text: Old English nouns had grammatical gender, a feature absent in modern English, which uses only natural gender. For example, the words sunne ("sun"), mōna ("moon") and wīf ("woman/wife") were respectively feminine, masculine and neuter; this is reflected, among other things, in the form of the definite article used with these nouns: sēo sunne ("the sun"), se mōna ("the moon"), þæt wīf ("the woman/wife"). Pronoun usage could reflect either natural or grammatical gender, when those conflicted (as in the case of wīf, a neuter noun referring to a female person).

title: Old_English

title: Old_English

text: Old

text: English

text: nouns

text: had

text: grammatical

text: gender

text: a

text: feature

text: absent

text: in

text: modern

text: English

text: which

text: uses

text: only

text: natural

text: gender

text: For

text: example

text: the

text: words

text: sunne

text: sun

text: mōna

text: moon

text: and

text: wīf

text: woman

text: wife

text: were

text: respectively

text: feminine

text: masculine

text: and

text: neuter

text: this

text: is

text: reflected

text: among

text: other

text: things

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: the

text: definite

text: article

text: used

text: with

text: these

text: nouns

text: sēo

text: sunne

text: the

text: sun

text: se

text: mōna

text: the

text: moon

text: þæt

text: wīf

text: the

text: woman

text: wife

text: Pronoun

text: usage

text: could

text: reflect

text: either

text: natural

text: or

text: grammatical

text: gender

text: when

text: those

text: conflicted

text: as

text: in

text: the

text: case

text: of

text: wīf

text: a

text: neuter

text: noun

text: referring

text: to

text: a

text: female

text: person

question: What type of gender did Old English nouns possess?

answer: grammatical

text: grammatical

question: What type of gender is present in modern English nouns?

answer: natural

text: natural

question: What was a feminine word in Old English?

answer: sunne

text: sunne

question: What was the grammatical gender of the Old English word for wife?

answer: neuter

text: neuter

question: What was a masculine word in Old English?

answer: mōna

text: mōna


text: From the 1980s, mainstream sensibilities were reasserted and serialization became less common as the number of comics magazines decreased and many comics began to be published directly as albums. Smaller publishers such as L'Association that published longer works in non-traditional formats by auteur-istic creators also became common. Since the 1990s, mergers resulted in fewer large publishers, while smaller publishers proliferated. Sales overall continued to grow despite the trend towards a shrinking print market.

title: Comics

title: Comics

text: From

text: the

text: mainstream

text: sensibilities

text: were

text: reasserted

text: and

text: serialization

text: became

text: less

text: common

text: as

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: comics

text: magazines

text: decreased

text: and

text: many

text: comics

text: began

text: to

text: be

text: published

text: directly

text: as

text: albums

text: Smaller

text: publishers

text: such

text: as

text: L'Association

text: that

text: published

text: longer

text: works

text: in

text: non

text: traditional

text: formats

text: by

text: auteur

text: istic

text: creators

text: also

text: became

text: common

text: Since

text: the

text: mergers

text: resulted

text: in

text: fewer

text: large

text: publishers

text: while

text: smaller

text: publishers

text: proliferated

text: Sales

text: overall

text: continued

text: to

text: grow

text: despite

text: the

text: trend

text: towards

text: a

text: shrinking

text: print

text: market

question: Serialization of comics became less popular when?

answer: 1980s

question: How were comics published when serialization became less common?

answer: as albums

text: as albums

question: Which small publisher published in formats that were not traditional?

answer: L'Association

text: L'Association

question: Comics continue to thrive regardless of the decrease in what market?

answer: print market

text: print market


text: In September 1961, while working at Texas Instruments in Dallas, Texas, James R. Biard and Gary Pittman discovered near-infrared (900 nm) light emission from a tunnel diode they had constructed on a GaAs substrate. By October 1961, they had demonstrated efficient light emission and signal coupling between a GaAs p-n junction light emitter and an electrically-isolated semiconductor photodetector. On August 8, 1962, Biard and Pittman filed a patent titled "Semiconductor Radiant Diode" based on their findings, which described a zinc diffused p–n junction LED with a spaced cathode contact to allow for efficient emission of infrared light under forward bias. After establishing the priority of their work based on engineering notebooks predating submissions from G.E. Labs, RCA Research Labs, IBM Research Labs, Bell Labs, and Lincoln Lab at MIT, the U.S. patent office issued the two inventors the patent for the GaAs infrared (IR) light-emitting diode (U.S. Patent US3293513), the first practical LED. Immediately after filing the patent, Texas Instruments (TI) began a project to manufacture infrared diodes. In October 1962, TI announced the first LED commercial product (the SNX-100), which employed a pure GaAs crystal to emit a 890 nm light output. In October 1963, TI announced the first commercial hemispherical LED, the SNX-110.

title: Light-emitting_diode

title: Light

title: emitting_diode

text: In

text: September

text: while

text: working

text: at

text: Texas

text: Instruments

text: in

text: Dallas

text: Texas

text: James

text: R.

text: Biard

text: and

text: Gary

text: Pittman

text: discovered

text: near

text: infrared

text: nm

text: light

text: emission

text: from

text: a

text: tunnel

text: diode

text: they

text: had

text: constructed

text: on

text: a

text: GaAs

text: substrate

text: By

text: October

text: they

text: had

text: demonstrated

text: efficient

text: light

text: emission

text: and

text: signal

text: coupling

text: between

text: a

text: GaAs

text: p

text: n

text: junction

text: light

text: emitter

text: and

text: an

text: electrically

text: isolated

text: semiconductor

text: photodetector

text: On

text: August

text: Biard

text: and

text: Pittman

text: filed

text: a

text: patent

text: titled

text: Semiconductor

text: Radiant

text: Diode

text: based

text: on

text: their

text: findings

text: which

text: described

text: a

text: zinc

text: diffused

text: p

text: n

text: junction

text: LED

text: with

text: a

text: spaced

text: cathode

text: contact

text: to

text: allow

text: for

text: efficient

text: emission

text: of

text: infrared

text: light

text: under

text: forward

text: bias

text: After

text: establishing

text: the

text: priority

text: of

text: their

text: work

text: based

text: on

text: engineering

text: notebooks

text: predating

text: submissions

text: from

text: G.E.

text: Labs

text: RCA

text: Research

text: Labs

text: IBM

text: Research

text: Labs

text: Bell

text: Labs

text: and

text: Lincoln

text: Lab

text: at

text: MIT

text: the

text: U.S.

text: patent

text: office

text: issued

text: the

text: two

text: inventors

text: the

text: patent

text: for

text: the

text: GaAs

text: infrared

text: IR

text: light

text: emitting

text: diode

text: U.S.

text: Patent

text: the

text: first

text: practical

text: LED

text: Immediately

text: after

text: filing

text: the

text: patent

text: Texas

text: Instruments

text: TI

text: began

text: a

text: project

text: to

text: manufacture

text: infrared

text: diodes

text: In

text: October

text: TI

text: announced

text: the

text: first

text: LED

text: commercial

text: product

text: the

text: which

text: employed

text: a

text: pure

text: GaAs

text: crystal

text: to

text: emit

text: a

text: nm

text: light

text: output

text: In

text: October

text: TI

text: announced

text: the

text: first

text: commercial

text: hemispherical

text: LED

text: the

question: In what state what near-infrared light emission discovered?

answer: Texas

text: Texas

question: What type of diode was used to help discover near-infrared light emission?

answer: tunnel

text: tunnel

question: In what year was the patent filed for the Semiconductor Radiant Diode?

answer: 1962

question: What was the first practical LED?

answer: GaAs infrared (IR) light-emitting diode

text: GaAs infrared (IR) light-emitting diode

question: The two inventors of the first practical diode were employed by what famous company?

answer: Texas Instruments (TI)

text: Texas Instruments (TI)


text: Each season premieres with the audition round, taking place in different cities. The audition episodes typically feature a mix of potential finalists, interesting characters and woefully inadequate contestants. Each successful contestant receives a golden ticket to proceed on to the next round in Hollywood. Based on their performances during the Hollywood round (Las Vegas round for seasons 10 onwards), 24 to 36 contestants are selected by the judges to participate in the semifinals. From the semifinal onwards the contestants perform their songs live, with the judges making their critiques after each performance. The contestants are voted for by the viewing public, and the outcome of the public votes is then revealed in the results show typically on the following night. The results shows feature group performances by the contestants as well as guest performers. The Top-three results show also features the homecoming events for the Top 3 finalists. The season reaches its climax in a two-hour results finale show, where the winner of the season is revealed.

title: American_Idol

title: American_Idol

text: Each

text: season

text: premieres

text: with

text: the

text: audition

text: round

text: taking

text: place

text: in

text: different

text: cities

text: The

text: audition

text: episodes

text: typically

text: feature

text: a

text: mix

text: of

text: potential

text: finalists

text: interesting

text: characters

text: and

text: woefully

text: inadequate

text: contestants

text: Each

text: successful

text: contestant

text: receives

text: a

text: golden

text: ticket

text: to

text: proceed

text: on

text: to

text: the

text: next

text: round

text: in

text: Hollywood

text: Based

text: on

text: their

text: performances

text: during

text: the

text: Hollywood

text: round

text: Las

text: Vegas

text: round

text: for

text: seasons

text: onwards

text: to

text: contestants

text: are

text: selected

text: by

text: the

text: judges

text: to

text: participate

text: in

text: the

text: semifinals

text: From

text: the

text: semifinal

text: onwards

text: the

text: contestants

text: perform

text: their

text: songs

text: live

text: with

text: the

text: judges

text: making

text: their

text: critiques

text: after

text: each

text: performance

text: The

text: contestants

text: are

text: voted

text: for

text: by

text: the

text: viewing

text: public

text: and

text: the

text: outcome

text: of

text: the

text: public

text: votes

text: is

text: then

text: revealed

text: in

text: the

text: results

text: show

text: typically

text: on

text: the

text: following

text: night

text: The

text: results

text: shows

text: feature

text: group

text: performances

text: by

text: the

text: contestants

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: guest

text: performers

text: The

text: Top

text: three

text: results

text: show

text: also

text: features

text: the

text: homecoming

text: events

text: for

text: the

text: Top

text: finalists

text: The

text: season

text: reaches

text: its

text: climax

text: in

text: a

text: two

text: hour

text: results

text: finale

text: show

text: where

text: the

text: winner

text: of

text: the

text: season

text: is

text: revealed

question: What is given to contestants who make it past the audition round?

answer: a golden ticket

text: a golden ticket

question: In the audition rounds, what do contestants who win the approval of the judges receive?

answer: a golden ticket

text: a golden ticket

question: Who votes for the winning contestants starting with the semi-final round?

answer: the public

text: the public


text: PlayStation Portable can connect with PlayStation 3 in many ways, including in-game connectivity. For example, Formula One Championship Edition, a racing game, was shown at E3 2006 using a PSP as a real-time rear-view mirror. In addition, users are able to download original PlayStation format games from the PlayStation Store, transfer and play them on PSP as well as PS3 itself. It is also possible to use the Remote Play feature to play these and some PlayStation Network games, remotely on PSP over a network or internet connection.

title: PlayStation_3

title: PlayStation_3

text: PlayStation

text: Portable

text: can

text: connect

text: with

text: PlayStation

text: in

text: many

text: ways

text: including

text: in

text: game

text: connectivity

text: For

text: example

text: Formula

text: One

text: Championship

text: Edition

text: a

text: racing

text: game

text: was

text: shown

text: at

text: using

text: a

text: PSP

text: as

text: a

text: real

text: time

text: rear

text: view

text: mirror

text: In

text: addition

text: users

text: are

text: able

text: to

text: download

text: original

text: PlayStation

text: format

text: games

text: from

text: the

text: PlayStation

text: Store

text: transfer

text: and

text: play

text: them

text: on

text: PSP

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: itself

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: possible

text: to

text: use

text: the

text: Remote

text: Play

text: feature

text: to

text: play

text: these

text: and

text: some

text: PlayStation

text: Network

text: games

text: remotely

text: on

text: PSP

text: over

text: a

text: network

text: or

text: internet

text: connection

question: What PS3 game can integrate a PlayStation Portable to use as a rear-view mirror?

answer: Formula One Championship Edition

text: Formula One Championship Edition

question: What kind of game is Formula One Championship Edition?

answer: racing

text: racing

question: If users want to download original PlayStation games, where do they go online?

answer: PlayStation Store

text: PlayStation Store

question: Games in plain PlayStation format can be played both on the PS3 console and what other device?

answer: PSP

text: PSP

question: What's the name of the feature that would let you play a game on your PSP without having it with you?

answer: Remote Play

text: Remote Play


text: All the electromagnetic motors, and that includes the types mentioned here derive the torque from the vector product of the interacting fields. For calculating the torque it is necessary to know the fields in the air gap . Once these have been established by mathematical analysis using FEA or other tools the torque may be calculated as the integral of all the vectors of force multiplied by the radius of each vector. The current flowing in the winding is producing the fields and for a motor using a magnetic material the field is not linearly proportional to the current. This makes the calculation difficult but a computer can do the many calculations needed.

title: Electric_motor

title: Electric_motor

text: All

text: the

text: electromagnetic

text: motors

text: and

text: that

text: includes

text: the

text: types

text: mentioned

text: here

text: derive

text: the

text: torque

text: from

text: the

text: vector

text: product

text: of

text: the

text: interacting

text: fields

text: For

text: calculating

text: the

text: torque

text: it

text: is

text: necessary

text: to

text: know

text: the

text: fields

text: in

text: the

text: air

text: gap

text: Once

text: these

text: have

text: been

text: established

text: by

text: mathematical

text: analysis

text: using

text: FEA

text: or

text: other

text: tools

text: the

text: torque

text: may

text: be

text: calculated

text: as

text: the

text: integral

text: of

text: all

text: the

text: vectors

text: of

text: force

text: multiplied

text: by

text: the

text: radius

text: of

text: each

text: vector

text: The

text: current

text: flowing

text: in

text: the

text: winding

text: is

text: producing

text: the

text: fields

text: and

text: for

text: a

text: motor

text: using

text: a

text: magnetic

text: material

text: the

text: field

text: is

text: not

text: linearly

text: proportional

text: to

text: the

text: current

text: This

text: makes

text: the

text: calculation

text: difficult

text: but

text: a

text: computer

text: can

text: do

text: the

text: many

text: calculations

text: needed

question: What needs to be known to calculate torque?

answer: fields in the air gap

text: fields in the air gap

question: How are the many calculations to determine torque done?

answer: FEA

text: FEA

question: How is torque determined?

answer: from the vector product of the interacting fields

text: from the vector product of the interacting fields

question: What is the formulia to determine torque?

answer: the integral of all the vectors of force multiplied by the radius of each vector

text: the integral of all the vectors of force multiplied by the radius of each vector


text: The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life ranks Egypt as the fifth worst country in the world for religious freedom. The United States Commission on International Religious Freedom, a bipartisan independent agency of the US government, has placed Egypt on its watch list of countries that require close monitoring due to the nature and extent of violations of religious freedom engaged in or tolerated by the government. According to a 2010 Pew Global Attitudes survey, 84% of Egyptians polled supported the death penalty for those who leave Islam; 77% supported whippings and cutting off of hands for theft and robbery; and 82% support stoning a person who commits adultery.

title: Egypt

title: Egypt

text: The

text: Pew

text: Forum

text: on

text: Religion

text: Public

text: Life

text: ranks

text: Egypt

text: as

text: the

text: fifth

text: worst

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: for

text: religious

text: freedom

text: The

text: United

text: States

text: Commission

text: on

text: International

text: Religious

text: Freedom

text: a

text: bipartisan

text: independent

text: agency

text: of

text: the

text: US

text: government

text: has

text: placed

text: Egypt

text: on

text: its

text: watch

text: list

text: of

text: countries

text: that

text: require

text: close

text: monitoring

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: nature

text: and

text: extent

text: of

text: violations

text: of

text: religious

text: freedom

text: engaged

text: in

text: or

text: tolerated

text: by

text: the

text: government

text: According

text: to

text: a

text: Pew

text: Global

text: Attitudes

text: survey

text: of

text: Egyptians

text: polled

text: supported

text: the

text: death

text: penalty

text: for

text: those

text: who

text: leave

text: Islam

text: supported

text: whippings

text: and

text: cutting

text: off

text: of

text: hands

text: for

text: theft

text: and

text: robbery

text: and

text: support

text: stoning

text: a

text: person

text: who

text: commits

text: adultery

question: Where does Egypt rank for Religious freedom according to Pew Forum?

answer: fifth worst

text: fifth worst

question: What percentage of Egyptians polled support death penalty for those leaving Islam?

answer: 84%

question: What violation could result in stoning and was supported by 82% of Egyptian responders?

answer: adultery

text: adultery


text: The onset of infrared is defined (according to different standards) at various values typically between 700 nm and 800 nm, but the boundary between visible and infrared light is not precisely defined. The human eye is markedly less sensitive to light above 700 nm wavelength, so longer wavelengths make insignificant contributions to scenes illuminated by common light sources. However, particularly intense near-IR light (e.g., from IR lasers, IR LED sources, or from bright daylight with the visible light removed by colored gels) can be detected up to approximately 780 nm, and will be perceived as red light. Sources providing wavelengths as long as 1050 nm can be seen as a dull red glow in intense sources, causing some difficulty in near-IR illumination of scenes in the dark (usually this practical problem is solved by indirect illumination). Leaves are particularly bright in the near IR, and if all visible light leaks from around an IR-filter are blocked, and the eye is given a moment to adjust to the extremely dim image coming through a visually opaque IR-passing photographic filter, it is possible to see the Wood effect that consists of IR-glowing foliage.

title: Infrared

title: Infrared

text: The

text: onset

text: of

text: infrared

text: is

text: defined

text: according

text: to

text: different

text: standards

text: at

text: various

text: values

text: typically

text: between

text: nm

text: and

text: nm

text: but

text: the

text: boundary

text: between

text: visible

text: and

text: infrared

text: light

text: is

text: not

text: precisely

text: defined

text: The

text: human

text: eye

text: is

text: markedly

text: less

text: sensitive

text: to

text: light

text: above

text: nm

text: wavelength

text: so

text: longer

text: wavelengths

text: make

text: insignificant

text: contributions

text: to

text: scenes

text: illuminated

text: by

text: common

text: light

text: sources

text: However

text: particularly

text: intense

text: near

text: IR

text: light

text: e.g.

text: from

text: IR

text: lasers

text: IR

text: LED

text: sources

text: or

text: from

text: bright

text: daylight

text: with

text: the

text: visible

text: light

text: removed

text: by

text: colored

text: gels

text: can

text: be

text: detected

text: up

text: to

text: approximately

text: nm

text: and

text: will

text: be

text: perceived

text: as

text: red

text: light

text: Sources

text: providing

text: wavelengths

text: as

text: long

text: as

text: nm

text: can

text: be

text: seen

text: as

text: a

text: dull

text: red

text: glow

text: in

text: intense

text: sources

text: causing

text: some

text: difficulty

text: in

text: near

text: IR

text: illumination

text: of

text: scenes

text: in

text: the

text: dark

text: usually

text: this

text: practical

text: problem

text: is

text: solved

text: by

text: indirect

text: illumination

text: Leaves

text: are

text: particularly

text: bright

text: in

text: the

text: near

text: IR

text: and

text: if

text: all

text: visible

text: light

text: leaks

text: from

text: around

text: an

text: IR

text: filter

text: are

text: blocked

text: and

text: the

text: eye

text: is

text: given

text: a

text: moment

text: to

text: adjust

text: to

text: the

text: extremely

text: dim

text: image

text: coming

text: through

text: a

text: visually

text: opaque

text: IR

text: passing

text: photographic

text: filter

text: it

text: is

text: possible

text: to

text: see

text: the

text: Wood

text: effect

text: that

text: consists

text: of

text: IR

text: glowing

text: foliage

question: At what wavelength does the human eye become significantly less sensitive to light?

answer: 700 nm

text: 700 nm

question: What sort of light is generated by IR lasers?

answer: near-IR

text: near-IR

question: Up to what wavelength does the human eye perceive IR LED sources as red?

answer: 780 nm

text: 780 nm

question: Up to what wavelength does the human eye perceive certain intense lights as being dull red in color?

answer: 1050 nm

text: 1050 nm

question: What objects are notably bright in near IR?

answer: Leaves

text: Leaves


text: Paris has a typical Western European oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb ) which is affected by the North Atlantic Current. The overall climate throughout the year is mild and moderately wet. Summer days are usually warm and pleasant with average temperatures hovering between 15 and 25 °C (59 and 77 °F), and a fair amount of sunshine. Each year, however, there are a few days where the temperature rises above 32 °C (90 °F). Some years have even witnessed long periods of harsh summer weather, such as the heat wave of 2003 when temperatures exceeded 30 °C (86 °F) for weeks, surged up to 40 °C (104 °F) on some days and seldom cooled down at night. More recently, the average temperature for July 2011 was 17.6 °C (63.7 °F), with an average minimum temperature of 12.9 °C (55.2 °F) and an average maximum temperature of 23.7 °C (74.7 °F).

title: Paris

title: Paris

text: Paris

text: has

text: a

text: typical

text: Western

text: European

text: oceanic

text: climate

text: Köppen

text: climate

text: classification

text: Cfb

text: which

text: is

text: affected

text: by

text: the

text: North

text: Atlantic

text: Current

text: The

text: overall

text: climate

text: throughout

text: the

text: year

text: is

text: mild

text: and

text: moderately

text: wet

text: Summer

text: days

text: are

text: usually

text: warm

text: and

text: pleasant

text: with

text: average

text: temperatures

text: hovering

text: between

text: and

text: C

text: and

text: F

text: and

text: a

text: fair

text: amount

text: of

text: sunshine

text: Each

text: year

text: however

text: there

text: are

text: a

text: few

text: days

text: where

text: the

text: temperature

text: rises

text: above

text: C

text: F

text: Some

text: years

text: have

text: even

text: witnessed

text: long

text: periods

text: of

text: harsh

text: summer

text: weather

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: heat

text: wave

text: of

text: when

text: temperatures

text: exceeded

text: C

text: F

text: for

text: weeks

text: surged

text: up

text: to

text: C

text: F

text: on

text: some

text: days

text: and

text: seldom

text: cooled

text: down

text: at

text: night

text: More

text: recently

text: the

text: average

text: temperature

text: for

text: July

text: was

text: C

text: F

text: with

text: an

text: average

text: minimum

text: temperature

text: of

text: C

text: F

text: and

text: an

text: average

text: maximum

text: temperature

text: of

text: C

text: F

question: Which current affects Paris' weather?

answer: North Atlantic Current

text: North Atlantic Current

question: How is Paris' climate categorized?

answer: mild and moderately wet

text: mild and moderately wet

question: What are the average temperatures for summer?

answer: between 15 and 25 °C

text: between 15 and 25 °C

question: What was the average temperature for July 2011?

answer: 17.6 °C

text: 17.6 °C


text: As of the 2010 census, there were 579,999 people, 230,233 households, and 144,120 families residing in the city. The population density was 956.4 inhabitants per square mile (321.9/km²). There were 256,930 housing units at an average density of 375.9 per square mile (145.1/km²).

title: Oklahoma_City

title: Oklahoma_City

text: As

text: of

text: the

text: census

text: there

text: were

text: people

text: households

text: and

text: families

text: residing

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: The

text: population

text: density

text: was

text: inhabitants

text: per

text: square

text: mile

text: There

text: were

text: housing

text: units

text: at

text: an

text: average

text: density

text: of

text: per

text: square

text: mile

question: How many people were counted in the 2010 census?

answer: 579,999

question: How many households were recorded in the 2010 census

answer: 230,233 households

text: 230,233 households

question: How many families were recorded in the 2010 census?

answer: 144,120 families

text: 144,120 families

question: What was the density of the population per square mile?

answer: 956.4

question: How many housing units were there for the 2010 census?

answer: 256,930


text: The concept of a group arose from the study of polynomial equations, starting with Évariste Galois in the 1830s. After contributions from other fields such as number theory and geometry, the group notion was generalized and firmly established around 1870. Modern group theory—an active mathematical discipline—studies groups in their own right.a[›] To explore groups, mathematicians have devised various notions to break groups into smaller, better-understandable pieces, such as subgroups, quotient groups and simple groups. In addition to their abstract properties, group theorists also study the different ways in which a group can be expressed concretely (its group representations), both from a theoretical and a computational point of view. A theory has been developed for finite groups, which culminated with the classification of finite simple groups announced in 1983.aa[›] Since the mid-1980s, geometric group theory, which studies finitely generated groups as geometric objects, has become a particularly active area in group theory.

title: Group_(mathematics)

title: Group_(mathematics

text: The

text: concept

text: of

text: a

text: group

text: arose

text: from

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: polynomial

text: equations

text: starting

text: with

text: Évariste

text: Galois

text: in

text: the

text: After

text: contributions

text: from

text: other

text: fields

text: such

text: as

text: number

text: theory

text: and

text: geometry

text: the

text: group

text: notion

text: was

text: generalized

text: and

text: firmly

text: established

text: around

text: Modern

text: group

text: theory

text: an

text: active

text: mathematical

text: discipline

text: studies

text: groups

text: in

text: their

text: own

text: right.a[›

text: To

text: explore

text: groups

text: mathematicians

text: have

text: devised

text: various

text: notions

text: to

text: break

text: groups

text: into

text: smaller

text: better

text: understandable

text: pieces

text: such

text: as

text: subgroups

text: quotient

text: groups

text: and

text: simple

text: groups

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: their

text: abstract

text: properties

text: group

text: theorists

text: also

text: study

text: the

text: different

text: ways

text: in

text: which

text: a

text: group

text: can

text: be

text: expressed

text: concretely

text: its

text: group

text: representations

text: both

text: from

text: a

text: theoretical

text: and

text: a

text: computational

text: point

text: of

text: view

text: A

text: theory

text: has

text: been

text: developed

text: for

text: finite

text: groups

text: which

text: culminated

text: with

text: the

text: classification

text: of

text: finite

text: simple

text: groups

text: announced

text: in

text: Since

text: the

text: geometric

text: group

text: theory

text: which

text: studies

text: finitely

text: generated

text: groups

text: as

text: geometric

text: objects

text: has

text: become

text: a

text: particularly

text: active

text: area

text: in

text: group

text: theory

question: Where did the idea of a group come from?

answer: the study of polynomial equations,

text: the study of polynomial equations,

question: When was the group notion summed up and solidly settled?

answer: 1870

question: What are smaller and easier to understand groups broken down into?

answer: subgroups, quotient groups and simple groups.

text: subgroups, quotient groups and simple groups.

question: When was announcement for the classification of finite simple groups?

answer: 1983


text: With the initial investment of £4,200, the new trial force of the Thames River Police began with about 50 men charged with policing 33,000 workers in the river trades, of whom Colquhoun claimed 11,000 were known criminals and "on the game." The force was a success after its first year, and his men had "established their worth by saving £122,000 worth of cargo and by the rescuing of several lives." Word of this success spread quickly, and the government passed the Marine Police Bill on 28 July 1800, transforming it from a private to public police agency; now the oldest police force in the world. Colquhoun published a book on the experiment, The Commerce and Policing of the River Thames. It found receptive audiences far outside London, and inspired similar forces in other cities, notably, New York City, Dublin, and Sydney.

title: Police

title: Police

text: With

text: the

text: initial

text: investment

text: of

text: the

text: new

text: trial

text: force

text: of

text: the

text: Thames

text: River

text: Police

text: began

text: with

text: about

text: men

text: charged

text: with

text: policing

text: workers

text: in

text: the

text: river

text: trades

text: of

text: whom

text: Colquhoun

text: claimed

text: were

text: known

text: criminals

text: and

text: on

text: the

text: game

text: The

text: force

text: was

text: a

text: success

text: after

text: its

text: first

text: year

text: and

text: his

text: men

text: had

text: established

text: their

text: worth

text: by

text: saving

text: worth

text: of

text: cargo

text: and

text: by

text: the

text: rescuing

text: of

text: several

text: lives

text: Word

text: of

text: this

text: success

text: spread

text: quickly

text: and

text: the

text: government

text: passed

text: the

text: Marine

text: Police

text: Bill

text: on

text: July

text: transforming

text: it

text: from

text: a

text: private

text: to

text: public

text: police

text: agency

text: now

text: the

text: oldest

text: police

text: force

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: Colquhoun

text: published

text: a

text: book

text: on

text: the

text: experiment

text: The

text: Commerce

text: and

text: Policing

text: of

text: the

text: River

text: Thames

text: It

text: found

text: receptive

text: audiences

text: far

text: outside

text: London

text: and

text: inspired

text: similar

text: forces

text: in

text: other

text: cities

text: notably

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: Dublin

text: and

text: Sydney

question: What was the initial size of the Thames River Police force?

answer: 50

question: How many dock workers were the Thames River Police policing?

answer: 33,000

question: How many dock workers did Colquhoun say were criminals?

answer: 11,000

question: When was the Thames River Police made a public service?

answer: 28 July 180

text: 28 July 180

question: How much cargo theft did the Thames River Police prevent in its first year?

answer: £122,000


text: Jefferson's letter entered American jurisprudence in the 1878 Mormon polygamy case Reynolds v. U.S., in which the court cited Jefferson and Madison, seeking a legal definition for the word religion. Writing for the majority, Justice Stephen Johnson Field cited Jefferson's Letter to the Danbury Baptists to state that "Congress was deprived of all legislative power over mere opinion, but was left free to reach actions which were in violation of social duties or subversive of good order." Considering this, the court ruled that outlawing polygamy was constitutional.

title: Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States

text: Jefferson

text: 's

text: letter

text: entered

text: American

text: jurisprudence

text: in

text: the

text: Mormon

text: polygamy

text: case

text: Reynolds

text: v.

text: U.S.

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: court

text: cited

text: Jefferson

text: and

text: Madison

text: seeking

text: a

text: legal

text: definition

text: for

text: the

text: word

text: religion

text: Writing

text: for

text: the

text: majority

text: Justice

text: Stephen

text: Johnson

text: Field

text: cited

text: Jefferson

text: 's

text: Letter

text: to

text: the

text: Danbury

text: Baptists

text: to

text: state

text: that

text: Congress

text: was

text: deprived

text: of

text: all

text: legislative

text: power

text: over

text: mere

text: opinion

text: but

text: was

text: left

text: free

text: to

text: reach

text: actions

text: which

text: were

text: in

text: violation

text: of

text: social

text: duties

text: or

text: subversive

text: of

text: good

text: order

text: Considering

text: this

text: the

text: court

text: ruled

text: that

text: outlawing

text: polygamy

text: was

text: constitutional

question: When did Jefferson's letter enter American jurisprudence?

answer: 1878

question: What was the case that used Jefferson's letter?

answer: Reynolds v. U.S.

text: Reynolds v. U.S.

question: What was the topic of Reynolds v. U.S.?

answer: Mormon polygamy

text: Mormon polygamy

question: What was the court seeking, in using Jefferson's letter?

answer: legal definition for the word religion

text: legal definition for the word religion

question: What did the court rule outlawing polygamy was?

answer: constitutional

text: constitutional


text: The primacy of the composer's written score has also led, today, to a relatively minor role played by improvisation in classical music, in sharp contrast to the practice of musicians who lived during the baroque, classical and romantic era. Improvisation in classical music performance was common during both the Baroque and early romantic eras, yet lessened strongly during the second half of the 19th and in the 20th centuries. During the classical era, Mozart and Beethoven often improvised the cadenzas to their piano concertos (and thereby encouraged others to do so), but they also provided written cadenzas for use by other soloists. In opera, the practice of singing strictly by the score, i.e. come scritto, was famously propagated by soprano Maria Callas, who called this practice 'straitjacketing' and implied that it allows the intention of the composer to be understood better, especially during studying the music for the first time.

title: Classical_music

title: Classical_music

text: The

text: primacy

text: of

text: the

text: composer

text: 's

text: written

text: score

text: has

text: also

text: led

text: today

text: to

text: a

text: relatively

text: minor

text: role

text: played

text: by

text: improvisation

text: in

text: classical

text: music

text: in

text: sharp

text: contrast

text: to

text: the

text: practice

text: of

text: musicians

text: who

text: lived

text: during

text: the

text: baroque

text: classical

text: and

text: romantic

text: era

text: Improvisation

text: in

text: classical

text: music

text: performance

text: was

text: common

text: during

text: both

text: the

text: Baroque

text: and

text: early

text: romantic

text: eras

text: yet

text: lessened

text: strongly

text: during

text: the

text: second

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: centuries

text: During

text: the

text: classical

text: era

text: Mozart

text: and

text: Beethoven

text: often

text: improvised

text: the

text: cadenzas

text: to

text: their

text: piano

text: concertos

text: and

text: thereby

text: encouraged

text: others

text: to

text: do

text: so

text: but

text: they

text: also

text: provided

text: written

text: cadenzas

text: for

text: use

text: by

text: other

text: soloists

text: In

text: opera

text: the

text: practice

text: of

text: singing

text: strictly

text: by

text: the

text: score

text: i.e.

text: come

text: scritto

text: was

text: famously

text: propagated

text: by

text: soprano

text: Maria

text: Callas

text: who

text: called

text: this

text: practice

text: straitjacketing

text: and

text: implied

text: that

text: it

text: allows

text: the

text: intention

text: of

text: the

text: composer

text: to

text: be

text: understood

text: better

text: especially

text: during

text: studying

text: the

text: music

text: for

text: the

text: first

text: time

question: When was improvisation in classical music performance common?

answer: the Baroque and early romantic eras

text: the Baroque and early romantic eras

question: When did improvisation begin to lessened strongly?

answer: the second half of the 19th and in the 20th centuries

text: the second half of the 19th and in the 20th centuries

question: What part did Mozart and Beethoven often improvise?

answer: the cadenzas to their piano concertos

text: the cadenzas to their piano concertos

question: What is the name for the practice of singing strictly by the score in opera?

answer: come scritto

text: come scritto

question: Who strongly supposed ome scritto?

answer: soprano Maria Callas

text: soprano Maria Callas


text: Unit testing is a software development process that involves synchronized application of a broad spectrum of defect prevention and detection strategies in order to reduce software development risks, time, and costs. It is performed by the software developer or engineer during the construction phase of the software development lifecycle. Rather than replace traditional QA focuses, it augments it. Unit testing aims to eliminate construction errors before code is promoted to QA; this strategy is intended to increase the quality of the resulting software as well as the efficiency of the overall development and QA process.

title: Software_testing

title: Software_testing

text: Unit

text: testing

text: is

text: a

text: software

text: development

text: process

text: that

text: involves

text: synchronized

text: application

text: of

text: a

text: broad

text: spectrum

text: of

text: defect

text: prevention

text: and

text: detection

text: strategies

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: reduce

text: software

text: development

text: risks

text: time

text: and

text: costs

text: It

text: is

text: performed

text: by

text: the

text: software

text: developer

text: or

text: engineer

text: during

text: the

text: construction

text: phase

text: of

text: the

text: software

text: development

text: lifecycle

text: Rather

text: than

text: replace

text: traditional

text: QA

text: focuses

text: it

text: augments

text: it

text: Unit

text: testing

text: aims

text: to

text: eliminate

text: construction

text: errors

text: before

text: code

text: is

text: promoted

text: to

text: QA

text: this

text: strategy

text: is

text: intended

text: to

text: increase

text: the

text: quality

text: of

text: the

text: resulting

text: software

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: efficiency

text: of

text: the

text: overall

text: development

text: and

text: QA

text: process

question: What is the main reasoning behind Unit testing that involves synchronization of the application on a broad spectrum?

answer: reduce software development risks, time, and costs

text: reduce software development risks, time, and costs

question: Who performs the Unit testing phase?

answer: software developer or engineer

text: software developer or engineer

question: What does Unit testing look to eliminate?

answer: construction errors

text: construction errors

question: By elimination construction errors, what is the expected end result?

answer: increase the quality of the resulting software

text: increase the quality of the resulting software


text: According to Forbes' Most Influential Celebrities 2014 list, Spielberg was listed as the most influential celebrity in America. The annual list is conducted by E-Poll Market Research and it gave more than 6,600 celebrities on 46 different personality attributes a score representing "how that person is perceived as influencing the public, their peers, or both." Spielberg received a score of 47, meaning 47% of the US believes he is influential. Gerry Philpott, president of E-Poll Market Research, supported Spielberg's score by stating, "If anyone doubts that Steven Spielberg has greatly influenced the public, think about how many will think for a second before going into the water this summer."

title: Steven_Spielberg

title: Steven_Spielberg

text: According

text: to

text: Forbes

text: Most

text: Influential

text: Celebrities

text: list

text: Spielberg

text: was

text: listed

text: as

text: the

text: most

text: influential

text: celebrity

text: in

text: America

text: The

text: annual

text: list

text: is

text: conducted

text: by

text: E

text: Poll

text: Market

text: Research

text: and

text: it

text: gave

text: more

text: than

text: celebrities

text: on

text: different

text: personality

text: attributes

text: a

text: score

text: representing

text: how

text: that

text: person

text: is

text: perceived

text: as

text: influencing

text: the

text: public

text: their

text: peers

text: or

text: both

text: Spielberg

text: received

text: a

text: score

text: of

text: meaning

text: of

text: the

text: US

text: believes

text: he

text: is

text: influential

text: Gerry

text: Philpott

text: president

text: of

text: E

text: Poll

text: Market

text: Research

text: supported

text: Spielberg

text: 's

text: score

text: by

text: stating

text: If

text: anyone

text: doubts

text: that

text: Steven

text: Spielberg

text: has

text: greatly

text: influenced

text: the

text: public

text: think

text: about

text: how

text: many

text: will

text: think

text: for

text: a

text: second

text: before

text: going

text: into

text: the

text: water

text: this

text: summer

question: When was Spielberg named the 'most influential celebrity in America'?

answer: 2014

question: How much of the US believes Spielberg is influential?

answer: 47%

question: Who is Gerry Philpott?

answer: president of E-Poll Market Research

text: president of E-Poll Market Research

question: How did Spielberg influence the public's behavior?

answer: many will think for a second before going into the water this summer

text: many will think for a second before going into the water this summer


text: Kerry's commanding officer, Lieutenant Commander George Elliott, stated to Douglas Brinkley in 2003 that he did not know whether to court-martial Kerry for beaching the boat without orders or give him a medal for saving the crew. Elliott recommended Kerry for the Silver Star, and Zumwalt flew into An Thoi to personally award medals to Kerry and the rest of the sailors involved in the mission. The Navy's account of Kerry's actions is presented in the original medal citation signed by Zumwalt. The engagement was documented in an after-action report, a press release written on March 1, 1969, and a historical summary dated March 17, 1969.

title: John_Kerry

title: John_Kerry

text: Kerry

text: 's

text: commanding

text: officer

text: Lieutenant

text: Commander

text: George

text: Elliott

text: stated

text: to

text: Douglas

text: Brinkley

text: in

text: that

text: he

text: did

text: not

text: know

text: whether

text: to

text: court

text: martial

text: Kerry

text: for

text: beaching

text: the

text: boat

text: without

text: orders

text: or

text: give

text: him

text: a

text: medal

text: for

text: saving

text: the

text: crew

text: Elliott

text: recommended

text: Kerry

text: for

text: the

text: Silver

text: Star

text: and

text: Zumwalt

text: flew

text: into

text: An

text: Thoi

text: to

text: personally

text: award

text: medals

text: to

text: Kerry

text: and

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: the

text: sailors

text: involved

text: in

text: the

text: mission

text: The

text: Navy

text: 's

text: account

text: of

text: Kerry

text: 's

text: actions

text: is

text: presented

text: in

text: the

text: original

text: medal

text: citation

text: signed

text: by

text: Zumwalt

text: The

text: engagement

text: was

text: documented

text: in

text: an

text: after

text: action

text: report

text: a

text: press

text: release

text: written

text: on

text: March

text: and

text: a

text: historical

text: summary

text: dated

text: March

question: Where did Kerry receive his Silver Star?

answer: An Thoi

text: An Thoi

question: Who was Kerry's commander?

answer: Lieutenant Commander George Elliott

text: Lieutenant Commander George Elliott

question: What complaint did Elliot have about Kerry's actions?

answer: beaching the boat without orders

text: beaching the boat without orders

question: When was a press release put out about Kerry earning the Silver Star?

answer: March 1, 1969

text: March 1, 1969

question: What was released on March 17, 1969?

answer: a historical summary

text: a historical summary


text: Poland has historically been staunchly pro-American, dating back to General Tadeusz Kościuszko and Casimir Pulaski's involvement in the American Revolution. This pro-American stance was reinforced following favorable American intervention in World War I (leading to the creation of an independent Poland) and the Cold War (culminating in a Polish state independent of Soviet influence). Poland contributed a large force to the "Coalition of the Willing" in Iraq. A quote referring to Poland as "the 51st state" has been attributed to James Pavitt, then Central Intelligence Agency Deputy Director for Operations, especially in connection to extraordinary rendition.

title: 51st_state

title: 51st_state

text: Poland

text: has

text: historically

text: been

text: staunchly

text: pro

text: American

text: dating

text: back

text: to

text: General

text: Tadeusz

text: Kościuszko

text: and

text: Casimir

text: Pulaski

text: 's

text: involvement

text: in

text: the

text: American

text: Revolution

text: This

text: pro

text: American

text: stance

text: was

text: reinforced

text: following

text: favorable

text: American

text: intervention

text: in

text: World

text: War

text: I

text: leading

text: to

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: an

text: independent

text: Poland

text: and

text: the

text: Cold

text: War

text: culminating

text: in

text: a

text: Polish

text: state

text: independent

text: of

text: Soviet

text: influence

text: Poland

text: contributed

text: a

text: large

text: force

text: to

text: the

text: Coalition

text: of

text: the

text: Willing

text: in

text: Iraq

text: A

text: quote

text: referring

text: to

text: Poland

text: as

text: the

text: state

text: has

text: been

text: attributed

text: to

text: James

text: Pavitt

text: then

text: Central

text: Intelligence

text: Agency

text: Deputy

text: Director

text: for

text: Operations

text: especially

text: in

text: connection

text: to

text: extraordinary

text: rendition

question: What had been Poland's stance towards the US, historically?

answer: staunchly pro-American

text: staunchly pro-American

question: What led to the creation of an independent Poland?

answer: favorable American intervention in World War I

text: favorable American intervention in World War I

question: What did Poland contribute to the "Coalition of the Willing"?

answer: a large force

text: a large force


text: Spinal cord fibers dedicated to carrying A-delta fiber pain signals, and others that carry both A-delta and C fiber pain signals up the spinal cord to the thalamus in the brain have been identified. Other spinal cord fibers, known as wide dynamic range neurons, respond to A-delta and C fibers, but also to the large A-beta fibers that carry touch, pressure and vibration signals. Pain-related activity in the thalamus spreads to the insular cortex (thought to embody, among other things, the feeling that distinguishes pain from other homeostatic emotions such as itch and nausea) and anterior cingulate cortex (thought to embody, among other things, the motivational element of pain); and pain that is distinctly located also activates the primary and secondary somatosensory cortices. Melzack and Casey's 1968 picture of the dimensions of pain is as influential today as ever, firmly framing theory and guiding research in the functional neuroanatomy and psychology of pain.

title: Pain

title: Pain

text: Spinal

text: cord

text: fibers

text: dedicated

text: to

text: carrying

text: A

text: delta

text: fiber

text: pain

text: signals

text: and

text: others

text: that

text: carry

text: both

text: A

text: delta

text: and

text: C

text: fiber

text: pain

text: signals

text: up

text: the

text: spinal

text: cord

text: to

text: the

text: thalamus

text: in

text: the

text: brain

text: have

text: been

text: identified

text: Other

text: spinal

text: cord

text: fibers

text: known

text: as

text: wide

text: dynamic

text: range

text: neurons

text: respond

text: to

text: A

text: delta

text: and

text: C

text: fibers

text: but

text: also

text: to

text: the

text: large

text: A

text: beta

text: fibers

text: that

text: carry

text: touch

text: pressure

text: and

text: vibration

text: signals

text: Pain

text: related

text: activity

text: in

text: the

text: thalamus

text: spreads

text: to

text: the

text: insular

text: cortex

text: thought

text: to

text: embody

text: among

text: other

text: things

text: the

text: feeling

text: that

text: distinguishes

text: pain

text: from

text: other

text: homeostatic

text: emotions

text: such

text: as

text: itch

text: and

text: nausea

text: and

text: anterior

text: cingulate

text: cortex

text: thought

text: to

text: embody

text: among

text: other

text: things

text: the

text: motivational

text: element

text: of

text: pain

text: and

text: pain

text: that

text: is

text: distinctly

text: located

text: also

text: activates

text: the

text: primary

text: and

text: secondary

text: somatosensory

text: cortices

text: Melzack

text: and

text: Casey

text: 's

text: picture

text: of

text: the

text: dimensions

text: of

text: pain

text: is

text: as

text: influential

text: today

text: as

text: ever

text: firmly

text: framing

text: theory

text: and

text: guiding

text: research

text: in

text: the

text: functional

text: neuroanatomy

text: and

text: psychology

text: of

text: pain

question: What are some spinal cord fibers exclusive to?

answer: A-delta

text: A-delta

question: Pain signals travel first to what region of the brain?

answer: thalamus

text: thalamus

question: What are dynamic range neurons?

answer: spinal cord fibers

text: spinal cord fibers

question: Where does pain-related activity in the thalamus spread to?

answer: the insular cortex

text: the insular cortex

question: Pain which is distinctly located also activates what cortices?

answer: somatosensory

text: somatosensory


text: Soul and disco influenced house music, plus mixing and editing techniques earlier explored by disco, garage music and post-disco DJs, producers, and audio engineers such as Walter Gibbons, Tom Moulton, Jim Burgess, Larry Levan, Ron Hardy, M & M, and others who produced longer, more repetitive, and percussive arrangements of existing disco recordings. Early house producers such as Frankie Knuckles created similar compositions from scratch, using samplers, synthesizers, sequencers, and drum machines.

title: House_music

title: House_music

text: Soul

text: and

text: disco

text: influenced

text: house

text: music

text: plus

text: mixing

text: and

text: editing

text: techniques

text: earlier

text: explored

text: by

text: disco

text: garage

text: music

text: and

text: post

text: disco

text: DJs

text: producers

text: and

text: audio

text: engineers

text: such

text: as

text: Walter

text: Gibbons

text: Tom

text: Moulton

text: Jim

text: Burgess

text: Larry

text: Levan

text: Ron

text: Hardy

text: M

text: M

text: and

text: others

text: who

text: produced

text: longer

text: more

text: repetitive

text: and

text: percussive

text: arrangements

text: of

text: existing

text: disco

text: recordings

text: Early

text: house

text: producers

text: such

text: as

text: Frankie

text: Knuckles

text: created

text: similar

text: compositions

text: from

text: scratch

text: using

text: samplers

text: synthesizers

text: sequencers

text: and

text: drum

text: machines

question: What influenced House music?

answer: Soul and disco

text: Soul and disco

question: What type of producer was Frankie Knuckles?

answer: Early house producers

text: Early house producers

question: what did Frankie Knuckles use to create his compositions?

answer: samplers, synthesizers, sequencers, and drum machines

text: samplers, synthesizers, sequencers, and drum machines


text: The Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces is the reigning Canadian monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, who is represented by the Governor General of Canada. The Canadian Armed Forces is led by the Chief of the Defence Staff, who is advised and assisted by the Armed Forces Council.

title: Canadian_Armed_Forces

title: Canadian_Armed_Forces

text: The

text: Commander

text: in

text: Chief

text: of

text: the

text: Canadian

text: Armed

text: Forces

text: is

text: the

text: reigning

text: Canadian

text: monarch

text: Queen

text: Elizabeth

text: II

text: who

text: is

text: represented

text: by

text: the

text: Governor

text: General

text: of

text: Canada

text: The

text: Canadian

text: Armed

text: Forces

text: is

text: led

text: by

text: the

text: Chief

text: of

text: the

text: Defence

text: Staff

text: who

text: is

text: advised

text: and

text: assisted

text: by

text: the

text: Armed

text: Forces

text: Council

question: Who currently is the Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces?

answer: Queen Elizabeth II

text: Queen Elizabeth II

question: Who represents Queen Elizabeth II?

answer: the Governor General of Canada

text: the Governor General of Canada

question: Who leads the CAF?

answer: the Chief of the Defence Staff

text: the Chief of the Defence Staff

question: Who advises the Chief of the Defence?

answer: the Armed Forces Council.

text: the Armed Forces Council.


text: On September 22, 1980, the Iraqi army invaded the Iranian Khuzestan, and the Iran–Iraq War began. Although the forces of Saddam Hussein made several early advances, by mid 1982, the Iranian forces successfully managed to drive the Iraqi army back into Iraq. In July 1982, with Iraq thrown on the defensive, Iran took the decision to invade Iraq and conducted countless offensives in a bid to conquer Iraqi territory and capture cities, such as Basra. The war continued until 1988, when the Iraqi army defeated the Iranian forces inside Iraq and pushed the remaining Iranian troops back across the border. Subsequently, Khomeini accepted a truce mediated by the UN. The total Iranian casualties in the war were estimated to be 123,220–160,000 KIA, 60,711 MIA, and 11,000–16,000 civilians killed.

title: Iran

title: Iran

text: On

text: September

text: the

text: Iraqi

text: army

text: invaded

text: the

text: Iranian

text: Khuzestan

text: and

text: the

text: Iran

text: Iraq

text: War

text: began

text: Although

text: the

text: forces

text: of

text: Saddam

text: Hussein

text: made

text: several

text: early

text: advances

text: by

text: mid

text: the

text: Iranian

text: forces

text: successfully

text: managed

text: to

text: drive

text: the

text: Iraqi

text: army

text: back

text: into

text: Iraq

text: In

text: July

text: with

text: Iraq

text: thrown

text: on

text: the

text: defensive

text: Iran

text: took

text: the

text: decision

text: to

text: invade

text: Iraq

text: and

text: conducted

text: countless

text: offensives

text: in

text: a

text: bid

text: to

text: conquer

text: Iraqi

text: territory

text: and

text: capture

text: cities

text: such

text: as

text: Basra

text: The

text: war

text: continued

text: until

text: when

text: the

text: Iraqi

text: army

text: defeated

text: the

text: Iranian

text: forces

text: inside

text: Iraq

text: and

text: pushed

text: the

text: remaining

text: Iranian

text: troops

text: back

text: across

text: the

text: border

text: Subsequently

text: Khomeini

text: accepted

text: a

text: truce

text: mediated

text: by

text: the

text: UN

text: The

text: total

text: Iranian

text: casualties

text: in

text: the

text: war

text: were

text: estimated

text: to

text: be

text: KIA

text: MIA

text: and

text: civilians

text: killed

question: Who invaded Iran in 1980?

answer: the Iraqi army

text: the Iraqi army

question: When did the Iranian army push the Iraqis back into Iraq?

answer: mid 1982

text: mid 1982

question: Who mediated the truce which ended the Iran-Iraq War?

answer: the UN

text: the UN

question: When did the Iran-Iraq War finally end?

answer: 1988

question: How many civilians in Iran were killed during the Iran-Iraq War?

answer: 11,000–16,000


text: Boston (pronounced i/ˈbɒstən/) is the capital and largest city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston also served as the historic county seat of Suffolk County until Massachusetts disbanded county government in 1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles (124 km2) with an estimated population of 655,884 in 2014, making it the largest city in New England and the 24th largest city in the United States. The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area called Greater Boston, home to 4.7 million people and the tenth-largest metropolitan statistical area in the country. Greater Boston as a commuting region is home to 8.1 million people, making it the sixth-largest combined statistical area in the United States.

title: Boston

title: Boston

text: Boston

text: pronounced

text: i/ˈbɒstən/

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: of

text: Massachusetts

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Boston

text: also

text: served

text: as

text: the

text: historic

text: county

text: seat

text: of

text: Suffolk

text: County

text: until

text: Massachusetts

text: disbanded

text: county

text: government

text: in

text: The

text: city

text: proper

text: covers

text: square

text: miles

text: with

text: an

text: estimated

text: population

text: of

text: in

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: New

text: England

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: the

text: economic

text: and

text: cultural

text: anchor

text: of

text: a

text: substantially

text: larger

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: called

text: Greater

text: Boston

text: home

text: to

text: million

text: people

text: and

text: the

text: tenth

text: largest

text: metropolitan

text: statistical

text: area

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: Greater

text: Boston

text: as

text: a

text: commuting

text: region

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: million

text: people

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: sixth

text: largest

text: combined

text: statistical

text: area

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

question: What is the capital of Massachusetts?

answer: Boston

text: Boston

question: What is the approximate population for 2014?

answer: 655,884

question: How many square miles does Boston cover?

answer: 48 square miles

text: 48 square miles

question: What was the population of Boston in 2014

answer: 655,884

question: How many square miles is Boston?

answer: 48 square miles

text: 48 square miles

question: What place is Boston in for largest city in the US?

answer: 24th

question: Which of the United States is Boston located in?

answer: Massachusetts

text: Massachusetts

question: How many square miles is the city proper of Boston?

answer: 48

question: The large metropolitan area of Boston is also called what?

answer: Greater Boston

text: Greater Boston

question: What is the estimated population of Greater Boston?

answer: 4.7 million people

text: 4.7 million people

question: What is the capital and largest city in Massachusetts?

answer: Boston

text: Boston


text: The highest portion of the range is divided by the glacial trough of the Rhone valley, with the Pennine Alps from Mont Blanc to the Matterhorn and Monte Rosa on the southern side, and the Bernese Alps on the northern. The peaks in the easterly portion of the range, in Austria and Slovenia, are smaller than those in the central and western portions.

title: Alps

title: Alps

text: The

text: highest

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: range

text: is

text: divided

text: by

text: the

text: glacial

text: trough

text: of

text: the

text: Rhone

text: valley

text: with

text: the

text: Pennine

text: Alps

text: from

text: Mont

text: Blanc

text: to

text: the

text: Matterhorn

text: and

text: Monte

text: Rosa

text: on

text: the

text: southern

text: side

text: and

text: the

text: Bernese

text: Alps

text: on

text: the

text: northern

text: The

text: peaks

text: in

text: the

text: easterly

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: range

text: in

text: Austria

text: and

text: Slovenia

text: are

text: smaller

text: than

text: those

text: in

text: the

text: central

text: and

text: western

text: portions

question: The highest portion of the Alp's range is divided by what?

answer: the glacial trough of the Rhone valley

text: the glacial trough of the Rhone valley

question: Where are the peaks smaller in the range?

answer: the easterly portion

text: the easterly portion

question: The Bernese Alps are located in what part of the range?

answer: northern

text: northern


text: The assumption that black-body radiation is thermal leads to an accurate prediction: the total amount of emitted energy goes up with the temperature according to a definite rule, the Stefan–Boltzmann law (1879–84). But it was also known that the colour of the light given off by a hot object changes with the temperature, so that "white hot" is hotter than "red hot". Nevertheless, Wilhelm Wien discovered the mathematical relationship between the peaks of the curves at different temperatures, by using the principle of adiabatic invariance. At each different temperature, the curve is moved over by Wien's displacement law (1893). Wien also proposed an approximation for the spectrum of the object, which was correct at high frequencies (short wavelength) but not at low frequencies (long wavelength). It still was not clear why the spectrum of a hot object had the form that it has (see diagram).

title: Planck_constant

title: Planck_constant

text: The

text: assumption

text: that

text: black

text: body

text: radiation

text: is

text: thermal

text: leads

text: to

text: an

text: accurate

text: prediction

text: the

text: total

text: amount

text: of

text: emitted

text: energy

text: goes

text: up

text: with

text: the

text: temperature

text: according

text: to

text: a

text: definite

text: rule

text: the

text: Stefan

text: Boltzmann

text: law

text: But

text: it

text: was

text: also

text: known

text: that

text: the

text: colour

text: of

text: the

text: light

text: given

text: off

text: by

text: a

text: hot

text: object

text: changes

text: with

text: the

text: temperature

text: so

text: that

text: white

text: hot

text: is

text: hotter

text: than

text: red

text: hot

text: Nevertheless

text: Wilhelm

text: Wien

text: discovered

text: the

text: mathematical

text: relationship

text: between

text: the

text: peaks

text: of

text: the

text: curves

text: at

text: different

text: temperatures

text: by

text: using

text: the

text: principle

text: of

text: adiabatic

text: invariance

text: At

text: each

text: different

text: temperature

text: the

text: curve

text: is

text: moved

text: over

text: by

text: Wien

text: 's

text: displacement

text: law

text: Wien

text: also

text: proposed

text: an

text: approximation

text: for

text: the

text: spectrum

text: of

text: the

text: object

text: which

text: was

text: correct

text: at

text: high

text: frequencies

text: short

text: wavelength

text: but

text: not

text: at

text: low

text: frequencies

text: long

text: wavelength

text: It

text: still

text: was

text: not

text: clear

text: why

text: the

text: spectrum

text: of

text: a

text: hot

text: object

text: had

text: the

text: form

text: that

text: it

text: has

text: see

text: diagram

question: What do scientists assume black body radiation is?

answer: thermal

text: thermal

question: What kind of prediction does the assumption that black body radiation is thermal lead to?

answer: accurate

text: accurate

question: What type of changes in the light a hot object emits as the object's temperature changes?

answer: colour

text: colour

question: What law describes the changes in light emitted by a hot object?

answer: Stefan–Boltzmann law

text: Stefan–Boltzmann law

question: What assumption that black-body radiation is what leads to an accurate prediction?

answer: thermal

text: thermal

question: What does the Stefan-Boltzmann law state?

answer: the total amount of emitted energy goes up with the temperature according to a definite rule

text: the total amount of emitted energy goes up with the temperature according to a definite rule

question: What about a hot object changes with the temperature?

answer: the colour of the light

text: the colour of the light

question: What color is hotter than "red hot"?

answer: white hot

text: white hot

question: What did Wilhelm Wien discover?

answer: the mathematical relationship between the peaks of the curves at different temperatures

text: the mathematical relationship between the peaks of the curves at different temperatures

question: What rule predicts that emitted energy increases with temperature?

answer: the Stefan–Boltzmann law

text: the Stefan–Boltzmann law

question: What characteristic of the light emitted by a hot object changes with temperature?

answer: the colour of the light given off

text: the colour of the light given off

question: Who discovered the mathematical relationship between peaks and curves of light at different temperatures?

answer: Wilhelm Wien

text: Wilhelm Wien

question: The rule that adjust the curve at different temperatures is known as what?

answer: Wien's displacement law

text: Wien's displacement law

question: Wien's spectrum model could not predict accurate at what end of the spectrum?

answer: at low frequencies (long wavelength)

text: at low frequencies (long wavelength)


text: As in much of Europe, the prosperity of Alsace came to an end in the 14th century by a series of harsh winters, bad harvests, and the Black Death. These hardships were blamed on Jews, leading to the pogroms of 1336 and 1339. In 1349, Jews of Alsace were accused of poisoning the wells with plague, leading to the massacre of thousands of Jews during the Strasbourg pogrom. Jews were subsequently forbidden to settle in the town. An additional natural disaster was the Rhine rift earthquake of 1356, one of Europe's worst which made ruins of Basel. Prosperity returned to Alsace under Habsburg administration during the Renaissance.

title: Alsace

title: Alsace

text: As

text: in

text: much

text: of

text: Europe

text: the

text: prosperity

text: of

text: Alsace

text: came

text: to

text: an

text: end

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: by

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: harsh

text: winters

text: bad

text: harvests

text: and

text: the

text: Black

text: Death

text: These

text: hardships

text: were

text: blamed

text: on

text: Jews

text: leading

text: to

text: the

text: pogroms

text: of

text: and

text: In

text: Jews

text: of

text: Alsace

text: were

text: accused

text: of

text: poisoning

text: the

text: wells

text: with

text: plague

text: leading

text: to

text: the

text: massacre

text: of

text: thousands

text: of

text: Jews

text: during

text: the

text: Strasbourg

text: pogrom

text: Jews

text: were

text: subsequently

text: forbidden

text: to

text: settle

text: in

text: the

text: town

text: An

text: additional

text: natural

text: disaster

text: was

text: the

text: Rhine

text: rift

text: earthquake

text: of

text: one

text: of

text: Europe

text: 's

text: worst

text: which

text: made

text: ruins

text: of

text: Basel

text: Prosperity

text: returned

text: to

text: Alsace

text: under

text: Habsburg

text: administration

text: during

text: the

text: Renaissance

question: About when did Alsace lose its prosperity?

answer: 14th century

text: 14th century

question: Why did Alsace decline has a prospering territory?

answer: harsh winters, bad harvests, and the Black Death

text: harsh winters, bad harvests, and the Black Death

question: Which group of people were wrongly blamed for all the disasters that struck the region?

answer: blamed on Jews

text: blamed on Jews

question: What were the jewish people accused of in Alsace?

answer: accused of poisoning the wells with plague

text: accused of poisoning the wells with plague

question: When did the Rhine Rift earthquake occur?

answer: 1356,


text: Universal Studios was founded by Carl Laemmle, Mark Dintenfass, Charles O. Baumann, Adam Kessel, Pat Powers, William Swanson, David Horsley, Robert H. Cochrane[a] and Jules Brulatour. One story has Laemmle watching a box office for hours, counting patrons and calculating the day's takings. Within weeks of his Chicago trip, Laemmle gave up dry goods to buy the first several nickelodeons. For Laemmle and other such entrepreneurs, the creation in 1908 of the Edison-backed Motion Picture Trust meant that exhibitors were expected to pay fees for Trust-produced films they showed. Based on the Latham Loop used in cameras and projectors, along with other patents, the Trust collected fees on all aspects of movie production and exhibition, and attempted to enforce a monopoly on distribution.

title: Universal_Studios

title: Universal_Studios

text: Universal

text: Studios

text: was

text: founded

text: by

text: Carl

text: Laemmle

text: Mark

text: Dintenfass

text: Charles

text: O.

text: Baumann

text: Adam

text: Kessel

text: Pat

text: Powers

text: William

text: Swanson

text: David

text: Horsley

text: Robert

text: H.

text: Cochrane[a

text: and

text: Jules

text: Brulatour

text: One

text: story

text: has

text: Laemmle

text: watching

text: a

text: box

text: office

text: for

text: hours

text: counting

text: patrons

text: and

text: calculating

text: the

text: day

text: 's

text: takings

text: Within

text: weeks

text: of

text: his

text: Chicago

text: trip

text: Laemmle

text: gave

text: up

text: dry

text: goods

text: to

text: buy

text: the

text: first

text: several

text: nickelodeons

text: For

text: Laemmle

text: and

text: other

text: such

text: entrepreneurs

text: the

text: creation

text: in

text: of

text: the

text: Edison

text: backed

text: Motion

text: Picture

text: Trust

text: meant

text: that

text: exhibitors

text: were

text: expected

text: to

text: pay

text: fees

text: for

text: Trust

text: produced

text: films

text: they

text: showed

text: Based

text: on

text: the

text: Latham

text: Loop

text: used

text: in

text: cameras

text: and

text: projectors

text: along

text: with

text: other

text: patents

text: the

text: Trust

text: collected

text: fees

text: on

text: all

text: aspects

text: of

text: movie

text: production

text: and

text: exhibition

text: and

text: attempted

text: to

text: enforce

text: a

text: monopoly

text: on

text: distribution

question: After a trip to what city did Carl Laemmle leave the dry goods business?

answer: Chicago

text: Chicago

question: In what year was the Motion Picture Trust created?

answer: 1908

question: What notable historical figure was involved in the Motion Picture Trust?

answer: Edison

text: Edison

question: For what part of a motion picture projector did the Motion Picture Trust hold a patent?

answer: the Latham Loop

text: the Latham Loop


text: The small woolen dolls called Maniae, hung on the Compitalia shrines, were thought a symbolic replacement for child-sacrifice to Mania, as Mother of the Lares. The Junii took credit for its abolition by their ancestor L. Junius Brutus, traditionally Rome's Republican founder and first consul. Political or military executions were sometimes conducted in such a way that they evoked human sacrifice, whether deliberately or in the perception of witnesses; Marcus Marius Gratidianus was a gruesome example.

title: Religion_in_ancient_Rome

title: Religion_in_ancient_Rome

text: The

text: small

text: woolen

text: dolls

text: called

text: Maniae

text: hung

text: on

text: the

text: Compitalia

text: shrines

text: were

text: thought

text: a

text: symbolic

text: replacement

text: for

text: child

text: sacrifice

text: to

text: Mania

text: as

text: Mother

text: of

text: the

text: Lares

text: The

text: Junii

text: took

text: credit

text: for

text: its

text: abolition

text: by

text: their

text: ancestor

text: L.

text: Junius

text: Brutus

text: traditionally

text: Rome

text: 's

text: Republican

text: founder

text: and

text: first

text: consul

text: Political

text: or

text: military

text: executions

text: were

text: sometimes

text: conducted

text: in

text: such

text: a

text: way

text: that

text: they

text: evoked

text: human

text: sacrifice

text: whether

text: deliberately

text: or

text: in

text: the

text: perception

text: of

text: witnesses

text: Marcus

text: Marius

text: Gratidianus

text: was

text: a

text: gruesome

text: example

question: Who was the founder of the Roman Republic?

answer: L. Junius Brutus

text: L. Junius Brutus

question: What were stand-ins for child sacrifices to Mania?

answer: woolen dolls

text: woolen dolls

question: Who was Mania in Roman religion?

answer: Mother of the Lares

text: Mother of the Lares

question: What leader was the first consul of the Roman Republic?

answer: L. Junius Brutus

text: L. Junius Brutus

question: What acts were sometimes arranged so as to be sacrifices?

answer: executions

text: executions


text: The question to be answered is whether a listed species will be harmed by the action and, if so, how the harm can be minimized. If harm cannot be avoided, the project agency can seek an exemption from the Endangered Species Committee, an ad hoc panel composed of members from the executive branch and at least one appointee from the state where the project is to occur. Five of the seven committee members must vote for the exemption to allow taking (to harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill, trap, capture, or collect, or significant habitat modification, or to attempt to engage in any such conduct) of listed species.

title: Endangered_Species_Act

title: Endangered_Species_Act

text: The

text: question

text: to

text: be

text: answered

text: is

text: whether

text: a

text: listed

text: species

text: will

text: be

text: harmed

text: by

text: the

text: action

text: and

text: if

text: so

text: how

text: the

text: harm

text: can

text: be

text: minimized

text: If

text: harm

text: can

text: not

text: be

text: avoided

text: the

text: project

text: agency

text: can

text: seek

text: an

text: exemption

text: from

text: the

text: Endangered

text: Species

text: Committee

text: an

text: ad

text: hoc

text: panel

text: composed

text: of

text: members

text: from

text: the

text: executive

text: branch

text: and

text: at

text: least

text: one

text: appointee

text: from

text: the

text: state

text: where

text: the

text: project

text: is

text: to

text: occur

text: Five

text: of

text: the

text: seven

text: committee

text: members

text: must

text: vote

text: for

text: the

text: exemption

text: to

text: allow

text: taking

text: to

text: harass

text: harm

text: pursue

text: hunt

text: shoot

text: wound

text: kill

text: trap

text: capture

text: or

text: collect

text: or

text: significant

text: habitat

text: modification

text: or

text: to

text: attempt

text: to

text: engage

text: in

text: any

text: such

text: conduct

text: of

text: listed

text: species

question: What is the primary consideration for determining if projects may be carried out in areas with endangered species?

answer: whether a listed species will be harmed by the action and, if so, how the harm can be minimized

text: whether a listed species will be harmed by the action and, if so, how the harm can be minimized

question: If a species may be harmed, who holds final say on whether the project may proceed?

answer: the Endangered Species Committee

text: the Endangered Species Committee

question: How many members are on the ad hoc panel that allows project exemptions for cases where a species may harmed?

answer: seven

text: seven

question: How many votes must be in favor of the exemption in order to award the exemption?

answer: Five

text: Five

question: What is one specific requirement regarding the make-up of the exmeption panel?

answer: at least one appointee from the state where the project is to occur

text: at least one appointee from the state where the project is to occur


text: 27th Street is a one-way street runs from Second Avenue to the West Side Highway with an interruption between Eighth Avenue and Tenth Avenue. It is most noted for its strip between Tenth and Eleventh Avenues, known as Club Row because it features numerous nightclubs and lounges.

title: List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan

title: List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan

text: Street

text: is

text: a

text: one

text: way

text: street

text: runs

text: from

text: Second

text: Avenue

text: to

text: the

text: West

text: Side

text: Highway

text: with

text: an

text: interruption

text: between

text: Eighth

text: Avenue

text: and

text: Tenth

text: Avenue

text: It

text: is

text: most

text: noted

text: for

text: its

text: strip

text: between

text: Tenth

text: and

text: Eleventh

text: Avenues

text: known

text: as

text: Club

text: Row

text: because

text: it

text: features

text: numerous

text: nightclubs

text: and

text: lounges

question: Which street does Club Row occur on?

answer: 27th Street

text: 27th Street

question: Which strip is known for its numerous nightclubs and lounges?

answer: Club Row

text: Club Row

question: What is the strip of 27th Street between Tenth and Eleventh Avenues known as?

answer: Club Row

text: Club Row

question: Does traffuc on 27th Street run one-way or two-ways?

answer: one-way

text: one-way

question: Where does 27th Street start?

answer: Second Avenue

text: Second Avenue


text: As a doctoral student at Germany's University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Karlheinz Brandenburg began working on digital music compression in the early 1980s, focusing on how people perceive music. He completed his doctoral work in 1989. MP3 is directly descended from OCF and PXFM, representing the outcome of the collaboration of Brandenburg—working as a postdoc at AT&T-Bell Labs with James D. Johnston ("JJ") of AT&T-Bell Labs—with the Fraunhofer Institut for Integrated Circuits, Erlangen, with relatively minor contributions from the MP2 branch of psychoacoustic sub-band coders. In 1990, Brandenburg became an assistant professor at Erlangen-Nuremberg. While there, he continued to work on music compression with scientists at the Fraunhofer Society (in 1993 he joined the staff of the Fraunhofer Institute).

title: MP3

title: MP3

text: As

text: a

text: doctoral

text: student

text: at

text: Germany

text: 's

text: University

text: of

text: Erlangen

text: Nuremberg

text: Karlheinz

text: Brandenburg

text: began

text: working

text: on

text: digital

text: music

text: compression

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: focusing

text: on

text: how

text: people

text: perceive

text: music

text: He

text: completed

text: his

text: doctoral

text: work

text: in

text: is

text: directly

text: descended

text: from

text: OCF

text: and

text: PXFM

text: representing

text: the

text: outcome

text: of

text: the

text: collaboration

text: of

text: Brandenburg

text: working

text: as

text: a

text: postdoc

text: at

text: AT&T

text: Bell

text: Labs

text: with

text: James

text: D.

text: Johnston

text: JJ

text: of

text: AT&T

text: Bell

text: Labs

text: with

text: the

text: Fraunhofer

text: Institut

text: for

text: Integrated

text: Circuits

text: Erlangen

text: with

text: relatively

text: minor

text: contributions

text: from

text: the

text: branch

text: of

text: psychoacoustic

text: sub

text: band

text: coders

text: In

text: Brandenburg

text: became

text: an

text: assistant

text: professor

text: at

text: Erlangen

text: Nuremberg

text: While

text: there

text: he

text: continued

text: to

text: work

text: on

text: music

text: compression

text: with

text: scientists

text: at

text: the

text: Fraunhofer

text: Society

text: in

text: he

text: joined

text: the

text: staff

text: of

text: the

text: Fraunhofer

text: Institute

question: What kind of student was Karlheinz Brandenburg?

answer: doctoral

text: doctoral

question: When did Karlheinz start working on digitmal music compression?

answer: early 1980s

text: early 1980s

question: Where did Bradenburg become an assistant professor at?

answer: Erlangen-Nuremberg

text: Erlangen-Nuremberg

question: Who did Brandenburg work with in music compression?

answer: Fraunhofer Society

text: Fraunhofer Society

question: When did Brandenburg join the Fraunhofen Institute?

answer: 1993


text: In 1634, the Mughal emperor extended his hospitality to the English traders to the region of Bengal, and in 1717 completely waived customs duties for the trade. The company's mainstay businesses were by then cotton, silk, indigo dye, saltpetre, and tea. The Dutch were aggressive competitors and had meanwhile expanded their monopoly of the spice trade in the Malaccan straits by ousting the Portuguese in 1640–41. With reduced Portuguese and Spanish influence in the region, the EIC and Dutch East India Company (VOC) entered a period of intense competition, resulting in the Anglo-Dutch Wars of the 17th and 18th centuries.

title: East_India_Company

title: East_India_Company

text: In

text: the

text: Mughal

text: emperor

text: extended

text: his

text: hospitality

text: to

text: the

text: English

text: traders

text: to

text: the

text: region

text: of

text: Bengal

text: and

text: in

text: completely

text: waived

text: customs

text: duties

text: for

text: the

text: trade

text: The

text: company

text: 's

text: mainstay

text: businesses

text: were

text: by

text: then

text: cotton

text: silk

text: indigo

text: dye

text: saltpetre

text: and

text: tea

text: The

text: Dutch

text: were

text: aggressive

text: competitors

text: and

text: had

text: meanwhile

text: expanded

text: their

text: monopoly

text: of

text: the

text: spice

text: trade

text: in

text: the

text: Malaccan

text: straits

text: by

text: ousting

text: the

text: Portuguese

text: in

text: With

text: reduced

text: Portuguese

text: and

text: Spanish

text: influence

text: in

text: the

text: region

text: the

text: EIC

text: and

text: Dutch

text: East

text: India

text: Company

text: VOC

text: entered

text: a

text: period

text: of

text: intense

text: competition

text: resulting

text: in

text: the

text: Anglo

text: Dutch

text: Wars

text: of

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

question: Name the wars that was caused by the intense competition between the EIC and Dutch East India Company

answer: Anglo-Dutch Wars of the 17th and 18th centuries

text: Anglo-Dutch Wars of the 17th and 18th centuries

question: what caused the Dutch to expand thier spice trade in the malaccan straits?

answer: ousting the Portuguese in 1640–41

text: ousting the Portuguese in 1640–41

question: How important were cotton, silk, indigo dye,saltpetre and tea to the company?

answer: The company's mainstay business

text: The company's mainstay business

question: what year did the Mughal emperor completely wave customs duities?

answer: 1717

question: who did the Mughal emperor extend hospitality to?

answer: English traders

text: English traders

question: what region was made available to english traders by  the Mughal emperor?

answer: Bengal

text: Bengal

question: in 1717 what made the region of Bengal  so appealing to English traders?

answer: waived customs duties

text: waived customs duties

question: why type of  dye was one of the East  India company's main  products?

answer: indigo dye

text: indigo dye

question: Who were the main competitors that  had a monopoly of the spice trade in Malaccan?

answer: The Dutch

text: The Dutch

question: what wars was a result of the competitive nature of the mulitple trading companies in the 17th and 18th centuries?

answer: Anglo-Dutch Wars

text: Anglo-Dutch Wars


text: One distinctive feature that has caused a great amount of interest among linguists is what is traditionally seen as three degrees of phonemic length: short, long, and "overlong", such that /sɑdɑ/, /sɑˑdɑ/ and /sɑːdɑ/ are distinct. In actuality, the distinction is not purely in the phonemic length, and the underlying phonological mechanism is still disputed.[citation needed]

title: Estonian_language

title: Estonian_language

text: One

text: distinctive

text: feature

text: that

text: has

text: caused

text: a

text: great

text: amount

text: of

text: interest

text: among

text: linguists

text: is

text: what

text: is

text: traditionally

text: seen

text: as

text: three

text: degrees

text: of

text: phonemic

text: length

text: short

text: long

text: and

text: overlong

text: such

text: that

text: /sɑdɑ/

text: /sɑˑdɑ/

text: and

text: /sɑːdɑ/

text: are

text: distinct

text: In

text: actuality

text: the

text: distinction

text: is

text: not

text: purely

text: in

text: the

text: phonemic

text: length

text: and

text: the

text: underlying

text: phonological

text: mechanism

text: is

text: still

text: disputed.[citation

text: needed

question: Who is interested in the degrees of phonemic length?

answer: linguists

text: linguists

question: What are the phonemic length's three degrees?

answer: short, long, and "overlong"

text: short, long, and "overlong"

question: What is a matter of dispute among linguists regarding the distinction?

answer: the underlying phonological mechanism

text: the underlying phonological mechanism


text: In the James Bond series by Ian Fleming, James Bond, reads The Times. As described by Fleming in From Russia, with Love: "The Times was the only paper that Bond ever read."

title: The_Times

title: The_Times

text: In

text: the

text: James

text: Bond

text: series

text: by

text: Ian

text: Fleming

text: James

text: Bond

text: reads

text: The

text: Times

text: As

text: described

text: by

text: Fleming

text: in

text: From

text: Russia

text: with

text: Love

text: The

text: Times

text: was

text: the

text: only

text: paper

text: that

text: Bond

text: ever

text: read

question: The author, Ian Fleming, created a fictional character named James Bond who prefers to only read what newspaper?

answer: The Times

text: The Times

question: What is the name of the spy and hero in Ian Fleming's books?

answer: James Bond

text: James Bond

question: In what Ian Fleming novel is James Bond described as only reading The Times newspaper?

answer: From Russia, with Love

text: From Russia, with Love


text: Nasser's street following was still too small to sustain his plans for reform and to secure him in office. To promote himself and the Liberation Rally, he gave speeches in a cross-country tour, and imposed controls over the country's press by decreeing that all publications had to be approved by the party to prevent "sedition". Both Umm Kulthum and Abdel Halim Hafez, the leading Arab singers of the era, performed songs praising Nasser's nationalism. Others produced plays denigrating his political opponents. According to his associates, Nasser orchestrated the campaign himself. Arab nationalist terms such "Arab homeland" and "Arab nation" frequently began appearing in his speeches in 1954–55, whereas prior he would refer to the Arab "peoples" or the "Arab region". In January 1955, the RCC appointed him as their president, pending national elections.

title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

text: Nasser

text: 's

text: street

text: following

text: was

text: still

text: too

text: small

text: to

text: sustain

text: his

text: plans

text: for

text: reform

text: and

text: to

text: secure

text: him

text: in

text: office

text: To

text: promote

text: himself

text: and

text: the

text: Liberation

text: Rally

text: he

text: gave

text: speeches

text: in

text: a

text: cross

text: country

text: tour

text: and

text: imposed

text: controls

text: over

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: press

text: by

text: decreeing

text: that

text: all

text: publications

text: had

text: to

text: be

text: approved

text: by

text: the

text: party

text: to

text: prevent

text: sedition

text: Both

text: Umm

text: Kulthum

text: and

text: Abdel

text: Halim

text: Hafez

text: the

text: leading

text: Arab

text: singers

text: of

text: the

text: era

text: performed

text: songs

text: praising

text: Nasser

text: 's

text: nationalism

text: Others

text: produced

text: plays

text: denigrating

text: his

text: political

text: opponents

text: According

text: to

text: his

text: associates

text: Nasser

text: orchestrated

text: the

text: campaign

text: himself

text: Arab

text: nationalist

text: terms

text: such

text: Arab

text: homeland

text: and

text: Arab

text: nation

text: frequently

text: began

text: appearing

text: in

text: his

text: speeches

text: in

text: whereas

text: prior

text: he

text: would

text: refer

text: to

text: the

text: Arab

text: peoples

text: or

text: the

text: Arab

text: region

text: In

text: January

text: the

text: RCC

text: appointed

text: him

text: as

text: their

text: president

text: pending

text: national

text: elections

question: What was too small to keep Nasser in power?

answer: street following

text: street following

question: What institution did Nasser closely control to prevent sedition?

answer: press

text: press

question: What phrases did Nasser use in many of his speeches?

answer: "Arab homeland" and "Arab nation"

text: "Arab homeland" and "Arab nation"

question: Who were Umm Kulthum and Abdel Hafez?

answer: singers

text: singers

question: In what year did the RCC appoint Nasser as president?

answer: 1955


text: During the rule of the Fatimid and Mamluk dynasties and their successor states in the medieval Middle East, many of the ruling elite founded madaris through a religious endowment known as the waqf. Not only was the madrasa a potent symbol of status but it was an effective means of transmitting wealth and status to their descendants. Especially during the Mamlūk period, when only former slaves could assume power, the sons of the ruling Mamlūk elite were unable to inherit. Guaranteed positions within the new madaris thus allowed them to maintain status. Madaris built in this period include the Mosque-Madrasah of Sultan Ḥasan in Cairo.

title: Madrasa

title: Madrasa

text: During

text: the

text: rule

text: of

text: the

text: Fatimid

text: and

text: Mamluk

text: dynasties

text: and

text: their

text: successor

text: states

text: in

text: the

text: medieval

text: Middle

text: East

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: ruling

text: elite

text: founded

text: madaris

text: through

text: a

text: religious

text: endowment

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: waqf

text: Not

text: only

text: was

text: the

text: madrasa

text: a

text: potent

text: symbol

text: of

text: status

text: but

text: it

text: was

text: an

text: effective

text: means

text: of

text: transmitting

text: wealth

text: and

text: status

text: to

text: their

text: descendants

text: Especially

text: during

text: the

text: Mamlūk

text: period

text: when

text: only

text: former

text: slaves

text: could

text: assume

text: power

text: the

text: sons

text: of

text: the

text: ruling

text: Mamlūk

text: elite

text: were

text: unable

text: to

text: inherit

text: Guaranteed

text: positions

text: within

text: the

text: new

text: madaris

text: thus

text: allowed

text: them

text: to

text: maintain

text: status

text: Madaris

text: built

text: in

text: this

text: period

text: include

text: the

text: Mosque

text: Madrasah

text: of

text: Sultan

text: Ḥasan

text: in

text: Cairo

question: Which class of people founded the madaris during the medieval period?

answer: ruling elite

text: ruling elite

question: How were the madaris funded during the medieval period?

answer: through a religious endowment

text: through a religious endowment

question: What class of people inherited status during the Mamluk Period?

answer: former slaves

text: former slaves

question: What allowed the ruling elite to maintain power during the Mamluk period?

answer: Guaranteed positions within the new madaris

text: Guaranteed positions within the new madaris

question: In what city was the Mosque-Madrasah of Sultan Hasan?

answer: Cairo

text: Cairo