text: Nobles were born into a noble family, adopted by a noble family (this was abolished in 1633) or ennobled by a king or Sejm for various reasons (bravery in combat, service to the state, etc.—yet this was the rarest means of gaining noble status). Many nobles were, in actuality, really usurpers, being commoners, who moved into another part of the country and falsely pretended to noble status. Hundreds of such false nobles were denounced by Hieronim Nekanda Trepka in his Liber generationis plebeanorium (or Liber chamorum) in the first half of the 16th century. The law forbade non-nobles from owning nobility-estates and promised the estate to the denouncer. Trepka was an impoverished nobleman who lived a townsman life and collected hundreds of such stories hoping to take over any of such estates. It does not seem he ever succeeded in proving one at the court. Many sejms issued decrees over the centuries in an attempt to resolve this issue, but with little success. It is unknown what percentage of the Polish nobility came from the 'lower' orders of society, but most historians agree that nobles of such base origins formed a 'significant' element of the szlachta.

title: Szlachta

title: Szlachta

text: Nobles

text: were

text: born

text: into

text: a

text: noble

text: family

text: adopted

text: by

text: a

text: noble

text: family

text: this

text: was

text: abolished

text: in

text: or

text: ennobled

text: by

text: a

text: king

text: or

text: Sejm

text: for

text: various

text: reasons

text: bravery

text: in

text: combat

text: service

text: to

text: the

text: state

text: etc

text: yet

text: this

text: was

text: the

text: rarest

text: means

text: of

text: gaining

text: noble

text: status

text: Many

text: nobles

text: were

text: in

text: actuality

text: really

text: usurpers

text: being

text: commoners

text: who

text: moved

text: into

text: another

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: and

text: falsely

text: pretended

text: to

text: noble

text: status

text: Hundreds

text: of

text: such

text: false

text: nobles

text: were

text: denounced

text: by

text: Hieronim

text: Nekanda

text: Trepka

text: in

text: his

text: Liber

text: generationis

text: plebeanorium

text: or

text: Liber

text: chamorum

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: The

text: law

text: forbade

text: non

text: nobles

text: from

text: owning

text: nobility

text: estates

text: and

text: promised

text: the

text: estate

text: to

text: the

text: denouncer

text: Trepka

text: was

text: an

text: impoverished

text: nobleman

text: who

text: lived

text: a

text: townsman

text: life

text: and

text: collected

text: hundreds

text: of

text: such

text: stories

text: hoping

text: to

text: take

text: over

text: any

text: of

text: such

text: estates

text: It

text: does

text: not

text: seem

text: he

text: ever

text: succeeded

text: in

text: proving

text: one

text: at

text: the

text: court

text: Many

text: sejms

text: issued

text: decrees

text: over

text: the

text: centuries

text: in

text: an

text: attempt

text: to

text: resolve

text: this

text: issue

text: but

text: with

text: little

text: success

text: It

text: is

text: unknown

text: what

text: percentage

text: of

text: the

text: Polish

text: nobility

text: came

text: from

text: the

text: lower

text: orders

text: of

text: society

text: but

text: most

text: historians

text: agree

text: that

text: nobles

text: of

text: such

text: base

text: origins

text: formed

text: a

text: significant

text: element

text: of

text: the

text: szlachta

question: What was a rarest rare to become a noble?

answer: service to the state

text: service to the state

question: Many nobles were actually surprisingly acting in what way?

answer: really usurpers, being commoners,

text: really usurpers, being commoners,

question: Who denounced many nobles?

answer: Hieronim Nekanda Trepka

text: Hieronim Nekanda Trepka

question: When did the denouncing of many nobles take place?

answer: first half of the 16th century

text: first half of the 16th century

question: What did the nobles lose by being denounced?

answer: owning nobility-estates and promised the estate to the denouncer

text: owning nobility-estates and promised the estate to the denouncer


text: The cathedral has a heliometer (solar "observatory") of 1690, one of a number built in Italy in the 17th and 18th centuries. The device itself is quite simple: a tiny hole in one of the minor domes acts as pinhole camera, projecting an image of the sun onto the floor at solar noon (12:00 in winter, 13:00 in summer). There is a bronze line, la Meridiana on the floor, running precisely N/S. The ends of the line mark the positions as at the summer and winter solstices; signs of the zodiac show the various other dates throughout the year.

title: Palermo

title: Palermo

text: The

text: cathedral

text: has

text: a

text: heliometer

text: solar

text: observatory

text: of

text: one

text: of

text: a

text: number

text: built

text: in

text: Italy

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

text: The

text: device

text: itself

text: is

text: quite

text: simple

text: a

text: tiny

text: hole

text: in

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: minor

text: domes

text: acts

text: as

text: pinhole

text: camera

text: projecting

text: an

text: image

text: of

text: the

text: sun

text: onto

text: the

text: floor

text: at

text: solar

text: noon

text: in

text: winter

text: in

text: summer

text: There

text: is

text: a

text: bronze

text: line

text: la

text: Meridiana

text: on

text: the

text: floor

text: running

text: precisely

text: N

text: S.

text: The

text: ends

text: of

text: the

text: line

text: mark

text: the

text: positions

text: as

text: at

text: the

text: summer

text: and

text: winter

text: solstices

text: signs

text: of

text: the

text: zodiac

text: show

text: the

text: various

text: other

text: dates

text: throughout

text: the

text: year

question: What is a heliometer?

answer: solar "observatory"

text: solar "observatory"

question: What name is given to the bronze line on the floor of a heliometer?

answer: la Meridiana

text: la Meridiana

question: Which direction does la Meridiana run?

answer: precisely N/S

text: precisely N/S

question: What image is projected on the floor of the heliometer?

answer: the sun

text: the sun


text: From all the fault gases formed in power transformers, hydrogen is the most common and is generated under most fault conditions; thus, formation of hydrogen is an early indication of serious problems in the transformer's life cycle.

title: Hydrogen

title: Hydrogen

text: From

text: all

text: the

text: fault

text: gases

text: formed

text: in

text: power

text: transformers

text: hydrogen

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: and

text: is

text: generated

text: under

text: most

text: fault

text: conditions

text: thus

text: formation

text: of

text: hydrogen

text: is

text: an

text: early

text: indication

text: of

text: serious

text: problems

text: in

text: the

text: transformer

text: 's

text: life

text: cycle

question: What is the most common gas found in power tranformers?

answer: hydrogen

text: hydrogen


text: Autodidacticism (also autodidactism) is a contemplative, absorbing process, of "learning on your own" or "by yourself", or as a self-teacher. Some autodidacts spend a great deal of time reviewing the resources of libraries and educational websites. One may become an autodidact at nearly any point in one's life. While some may have been informed in a conventional manner in a particular field, they may choose to inform themselves in other, often unrelated areas. Notable autodidacts include Abraham Lincoln (U.S. president), Srinivasa Ramanujan (mathematician), Michael Faraday (chemist and physicist), Charles Darwin (naturalist), Thomas Alva Edison (inventor), Tadao Ando (architect), George Bernard Shaw (playwright), Frank Zappa (composer, recording engineer, film director), and Leonardo da Vinci (engineer, scientist, mathematician).

title: Education

title: Education

text: Autodidacticism

text: also

text: autodidactism

text: is

text: a

text: contemplative

text: absorbing

text: process

text: of

text: learning

text: on

text: your

text: own

text: or

text: by

text: yourself

text: or

text: as

text: a

text: self

text: teacher

text: Some

text: autodidacts

text: spend

text: a

text: great

text: deal

text: of

text: time

text: reviewing

text: the

text: resources

text: of

text: libraries

text: and

text: educational

text: websites

text: One

text: may

text: become

text: an

text: autodidact

text: at

text: nearly

text: any

text: point

text: in

text: one

text: 's

text: life

text: While

text: some

text: may

text: have

text: been

text: informed

text: in

text: a

text: conventional

text: manner

text: in

text: a

text: particular

text: field

text: they

text: may

text: choose

text: to

text: inform

text: themselves

text: in

text: other

text: often

text: unrelated

text: areas

text: Notable

text: autodidacts

text: include

text: Abraham

text: Lincoln

text: U.S.

text: president

text: Srinivasa

text: Ramanujan

text: mathematician

text: Michael

text: Faraday

text: chemist

text: and

text: physicist

text: Charles

text: Darwin

text: naturalist

text: Thomas

text: Alva

text: Edison

text: inventor

text: Tadao

text: Ando

text: architect

text: George

text: Bernard

text: Shaw

text: playwright

text: Frank

text: Zappa

text: composer

text: recording

text: engineer

text: film

text: director

text: and

text: Leonardo

text: da

text: Vinci

text: engineer

text: scientist

text: mathematician

question: What does Auto didacticism generally mean?

answer: learning on your own

text: learning on your own

question: When can you become an Autodidact?

answer: any point in one's life

text: any point in one's life

question: Which famous U.S president was a Autodidact?

answer: Abraham Lincoln

text: Abraham Lincoln

question: Which famous inventor was a Autodidact?

answer: Thomas Alva Edison

text: Thomas Alva Edison


text: Alumnus Eero Saarinen, Finnish-American architect of such notable structures as the Gateway Arch in St. Louis, Washington Dulles International Airport main terminal, Bell Labs Holmdel Complex and the CBS Building in Manhattan, designed Ingalls Rink at Yale and the newest residential colleges of Ezra Stiles and Morse. These latter were modelled after the medieval Italian hilltown of San Gimignano – a prototype chosen for the town's pedestrian-friendly milieu and fortress-like stone towers. These tower forms at Yale act in counterpoint to the college's many Gothic spires and Georgian cupolas.

title: Yale_University

title: Yale_University

text: Alumnus

text: Eero

text: Saarinen

text: Finnish

text: American

text: architect

text: of

text: such

text: notable

text: structures

text: as

text: the

text: Gateway

text: Arch

text: in

text: St.

text: Louis

text: Washington

text: Dulles

text: International

text: Airport

text: main

text: terminal

text: Bell

text: Labs

text: Holmdel

text: Complex

text: and

text: the

text: CBS

text: Building

text: in

text: Manhattan

text: designed

text: Ingalls

text: Rink

text: at

text: Yale

text: and

text: the

text: newest

text: residential

text: colleges

text: of

text: Ezra

text: Stiles

text: and

text: Morse

text: These

text: latter

text: were

text: modelled

text: after

text: the

text: medieval

text: Italian

text: hilltown

text: of

text: San

text: Gimignano

text: a

text: prototype

text: chosen

text: for

text: the

text: town

text: 's

text: pedestrian

text: friendly

text: milieu

text: and

text: fortress

text: like

text: stone

text: towers

text: These

text: tower

text: forms

text: at

text: Yale

text: act

text: in

text: counterpoint

text: to

text: the

text: college

text: 's

text: many

text: Gothic

text: spires

text: and

text: Georgian

text: cupolas

question: Who created the Gateway Arch in St. Louis?

answer: Alumnus Eero Saarinen

text: Alumnus Eero Saarinen

question: What airport was designed by Alumnus Eero Saarinen?

answer: Washington Dulles International Airport main terminal

text: Washington Dulles International Airport main terminal

question: What did Alumnus Eero Saarinen use for inspiration for Ingalls Rink at Yale?

answer: the medieval Italian hilltown of San Gimignano

text: the medieval Italian hilltown of San Gimignano

question: What counterpoints Yale's gothic towers?

answer: fortress-like stone towers

text: fortress-like stone towers

question: Of what nationality is Alumnus Eero Saarinen?

answer: Finnish-American

text: Finnish-American


text: These regions were occupied by "the brown men," with the yellow in the Far East and the black in Africa. The color issue was not settled until Kenya became independent in 1963, ending the last vestige of the British Empire.

title: Near_East

title: Near_East

text: These

text: regions

text: were

text: occupied

text: by

text: the

text: brown

text: men

text: with

text: the

text: yellow

text: in

text: the

text: Far

text: East

text: and

text: the

text: black

text: in

text: Africa

text: The

text: color

text: issue

text: was

text: not

text: settled

text: until

text: Kenya

text: became

text: independent

text: in

text: ending

text: the

text: last

text: vestige

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: Empire

question: These regions were occupied by who?

answer: the brown men

text: the brown men

question: Where where the yellow?

answer: the Far East

text: the Far East

question: Where were the black?

answer: Africa

text: Africa

question: When did Kenya become independent?

answer: 1963

question: The color issue was not settled until when?

answer: Kenya became independent

text: Kenya became independent


text: A prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. In many systems, the prime minister selects and may dismiss other members of the cabinet, and allocates posts to members within the government. In most systems, the prime minister is the presiding member and chairman of the cabinet. In a minority of systems, notably in semi-presidential systems of government, a prime minister is the official who is appointed to manage the civil service and execute the directives of the head of state.

title: Prime_minister

title: Prime_minister

text: A

text: prime

text: minister

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: senior

text: minister

text: of

text: cabinet

text: in

text: the

text: executive

text: branch

text: of

text: government

text: often

text: in

text: a

text: parliamentary

text: or

text: semi

text: presidential

text: system

text: In

text: many

text: systems

text: the

text: prime

text: minister

text: selects

text: and

text: may

text: dismiss

text: other

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: cabinet

text: and

text: allocates

text: posts

text: to

text: members

text: within

text: the

text: government

text: In

text: most

text: systems

text: the

text: prime

text: minister

text: is

text: the

text: presiding

text: member

text: and

text: chairman

text: of

text: the

text: cabinet

text: In

text: a

text: minority

text: of

text: systems

text: notably

text: in

text: semi

text: presidential

text: systems

text: of

text: government

text: a

text: prime

text: minister

text: is

text: the

text: official

text: who

text: is

text: appointed

text: to

text: manage

text: the

text: civil

text: service

text: and

text: execute

text: the

text: directives

text: of

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: state

question: What branch of government does the prime minister lead?

answer: executive

text: executive

question: What group is the prime minister usually in charge of?

answer: cabinet

text: cabinet

question: In some political models like semi-presidential systems, what does the prime minister manage?

answer: civil service

text: civil service


text: Since the show's inception in 2002, ten of the fourteen Idol winners, including its first five, have come from the Southern United States. A large number of other notable finalists during the series' run have also hailed from the American South, including Clay Aiken, Kellie Pickler, and Chris Daughtry, who are all from North Carolina. In 2012, an analysis of the 131 contestants who have appeared in the finals of all seasons of the show up to that point found that 48% have some connection to the Southern United States.

title: American_Idol

title: American_Idol

text: Since

text: the

text: show

text: 's

text: inception

text: in

text: ten

text: of

text: the

text: fourteen

text: Idol

text: winners

text: including

text: its

text: first

text: five

text: have

text: come

text: from

text: the

text: Southern

text: United

text: States

text: A

text: large

text: number

text: of

text: other

text: notable

text: finalists

text: during

text: the

text: series

text: run

text: have

text: also

text: hailed

text: from

text: the

text: American

text: South

text: including

text: Clay

text: Aiken

text: Kellie

text: Pickler

text: and

text: Chris

text: Daughtry

text: who

text: are

text: all

text: from

text: North

text: Carolina

text: In

text: an

text: analysis

text: of

text: the

text: contestants

text: who

text: have

text: appeared

text: in

text: the

text: finals

text: of

text: all

text: seasons

text: of

text: the

text: show

text: up

text: to

text: that

text: point

text: found

text: that

text: have

text: some

text: connection

text: to

text: the

text: Southern

text: United

text: States

question: As of 2012, how many finalists did American Idol have?

answer: 131

question: When did American Idol begin?

answer: 2002

question: What region of the United States were American Idols first five winners from?

answer: Southern

text: Southern

question: What state is American Idol contestant Clay Aiken from?

answer: North Carolina

text: North Carolina

question: What state is American Idol contestant Chris Daughtry from?

answer: North Carolina

text: North Carolina

question: How many Idol winners have come from the southern part of America?

answer: ten

text: ten

question: In addition to Clay Aiken and Kellie Pickler, which other Idol is from North Carolina?

answer: Chris Daughtry

text: Chris Daughtry


text: In particle physics, this inequality permits a qualitative understanding of virtual particles which carry momentum, exchange by which and with real particles, is responsible for the creation of all known fundamental forces (more accurately known as fundamental interactions). Virtual photons (which are simply lowest quantum mechanical energy state of photons) are also responsible for electrostatic interaction between electric charges (which results in Coulomb law), for spontaneous radiative decay of exited atomic and nuclear states, for the Casimir force, for van der Waals bond forces and some other observable phenomena.

title: Energy

title: Energy

text: In

text: particle

text: physics

text: this

text: inequality

text: permits

text: a

text: qualitative

text: understanding

text: of

text: virtual

text: particles

text: which

text: carry

text: momentum

text: exchange

text: by

text: which

text: and

text: with

text: real

text: particles

text: is

text: responsible

text: for

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: all

text: known

text: fundamental

text: forces

text: more

text: accurately

text: known

text: as

text: fundamental

text: interactions

text: Virtual

text: photons

text: which

text: are

text: simply

text: lowest

text: quantum

text: mechanical

text: energy

text: state

text: of

text: photons

text: are

text: also

text: responsible

text: for

text: electrostatic

text: interaction

text: between

text: electric

text: charges

text: which

text: results

text: in

text: Coulomb

text: law

text: for

text: spontaneous

text: radiative

text: decay

text: of

text: exited

text: atomic

text: and

text: nuclear

text: states

text: for

text: the

text: Casimir

text: force

text: for

text: van

text: der

text: Waals

text: bond

text: forces

text: and

text: some

text: other

text: observable

text: phenomena

question: What are simply lowest quantum mechanical energy state of photons?

answer: Virtual photons

text: Virtual photons

question: What is responsible for electrostatic interaction between electric charges?

answer: Virtual photons

text: Virtual photons

question: What results in Coulomb law?

answer: electrostatic interaction between electric charges

text: electrostatic interaction between electric charges


text: Starting in 1910, the army began acquiring fixed-wing aircraft. In 1910, Mexico was having a civil war, peasant rebels fighting government soldiers. The army was deployed to American towns near the border to ensure safety to lives and property. In 1916, Pancho Villa, a major rebel leader, attacked Columbus, New Mexico, prompting a U.S. intervention in Mexico until 7 February 1917. They fought the rebels and the Mexican federal troops until 1918. The United States joined World War I in 1917 on the side of Britain, France, Russia, Italy and other allies. U.S. troops were sent to the Western Front and were involved in the last offensives that ended the war. With the armistice in November 1918, the army once again decreased its forces.

title: United_States_Army

title: United_States_Army

text: Starting

text: in

text: the

text: army

text: began

text: acquiring

text: fixed

text: wing

text: aircraft

text: In

text: Mexico

text: was

text: having

text: a

text: civil

text: war

text: peasant

text: rebels

text: fighting

text: government

text: soldiers

text: The

text: army

text: was

text: deployed

text: to

text: American

text: towns

text: near

text: the

text: border

text: to

text: ensure

text: safety

text: to

text: lives

text: and

text: property

text: In

text: Pancho

text: Villa

text: a

text: major

text: rebel

text: leader

text: attacked

text: Columbus

text: New

text: Mexico

text: prompting

text: a

text: U.S.

text: intervention

text: in

text: Mexico

text: until

text: February

text: They

text: fought

text: the

text: rebels

text: and

text: the

text: Mexican

text: federal

text: troops

text: until

text: The

text: United

text: States

text: joined

text: World

text: War

text: I

text: in

text: on

text: the

text: side

text: of

text: Britain

text: France

text: Russia

text: Italy

text: and

text: other

text: allies

text: U.S.

text: troops

text: were

text: sent

text: to

text: the

text: Western

text: Front

text: and

text: were

text: involved

text: in

text: the

text: last

text: offensives

text: that

text: ended

text: the

text: war

text: With

text: the

text: armistice

text: in

text: November

text: the

text: army

text: once

text: again

text: decreased

text: its

text: forces

question: In what year did the army start using fixed-wing aircraft?

answer: 1910

question: Who attacked New Mexico in 1916?

answer: Pancho Villa

text: Pancho Villa

question: What year did the U.S. join World War I?

answer: 1917

question: What date did the U.S. intervention in New Mexico end?

answer: 7 February 1917

text: 7 February 1917


text: Florida had become a burden to Spain, which could not afford to send settlers or garrisons. Madrid therefore decided to cede the territory to the United States through the Adams-Onís Treaty, which took effect in 1821. President James Monroe was authorized on March 3, 1821 to take possession of East Florida and West Florida for the United States and provide for initial governance. Andrew Jackson served as military governor of the newly acquired territory, but only for a brief period. On March 30, 1822, the United States merged East Florida and part of West Florida into the Florida Territory.

title: Florida

title: Florida

text: Florida

text: had

text: become

text: a

text: burden

text: to

text: Spain

text: which

text: could

text: not

text: afford

text: to

text: send

text: settlers

text: or

text: garrisons

text: Madrid

text: therefore

text: decided

text: to

text: cede

text: the

text: territory

text: to

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: through

text: the

text: Adams

text: Onís

text: Treaty

text: which

text: took

text: effect

text: in

text: President

text: James

text: Monroe

text: was

text: authorized

text: on

text: March

text: to

text: take

text: possession

text: of

text: East

text: Florida

text: and

text: West

text: Florida

text: for

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: provide

text: for

text: initial

text: governance

text: Andrew

text: Jackson

text: served

text: as

text: military

text: governor

text: of

text: the

text: newly

text: acquired

text: territory

text: but

text: only

text: for

text: a

text: brief

text: period

text: On

text: March

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: merged

text: East

text: Florida

text: and

text: part

text: of

text: West

text: Florida

text: into

text: the

text: Florida

text: Territory

question: Why did Madrid cede the territory to the US

answer: Florida had become a burden to Spain, which could not afford to send settlers or garrisons

text: Florida had become a burden to Spain, which could not afford to send settlers or garrisons

question: What was the name of the treaty which ceded florida to the US

answer: Adams-Onís Treaty, which took effect in 1821

text: Adams-Onís Treaty, which took effect in 1821

question: Which president was given control of Florida

answer: James Monroe was authorized on March 3, 1821 to take possession of East Florida and West Florida for the United States and provide for initial governance

text: James Monroe was authorized on March 3, 1821 to take possession of East Florida and West Florida for the United States and provide for initial governance

question: When did East and West Florida Merge

answer: On March 30, 1822, the United States merged East Florida and part of West Florida into the Florida Territory

text: On March 30, 1822, the United States merged East Florida and part of West Florida into the Florida Territory


text: Rome's government, politics and religion were dominated by an educated, male, landowning military aristocracy. Approximately half Rome's population were slave or free non-citizens. Most others were plebeians, the lowest class of Roman citizens. Less than a quarter of adult males had voting rights; far fewer could actually exercise them. Women had no vote. However, all official business was conducted under the divine gaze and auspices, in the name of the senate and people of Rome. "In a very real sense the senate was the caretaker of the Romans’ relationship with the divine, just as it was the caretaker of their relationship with other humans".

title: Religion_in_ancient_Rome

title: Religion_in_ancient_Rome

text: Rome

text: 's

text: government

text: politics

text: and

text: religion

text: were

text: dominated

text: by

text: an

text: educated

text: male

text: landowning

text: military

text: aristocracy

text: Approximately

text: half

text: Rome

text: 's

text: population

text: were

text: slave

text: or

text: free

text: non

text: citizens

text: Most

text: others

text: were

text: plebeians

text: the

text: lowest

text: class

text: of

text: Roman

text: citizens

text: Less

text: than

text: a

text: quarter

text: of

text: adult

text: males

text: had

text: voting

text: rights

text: far

text: fewer

text: could

text: actually

text: exercise

text: them

text: Women

text: had

text: no

text: vote

text: However

text: all

text: official

text: business

text: was

text: conducted

text: under

text: the

text: divine

text: gaze

text: and

text: auspices

text: in

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: senate

text: and

text: people

text: of

text: Rome

text: In

text: a

text: very

text: real

text: sense

text: the

text: senate

text: was

text: the

text: caretaker

text: of

text: the

text: Romans’

text: relationship

text: with

text: the

text: divine

text: just

text: as

text: it

text: was

text: the

text: caretaker

text: of

text: their

text: relationship

text: with

text: other

text: humans

question: What male group dominated all aspects of Rome?

answer: aristocracy

text: aristocracy

question: Of what class was more than half of Rome's population?

answer: slave or free non-citizens

text: slave or free non-citizens

question: What was the lowest class of Roman citizens?

answer: plebeians

text: plebeians

question: How many adult males were able to vote in Rome?

answer: Less than a quarter

text: Less than a quarter

question: What organization was Rome's official caretaker?

answer: the senate

text: the senate


text: In the human digestive system, food enters the mouth and mechanical digestion of the food starts by the action of mastication (chewing), a form of mechanical digestion, and the wetting contact of saliva. Saliva, a liquid secreted by the salivary glands, contains salivary amylase, an enzyme which starts the digestion of starch in the food; the saliva also contains mucus, which lubricates the food, and hydrogen carbonate, which provides the ideal conditions of pH (alkaline) for amylase to work. After undergoing mastication and starch digestion, the food will be in the form of a small, round slurry mass called a bolus. It will then travel down the esophagus and into the stomach by the action of peristalsis. Gastric juice in the stomach starts protein digestion. Gastric juice mainly contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin. As these two chemicals may damage the stomach wall, mucus is secreted by the stomach, providing a slimy layer that acts as a shield against the damaging effects of the chemicals. At the same time protein digestion is occurring, mechanical mixing occurs by peristalsis, which is waves of muscular contractions that move along the stomach wall. This allows the mass of food to further mix with the digestive enzymes.

title: Digestion

title: Digestion

text: In

text: the

text: human

text: digestive

text: system

text: food

text: enters

text: the

text: mouth

text: and

text: mechanical

text: digestion

text: of

text: the

text: food

text: starts

text: by

text: the

text: action

text: of

text: mastication

text: chewing

text: a

text: form

text: of

text: mechanical

text: digestion

text: and

text: the

text: wetting

text: contact

text: of

text: saliva

text: Saliva

text: a

text: liquid

text: secreted

text: by

text: the

text: salivary

text: glands

text: contains

text: salivary

text: amylase

text: an

text: enzyme

text: which

text: starts

text: the

text: digestion

text: of

text: starch

text: in

text: the

text: food

text: the

text: saliva

text: also

text: contains

text: mucus

text: which

text: lubricates

text: the

text: food

text: and

text: hydrogen

text: carbonate

text: which

text: provides

text: the

text: ideal

text: conditions

text: of

text: pH

text: alkaline

text: for

text: amylase

text: to

text: work

text: After

text: undergoing

text: mastication

text: and

text: starch

text: digestion

text: the

text: food

text: will

text: be

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: a

text: small

text: round

text: slurry

text: mass

text: called

text: a

text: bolus

text: It

text: will

text: then

text: travel

text: down

text: the

text: esophagus

text: and

text: into

text: the

text: stomach

text: by

text: the

text: action

text: of

text: peristalsis

text: Gastric

text: juice

text: in

text: the

text: stomach

text: starts

text: protein

text: digestion

text: Gastric

text: juice

text: mainly

text: contains

text: hydrochloric

text: acid

text: and

text: pepsin

text: As

text: these

text: two

text: chemicals

text: may

text: damage

text: the

text: stomach

text: wall

text: mucus

text: is

text: secreted

text: by

text: the

text: stomach

text: providing

text: a

text: slimy

text: layer

text: that

text: acts

text: as

text: a

text: shield

text: against

text: the

text: damaging

text: effects

text: of

text: the

text: chemicals

text: At

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: protein

text: digestion

text: is

text: occurring

text: mechanical

text: mixing

text: occurs

text: by

text: peristalsis

text: which

text: is

text: waves

text: of

text: muscular

text: contractions

text: that

text: move

text: along

text: the

text: stomach

text: wall

text: This

text: allows

text: the

text: mass

text: of

text: food

text: to

text: further

text: mix

text: with

text: the

text: digestive

text: enzymes

question: What is the first step in the human digestive system?

answer: the action of mastication (chewing)

text: the action of mastication (chewing)

question: What is saliva?

answer: a liquid secreted by the salivary glands

text: a liquid secreted by the salivary glands

question: What is in saliva that starts to digest the starches?

answer: salivary amylase

text: salivary amylase

question: What is the definition of bolus?

answer: a small, round slurry mass

text: a small, round slurry mass

question: What is the action of the food morving down the esophagus into the stomach called?

answer: peristalsis

text: peristalsis


text: The boreholes on Funafuti, at the site now called Darwin's Drill, are the result of drilling conducted by the Royal Society of London for the purpose of investigating the formation of coral reefs to determine whether traces of shallow water organisms could be found at depth in the coral of Pacific atolls. This investigation followed the work on The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs conducted by Charles Darwin in the Pacific. Drilling occurred in 1896, 1897 and 1898. Professor Edgeworth David of the University of Sydney was a member of the 1896 "Funafuti Coral Reef Boring Expedition of the Royal Society", under Professor William Sollas and lead the expedition in 1897. Photographers on these trips recorded people, communities, and scenes at Funafuti.

title: Tuvalu

title: Tuvalu

text: The

text: boreholes

text: on

text: Funafuti

text: at

text: the

text: site

text: now

text: called

text: Darwin

text: 's

text: Drill

text: are

text: the

text: result

text: of

text: drilling

text: conducted

text: by

text: the

text: Royal

text: Society

text: of

text: London

text: for

text: the

text: purpose

text: of

text: investigating

text: the

text: formation

text: of

text: coral

text: reefs

text: to

text: determine

text: whether

text: traces

text: of

text: shallow

text: water

text: organisms

text: could

text: be

text: found

text: at

text: depth

text: in

text: the

text: coral

text: of

text: Pacific

text: atolls

text: This

text: investigation

text: followed

text: the

text: work

text: on

text: The

text: Structure

text: and

text: Distribution

text: of

text: Coral

text: Reefs

text: conducted

text: by

text: Charles

text: Darwin

text: in

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Drilling

text: occurred

text: in

text: and

text: Professor

text: Edgeworth

text: David

text: of

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Sydney

text: was

text: a

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Funafuti

text: Coral

text: Reef

text: Boring

text: Expedition

text: of

text: the

text: Royal

text: Society

text: under

text: Professor

text: William

text: Sollas

text: and

text: lead

text: the

text: expedition

text: in

text: Photographers

text: on

text: these

text: trips

text: recorded

text: people

text: communities

text: and

text: scenes

text: at

text: Funafuti

question: What are the boreholes on Funafuti called?

answer: Darwin's Drill

text: Darwin's Drill

question: What group conducted a study of coral on Funafuti?

answer: Royal Society of London

text: Royal Society of London

question: What formations was the Royal Society studying?

answer: coral reefs

text: coral reefs

question: Who's basic work in the area of coral reefs did the Royal Society's investigations follow?

answer: Charles Darwin

text: Charles Darwin

question: What was Darwin's work on coral reefs titled?

answer: The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs

text: The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs


text: An influential school of phonology in the interwar period was the Prague school. One of its leading members was Prince Nikolai Trubetzkoy, whose Grundzüge der Phonologie (Principles of Phonology), published posthumously in 1939, is among the most important works in the field from this period. Directly influenced by Baudouin de Courtenay, Trubetzkoy is considered the founder of morphophonology, although this concept had also been recognized by de Courtenay. Trubetzkoy also developed the concept of the archiphoneme. Another important figure in the Prague school was Roman Jakobson, who was one of the most prominent linguists of the 20th century.

title: Phonology

title: Phonology

text: An

text: influential

text: school

text: of

text: phonology

text: in

text: the

text: interwar

text: period

text: was

text: the

text: Prague

text: school

text: One

text: of

text: its

text: leading

text: members

text: was

text: Prince

text: Nikolai

text: Trubetzkoy

text: whose

text: Grundzüge

text: der

text: Phonologie

text: Principles

text: of

text: Phonology

text: published

text: posthumously

text: in

text: is

text: among

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: works

text: in

text: the

text: field

text: from

text: this

text: period

text: Directly

text: influenced

text: by

text: Baudouin

text: de

text: Courtenay

text: Trubetzkoy

text: is

text: considered

text: the

text: founder

text: of

text: morphophonology

text: although

text: this

text: concept

text: had

text: also

text: been

text: recognized

text: by

text: de

text: Courtenay

text: Trubetzkoy

text: also

text: developed

text: the

text: concept

text: of

text: the

text: archiphoneme

text: Another

text: important

text: figure

text: in

text: the

text: Prague

text: school

text: was

text: Roman

text: Jakobson

text: who

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: prominent

text: linguists

text: of

text: the

text: century

question: What was Nikolai Trubetzkoy's publication?

answer: Principles of Phonology

text: Principles of Phonology

question: When was Principles of Phonology published?

answer: 1939

question: What is Trubetzkoy considered to have founded?

answer: morphophonology

text: morphophonology

question: What school was Trubetzkoy a member of?

answer: the Prague school.

text: the Prague school.

question: What was Trubetzkoy's title?

answer: Prince

text: Prince


text: The Somali Telecommunication Association (STA), a watchdog organization that oversees the policy development and regulatory framework of Somalia's ICT sector, reported in 2006 that there were over half a million users of internet services within the territory. There were also 22 established ISPs and 234 cyber cafes, with an annual growth rate of 15.6%.

title: Communications_in_Somalia

title: Communications_in_Somalia

text: The

text: Somali

text: Telecommunication

text: Association

text: STA

text: a

text: watchdog

text: organization

text: that

text: oversees

text: the

text: policy

text: development

text: and

text: regulatory

text: framework

text: of

text: Somalia

text: 's

text: ICT

text: sector

text: reported

text: in

text: that

text: there

text: were

text: over

text: half

text: a

text: million

text: users

text: of

text: internet

text: services

text: within

text: the

text: territory

text: There

text: were

text: also

text: established

text: ISPs

text: and

text: cyber

text: cafes

text: with

text: an

text: annual

text: growth

text: rate

text: of

question: What is the STA?

answer: Somali Telecommunication Association

text: Somali Telecommunication Association

question: What sector does the STC oversee?

answer: ICT sector

text: ICT sector

question: In 2006, who reported that there were over half a million internet users within the territory?

answer: STA

text: STA

question: How many established ISP were within the territory in 2006?

answer: 22

question: How many cyber cafes were withing the territory in 2006?

answer: 234


text: Valencia has experienced a surge in its cultural development during the last thirty years, exemplified by exhibitions and performances at such iconic institutions as the Palau de la Música, the Palacio de Congresos, the Metro, the City of Arts and Sciences (Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències), the Valencian Museum of Enlightenment and Modernity (Museo Valenciano de la Ilustracion y la Modernidad), and the Institute of Modern Art (Instituto Valenciano de Arte Moderno). The various productions of Santiago Calatrava, a renowned structural engineer, architect, and sculptor and of the architect Félix Candela have contributed to Valencia's international reputation. These public works and the ongoing rehabilitation of the Old City (Ciutat Vella) have helped improve the city's livability and tourism is continually increasing.

title: Valencia

title: Valencia

text: Valencia

text: has

text: experienced

text: a

text: surge

text: in

text: its

text: cultural

text: development

text: during

text: the

text: last

text: thirty

text: years

text: exemplified

text: by

text: exhibitions

text: and

text: performances

text: at

text: such

text: iconic

text: institutions

text: as

text: the

text: Palau

text: de

text: la

text: Música

text: the

text: Palacio

text: de

text: Congresos

text: the

text: Metro

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: Arts

text: and

text: Sciences

text: Ciutat

text: de

text: les

text: Arts

text: i

text: les

text: Ciències

text: the

text: Valencian

text: Museum

text: of

text: Enlightenment

text: and

text: Modernity

text: Museo

text: Valenciano

text: de

text: la

text: Ilustracion

text: y

text: la

text: Modernidad

text: and

text: the

text: Institute

text: of

text: Modern

text: Art

text: Instituto

text: Valenciano

text: de

text: Arte

text: Moderno

text: The

text: various

text: productions

text: of

text: Santiago

text: Calatrava

text: a

text: renowned

text: structural

text: engineer

text: architect

text: and

text: sculptor

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: architect

text: Félix

text: Candela

text: have

text: contributed

text: to

text: Valencia

text: 's

text: international

text: reputation

text: These

text: public

text: works

text: and

text: the

text: ongoing

text: rehabilitation

text: of

text: the

text: Old

text: City

text: Ciutat

text: Vella

text: have

text: helped

text: improve

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: livability

text: and

text: tourism

text: is

text: continually

text: increasing

question: During what period has Valencia had a cultural surge?

answer: the last thirty years

text: the last thirty years

question: Which structural engineer's work has helped Valencia's reputation?

answer: Santiago Calatrava

text: Santiago Calatrava

question: Which architect other than Calatrava has helped Valencia's reputation?

answer: Félix Candela

text: Félix Candela

question: What part of Valencia is undergoing improvements?

answer: Old City

text: Old City


text: Israel's Supreme Court is at the head of the court system in the State of Israel. It is the highest judicial instance. The Supreme Court sits in Jerusalem. The area of its jurisdiction is the entire State. A ruling of the Supreme Court is binding upon every court, other than the Supreme Court itself. The Israeli supreme court is both an appellate court and the high court of justice. As an appellate court, the Supreme Court considers cases on appeal (both criminal and civil) on judgments and other decisions of the District Courts. It also considers appeals on judicial and quasi-judicial decisions of various kinds, such as matters relating to the legality of Knesset elections and disciplinary rulings of the Bar Association. As the High Court of Justice (Hebrew: Beit Mishpat Gavoha Le'Zedek בית משפט גבוה לצדק; also known by its initials as Bagatz בג"ץ), the Supreme Court rules as a court of first instance, primarily in matters regarding the legality of decisions of State authorities: Government decisions, those of local authorities and other bodies and persons performing public functions under the law, and direct challenges to the constitutionality of laws enacted by the Knesset. The court has broad discretionary authority to rule on matters in which it considers it necessary to grant relief in the interests of justice, and which are not within the jurisdiction of another court or tribunal. The High Court of Justice grants relief through orders such as injunction, mandamus and Habeas Corpus, as well as through declaratory judgments. The Supreme Court can also sit at a further hearing on its own judgment. In a matter on which the Supreme Court has ruled - whether as a court of appeals or as the High Court of Justice - with a panel of three or more justices, it may rule at a further hearing with a panel of a larger number of justices. A further hearing may be held if the Supreme Court makes a ruling inconsistent with a previous ruling or if the Court deems that the importance, difficulty or novelty of a ruling of the Court justifies such hearing. The Supreme Court also holds the unique power of being able to order "trial de novo" (a retrial).

title: Supreme_court

title: Supreme_court

text: Israel

text: 's

text: Supreme

text: Court

text: is

text: at

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: the

text: court

text: system

text: in

text: the

text: State

text: of

text: Israel

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: highest

text: judicial

text: instance

text: The

text: Supreme

text: Court

text: sits

text: in

text: Jerusalem

text: The

text: area

text: of

text: its

text: jurisdiction

text: is

text: the

text: entire

text: State

text: A

text: ruling

text: of

text: the

text: Supreme

text: Court

text: is

text: binding

text: upon

text: every

text: court

text: other

text: than

text: the

text: Supreme

text: Court

text: itself

text: The

text: Israeli

text: supreme

text: court

text: is

text: both

text: an

text: appellate

text: court

text: and

text: the

text: high

text: court

text: of

text: justice

text: As

text: an

text: appellate

text: court

text: the

text: Supreme

text: Court

text: considers

text: cases

text: on

text: appeal

text: both

text: criminal

text: and

text: civil

text: on

text: judgments

text: and

text: other

text: decisions

text: of

text: the

text: District

text: Courts

text: It

text: also

text: considers

text: appeals

text: on

text: judicial

text: and

text: quasi

text: judicial

text: decisions

text: of

text: various

text: kinds

text: such

text: as

text: matters

text: relating

text: to

text: the

text: legality

text: of

text: Knesset

text: elections

text: and

text: disciplinary

text: rulings

text: of

text: the

text: Bar

text: Association

text: As

text: the

text: High

text: Court

text: of

text: Justice

text: Hebrew

text: Beit

text: Mishpat

text: Gavoha

text: Le'Zedek

text: בית

text: משפט

text: גבוה

text: לצדק

text: also

text: known

text: by

text: its

text: initials

text: as

text: Bagatz

text: בג"ץ

text: the

text: Supreme

text: Court

text: rules

text: as

text: a

text: court

text: of

text: first

text: instance

text: primarily

text: in

text: matters

text: regarding

text: the

text: legality

text: of

text: decisions

text: of

text: State

text: authorities

text: Government

text: decisions

text: those

text: of

text: local

text: authorities

text: and

text: other

text: bodies

text: and

text: persons

text: performing

text: public

text: functions

text: under

text: the

text: law

text: and

text: direct

text: challenges

text: to

text: the

text: constitutionality

text: of

text: laws

text: enacted

text: by

text: the

text: Knesset

text: The

text: court

text: has

text: broad

text: discretionary

text: authority

text: to

text: rule

text: on

text: matters

text: in

text: which

text: it

text: considers

text: it

text: necessary

text: to

text: grant

text: relief

text: in

text: the

text: interests

text: of

text: justice

text: and

text: which

text: are

text: not

text: within

text: the

text: jurisdiction

text: of

text: another

text: court

text: or

text: tribunal

text: The

text: High

text: Court

text: of

text: Justice

text: grants

text: relief

text: through

text: orders

text: such

text: as

text: injunction

text: mandamus

text: and

text: Habeas

text: Corpus

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: through

text: declaratory

text: judgments

text: The

text: Supreme

text: Court

text: can

text: also

text: sit

text: at

text: a

text: further

text: hearing

text: on

text: its

text: own

text: judgment

text: In

text: a

text: matter

text: on

text: which

text: the

text: Supreme

text: Court

text: has

text: ruled

text: whether

text: as

text: a

text: court

text: of

text: appeals

text: or

text: as

text: the

text: High

text: Court

text: of

text: Justice

text: with

text: a

text: panel

text: of

text: three

text: or

text: more

text: justices

text: it

text: may

text: rule

text: at

text: a

text: further

text: hearing

text: with

text: a

text: panel

text: of

text: a

text: larger

text: number

text: of

text: justices

text: A

text: further

text: hearing

text: may

text: be

text: held

text: if

text: the

text: Supreme

text: Court

text: makes

text: a

text: ruling

text: inconsistent

text: with

text: a

text: previous

text: ruling

text: or

text: if

text: the

text: Court

text: deems

text: that

text: the

text: importance

text: difficulty

text: or

text: novelty

text: of

text: a

text: ruling

text: of

text: the

text: Court

text: justifies

text: such

text: hearing

text: The

text: Supreme

text: Court

text: also

text: holds

text: the

text: unique

text: power

text: of

text: being

text: able

text: to

text: order

text: trial

text: de

text: novo

text: a

text: retrial

question: Where is Israel's Supreme Court located?

answer: Jerusalem

text: Jerusalem

question: Israel's Supreme Court fulfills what two major functions?

answer: both an appellate court and the high court of justice

text: both an appellate court and the high court of justice

question: Israel's legislative body is called what?

answer: the Knesset

text: the Knesset

question: Israel's Supreme court has uses what internal method to review its own decisions?

answer: a panel of three or more justices

text: a panel of three or more justices

question: A retrial is also called what?

answer: "trial de novo"

text: "trial de novo"


text: Prior to the one-drop rule, different states had different laws regarding color. More importantly, social acceptance often played a bigger role in how a person was perceived and how identity was construed than any law. In frontier areas, there were fewer questions about origins. The community looked at how people performed, whether they served in the militia and voted, which were the responsibilities and signs of free citizens. When questions about racial identity arose because of inheritance issues, for instance, litigation outcomes often were based on how people were accepted by neighbors.

title: Multiracial_American

title: Multiracial_American

text: Prior

text: to

text: the

text: one

text: drop

text: rule

text: different

text: states

text: had

text: different

text: laws

text: regarding

text: color

text: More

text: importantly

text: social

text: acceptance

text: often

text: played

text: a

text: bigger

text: role

text: in

text: how

text: a

text: person

text: was

text: perceived

text: and

text: how

text: identity

text: was

text: construed

text: than

text: any

text: law

text: In

text: frontier

text: areas

text: there

text: were

text: fewer

text: questions

text: about

text: origins

text: The

text: community

text: looked

text: at

text: how

text: people

text: performed

text: whether

text: they

text: served

text: in

text: the

text: militia

text: and

text: voted

text: which

text: were

text: the

text: responsibilities

text: and

text: signs

text: of

text: free

text: citizens

text: When

text: questions

text: about

text: racial

text: identity

text: arose

text: because

text: of

text: inheritance

text: issues

text: for

text: instance

text: litigation

text: outcomes

text: often

text: were

text: based

text: on

text: how

text: people

text: were

text: accepted

text: by

text: neighbors

question: What usually played a larger role than laws regarding a person's race?

answer: social acceptance

text: social acceptance

question: Where did people not ask about racial background?

answer: frontier areas

text: frontier areas

question: What were the hallmarks of free citizens?

answer: they served in the militia and voted

text: they served in the militia and voted

question: Whos acceptance decided inheritance issues?

answer: neighbors

text: neighbors


text: Somali architecture is a rich and diverse tradition of engineering and designing. It involves multiple different construction types, such as stone cities, castles, citadels, fortresses, mosques, mausoleums, towers, tombs, tumuli, cairns, megaliths, menhirs, stelae, dolmens, stone circles, monuments, temples, enclosures, cisterns, aqueducts, and lighthouses. Spanning the ancient, medieval and early modern periods in Greater Somalia, it also includes the fusion of Somalo-Islamic architecture with Western designs in contemporary times.

title: Somalis

title: Somalis

text: Somali

text: architecture

text: is

text: a

text: rich

text: and

text: diverse

text: tradition

text: of

text: engineering

text: and

text: designing

text: It

text: involves

text: multiple

text: different

text: construction

text: types

text: such

text: as

text: stone

text: cities

text: castles

text: citadels

text: fortresses

text: mosques

text: mausoleums

text: towers

text: tombs

text: tumuli

text: cairns

text: megaliths

text: menhirs

text: stelae

text: dolmens

text: stone

text: circles

text: monuments

text: temples

text: enclosures

text: cisterns

text: aqueducts

text: and

text: lighthouses

text: Spanning

text: the

text: ancient

text: medieval

text: and

text: early

text: modern

text: periods

text: in

text: Greater

text: Somalia

text: it

text: also

text: includes

text: the

text: fusion

text: of

text: Somalo

text: Islamic

text: architecture

text: with

text: Western

text: designs

text: in

text: contemporary

text: times

question: Along with Somalo-Islamic architecture, what influences modern Somali architecture?

answer: Western designs

text: Western designs

question: Along with the early modern and ancient, during what period did Somali architecture exist?

answer: medieval

text: medieval

question: What material was used to make Somali cities?

answer: stone

text: stone


text: Returning World War II veterans created a post-war economic boom and the development of large housing tracts in eastern Queens. New York emerged from the war unscathed as the leading city of the world, with Wall Street leading America's place as the world's dominant economic power. The United Nations Headquarters was completed in 1952, solidifying New York's global geopolitical influence, and the rise of abstract expressionism in the city precipitated New York's displacement of Paris as the center of the art world.

title: New_York_City

title: New_York_City

text: Returning

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: veterans

text: created

text: a

text: post

text: war

text: economic

text: boom

text: and

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: large

text: housing

text: tracts

text: in

text: eastern

text: Queens

text: New

text: York

text: emerged

text: from

text: the

text: war

text: unscathed

text: as

text: the

text: leading

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: with

text: Wall

text: Street

text: leading

text: America

text: 's

text: place

text: as

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: dominant

text: economic

text: power

text: The

text: United

text: Nations

text: Headquarters

text: was

text: completed

text: in

text: solidifying

text: New

text: York

text: 's

text: global

text: geopolitical

text: influence

text: and

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: abstract

text: expressionism

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: precipitated

text: New

text: York

text: 's

text: displacement

text: of

text: Paris

text: as

text: the

text: center

text: of

text: the

text: art

text: world

question: When was construction finished on the United Nations Headquarters?

answer: 1952

question: Prior to New York, what city was the center of the world of art?

answer: Paris

text: Paris

question: What artistic movement caused New York to overtake Paris as the global art center?

answer: abstract expressionism

text: abstract expressionism

question: The headquarters what organization was done being build in 1952 in New York?

answer: United Nations

text: United Nations


text: The U.S. Army currently consists of 10 active divisions as well as several independent units. The force is in the process of contracting after several years of growth. In June 2013, the Army announced plans to downsize to 32 active combat brigade teams by 2015 to match a reduction in active duty strength to 490,000 soldiers. Army Chief of Staff Raymond Odierno has projected that by 2018 the Army will eventually shrink to "450,000 in the active component, 335,000 in the National Guard and 195,000 in U.S. Army Reserve."

title: United_States_Army

title: United_States_Army

text: The

text: U.S.

text: Army

text: currently

text: consists

text: of

text: active

text: divisions

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: several

text: independent

text: units

text: The

text: force

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: process

text: of

text: contracting

text: after

text: several

text: years

text: of

text: growth

text: In

text: June

text: the

text: Army

text: announced

text: plans

text: to

text: downsize

text: to

text: active

text: combat

text: brigade

text: teams

text: by

text: to

text: match

text: a

text: reduction

text: in

text: active

text: duty

text: strength

text: to

text: soldiers

text: Army

text: Chief

text: of

text: Staff

text: Raymond

text: Odierno

text: has

text: projected

text: that

text: by

text: the

text: Army

text: will

text: eventually

text: shrink

text: to

text: in

text: the

text: active

text: component

text: in

text: the

text: National

text: Guard

text: and

text: in

text: U.S.

text: Army

text: Reserve

question: How many divisions are there in the U.S. Army?

answer: 10

question: How many brigade teams did the Army downsize to by 2015?

answer: 32

question: Who is the Army Chief of Staff?

answer: Raymond Odierno

text: Raymond Odierno

question: By 2018, how many active Army members will there be?

answer: 450,000

question: How many Army Reserve members will there be by 2018?

answer: 195,000


text: Sanskrit originated in an oral society, and the oral tradition was maintained through the development of early classical Sanskrit literature. Writing was not introduced to India until after Sanskrit had evolved into the Prakrits; when it was written, the choice of writing system was influenced by the regional scripts of the scribes. Therefore, Sanskrit has no native script of its own. As such, virtually all the major writing systems of South Asia have been used for the production of Sanskrit manuscripts.

title: Sanskrit

title: Sanskrit

text: Sanskrit

text: originated

text: in

text: an

text: oral

text: society

text: and

text: the

text: oral

text: tradition

text: was

text: maintained

text: through

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: early

text: classical

text: Sanskrit

text: literature

text: Writing

text: was

text: not

text: introduced

text: to

text: India

text: until

text: after

text: Sanskrit

text: had

text: evolved

text: into

text: the

text: Prakrits

text: when

text: it

text: was

text: written

text: the

text: choice

text: of

text: writing

text: system

text: was

text: influenced

text: by

text: the

text: regional

text: scripts

text: of

text: the

text: scribes

text: Therefore

text: Sanskrit

text: has

text: no

text: native

text: script

text: of

text: its

text: own

text: As

text: such

text: virtually

text: all

text: the

text: major

text: writing

text: systems

text: of

text: South

text: Asia

text: have

text: been

text: used

text: for

text: the

text: production

text: of

text: Sanskrit

text: manuscripts

question: Under what type of tradition did Sanskrit begin?

answer: oral tradition

text: oral tradition

question: After what language evolved was writing introduced?

answer: Prakrits

text: Prakrits

question: What does Sanskrit not have of its own?

answer: native script

text: native script

question: What feature of written text influenced the use of scripts?

answer: regional scripts

text: regional scripts

question: Which writing systems have been used to write Sanskrit?

answer: all

text: all


text: Wine was considered the basic drink, consumed at all meals and occasions by all classes and was quite inexpensive. Cato the Elder once advised cutting his rations in half to conserve wine for the workforce. Many types of drinks involving grapes and honey were consumed as well. Drinking on an empty stomach was regarded as boorish and a sure sign for alcoholism, the debilitating physical and psychological effects of which were known to the Romans. An accurate accusation of being an alcoholic was an effective way to discredit political rivals. Prominent Roman alcoholics included Mark Antony, and Cicero's own son Marcus (Cicero Minor). Even Cato the Younger was known to be a heavy drinker.[citation needed]

title: Roman_Republic

title: Roman_Republic

text: Wine

text: was

text: considered

text: the

text: basic

text: drink

text: consumed

text: at

text: all

text: meals

text: and

text: occasions

text: by

text: all

text: classes

text: and

text: was

text: quite

text: inexpensive

text: Cato

text: the

text: Elder

text: once

text: advised

text: cutting

text: his

text: rations

text: in

text: half

text: to

text: conserve

text: wine

text: for

text: the

text: workforce

text: Many

text: types

text: of

text: drinks

text: involving

text: grapes

text: and

text: honey

text: were

text: consumed

text: as

text: well

text: Drinking

text: on

text: an

text: empty

text: stomach

text: was

text: regarded

text: as

text: boorish

text: and

text: a

text: sure

text: sign

text: for

text: alcoholism

text: the

text: debilitating

text: physical

text: and

text: psychological

text: effects

text: of

text: which

text: were

text: known

text: to

text: the

text: Romans

text: An

text: accurate

text: accusation

text: of

text: being

text: an

text: alcoholic

text: was

text: an

text: effective

text: way

text: to

text: discredit

text: political

text: rivals

text: Prominent

text: Roman

text: alcoholics

text: included

text: Mark

text: Antony

text: and

text: Cicero

text: 's

text: own

text: son

text: Marcus

text: Cicero

text: Minor

text: Even

text: Cato

text: the

text: Younger

text: was

text: known

text: to

text: be

text: a

text: heavy

text: drinker.[citation

text: needed

question: What beverage was consumed by all the classes in the Roman Republic?

answer: Wine

text: Wine

question: What was considered a compelling way to defame poltical rivals?

answer: An accurate accusation of being an alcoholic

text: An accurate accusation of being an alcoholic

question: During what meals was wine commonly drank?

answer: all meals

text: all meals

question: What was considered an indication of alcoholism in the Roman Republic?

answer: Drinking on an empty stomach

text: Drinking on an empty stomach


text: The United States accused Manuel Noriega's government in Panama of being a "narcokleptocracy", a corrupt government profiting on illegal drug trade. Later the U.S. invaded Panama and captured Noriega.

title: Political_corruption

title: Political_corruption

text: The

text: United

text: States

text: accused

text: Manuel

text: Noriega

text: 's

text: government

text: in

text: Panama

text: of

text: being

text: a

text: narcokleptocracy

text: a

text: corrupt

text: government

text: profiting

text: on

text: illegal

text: drug

text: trade

text: Later

text: the

text: U.S.

text: invaded

text: Panama

text: and

text: captured

text: Noriega

question: What was Noriega's government accused of being?

answer: narcokleptocracy

text: narcokleptocracy

question: What country did Noriega rule?

answer: Panama

text: Panama

question: What country invaded Panama to capture Noriega?

answer: United States

text: United States

question: What is a narcokleptocracy?

answer: government profiting on illegal drug trade

text: government profiting on illegal drug trade

question: What is Noriega's first name?

answer: Manuel

text: Manuel


text: In 121 BC, Rome came into contact with two Celtic tribes (from a region in modern France), both of which they defeated with apparent ease. The Cimbrian War (113–101 BC) was a far more serious affair than the earlier clashes of 121 BC. The Germanic tribes of the Cimbri and the Teutons migrated from northern Europe into Rome's northern territories, and clashed with Rome and her allies. At the Battle of Aquae Sextiae and the Battle of Vercellae both tribes were virtually annihilated, which ended the threat.

title: Roman_Republic

title: Roman_Republic

text: In

text: BC

text: Rome

text: came

text: into

text: contact

text: with

text: two

text: Celtic

text: tribes

text: from

text: a

text: region

text: in

text: modern

text: France

text: both

text: of

text: which

text: they

text: defeated

text: with

text: apparent

text: ease

text: The

text: Cimbrian

text: War

text: BC

text: was

text: a

text: far

text: more

text: serious

text: affair

text: than

text: the

text: earlier

text: clashes

text: of

text: BC

text: The

text: Germanic

text: tribes

text: of

text: the

text: Cimbri

text: and

text: the

text: Teutons

text: migrated

text: from

text: northern

text: Europe

text: into

text: Rome

text: 's

text: northern

text: territories

text: and

text: clashed

text: with

text: Rome

text: and

text: her

text: allies

text: At

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Aquae

text: Sextiae

text: and

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Vercellae

text: both

text: tribes

text: were

text: virtually

text: annihilated

text: which

text: ended

text: the

text: threat

question: When did the Cimbrian War end?

answer: 101 BC

text: 101 BC

question: In what year did Rome come into contact with a couple Celtic tribes?

answer: 121 BC

text: 121 BC

question: What war began in the year 113 BC?

answer: The Cimbrian War

text: The Cimbrian War

question: Where did the tribes that were almost annihilated in the Battle of Vercellae hail from?

answer: northern Europe

text: northern Europe


text: Under British administration, Myanmar was the second-wealthiest country in South-East Asia. It had been the world's largest exporter of rice. Myanmar also had a wealth of natural and labour resources. British Burma began exporting crude oil in 1853, making it one of the earliest petroleum producers in the world. It produced 75% of the world's teak and had a highly literate population. The wealth was however, mainly concentrated in the hands of Europeans. In 1930s, agricultural production fell dramatically as international rice prices declined, and did not recover for several decades.

title: Myanmar

title: Myanmar

text: Under

text: British

text: administration

text: Myanmar

text: was

text: the

text: second

text: wealthiest

text: country

text: in

text: South

text: East

text: Asia

text: It

text: had

text: been

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: exporter

text: of

text: rice

text: Myanmar

text: also

text: had

text: a

text: wealth

text: of

text: natural

text: and

text: labour

text: resources

text: British

text: Burma

text: began

text: exporting

text: crude

text: oil

text: in

text: making

text: it

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: earliest

text: petroleum

text: producers

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: It

text: produced

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: teak

text: and

text: had

text: a

text: highly

text: literate

text: population

text: The

text: wealth

text: was

text: however

text: mainly

text: concentrated

text: in

text: the

text: hands

text: of

text: Europeans

text: In

text: agricultural

text: production

text: fell

text: dramatically

text: as

text: international

text: rice

text: prices

text: declined

text: and

text: did

text: not

text: recover

text: for

text: several

text: decades

question: In terms of finance, when being ruled by the English, where did Burma stand ?

answer: Under British administration, Myanmar was the second-wealthiest country in South-East Asia.

text: Under British administration, Myanmar was the second-wealthiest country in South-East Asia.

question: What was Burma's greatest export during that time of English rule ?

answer: rice

text: rice

question: What did Myanmar do that made it know to be one of the originals in a particular finance producing endeavor ?

answer: Burma began exporting crude oil in 1853, making it one of the earliest petroleum producers in the world.

text: Burma began exporting crude oil in 1853, making it one of the earliest petroleum producers in the world.

question: What wood product was produced primarily in Myanmar during British rule ?

answer: 75% of the world's teak

text: 75% of the world's teak

question: What notable quality made Burma stand out from other South East Asian countries ?

answer: a highly literate population

text: a highly literate population


text: Modern Baptist churches trace their history to the English Separatist movement in the century after the rise of the original Protestant denominations. This view of Baptist origins has the most historical support and is the most widely accepted. Adherents to this position consider the influence of Anabaptists upon early Baptists to be minimal. It was a time of considerable political and religious turmoil. Both individuals and churches were willing to give up their theological roots if they became convinced that a more biblical "truth" had been discovered.[page needed]

title: Baptists

title: Baptists

text: Modern

text: Baptist

text: churches

text: trace

text: their

text: history

text: to

text: the

text: English

text: Separatist

text: movement

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: after

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: the

text: original

text: Protestant

text: denominations

text: This

text: view

text: of

text: Baptist

text: origins

text: has

text: the

text: most

text: historical

text: support

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: widely

text: accepted

text: Adherents

text: to

text: this

text: position

text: consider

text: the

text: influence

text: of

text: Anabaptists

text: upon

text: early

text: Baptists

text: to

text: be

text: minimal

text: It

text: was

text: a

text: time

text: of

text: considerable

text: political

text: and

text: religious

text: turmoil

text: Both

text: individuals

text: and

text: churches

text: were

text: willing

text: to

text: give

text: up

text: their

text: theological

text: roots

text: if

text: they

text: became

text: convinced

text: that

text: a

text: more

text: biblical

text: truth

text: had

text: been

text: discovered.[page

text: needed

question: Modern Baptist churches trace their history to what movement?

answer: English Separatist movement

text: English Separatist movement

question: Adherents to this position consider the influence of Anabaptists upon early Baptists to be what?

answer: minimal

text: minimal

question: Modern Baptist churches trace their history to the English Separatist movement in the century after the rise of what?

answer: original Protestant denominations

text: original Protestant denominations


text: However, according to then-Secretary of State Colin Powell, the UNFPA contributed vehicles and computers to the Chinese to carry out their population control policies. However, both the Washington Post and the Washington Times reported that Powell simply fell in line, signing a brief written by someone else.

title: United_Nations_Population_Fund

title: United_Nations_Population_Fund

text: However

text: according

text: to

text: then

text: Secretary

text: of

text: State

text: Colin

text: Powell

text: the

text: UNFPA

text: contributed

text: vehicles

text: and

text: computers

text: to

text: the

text: Chinese

text: to

text: carry

text: out

text: their

text: population

text: control

text: policies

text: However

text: both

text: the

text: Washington

text: Post

text: and

text: the

text: Washington

text: Times

text: reported

text: that

text: Powell

text: simply

text: fell

text: in

text: line

text: signing

text: a

text: brief

text: written

text: by

text: someone

text: else

question: What policies did a State Department official accuse UNFPA of helping China carry out?

answer: population control policies

text: population control policies

question: What was this official's position at the time?

answer: Secretary of State

text: Secretary of State

question: Who was the official that accused UNFPA?

answer: Colin Powell

text: Colin Powell

question: What was UNFPA accused of contributing to the Chinese program?

answer: vehicles and computers

text: vehicles and computers

question: What papers reported on this incident?

answer: the Washington Post and the Washington Times

text: the Washington Post and the Washington Times


text: Fox announced on May 11, 2015 that the fifteenth season would be the final season of American Idol; as such, the season is expected to have an additional focus on the program's alumni. Ryan Seacrest returns as host, with Harry Connick Jr., Keith Urban, and Jennifer Lopez all returning for their respective third, fourth, and fifth seasons as judges.

title: American_Idol

title: American_Idol

text: Fox

text: announced

text: on

text: May

text: that

text: the

text: fifteenth

text: season

text: would

text: be

text: the

text: final

text: season

text: of

text: American

text: Idol

text: as

text: such

text: the

text: season

text: is

text: expected

text: to

text: have

text: an

text: additional

text: focus

text: on

text: the

text: program

text: 's

text: alumni

text: Ryan

text: Seacrest

text: returns

text: as

text: host

text: with

text: Harry

text: Connick

text: Jr.

text: Keith

text: Urban

text: and

text: Jennifer

text: Lopez

text: all

text: returning

text: for

text: their

text: respective

text: third

text: fourth

text: and

text: fifth

text: seasons

text: as

text: judges

question: What year did Fox announce the cancellation of American Idol?

answer: 2015

question: How many seasons of American Idol have there been?

answer: 15

question: How many seasons was Jennifer Lopez a judge on American Idol?

answer: 5

question: What was Keith Urbans role on American Idols fifteenth season?

answer: judges

text: judges

question: Who hosted American Idol in its last season?

answer: Ryan Seacrest

text: Ryan Seacrest

question: When did Fox announce that Season 15 would be the final season?

answer: May 11, 2015

text: May 11, 2015

question: Who is returning as host?

answer: Ryan Seacrest

text: Ryan Seacrest


text: Arsenal have appeared in a number of media "firsts". On 22 January 1927, their match at Highbury against Sheffield United was the first English League match to be broadcast live on radio. A decade later, on 16 September 1937, an exhibition match between Arsenal's first team and the reserves was the first football match in the world to be televised live. Arsenal also featured in the first edition of the BBC's Match of the Day, which screened highlights of their match against Liverpool at Anfield on 22 August 1964. BSkyB's coverage of Arsenal's January 2010 match against Manchester United was the first live public broadcast of a sports event on 3D television.

title: Arsenal_F.C.

title: Arsenal_F.C.

text: Arsenal

text: have

text: appeared

text: in

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: media

text: firsts

text: On

text: January

text: their

text: match

text: at

text: Highbury

text: against

text: Sheffield

text: United

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: English

text: League

text: match

text: to

text: be

text: broadcast

text: live

text: on

text: radio

text: A

text: decade

text: later

text: on

text: September

text: an

text: exhibition

text: match

text: between

text: Arsenal

text: 's

text: first

text: team

text: and

text: the

text: reserves

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: football

text: match

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: to

text: be

text: televised

text: live

text: Arsenal

text: also

text: featured

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: edition

text: of

text: the

text: BBC

text: 's

text: Match

text: of

text: the

text: Day

text: which

text: screened

text: highlights

text: of

text: their

text: match

text: against

text: Liverpool

text: at

text: Anfield

text: on

text: August

text: BSkyB

text: 's

text: coverage

text: of

text: Arsenal

text: 's

text: January

text: match

text: against

text: Manchester

text: United

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: live

text: public

text: broadcast

text: of

text: a

text: sports

text: event

text: on

text: television

question: Why was Arsenal's match on 22 Jan. 1927 at Highbury a first?

answer: broadcast live on radio

text: broadcast live on radio

question: What team did Arsenal play at the time of the radio broadcast in 1927?

answer: Sheffield United

text: Sheffield United

question: When was Arsenal's match the first to be televised live?

answer: 16 September 1937

text: 16 September 1937

question: To what first broadcast did Arsenal provide match highlights?

answer: BBC's Match of the Day

text: BBC's Match of the Day

question: In what form was Arsenal's broadcast of a 2010 match against Manchester United?

answer: 3D television

text: 3D television


text: In addition to the mentioned late local newscasts, CBC stations in most markets fill early evenings with local news programs, generally from 5:00 p.m. to 6:30 p.m., while most stations also air a single local newscast on weekend evenings (comprising a supper hour broadcast on Saturdays and a late evening newscast on Sundays). Other newscasts include parts of CBC News Now airing weekday at 6:00 a.m. and noon. Weekly newsmagazine the fifth estate is also a CBC mainstay, as are documentary series such as Doc Zone.

title: CBC_Television

title: CBC_Television

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: the

text: mentioned

text: late

text: local

text: newscasts

text: CBC

text: stations

text: in

text: most

text: markets

text: fill

text: early

text: evenings

text: with

text: local

text: news

text: programs

text: generally

text: from

text: p.m.

text: to

text: p.m.

text: while

text: most

text: stations

text: also

text: air

text: a

text: single

text: local

text: newscast

text: on

text: weekend

text: evenings

text: comprising

text: a

text: supper

text: hour

text: broadcast

text: on

text: Saturdays

text: and

text: a

text: late

text: evening

text: newscast

text: on

text: Sundays

text: Other

text: newscasts

text: include

text: parts

text: of

text: CBC

text: News

text: Now

text: airing

text: weekday

text: at

text: a.m.

text: and

text: noon

text: Weekly

text: newsmagazine

text: the

text: fifth

text: estate

text: is

text: also

text: a

text: CBC

text: mainstay

text: as

text: are

text: documentary

text: series

text: such

text: as

text: Doc

text: Zone

question: What times are generally reserved for local newscasts?

answer: from 5:00 p.m. to 6:30 p.m.

text: from 5:00 p.m. to 6:30 p.m.

question: When do most other stations view their local newscasts?

answer: weekend evenings

text: weekend evenings

question: When does CBC News Now air?

answer: weekday at 6:00 a.m. and noon

text: weekday at 6:00 a.m. and noon


text: When the Emancipation Proclamation was announced, Tennessee was mostly held by Union forces. Thus, Tennessee was not among the states enumerated in the Proclamation, and the Proclamation did not free any slaves there. Nonetheless, enslaved African Americans escaped to Union lines to gain freedom without waiting for official action. Old and young, men, women and children camped near Union troops. Thousands of former slaves ended up fighting on the Union side, nearly 200,000 in total across the South.

title: Tennessee

title: Tennessee

text: When

text: the

text: Emancipation

text: Proclamation

text: was

text: announced

text: Tennessee

text: was

text: mostly

text: held

text: by

text: Union

text: forces

text: Thus

text: Tennessee

text: was

text: not

text: among

text: the

text: states

text: enumerated

text: in

text: the

text: Proclamation

text: and

text: the

text: Proclamation

text: did

text: not

text: free

text: any

text: slaves

text: there

text: Nonetheless

text: enslaved

text: African

text: Americans

text: escaped

text: to

text: Union

text: lines

text: to

text: gain

text: freedom

text: without

text: waiting

text: for

text: official

text: action

text: Old

text: and

text: young

text: men

text: women

text: and

text: children

text: camped

text: near

text: Union

text: troops

text: Thousands

text: of

text: former

text: slaves

text: ended

text: up

text: fighting

text: on

text: the

text: Union

text: side

text: nearly

text: in

text: total

text: across

text: the

text: South

question: Which forces controlled most of Tennessee when slaves were emancipated?

answer: Union

text: Union

question: Up to how many former slaves began fighting with for the Union after the Emancipation Proclamation?

answer: 200,000

question: Which edict freed slaves across most of the Confederacy, but technically not Tennessee?

answer: Emancipation Proclamation

text: Emancipation Proclamation


text: In Russia, the government began to actively encourage the proliferation of arts and sciences in the mid-18th century. This era produced the first Russian university, library, theatre, public museum, and independent press. Like other enlightened despots, Catherine the Great played a key role in fostering the arts, sciences, and education. She used her own interpretation of Enlightenment ideals, assisted by notable international experts such as Voltaire (by correspondence) and, in residence, world class scientists such as Leonhard Euler and Peter Simon Pallas. The national Enlightenment differed from its Western European counterpart in that it promoted further modernization of all aspects of Russian life and was concerned with attacking the institution of serfdom in Russia. The Russian enlightenment centered on the individual instead of societal enlightenment and encouraged the living of an enlightened life.

title: Age_of_Enlightenment

title: Age_of_Enlightenment

text: In

text: Russia

text: the

text: government

text: began

text: to

text: actively

text: encourage

text: the

text: proliferation

text: of

text: arts

text: and

text: sciences

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: This

text: era

text: produced

text: the

text: first

text: Russian

text: university

text: library

text: theatre

text: public

text: museum

text: and

text: independent

text: press

text: Like

text: other

text: enlightened

text: despots

text: Catherine

text: the

text: Great

text: played

text: a

text: key

text: role

text: in

text: fostering

text: the

text: arts

text: sciences

text: and

text: education

text: She

text: used

text: her

text: own

text: interpretation

text: of

text: Enlightenment

text: ideals

text: assisted

text: by

text: notable

text: international

text: experts

text: such

text: as

text: Voltaire

text: by

text: correspondence

text: and

text: in

text: residence

text: world

text: class

text: scientists

text: such

text: as

text: Leonhard

text: Euler

text: and

text: Peter

text: Simon

text: Pallas

text: The

text: national

text: Enlightenment

text: differed

text: from

text: its

text: Western

text: European

text: counterpart

text: in

text: that

text: it

text: promoted

text: further

text: modernization

text: of

text: all

text: aspects

text: of

text: Russian

text: life

text: and

text: was

text: concerned

text: with

text: attacking

text: the

text: institution

text: of

text: serfdom

text: in

text: Russia

text: The

text: Russian

text: enlightenment

text: centered

text: on

text: the

text: individual

text: instead

text: of

text: societal

text: enlightenment

text: and

text: encouraged

text: the

text: living

text: of

text: an

text: enlightened

text: life

question: What century produced the first Russian univeristy, library, theatre, public museum, and independent press?

answer: 18th century

text: 18th century

question: What did the Russian enlightenment focus on instead of societal enlightenment?

answer: the individual

text: the individual

question: From whom did Catherine the Great receive assistance in her Enlightenment ideals via correspondence?

answer: Voltaire

text: Voltaire


text: In 1758, the taxonomist Linnaeus published in Systema Naturae a categorization of species which included the Canis species. Canis is a Latin word meaning dog, and the list included the dog-like carnivores: the domestic dog, wolves, foxes and jackals. The dog was classified as Canis familiaris, which means "Dog-family" or the family dog. On the next page he recorded the wolf as Canis lupus, which means "Dog-wolf". In 1978, a review aimed at reducing the number of recognized Canis species proposed that "Canis dingo is now generally regarded as a distinctive feral domestic dog. Canis familiaris is used for domestic dogs, although taxonomically it should probably be synonymous with Canis lupus." In 1982, the first edition of Mammal Species of the World listed Canis familiaris under Canis lupus with the comment: "Probably ancestor of and conspecific with the domestic dog, familiaris. Canis familiaris has page priority over Canis lupus, but both were published simultaneously in Linnaeus (1758), and Canis lupus has been universally used for this species", which avoided classifying the wolf as the family dog. The dog is now listed among the many other Latin-named subspecies of Canis lupus as Canis lupus familiaris.

title: Dog

title: Dog

text: In

text: the

text: taxonomist

text: Linnaeus

text: published

text: in

text: Systema

text: Naturae

text: a

text: categorization

text: of

text: species

text: which

text: included

text: the

text: Canis

text: species

text: Canis

text: is

text: a

text: Latin

text: word

text: meaning

text: dog

text: and

text: the

text: list

text: included

text: the

text: dog

text: like

text: carnivores

text: the

text: domestic

text: dog

text: wolves

text: foxes

text: and

text: jackals

text: The

text: dog

text: was

text: classified

text: as

text: Canis

text: familiaris

text: which

text: means

text: Dog

text: family

text: or

text: the

text: family

text: dog

text: On

text: the

text: next

text: page

text: he

text: recorded

text: the

text: wolf

text: as

text: Canis

text: lupus

text: which

text: means

text: Dog

text: wolf

text: In

text: a

text: review

text: aimed

text: at

text: reducing

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: recognized

text: Canis

text: species

text: proposed

text: that

text: Canis

text: dingo

text: is

text: now

text: generally

text: regarded

text: as

text: a

text: distinctive

text: feral

text: domestic

text: dog

text: Canis

text: familiaris

text: is

text: used

text: for

text: domestic

text: dogs

text: although

text: taxonomically

text: it

text: should

text: probably

text: be

text: synonymous

text: with

text: Canis

text: lupus

text: In

text: the

text: first

text: edition

text: of

text: Mammal

text: Species

text: of

text: the

text: World

text: listed

text: Canis

text: familiaris

text: under

text: Canis

text: lupus

text: with

text: the

text: comment

text: Probably

text: ancestor

text: of

text: and

text: conspecific

text: with

text: the

text: domestic

text: dog

text: familiaris

text: Canis

text: familiaris

text: has

text: page

text: priority

text: over

text: Canis

text: lupus

text: but

text: both

text: were

text: published

text: simultaneously

text: in

text: Linnaeus

text: and

text: Canis

text: lupus

text: has

text: been

text: universally

text: used

text: for

text: this

text: species

text: which

text: avoided

text: classifying

text: the

text: wolf

text: as

text: the

text: family

text: dog

text: The

text: dog

text: is

text: now

text: listed

text: among

text: the

text: many

text: other

text: Latin

text: named

text: subspecies

text: of

text: Canis

text: lupus

text: as

text: Canis

text: lupus

text: familiaris

question: What is the Latin term for "dog.?"

answer: Canis

text: Canis

question: What year are dogs first listed in Systema Naturae?

answer: 1758

question: Who published Systema Naturae?

answer: Linnaeus

text: Linnaeus

question: What is the modern single English word for Canis lupus?

answer: wolf

text: wolf

question: What 1982 publication listed regular family dogs under wolves?

answer: Mammal Species of the World

text: Mammal Species of the World

question: What is the Latin word for dog?

answer: Canis

text: Canis

question: Canis familiaris is the classification for dogs, and is known as what?

answer: family dog

text: family dog

question: What is the Latin name for a wolf?

answer: Canis lupus

text: Canis lupus

question: Feral dogs have what Latin classification?

answer: Canis dingo

text: Canis dingo

question: What year was Canis familiaris listed under Canis lupus?

answer: 1982


text: Although the Spanish Empire had a residual claim on the Marshalls in 1874, when she began asserting her sovereignty over the Carolines, she made no effort to prevent the German Empire from gaining a foothold there. Britain also raised no objection to a German protectorate over the Marshalls in exchange for German recognition of Britain's rights in the Gilbert and Ellice Islands. On October 13, 1885, SMS Nautilus under Captain Rötger brought German emissaries to Jaluit. They signed a treaty with Kabua, whom the Germans had earlier recognized as "King of the Ralik Islands," on October 15.

title: Marshall_Islands

title: Marshall_Islands

text: Although

text: the

text: Spanish

text: Empire

text: had

text: a

text: residual

text: claim

text: on

text: the

text: Marshalls

text: in

text: when

text: she

text: began

text: asserting

text: her

text: sovereignty

text: over

text: the

text: Carolines

text: she

text: made

text: no

text: effort

text: to

text: prevent

text: the

text: German

text: Empire

text: from

text: gaining

text: a

text: foothold

text: there

text: Britain

text: also

text: raised

text: no

text: objection

text: to

text: a

text: German

text: protectorate

text: over

text: the

text: Marshalls

text: in

text: exchange

text: for

text: German

text: recognition

text: of

text: Britain

text: 's

text: rights

text: in

text: the

text: Gilbert

text: and

text: Ellice

text: Islands

text: On

text: October

text: SMS

text: Nautilus

text: under

text: Captain

text: Rötger

text: brought

text: German

text: emissaries

text: to

text: Jaluit

text: They

text: signed

text: a

text: treaty

text: with

text: Kabua

text: whom

text: the

text: Germans

text: had

text: earlier

text: recognized

text: as

text: King

text: of

text: the

text: Ralik

text: Islands

text: on

text: October

question: What nation had a claim on the Marshall Islands as of 1874?

answer: the Spanish Empire

text: the Spanish Empire

question: What nation formed a protectorate over the Marshall Islands?

answer: the German Empire

text: the German Empire

question: What nation asserted their rights over the Gilbert and Ellice islands?

answer: Britain

text: Britain

question: On what ship did German ambassadors arrive in the Marshall Islands?

answer: SMS Nautilus

text: SMS Nautilus

question: What title did the Germans give to Kabua?

answer: King of the Ralik Islands

text: King of the Ralik Islands


text: Westminster Abbey, formally titled the Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster, is a large, mainly Gothic abbey church in the City of Westminster, London, located just to the west of the Palace of Westminster. It is one of the most notable religious buildings in the United Kingdom and has been the traditional place of coronation and burial site for English and, later, British monarchs. Between 1540 and 1556 the abbey had the status of a cathedral. Since 1560, however, the building is no longer an abbey nor a cathedral, having instead the status of a Church of England "Royal Peculiar"—a church responsible directly to the sovereign. The building itself is the original abbey church.

title: Westminster_Abbey

title: Westminster_Abbey

text: Westminster

text: Abbey

text: formally

text: titled

text: the

text: Collegiate

text: Church

text: of

text: St

text: Peter

text: at

text: Westminster

text: is

text: a

text: large

text: mainly

text: Gothic

text: abbey

text: church

text: in

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: Westminster

text: London

text: located

text: just

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: of

text: the

text: Palace

text: of

text: Westminster

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: notable

text: religious

text: buildings

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: the

text: traditional

text: place

text: of

text: coronation

text: and

text: burial

text: site

text: for

text: English

text: and

text: later

text: British

text: monarchs

text: Between

text: and

text: the

text: abbey

text: had

text: the

text: status

text: of

text: a

text: cathedral

text: Since

text: however

text: the

text: building

text: is

text: no

text: longer

text: an

text: abbey

text: nor

text: a

text: cathedral

text: having

text: instead

text: the

text: status

text: of

text: a

text: Church

text: of

text: England

text: Royal

text: Peculiar

text: a

text: church

text: responsible

text: directly

text: to

text: the

text: sovereign

text: The

text: building

text: itself

text: is

text: the

text: original

text: abbey

text: church

question: What was Westminster Abbey's original name?

answer: Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster

text: Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster

question: What style architecture is the Westminster Abbey considered?

answer: Gothic

text: Gothic

question: In what city is Westminster Abbey located?

answer: City of Westminster, London

text: City of Westminster, London

question: In what years was the Abbey considered a cathedral?

answer: Between 1540 and 1556

text: Between 1540 and 1556

question: What type of building is the Abbey now considered?

answer: Royal Peculiar

text: Royal Peculiar

question: What is the formal name of Westminster Abbey?

answer: the Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster

text: the Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster

question: Where is Westminster Abbey located?

answer: City of Westminster, London

text: City of Westminster, London

question: When was Westminster Abbey a cathedral?

answer: Between 1540 and 1556

text: Between 1540 and 1556

question: What has been the status of Westminster Abbey since 1560?

answer: Church of England "Royal Peculiar"

text: Church of England "Royal Peculiar"