, the Hungarian general unexpectedly swung his force of 5,000, mostly hussars, around the Prussians and occupied part of their capital, Berlin, for one night. The city was spared for a negotiated ransom of 200,000 thalers. When Frederick heard about this humiliating occupation, he immediately sent a larger force to free the city. Hadik, however, left the city with his Hussars and safely reached the Austrian lines. Subsequently, Hadik was promoted to the rank of Marshal in the Austrian army.

title: Seven_Years%27_War

title: Seven_Years%27_War

text: Between

text: and

text: October

text: a

text: Hungarian

text: general

text: Count

text: András

text: Hadik

text: serving

text: in

text: the

text: Austrian

text: army

text: executed

text: what

text: may

text: be

text: the

text: most

text: famous

text: hussar

text: action

text: in

text: history

text: When

text: the

text: Prussian

text: King

text: Frederick

text: was

text: marching

text: south

text: with

text: his

text: powerful

text: armies

text: the

text: Hungarian

text: general

text: unexpectedly

text: swung

text: his

text: force

text: of

text: mostly

text: hussars

text: around

text: the

text: Prussians

text: and

text: occupied

text: part

text: of

text: their

text: capital

text: Berlin

text: for

text: one

text: night

text: The

text: city

text: was

text: spared

text: for

text: a

text: negotiated

text: ransom

text: of

text: thalers

text: When

text: Frederick

text: heard

text: about

text: this

text: humiliating

text: occupation

text: he

text: immediately

text: sent

text: a

text: larger

text: force

text: to

text: free

text: the

text: city

text: Hadik

text: however

text: left

text: the

text: city

text: with

text: his

text: Hussars

text: and

text: safely

text: reached

text: the

text: Austrian

text: lines

text: Subsequently

text: Hadik

text: was

text: promoted

text: to

text: the

text: rank

text: of

text: Marshal

text: in

text: the

text: Austrian

text: army

question: What Hungarian general humiliated the Prussians?

answer: Count András Hadik

text: Count András Hadik

question: What city did Hadik occupy?

answer: occupied part of their capital, Berlin, for one night

text: occupied part of their capital, Berlin, for one night

question: How was Berlin spared?

answer: city was spared for a negotiated ransom of 200,000 thalers

text: city was spared for a negotiated ransom of 200,000 thalers

question: How did Hadik respond to the Frederick force?

answer: Hadik, however, left the city with his Hussars and safely reached the Austrian lines

text: Hadik, however, left the city with his Hussars and safely reached the Austrian lines

question: What was Frederick's response to the occupation by Hadik?

answer: he immediately sent a larger force to free the city

text: he immediately sent a larger force to free the city


title: FA_Cup

title: FA_Cup

text: The

text: competition

text: is

text: open

text: to

text: any

text: club

text: down

text: to

text: Level

text: of

text: the

text: English

text: football

text: league

text: system

text: which

text: meets

text: the

text: eligibility

text: criteria

text: All

text: clubs

text: in

text: the

text: top

text: four

text: levels

text: the

text: Premier

text: League

text: and

text: the

text: three

text: divisions

text: of

text: the

text: Football

text: League

text: are

text: automatically

text: eligible

text: Clubs

text: in

text: the

text: next

text: six

text: levels

text: non

text: league

text: football

text: are

text: also

text: eligible

text: provided

text: they

text: have

text: played

text: in

text: either

text: the

text: FA

text: Cup

text: FA

text: Trophy

text: or

text: FA

text: Vase

text: competitions

text: in

text: the

text: previous

text: season

text: Newly

text: formed

text: clubs

text: such

text: as

text: F.C.

text: United

text: of

text: Manchester

text: in

text: and

text: also

text: may

text: not

text: therefore

text: play

text: in

text: the

text: FA

text: Cup

text: in

text: their

text: first

text: season

text: All

text: clubs

text: entering

text: the

text: competition

text: must

text: also

text: have

text: a

text: suitable

text: stadium

question: Is the competition open to anyone?

answer: The competition is open to any club down to Level 10 of the English football league system

text: The competition is open to any club down to Level 10 of the English football league system

question: Is there anyone automatically eligible?

answer: . All clubs in the top four levels (the Premier League and the three divisions of the Football League) are automatically eligible

text: . All clubs in the top four levels (the Premier League and the three divisions of the Football League) are automatically eligible

question: Who else can play?

answer: Clubs in the next six levels (non-league football) are also eligible provided they have played in either the FA Cup, FA Trophy or FA Vase competitions

text: Clubs in the next six levels (non-league football) are also eligible provided they have played in either the FA Cup, FA Trophy or FA Vase competitions

question: Can new clubs play too?

answer: Newly formed clubs, such as F.C. United of Manchester in 2005–06 and also 2006–07, may not therefore play in the FA Cup in their first season.

text: Newly formed clubs, such as F.C. United of Manchester in 2005–06 and also 2006–07, may not therefore play in the FA Cup in their first season.

question: Do I need a stadium to compete?

answer: All clubs entering the competition must also have a suitable stadium.

text: All clubs entering the competition must also have a suitable stadium.


text: The main party leaders, David Cameron, Nick Clegg and Ed Miliband, were all depicted holding a copy of the special issue in publicity material. Miliband's decision to pose with a copy of The Sun received a strong response. Organisations representing the relatives of Hillsborough victims described Miliband's action as an "absolute disgrace" and he faced criticism too from Liverpool Labour MPs and the city's Labour Mayor, Joe Anderson. A statement was issued on 13 June explaining that Miliband "was promoting England's bid to win the World Cup", although "he understands the anger that is felt towards the Sun over Hillsborough by many people in Merseyside and he is sorry to those who feel offended."

title: The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)

title: The_Sun_(United_Kingdom

text: The

text: main

text: party

text: leaders

text: David

text: Cameron

text: Nick

text: Clegg

text: and

text: Ed

text: Miliband

text: were

text: all

text: depicted

text: holding

text: a

text: copy

text: of

text: the

text: special

text: issue

text: in

text: publicity

text: material

text: Miliband

text: 's

text: decision

text: to

text: pose

text: with

text: a

text: copy

text: of

text: The

text: Sun

text: received

text: a

text: strong

text: response

text: Organisations

text: representing

text: the

text: relatives

text: of

text: Hillsborough

text: victims

text: described

text: Miliband

text: 's

text: action

text: as

text: an

text: absolute

text: disgrace

text: and

text: he

text: faced

text: criticism

text: too

text: from

text: Liverpool

text: Labour

text: MPs

text: and

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: Labour

text: Mayor

text: Joe

text: Anderson

text: A

text: statement

text: was

text: issued

text: on

text: June

text: explaining

text: that

text: Miliband

text: was

text: promoting

text: England

text: 's

text: bid

text: to

text: win

text: the

text: World

text: Cup

text: although

text: he

text: understands

text: the

text: anger

text: that

text: is

text: felt

text: towards

text: the

text: Sun

text: over

text: Hillsborough

text: by

text: many

text: people

text: in

text: Merseyside

text: and

text: he

text: is

text: sorry

text: to

text: those

text: who

text: feel

text: offended

question: Who were the main leaders of the ruling party?

answer: David Cameron, Nick Clegg and Ed Miliband

text: David Cameron, Nick Clegg and Ed Miliband

question: Who criticized Milliband for posing with a copy of The Sun showing the Hillsborough disaster?

answer: Liverpool Labour MPs and the city's Labour Mayor, Joe Anderson

text: Liverpool Labour MPs and the city's Labour Mayor, Joe Anderson

question: How did Milliband explain posing with this newspaper?

answer: promoting England's bid to win the World Cup

text: promoting England's bid to win the World Cup

question: Who was the Labour Mayour of Liverpool?

answer: Joe Anderson

text: Joe Anderson

question: What emotion did many people feel over The Sun's coverage of Hillsborough?

answer: anger

text: anger


text: It should be noted that Estonian words and names quoted in international publications from Soviet sources are often back-transliterations from the Russian transliteration. Examples are the use of "ya" for "ä" (e.g. Pyarnu instead of Pärnu), "y" instead of "õ" (e.g., Pylva instead of Põlva) and "yu" instead of "ü" (e.g., Pyussi instead of Püssi). Even in the Encyclopædia Britannica one can find "ostrov Khiuma", where "ostrov" means "island" in Russian and "Khiuma" is back-transliteration from Russian instead of "Hiiumaa" (Hiiumaa > Хийума(а) > Khiuma).

title: Estonian_language

title: Estonian_language

text: It

text: should

text: be

text: noted

text: that

text: Estonian

text: words

text: and

text: names

text: quoted

text: in

text: international

text: publications

text: from

text: Soviet

text: sources

text: are

text: often

text: back

text: transliterations

text: from

text: the

text: Russian

text: transliteration

text: Examples

text: are

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: ya

text: for

text: ä

text: e.g.

text: Pyarnu

text: instead

text: of

text: Pärnu

text: y

text: instead

text: of

text: õ

text: e.g.

text: Pylva

text: instead

text: of

text: Põlva

text: and

text: yu

text: instead

text: of

text: ü

text: e.g.

text: Pyussi

text: instead

text: of

text: Püssi

text: Even

text: in

text: the

text: Encyclopædia

text: Britannica

text: one

text: can

text: find

text: ostrov

text: Khiuma

text: where

text: ostrov

text: means

text: island

text: in

text: Russian

text: and

text: Khiuma

text: is

text: back

text: transliteration

text: from

text: Russian

text: instead

text: of

text: Hiiumaa

text: Hiiumaa

text: Хийума(а

text: Khiuma

question: In Soviet international publications what language's transliteration are Estonian words and names often back-transliterations from?

answer: Russian

text: Russian

question: What famous encyclopedia contains a Russian back-transliteration of Estonian?

answer: Encyclopædia Britannica

text: Encyclopædia Britannica

question: What is the Russian back-transliteration from Encyclopædia Britannica?

answer: "ostrov Khiuma"

text: "ostrov Khiuma"


text: In 1994, responding to the need for a more useful system for describing chronic pain, the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) classified pain according to specific characteristics: (1) region of the body involved (e.g. abdomen, lower limbs), (2) system whose dysfunction may be causing the pain (e.g., nervous, gastrointestinal), (3) duration and pattern of occurrence, (4) intensity and time since onset, and (5) etiology. However, this system has been criticized by Clifford J. Woolf and others as inadequate for guiding research and treatment. Woolf suggests three classes of pain : (1) nociceptive pain, (2) inflammatory pain which is associated with tissue damage and the infiltration of immune cells, and (3) pathological pain which is a disease state caused by damage to the nervous system or by its abnormal function (e.g. fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome, tension type headache, etc.).

title: Pain

title: Pain

text: In

text: responding

text: to

text: the

text: need

text: for

text: a

text: more

text: useful

text: system

text: for

text: describing

text: chronic

text: pain

text: the

text: International

text: Association

text: for

text: the

text: Study

text: of

text: Pain

text: IASP

text: classified

text: pain

text: according

text: to

text: specific

text: characteristics

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: involved

text: e.g.

text: abdomen

text: lower

text: limbs

text: system

text: whose

text: dysfunction

text: may

text: be

text: causing

text: the

text: pain

text: e.g.

text: nervous

text: gastrointestinal

text: duration

text: and

text: pattern

text: of

text: occurrence

text: intensity

text: and

text: time

text: since

text: onset

text: and

text: etiology

text: However

text: this

text: system

text: has

text: been

text: criticized

text: by

text: Clifford

text: J.

text: Woolf

text: and

text: others

text: as

text: inadequate

text: for

text: guiding

text: research

text: and

text: treatment

text: Woolf

text: suggests

text: three

text: classes

text: of

text: pain

text: nociceptive

text: pain

text: inflammatory

text: pain

text: which

text: is

text: associated

text: with

text: tissue

text: damage

text: and

text: the

text: infiltration

text: of

text: immune

text: cells

text: and

text: pathological

text: pain

text: which

text: is

text: a

text: disease

text: state

text: caused

text: by

text: damage

text: to

text: the

text: nervous

text: system

text: or

text: by

text: its

text: abnormal

text: function

text: e.g.

text: fibromyalgia

text: irritable

text: bowel

text: syndrome

text: tension

text: type

text: headache

text: etc

question: What year did the IASP respond to the need to create a more useful system for describing pain?

answer: 1994

question: How many classes of pain does the IASP system note?

answer: 5

question: Who has criticized the IASP's system?

answer: Clifford J. Woolf and others

text: Clifford J. Woolf and others

question: What do some people feel the IASP's system is inadequate for?

answer: guiding research and treatment

text: guiding research and treatment

question: How many classes of research does Woolf encourage?

answer: three

text: three


text: High, cold ice clouds such as Cirrus or Cumulonimbus show up bright white, lower warmer clouds such as Stratus or Stratocumulus show up as grey with intermediate clouds shaded accordingly. Hot land surfaces will show up as dark-grey or black. One disadvantage of infrared imagery is that low cloud such as stratus or fog can be a similar temperature to the surrounding land or sea surface and does not show up. However, using the difference in brightness of the IR4 channel (10.3–11.5 µm) and the near-infrared channel (1.58–1.64 µm), low cloud can be distinguished, producing a fog satellite picture. The main advantage of infrared is that images can be produced at night, allowing a continuous sequence of weather to be studied.

title: Infrared

title: Infrared

text: High

text: cold

text: ice

text: clouds

text: such

text: as

text: Cirrus

text: or

text: Cumulonimbus

text: show

text: up

text: bright

text: white

text: lower

text: warmer

text: clouds

text: such

text: as

text: Stratus

text: or

text: Stratocumulus

text: show

text: up

text: as

text: grey

text: with

text: intermediate

text: clouds

text: shaded

text: accordingly

text: Hot

text: land

text: surfaces

text: will

text: show

text: up

text: as

text: dark

text: grey

text: or

text: black

text: One

text: disadvantage

text: of

text: infrared

text: imagery

text: is

text: that

text: low

text: cloud

text: such

text: as

text: stratus

text: or

text: fog

text: can

text: be

text: a

text: similar

text: temperature

text: to

text: the

text: surrounding

text: land

text: or

text: sea

text: surface

text: and

text: does

text: not

text: show

text: up

text: However

text: using

text: the

text: difference

text: in

text: brightness

text: of

text: the

text: channel

text: µm

text: and

text: the

text: near

text: infrared

text: channel

text: µm

text: low

text: cloud

text: can

text: be

text: distinguished

text: producing

text: a

text: fog

text: satellite

text: picture

text: The

text: main

text: advantage

text: of

text: infrared

text: is

text: that

text: images

text: can

text: be

text: produced

text: at

text: night

text: allowing

text: a

text: continuous

text: sequence

text: of

text: weather

text: to

text: be

text: studied

question: Along with Cirrus, what types of clouds are cold and high?

answer: Cumulonimbus

text: Cumulonimbus

question: What color do Cirrus clouds appear in infrared?

answer: white

text: white

question: Along with Stratus, what clouds are lower and warmer?

answer: Stratocumulus

text: Stratocumulus

question: What color are Strarus clouds in infrared?

answer: grey

text: grey

question: What is the range of the near-infrared channel in micrometers?

answer: 1.58–1.64


text: Polytechnic Institutes are technological universities, many dating back to the mid-19th century. A handful of world-renowned Elite American universities include the phrases "Institute of Technology", "Polytechnic Institute", "Polytechnic University", or similar phrasing in their names; these are generally research-intensive universities with a focus on engineering, science and technology. The earliest and most famous of these institutions are, respectively, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI, 1824), New York University Tandon School of Engineering (1854) and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT, 1861). Conversely, schools dubbed "technical colleges" or "technical institutes" generally provide post-secondary training in technical and mechanical fields, focusing on training vocational skills primarily at a community college level—parallel and sometimes equivalent to the first two years at a bachelor's degree-granting institution.

title: Institute_of_technology

title: Institute_of_technology

text: Polytechnic

text: Institutes

text: are

text: technological

text: universities

text: many

text: dating

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: century

text: A

text: handful

text: of

text: world

text: renowned

text: Elite

text: American

text: universities

text: include

text: the

text: phrases

text: Institute

text: of

text: Technology

text: Polytechnic

text: Institute

text: Polytechnic

text: University

text: or

text: similar

text: phrasing

text: in

text: their

text: names

text: these

text: are

text: generally

text: research

text: intensive

text: universities

text: with

text: a

text: focus

text: on

text: engineering

text: science

text: and

text: technology

text: The

text: earliest

text: and

text: most

text: famous

text: of

text: these

text: institutions

text: are

text: respectively

text: Rensselaer

text: Polytechnic

text: Institute

text: RPI

text: New

text: York

text: University

text: Tandon

text: School

text: of

text: Engineering

text: and

text: the

text: Massachusetts

text: Institute

text: of

text: Technology

text: MIT

text: Conversely

text: schools

text: dubbed

text: technical

text: colleges

text: or

text: technical

text: institutes

text: generally

text: provide

text: post

text: secondary

text: training

text: in

text: technical

text: and

text: mechanical

text: fields

text: focusing

text: on

text: training

text: vocational

text: skills

text: primarily

text: at

text: a

text: community

text: college

text: level

text: parallel

text: and

text: sometimes

text: equivalent

text: to

text: the

text: first

text: two

text: years

text: at

text: a

text: bachelor

text: 's

text: degree

text: granting

text: institution

question: In what year was Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute founded?

answer: 1824

question: Which of the three earliest technological universities was founded most recently, in 1861?

answer: Massachusetts Institute of Technology

text: Massachusetts Institute of Technology