text: The MPEG-1 standard does not include a precise specification for an MP3 encoder, but does provide example psychoacoustic models, rate loop, and the like in the non-normative part of the original standard. At present, these suggested implementations are quite dated. Implementers of the standard were supposed to devise their own algorithms suitable for removing parts of the information from the audio input. As a result, there are many different MP3 encoders available, each producing files of differing quality. Comparisons are widely available, so it is easy for a prospective user of an encoder to research the best choice. An encoder that is proficient at encoding at higher bit rates (such as LAME) is not necessarily as good at lower bit rates.

title: MP3

title: MP3

text: The

text: standard

text: does

text: not

text: include

text: a

text: precise

text: specification

text: for

text: an

text: encoder

text: but

text: does

text: provide

text: example

text: psychoacoustic

text: models

text: rate

text: loop

text: and

text: the

text: like

text: in

text: the

text: non

text: normative

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: original

text: standard

text: At

text: present

text: these

text: suggested

text: implementations

text: are

text: quite

text: dated

text: Implementers

text: of

text: the

text: standard

text: were

text: supposed

text: to

text: devise

text: their

text: own

text: algorithms

text: suitable

text: for

text: removing

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: information

text: from

text: the

text: audio

text: input

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: there

text: are

text: many

text: different

text: encoders

text: available

text: each

text: producing

text: files

text: of

text: differing

text: quality

text: Comparisons

text: are

text: widely

text: available

text: so

text: it

text: is

text: easy

text: for

text: a

text: prospective

text: user

text: of

text: an

text: encoder

text: to

text: research

text: the

text: best

text: choice

text: An

text: encoder

text: that

text: is

text: proficient

text: at

text: encoding

text: at

text: higher

text: bit

text: rates

text: such

text: as

text: LAME

text: is

text: not

text: necessarily

text: as

text: good

text: at

text: lower

text: bit

text: rates

question: Which standard does not include a specification for an MP3 encoder?

answer: MPEG-1

question: Example psychoacoustic models and rate loops can be foundin which part of the original standard?

answer: non-normative

text: non-normative

question: What were implementers of the standard supposed to devise?

answer: their own algorithms

text: their own algorithms

question: It is easy for a prospective user of an encoder to research the best choice because of what factor?

answer: Comparisons are widely available

text: Comparisons are widely available

question: An encoder that is proficient at encoding at higher bit rates might be worse at what?

answer: lower bit rates

text: lower bit rates


text: Synapses are the key functional elements of the brain. The essential function of the brain is cell-to-cell communication, and synapses are the points at which communication occurs. The human brain has been estimated to contain approximately 100 trillion synapses; even the brain of a fruit fly contains several million. The functions of these synapses are very diverse: some are excitatory (exciting the target cell); others are inhibitory; others work by activating second messenger systems that change the internal chemistry of their target cells in complex ways. A large number of synapses are dynamically modifiable; that is, they are capable of changing strength in a way that is controlled by the patterns of signals that pass through them. It is widely believed that activity-dependent modification of synapses is the brain's primary mechanism for learning and memory.

title: Brain

title: Brain

text: Synapses

text: are

text: the

text: key

text: functional

text: elements

text: of

text: the

text: brain

text: The

text: essential

text: function

text: of

text: the

text: brain

text: is

text: cell

text: to

text: cell

text: communication

text: and

text: synapses

text: are

text: the

text: points

text: at

text: which

text: communication

text: occurs

text: The

text: human

text: brain

text: has

text: been

text: estimated

text: to

text: contain

text: approximately

text: trillion

text: synapses

text: even

text: the

text: brain

text: of

text: a

text: fruit

text: fly

text: contains

text: several

text: million

text: The

text: functions

text: of

text: these

text: synapses

text: are

text: very

text: diverse

text: some

text: are

text: excitatory

text: exciting

text: the

text: target

text: cell

text: others

text: are

text: inhibitory

text: others

text: work

text: by

text: activating

text: second

text: messenger

text: systems

text: that

text: change

text: the

text: internal

text: chemistry

text: of

text: their

text: target

text: cells

text: in

text: complex

text: ways

text: A

text: large

text: number

text: of

text: synapses

text: are

text: dynamically

text: modifiable

text: that

text: is

text: they

text: are

text: capable

text: of

text: changing

text: strength

text: in

text: a

text: way

text: that

text: is

text: controlled

text: by

text: the

text: patterns

text: of

text: signals

text: that

text: pass

text: through

text: them

text: It

text: is

text: widely

text: believed

text: that

text: activity

text: dependent

text: modification

text: of

text: synapses

text: is

text: the

text: brain

text: 's

text: primary

text: mechanism

text: for

text: learning

text: and

text: memory

question: How many synapses does the human brain supposedly contain?

answer: 100 trillion synapses;

text: 100 trillion synapses;

question: The fruit fly has a brain that has how many synapses?

answer: several million

text: several million

question: A synapse whose purpose is to excite the target cell are called what?

answer: excitatory

text: excitatory

question: The primary job of the brain is what?

answer: cell-to-cell communication

text: cell-to-cell communication


text: The most important early Islamic mosaic work is the decoration of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, then capital of the Arab Caliphate. The mosque was built between 706 and 715. The caliph obtained 200 skilled workers from the Byzantine Emperor to decorate the building. This is evidenced by the partly Byzantine style of the decoration. The mosaics of the inner courtyard depict Paradise with beautiful trees, flowers and small hill towns and villages in the background. The mosaics include no human figures, which makes them different from the otherwise similar contemporary Byzantine works. The biggest continuous section survives under the western arcade of the courtyard, called the "Barada Panel" after the river Barada. It is thought that the mosque used to have the largest gold mosaic in the world, at over 4 m2. In 1893 a fire damaged the mosque extensively, and many mosaics were lost, although some have been restored since.

title: Mosaic

title: Mosaic

text: The

text: most

text: important

text: early

text: Islamic

text: mosaic

text: work

text: is

text: the

text: decoration

text: of

text: the

text: Umayyad

text: Mosque

text: in

text: Damascus

text: then

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: Arab

text: Caliphate

text: The

text: mosque

text: was

text: built

text: between

text: and

text: The

text: caliph

text: obtained

text: skilled

text: workers

text: from

text: the

text: Byzantine

text: Emperor

text: to

text: decorate

text: the

text: building

text: This

text: is

text: evidenced

text: by

text: the

text: partly

text: Byzantine

text: style

text: of

text: the

text: decoration

text: The

text: mosaics

text: of

text: the

text: inner

text: courtyard

text: depict

text: Paradise

text: with

text: beautiful

text: trees

text: flowers

text: and

text: small

text: hill

text: towns

text: and

text: villages

text: in

text: the

text: background

text: The

text: mosaics

text: include

text: no

text: human

text: figures

text: which

text: makes

text: them

text: different

text: from

text: the

text: otherwise

text: similar

text: contemporary

text: Byzantine

text: works

text: The

text: biggest

text: continuous

text: section

text: survives

text: under

text: the

text: western

text: arcade

text: of

text: the

text: courtyard

text: called

text: the

text: Barada

text: Panel

text: after

text: the

text: river

text: Barada

text: It

text: is

text: thought

text: that

text: the

text: mosque

text: used

text: to

text: have

text: the

text: largest

text: gold

text: mosaic

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: at

text: over

text: In

text: a

text: fire

text: damaged

text: the

text: mosque

text: extensively

text: and

text: many

text: mosaics

text: were

text: lost

text: although

text: some

text: have

text: been

text: restored

text: since

question: Where is the most important Islamic mosaic work?

answer: the Umayyad Mosque

text: the Umayyad Mosque

question: Where is the the Umayyad Mosque located?

answer: Damascus

text: Damascus

question: What was the significance of Damascus during this time period?

answer: capital of the Arab Caliphate

text: capital of the Arab Caliphate

question: What is the largest section of mosaic still present in the Umayyad Mosque?

answer: the "Barada Panel"

text: the "Barada Panel"

question: What happened in 1893 that destroyed most of the mosaics in the mosque?

answer: a fire

text: a fire


text: From outside the United Kingdom and the United States, the Canadian trio Rush released three distinctively hard rock albums in 1974–75 (Rush, Fly by Night and Caress of Steel) before moving toward a more progressive sound with the 1976 album 2112. The Irish band Thin Lizzy, which had formed in the late 1960s, made their most substantial commercial breakthrough in 1976 with the hard rock album Jailbreak and their worldwide hit "The Boys Are Back in Town", which reached number 8 in the UK and number 12 in the US. Their style, consisting of two duelling guitarists often playing leads in harmony, proved itself to be a large influence on later bands. They reached their commercial, and arguably their artistic peak with Black Rose: A Rock Legend (1979). The arrival of Scorpions from Germany marked the geographical expansion of the subgenre. Australian-formed AC/DC, with a stripped back, riff heavy and abrasive style that also appealed to the punk generation, began to gain international attention from 1976, culminating in the release of their multi-platinum albums Let There Be Rock (1977) and Highway to Hell (1979). Also influenced by a punk ethos were heavy metal bands like Motörhead, while Judas Priest abandoned the remaining elements of the blues in their music, further differentiating the hard rock and heavy metal styles and helping to create the New Wave of British Heavy Metal which was pursued by bands like Iron Maiden, Saxon and Venom.

title: Hard_rock

title: Hard_rock

text: From

text: outside

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: the

text: Canadian

text: trio

text: Rush

text: released

text: three

text: distinctively

text: hard

text: rock

text: albums

text: in

text: Rush

text: Fly

text: by

text: Night

text: and

text: Caress

text: of

text: Steel

text: before

text: moving

text: toward

text: a

text: more

text: progressive

text: sound

text: with

text: the

text: album

text: The

text: Irish

text: band

text: Thin

text: Lizzy

text: which

text: had

text: formed

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: made

text: their

text: most

text: substantial

text: commercial

text: breakthrough

text: in

text: with

text: the

text: hard

text: rock

text: album

text: Jailbreak

text: and

text: their

text: worldwide

text: hit

text: The

text: Boys

text: Are

text: Back

text: in

text: Town

text: which

text: reached

text: number

text: in

text: the

text: UK

text: and

text: number

text: in

text: the

text: US

text: Their

text: style

text: consisting

text: of

text: two

text: duelling

text: guitarists

text: often

text: playing

text: leads

text: in

text: harmony

text: proved

text: itself

text: to

text: be

text: a

text: large

text: influence

text: on

text: later

text: bands

text: They

text: reached

text: their

text: commercial

text: and

text: arguably

text: their

text: artistic

text: peak

text: with

text: Black

text: Rose

text: A

text: Rock

text: Legend

text: The

text: arrival

text: of

text: Scorpions

text: from

text: Germany

text: marked

text: the

text: geographical

text: expansion

text: of

text: the

text: subgenre

text: Australian

text: formed

text: AC

text: DC

text: with

text: a

text: stripped

text: back

text: riff

text: heavy

text: and

text: abrasive

text: style

text: that

text: also

text: appealed

text: to

text: the

text: punk

text: generation

text: began

text: to

text: gain

text: international

text: attention

text: from

text: culminating

text: in

text: the

text: release

text: of

text: their

text: multi

text: platinum

text: albums

text: Let

text: There

text: Be

text: Rock

text: and

text: Highway

text: to

text: Hell

text: Also

text: influenced

text: by

text: a

text: punk

text: ethos

text: were

text: heavy

text: metal

text: bands

text: like

text: Motörhead

text: while

text: Judas

text: Priest

text: abandoned

text: the

text: remaining

text: elements

text: of

text: the

text: blues

text: in

text: their

text: music

text: further

text: differentiating

text: the

text: hard

text: rock

text: and

text: heavy

text: metal

text: styles

text: and

text: helping

text: to

text: create

text: the

text: New

text: Wave

text: of

text: British

text: Heavy

text: Metal

text: which

text: was

text: pursued

text: by

text: bands

text: like

text: Iron

text: Maiden

text: Saxon

text: and

text: Venom

question: The band Rush is what nationality?

answer: Canadian

text: Canadian

question: What are the first three Rush albums?

answer: Rush, Fly by Night and Caress of Steel

text: Rush, Fly by Night and Caress of Steel

question: What nationality was Thin Lizzy?

answer: Irish

text: Irish

question: What was Thin Lizzy's hit single?

answer: "The Boys Are Back in Town"

text: "The Boys Are Back in Town"

question: The Scorpions hailed from what country?

answer: Germany

text: Germany


text: The medieval period is frequently caricatured as a "time of ignorance and superstition" that placed "the word of religious authorities over personal experience and rational activity." This is a legacy from both the Renaissance and Enlightenment, when scholars contrasted their intellectual cultures with those of the medieval period, to the detriment of the Middle Ages. Renaissance scholars saw the Middle Ages as a period of decline from the high culture and civilisation of the Classical world; Enlightenment scholars saw reason as superior to faith, and thus viewed the Middle Ages as a time of ignorance and superstition.

title: Middle_Ages

title: Middle_Ages

text: The

text: medieval

text: period

text: is

text: frequently

text: caricatured

text: as

text: a

text: time

text: of

text: ignorance

text: and

text: superstition

text: that

text: placed

text: the

text: word

text: of

text: religious

text: authorities

text: over

text: personal

text: experience

text: and

text: rational

text: activity

text: This

text: is

text: a

text: legacy

text: from

text: both

text: the

text: Renaissance

text: and

text: Enlightenment

text: when

text: scholars

text: contrasted

text: their

text: intellectual

text: cultures

text: with

text: those

text: of

text: the

text: medieval

text: period

text: to

text: the

text: detriment

text: of

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: Renaissance

text: scholars

text: saw

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: as

text: a

text: period

text: of

text: decline

text: from

text: the

text: high

text: culture

text: and

text: civilisation

text: of

text: the

text: Classical

text: world

text: Enlightenment

text: scholars

text: saw

text: reason

text: as

text: superior

text: to

text: faith

text: and

text: thus

text: viewed

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: as

text: a

text: time

text: of

text: ignorance

text: and

text: superstition

question: Along with the Renaissance, during what period were the Middle Ages disparaged?

answer: Enlightenment

text: Enlightenment

question: What era did Renaissance scholars negatively compare the Middle Ages to?

answer: the Classical world

text: the Classical world

question: How did scholars of the Enlightenment see the Middle Ages?

answer: as a time of ignorance and superstition

text: as a time of ignorance and superstition

question: What did Enlightenment scholars consider to be inferior to reason?

answer: faith

text: faith


text: Rajasthan is famous for its forts, carved temples, and decorated havelis, which were built by Rajput kings in pre-Muslim era Rajasthan.[citation needed] Rajasthan's Jaipur Jantar Mantar, Mehrangarh Fort and Stepwell of Jodhpur, Dilwara Temples, Chittorgarh Fort, Lake Palace, miniature paintings in Bundi, and numerous city palaces and haveli's are part of the architectural heritage of India. Jaipur, the Pink City, is noted for the ancient houses made of a type of sandstone dominated by a pink hue. In Jodhpur, maximum houses are painted blue. At Ajmer, there is white marble Bara-dari on the Anasagar lake. Jain Temples dot Rajasthan from north to south and east to west. Dilwara Temples of Mount Abu, Ranakpur Temple dedicated to Lord Adinath in Pali District, Jain temples in the fort complexes of Chittor, Jaisalmer and Kumbhalgarh, Lodurva Jain temples, Mirpur Jain Temple, Sarun Mata Temple kotputli, Bhandasar and Karni Mata Temple of Bikaner and Mandore of Jodhpur are some of the best examples.

title: Rajasthan

title: Rajasthan

text: Rajasthan

text: is

text: famous

text: for

text: its

text: forts

text: carved

text: temples

text: and

text: decorated

text: havelis

text: which

text: were

text: built

text: by

text: Rajput

text: kings

text: in

text: pre

text: Muslim

text: era

text: Rajasthan.[citation

text: needed

text: Rajasthan

text: 's

text: Jaipur

text: Jantar

text: Mantar

text: Mehrangarh

text: Fort

text: and

text: Stepwell

text: of

text: Jodhpur

text: Dilwara

text: Temples

text: Chittorgarh

text: Fort

text: Lake

text: Palace

text: miniature

text: paintings

text: in

text: Bundi

text: and

text: numerous

text: city

text: palaces

text: and

text: haveli

text: 's

text: are

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: architectural

text: heritage

text: of

text: India

text: Jaipur

text: the

text: Pink

text: City

text: is

text: noted

text: for

text: the

text: ancient

text: houses

text: made

text: of

text: a

text: type

text: of

text: sandstone

text: dominated

text: by

text: a

text: pink

text: hue

text: In

text: Jodhpur

text: maximum

text: houses

text: are

text: painted

text: blue

text: At

text: Ajmer

text: there

text: is

text: white

text: marble

text: Bara

text: dari

text: on

text: the

text: Anasagar

text: lake

text: Jain

text: Temples

text: dot

text: Rajasthan

text: from

text: north

text: to

text: south

text: and

text: east

text: to

text: west

text: Dilwara

text: Temples

text: of

text: Mount

text: Abu

text: Ranakpur

text: Temple

text: dedicated

text: to

text: Lord

text: Adinath

text: in

text: Pali

text: District

text: Jain

text: temples

text: in

text: the

text: fort

text: complexes

text: of

text: Chittor

text: Jaisalmer

text: and

text: Kumbhalgarh

text: Lodurva

text: Jain

text: temples

text: Mirpur

text: Jain

text: Temple

text: Sarun

text: Mata

text: Temple

text: kotputli

text: Bhandasar

text: and

text: Karni

text: Mata

text: Temple

text: of

text: Bikaner

text: and

text: Mandore

text: of

text: Jodhpur

text: are

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: best

text: examples

question: Who built the famous decorated havelis in Rajasthan?

answer: Rajput kings

text: Rajput kings

question: Jaipur is also known as what city?

answer: the Pink City

text: the Pink City

question: What are the notable houses in Jaipur made from?

answer: a type of sandstone dominated by a pink hue

text: a type of sandstone dominated by a pink hue

question: What type of temples stretch from the north to the south of Rajasthan?

answer: Jain Temples

text: Jain Temples

question: Which Pali District temple is dedicated to Lord Adinath?

answer: Ranakpur Temple

text: Ranakpur Temple


text: Several South Slavic languages are spoken by millions of people in Southern Europe. Serbian is spoken in Serbia, Bosnia, and Croatia; Bulgarian is spoken in Bulgaria; Croatian is spoken in Croatia and Bosnia; Bosnian is spoken in Bosnia; Slovene is spoken in Slovenia; and Macedonian is spoken in Macedonia.

title: Southern_Europe

title: Southern_Europe

text: Several

text: South

text: Slavic

text: languages

text: are

text: spoken

text: by

text: millions

text: of

text: people

text: in

text: Southern

text: Europe

text: Serbian

text: is

text: spoken

text: in

text: Serbia

text: Bosnia

text: and

text: Croatia

text: Bulgarian

text: is

text: spoken

text: in

text: Bulgaria

text: Croatian

text: is

text: spoken

text: in

text: Croatia

text: and

text: Bosnia

text: Bosnian

text: is

text: spoken

text: in

text: Bosnia

text: Slovene

text: is

text: spoken

text: in

text: Slovenia

text: and

text: Macedonian

text: is

text: spoken

text: in

text: Macedonia

question: What language is used in Macedonia?

answer: Macedonian

text: Macedonian

question: What do people speak in Bulgaria?

answer: Bulgarian

text: Bulgarian

question: Slovene is a major language in what country?

answer: Slovenia

text: Slovenia


text: Throughout history there have been a series of lingua francas in the area to allow for better communication. The dialects spoken in Hangzhou, Shaoxing, and Ningbo have taken on this role historically. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, Mandarin, which is not mutually intelligible with any of the local dialects, has been promoted as the standard language of communication throughout China. As a result, most of the population now can, to some degree, speak and comprehend Mandarin and can code-switch when necessary. A majority of the population educated since 1978 can speak Mandarin. Urban residents tend to be more fluent in Mandarin than rural people. Nevertheless, a Zhejiang accent is detectable in almost everyone from the area communicating in Mandarin, and the home dialect remains an important part of the everyday lives and cultural identities of most Zhejiang residents.

title: Zhejiang

title: Zhejiang

text: Throughout

text: history

text: there

text: have

text: been

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: lingua

text: francas

text: in

text: the

text: area

text: to

text: allow

text: for

text: better

text: communication

text: The

text: dialects

text: spoken

text: in

text: Hangzhou

text: Shaoxing

text: and

text: Ningbo

text: have

text: taken

text: on

text: this

text: role

text: historically

text: Since

text: the

text: founding

text: of

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: in

text: Mandarin

text: which

text: is

text: not

text: mutually

text: intelligible

text: with

text: any

text: of

text: the

text: local

text: dialects

text: has

text: been

text: promoted

text: as

text: the

text: standard

text: language

text: of

text: communication

text: throughout

text: China

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: now

text: can

text: to

text: some

text: degree

text: speak

text: and

text: comprehend

text: Mandarin

text: and

text: can

text: code

text: switch

text: when

text: necessary

text: A

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: educated

text: since

text: can

text: speak

text: Mandarin

text: Urban

text: residents

text: tend

text: to

text: be

text: more

text: fluent

text: in

text: Mandarin

text: than

text: rural

text: people

text: Nevertheless

text: a

text: Zhejiang

text: accent

text: is

text: detectable

text: in

text: almost

text: everyone

text: from

text: the

text: area

text: communicating

text: in

text: Mandarin

text: and

text: the

text: home

text: dialect

text: remains

text: an

text: important

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: everyday

text: lives

text: and

text: cultural

text: identities

text: of

text: most

text: Zhejiang

text: residents

question: When was the People's Republic of China founded?

answer: 1949

question: What has been promoted as the standard language of communication throughout China since 1949?

answer: Mandarin

text: Mandarin

question: A majority of the population educated since what year can speak Mandarin?

answer: 1978

question: What type of residents tend to be more fluent in Mandarin than rural ones?

answer: Urban

text: Urban

question: Throughout history there have been a series of what in the area to allow for better communication?

answer: lingua francas

text: lingua francas


text: The Ismailis differ from Twelvers because they had living imams for centuries after the last Twelver Imam went into concealment. They followed Isma'il ibn Jafar, elder brother of Musa al-Kadhim, as the rightful Imam after his father Ja'far al-Sadiq. The Ismailis believe that whether Imam Ismail did or did not die before Imam Ja'far, he had passed on the mantle of the imamate to his son Muḥammad ibn Ismail as the next imam. Thus, their line of imams is as follows (the years of their individual imamats during the Common Era are given in brackets):

title: Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)

title: Imamah_(Shia_doctrine

text: The

text: Ismailis

text: differ

text: from

text: Twelvers

text: because

text: they

text: had

text: living

text: imams

text: for

text: centuries

text: after

text: the

text: last

text: Twelver

text: Imam

text: went

text: into

text: concealment

text: They

text: followed

text: Isma'il

text: ibn

text: Jafar

text: elder

text: brother

text: of

text: Musa

text: al

text: Kadhim

text: as

text: the

text: rightful

text: Imam

text: after

text: his

text: father

text: Ja'far

text: al

text: Sadiq

text: The

text: Ismailis

text: believe

text: that

text: whether

text: Imam

text: Ismail

text: did

text: or

text: did

text: not

text: die

text: before

text: Imam

text: Ja'far

text: he

text: had

text: passed

text: on

text: the

text: mantle

text: of

text: the

text: imamate

text: to

text: his

text: son

text: Muḥammad

text: ibn

text: Ismail

text: as

text: the

text: next

text: imam

text: Thus

text: their

text: line

text: of

text: imams

text: is

text: as

text: follows

text: the

text: years

text: of

text: their

text: individual

text: imamats

text: during

text: the

text: Common

text: Era

text: are

text: given

text: in

text: brackets

question: How do Ismailis differ from Twelvers?

answer: living imams

text: living imams

question: Who is the elder brother of Musa al-Kadhim?

answer: Isma'il ibn Jafar

text: Isma'il ibn Jafar

question: Who is the father of Isma'il ibn Jafar?

answer: Ja'far al-Sadiq

text: Ja'far al-Sadiq

question: What did Imam Ismail pass on to his son?

answer: mantle of the imamate

text: mantle of the imamate


text: Following al-Farabi's lead, Avicenna initiated a full-fledged inquiry into the question of being, in which he distinguished between essence (Mahiat) and existence (Wujud). He argued that the fact of existence can not be inferred from or accounted for by the essence of existing things, and that form and matter by themselves cannot interact and originate the movement of the universe or the progressive actualization of existing things. Existence must, therefore, be due to an agent-cause that necessitates, imparts, gives, or adds existence to an essence. To do so, the cause must be an existing thing and coexist with its effect.

title: Avicenna

title: Avicenna

text: Following

text: al

text: Farabi

text: 's

text: lead

text: Avicenna

text: initiated

text: a

text: full

text: fledged

text: inquiry

text: into

text: the

text: question

text: of

text: being

text: in

text: which

text: he

text: distinguished

text: between

text: essence

text: Mahiat

text: and

text: existence

text: Wujud

text: He

text: argued

text: that

text: the

text: fact

text: of

text: existence

text: can

text: not

text: be

text: inferred

text: from

text: or

text: accounted

text: for

text: by

text: the

text: essence

text: of

text: existing

text: things

text: and

text: that

text: form

text: and

text: matter

text: by

text: themselves

text: can

text: not

text: interact

text: and

text: originate

text: the

text: movement

text: of

text: the

text: universe

text: or

text: the

text: progressive

text: actualization

text: of

text: existing

text: things

text: Existence

text: must

text: therefore

text: be

text: due

text: to

text: an

text: agent

text: cause

text: that

text: necessitates

text: imparts

text: gives

text: or

text: adds

text: existence

text: to

text: an

text: essence

text: To

text: do

text: so

text: the

text: cause

text: must

text: be

text: an

text: existing

text: thing

text: and

text: coexist

text: with

text: its

text: effect

question: What did Avicenna start an inquiry into?

answer: the question of being

text: the question of being

question: What two points did he write about?

answer: essence (Mahiat) and existence (Wujud)

text: essence (Mahiat) and existence (Wujud)

question: Who also began an inquiry into the question of being?

answer: al-Farabi

text: al-Farabi

question: What is the Arabic term for existence?

answer: Wujud

text: Wujud

question: Mahiat is Arabic for what?

answer: essence

text: essence


text: Lossy data compression is the converse of lossless data compression. In these schemes, some loss of information is acceptable. Dropping nonessential detail from the data source can save storage space. Lossy data compression schemes are designed by research on how people perceive the data in question. For example, the human eye is more sensitive to subtle variations in luminance than it is to the variations in color. JPEG image compression works in part by rounding off nonessential bits of information. There is a corresponding trade-off between preserving information and reducing size. A number of popular compression formats exploit these perceptual differences, including those used in music files, images, and video.

title: Data_compression

title: Data_compression

text: Lossy

text: data

text: compression

text: is

text: the

text: converse

text: of

text: lossless

text: data

text: compression

text: In

text: these

text: schemes

text: some

text: loss

text: of

text: information

text: is

text: acceptable

text: Dropping

text: nonessential

text: detail

text: from

text: the

text: data

text: source

text: can

text: save

text: storage

text: space

text: Lossy

text: data

text: compression

text: schemes

text: are

text: designed

text: by

text: research

text: on

text: how

text: people

text: perceive

text: the

text: data

text: in

text: question

text: For

text: example

text: the

text: human

text: eye

text: is

text: more

text: sensitive

text: to

text: subtle

text: variations

text: in

text: luminance

text: than

text: it

text: is

text: to

text: the

text: variations

text: in

text: color

text: JPEG

text: image

text: compression

text: works

text: in

text: part

text: by

text: rounding

text: off

text: nonessential

text: bits

text: of

text: information

text: There

text: is

text: a

text: corresponding

text: trade

text: off

text: between

text: preserving

text: information

text: and

text: reducing

text: size

text: A

text: number

text: of

text: popular

text: compression

text: formats

text: exploit

text: these

text: perceptual

text: differences

text: including

text: those

text: used

text: in

text: music

text: files

text: images

text: and

text: video

question: What type of data compression is the converse of lossless date data compression?

answer: Lossy

text: Lossy

question: What can save storage space?

answer: Dropping nonessential detail from the data source

text: Dropping nonessential detail from the data source

question: What helps by eliminating off nonessential bits of information?

answer: JPEG image compression

text: JPEG image compression


text: CBC Television stations can be received in many United States communities along the Canadian border over-the-air and have a significant audience in those areas. Such a phenomenon can also take place within Great Lakes communities such as Ashtabula, Ohio, which received programming from the CBC's London, Ontario, transmitter, based upon prevailing atmospheric conditions over Lake Erie. As of September 2010 CBC shut down its analogue transmitter and decided not to replace it with a digital transmitter. As a result, there is now a giant hole in the coverage of CBC in South-Western Ontario. Both CBC - Toronto and CBC - Windsor are both over 100 miles from London, ON and out of range for even the largest antennas[citation needed].

title: CBC_Television

title: CBC_Television

text: CBC

text: Television

text: stations

text: can

text: be

text: received

text: in

text: many

text: United

text: States

text: communities

text: along

text: the

text: Canadian

text: border

text: over

text: the

text: air

text: and

text: have

text: a

text: significant

text: audience

text: in

text: those

text: areas

text: Such

text: a

text: phenomenon

text: can

text: also

text: take

text: place

text: within

text: Great

text: Lakes

text: communities

text: such

text: as

text: Ashtabula

text: Ohio

text: which

text: received

text: programming

text: from

text: the

text: CBC

text: 's

text: London

text: Ontario

text: transmitter

text: based

text: upon

text: prevailing

text: atmospheric

text: conditions

text: over

text: Lake

text: Erie

text: As

text: of

text: September

text: CBC

text: shut

text: down

text: its

text: analogue

text: transmitter

text: and

text: decided

text: not

text: to

text: replace

text: it

text: with

text: a

text: digital

text: transmitter

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: there

text: is

text: now

text: a

text: giant

text: hole

text: in

text: the

text: coverage

text: of

text: CBC

text: in

text: South

text: Western

text: Ontario

text: Both

text: CBC

text: Toronto

text: and

text: CBC

text: Windsor

text: are

text: both

text: over

text: miles

text: from

text: London

text: ON

text: and

text: out

text: of

text: range

text: for

text: even

text: the

text: largest

text: antennas[citation

text: needed

question: When did CBC shut down its analogue transmitter?

answer: September 2010

text: September 2010

question: Which CBC location has a lapsed area of coverage after 2010?

answer: South-Western Ontario

text: South-Western Ontario

question: Which US city can receive broadcasts from CBC's London transmitter?

answer: Ashtabula, Ohio

text: Ashtabula, Ohio


text: The Ricketts family acquired a majority interest in the Cubs in 2009, ending the Tribune years. Apparently handcuffed by the Tribune's bankruptcy and the sale of the club to the Ricketts family, the Cubs' quest for a NL Central 3-peat started with notice that there would be less invested into contracts than in previous years. Chicago engaged St. Louis in a see-saw battle for first place into August 2009, but the Cardinals played to a torrid 20–6 pace that month, designating their rivals to battle in the Wild Card race, from which they were eliminated in the season's final week. The Cubs were plagued by injuries in 2009, and were only able to field their Opening Day starting lineup three times the entire season. Third baseman Aramis Ramírez injured his throwing shoulder in an early May game against the Milwaukee Brewers, sidelining him until early July and forcing journeyman players like Mike Fontenot and Aaron Miles into more prominent roles. Additionally, key players like Derrek Lee (who still managed to hit .306 with 35 HR and 111 RBI that season), Alfonso Soriano and Geovany Soto also nursed nagging injuries. The Cubs posted a winning record (83–78) for the third consecutive season, the first time the club had done so since 1972, and a new era of ownership under the Ricketts' family was approved by MLB owners in early October.

title: Chicago_Cubs

title: Chicago_Cubs

text: The

text: Ricketts

text: family

text: acquired

text: a

text: majority

text: interest

text: in

text: the

text: Cubs

text: in

text: ending

text: the

text: Tribune

text: years

text: Apparently

text: handcuffed

text: by

text: the

text: Tribune

text: 's

text: bankruptcy

text: and

text: the

text: sale

text: of

text: the

text: club

text: to

text: the

text: Ricketts

text: family

text: the

text: Cubs

text: quest

text: for

text: a

text: NL

text: Central

text: started

text: with

text: notice

text: that

text: there

text: would

text: be

text: less

text: invested

text: into

text: contracts

text: than

text: in

text: previous

text: years

text: Chicago

text: engaged

text: St.

text: Louis

text: in

text: a

text: see

text: saw

text: battle

text: for

text: first

text: place

text: into

text: August

text: but

text: the

text: Cardinals

text: played

text: to

text: a

text: torrid

text: pace

text: that

text: month

text: designating

text: their

text: rivals

text: to

text: battle

text: in

text: the

text: Wild

text: Card

text: race

text: from

text: which

text: they

text: were

text: eliminated

text: in

text: the

text: season

text: 's

text: final

text: week

text: The

text: Cubs

text: were

text: plagued

text: by

text: injuries

text: in

text: and

text: were

text: only

text: able

text: to

text: field

text: their

text: Opening

text: Day

text: starting

text: lineup

text: three

text: times

text: the

text: entire

text: season

text: Third

text: baseman

text: Aramis

text: Ramírez

text: injured

text: his

text: throwing

text: shoulder

text: in

text: an

text: early

text: May

text: game

text: against

text: the

text: Milwaukee

text: Brewers

text: sidelining

text: him

text: until

text: early

text: July

text: and

text: forcing

text: journeyman

text: players

text: like

text: Mike

text: Fontenot

text: and

text: Aaron

text: Miles

text: into

text: more

text: prominent

text: roles

text: Additionally

text: key

text: players

text: like

text: Derrek

text: Lee

text: who

text: still

text: managed

text: to

text: hit

text: with

text: HR

text: and

text: RBI

text: that

text: season

text: Alfonso

text: Soriano

text: and

text: Geovany

text: Soto

text: also

text: nursed

text: nagging

text: injuries

text: The

text: Cubs

text: posted

text: a

text: winning

text: record

text: for

text: the

text: third

text: consecutive

text: season

text: the

text: first

text: time

text: the

text: club

text: had

text: done

text: so

text: since

text: and

text: a

text: new

text: era

text: of

text: ownership

text: under

text: the

text: Ricketts

text: family

text: was

text: approved

text: by

text: MLB

text: owners

text: in

text: early

text: October

question: When did the Ricketts family acquire a majority interest in the Cubs?

answer: 2009

question: Who did Chicago engage in a see-saw battle for first place into August 2009?

answer: St. Louis

text: St. Louis

question: What plagued the Cubs in 2009?

answer: injuries

text: injuries


text: On 1 August, the British fleet under Horatio Nelson captured or destroyed all but two French vessels in the Battle of the Nile, defeating Bonaparte's goal to strengthen the French position in the Mediterranean. His army had succeeded in a temporary increase of French power in Egypt, though it faced repeated uprisings. In early 1799, he moved an army into the Ottoman province of Damascus (Syria and Galilee). Bonaparte led these 13,000 French soldiers in the conquest of the coastal towns of Arish, Gaza, Jaffa, and Haifa. The attack on Jaffa was particularly brutal. Bonaparte discovered that many of the defenders were former prisoners of war, ostensibly on parole, so he ordered the garrison and 1,400 prisoners to be executed by bayonet or drowning to save bullets. Men, women, and children were robbed and murdered for three days.

title: Napoleon

title: Napoleon

text: On

text: August

text: the

text: British

text: fleet

text: under

text: Horatio

text: Nelson

text: captured

text: or

text: destroyed

text: all

text: but

text: two

text: French

text: vessels

text: in

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: the

text: Nile

text: defeating

text: Bonaparte

text: 's

text: goal

text: to

text: strengthen

text: the

text: French

text: position

text: in

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: His

text: army

text: had

text: succeeded

text: in

text: a

text: temporary

text: increase

text: of

text: French

text: power

text: in

text: Egypt

text: though

text: it

text: faced

text: repeated

text: uprisings

text: In

text: early

text: he

text: moved

text: an

text: army

text: into

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: province

text: of

text: Damascus

text: Syria

text: and

text: Galilee

text: Bonaparte

text: led

text: these

text: French

text: soldiers

text: in

text: the

text: conquest

text: of

text: the

text: coastal

text: towns

text: of

text: Arish

text: Gaza

text: Jaffa

text: and

text: Haifa

text: The

text: attack

text: on

text: Jaffa

text: was

text: particularly

text: brutal

text: Bonaparte

text: discovered

text: that

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: defenders

text: were

text: former

text: prisoners

text: of

text: war

text: ostensibly

text: on

text: parole

text: so

text: he

text: ordered

text: the

text: garrison

text: and

text: prisoners

text: to

text: be

text: executed

text: by

text: bayonet

text: or

text: drowning

text: to

text: save

text: bullets

text: Men

text: women

text: and

text: children

text: were

text: robbed

text: and

text: murdered

text: for

text: three

text: days

question: In what battle did the British fleet seize or destroy most of the French vessels in Egypt?

answer: the Battle of the Nile

text: the Battle of the Nile

question: Who led the British during the Battle of the Nile?

answer: Horatio Nelson

text: Horatio Nelson

question: In what year did Napoleon lead his army into Damascus?

answer: 1799

question: During the battles in Damascus, the attack on which city was know for its brutality?

answer: Jaffa

text: Jaffa

question: Approximately how many troops were in the army Napoleon led into Damascus?

answer: 13,000


text: The National Museum is located in the western part of Kathmandu, near the Swayambhunath stupa in an historical building. This building was constructed in the early 19th century by General Bhimsen Thapa. It is the most important museum in the country, housing an extensive collection of weapons, art and antiquities of historic and cultural importance. The museum was established in 1928 as a collection house of war trophies and weapons, and the initial name of this museum was Chhauni Silkhana, meaning "the stone house of arms and ammunition". Given its focus, the museum contains many weapons, including locally made firearms used in wars, leather cannons from the 18th–19th century, and medieval and modern works in wood, bronze, stone and paintings.

title: Kathmandu

title: Kathmandu

text: The

text: National

text: Museum

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: western

text: part

text: of

text: Kathmandu

text: near

text: the

text: Swayambhunath

text: stupa

text: in

text: an

text: historical

text: building

text: This

text: building

text: was

text: constructed

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: by

text: General

text: Bhimsen

text: Thapa

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: museum

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: housing

text: an

text: extensive

text: collection

text: of

text: weapons

text: art

text: and

text: antiquities

text: of

text: historic

text: and

text: cultural

text: importance

text: The

text: museum

text: was

text: established

text: in

text: as

text: a

text: collection

text: house

text: of

text: war

text: trophies

text: and

text: weapons

text: and

text: the

text: initial

text: name

text: of

text: this

text: museum

text: was

text: Chhauni

text: Silkhana

text: meaning

text: the

text: stone

text: house

text: of

text: arms

text: and

text: ammunition

text: Given

text: its

text: focus

text: the

text: museum

text: contains

text: many

text: weapons

text: including

text: locally

text: made

text: firearms

text: used

text: in

text: wars

text: leather

text: cannons

text: from

text: the

text: century

text: and

text: medieval

text: and

text: modern

text: works

text: in

text: wood

text: bronze

text: stone

text: and

text: paintings

question: In what area of Kathmandu is the National Museum?

answer: western

text: western

question: What stupa is close to the National Museum?

answer: Swayambhunath

text: Swayambhunath

question: Who built the building that contains the National Museum?

answer: Bhimsen Thapa

text: Bhimsen Thapa

question: When was the National Museum founded?

answer: 1928

question: What does Chhauni Silkhana mean?

answer: the stone house of arms and ammunition

text: the stone house of arms and ammunition


text: Feynman was a keen popularizer of physics through both books and lectures, including a 1959 talk on top-down nanotechnology called There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom, and the three-volume publication of his undergraduate lectures, The Feynman Lectures on Physics. Feynman also became known through his semi-autobiographical books Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman! and What Do You Care What Other People Think? and books written about him, such as Tuva or Bust! and Genius: The Life and Science of Richard Feynman by James Gleick.

title: Richard_Feynman

title: Richard_Feynman

text: Feynman

text: was

text: a

text: keen

text: popularizer

text: of

text: physics

text: through

text: both

text: books

text: and

text: lectures

text: including

text: a

text: talk

text: on

text: top

text: down

text: nanotechnology

text: called

text: There

text: 's

text: Plenty

text: of

text: Room

text: at

text: the

text: Bottom

text: and

text: the

text: three

text: volume

text: publication

text: of

text: his

text: undergraduate

text: lectures

text: The

text: Feynman

text: Lectures

text: on

text: Physics

text: Feynman

text: also

text: became

text: known

text: through

text: his

text: semi

text: autobiographical

text: books

text: Surely

text: You

text: 're

text: Joking

text: Mr.

text: Feynman

text: and

text: What

text: Do

text: You

text: Care

text: What

text: Other

text: People

text: Think

text: and

text: books

text: written

text: about

text: him

text: such

text: as

text: Tuva

text: or

text: Bust

text: and

text: Genius

text: The

text: Life

text: and

text: Science

text: of

text: Richard

text: Feynman

text: by

text: James

text: Gleick

question: What was the name of Feynman's 1959 talk on nanotech?

answer: There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom

text: There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom

question: What was the name of Feynman's lectures he made as an undergraduate?

answer: The Feynman Lectures on Physics

text: The Feynman Lectures on Physics

question: What was the name of one of his semi-autobiographical books?

answer: Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!

text: Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!

question: Feynman wrote many books and gave many ___

answer: lectures

text: lectures

question: What book did James Gleck write about Feynman?

answer: Genius: The Life and Science of Richard Feynman

text: Genius: The Life and Science of Richard Feynman


text: Welsh sides that play in English leagues are eligible, although since the creation of the League of Wales there are only six clubs remaining: Cardiff City (the only non-English team to win the tournament, in 1927), Swansea City, Newport County, Wrexham, Merthyr Town and Colwyn Bay. In the early years other teams from Wales, Ireland and Scotland also took part in the competition, with Glasgow side Queen's Park losing the final to Blackburn Rovers in 1884 and 1885 before being barred from entering by the Scottish Football Association. In the 2013–14 season the first Channel Island club entered the competition when Guernsey F.C. competed for the first time.

title: FA_Cup

title: FA_Cup

text: Welsh

text: sides

text: that

text: play

text: in

text: English

text: leagues

text: are

text: eligible

text: although

text: since

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: the

text: League

text: of

text: Wales

text: there

text: are

text: only

text: six

text: clubs

text: remaining

text: Cardiff

text: City

text: the

text: only

text: non

text: English

text: team

text: to

text: win

text: the

text: tournament

text: in

text: Swansea

text: City

text: Newport

text: County

text: Wrexham

text: Merthyr

text: Town

text: and

text: Colwyn

text: Bay

text: In

text: the

text: early

text: years

text: other

text: teams

text: from

text: Wales

text: Ireland

text: and

text: Scotland

text: also

text: took

text: part

text: in

text: the

text: competition

text: with

text: Glasgow

text: side

text: Queen

text: 's

text: Park

text: losing

text: the

text: final

text: to

text: Blackburn

text: Rovers

text: in

text: and

text: before

text: being

text: barred

text: from

text: entering

text: by

text: the

text: Scottish

text: Football

text: Association

text: In

text: the

text: season

text: the

text: first

text: Channel

text: Island

text: club

text: entered

text: the

text: competition

text: when

text: Guernsey

text: F.C.

text: competed

text: for

text: the

text: first

text: time

question: May Welsh clubs enter the competition?

answer: Welsh sides that play in English leagues are eligible,

text: Welsh sides that play in English leagues are eligible,

question: Has a Welsh team ever won a competition?

answer: Cardiff City (the only non-English team to win the tournament, in 1927)

text: Cardiff City (the only non-English team to win the tournament, in 1927)

question: Have any other countries ever competed?

answer: other teams from Wales, Ireland and Scotland also took part in the competition,

text: other teams from Wales, Ireland and Scotland also took part in the competition,

question: Why can't those countries compete?

answer: barred from entering by the Scottish Football Association.

text: barred from entering by the Scottish Football Association.

question: Has any other  country been allowed to enter the competition since?

answer: Channel Island club entered the competition when Guernsey F.C. competed for the first time.

text: Channel Island club entered the competition when Guernsey F.C. competed for the first time.


text: In March 2012, the newspaper El Mundo published a story according to which FGV had instructed employees who were to testify at the crash commission investigation, providing a set of possible questions and guidelines to prepare the answers. In April 2013, the television program Salvados questioned the official version of the incident as there were indications that the Valencian Government had tried to downplay the accident, which coincided with the visit of the pope to Valencia, or even to hide evidence, as the book of train breakdowns was never found. The day after the broadcast of this report, which received extensive media coverage, several voices called for the reopening of the investigation. The investigation was effectively reopened and the accident is currently under re-examination.

title: Valencia

title: Valencia

text: In

text: March

text: the

text: newspaper

text: El

text: Mundo

text: published

text: a

text: story

text: according

text: to

text: which

text: FGV

text: had

text: instructed

text: employees

text: who

text: were

text: to

text: testify

text: at

text: the

text: crash

text: commission

text: investigation

text: providing

text: a

text: set

text: of

text: possible

text: questions

text: and

text: guidelines

text: to

text: prepare

text: the

text: answers

text: In

text: April

text: the

text: television

text: program

text: Salvados

text: questioned

text: the

text: official

text: version

text: of

text: the

text: incident

text: as

text: there

text: were

text: indications

text: that

text: the

text: Valencian

text: Government

text: had

text: tried

text: to

text: downplay

text: the

text: accident

text: which

text: coincided

text: with

text: the

text: visit

text: of

text: the

text: pope

text: to

text: Valencia

text: or

text: even

text: to

text: hide

text: evidence

text: as

text: the

text: book

text: of

text: train

text: breakdowns

text: was

text: never

text: found

text: The

text: day

text: after

text: the

text: broadcast

text: of

text: this

text: report

text: which

text: received

text: extensive

text: media

text: coverage

text: several

text: voices

text: called

text: for

text: the

text: reopening

text: of

text: the

text: investigation

text: The

text: investigation

text: was

text: effectively

text: reopened

text: and

text: the

text: accident

text: is

text: currently

text: under

text: re

text: examination

question: What TV program questioned the official account of the crash?

answer: Salvados

text: Salvados

question: What happened at the same time as the crash, which may have contributed to the government downplaying it?

answer: visit of the pope to Valencia

text: visit of the pope to Valencia

question: What evidence related to the crash remains missing?

answer: book of train breakdowns

text: book of train breakdowns

question: Which paper published an article that raised questions about the handling of the investigation?

answer: El Mundo

text: El Mundo

question: When did El Mundo's article with information about the crash investigation come out?

answer: March 2012

text: March 2012


text: DVB created first the standard for DVB-S digital satellite TV, DVB-C digital cable TV and DVB-T digital terrestrial TV. These broadcasting systems can be used for both SDTV and HDTV. In the US the Grand Alliance proposed ATSC as the new standard for SDTV and HDTV. Both ATSC and DVB were based on the MPEG-2 standard, although DVB systems may also be used to transmit video using the newer and more efficient H.264/MPEG-4 AVC compression standards. Common for all DVB standards is the use of highly efficient modulation techniques for further reducing bandwidth, and foremost for reducing receiver-hardware and antenna requirements.

title: High-definition_television

title: High

title: definition_television

text: DVB

text: created

text: first

text: the

text: standard

text: for

text: DVB

text: S

text: digital

text: satellite

text: TV

text: DVB

text: C

text: digital

text: cable

text: TV

text: and

text: DVB

text: T

text: digital

text: terrestrial

text: TV

text: These

text: broadcasting

text: systems

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: for

text: both

text: SDTV

text: and

text: HDTV

text: In

text: the

text: US

text: the

text: Grand

text: Alliance

text: proposed

text: ATSC

text: as

text: the

text: new

text: standard

text: for

text: SDTV

text: and

text: HDTV

text: Both

text: ATSC

text: and

text: DVB

text: were

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: standard

text: although

text: DVB

text: systems

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: transmit

text: video

text: using

text: the

text: newer

text: and

text: more

text: efficient

text: AVC

text: compression

text: standards

text: Common

text: for

text: all

text: DVB

text: standards

text: is

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: highly

text: efficient

text: modulation

text: techniques

text: for

text: further

text: reducing

text: bandwidth

text: and

text: foremost

text: for

text: reducing

text: receiver

text: hardware

text: and

text: antenna

text: requirements

question: What did the Grand Alliance propose as the new standard for SDTV and HDTV?

answer: ATSC

text: ATSC

question: Which standard were ATSC and DVB based on?

answer: MPEG-2

question: Who created the standard for DVB-2, DVB-C, and DVB-T?

answer: DVB

text: DVB

question: Who proposed ATSC as the new standard for SDTV and HDTV?

answer: the Grand Alliance

text: the Grand Alliance


text: A global drop in sea level at the end of the Devonian reversed early in the Carboniferous; this created the widespread epicontinental seas and carbonate deposition of the Mississippian. There was also a drop in south polar temperatures; southern Gondwana was glaciated throughout the period, though it is uncertain if the ice sheets were a holdover from the Devonian or not. These conditions apparently had little effect in the deep tropics, where lush coal swamps flourished within 30 degrees of the northernmost glaciers. A mid-Carboniferous drop in sea-level precipitated a major marine extinction, one that hit crinoids and ammonites especially hard. This sea-level drop and the associated unconformity in North America separate the Mississippian Period from the Pennsylvanian period.

title: Geological_history_of_Earth

title: Geological_history_of_Earth

text: A

text: global

text: drop

text: in

text: sea

text: level

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Devonian

text: reversed

text: early

text: in

text: the

text: Carboniferous

text: this

text: created

text: the

text: widespread

text: epicontinental

text: seas

text: and

text: carbonate

text: deposition

text: of

text: the

text: Mississippian

text: There

text: was

text: also

text: a

text: drop

text: in

text: south

text: polar

text: temperatures

text: southern

text: Gondwana

text: was

text: glaciated

text: throughout

text: the

text: period

text: though

text: it

text: is

text: uncertain

text: if

text: the

text: ice

text: sheets

text: were

text: a

text: holdover

text: from

text: the

text: Devonian

text: or

text: not

text: These

text: conditions

text: apparently

text: had

text: little

text: effect

text: in

text: the

text: deep

text: tropics

text: where

text: lush

text: coal

text: swamps

text: flourished

text: within

text: degrees

text: of

text: the

text: northernmost

text: glaciers

text: A

text: mid

text: Carboniferous

text: drop

text: in

text: sea

text: level

text: precipitated

text: a

text: major

text: marine

text: extinction

text: one

text: that

text: hit

text: crinoids

text: and

text: ammonites

text: especially

text: hard

text: This

text: sea

text: level

text: drop

text: and

text: the

text: associated

text: unconformity

text: in

text: North

text: America

text: separate

text: the

text: Mississippian

text: Period

text: from

text: the

text: Pennsylvanian

text: period

question: What occurred to the level of the sea when the Devonian period was finished?

answer: A global drop

text: A global drop

question: During which period were epicontinental seas created?

answer: Carboniferous

text: Carboniferous

question: What was on the land at 30 degrees latitude north in the carboniferous period?

answer: lush coal swamps

text: lush coal swamps

question: What was the result in the decline in sea level in the middle of the Carboniferous period?

answer: a major marine extinction

text: a major marine extinction

question: The Pennsylvania period is separated by the drop in Carboniferous era sea levels from what other period?

answer: Mississippian Period

text: Mississippian Period


text: Matthew Arnold contrasted "culture" with anarchy; other Europeans, following philosophers Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, contrasted "culture" with "the state of nature". According to Hobbes and Rousseau, the Native Americans who were being conquered by Europeans from the 16th centuries on were living in a state of nature; this opposition was expressed through the contrast between "civilized" and "uncivilized." According to this way of thinking, one could classify some countries and nations as more civilized than others and some people as more cultured than others. This contrast led to Herbert Spencer's theory of Social Darwinism and Lewis Henry Morgan's theory of cultural evolution. Just as some critics have argued that the distinction between high and low cultures is really an expression of the conflict between European elites and non-elites, some critics have argued that the distinction between civilized and uncivilized people is really an expression of the conflict between European colonial powers and their colonial subjects.

title: Culture

title: Culture

text: Matthew

text: Arnold

text: contrasted

text: culture

text: with

text: anarchy

text: other

text: Europeans

text: following

text: philosophers

text: Thomas

text: Hobbes

text: and

text: Jean

text: Jacques

text: Rousseau

text: contrasted

text: culture

text: with

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: nature

text: According

text: to

text: Hobbes

text: and

text: Rousseau

text: the

text: Native

text: Americans

text: who

text: were

text: being

text: conquered

text: by

text: Europeans

text: from

text: the

text: centuries

text: on

text: were

text: living

text: in

text: a

text: state

text: of

text: nature

text: this

text: opposition

text: was

text: expressed

text: through

text: the

text: contrast

text: between

text: civilized

text: and

text: uncivilized

text: According

text: to

text: this

text: way

text: of

text: thinking

text: one

text: could

text: classify

text: some

text: countries

text: and

text: nations

text: as

text: more

text: civilized

text: than

text: others

text: and

text: some

text: people

text: as

text: more

text: cultured

text: than

text: others

text: This

text: contrast

text: led

text: to

text: Herbert

text: Spencer

text: 's

text: theory

text: of

text: Social

text: Darwinism

text: and

text: Lewis

text: Henry

text: Morgan

text: 's

text: theory

text: of

text: cultural

text: evolution

text: Just

text: as

text: some

text: critics

text: have

text: argued

text: that

text: the

text: distinction

text: between

text: high

text: and

text: low

text: cultures

text: is

text: really

text: an

text: expression

text: of

text: the

text: conflict

text: between

text: European

text: elites

text: and

text: non

text: elites

text: some

text: critics

text: have

text: argued

text: that

text: the

text: distinction

text: between

text: civilized

text: and

text: uncivilized

text: people

text: is

text: really

text: an

text: expression

text: of

text: the

text: conflict

text: between

text: European

text: colonial

text: powers

text: and

text: their

text: colonial

text: subjects

question: How did Matthew Arnold view "Culture" with?

answer: anarchy

text: anarchy

question: Which two philosophers contrasted "culture" with the state of nature?

answer: Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau

text: Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau

question: Which race was considered living "in a state of nature" by the Europeans?

answer: Native Americans

text: Native Americans

question: "In a state of nature" was divided into two groups, what where they?

answer: "civilized" and "uncivilized."

text: "civilized" and "uncivilized."


text: Typical jungle animals, particularly tigers and leopards, occur sparsely in Myanmar. In upper Myanmar, there are rhinoceros, wild buffalo, wild boars, deer, antelope, and elephants, which are also tamed or bred in captivity for use as work animals, particularly in the lumber industry. Smaller mammals are also numerous, ranging from gibbons and monkeys to flying foxes and tapirs. The abundance of birds is notable with over 800 species, including parrots, peafowl, pheasants, crows, herons, and paddybirds. Among reptile species there are crocodiles, geckos, cobras, Burmese pythons, and turtles. Hundreds of species of freshwater fish are wide-ranging, plentiful and are very important food sources. For a list of protected areas, see List of protected areas of Myanmar.

title: Myanmar

title: Myanmar

text: Typical

text: jungle

text: animals

text: particularly

text: tigers

text: and

text: leopards

text: occur

text: sparsely

text: in

text: Myanmar

text: In

text: upper

text: Myanmar

text: there

text: are

text: rhinoceros

text: wild

text: buffalo

text: wild

text: boars

text: deer

text: antelope

text: and

text: elephants

text: which

text: are

text: also

text: tamed

text: or

text: bred

text: in

text: captivity

text: for

text: use

text: as

text: work

text: animals

text: particularly

text: in

text: the

text: lumber

text: industry

text: Smaller

text: mammals

text: are

text: also

text: numerous

text: ranging

text: from

text: gibbons

text: and

text: monkeys

text: to

text: flying

text: foxes

text: and

text: tapirs

text: The

text: abundance

text: of

text: birds

text: is

text: notable

text: with

text: over

text: species

text: including

text: parrots

text: peafowl

text: pheasants

text: crows

text: herons

text: and

text: paddybirds

text: Among

text: reptile

text: species

text: there

text: are

text: crocodiles

text: geckos

text: cobras

text: Burmese

text: pythons

text: and

text: turtles

text: Hundreds

text: of

text: species

text: of

text: freshwater

text: fish

text: are

text: wide

text: ranging

text: plentiful

text: and

text: are

text: very

text: important

text: food

text: sources

text: For

text: a

text: list

text: of

text: protected

text: areas

text: see

text: List

text: of

text: protected

text: areas

text: of

text: Myanmar

question: What industry is supported by animal labor in Burma ?

answer: the lumber industry

text: the lumber industry

question: What is an important protein source  in the Burmese diet?

answer: Hundreds of species of freshwater fish

text: Hundreds of species of freshwater fish

question: What animals where domesticated in Burma for industry use ?

answer: elephants, which are also tamed or bred in captivity for use as work animals

text: elephants, which are also tamed or bred in captivity for use as work animals

question: What is note worthy about the bird population of Burma ?

answer: The abundance of birds is notable with over 800 species

text: The abundance of birds is notable with over 800 species

question: Are large jungle cats part of the animal population of Burma ?

answer: Typical jungle animals, particularly tigers and leopards, occur sparsely in Myanmar

text: Typical jungle animals, particularly tigers and leopards, occur sparsely in Myanmar


text: Yale is noted for its largely Collegiate Gothic campus as well as for several iconic modern buildings commonly discussed in architectural history survey courses: Louis Kahn's Yale Art Gallery and Center for British Art, Eero Saarinen's Ingalls Rink and Ezra Stiles and Morse Colleges, and Paul Rudolph's Art & Architecture Building. Yale also owns and has restored many noteworthy 19th-century mansions along Hillhouse Avenue, which was considered the most beautiful street in America by Charles Dickens when he visited the United States in the 1840s. In 2011, Travel+Leisure listed the Yale campus as one of the most beautiful in the United States.

title: Yale_University

title: Yale_University

text: Yale

text: is

text: noted

text: for

text: its

text: largely

text: Collegiate

text: Gothic

text: campus

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: for

text: several

text: iconic

text: modern

text: buildings

text: commonly

text: discussed

text: in

text: architectural

text: history

text: survey

text: courses

text: Louis

text: Kahn

text: 's

text: Yale

text: Art

text: Gallery

text: and

text: Center

text: for

text: British

text: Art

text: Eero

text: Saarinen

text: 's

text: Ingalls

text: Rink

text: and

text: Ezra

text: Stiles

text: and

text: Morse

text: Colleges

text: and

text: Paul

text: Rudolph

text: 's

text: Art

text: Architecture

text: Building

text: Yale

text: also

text: owns

text: and

text: has

text: restored

text: many

text: noteworthy

text: century

text: mansions

text: along

text: Hillhouse

text: Avenue

text: which

text: was

text: considered

text: the

text: most

text: beautiful

text: street

text: in

text: America

text: by

text: Charles

text: Dickens

text: when

text: he

text: visited

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: in

text: the

text: In

text: Travel+Leisure

text: listed

text: the

text: Yale

text: campus

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: beautiful

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

question: Who called Hillhouse Avenue the most beautiful street in America in the 1840's?

answer: Charles Dickens

text: Charles Dickens

question: Who listed Yale as one of the most beautiful campuses in the United States?

answer: Travel+Leisure

text: Travel+Leisure

question: What is Yale largely known for?

answer: Collegiate Gothic campus

text: Collegiate Gothic campus

question: When did Travel + Leisure list Yale as one of the most beautiful campuses?

answer: 2011


text: The model also shows all the memory stores as being a single unit whereas research into this shows differently. For example, short-term memory can be broken up into different units such as visual information and acoustic information. In a study by Zlonoga and Gerber (1986), patient 'KF' demonstrated certain deviations from the Atkinson–Shiffrin model. Patient KF was brain damaged, displaying difficulties regarding short-term memory. Recognition of sounds such as spoken numbers, letters, words and easily identifiable noises (such as doorbells and cats meowing) were all impacted. Interestingly, visual short-term memory was unaffected, suggesting a dichotomy between visual and audial memory.

title: Memory

title: Memory

text: The

text: model

text: also

text: shows

text: all

text: the

text: memory

text: stores

text: as

text: being

text: a

text: single

text: unit

text: whereas

text: research

text: into

text: this

text: shows

text: differently

text: For

text: example

text: short

text: term

text: memory

text: can

text: be

text: broken

text: up

text: into

text: different

text: units

text: such

text: as

text: visual

text: information

text: and

text: acoustic

text: information

text: In

text: a

text: study

text: by

text: Zlonoga

text: and

text: Gerber

text: patient

text: KF

text: demonstrated

text: certain

text: deviations

text: from

text: the

text: Atkinson

text: Shiffrin

text: model

text: Patient

text: KF

text: was

text: brain

text: damaged

text: displaying

text: difficulties

text: regarding

text: short

text: term

text: memory

text: Recognition

text: of

text: sounds

text: such

text: as

text: spoken

text: numbers

text: letters

text: words

text: and

text: easily

text: identifiable

text: noises

text: such

text: as

text: doorbells

text: and

text: cats

text: meowing

text: were

text: all

text: impacted

text: Interestingly

text: visual

text: short

text: term

text: memory

text: was

text: unaffected

text: suggesting

text: a

text: dichotomy

text: between

text: visual

text: and

text: audial

text: memory

question: What are some examples of units that short-term memory can be categorized in to?

answer: visual information and acoustic information

text: visual information and acoustic information

question: Who performed a study in 1986 invovling a participant known as KF?

answer: Zlonoga and Gerber

text: Zlonoga and Gerber

question: What did KF disprove during this study?

answer: Atkinson–Shiffrin model.

text: Atkinson–Shiffrin model.

question: What did KF have trouble doing?

answer: difficulties regarding short-term memory.

text: difficulties regarding short-term memory.

question: What did this study seem to conclude?

answer: a dichotomy between visual and audial memory.

text: a dichotomy between visual and audial memory.


text: Islamic architecture began in the 7th century CE, incorporating architectural forms from the ancient Middle East and Byzantium, but also developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society. Examples can be found throughout the Middle East, North Africa, Spain and the Indian Sub-continent. The widespread application of the pointed arch was to influence European architecture of the Medieval period.

title: Architecture

title: Architecture

text: Islamic

text: architecture

text: began

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: CE

text: incorporating

text: architectural

text: forms

text: from

text: the

text: ancient

text: Middle

text: East

text: and

text: Byzantium

text: but

text: also

text: developing

text: features

text: to

text: suit

text: the

text: religious

text: and

text: social

text: needs

text: of

text: the

text: society

text: Examples

text: can

text: be

text: found

text: throughout

text: the

text: Middle

text: East

text: North

text: Africa

text: Spain

text: and

text: the

text: Indian

text: Sub

text: continent

text: The

text: widespread

text: application

text: of

text: the

text: pointed

text: arch

text: was

text: to

text: influence

text: European

text: architecture

text: of

text: the

text: Medieval

text: period

question: What cultures architecture inspired Islamic architecture to use pointed arch's?

answer: European architecture

text: European architecture

question: When was Islamic architecture first seen?

answer: 7th century CE

text: 7th century CE

question: In addition to forms from the ancient Middle East, what other place's forms had an effect on Islamic architecture?

answer: Byzantium

text: Byzantium

question: What other parts of the society's needs did architecture fill?

answer: religious and social needs

text: religious and social needs

question: What kind of arch design from Islamic architecture affected European architects?

answer: pointed arch

text: pointed arch


text: The First World War began in 1914 and lasted to the final Armistice in 1918. The Allied Powers, led by the British Empire, France, Russia until March 1918, Japan and the United States after 1917, defeated the Central Powers, led by the German Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire. The war caused the disintegration of four empires—the Austro-Hungarian, German, Ottoman, and Russian ones—as well as radical change in the European and West Asian maps. The Allied powers before 1917 are referred to as the Triple Entente, and the Central Powers are referred to as the Triple Alliance.

title: Modern_history

title: Modern_history

text: The

text: First

text: World

text: War

text: began

text: in

text: and

text: lasted

text: to

text: the

text: final

text: Armistice

text: in

text: The

text: Allied

text: Powers

text: led

text: by

text: the

text: British

text: Empire

text: France

text: Russia

text: until

text: March

text: Japan

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: after

text: defeated

text: the

text: Central

text: Powers

text: led

text: by

text: the

text: German

text: Empire

text: Austro

text: Hungarian

text: Empire

text: and

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: The

text: war

text: caused

text: the

text: disintegration

text: of

text: four

text: empires

text: the

text: Austro

text: Hungarian

text: German

text: Ottoman

text: and

text: Russian

text: ones

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: radical

text: change

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: and

text: West

text: Asian

text: maps

text: The

text: Allied

text: powers

text: before

text: are

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Triple

text: Entente

text: and

text: the

text: Central

text: Powers

text: are

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Triple

text: Alliance

question: When did the first World War begin?

answer: 1914

question: Who led the Allied powers?

answer: British Empire, France, Russia

text: British Empire, France, Russia

question: Who defeated the Central Powers led by the German Empire Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire??

answer: Japan and the United States

text: Japan and the United States

question: What were the Allied powers referred to before 1917?

answer: Triple Entente

text: Triple Entente

question: How many Empires did the war cause destruction to?

answer: four empires

text: four empires


text: Geographically, the empire was divided into several provinces, the borders of which changed numerous times during the Umayyad reign. Each province had a governor appointed by the khalifah. The governor was in charge of the religious officials, army leaders, police, and civil administrators in his province. Local expenses were paid for by taxes coming from that province, with the remainder each year being sent to the central government in Damascus. As the central power of the Umayyad rulers waned in the later years of the dynasty, some governors neglected to send the extra tax revenue to Damascus and created great personal fortunes.

title: Umayyad_Caliphate

title: Umayyad_Caliphate

text: Geographically

text: the

text: empire

text: was

text: divided

text: into

text: several

text: provinces

text: the

text: borders

text: of

text: which

text: changed

text: numerous

text: times

text: during

text: the

text: Umayyad

text: reign

text: Each

text: province

text: had

text: a

text: governor

text: appointed

text: by

text: the

text: khalifah

text: The

text: governor

text: was

text: in

text: charge

text: of

text: the

text: religious

text: officials

text: army

text: leaders

text: police

text: and

text: civil

text: administrators

text: in

text: his

text: province

text: Local

text: expenses

text: were

text: paid

text: for

text: by

text: taxes

text: coming

text: from

text: that

text: province

text: with

text: the

text: remainder

text: each

text: year

text: being

text: sent

text: to

text: the

text: central

text: government

text: in

text: Damascus

text: As

text: the

text: central

text: power

text: of

text: the

text: Umayyad

text: rulers

text: waned

text: in

text: the

text: later

text: years

text: of

text: the

text: dynasty

text: some

text: governors

text: neglected

text: to

text: send

text: the

text: extra

text: tax

text: revenue

text: to

text: Damascus

text: and

text: created

text: great

text: personal

text: fortunes

question: Who appointed the governors in the Umayyad empire?

answer: khalifah

text: khalifah

question: Where was the government of the Umayyads based?

answer: Damascus

text: Damascus

question: Along with army leaders, police and civil administration, what did the governor control in his province?

answer: religious officials

text: religious officials


text: Northwestern fielded its first intercollegiate football team in 1882, later becoming a founding member of the Big Ten Conference. In the 1870s and 1880s, Northwestern affiliated itself with already existing schools of law, medicine, and dentistry in Chicago. The Northwestern University School of Law is the oldest law school in Chicago. As the university increased in wealth and distinction, and enrollments grew, these professional schools were integrated with the undergraduate college in Evanston; the result was a modern research university combining professional, graduate, and undergraduate programs, which gave equal weight to teaching and research. The Association of American Universities invited Northwestern to become a member in 1917.

title: Northwestern_University

title: Northwestern_University

text: Northwestern

text: fielded

text: its

text: first

text: intercollegiate

text: football

text: team

text: in

text: later

text: becoming

text: a

text: founding

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Big

text: Ten

text: Conference

text: In

text: the

text: and

text: Northwestern

text: affiliated

text: itself

text: with

text: already

text: existing

text: schools

text: of

text: law

text: medicine

text: and

text: dentistry

text: in

text: Chicago

text: The

text: Northwestern

text: University

text: School

text: of

text: Law

text: is

text: the

text: oldest

text: law

text: school

text: in

text: Chicago

text: As

text: the

text: university

text: increased

text: in

text: wealth

text: and

text: distinction

text: and

text: enrollments

text: grew

text: these

text: professional

text: schools

text: were

text: integrated

text: with

text: the

text: undergraduate

text: college

text: in

text: Evanston

text: the

text: result

text: was

text: a

text: modern

text: research

text: university

text: combining

text: professional

text: graduate

text: and

text: undergraduate

text: programs

text: which

text: gave

text: equal

text: weight

text: to

text: teaching

text: and

text: research

text: The

text: Association

text: of

text: American

text: Universities

text: invited

text: Northwestern

text: to

text: become

text: a

text: member

text: in

question: What sports team did Northwestern field its first of in 1882?

answer: intercollegiate football

text: intercollegiate football

question: Which already existing schools did Northwestern affiliate itself with in the 1870's and 1880's?

answer: schools of law, medicine, and dentistry in Chicago

text: schools of law, medicine, and dentistry in Chicago

question: What is the oldest law school in Chicago?

answer: Northwestern University School of Law

text: Northwestern University School of Law

question: What organization invited Northwestern to become a member in 1917?

answer: The Association of American Universities

text: The Association of American Universities

question: What type of member was Northwestern of the Big Ten Conference?

answer: a founding member

text: a founding member


text: The armillary sphere, a three-dimensional representation of the movements in the celestial sphere, was invented in Han China by the 1st century BC. Using a water clock, waterwheel and a series of gears, the Court Astronomer Zhang Heng (78–139 AD) was able to mechanically rotate his metal-ringed armillary sphere. To address the problem of slowed timekeeping in the pressure head of the inflow water clock, Zhang was the first in China to install an additional tank between the reservoir and inflow vessel. Zhang also invented a seismometer (Houfeng didong yi 候风地动仪) in 132 AD to detect the exact cardinal or ordinal direction of earthquakes from hundreds of kilometers away. This employed an inverted pendulum that, when disturbed by ground tremors, would trigger a set of gears that dropped a metal ball from one of eight dragon mouths (representing all eight directions) into a metal toad's mouth.

title: Han_dynasty

title: Han_dynasty

text: The

text: armillary

text: sphere

text: a

text: three

text: dimensional

text: representation

text: of

text: the

text: movements

text: in

text: the

text: celestial

text: sphere

text: was

text: invented

text: in

text: Han

text: China

text: by

text: the

text: century

text: BC

text: Using

text: a

text: water

text: clock

text: waterwheel

text: and

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: gears

text: the

text: Court

text: Astronomer

text: Zhang

text: Heng

text: AD

text: was

text: able

text: to

text: mechanically

text: rotate

text: his

text: metal

text: ringed

text: armillary

text: sphere

text: To

text: address

text: the

text: problem

text: of

text: slowed

text: timekeeping

text: in

text: the

text: pressure

text: head

text: of

text: the

text: inflow

text: water

text: clock

text: Zhang

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: in

text: China

text: to

text: install

text: an

text: additional

text: tank

text: between

text: the

text: reservoir

text: and

text: inflow

text: vessel

text: Zhang

text: also

text: invented

text: a

text: seismometer

text: Houfeng

text: didong

text: yi

text: 候风地动仪

text: in

text: AD

text: to

text: detect

text: the

text: exact

text: cardinal

text: or

text: ordinal

text: direction

text: of

text: earthquakes

text: from

text: hundreds

text: of

text: kilometers

text: away

text: This

text: employed

text: an

text: inverted

text: pendulum

text: that

text: when

text: disturbed

text: by

text: ground

text: tremors

text: would

text: trigger

text: a

text: set

text: of

text: gears

text: that

text: dropped

text: a

text: metal

text: ball

text: from

text: one

text: of

text: eight

text: dragon

text: mouths

text: representing

text: all

text: eight

text: directions

text: into

text: a

text: metal

text: toad

text: 's

text: mouth

question: Who was responsible for the invention of the seismometer?

answer: Zhang Heng

text: Zhang Heng

question: In what year was the seismometer first invented?

answer: 132 AD

text: 132 AD

question: How many dragons were represented in Zhang Heng's invention of the seismometer?

answer: eight

text: eight

question: What invention included an inverted pendulum?

answer: seismometer

text: seismometer

question: What was exchanged from mouth to mouth in the usage of the seismometer?

answer: metal ball

text: metal ball


text: Architectural design competitions are used by an organisation that plans to build a new building or refurbish an existing building. They can be used for buildings, engineering work, structures, landscape design projects or public realm artworks. A competition typically asks for architects and/or designers to submit a design proposal in response to a given Brief. The winning design will then be selected by an independent jury panel of design professionals and client representatives. The independence of the jury is vital to the fair conduct of a competition.

title: Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

title: Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

text: Architectural

text: design

text: competitions

text: are

text: used

text: by

text: an

text: organisation

text: that

text: plans

text: to

text: build

text: a

text: new

text: building

text: or

text: refurbish

text: an

text: existing

text: building

text: They

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: for

text: buildings

text: engineering

text: work

text: structures

text: landscape

text: design

text: projects

text: or

text: public

text: realm

text: artworks

text: A

text: competition

text: typically

text: asks

text: for

text: architects

text: and/or

text: designers

text: to

text: submit

text: a

text: design

text: proposal

text: in

text: response

text: to

text: a

text: given

text: Brief

text: The

text: winning

text: design

text: will

text: then

text: be

text: selected

text: by

text: an

text: independent

text: jury

text: panel

text: of

text: design

text: professionals

text: and

text: client

text: representatives

text: The

text: independence

text: of

text: the

text: jury

text: is

text: vital

text: to

text: the

text: fair

text: conduct

text: of

text: a

text: competition

question: What are events that a company can sponsor when it is planning a new construction project or redesigning an existing one?

answer: Architectural design competitions

text: Architectural design competitions

question: What is provided to guide entrants in an architectural competition?

answer: Brief

text: Brief

question: What kinds of people generally make up the panels which judge architecture competitions?

answer: design professionals and client representatives

text: design professionals and client representatives

question: What is necessary for the integrity of a design competition?

answer: independence of the jury

text: independence of the jury

question: What kind of artistic production can be supported by design competitions?

answer: public realm artworks

text: public realm artworks


text: The American Lunar Module was finally ready for a successful piloted test flight in low Earth orbit on Apollo 9 in March 1969. The next mission, Apollo 10, conducted a "dress rehearsal" for the first landing in May 1969, flying the LM in lunar orbit as close as 47,400 feet (14.4 km) above the surface, the point where the powered descent to the surface would begin. With the LM proven to work well, the next step was to attempt the actual landing.

title: Space_Race

title: Space_Race

text: The

text: American

text: Lunar

text: Module

text: was

text: finally

text: ready

text: for

text: a

text: successful

text: piloted

text: test

text: flight

text: in

text: low

text: Earth

text: orbit

text: on

text: Apollo

text: in

text: March

text: The

text: next

text: mission

text: Apollo

text: conducted

text: a

text: dress

text: rehearsal

text: for

text: the

text: first

text: landing

text: in

text: May

text: flying

text: the

text: LM

text: in

text: lunar

text: orbit

text: as

text: close

text: as

text: feet

text: km

text: above

text: the

text: surface

text: the

text: point

text: where

text: the

text: powered

text: descent

text: to

text: the

text: surface

text: would

text: begin

text: With

text: the

text: LM

text: proven

text: to

text: work

text: well

text: the

text: next

text: step

text: was

text: to

text: attempt

text: the

text: actual

text: landing

question: How close to the ground was the Lunar Module in May 1969 during its landing test?

answer: 47,400 feet

text: 47,400 feet

question: The Lunar Module completed its first low Earth orbit on what date?

answer: March 1969

text: March 1969


text: 14th Street is a main numbered street in Manhattan. It begins at Avenue C and ends at West Street. Its length is 3.4 km (2.1 mi). It has six subway stations:

title: List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan

title: List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan

text: Street

text: is

text: a

text: main

text: numbered

text: street

text: in

text: Manhattan

text: It

text: begins

text: at

text: Avenue

text: C

text: and

text: ends

text: at

text: West

text: Street

text: Its

text: length

text: is

text: km

text: mi

text: It

text: has

text: six

text: subway

text: stations

question: Where does 14th Street begin?

answer: Avenue C

text: Avenue C

question: Where does 14th Street end?

answer: West Street

text: West Street

question: How many subway stations are on 14th Street?

answer: six

text: six

question: What is the length of 14th Street in miles?

answer: 2.1


text: Modern computers based on integrated circuits are millions to billions of times more capable than the early machines, and occupy a fraction of the space. Computers are small enough to fit into mobile devices, and mobile computers can be powered by small batteries. Personal computers in their various forms are icons of the Information Age and are generally considered as "computers". However, the embedded computers found in many devices from MP3 players to fighter aircraft and from electronic toys to industrial robots are the most numerous.

title: Computer

title: Computer

text: Modern

text: computers

text: based

text: on

text: integrated

text: circuits

text: are

text: millions

text: to

text: billions

text: of

text: times

text: more

text: capable

text: than

text: the

text: early

text: machines

text: and

text: occupy

text: a

text: fraction

text: of

text: the

text: space

text: Computers

text: are

text: small

text: enough

text: to

text: fit

text: into

text: mobile

text: devices

text: and

text: mobile

text: computers

text: can

text: be

text: powered

text: by

text: small

text: batteries

text: Personal

text: computers

text: in

text: their

text: various

text: forms

text: are

text: icons

text: of

text: the

text: Information

text: Age

text: and

text: are

text: generally

text: considered

text: as

text: computers

text: However

text: the

text: embedded

text: computers

text: found

text: in

text: many

text: devices

text: from

text: players

text: to

text: fighter

text: aircraft

text: and

text: from

text: electronic

text: toys

text: to

text: industrial

text: robots

text: are

text: the

text: most

text: numerous

question: Computers in today's age are based on what that make them much faster than earlier computers?

answer: integrated circuits

text: integrated circuits

question: How much more powerful are modern computers versus early computers?

answer: millions to billions of times

text: millions to billions of times


text: Many Somerset soldiers died during the First World War, with the Somerset Light Infantry suffering nearly 5,000 casualties. War memorials were put up in most of the county's towns and villages; only nine, described as the Thankful Villages, had none of their residents killed. During the Second World War the county was a base for troops preparing for the D-Day landings. Some of the hospitals which were built for the casualties of the war remain in use. The Taunton Stop Line was set up to repel a potential German invasion. The remains of its pill boxes can still be seen along the coast, and south through Ilminster and Chard.

title: Somerset

title: Somerset

text: Many

text: Somerset

text: soldiers

text: died

text: during

text: the

text: First

text: World

text: War

text: with

text: the

text: Somerset

text: Light

text: Infantry

text: suffering

text: nearly

text: casualties

text: War

text: memorials

text: were

text: put

text: up

text: in

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: county

text: 's

text: towns

text: and

text: villages

text: only

text: nine

text: described

text: as

text: the

text: Thankful

text: Villages

text: had

text: of

text: their

text: residents

text: killed

text: During

text: the

text: Second

text: World

text: War

text: the

text: county

text: was

text: a

text: base

text: for

text: troops

text: preparing

text: for

text: the

text: D

text: Day

text: landings

text: Some

text: of

text: the

text: hospitals

text: which

text: were

text: built

text: for

text: the

text: casualties

text: of

text: the

text: war

text: remain

text: in

text: use

text: The

text: Taunton

text: Stop

text: Line

text: was

text: set

text: up

text: to

text: repel

text: a

text: potential

text: German

text: invasion

text: The

text: remains

text: of

text: its

text: pill

text: boxes

text: can

text: still

text: be

text: seen

text: along

text: the

text: coast

text: and

text: south

text: through

text: Ilminster

text: and

text: Chard

question: How many Somerset soldiers were killed in WW1

answer: Many Somerset soldiers died during the First World War, with the Somerset Light Infantry suffering nearly 5,000 casualties

text: Many Somerset soldiers died during the First World War, with the Somerset Light Infantry suffering nearly 5,000 casualties

question: How many counties had no casualties in WW1

answer: only nine, described as the Thankful Villages, had none of their residents killed

text: only nine, described as the Thankful Villages, had none of their residents killed

question: The county was base for what in WW2

answer: for troops preparing for the D-Day landings

text: for troops preparing for the D-Day landings

question: What is the Tauton stop line

answer: The Taunton Stop Line was set up to repel a potential German invasion

text: The Taunton Stop Line was set up to repel a potential German invasion


text: In 2000, Apple released the Power Mac G4 Cube, their first desktop since the discontinued Power Macintosh G3, to slot between the iMac G3 and the Power Mac G4. Even with its innovative design, it was initially priced US$200 higher than the comparably-equipped and more-expandable base Power Mac G4, while also not including a monitor, making it too expensive and resulting in slow sales. Apple sold just 29,000 Cubes in Q4 of 2000 which was one third of expectations, compared to 308,000 Macs during that same quarter, and Cube sales dropped to 12,000 units in Q1 of 2001. A price drop and hardware upgrades could not offset the earlier perception of the Cube's reduced value compared to the iMac and Power Mac G4 lineup, and it was discontinued in July 2001.

title: Macintosh

title: Macintosh

text: In

text: Apple

text: released

text: the

text: Power

text: Mac

text: Cube

text: their

text: first

text: desktop

text: since

text: the

text: discontinued

text: Power

text: Macintosh

text: to

text: slot

text: between

text: the

text: iMac

text: and

text: the

text: Power

text: Mac

text: Even

text: with

text: its

text: innovative

text: design

text: it

text: was

text: initially

text: priced

text: US$

text: higher

text: than

text: the

text: comparably

text: equipped

text: and

text: more

text: expandable

text: base

text: Power

text: Mac

text: while

text: also

text: not

text: including

text: a

text: monitor

text: making

text: it

text: too

text: expensive

text: and

text: resulting

text: in

text: slow

text: sales

text: Apple

text: sold

text: just

text: Cubes

text: in

text: of

text: which

text: was

text: one

text: third

text: of

text: expectations

text: compared

text: to

text: Macs

text: during

text: that

text: same

text: quarter

text: and

text: Cube

text: sales

text: dropped

text: to

text: units

text: in

text: of

text: A

text: price

text: drop

text: and

text: hardware

text: upgrades

text: could

text: not

text: offset

text: the

text: earlier

text: perception

text: of

text: the

text: Cube

text: 's

text: reduced

text: value

text: compared

text: to

text: the

text: iMac

text: and

text: Power

text: Mac

text: lineup

text: and

text: it

text: was

text: discontinued

text: in

text: July

question: What desktop did Apple release after the discontinued Power Macintosh G3?

answer: Power Mac G4 Cube

text: Power Mac G4 Cube

question: Why were sales of the Power Mac G4 Cube slow?

answer: too expensive

text: too expensive

question: What did the Power Mac G4 have trouble overcoming after they dropped their price and upgraded their hardware?

answer: earlier perception

text: earlier perception

question: When was the Power Mac G4 discontinued?

answer: July 2001

text: July 2001

question: How did the actual sales of the G4's compare to the sales expectations?

answer: one third of expectations

text: one third of expectations