text: State law codifies Oklahoma's state emblems and honorary positions; the Oklahoma Senate or House of Representatives may adopt resolutions designating others for special events and to benefit organizations. Currently the State Senate is waiting to vote on a change to the state's motto. The House passed HCR 1024, which will change the state motto from "Labor Omnia Vincit" to "Oklahoma-In God We Trust!" The author of the resolution stated that a constituent researched the Oklahoma Constitution and found no "official" vote regarding "Labor Omnia Vincit", therefore opening the door for an entirely new motto.

title: Oklahoma

title: Oklahoma

text: State

text: law

text: codifies

text: Oklahoma

text: 's

text: state

text: emblems

text: and

text: honorary

text: positions

text: the

text: Oklahoma

text: Senate

text: or

text: House

text: of

text: Representatives

text: may

text: adopt

text: resolutions

text: designating

text: others

text: for

text: special

text: events

text: and

text: to

text: benefit

text: organizations

text: Currently

text: the

text: State

text: Senate

text: is

text: waiting

text: to

text: vote

text: on

text: a

text: change

text: to

text: the

text: state

text: 's

text: motto

text: The

text: House

text: passed

text: HCR

text: which

text: will

text: change

text: the

text: state

text: motto

text: from

text: Labor

text: Omnia

text: Vincit

text: to

text: Oklahoma

text: In

text: God

text: We

text: Trust

text: The

text: author

text: of

text: the

text: resolution

text: stated

text: that

text: a

text: constituent

text: researched

text: the

text: Oklahoma

text: Constitution

text: and

text: found

text: no

text: official

text: vote

text: regarding

text: Labor

text: Omnia

text: Vincit

text: therefore

text: opening

text: the

text: door

text: for

text: an

text: entirely

text: new

text: motto

question: What state House bill would change Oklahoma's motto to 'Oklahoma - In God We Trust'?

answer: HCR 1024

text: HCR 1024

question: What was Oklahoma's state motto, before the state House bill might change it?

answer: Labor Omnia Vincit

text: Labor Omnia Vincit

question: Why did the state House think they could change Oklahoma's motto?

answer: no "official" vote regarding "Labor Omnia Vincit"

text: no "official" vote regarding "Labor Omnia Vincit"


text: After the 1948 election, the state turned firmly Republican. Although registered Republicans were a minority in the state until 2015, starting in 1952, Oklahoma has been carried by Republican presidential candidates in all but one election (1964). This is not to say that every election has been a landslide for Republicans: Jimmy Carter lost the state by less than 1.5% in 1976, while Michael Dukakis and Bill Clinton both won 40% or more of the state's popular vote in 1988 and 1996 respectively. Al Gore in 2000, though, was the last Democrat to even win any counties in the state. Oklahoma was the only state where Barack Obama failed to carry any of its counties in both 2008 and 2012.

title: Oklahoma

title: Oklahoma

text: After

text: the

text: election

text: the

text: state

text: turned

text: firmly

text: Republican

text: Although

text: registered

text: Republicans

text: were

text: a

text: minority

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: until

text: starting

text: in

text: Oklahoma

text: has

text: been

text: carried

text: by

text: Republican

text: presidential

text: candidates

text: in

text: all

text: but

text: one

text: election

text: This

text: is

text: not

text: to

text: say

text: that

text: every

text: election

text: has

text: been

text: a

text: landslide

text: for

text: Republicans

text: Jimmy

text: Carter

text: lost

text: the

text: state

text: by

text: less

text: than

text: in

text: while

text: Michael

text: Dukakis

text: and

text: Bill

text: Clinton

text: both

text: won

text: or

text: more

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: 's

text: popular

text: vote

text: in

text: and

text: respectively

text: Al

text: Gore

text: in

text: though

text: was

text: the

text: last

text: Democrat

text: to

text: even

text: win

text: any

text: counties

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: Oklahoma

text: was

text: the

text: only

text: state

text: where

text: Barack

text: Obama

text: failed

text: to

text: carry

text: any

text: of

text: its

text: counties

text: in

text: both

text: and

question: What political party rose to power in Oklahoma in 1948?

answer: Republican

text: Republican

question: When did registered Republicans become a majority in Oklahoma?

answer: 2015

question: What is the one election since 1952 where a Republican presidential candidate didn't win in Oklahoma?

answer: 1964

question: Oklahoma was the only state where which presidential candidate won no counties twice?

answer: Barack Obama

text: Barack Obama

question: Who was the last Democratic presidential candidate to win any counties in Oklahoma?

answer: Al Gore

text: Al Gore


text: In the 19th century, musical institutions emerged from the control of wealthy patrons, as composers and musicians could construct lives independent of the nobility. Increasing interest in music by the growing middle classes throughout western Europe spurred the creation of organizations for the teaching, performance, and preservation of music. The piano, which achieved its modern construction in this era (in part due to industrial advances in metallurgy) became widely popular with the middle class, whose demands for the instrument spurred a large number of piano builders. Many symphony orchestras date their founding to this era. Some musicians and composers were the stars of the day; some, like Franz Liszt and Niccolò Paganini, fulfilled both roles.

title: Classical_music

title: Classical_music

text: In

text: the

text: century

text: musical

text: institutions

text: emerged

text: from

text: the

text: control

text: of

text: wealthy

text: patrons

text: as

text: composers

text: and

text: musicians

text: could

text: construct

text: lives

text: independent

text: of

text: the

text: nobility

text: Increasing

text: interest

text: in

text: music

text: by

text: the

text: growing

text: middle

text: classes

text: throughout

text: western

text: Europe

text: spurred

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: organizations

text: for

text: the

text: teaching

text: performance

text: and

text: preservation

text: of

text: music

text: The

text: piano

text: which

text: achieved

text: its

text: modern

text: construction

text: in

text: this

text: era

text: in

text: part

text: due

text: to

text: industrial

text: advances

text: in

text: metallurgy

text: became

text: widely

text: popular

text: with

text: the

text: middle

text: class

text: whose

text: demands

text: for

text: the

text: instrument

text: spurred

text: a

text: large

text: number

text: of

text: piano

text: builders

text: Many

text: symphony

text: orchestras

text: date

text: their

text: founding

text: to

text: this

text: era

text: Some

text: musicians

text: and

text: composers

text: were

text: the

text: stars

text: of

text: the

text: day

text: some

text: like

text: Franz

text: Liszt

text: and

text: Niccolò

text: Paganini

text: fulfilled

text: both

text: roles

question: Who controlled musical institutions before the 19th century?

answer: wealthy patrons

text: wealthy patrons

question: Composers and musicians began to construct lives independent of what in the 19th century?

answer: the nobility

text: the nobility

question: What class increased it's interest in music during the 19th century?

answer: middle classes

text: middle classes

question: What instrument became widely popular in the middle class in the 19th century?

answer: The piano

text: The piano

question: The 19th century marks the foundation of many what?

answer: symphony orchestras

text: symphony orchestras


text: A fervent follower of the absolutist cause, Elío had played an important role in the repression of the supporters of the Constitution of 1812. For this, he was arrested in 1820 and executed in 1822 by garroting. Conflict between absolutists and liberals continued, and in the period of conservative rule called the Ominous Decade (1823–1833), which followed the Trienio Liberal, there was ruthless repression by government forces and the Catholic Inquisition. The last victim of the Inquisition was Gaietà Ripoli, a teacher accused of being a deist and a Mason who was hanged in Valencia in 1824.

title: Valencia

title: Valencia

text: A

text: fervent

text: follower

text: of

text: the

text: absolutist

text: cause

text: Elío

text: had

text: played

text: an

text: important

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: repression

text: of

text: the

text: supporters

text: of

text: the

text: Constitution

text: of

text: For

text: this

text: he

text: was

text: arrested

text: in

text: and

text: executed

text: in

text: by

text: garroting

text: Conflict

text: between

text: absolutists

text: and

text: liberals

text: continued

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: period

text: of

text: conservative

text: rule

text: called

text: the

text: Ominous

text: Decade

text: which

text: followed

text: the

text: Trienio

text: Liberal

text: there

text: was

text: ruthless

text: repression

text: by

text: government

text: forces

text: and

text: the

text: Catholic

text: Inquisition

text: The

text: last

text: victim

text: of

text: the

text: Inquisition

text: was

text: Gaietà

text: Ripoli

text: a

text: teacher

text: accused

text: of

text: being

text: a

text: deist

text: and

text: a

text: Mason

text: who

text: was

text: hanged

text: in

text: Valencia

text: in

question: Who helped repress the supporters of the Constitution and was later executed for it?

answer: Elío

text: Elío

question: When was Elio killed?

answer: 1822

question: How was Elio executed?

answer: by garroting

text: by garroting

question: What are the years from 1823-1833 called?

answer: Ominous Decade

text: Ominous Decade

question: Who was the last person killed by the Inquisition?

answer: Gaietà Ripoli

text: Gaietà Ripoli


text: In 1954, Eisenhower articulated the domino theory in his outlook towards communism in Southeast Asia and also in Central America. He believed that if the communists were allowed to prevail in Vietnam, this would cause a succession of countries to fall to communism, from Laos through Malaysia and Indonesia ultimately to India. Likewise, the fall of Guatemala would end with the fall of neighboring Mexico. That year the loss of North Vietnam to the communists and the rejection of his proposed European Defence Community (EDC) were serious defeats, but he remained optimistic in his opposition to the spread of communism, saying "Long faces don't win wars". As he had threatened the French in their rejection of EDC, he afterwards moved to restore West Germany, as a full NATO partner.

title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

text: In

text: Eisenhower

text: articulated

text: the

text: domino

text: theory

text: in

text: his

text: outlook

text: towards

text: communism

text: in

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: and

text: also

text: in

text: Central

text: America

text: He

text: believed

text: that

text: if

text: the

text: communists

text: were

text: allowed

text: to

text: prevail

text: in

text: Vietnam

text: this

text: would

text: cause

text: a

text: succession

text: of

text: countries

text: to

text: fall

text: to

text: communism

text: from

text: Laos

text: through

text: Malaysia

text: and

text: Indonesia

text: ultimately

text: to

text: India

text: Likewise

text: the

text: fall

text: of

text: Guatemala

text: would

text: end

text: with

text: the

text: fall

text: of

text: neighboring

text: Mexico

text: That

text: year

text: the

text: loss

text: of

text: North

text: Vietnam

text: to

text: the

text: communists

text: and

text: the

text: rejection

text: of

text: his

text: proposed

text: European

text: Defence

text: Community

text: EDC

text: were

text: serious

text: defeats

text: but

text: he

text: remained

text: optimistic

text: in

text: his

text: opposition

text: to

text: the

text: spread

text: of

text: communism

text: saying

text: Long

text: faces

text: do

text: n't

text: win

text: wars

text: As

text: he

text: had

text: threatened

text: the

text: French

text: in

text: their

text: rejection

text: of

text: EDC

text: he

text: afterwards

text: moved

text: to

text: restore

text: West

text: Germany

text: as

text: a

text: full

text: NATO

text: partner

question: What country did Eisenhower believe communists would conquer if they took over Guatemala?

answer: Mexico

text: Mexico

question: The domino theory was applied to Central America and what other region?

answer: Southeast Asia

text: Southeast Asia

question: In what year was Eisenhower's EDC rejected?

answer: 1954

question: What country was made a full partner in NATO as the result of the failure of EDC?

answer: West Germany

text: West Germany

question: According to Eisenhower, all of Southeast Asia would become communist if the communist insurgency won in what country?

answer: Vietnam

text: Vietnam


text: Development Testing is a software development process that involves synchronized application of a broad spectrum of defect prevention and detection strategies in order to reduce software development risks, time, and costs. It is performed by the software developer or engineer during the construction phase of the software development lifecycle. Rather than replace traditional QA focuses, it augments it. Development Testing aims to eliminate construction errors before code is promoted to QA; this strategy is intended to increase the quality of the resulting software as well as the efficiency of the overall development and QA process.

title: Software_testing

title: Software_testing

text: Development

text: Testing

text: is

text: a

text: software

text: development

text: process

text: that

text: involves

text: synchronized

text: application

text: of

text: a

text: broad

text: spectrum

text: of

text: defect

text: prevention

text: and

text: detection

text: strategies

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: reduce

text: software

text: development

text: risks

text: time

text: and

text: costs

text: It

text: is

text: performed

text: by

text: the

text: software

text: developer

text: or

text: engineer

text: during

text: the

text: construction

text: phase

text: of

text: the

text: software

text: development

text: lifecycle

text: Rather

text: than

text: replace

text: traditional

text: QA

text: focuses

text: it

text: augments

text: it

text: Development

text: Testing

text: aims

text: to

text: eliminate

text: construction

text: errors

text: before

text: code

text: is

text: promoted

text: to

text: QA

text: this

text: strategy

text: is

text: intended

text: to

text: increase

text: the

text: quality

text: of

text: the

text: resulting

text: software

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: efficiency

text: of

text: the

text: overall

text: development

text: and

text: QA

text: process

question: What method is used that involves synchronization of a application?

answer: Development Testing

text: Development Testing

question: When is development testing used?

answer: construction phase of the software development lifecycle

text: construction phase of the software development lifecycle

question: What does Development testing look to eliminate?

answer: construction errors

text: construction errors


text: Throughout most of his career, Athanasius had many detractors. Classical scholar Timothy Barnes relates contemporary allegations against Athanasius: from defiling an altar, to selling Church grain that had been meant to feed the poor for his own personal gain, and even violence and murder to suppress dissent. Athanasius used "Arian" to describe both followers of Arius, and as a derogatory polemical term for Christians who disagreed with his formulation of the Trinity. Athanasius called many of his opponents "Arian", except for Miletus.

title: Athanasius_of_Alexandria

title: Athanasius_of_Alexandria

text: Throughout

text: most

text: of

text: his

text: career

text: Athanasius

text: had

text: many

text: detractors

text: Classical

text: scholar

text: Timothy

text: Barnes

text: relates

text: contemporary

text: allegations

text: against

text: Athanasius

text: from

text: defiling

text: an

text: altar

text: to

text: selling

text: Church

text: grain

text: that

text: had

text: been

text: meant

text: to

text: feed

text: the

text: poor

text: for

text: his

text: own

text: personal

text: gain

text: and

text: even

text: violence

text: and

text: murder

text: to

text: suppress

text: dissent

text: Athanasius

text: used

text: Arian

text: to

text: describe

text: both

text: followers

text: of

text: Arius

text: and

text: as

text: a

text: derogatory

text: polemical

text: term

text: for

text: Christians

text: who

text: disagreed

text: with

text: his

text: formulation

text: of

text: the

text: Trinity

text: Athanasius

text: called

text: many

text: of

text: his

text: opponents

text: Arian

text: except

text: for

text: Miletus

question: Was Athanasius well liked by everyone?

answer: many detractors

text: many detractors

question: What was he accused of doing to a church?

answer: defiling an altar

text: defiling an altar

question: He was accused of selling grain for what reason?

answer: his own personal gain

text: his own personal gain

question: What did the term Arian mean to him?

answer: Christians who disagreed with his formulation

text: Christians who disagreed with his formulation

question: What did he call his detractors?

answer: Arian

text: Arian


text: Although theoretically a collegial body operating through consensus building, Gaddafi dominated the RCC, although some of the others attempted to constrain what they saw as his excesses. Gaddafi remained the government's public face, with the identities of the other RCC members only being publicly revealed on 10 January 1970. All young men from (typically rural) working and middle-class backgrounds, none had university degrees; in this way they were distinct from the wealthy, highly educated conservatives who previously governed the country.

title: Muammar_Gaddafi

title: Muammar_Gaddafi

text: Although

text: theoretically

text: a

text: collegial

text: body

text: operating

text: through

text: consensus

text: building

text: Gaddafi

text: dominated

text: the

text: RCC

text: although

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: others

text: attempted

text: to

text: constrain

text: what

text: they

text: saw

text: as

text: his

text: excesses

text: Gaddafi

text: remained

text: the

text: government

text: 's

text: public

text: face

text: with

text: the

text: identities

text: of

text: the

text: other

text: RCC

text: members

text: only

text: being

text: publicly

text: revealed

text: on

text: January

text: All

text: young

text: men

text: from

text: typically

text: rural

text: working

text: and

text: middle

text: class

text: backgrounds

text: had

text: university

text: degrees

text: in

text: this

text: way

text: they

text: were

text: distinct

text: from

text: the

text: wealthy

text: highly

text: educated

text: conservatives

text: who

text: previously

text: governed

text: the

text: country

question: How did Gaddafi staff the RCC members?

answer: All young men from (typically rural) working and middle-class backgrounds, none had university degrees;

text: All young men from (typically rural) working and middle-class backgrounds, none had university degrees;

question: Why did Gaddafi select these men as RCC members?

answer: they were distinct from the wealthy, highly educated conservatives who previously governed the country.

text: they were distinct from the wealthy, highly educated conservatives who previously governed the country.

question: Whose face was most closely associated with Libya's new government?

answer: Gaddafi

text: Gaddafi

question: Did everyone endorse Gaddafi?

answer: some of the others attempted to constrain what they saw as his excesses

text: some of the others attempted to constrain what they saw as his excesses

question: On what date were the members of the RCC announced?

answer: 10 January 1970

text: 10 January 1970

question: What was the general age group of the members of the RCC?

answer: young

text: young

question: How many members of the RCC had graduated from university?

answer: none

question: What was the sex of all the members of the RCC?

answer: men

text: men

question: Along with the working class, what was the class background of RCC members?

answer: middle

text: middle


text: Several twentieth-century presidents have attempted to greatly expand the power of the presidency. Theodore Roosevelt, for instance, claimed that the president was permitted to do whatever was not explicitly prohibited by the law—in direct contrast to his immediate successor, William Howard Taft. Franklin Delano Roosevelt held considerable power during the Great Depression. Congress had granted Franklin Roosevelt sweeping authority; in Panama Refining v. Ryan, the Court for the first time struck down a Congressional delegation of power as violative of the doctrine of separation of powers. The aforementioned Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, another separation of powers case, was also decided during Franklin Roosevelt's presidency. In response to many unfavorable Supreme Court decisions, Roosevelt introduced a "Court Packing" plan, under which more seats would be added to the Supreme Court for the president to fill. Such a plan (which was defeated in Congress) would have seriously undermined the judiciary's independence and power.

title: Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution

text: Several

text: twentieth

text: century

text: presidents

text: have

text: attempted

text: to

text: greatly

text: expand

text: the

text: power

text: of

text: the

text: presidency

text: Theodore

text: Roosevelt

text: for

text: instance

text: claimed

text: that

text: the

text: president

text: was

text: permitted

text: to

text: do

text: whatever

text: was

text: not

text: explicitly

text: prohibited

text: by

text: the

text: law

text: in

text: direct

text: contrast

text: to

text: his

text: immediate

text: successor

text: William

text: Howard

text: Taft

text: Franklin

text: Delano

text: Roosevelt

text: held

text: considerable

text: power

text: during

text: the

text: Great

text: Depression

text: Congress

text: had

text: granted

text: Franklin

text: Roosevelt

text: sweeping

text: authority

text: in

text: Panama

text: Refining

text: v.

text: Ryan

text: the

text: Court

text: for

text: the

text: first

text: time

text: struck

text: down

text: a

text: Congressional

text: delegation

text: of

text: power

text: as

text: violative

text: of

text: the

text: doctrine

text: of

text: separation

text: of

text: powers

text: The

text: aforementioned

text: Schechter

text: Poultry

text: Corp.

text: v.

text: United

text: States

text: another

text: separation

text: of

text: powers

text: case

text: was

text: also

text: decided

text: during

text: Franklin

text: Roosevelt

text: 's

text: presidency

text: In

text: response

text: to

text: many

text: unfavorable

text: Supreme

text: Court

text: decisions

text: Roosevelt

text: introduced

text: a

text: Court

text: Packing

text: plan

text: under

text: which

text: more

text: seats

text: would

text: be

text: added

text: to

text: the

text: Supreme

text: Court

text: for

text: the

text: president

text: to

text: fill

text: Such

text: a

text: plan

text: which

text: was

text: defeated

text: in

text: Congress

text: would

text: have

text: seriously

text: undermined

text: the

text: judiciary

text: 's

text: independence

text: and

text: power

question: Which President attempted to pack the supreme court?

answer: Franklin Roosevelt

text: Franklin Roosevelt

question: Who had granted Franklin Roosevelt sweeping authority during the great depression?

answer: Congress

text: Congress


text: The greatest number of surviving Gothic buildings are churches. These range from tiny chapels to large cathedrals, and although many have been extended and altered in different styles, a large number remain either substantially intact or sympathetically restored, demonstrating the form, character and decoration of Gothic architecture. The Gothic style is most particularly associated with the great cathedrals of Northern France, the Low Countries, England and Spain, with other fine examples occurring across Europe.

title: Gothic_architecture

title: Gothic_architecture

text: The

text: greatest

text: number

text: of

text: surviving

text: Gothic

text: buildings

text: are

text: churches

text: These

text: range

text: from

text: tiny

text: chapels

text: to

text: large

text: cathedrals

text: and

text: although

text: many

text: have

text: been

text: extended

text: and

text: altered

text: in

text: different

text: styles

text: a

text: large

text: number

text: remain

text: either

text: substantially

text: intact

text: or

text: sympathetically

text: restored

text: demonstrating

text: the

text: form

text: character

text: and

text: decoration

text: of

text: Gothic

text: architecture

text: The

text: Gothic

text: style

text: is

text: most

text: particularly

text: associated

text: with

text: the

text: great

text: cathedrals

text: of

text: Northern

text: France

text: the

text: Low

text: Countries

text: England

text: and

text: Spain

text: with

text: other

text: fine

text: examples

text: occurring

text: across

text: Europe

question: What is one region with which the Gothic style is distinctly connected with?

answer: Northern France

text: Northern France

question: What is another region with which the Gothic style is distinctly connected with?

answer: the Low Countries

text: the Low Countries

question: What type of structures remaining today have the largest amount of examples of the Gothic style?

answer: churches

text: churches

question: What is one country with which the Gothic style is distinctly connected with?

answer: England

text: England

question: What is another country with which the Gothic style is distinctly connected with?

answer: Spain

text: Spain


text: Federalism, and other forms of territorially autonomy, is generally seen as a useful way to structure political systems in order prevent violence among different groups with countries because it allows certain groups to legislate at the subnational level. Some scholars have suggested, however, that federalism can divide countries and result in state collapse because it creates proto-states. Still others have shown that federalism is only divisive when it lacks mechanisms tthat encourage political parties to compete across regional boundaries.

title: Federalism

title: Federalism

text: Federalism

text: and

text: other

text: forms

text: of

text: territorially

text: autonomy

text: is

text: generally

text: seen

text: as

text: a

text: useful

text: way

text: to

text: structure

text: political

text: systems

text: in

text: order

text: prevent

text: violence

text: among

text: different

text: groups

text: with

text: countries

text: because

text: it

text: allows

text: certain

text: groups

text: to

text: legislate

text: at

text: the

text: subnational

text: level

text: Some

text: scholars

text: have

text: suggested

text: however

text: that

text: federalism

text: can

text: divide

text: countries

text: and

text: result

text: in

text: state

text: collapse

text: because

text: it

text: creates

text: proto

text: states

text: Still

text: others

text: have

text: shown

text: that

text: federalism

text: is

text: only

text: divisive

text: when

text: it

text: lacks

text: mechanisms

text: tthat

text: encourage

text: political

text: parties

text: to

text: compete

text: across

text: regional

text: boundaries

question: What is federalism seen as?

answer: a useful way to structure political systems in order prevent violence among different groups with countries

text: a useful way to structure political systems in order prevent violence among different groups with countries

question: What does federalism allow?

answer: it allows certain groups to legislate at the subnational level

text: it allows certain groups to legislate at the subnational level

question: What do scholars think of federalism?

answer: Some scholars have suggested, however, that federalism can divide countries

text: Some scholars have suggested, however, that federalism can divide countries


text: Each of Rome's legendary or semi-legendary kings was associated with one or more religious institutions still known to the later Republic. Tullus Hostilius and Ancus Marcius instituted the fetial priests. The first "outsider" Etruscan king, Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, founded a Capitoline temple to the triad Jupiter, Juno and Minerva which served as the model for the highest official cult throughout the Roman world. The benevolent, divinely fathered Servius Tullius established the Latin League, its Aventine Temple to Diana, and the Compitalia to mark his social reforms. Servius Tullius was murdered and succeeded by the arrogant Tarquinius Superbus, whose expulsion marked the beginning of Rome as a republic with annually elected magistrates.

title: Religion_in_ancient_Rome

title: Religion_in_ancient_Rome

text: Each

text: of

text: Rome

text: 's

text: legendary

text: or

text: semi

text: legendary

text: kings

text: was

text: associated

text: with

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: religious

text: institutions

text: still

text: known

text: to

text: the

text: later

text: Republic

text: Tullus

text: Hostilius

text: and

text: Ancus

text: Marcius

text: instituted

text: the

text: fetial

text: priests

text: The

text: first

text: outsider

text: Etruscan

text: king

text: Lucius

text: Tarquinius

text: Priscus

text: founded

text: a

text: Capitoline

text: temple

text: to

text: the

text: triad

text: Jupiter

text: Juno

text: and

text: Minerva

text: which

text: served

text: as

text: the

text: model

text: for

text: the

text: highest

text: official

text: cult

text: throughout

text: the

text: Roman

text: world

text: The

text: benevolent

text: divinely

text: fathered

text: Servius

text: Tullius

text: established

text: the

text: Latin

text: League

text: its

text: Aventine

text: Temple

text: to

text: Diana

text: and

text: the

text: Compitalia

text: to

text: mark

text: his

text: social

text: reforms

text: Servius

text: Tullius

text: was

text: murdered

text: and

text: succeeded

text: by

text: the

text: arrogant

text: Tarquinius

text: Superbus

text: whose

text: expulsion

text: marked

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: Rome

text: as

text: a

text: republic

text: with

text: annually

text: elected

text: magistrates

question: To what were the first kings of Rome associated?

answer: religious institutions

text: religious institutions

question: To what group of deities did Lucius Tarquinius Priscus  establish a temple?

answer: Jupiter, Juno and Minerva

text: Jupiter, Juno and Minerva

question: The removal of whom marked the beginning of the Roman Republic?

answer: Tarquinius Superbus

text: Tarquinius Superbus

question: Where was the temple to the triad gods established?

answer: Capitoline

text: Capitoline

question: What organization did Servius Tullius found?

answer: Latin League,

text: Latin League,


text: The practice of component interface testing can be used to check the handling of data passed between various units, or subsystem components, beyond full integration testing between those units. The data being passed can be considered as "message packets" and the range or data types can be checked, for data generated from one unit, and tested for validity before being passed into another unit. One option for interface testing is to keep a separate log file of data items being passed, often with a timestamp logged to allow analysis of thousands of cases of data passed between units for days or weeks. Tests can include checking the handling of some extreme data values while other interface variables are passed as normal values. Unusual data values in an interface can help explain unexpected performance in the next unit. Component interface testing is a variation of black-box testing, with the focus on the data values beyond just the related actions of a subsystem component.

title: Software_testing

title: Software_testing

text: The

text: practice

text: of

text: component

text: interface

text: testing

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: check

text: the

text: handling

text: of

text: data

text: passed

text: between

text: various

text: units

text: or

text: subsystem

text: components

text: beyond

text: full

text: integration

text: testing

text: between

text: those

text: units

text: The

text: data

text: being

text: passed

text: can

text: be

text: considered

text: as

text: message

text: packets

text: and

text: the

text: range

text: or

text: data

text: types

text: can

text: be

text: checked

text: for

text: data

text: generated

text: from

text: one

text: unit

text: and

text: tested

text: for

text: validity

text: before

text: being

text: passed

text: into

text: another

text: unit

text: One

text: option

text: for

text: interface

text: testing

text: is

text: to

text: keep

text: a

text: separate

text: log

text: file

text: of

text: data

text: items

text: being

text: passed

text: often

text: with

text: a

text: timestamp

text: logged

text: to

text: allow

text: analysis

text: of

text: thousands

text: of

text: cases

text: of

text: data

text: passed

text: between

text: units

text: for

text: days

text: or

text: weeks

text: Tests

text: can

text: include

text: checking

text: the

text: handling

text: of

text: some

text: extreme

text: data

text: values

text: while

text: other

text: interface

text: variables

text: are

text: passed

text: as

text: normal

text: values

text: Unusual

text: data

text: values

text: in

text: an

text: interface

text: can

text: help

text: explain

text: unexpected

text: performance

text: in

text: the

text: next

text: unit

text: Component

text: interface

text: testing

text: is

text: a

text: variation

text: of

text: black

text: box

text: testing

text: with

text: the

text: focus

text: on

text: the

text: data

text: values

text: beyond

text: just

text: the

text: related

text: actions

text: of

text: a

text: subsystem

text: component

question: What is it called to check data passed between units?

answer: component interface testing

text: component interface testing

question: What is it called when data is being passed?

answer: message packets

text: message packets

question: What is an option  of component interface testing  used while sending message packets?

answer: keep a separate log file of data items being passed

text: keep a separate log file of data items being passed

question: What is a variation of black-box testing?

answer: Component interface testing

text: Component interface testing


text: Emperor Meiji abolished the samurai's right to be the only armed force in favor of a more modern, western-style, conscripted army in 1873. Samurai became Shizoku (士族) who retained some of their salaries, but the right to wear a katana in public was eventually abolished along with the right to execute commoners who paid them disrespect. The samurai finally came to an end after hundreds of years of enjoyment of their status, their powers, and their ability to shape the government of Japan. However, the rule of the state by the military class was not yet over. In defining how a modern Japan should be, members of the Meiji government decided to follow the footsteps of the United Kingdom and Germany, basing the country on the concept of noblesse oblige. Samurai were not a political force under the new order. With the Meiji reforms in the late 19th century, the samurai class was abolished, and a western-style national army was established. The Imperial Japanese Armies were conscripted, but many samurai volunteered as soldiers, and many advanced to be trained as officers. Much of the Imperial Army officer class was of samurai origin, and were highly motivated, disciplined, and exceptionally trained.

title: Samurai

title: Samurai

text: Emperor

text: Meiji

text: abolished

text: the

text: samurai

text: 's

text: right

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: only

text: armed

text: force

text: in

text: favor

text: of

text: a

text: more

text: modern

text: western

text: style

text: conscripted

text: army

text: in

text: Samurai

text: became

text: Shizoku

text: 士族

text: who

text: retained

text: some

text: of

text: their

text: salaries

text: but

text: the

text: right

text: to

text: wear

text: a

text: katana

text: in

text: public

text: was

text: eventually

text: abolished

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: right

text: to

text: execute

text: commoners

text: who

text: paid

text: them

text: disrespect

text: The

text: samurai

text: finally

text: came

text: to

text: an

text: end

text: after

text: hundreds

text: of

text: years

text: of

text: enjoyment

text: of

text: their

text: status

text: their

text: powers

text: and

text: their

text: ability

text: to

text: shape

text: the

text: government

text: of

text: Japan

text: However

text: the

text: rule

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: by

text: the

text: military

text: class

text: was

text: not

text: yet

text: over

text: In

text: defining

text: how

text: a

text: modern

text: Japan

text: should

text: be

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: Meiji

text: government

text: decided

text: to

text: follow

text: the

text: footsteps

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: Germany

text: basing

text: the

text: country

text: on

text: the

text: concept

text: of

text: noblesse

text: oblige

text: Samurai

text: were

text: not

text: a

text: political

text: force

text: under

text: the

text: new

text: order

text: With

text: the

text: Meiji

text: reforms

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: the

text: samurai

text: class

text: was

text: abolished

text: and

text: a

text: western

text: style

text: national

text: army

text: was

text: established

text: The

text: Imperial

text: Japanese

text: Armies

text: were

text: conscripted

text: but

text: many

text: samurai

text: volunteered

text: as

text: soldiers

text: and

text: many

text: advanced

text: to

text: be

text: trained

text: as

text: officers

text: Much

text: of

text: the

text: Imperial

text: Army

text: officer

text: class

text: was

text: of

text: samurai

text: origin

text: and

text: were

text: highly

text: motivated

text: disciplined

text: and

text: exceptionally

text: trained

question: Who established a western-style army in Japan?

answer: Emperor Meiji

text: Emperor Meiji

question: When was a western-style army established in Japan?

answer: 1873

question: What did samurai become in 1873?

answer: Shizoku

text: Shizoku

question: Who had samurai been allowed to kill?

answer: commoners who paid them disrespect

text: commoners who paid them disrespect

question: In what century were the Meiji reforms?

answer: 19th


text: Schwarzenegger was a founding celebrity investor in the Planet Hollywood chain of international theme restaurants (modeled after the Hard Rock Cafe) along with Bruce Willis, Sylvester Stallone and Demi Moore. Schwarzenegger severed his financial ties with the business in early 2000. Schwarzenegger said the company had not had the success he had hoped for, claiming he wanted to focus his attention on "new US global business ventures" and his movie career.

title: Arnold_Schwarzenegger

title: Arnold_Schwarzenegger

text: Schwarzenegger

text: was

text: a

text: founding

text: celebrity

text: investor

text: in

text: the

text: Planet

text: Hollywood

text: chain

text: of

text: international

text: theme

text: restaurants

text: modeled

text: after

text: the

text: Hard

text: Rock

text: Cafe

text: along

text: with

text: Bruce

text: Willis

text: Sylvester

text: Stallone

text: and

text: Demi

text: Moore

text: Schwarzenegger

text: severed

text: his

text: financial

text: ties

text: with

text: the

text: business

text: in

text: early

text: Schwarzenegger

text: said

text: the

text: company

text: had

text: not

text: had

text: the

text: success

text: he

text: had

text: hoped

text: for

text: claiming

text: he

text: wanted

text: to

text: focus

text: his

text: attention

text: on

text: new

text: US

text: global

text: business

text: ventures

text: and

text: his

text: movie

text: career

question: What restaurant chain did Schwarzenegger invest in?

answer: Planet Hollywood

text: Planet Hollywood

question: When did Schwarzenegger withdraw from involvement with Planet Hollywood?

answer: 2000

question: What other successful theme restaurant chain was Planet Hollywood modeled on?

answer: the Hard Rock Cafe

text: the Hard Rock Cafe


text: In many societies, however, a particular dialect, often the sociolect of the elite class, comes to be identified as the "standard" or "proper" version of a language by those seeking to make a social distinction, and is contrasted with other varieties. As a result of this, in some contexts the term "dialect" refers specifically to varieties with low social status. In this secondary sense of "dialect", language varieties are often called dialects rather than languages:

title: Dialect

title: Dialect

text: In

text: many

text: societies

text: however

text: a

text: particular

text: dialect

text: often

text: the

text: sociolect

text: of

text: the

text: elite

text: class

text: comes

text: to

text: be

text: identified

text: as

text: the

text: standard

text: or

text: proper

text: version

text: of

text: a

text: language

text: by

text: those

text: seeking

text: to

text: make

text: a

text: social

text: distinction

text: and

text: is

text: contrasted

text: with

text: other

text: varieties

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: this

text: in

text: some

text: contexts

text: the

text: term

text: dialect

text: refers

text: specifically

text: to

text: varieties

text: with

text: low

text: social

text: status

text: In

text: this

text: secondary

text: sense

text: of

text: dialect

text: language

text: varieties

text: are

text: often

text: called

text: dialects

text: rather

text: than

text: languages

question: With what social class it the standard dialect commonly associated?

answer: the elite class

text: the elite class

question: What social status is the term "dialect" sometimes associated with?

answer: low

text: low

question: What is another term for language varieties?

answer: dialects

text: dialects


text: Russell's ministry, though Whig, was not favoured by the Queen. She found particularly offensive the Foreign Secretary, Lord Palmerston, who often acted without consulting the Cabinet, the Prime Minister, or the Queen. Victoria complained to Russell that Palmerston sent official dispatches to foreign leaders without her knowledge, but Palmerston was retained in office and continued to act on his own initiative, despite her repeated remonstrances. It was only in 1851 that Palmerston was removed after he announced the British government's approval of President Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte's coup in France without consulting the Prime Minister. The following year, President Bonaparte was declared Emperor Napoleon III, by which time Russell's administration had been replaced by a short-lived minority government led by Lord Derby.

title: Queen_Victoria

title: Queen_Victoria

text: Russell

text: 's

text: ministry

text: though

text: Whig

text: was

text: not

text: favoured

text: by

text: the

text: Queen

text: She

text: found

text: particularly

text: offensive

text: the

text: Foreign

text: Secretary

text: Lord

text: Palmerston

text: who

text: often

text: acted

text: without

text: consulting

text: the

text: Cabinet

text: the

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: or

text: the

text: Queen

text: Victoria

text: complained

text: to

text: Russell

text: that

text: Palmerston

text: sent

text: official

text: dispatches

text: to

text: foreign

text: leaders

text: without

text: her

text: knowledge

text: but

text: Palmerston

text: was

text: retained

text: in

text: office

text: and

text: continued

text: to

text: act

text: on

text: his

text: own

text: initiative

text: despite

text: her

text: repeated

text: remonstrances

text: It

text: was

text: only

text: in

text: that

text: Palmerston

text: was

text: removed

text: after

text: he

text: announced

text: the

text: British

text: government

text: 's

text: approval

text: of

text: President

text: Louis

text: Napoleon

text: Bonaparte

text: 's

text: coup

text: in

text: France

text: without

text: consulting

text: the

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: The

text: following

text: year

text: President

text: Bonaparte

text: was

text: declared

text: Emperor

text: Napoleon

text: III

text: by

text: which

text: time

text: Russell

text: 's

text: administration

text: had

text: been

text: replaced

text: by

text: a

text: short

text: lived

text: minority

text: government

text: led

text: by

text: Lord

text: Derby

question: What political party was Russells ministry?

answer: Whig

text: Whig

question: What was president Bonapartes name changed to?

answer: Emperor Napoleon III

text: Emperor Napoleon III

question: What was the name of the foreign secretary that Victoria found offensive?

answer: Lord Palmerston

text: Lord Palmerston

question: To whom did Victoria complain about Palmerston?

answer: Russell

text: Russell

question: What year was Palmerston removed from office?

answer: 1851

question: What position did Lord Palmerston hold?

answer: Foreign Secretary

text: Foreign Secretary

question: What scandal prompted Palmerstons removal in 1851?

answer: he announced the British government's approval of President Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte's coup in France without consulting the Prime Minister

text: he announced the British government's approval of President Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte's coup in France without consulting the Prime Minister

question: President Bonaparte was declared what in France?

answer: Emperor Napoleon III

text: Emperor Napoleon III

question: Who briefly replaced Russell as Prime Minister?

answer: Lord Derby

text: Lord Derby

question: What did Victoria express her displeasure at to Russell about Palmerton?

answer: Palmerston sent official dispatches to foreign leaders without her knowledge

text: Palmerston sent official dispatches to foreign leaders without her knowledge

question: Who was the Foreign Secretary of Russell's ministry?

answer: Lord Palmerston

text: Lord Palmerston

question: To what party did Russell and Palmerston belong?

answer: Whig

text: Whig

question: What replaced Russell's administration?

answer: a short-lived minority government led by Lord Derby

text: a short-lived minority government led by Lord Derby

question: What happened to President Bonaparte in 1852?

answer: declared Emperor Napoleon III

text: declared Emperor Napoleon III

question: Whom did Palmerston fail to gain approval from befoe announcing the support of the British government of Napoleon's coup?

answer: Prime Minister

text: Prime Minister


text: Crevasses can form in several different ways. Transverse crevasses are transverse to flow and form where steeper slopes cause a glacier to accelerate. Longitudinal crevasses form semi-parallel to flow where a glacier expands laterally. Marginal crevasses form from the edge of the glacier, due to the reduction in speed caused by friction of the valley walls. Marginal crevasses are usually largely transverse to flow. Moving glacier ice can sometimes separate from stagnant ice above, forming a bergschrund. Bergschrunds resemble crevasses but are singular features at a glacier's margins.

title: Glacier

title: Glacier

text: Crevasses

text: can

text: form

text: in

text: several

text: different

text: ways

text: Transverse

text: crevasses

text: are

text: transverse

text: to

text: flow

text: and

text: form

text: where

text: steeper

text: slopes

text: cause

text: a

text: glacier

text: to

text: accelerate

text: Longitudinal

text: crevasses

text: form

text: semi

text: parallel

text: to

text: flow

text: where

text: a

text: glacier

text: expands

text: laterally

text: Marginal

text: crevasses

text: form

text: from

text: the

text: edge

text: of

text: the

text: glacier

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: reduction

text: in

text: speed

text: caused

text: by

text: friction

text: of

text: the

text: valley

text: walls

text: Marginal

text: crevasses

text: are

text: usually

text: largely

text: transverse

text: to

text: flow

text: Moving

text: glacier

text: ice

text: can

text: sometimes

text: separate

text: from

text: stagnant

text: ice

text: above

text: forming

text: a

text: bergschrund

text: Bergschrunds

text: resemble

text: crevasses

text: but

text: are

text: singular

text: features

text: at

text: a

text: glacier

text: 's

text: margins

question: Which crevasses form on the edge of the glacier?

answer: Marginal crevasses

text: Marginal crevasses

question: Why do marginal crevasses form on the edge of a glacier?

answer: reduction in speed caused by friction of the valley walls

text: reduction in speed caused by friction of the valley walls

question: What do bergschrunds resemble?

answer: crevasses

text: crevasses

question: How are bergschrunds different than crevasses?

answer: singular features at a glacier's margins

text: singular features at a glacier's margins

question: Where do transverse crevasses form?

answer: where steeper slopes cause a glacier to accelerate

text: where steeper slopes cause a glacier to accelerate


text: Asphalt/bitumen can sometimes be confused with "coal tar", which is a visually similar black, thermoplastic material produced by the destructive distillation of coal. During the early and mid-20th century when town gas was produced, coal tar was a readily available byproduct and extensively used as the binder for road aggregates. The addition of tar to macadam roads led to the word tarmac, which is now used in common parlance to refer to road-making materials. However, since the 1970s, when natural gas succeeded town gas, asphalt/bitumen has completely overtaken the use of coal tar in these applications. Other examples of this confusion include the La Brea Tar Pits and the Canadian oil sands, both of which actually contain natural bitumen rather than tar. Pitch is another term sometimes used at times to refer to asphalt/bitumen, as in Pitch Lake.

title: Asphalt

title: Asphalt

text: Asphalt

text: bitumen

text: can

text: sometimes

text: be

text: confused

text: with

text: coal

text: tar

text: which

text: is

text: a

text: visually

text: similar

text: black

text: thermoplastic

text: material

text: produced

text: by

text: the

text: destructive

text: distillation

text: of

text: coal

text: During

text: the

text: early

text: and

text: century

text: when

text: town

text: gas

text: was

text: produced

text: coal

text: tar

text: was

text: a

text: readily

text: available

text: byproduct

text: and

text: extensively

text: used

text: as

text: the

text: binder

text: for

text: road

text: aggregates

text: The

text: addition

text: of

text: tar

text: to

text: macadam

text: roads

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: word

text: tarmac

text: which

text: is

text: now

text: used

text: in

text: common

text: parlance

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: road

text: making

text: materials

text: However

text: since

text: the

text: when

text: natural

text: gas

text: succeeded

text: town

text: gas

text: asphalt

text: bitumen

text: has

text: completely

text: overtaken

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: coal

text: tar

text: in

text: these

text: applications

text: Other

text: examples

text: of

text: this

text: confusion

text: include

text: the

text: La

text: Brea

text: Tar

text: Pits

text: and

text: the

text: Canadian

text: oil

text: sands

text: both

text: of

text: which

text: actually

text: contain

text: natural

text: bitumen

text: rather

text: than

text: tar

text: Pitch

text: is

text: another

text: term

text: sometimes

text: used

text: at

text: times

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: asphalt

text: bitumen

text: as

text: in

text: Pitch

text: Lake

question: To what similar substance can asphalt be confused?

answer: coal tar

text: coal tar

question: For what was coal tar used in road paving?

answer: binder

text: binder

question: What is the common word is used to describe the combination of tar and macadam?

answer: tarmac

text: tarmac

question: What use has pushed out the need to produce roads with coal tar?

answer: natural gas

text: natural gas

question: Instead of tar, what does the La Brea Tars Pits contain?

answer: bitumen

text: bitumen


text: The traditional New York area accent is characterized as non-rhotic, so that the sound [ɹ] does not appear at the end of a syllable or immediately before a consonant; hence the pronunciation of the city name as "New Yawk." There is no [ɹ] in words like park [pɑək] or [pɒək] (with vowel backed and diphthongized due to the low-back chain shift), butter [bʌɾə], or here [hiə]. In another feature called the low back chain shift, the [ɔ] vowel sound of words like talk, law, cross, chocolate, and coffee and the often homophonous [ɔr] in core and more are tensed and usually raised more than in General American. In the most old-fashioned and extreme versions of the New York dialect, the vowel sounds of words like "girl" and of words like "oil" became a diphthong [ɜɪ]. This would often be misperceived by speakers of other accents as a reversal of the er and oy sounds, so that girl is pronounced "goil" and oil is pronounced "erl"; this leads to the caricature of New Yorkers saying things like "Joizey" (Jersey), "Toidy-Toid Street" (33rd St.) and "terlet" (toilet). The character Archie Bunker from the 1970s sitcom All in the Family (played by Carroll O'Connor) was a notable example of having used this pattern of speech, which continues to fade in its overall presence.

title: New_York_City

title: New_York_City

text: The

text: traditional

text: New

text: York

text: area

text: accent

text: is

text: characterized

text: as

text: non

text: rhotic

text: so

text: that

text: the

text: sound

text: ɹ

text: does

text: not

text: appear

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: a

text: syllable

text: or

text: immediately

text: before

text: a

text: consonant

text: hence

text: the

text: pronunciation

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: name

text: as

text: New

text: Yawk

text: There

text: is

text: no

text: ɹ

text: in

text: words

text: like

text: park

text: pɑək

text: or

text: pɒək

text: with

text: vowel

text: backed

text: and

text: diphthongized

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: low

text: back

text: chain

text: shift

text: butter

text: bʌɾə

text: or

text: here

text: hiə

text: In

text: another

text: feature

text: called

text: the

text: low

text: back

text: chain

text: shift

text: the

text: ɔ

text: vowel

text: sound

text: of

text: words

text: like

text: talk

text: law

text: cross

text: chocolate

text: and

text: coffee

text: and

text: the

text: often

text: homophonous

text: ɔr

text: in

text: core

text: and

text: more

text: are

text: tensed

text: and

text: usually

text: raised

text: more

text: than

text: in

text: General

text: American

text: In

text: the

text: most

text: old

text: fashioned

text: and

text: extreme

text: versions

text: of

text: the

text: New

text: York

text: dialect

text: the

text: vowel

text: sounds

text: of

text: words

text: like

text: girl

text: and

text: of

text: words

text: like

text: oil

text: became

text: a

text: diphthong

text: ɜɪ

text: This

text: would

text: often

text: be

text: misperceived

text: by

text: speakers

text: of

text: other

text: accents

text: as

text: a

text: reversal

text: of

text: the

text: er

text: and

text: oy

text: sounds

text: so

text: that

text: girl

text: is

text: pronounced

text: goil

text: and

text: oil

text: is

text: pronounced

text: erl

text: this

text: leads

text: to

text: the

text: caricature

text: of

text: New

text: Yorkers

text: saying

text: things

text: like

text: Joizey

text: Jersey

text: Toidy

text: Toid

text: Street

text: St.

text: and

text: terlet

text: toilet

text: The

text: character

text: Archie

text: Bunker

text: from

text: the

text: sitcom

text: All

text: in

text: the

text: Family

text: played

text: by

text: Carroll

text: O'Connor

text: was

text: a

text: notable

text: example

text: of

text: having

text: used

text: this

text: pattern

text: of

text: speech

text: which

text: continues

text: to

text: fade

text: in

text: its

text: overall

text: presence

question: What sitcom did the Archie Bunker character feature in?

answer: All in the Family

text: All in the Family

question: What actor performed the role of Archie Bunker?

answer: Carroll O'Connor

text: Carroll O'Connor

question: What is the transliteration of the way in which New Yorkers are perceived to pronounce the name of their city?

answer: New Yawk

text: New Yawk


text: Dannatt criticised a remnant "Cold War mentality", with military expenditures based on retaining a capability against a direct conventional strategic threat; He said currently only 10% of the MoD's equipment programme budget between 2003 and 2018 was to be invested in the "land environment"—at a time when Britain was engaged in land-based wars in Afghanistan and Iraq.

title: Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)

title: Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom

text: Dannatt

text: criticised

text: a

text: remnant

text: Cold

text: War

text: mentality

text: with

text: military

text: expenditures

text: based

text: on

text: retaining

text: a

text: capability

text: against

text: a

text: direct

text: conventional

text: strategic

text: threat

text: He

text: said

text: currently

text: only

text: of

text: the

text: MoD

text: 's

text: equipment

text: programme

text: budget

text: between

text: and

text: was

text: to

text: be

text: invested

text: in

text: the

text: land

text: environment

text: at

text: a

text: time

text: when

text: Britain

text: was

text: engaged

text: in

text: land

text: based

text: wars

text: in

text: Afghanistan

text: and

text: Iraq

question: Military spending that is based on conventional threats has been dismissed as what?

answer: Cold War mentality

text: Cold War mentality

question: How much of the MoD's equipment budget is invested in the "land environment"?

answer: 10%

question: Where was Britain involved in a land war when some thought that land wars were basically a thing of the past?

answer: Afghanistan and Iraq

text: Afghanistan and Iraq

question: Which years make up the time span mentioned for the military budget numbers?

answer: 2003 and 2018

text: 2003 and 2018


text: Englishman Sir Francis Drake probably located the island on the final leg of his circumnavigation of the world (1577–1580). Further visits by other English explorers followed, and, once Saint Helena’s location was more widely known, English ships of war began to lie in wait in the area to attack Portuguese India carracks on their way home. In developing their Far East trade, the Dutch also began to frequent the island. The Portuguese and Spanish soon gave up regularly calling at the island, partly because they used ports along the West African coast, but also because of attacks on their shipping, the desecration of their chapel and religious icons, destruction of their livestock and destruction of plantations by Dutch and English sailors.

title: Saint_Helena

title: Saint_Helena

text: Englishman

text: Sir

text: Francis

text: Drake

text: probably

text: located

text: the

text: island

text: on

text: the

text: final

text: leg

text: of

text: his

text: circumnavigation

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: Further

text: visits

text: by

text: other

text: English

text: explorers

text: followed

text: and

text: once

text: Saint

text: Helena

text: ’s

text: location

text: was

text: more

text: widely

text: known

text: English

text: ships

text: of

text: war

text: began

text: to

text: lie

text: in

text: wait

text: in

text: the

text: area

text: to

text: attack

text: Portuguese

text: India

text: carracks

text: on

text: their

text: way

text: home

text: In

text: developing

text: their

text: Far

text: East

text: trade

text: the

text: Dutch

text: also

text: began

text: to

text: frequent

text: the

text: island

text: The

text: Portuguese

text: and

text: Spanish

text: soon

text: gave

text: up

text: regularly

text: calling

text: at

text: the

text: island

text: partly

text: because

text: they

text: used

text: ports

text: along

text: the

text: West

text: African

text: coast

text: but

text: also

text: because

text: of

text: attacks

text: on

text: their

text: shipping

text: the

text: desecration

text: of

text: their

text: chapel

text: and

text: religious

text: icons

text: destruction

text: of

text: their

text: livestock

text: and

text: destruction

text: of

text: plantations

text: by

text: Dutch

text: and

text: English

text: sailors

question: Who probably located the island on their final leg of their circumnavigation trip?

answer: Englishman Sir Francis Drake

text: Englishman Sir Francis Drake

question: What did English ships of war attack on the island?

answer: Portuguese India carracks

text: Portuguese India carracks

question: Who developed a far east trade and began to frequent the island?

answer: the Dutch

text: the Dutch

question: Who gave up calling at the island due to attacks on their shipping?

answer: The Portuguese and Spanish

text: The Portuguese and Spanish


text: The Ottoman Empire (/ˈɒtəmən/; Ottoman Turkish: دَوْلَتِ عَلِيّهٔ عُثمَانِیّه Devlet-i Aliyye-i Osmâniyye, Modern Turkish: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu or Osmanlı Devleti), also known as the Turkish Empire, Ottoman Turkey or Turkey, was an empire founded in 1299 by Oghuz Turks under Osman I in northwestern Anatolia. After conquests in the Balkans by Murad I between 1362 and 1389, the Ottoman sultanate was transformed into a transcontinental empire and claimant to the caliphate. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the 1453 conquest of Constantinople by Mehmed the Conqueror.

title: Ottoman_Empire

title: Ottoman_Empire

text: The

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: /ˈɒtəmən/

text: Ottoman

text: Turkish

text: دَوْلَتِ

text: عَلِيّهٔ

text: عُثمَانِیّه

text: Devlet

text: i

text: Aliyye

text: i

text: Osmâniyye

text: Modern

text: Turkish

text: Osmanlı

text: İmparatorluğu

text: or

text: Osmanlı

text: Devleti

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Turkish

text: Empire

text: Ottoman

text: Turkey

text: or

text: Turkey

text: was

text: an

text: empire

text: founded

text: in

text: by

text: Oghuz

text: Turks

text: under

text: Osman

text: I

text: in

text: northwestern

text: Anatolia

text: After

text: conquests

text: in

text: the

text: Balkans

text: by

text: Murad

text: I

text: between

text: and

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: sultanate

text: was

text: transformed

text: into

text: a

text: transcontinental

text: empire

text: and

text: claimant

text: to

text: the

text: caliphate

text: The

text: Ottomans

text: ended

text: the

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: with

text: the

text: conquest

text: of

text: Constantinople

text: by

text: Mehmed

text: the

text: Conqueror

question: The Ottoman Empire is also known as what three other names?

answer: Turkish Empire, Ottoman Turkey or Turkey

text: Turkish Empire, Ottoman Turkey or Turkey

question: When was the Ottoman empire founded?

answer: 1299

question: Who founded the Ottoman empire?

answer: Oghuz Turks

text: Oghuz Turks

question: Where was the Ottoman empire founded?

answer: northwestern Anatolia

text: northwestern Anatolia

question: Conquests by who began the transformation of the Ottoman sultanate into an Empire?

answer: Murad I

text: Murad I


text: As soon as Schwarzenegger was elected governor, Willie Brown said he would start a drive to recall the governor. Schwarzenegger was equally entrenched in what he considered to be his mandate in cleaning up gridlock. Building on a catchphrase from the sketch "Hans and Franz" from Saturday Night Live (which partly parodied his bodybuilding career), Schwarzenegger called the Democratic State politicians "girlie men".

title: Arnold_Schwarzenegger

title: Arnold_Schwarzenegger

text: As

text: soon

text: as

text: Schwarzenegger

text: was

text: elected

text: governor

text: Willie

text: Brown

text: said

text: he

text: would

text: start

text: a

text: drive

text: to

text: recall

text: the

text: governor

text: Schwarzenegger

text: was

text: equally

text: entrenched

text: in

text: what

text: he

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: his

text: mandate

text: in

text: cleaning

text: up

text: gridlock

text: Building

text: on

text: a

text: catchphrase

text: from

text: the

text: sketch

text: Hans

text: and

text: Franz

text: from

text: Saturday

text: Night

text: Live

text: which

text: partly

text: parodied

text: his

text: bodybuilding

text: career

text: Schwarzenegger

text: called

text: the

text: Democratic

text: State

text: politicians

text: girlie

text: men

question: What politician threatened to start working to recall Schwarzenegger right after he was elected?

answer: Willie Brown

text: Willie Brown

question: What Saturday Night Live sketch was Schwarzenegger referencing when he called opposing politicians "girlie men"?

answer: Hans and Franz

text: Hans and Franz


text: Like other languages, Catalan has a large list of learned words from Greek and Latin. This process started very early, and one can find such examples in Ramon Llull's work. On the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries Catalan had a number of Greco-Latin learned words much superior to other Romance languages, as it can be attested for example in Roís de Corella's writings.

title: Catalan_language

title: Catalan_language

text: Like

text: other

text: languages

text: Catalan

text: has

text: a

text: large

text: list

text: of

text: learned

text: words

text: from

text: Greek

text: and

text: Latin

text: This

text: process

text: started

text: very

text: early

text: and

text: one

text: can

text: find

text: such

text: examples

text: in

text: Ramon

text: Llull

text: 's

text: work

text: On

text: the

text: fourteenth

text: and

text: fifteenth

text: centuries

text: Catalan

text: had

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: Greco

text: Latin

text: learned

text: words

text: much

text: superior

text: to

text: other

text: Romance

text: languages

text: as

text: it

text: can

text: be

text: attested

text: for

text: example

text: in

text: Roís

text: de

text: Corella

text: 's

text: writings

question: Where does Catalan get a lot of its learned words?

answer: Greek and Latin

text: Greek and Latin

question: When did the process of acquiring words from Latin and Greek begin?

answer: very early

text: very early

question: In whose work can you find examples of acquired words?

answer: Ramon Llull

text: Ramon Llull

question: When did Catalan have a greater number of Greco-Latin words than other Romance languages?

answer: fourteenth and fifteenth centuries

text: fourteenth and fifteenth centuries

question: Whose writings are a good example of learned words in Catalan?

answer: Roís de Corella

text: Roís de Corella


text: Wang and Nyima argue that the Ming emperor sent edicts to Tibet twice in the second year of the Ming dynasty, and demonstrated that he viewed Tibet as a significant region to pacify by urging various Tibetan tribes to submit to the authority of the Ming court. They note that at the same time, the Mongol Prince Punala, who had inherited his position as ruler of areas of Tibet, went to Nanjing in 1371 to pay tribute and show his allegiance to the Ming court, bringing with him the seal of authority issued by the Yuan court. They also state that since successors of lamas granted the title of "prince" had to travel to the Ming court to renew this title, and since lamas called themselves princes, the Ming court therefore had "full sovereignty over Tibet." They state that the Ming dynasty, by issuing imperial edicts to invite ex-Yuan officials to the court for official positions in the early years of its founding, won submission from ex-Yuan religious and administrative leaders in the Tibetan areas, and thereby incorporated Tibetan areas into the rule of the Ming court. Thus, they conclude, the Ming court won the power to rule Tibetan areas formerly under the rule of the Yuan dynasty.

title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty

title: Sino

text: Wang

text: and

text: Nyima

text: argue

text: that

text: the

text: Ming

text: emperor

text: sent

text: edicts

text: to

text: Tibet

text: twice

text: in

text: the

text: second

text: year

text: of

text: the

text: Ming

text: dynasty

text: and

text: demonstrated

text: that

text: he

text: viewed

text: Tibet

text: as

text: a

text: significant

text: region

text: to

text: pacify

text: by

text: urging

text: various

text: Tibetan

text: tribes

text: to

text: submit

text: to

text: the

text: authority

text: of

text: the

text: Ming

text: court

text: They

text: note

text: that

text: at

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: the

text: Mongol

text: Prince

text: Punala

text: who

text: had

text: inherited

text: his

text: position

text: as

text: ruler

text: of

text: areas

text: of

text: Tibet

text: went

text: to

text: Nanjing

text: in

text: to

text: pay

text: tribute

text: and

text: show

text: his

text: allegiance

text: to

text: the

text: Ming

text: court

text: bringing

text: with

text: him

text: the

text: seal

text: of

text: authority

text: issued

text: by

text: the

text: Yuan

text: court

text: They

text: also

text: state

text: that

text: since

text: successors

text: of

text: lamas

text: granted

text: the

text: title

text: of

text: prince

text: had

text: to

text: travel

text: to

text: the

text: Ming

text: court

text: to

text: renew

text: this

text: title

text: and

text: since

text: lamas

text: called

text: themselves

text: princes

text: the

text: Ming

text: court

text: therefore

text: had

text: full

text: sovereignty

text: over

text: Tibet

text: They

text: state

text: that

text: the

text: Ming

text: dynasty

text: by

text: issuing

text: imperial

text: edicts

text: to

text: invite

text: ex

text: Yuan

text: officials

text: to

text: the

text: court

text: for

text: official

text: positions

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: years

text: of

text: its

text: founding

text: won

text: submission

text: from

text: ex

text: Yuan

text: religious

text: and

text: administrative

text: leaders

text: in

text: the

text: Tibetan

text: areas

text: and

text: thereby

text: incorporated

text: Tibetan

text: areas

text: into

text: the

text: rule

text: of

text: the

text: Ming

text: court

text: Thus

text: they

text: conclude

text: the

text: Ming

text: court

text: won

text: the

text: power

text: to

text: rule

text: Tibetan

text: areas

text: formerly

text: under

text: the

text: rule

text: of

text: the

text: Yuan

text: dynasty

question: Who believed that the Ming court had full sovereignty over Tibet?

answer: Wang and Nyima

text: Wang and Nyima

question: What year did Wang and Nyima believe that the Mongol Prince Punala went to Nanjing?

answer: 1371

question: What did the lamas called themselves?

answer: princes

text: princes

question: What edicts did the Ming issue?

answer: imperial edicts

text: imperial edicts


text: One rescue team reported only 2,300 survivors from the town of Yingxiu in Wenchuan County, out of a total population of about 9,000. 3,000 to 5,000 people were killed in Beichuan County, Sichuan alone; in the same location, 10,000 people were injured and 80% of the buildings were destroyed. The old county seat of Beichuan was abandoned and preserved as part of the Beichuan Earthquake Museum. Eight schools were toppled in Dujiangyan. A 56-year-old was killed in Dujiangyan during a rescue attempt on the Lingyanshan Ropeway, where due to the earthquake 11 tourists from Taiwan had been trapped inside cable cars since May 13. A 4-year-old boy named Zhu Shaowei (traditional Chinese: 朱紹維; simplified Chinese: 朱绍维; pinyin: Zhū Shàowéi) was also killed in Mianzhu City when a house collapsed on him and another was reported missing.

title: 2008_Sichuan_earthquake

title: 2008_Sichuan_earthquake

text: One

text: rescue

text: team

text: reported

text: only

text: survivors

text: from

text: the

text: town

text: of

text: Yingxiu

text: in

text: Wenchuan

text: County

text: out

text: of

text: a

text: total

text: population

text: of

text: about

text: to

text: people

text: were

text: killed

text: in

text: Beichuan

text: County

text: Sichuan

text: alone

text: in

text: the

text: same

text: location

text: people

text: were

text: injured

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: buildings

text: were

text: destroyed

text: The

text: old

text: county

text: seat

text: of

text: Beichuan

text: was

text: abandoned

text: and

text: preserved

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Beichuan

text: Earthquake

text: Museum

text: Eight

text: schools

text: were

text: toppled

text: in

text: Dujiangyan

text: A

text: old

text: was

text: killed

text: in

text: Dujiangyan

text: during

text: a

text: rescue

text: attempt

text: on

text: the

text: Lingyanshan

text: Ropeway

text: where

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: earthquake

text: tourists

text: from

text: Taiwan

text: had

text: been

text: trapped

text: inside

text: cable

text: cars

text: since

text: May

text: A

text: old

text: boy

text: named

text: Zhu

text: Shaowei

text: traditional

text: Chinese

text: 朱紹維

text: simplified

text: Chinese

text: 朱绍维

text: pinyin

text: Zhū

text: Shàowéi

text: was

text: also

text: killed

text: in

text: Mianzhu

text: City

text: when

text: a

text: house

text: collapsed

text: on

text: him

text: and

text: another

text: was

text: reported

text: missing

question: How many survivors were there from Yingxiu?

answer: 2,300

question: Where is Yingxiu located?

answer: in Wenchuan

text: in Wenchuan

question: How many people in total lived in Yingxiu?

answer: 9,000

question: How many people were killed in Beichuan County?

answer: 3,000 to 5,000

text: 3,000 to 5,000

question: How many people were injured in Beichuan County?

answer: 10,000

question: How many survivors were there in the town of Yingxiu?

answer: 2,300

question: What was the previous population of Yingxiu?

answer: about 9,000

text: about 9,000

question: How many residents were killed in Beichuan County?

answer: 3,000 to 5,000

text: 3,000 to 5,000

question: How large was the number of injured in Beichuan County?

answer: 10,000

question: What is the number of schools that collapsed in Dujiangyan?

answer: Eight schools

text: Eight schools


text: The ESA requires that critical habitat be designated at the time of or within one year of a species being placed on the endangered list. In practice, most designations occur several years after listing. Between 1978 and 1986 the FWS regularly designated critical habitat. In 1986 the Reagan Administration issued a regulation limiting the protective status of critical habitat. As a result, few critical habitats were designated between 1986 and the late 1990s. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, a series of court orders invalidated the Reagan regulations and forced the FWS and NMFS to designate several hundred critical habitats, especially in Hawaii, California and other western states. Midwest and Eastern states received less critical habitat, primarily on rivers and coastlines. As of December, 2006, the Reagan regulation has not yet been replaced though its use has been suspended. Nonetheless, the agencies have generally changed course and since about 2005 have tried to designate critical habitat at or near the time of listing.

title: Endangered_Species_Act

title: Endangered_Species_Act

text: The

text: ESA

text: requires

text: that

text: critical

text: habitat

text: be

text: designated

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: or

text: within

text: one

text: year

text: of

text: a

text: species

text: being

text: placed

text: on

text: the

text: endangered

text: list

text: In

text: practice

text: most

text: designations

text: occur

text: several

text: years

text: after

text: listing

text: Between

text: and

text: the

text: FWS

text: regularly

text: designated

text: critical

text: habitat

text: In

text: the

text: Reagan

text: Administration

text: issued

text: a

text: regulation

text: limiting

text: the

text: protective

text: status

text: of

text: critical

text: habitat

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: few

text: critical

text: habitats

text: were

text: designated

text: between

text: and

text: the

text: late

text: In

text: the

text: late

text: and

text: early

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: court

text: orders

text: invalidated

text: the

text: Reagan

text: regulations

text: and

text: forced

text: the

text: FWS

text: and

text: NMFS

text: to

text: designate

text: several

text: hundred

text: critical

text: habitats

text: especially

text: in

text: Hawaii

text: California

text: and

text: other

text: western

text: states

text: Midwest

text: and

text: Eastern

text: states

text: received

text: less

text: critical

text: habitat

text: primarily

text: on

text: rivers

text: and

text: coastlines

text: As

text: of

text: December

text: the

text: Reagan

text: regulation

text: has

text: not

text: yet

text: been

text: replaced

text: though

text: its

text: use

text: has

text: been

text: suspended

text: Nonetheless

text: the

text: agencies

text: have

text: generally

text: changed

text: course

text: and

text: since

text: about

text: have

text: tried

text: to

text: designate

text: critical

text: habitat

text: at

text: or

text: near

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: listing

question: What is the time limit for designating a species critical habitat after the species has been added to the endangered list?

answer: within one year

text: within one year

question: Which presidential adminstration limited the protective status of critical habitat in 1986?

answer: the Reagan Administration

text: the Reagan Administration

question: After the limitations placed on critical habitat were lifted by the courts, where were critical habitats established primarily?

answer: Hawaii, California and other western states

text: Hawaii, California and other western states

question: Where have the majority of critical habitats in the Midwest and Eastern states been located geographically?

answer: primarily on rivers and coastlines

text: primarily on rivers and coastlines


text: The cheerful crowds visiting bomb sites were so large they interfered with rescue work, pub visits increased in number (beer was never rationed), and 13,000 attended cricket at Lord's. People left shelters when told instead of refusing to leave, although many housewives reportedly enjoyed the break from housework. Some people even told government surveyors that they enjoyed air raids if they occurred occasionally, perhaps once a week. Despite the attacks, defeat in Norway and France, and the threat of invasion, overall morale remained high; a Gallup poll found only 3% of Britons expected to lose the war in May 1940, another found an 88% approval rating for Churchill in July, and a third found 89% support for his leadership in October. Support for peace negotiations declined from 29% in February. Each setback caused more civilians to volunteer to become unpaid Local Defence Volunteers, workers worked longer shifts and over weekends, contributions rose to the £5,000 "Spitfire Funds" to build fighters, and the number of work days lost to strikes in 1940 was the lowest in history.:60–63,67–68,75,78–79,215–216

title: The_Blitz

title: The_Blitz

text: The

text: cheerful

text: crowds

text: visiting

text: bomb

text: sites

text: were

text: so

text: large

text: they

text: interfered

text: with

text: rescue

text: work

text: pub

text: visits

text: increased

text: in

text: number

text: beer

text: was

text: never

text: rationed

text: and

text: attended

text: cricket

text: at

text: Lord

text: 's

text: People

text: left

text: shelters

text: when

text: told

text: instead

text: of

text: refusing

text: to

text: leave

text: although

text: many

text: housewives

text: reportedly

text: enjoyed

text: the

text: break

text: from

text: housework

text: Some

text: people

text: even

text: told

text: government

text: surveyors

text: that

text: they

text: enjoyed

text: air

text: raids

text: if

text: they

text: occurred

text: occasionally

text: perhaps

text: once

text: a

text: week

text: Despite

text: the

text: attacks

text: defeat

text: in

text: Norway

text: and

text: France

text: and

text: the

text: threat

text: of

text: invasion

text: overall

text: morale

text: remained

text: high

text: a

text: Gallup

text: poll

text: found

text: only

text: of

text: Britons

text: expected

text: to

text: lose

text: the

text: war

text: in

text: May

text: another

text: found

text: an

text: approval

text: rating

text: for

text: Churchill

text: in

text: July

text: and

text: a

text: third

text: found

text: support

text: for

text: his

text: leadership

text: in

text: October

text: Support

text: for

text: peace

text: negotiations

text: declined

text: from

text: in

text: February

text: Each

text: setback

text: caused

text: more

text: civilians

text: to

text: volunteer

text: to

text: become

text: unpaid

text: Local

text: Defence

text: Volunteers

text: workers

text: worked

text: longer

text: shifts

text: and

text: over

text: weekends

text: contributions

text: rose

text: to

text: the

text: Spitfire

text: Funds

text: to

text: build

text: fighters

text: and

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: work

text: days

text: lost

text: to

text: strikes

text: in

text: was

text: the

text: lowest

text: in

question: What drink was never rationed?

answer: beer

text: beer

question: How many people attended cricket at Lord's?

answer: 13,000

question: What percent of Briton's expected to lose the war?

answer: 3%

question: What was Churchill's highest rating?

answer: 89%

question: What were Spitfire Funds used for?

answer: to build fighters

text: to build fighters


text: Eisenhower was the last president born in the 19th century, and at age 62, was the oldest man elected President since James Buchanan in 1856 (President Truman stood at 64 in 1948 as the incumbent president at the time of his election four years earlier). Eisenhower was the only general to serve as President in the 20th century and the most recent President to have never held elected office prior to the Presidency (The other Presidents who did not have prior elected office were Zachary Taylor, Ulysses S. Grant, William Howard Taft and Herbert Hoover).

title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

text: Eisenhower

text: was

text: the

text: last

text: president

text: born

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: and

text: at

text: age

text: was

text: the

text: oldest

text: man

text: elected

text: President

text: since

text: James

text: Buchanan

text: in

text: President

text: Truman

text: stood

text: at

text: in

text: as

text: the

text: incumbent

text: president

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: his

text: election

text: four

text: years

text: earlier

text: Eisenhower

text: was

text: the

text: only

text: general

text: to

text: serve

text: as

text: President

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: recent

text: President

text: to

text: have

text: never

text: held

text: elected

text: office

text: prior

text: to

text: the

text: Presidency

text: The

text: other

text: Presidents

text: who

text: did

text: not

text: have

text: prior

text: elected

text: office

text: were

text: Zachary

text: Taylor

text: Ulysses

text: S.

text: Grant

text: William

text: Howard

text: Taft

text: and

text: Herbert

text: Hoover

question: In what century was Eisenhower born?

answer: 19th

question: Who was the oldest man to become President prior to Eisenhower?

answer: James Buchanan

text: James Buchanan

question: What did Eisenhower have in common with presidents Taylor, Grant, Taft and Hoover?

answer: did not have prior elected office

text: did not have prior elected office

question: How many times had Eisenhower been elected to office prior to becoming president?

answer: never

text: never

question: How old was Truman in 1948?

answer: 64


text: A 2000 United States Department of the Treasury study of lending trends for 305 cities from 1993 to 1998 showed that $467 billion of mortgage lending was made by Community Reinvestment Act (CRA)-covered lenders into low and mid level income (LMI) borrowers and neighborhoods, representing 10% of all U.S. mortgage lending during the period. The majority of these were prime loans. Sub-prime loans made by CRA-covered institutions constituted a 3% market share of LMI loans in 1998, but in the run-up to the crisis, fully 25% of all sub-prime lending occurred at CRA-covered institutions and another 25% of sub-prime loans had some connection with CRA. In addition, an analysis by the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas in 2009, however, concluded that the CRA was not responsible for the mortgage loan crisis, pointing out that CRA rules have been in place since 1995 whereas the poor lending emerged only a decade later. Furthermore, most sub-prime loans were not made to the LMI borrowers targeted by the CRA, especially in the years 2005–2006 leading up to the crisis. Nor did it find any evidence that lending under the CRA rules increased delinquency rates or that the CRA indirectly influenced independent mortgage lenders to ramp up sub-prime lending.

title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

text: A

text: United

text: States

text: Department

text: of

text: the

text: Treasury

text: study

text: of

text: lending

text: trends

text: for

text: cities

text: from

text: to

text: showed

text: that

text: billion

text: of

text: mortgage

text: lending

text: was

text: made

text: by

text: Community

text: Reinvestment

text: Act

text: CRA)-covered

text: lenders

text: into

text: low

text: and

text: mid

text: level

text: income

text: LMI

text: borrowers

text: and

text: neighborhoods

text: representing

text: of

text: all

text: U.S.

text: mortgage

text: lending

text: during

text: the

text: period

text: The

text: majority

text: of

text: these

text: were

text: prime

text: loans

text: Sub

text: prime

text: loans

text: made

text: by

text: CRA

text: covered

text: institutions

text: constituted

text: a

text: market

text: share

text: of

text: LMI

text: loans

text: in

text: but

text: in

text: the

text: run

text: up

text: to

text: the

text: crisis

text: fully

text: of

text: all

text: sub

text: prime

text: lending

text: occurred

text: at

text: CRA

text: covered

text: institutions

text: and

text: another

text: of

text: sub

text: prime

text: loans

text: had

text: some

text: connection

text: with

text: CRA

text: In

text: addition

text: an

text: analysis

text: by

text: the

text: Federal

text: Reserve

text: Bank

text: of

text: Dallas

text: in

text: however

text: concluded

text: that

text: the

text: CRA

text: was

text: not

text: responsible

text: for

text: the

text: mortgage

text: loan

text: crisis

text: pointing

text: out

text: that

text: CRA

text: rules

text: have

text: been

text: in

text: place

text: since

text: whereas

text: the

text: poor

text: lending

text: emerged

text: only

text: a

text: decade

text: later

text: Furthermore

text: most

text: sub

text: prime

text: loans

text: were

text: not

text: made

text: to

text: the

text: LMI

text: borrowers

text: targeted

text: by

text: the

text: CRA

text: especially

text: in

text: the

text: years

text: leading

text: up

text: to

text: the

text: crisis

text: Nor

text: did

text: it

text: find

text: any

text: evidence

text: that

text: lending

text: under

text: the

text: CRA

text: rules

text: increased

text: delinquency

text: rates

text: or

text: that

text: the

text: CRA

text: indirectly

text: influenced

text: independent

text: mortgage

text: lenders

text: to

text: ramp

text: up

text: sub

text: prime

text: lending

question: What was the value of mortgage lending made by Community Reinvestment Act covered lenders to low and mid level income borrowers and neighborhoods from 1993-1998?

answer: $467 billion

text: $467 billion

question: What percent of mortgage lending was made by Community Reinvestment Act covered lenders from 1993 to 1998?

answer: 10%

question: What does CRA stand for?

answer: Community Reinvestment Act

text: Community Reinvestment Act

question: What percent of sub-prime lending occurred at CRA-covered institutions in the run-up to the financial crisis?

answer: 25%

question: What percent of sub-prime loans had some connection with CRA in the run-up to the financial crisis?

answer: 25%


text: The Second Sino-Japanese War had seen tensions rise between Imperial Japan and the United States; events such as the Panay incident and the Nanking Massacre turned American public opinion against Japan. With the occupation of French Indochina in the years of 1940–41, and with the continuing war in China, the United States placed embargoes on Japan of strategic materials such as scrap metal and oil, which were vitally needed for the war effort. The Japanese were faced with the option of either withdrawing from China and losing face or seizing and securing new sources of raw materials in the resource-rich, European-controlled colonies of South East Asia—specifically British Malaya and the Dutch East Indies (modern-day Indonesia). In 1940, Imperial Japan signed the Tripartite Pact with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy.

title: Modern_history

title: Modern_history

text: The

text: Second

text: Sino

text: Japanese

text: War

text: had

text: seen

text: tensions

text: rise

text: between

text: Imperial

text: Japan

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: events

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Panay

text: incident

text: and

text: the

text: Nanking

text: Massacre

text: turned

text: American

text: public

text: opinion

text: against

text: Japan

text: With

text: the

text: occupation

text: of

text: French

text: Indochina

text: in

text: the

text: years

text: of

text: and

text: with

text: the

text: continuing

text: war

text: in

text: China

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: placed

text: embargoes

text: on

text: Japan

text: of

text: strategic

text: materials

text: such

text: as

text: scrap

text: metal

text: and

text: oil

text: which

text: were

text: vitally

text: needed

text: for

text: the

text: war

text: effort

text: The

text: Japanese

text: were

text: faced

text: with

text: the

text: option

text: of

text: either

text: withdrawing

text: from

text: China

text: and

text: losing

text: face

text: or

text: seizing

text: and

text: securing

text: new

text: sources

text: of

text: raw

text: materials

text: in

text: the

text: resource

text: rich

text: European

text: controlled

text: colonies

text: of

text: South

text: East

text: Asia

text: specifically

text: British

text: Malaya

text: and

text: the

text: Dutch

text: East

text: Indies

text: modern

text: day

text: Indonesia

text: In

text: Imperial

text: Japan

text: signed

text: the

text: Tripartite

text: Pact

text: with

text: Nazi

text: Germany

text: and

text: Fascist

text: Italy

question: What did the United States place on Japans war efforts?

answer: embargoes

text: embargoes

question: What war saw tensions arise between between Imperial Japan and the United States?

answer: The Second Sino-Japanese War

text: The Second Sino-Japanese War

question: Who did Imperial Japan sign a Tripartite pact with?

answer: Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy.

text: Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy.

question: What did the American Embargoes prevent Japan from aquiring?

answer: strategic materials such as scrap metal and oil

text: strategic materials such as scrap metal and oil


text: The initial assault by North Korean KPA forces were aided by the use of Soviet T-34-85 tanks. A North Korean tank corps equipped with about 120 T-34s spearheaded the invasion. These drove against a ROK Army with few anti-tank weapons adequate to deal with the Soviet T-34s. Additional Soviet armor was added as the offensive progressed. The North Korean tanks had a good deal of early successes against South Korean infantry, elements of the 24th Infantry Division, and those United States built M24 Chaffee light tanks that they encountered. Interdiction by ground attack aircraft was the only means of slowing the advancing Korean armor. The tide turned in favour of the United Nations forces in August 1950 when the North Koreans suffered major tank losses during a series of battles in which the UN forces brought heavier equipment to bear, including M4A3 Sherman medium tanks backed by U.S. M26 heavy tanks, along with the British Centurion, Churchill, and Cromwell tanks.

title: Korean_War

title: Korean_War

text: The

text: initial

text: assault

text: by

text: North

text: Korean

text: KPA

text: forces

text: were

text: aided

text: by

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: Soviet

text: tanks

text: A

text: North

text: Korean

text: tank

text: corps

text: equipped

text: with

text: about

text: spearheaded

text: the

text: invasion

text: These

text: drove

text: against

text: a

text: ROK

text: Army

text: with

text: few

text: anti

text: tank

text: weapons

text: adequate

text: to

text: deal

text: with

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Additional

text: Soviet

text: armor

text: was

text: added

text: as

text: the

text: offensive

text: progressed

text: The

text: North

text: Korean

text: tanks

text: had

text: a

text: good

text: deal

text: of

text: early

text: successes

text: against

text: South

text: Korean

text: infantry

text: elements

text: of

text: the

text: Infantry

text: Division

text: and

text: those

text: United

text: States

text: built

text: Chaffee

text: light

text: tanks

text: that

text: they

text: encountered

text: Interdiction

text: by

text: ground

text: attack

text: aircraft

text: was

text: the

text: only

text: means

text: of

text: slowing

text: the

text: advancing

text: Korean

text: armor

text: The

text: tide

text: turned

text: in

text: favour

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: forces

text: in

text: August

text: when

text: the

text: North

text: Koreans

text: suffered

text: major

text: tank

text: losses

text: during

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: battles

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: UN

text: forces

text: brought

text: heavier

text: equipment

text: to

text: bear

text: including

text: Sherman

text: medium

text: tanks

text: backed

text: by

text: U.S.

text: heavy

text: tanks

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: British

text: Centurion

text: Churchill

text: and

text: Cromwell

text: tanks

question: What form of attack was an effective measure of slowing Korean armor?

answer: ground attack aircraft

text: ground attack aircraft

question: What weapon did the the KPA use that was successful early in the Korean conflict?

answer: Soviet T-34-85 tanks

text: Soviet T-34-85 tanks

question: What helped the UN forces and shifted the war in their favor?

answer: the North Koreans suffered major tank losses

text: the North Koreans suffered major tank losses

question: What actions of the UN also helped them improve their results during the war?

answer: the UN forces brought heavier equipment

text: the UN forces brought heavier equipment

question: How many tanks were in the North Korean tank corps?

answer: 120