text: The Ottoman Empire or, as a dynastic institution, the House of Osman was unprecedented and unequaled in the Islamic world for its size and duration. In Europe, only the House of Habsburg had a similarly unbroken line of sovereigns (kings/emperors) from the same family who ruled for so long, and during the same period, between the late 13th and early 20th centuries. The Ottoman dynasty was Turkish in origin. On eleven occasions, the sultan was deposed (replaced by another sultan of the Ottoman dynasty, who were either the former sultan's brother, son or nephew) because he was perceived by his enemies as a threat to the state. There were only two attempts in Ottoman history to unseat the ruling Ottoman dynasty, both failures, which suggests a political system that for an extended period was able to manage its revolutions without unnecessary instability. As such, the last Ottoman sultan Mehmed VI (r. 1918–1922) was a direct patrilineal (male-line) descendant of the first Ottoman sultan Osman I (r. 1299–1326), which was unparallelled in both Europe (e.g. the male line of the House of Habsburg became extinct in 1740) and in the Islamic world. The primary purpose of the Imperial Harem was to ensure the birth of male heirs to the Ottoman throne and secure the continuation of the direct patrilineal (male-line) descendance of the Ottoman sultans.

title: Ottoman_Empire

title: Ottoman_Empire

text: The

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: or

text: as

text: a

text: dynastic

text: institution

text: the

text: House

text: of

text: Osman

text: was

text: unprecedented

text: and

text: unequaled

text: in

text: the

text: Islamic

text: world

text: for

text: its

text: size

text: and

text: duration

text: In

text: Europe

text: only

text: the

text: House

text: of

text: Habsburg

text: had

text: a

text: similarly

text: unbroken

text: line

text: of

text: sovereigns

text: kings

text: emperors

text: from

text: the

text: same

text: family

text: who

text: ruled

text: for

text: so

text: long

text: and

text: during

text: the

text: same

text: period

text: between

text: the

text: late

text: and

text: early

text: centuries

text: The

text: Ottoman

text: dynasty

text: was

text: Turkish

text: in

text: origin

text: On

text: eleven

text: occasions

text: the

text: sultan

text: was

text: deposed

text: replaced

text: by

text: another

text: sultan

text: of

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: dynasty

text: who

text: were

text: either

text: the

text: former

text: sultan

text: 's

text: brother

text: son

text: or

text: nephew

text: because

text: he

text: was

text: perceived

text: by

text: his

text: enemies

text: as

text: a

text: threat

text: to

text: the

text: state

text: There

text: were

text: only

text: two

text: attempts

text: in

text: Ottoman

text: history

text: to

text: unseat

text: the

text: ruling

text: Ottoman

text: dynasty

text: both

text: failures

text: which

text: suggests

text: a

text: political

text: system

text: that

text: for

text: an

text: extended

text: period

text: was

text: able

text: to

text: manage

text: its

text: revolutions

text: without

text: unnecessary

text: instability

text: As

text: such

text: the

text: last

text: Ottoman

text: sultan

text: Mehmed

text: VI

text: r.

text: was

text: a

text: direct

text: patrilineal

text: male

text: line

text: descendant

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: Ottoman

text: sultan

text: Osman

text: I

text: r.

text: which

text: was

text: unparallelled

text: in

text: both

text: Europe

text: e.g.

text: the

text: male

text: line

text: of

text: the

text: House

text: of

text: Habsburg

text: became

text: extinct

text: in

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: Islamic

text: world

text: The

text: primary

text: purpose

text: of

text: the

text: Imperial

text: Harem

text: was

text: to

text: ensure

text: the

text: birth

text: of

text: male

text: heirs

text: to

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: throne

text: and

text: secure

text: the

text: continuation

text: of

text: the

text: direct

text: patrilineal

text: male

text: line

text: descendance

text: of

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: sultans

question: What was another name for the Ottoman Empire?

answer: House of Osman

text: House of Osman

question: What was the other longest ruling House in Europe known as?

answer: House of Habsburg

text: House of Habsburg

question: From what origin did the Ottoman empire come to be?

answer: Turkish

text: Turkish

question: How many times was the the sitting sultan in the House of Osman removed?

answer: eleven occasions

text: eleven occasions

question: When was the reign of sultan Mehmed VI?

answer: 1918–1922


text: Jesus' death and resurrection underpin a variety of theological interpretations as to how salvation is granted to humanity. These interpretations vary widely in how much emphasis they place on the death of Jesus as compared to his words. According to the substitutionary atonement view, Jesus' death is of central importance, and Jesus willingly sacrificed himself as an act of perfect obedience as a sacrifice of love which pleased God. By contrast the moral influence theory of atonement focuses much more on the moral content of Jesus' teaching, and sees Jesus' death as a martyrdom. Since the Middle Ages there has been conflict between these two views within Western Christianity. Evangelical Protestants typically hold a substitutionary view and in particular hold to the theory of penal substitution. Liberal Protestants typically reject substitutionary atonement and hold to the moral influence theory of atonement. Both views are popular within the Roman Catholic church, with the satisfaction doctrine incorporated into the idea of penance.

title: Crucifixion_of_Jesus

title: Crucifixion_of_Jesus

text: Jesus

text: death

text: and

text: resurrection

text: underpin

text: a

text: variety

text: of

text: theological

text: interpretations

text: as

text: to

text: how

text: salvation

text: is

text: granted

text: to

text: humanity

text: These

text: interpretations

text: vary

text: widely

text: in

text: how

text: much

text: emphasis

text: they

text: place

text: on

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: Jesus

text: as

text: compared

text: to

text: his

text: words

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: substitutionary

text: atonement

text: view

text: Jesus

text: death

text: is

text: of

text: central

text: importance

text: and

text: Jesus

text: willingly

text: sacrificed

text: himself

text: as

text: an

text: act

text: of

text: perfect

text: obedience

text: as

text: a

text: sacrifice

text: of

text: love

text: which

text: pleased

text: God

text: By

text: contrast

text: the

text: moral

text: influence

text: theory

text: of

text: atonement

text: focuses

text: much

text: more

text: on

text: the

text: moral

text: content

text: of

text: Jesus

text: teaching

text: and

text: sees

text: Jesus

text: death

text: as

text: a

text: martyrdom

text: Since

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: there

text: has

text: been

text: conflict

text: between

text: these

text: two

text: views

text: within

text: Western

text: Christianity

text: Evangelical

text: Protestants

text: typically

text: hold

text: a

text: substitutionary

text: view

text: and

text: in

text: particular

text: hold

text: to

text: the

text: theory

text: of

text: penal

text: substitution

text: Liberal

text: Protestants

text: typically

text: reject

text: substitutionary

text: atonement

text: and

text: hold

text: to

text: the

text: moral

text: influence

text: theory

text: of

text: atonement

text: Both

text: views

text: are

text: popular

text: within

text: the

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: church

text: with

text: the

text: satisfaction

text: doctrine

text: incorporated

text: into

text: the

text: idea

text: of

text: penance

question: What does Jesus' death and Resurrection support?

answer: how salvation is granted to humanity

text: how salvation is granted to humanity

question: How important is Jesus' death to modern theology?

answer: central importance

text: central importance

question: Did Jesus sacrifice himself without fighting?

answer: Jesus willingly sacrificed himself

text: Jesus willingly sacrificed himself

question: Why did Jesus sacrifice himself?

answer: an act of perfect obedience

text: an act of perfect obedience

question: What church is the sacrifice important to?

answer: the Roman Catholic church

text: the Roman Catholic church


text: In 2004, philosopher and psychologist Michel ter Hark (Groningen, The Netherlands) published a book, called Popper, Otto Selz and the rise of evolutionary epistemology, in which he claimed that Popper took some of his ideas from his tutor, the German psychologist Otto Selz. Selz never published his ideas, partly because of the rise of Nazism, which forced him to quit his work in 1933, and the prohibition of referring to Selz' work. Popper, the historian of ideas and his scholarship, is criticised in some academic quarters for his rejection of Plato, Hegel and Marx.

title: Karl_Popper

title: Karl_Popper

text: In

text: philosopher

text: and

text: psychologist

text: Michel

text: ter

text: Hark

text: Groningen

text: The

text: Netherlands

text: published

text: a

text: book

text: called

text: Popper

text: Otto

text: Selz

text: and

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: evolutionary

text: epistemology

text: in

text: which

text: he

text: claimed

text: that

text: Popper

text: took

text: some

text: of

text: his

text: ideas

text: from

text: his

text: tutor

text: the

text: German

text: psychologist

text: Otto

text: Selz

text: Selz

text: never

text: published

text: his

text: ideas

text: partly

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: Nazism

text: which

text: forced

text: him

text: to

text: quit

text: his

text: work

text: in

text: and

text: the

text: prohibition

text: of

text: referring

text: to

text: Selz

text: work

text: Popper

text: the

text: historian

text: of

text: ideas

text: and

text: his

text: scholarship

text: is

text: criticised

text: in

text: some

text: academic

text: quarters

text: for

text: his

text: rejection

text: of

text: Plato

text: Hegel

text: and

text: Marx

question: Which German psychologist and tutor of Popper may have originated some of Popper's ideas?

answer: Otto Selz

text: Otto Selz

question: Who claimed Otto Selz deserved credit for ideas published by Popper?

answer: Michel ter Hark

text: Michel ter Hark

question: What contributed to Otto Selz's cessation of work in 1933?

answer: the rise of Nazism

text: the rise of Nazism

question: What is the name of the 2004 paper that links Popper's work to that of his tutor Otto Selz?

answer: Popper, Otto Selz and the rise of evolutionary epistemology

text: Popper, Otto Selz and the rise of evolutionary epistemology

question: Popper is criticized for dismissing which major philosophers in his work?

answer: Plato, Hegel and Marx

text: Plato, Hegel and Marx


text: Besides the fibres, pulps may contain fillers such as chalk or china clay, which improve its characteristics for printing or writing. Additives for sizing purposes may be mixed with it and/or applied to the paper web later in the manufacturing process; the purpose of such sizing is to establish the correct level of surface absorbency to suit ink or paint.

title: Paper

title: Paper

text: Besides

text: the

text: fibres

text: pulps

text: may

text: contain

text: fillers

text: such

text: as

text: chalk

text: or

text: china

text: clay

text: which

text: improve

text: its

text: characteristics

text: for

text: printing

text: or

text: writing

text: Additives

text: for

text: sizing

text: purposes

text: may

text: be

text: mixed

text: with

text: it

text: and/or

text: applied

text: to

text: the

text: paper

text: web

text: later

text: in

text: the

text: manufacturing

text: process

text: the

text: purpose

text: of

text: such

text: sizing

text: is

text: to

text: establish

text: the

text: correct

text: level

text: of

text: surface

text: absorbency

text: to

text: suit

text: ink

text: or

text: paint

question: What type of clay improves the characteristics of the pulps used in papermaking?

answer: china clay

text: china clay

question: What is added for sizing purposes?

answer: Additives

text: Additives

question: What besides china clay is used as a filler?

answer: chalk

text: chalk


text: This position was carried by the D.C. Statehood Party, a political party; it has since merged with the local Green Party affiliate to form the D.C. Statehood Green Party. The nearest this movement ever came to success was in 1978, when Congress passed the District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment. Two years later in 1980, local citizens passed an initiative calling for a constitutional convention for a new state. In 1982, voters ratified the constitution of the state, which was to be called New Columbia. The drive for statehood stalled in 1985, however, when the Washington, D.C. Voting Rights Amendment failed because not enough states ratified the amendment within the seven-year span specified.

title: 51st_state

title: 51st_state

text: This

text: position

text: was

text: carried

text: by

text: the

text: D.C.

text: Statehood

text: Party

text: a

text: political

text: party

text: it

text: has

text: since

text: merged

text: with

text: the

text: local

text: Green

text: Party

text: affiliate

text: to

text: form

text: the

text: D.C.

text: Statehood

text: Green

text: Party

text: The

text: nearest

text: this

text: movement

text: ever

text: came

text: to

text: success

text: was

text: in

text: when

text: Congress

text: passed

text: the

text: District

text: of

text: Columbia

text: Voting

text: Rights

text: Amendment

text: Two

text: years

text: later

text: in

text: local

text: citizens

text: passed

text: an

text: initiative

text: calling

text: for

text: a

text: constitutional

text: convention

text: for

text: a

text: new

text: state

text: In

text: voters

text: ratified

text: the

text: constitution

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: which

text: was

text: to

text: be

text: called

text: New

text: Columbia

text: The

text: drive

text: for

text: statehood

text: stalled

text: in

text: however

text: when

text: the

text: Washington

text: D.C.

text: Voting

text: Rights

text: Amendment

text: failed

text: because

text: not

text: enough

text: states

text: ratified

text: the

text: amendment

text: within

text: the

text: seven

text: year

text: span

text: specified

question: What party carried the position of D.C. Statehood?

answer: D.C. Statehood Party

text: D.C. Statehood Party

question: What party did the D.C. Statehood Party merge when?

answer: the local Green Party affiliate

text: the local Green Party affiliate

question: When did the movement get closest to success?

answer: 1978

question: What would be the new name of the D.C. State?

answer: New Columbia

text: New Columbia

question: When did the drive for statehood falter?

answer: 1985


text: A second New Haven gastronomical claim to fame is Louis' Lunch, which is located in a small brick building on Crown Street and has been serving fast food since 1895. Though fiercely debated, the restaurant's founder Louis Lassen is credited by the Library of Congress with inventing the hamburger and steak sandwich. Louis' Lunch broils hamburgers, steak sandwiches and hot dogs vertically in original antique 1898 cast iron stoves using gridirons, patented by local resident Luigi Pieragostini in 1939, that hold the meat in place while it cooks.

title: New_Haven,_Connecticut

title: New_Haven,_Connecticut

text: A

text: second

text: New

text: Haven

text: gastronomical

text: claim

text: to

text: fame

text: is

text: Louis

text: Lunch

text: which

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: a

text: small

text: brick

text: building

text: on

text: Crown

text: Street

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: serving

text: fast

text: food

text: since

text: Though

text: fiercely

text: debated

text: the

text: restaurant

text: 's

text: founder

text: Louis

text: Lassen

text: is

text: credited

text: by

text: the

text: Library

text: of

text: Congress

text: with

text: inventing

text: the

text: hamburger

text: and

text: steak

text: sandwich

text: Louis

text: Lunch

text: broils

text: hamburgers

text: steak

text: sandwiches

text: and

text: hot

text: dogs

text: vertically

text: in

text: original

text: antique

text: cast

text: iron

text: stoves

text: using

text: gridirons

text: patented

text: by

text: local

text: resident

text: Luigi

text: Pieragostini

text: in

text: that

text: hold

text: the

text: meat

text: in

text: place

text: while

text: it

text: cooks

question: What landmark New Haven fast food establishment is located on Crown Street?

answer: Louis' Lunch

text: Louis' Lunch

question: In what year did Louis' Lunch begin serving fast food in New Haven?

answer: 1895

question: Who is the founder of Louis' Lunch in New Haven?

answer: Louis Lassen

text: Louis Lassen

question: What body of the federal government credits New Haven resident Louis Lassen with inventing the hamburger and steak sandwich?

answer: Library of Congress

text: Library of Congress

question: Which New Haven resident patented a cast iron stove using grid irons in 1939?

answer: Luigi Pieragostini

text: Luigi Pieragostini

question: Louis' Lunch is popular for serving what?

answer: the hamburger

text: the hamburger

question: What specifically how does Louis' Lunch cooks its' food?

answer: 1898 cast iron stoves using gridirons

text: 1898 cast iron stoves using gridirons

question: When was Louis's Lunch found?

answer: 1895


text: The Germanic peoples during the Migrations Period came into contact with other peoples; in the case of the populations settling in the territory of modern Germany, they encountered Celts to the south, and Balts and Slavs towards the east. The Limes Germanicus was breached in AD 260. Migrating Germanic tribes commingled with the local Gallo-Roman populations in what is now Swabia and Bavaria. The arrival of the Huns in Europe resulted in Hun conquest of large parts of Eastern Europe, the Huns initially were allies of the Roman Empire who fought against Germanic tribes, but later the Huns cooperated with the Germanic tribe of the Ostrogoths, and large numbers of Germans lived within the lands of the Hunnic Empire of Attila. Attila had both Hunnic and Germanic families and prominent Germanic chiefs amongst his close entourage in Europe. The Huns living in Germanic territories in Eastern Europe adopted an East Germanic language as their lingua franca. A major part of Attila's army were Germans, during the Huns' campaign against the Roman Empire. After Attila's unexpected death the Hunnic Empire collapsed with the Huns disappearing as a people in Europe – who either escaped into Asia, or otherwise blended in amongst Europeans.

title: Germans

title: Germans

text: The

text: Germanic

text: peoples

text: during

text: the

text: Migrations

text: Period

text: came

text: into

text: contact

text: with

text: other

text: peoples

text: in

text: the

text: case

text: of

text: the

text: populations

text: settling

text: in

text: the

text: territory

text: of

text: modern

text: Germany

text: they

text: encountered

text: Celts

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: Balts

text: and

text: Slavs

text: towards

text: the

text: east

text: The

text: Limes

text: Germanicus

text: was

text: breached

text: in

text: AD

text: Migrating

text: Germanic

text: tribes

text: commingled

text: with

text: the

text: local

text: Gallo

text: Roman

text: populations

text: in

text: what

text: is

text: now

text: Swabia

text: and

text: Bavaria

text: The

text: arrival

text: of

text: the

text: Huns

text: in

text: Europe

text: resulted

text: in

text: Hun

text: conquest

text: of

text: large

text: parts

text: of

text: Eastern

text: Europe

text: the

text: Huns

text: initially

text: were

text: allies

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: who

text: fought

text: against

text: Germanic

text: tribes

text: but

text: later

text: the

text: Huns

text: cooperated

text: with

text: the

text: Germanic

text: tribe

text: of

text: the

text: Ostrogoths

text: and

text: large

text: numbers

text: of

text: Germans

text: lived

text: within

text: the

text: lands

text: of

text: the

text: Hunnic

text: Empire

text: of

text: Attila

text: Attila

text: had

text: both

text: Hunnic

text: and

text: Germanic

text: families

text: and

text: prominent

text: Germanic

text: chiefs

text: amongst

text: his

text: close

text: entourage

text: in

text: Europe

text: The

text: Huns

text: living

text: in

text: Germanic

text: territories

text: in

text: Eastern

text: Europe

text: adopted

text: an

text: East

text: Germanic

text: language

text: as

text: their

text: lingua

text: franca

text: A

text: major

text: part

text: of

text: Attila

text: 's

text: army

text: were

text: Germans

text: during

text: the

text: Huns

text: campaign

text: against

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: After

text: Attila

text: 's

text: unexpected

text: death

text: the

text: Hunnic

text: Empire

text: collapsed

text: with

text: the

text: Huns

text: disappearing

text: as

text: a

text: people

text: in

text: Europe

text: who

text: either

text: escaped

text: into

text: Asia

text: or

text: otherwise

text: blended

text: in

text: amongst

text: Europeans

question: During the Migrations period Germans would encounter what groups in the east?

answer: Balts and Slavs

text: Balts and Slavs

question: During the Migrations period Germans would encounter what group in the south?

answer: Celts

text: Celts

question: The Limes Germanicus was breached in what year?

answer: AD 260

text: AD 260

question: Who allied with the Germans after previous fighting them along side the Romans?

answer: the Huns

text: the Huns

question: What leader had both prominent German and Hun families in his entourage throughout Europe?

answer: Attila

text: Attila

question: When was the Limes Germanicus breached?

answer: AD 260

text: AD 260

question: Who did the Germans come in contact with to the south?

answer: Celts

text: Celts

question: Which Germanic tribe did the Huns cooperate with?

answer: Ostrogoths

text: Ostrogoths

question: What language did the Huns adopt?

answer: East Germanic

text: East Germanic

question: What happened to the Huns after Attila's death?

answer: either escaped into Asia, or otherwise blended in amongst Europeans

text: either escaped into Asia, or otherwise blended in amongst Europeans


text: Armenia is a unitary, multi-party, democratic nation-state with an ancient cultural heritage. Urartu was established in 860 BC and by the 6th century BC it was replaced by the Satrapy of Armenia. In the 1st century BC the Kingdom of Armenia reached its height under Tigranes the Great. Armenia became the first state in the world to adopt Christianity as its official religion. In between the late 3rd century to early years of the 4th century, the state became the first Christian nation. The official date of state adoption of Christianity is 301 AD. The ancient Armenian kingdom was split between the Byzantine and Sasanian Empires around the early 5th century.

title: Armenia

title: Armenia

text: Armenia

text: is

text: a

text: unitary

text: multi

text: party

text: democratic

text: nation

text: state

text: with

text: an

text: ancient

text: cultural

text: heritage

text: Urartu

text: was

text: established

text: in

text: BC

text: and

text: by

text: the

text: century

text: BC

text: it

text: was

text: replaced

text: by

text: the

text: Satrapy

text: of

text: Armenia

text: In

text: the

text: century

text: BC

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Armenia

text: reached

text: its

text: height

text: under

text: Tigranes

text: the

text: Great

text: Armenia

text: became

text: the

text: first

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: to

text: adopt

text: Christianity

text: as

text: its

text: official

text: religion

text: In

text: between

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: to

text: early

text: years

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: state

text: became

text: the

text: first

text: Christian

text: nation

text: The

text: official

text: date

text: of

text: state

text: adoption

text: of

text: Christianity

text: is

text: AD

text: The

text: ancient

text: Armenian

text: kingdom

text: was

text: split

text: between

text: the

text: Byzantine

text: and

text: Sasanian

text: Empires

text: around

text: the

text: early

text: century

question: What kind of government does Armenia have?

answer: democratic

text: democratic

question: What religion did Armenia support?

answer: Christianity

text: Christianity

question: Who brought Armenia to success in the 1st century BC?

answer: Tigranes the Great

text: Tigranes the Great

question: What two empires did Armenia belong to in the beginning of the 5th century?

answer: Byzantine and Sasanian

text: Byzantine and Sasanian

question: When was Urartu created?

answer: 860 BC

text: 860 BC


text: The meaning and origin of many archaic festivals baffled even Rome's intellectual elite, but the more obscure they were, the greater the opportunity for reinvention and reinterpretation — a fact lost neither on Augustus in his program of religious reform, which often cloaked autocratic innovation, nor on his only rival as mythmaker of the era, Ovid. In his Fasti, a long-form poem covering Roman holidays from January to June, Ovid presents a unique look at Roman antiquarian lore, popular customs, and religious practice that is by turns imaginative, entertaining, high-minded, and scurrilous; not a priestly account, despite the speaker's pose as a vates or inspired poet-prophet, but a work of description, imagination and poetic etymology that reflects the broad humor and burlesque spirit of such venerable festivals as the Saturnalia, Consualia, and feast of Anna Perenna on the Ides of March, where Ovid treats the assassination of the newly deified Julius Caesar as utterly incidental to the festivities among the Roman people. But official calendars preserved from different times and places also show a flexibility in omitting or expanding events, indicating that there was no single static and authoritative calendar of required observances. In the later Empire under Christian rule, the new Christian festivals were incorporated into the existing framework of the Roman calendar, alongside at least some of the traditional festivals.

title: Religion_in_ancient_Rome

title: Religion_in_ancient_Rome

text: The

text: meaning

text: and

text: origin

text: of

text: many

text: archaic

text: festivals

text: baffled

text: even

text: Rome

text: 's

text: intellectual

text: elite

text: but

text: the

text: more

text: obscure

text: they

text: were

text: the

text: greater

text: the

text: opportunity

text: for

text: reinvention

text: and

text: reinterpretation

text: a

text: fact

text: lost

text: neither

text: on

text: Augustus

text: in

text: his

text: program

text: of

text: religious

text: reform

text: which

text: often

text: cloaked

text: autocratic

text: innovation

text: nor

text: on

text: his

text: only

text: rival

text: as

text: mythmaker

text: of

text: the

text: era

text: Ovid

text: In

text: his

text: Fasti

text: a

text: long

text: form

text: poem

text: covering

text: Roman

text: holidays

text: from

text: January

text: to

text: June

text: Ovid

text: presents

text: a

text: unique

text: look

text: at

text: Roman

text: antiquarian

text: lore

text: popular

text: customs

text: and

text: religious

text: practice

text: that

text: is

text: by

text: turns

text: imaginative

text: entertaining

text: high

text: minded

text: and

text: scurrilous

text: not

text: a

text: priestly

text: account

text: despite

text: the

text: speaker

text: 's

text: pose

text: as

text: a

text: vates

text: or

text: inspired

text: poet

text: prophet

text: but

text: a

text: work

text: of

text: description

text: imagination

text: and

text: poetic

text: etymology

text: that

text: reflects

text: the

text: broad

text: humor

text: and

text: burlesque

text: spirit

text: of

text: such

text: venerable

text: festivals

text: as

text: the

text: Saturnalia

text: Consualia

text: and

text: feast

text: of

text: Anna

text: Perenna

text: on

text: the

text: Ides

text: of

text: March

text: where

text: Ovid

text: treats

text: the

text: assassination

text: of

text: the

text: newly

text: deified

text: Julius

text: Caesar

text: as

text: utterly

text: incidental

text: to

text: the

text: festivities

text: among

text: the

text: Roman

text: people

text: But

text: official

text: calendars

text: preserved

text: from

text: different

text: times

text: and

text: places

text: also

text: show

text: a

text: flexibility

text: in

text: omitting

text: or

text: expanding

text: events

text: indicating

text: that

text: there

text: was

text: no

text: single

text: static

text: and

text: authoritative

text: calendar

text: of

text: required

text: observances

text: In

text: the

text: later

text: Empire

text: under

text: Christian

text: rule

text: the

text: new

text: Christian

text: festivals

text: were

text: incorporated

text: into

text: the

text: existing

text: framework

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: calendar

text: alongside

text: at

text: least

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: traditional

text: festivals

question: What did obscure festivals offer Romans the opportunity to do?

answer: reinterpretation

text: reinterpretation

question: What did Augustus wish to do for Roman religion?

answer: reform

text: reform

question: What poet wrote a long poem describing Roman religious holidays?

answer: Ovid

text: Ovid

question: What was lacking in the presentation of religious events in Rome?

answer: authoritative calendar

text: authoritative calendar

question: Under whose rule were new Christian festivals added to previous Roman holidays?

answer: Christian

text: Christian


text: Deleuze's and Latour's opinions, however, are minority ones, as Whitehead has not been recognized as particularly influential within the most dominant philosophical schools. It is impossible to say exactly why Whitehead's influence has not been more widespread, but it may be partly due to his metaphysical ideas seeming somewhat counter-intuitive (such as his assertion that matter is an abstraction), or his inclusion of theistic elements in his philosophy, or the perception of metaphysics itself as passé, or simply the sheer difficulty and density of his prose.

title: Alfred_North_Whitehead

title: Alfred_North_Whitehead

text: Deleuze

text: 's

text: and

text: Latour

text: 's

text: opinions

text: however

text: are

text: minority

text: ones

text: as

text: Whitehead

text: has

text: not

text: been

text: recognized

text: as

text: particularly

text: influential

text: within

text: the

text: most

text: dominant

text: philosophical

text: schools

text: It

text: is

text: impossible

text: to

text: say

text: exactly

text: why

text: Whitehead

text: 's

text: influence

text: has

text: not

text: been

text: more

text: widespread

text: but

text: it

text: may

text: be

text: partly

text: due

text: to

text: his

text: metaphysical

text: ideas

text: seeming

text: somewhat

text: counter

text: intuitive

text: such

text: as

text: his

text: assertion

text: that

text: matter

text: is

text: an

text: abstraction

text: or

text: his

text: inclusion

text: of

text: theistic

text: elements

text: in

text: his

text: philosophy

text: or

text: the

text: perception

text: of

text: metaphysics

text: itself

text: as

text: passé

text: or

text: simply

text: the

text: sheer

text: difficulty

text: and

text: density

text: of

text: his

text: prose

question: what is an example of Whitehead's ideas being counter-intuitive?

answer: his assertion that matter is an abstraction

text: his assertion that matter is an abstraction

question: Why do some people believe Whitehead's writings may have restricted his influence?

answer: the sheer difficulty and density of his prose

text: the sheer difficulty and density of his prose

question: What is a common opinion of metaphysics?

answer: perception of metaphysics itself as passé

text: perception of metaphysics itself as passé

question: What is the general opinion of Whitehead in most philosophical schools?

answer: Whitehead has not been recognized as particularly influential within the most dominant philosophical schools

text: Whitehead has not been recognized as particularly influential within the most dominant philosophical schools


text: After India gained independence, the Nizam declared his intention to remain independent rather than become part of the Indian Union. The Hyderabad State Congress, with the support of the Indian National Congress and the Communist Party of India, began agitating against Nizam VII in 1948. On 17 September that year, the Indian Army took control of Hyderabad State after an invasion codenamed Operation Polo. With the defeat of his forces, Nizam VII capitulated to the Indian Union by signing an Instrument of Accession, which made him the Rajpramukh (Princely Governor) of the state until 31 October 1956. Between 1946 and 1951, the Communist Party of India fomented the Telangana uprising against the feudal lords of the Telangana region. The Constitution of India, which became effective on 26 January 1950, made Hyderabad State one of the part B states of India, with Hyderabad city continuing to be the capital. In his 1955 report Thoughts on Linguistic States, B. R. Ambedkar, then chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Indian Constitution, proposed designating the city of Hyderabad as the second capital of India because of its amenities and strategic central location. Since 1956, the Rashtrapati Nilayam in Hyderabad has been the second official residence and business office of the President of India; the President stays once a year in winter and conducts official business particularly relating to Southern India.

title: Hyderabad

title: Hyderabad

text: After

text: India

text: gained

text: independence

text: the

text: Nizam

text: declared

text: his

text: intention

text: to

text: remain

text: independent

text: rather

text: than

text: become

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Indian

text: Union

text: The

text: Hyderabad

text: State

text: Congress

text: with

text: the

text: support

text: of

text: the

text: Indian

text: National

text: Congress

text: and

text: the

text: Communist

text: Party

text: of

text: India

text: began

text: agitating

text: against

text: Nizam

text: VII

text: in

text: On

text: September

text: that

text: year

text: the

text: Indian

text: Army

text: took

text: control

text: of

text: Hyderabad

text: State

text: after

text: an

text: invasion

text: codenamed

text: Operation

text: Polo

text: With

text: the

text: defeat

text: of

text: his

text: forces

text: Nizam

text: VII

text: capitulated

text: to

text: the

text: Indian

text: Union

text: by

text: signing

text: an

text: Instrument

text: of

text: Accession

text: which

text: made

text: him

text: the

text: Rajpramukh

text: Princely

text: Governor

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: until

text: October

text: Between

text: and

text: the

text: Communist

text: Party

text: of

text: India

text: fomented

text: the

text: Telangana

text: uprising

text: against

text: the

text: feudal

text: lords

text: of

text: the

text: Telangana

text: region

text: The

text: Constitution

text: of

text: India

text: which

text: became

text: effective

text: on

text: January

text: made

text: Hyderabad

text: State

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: part

text: B

text: states

text: of

text: India

text: with

text: Hyderabad

text: city

text: continuing

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: capital

text: In

text: his

text: report

text: Thoughts

text: on

text: Linguistic

text: States

text: B.

text: R.

text: Ambedkar

text: then

text: chairman

text: of

text: the

text: Drafting

text: Committee

text: of

text: the

text: Indian

text: Constitution

text: proposed

text: designating

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Hyderabad

text: as

text: the

text: second

text: capital

text: of

text: India

text: because

text: of

text: its

text: amenities

text: and

text: strategic

text: central

text: location

text: Since

text: the

text: Rashtrapati

text: Nilayam

text: in

text: Hyderabad

text: has

text: been

text: the

text: second

text: official

text: residence

text: and

text: business

text: office

text: of

text: the

text: President

text: of

text: India

text: the

text: President

text: stays

text: once

text: a

text: year

text: in

text: winter

text: and

text: conducts

text: official

text: business

text: particularly

text: relating

text: to

text: Southern

text: India

question: On what date did the Indian Army take control of Hyderabad?

answer: 1948. On 17 September

text: 1948. On 17 September

question: Which uprising occurred from 1946 to 1951?

answer: the Telangana uprising

text: the Telangana uprising

question: What was the code name for the Indian Army invasion of Hyderabad?

answer: Operation Polo

text: Operation Polo

question: Which Nizam defeated by the Indian Army?

answer: Nizam VII

text: Nizam VII

question: On what date did the constitution of India become active?

answer: 26 January 1950

text: 26 January 1950


text: Due to the inter-communal ethnic tensions between 1963 and 1974, an island-wide census was regarded as impossible. Nevertheless, the Greek Cypriots conducted one in 1973, without the Turkish Cypriot populace. According to this census, the Greek Cypriot population was 482,000. One year later, in 1974, the Cypriot government's Department of Statistics and Research estimated the total population of Cyprus at 641,000; of whom 506,000 (78.9%) were Greeks, and 118,000 (18.4%) Turkish. After the partition of the island in 1974, Greeks conducted four more censuses: in 1976, 1982, 1992 and 2001; these excluded the Turkish population which was resident in the northern part of the island.

title: Cyprus

title: Cyprus

text: Due

text: to

text: the

text: inter

text: communal

text: ethnic

text: tensions

text: between

text: and

text: an

text: island

text: wide

text: census

text: was

text: regarded

text: as

text: impossible

text: Nevertheless

text: the

text: Greek

text: Cypriots

text: conducted

text: one

text: in

text: without

text: the

text: Turkish

text: Cypriot

text: populace

text: According

text: to

text: this

text: census

text: the

text: Greek

text: Cypriot

text: population

text: was

text: One

text: year

text: later

text: in

text: the

text: Cypriot

text: government

text: 's

text: Department

text: of

text: Statistics

text: and

text: Research

text: estimated

text: the

text: total

text: population

text: of

text: Cyprus

text: at

text: of

text: whom

text: were

text: Greeks

text: and

text: Turkish

text: After

text: the

text: partition

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: in

text: Greeks

text: conducted

text: four

text: more

text: censuses

text: in

text: and

text: these

text: excluded

text: the

text: Turkish

text: population

text: which

text: was

text: resident

text: in

text: the

text: northern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: island

question: What was the number of Greek Cypriots on Cyprus in 1973?

answer: 482,000

question: What did the Cypriot government find was the Greek population on Cyprus?

answer: 506,000 (78.9%)

text: 506,000 (78.9%)

question: What did the Cypriot government find was the Turkish population on Cyprus?

answer: 118,000 (18.4%)

text: 118,000 (18.4%)

question: In what years did the Greeks conduct extra censuses?

answer: 1976, 1982, 1992 and 2001

text: 1976, 1982, 1992 and 2001

question: Who was excluded from the censuses conducted by the Greeks?

answer: the Turkish population

text: the Turkish population


text: The university's first chancellor was Joseph Gibson Hoyt. Crow secured the university charter from the Missouri General Assembly in 1853, and Eliot was named President of the Board of Trustees. Early on, Eliot solicited support from members of the local business community, including John O'Fallon, but Eliot failed to secure a permanent endowment. Washington University is unusual among major American universities in not having had a prior financial endowment. The institution had no backing of a religious organization, single wealthy patron, or earmarked government support.

title: Washington_University_in_St._Louis

title: Washington_University_in_St._Louis

text: The

text: university

text: 's

text: first

text: chancellor

text: was

text: Joseph

text: Gibson

text: Hoyt

text: Crow

text: secured

text: the

text: university

text: charter

text: from

text: the

text: Missouri

text: General

text: Assembly

text: in

text: and

text: Eliot

text: was

text: named

text: President

text: of

text: the

text: Board

text: of

text: Trustees

text: Early

text: on

text: Eliot

text: solicited

text: support

text: from

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: local

text: business

text: community

text: including

text: John

text: O'Fallon

text: but

text: Eliot

text: failed

text: to

text: secure

text: a

text: permanent

text: endowment

text: Washington

text: University

text: is

text: unusual

text: among

text: major

text: American

text: universities

text: in

text: not

text: having

text: had

text: a

text: prior

text: financial

text: endowment

text: The

text: institution

text: had

text: no

text: backing

text: of

text: a

text: religious

text: organization

text: single

text: wealthy

text: patron

text: or

text: earmarked

text: government

text: support

question: Who was the first chancellor of Washington University?

answer: Joseph Gibson Hoyt.

text: Joseph Gibson Hoyt.

question: When did Washington University secure its charter?

answer: 1853

question: What makes Washington University unique among other American universities?

answer: not having had a prior financial endowment

text: not having had a prior financial endowment

question: Who was the first president of Washington University?

answer: Eliot

text: Eliot

question: What local businessman help provide support for the Washington University?

answer: John O'Fallon

text: John O'Fallon


text: In 1991, several manufacturers announced specifications for what would become known as MUSE LaserDisc, representing a span of almost 15 years until the feats of this HD analog optical disc system would finally be duplicated digitally by HD DVD and Blu-ray Disc. Encoded using NHK's MUSE "Hi-Vision" analogue TV system, MUSE discs would operate like standard LaserDiscs but would contain high-definition 1,125-line (1,035 visible lines) (Sony HDVS) video with a 5:3 aspect ratio. The MUSE players were also capable of playing standard NTSC format discs and are superior in performance to non-MUSE players even with these NTSC discs. The MUSE-capable players had several noteworthy advantages over standard LaserDisc players, including a red laser with a much narrower wavelength than the lasers found in standard players. The red laser was capable of reading through disc defects such as scratches and even mild disc rot that would cause most other players to stop, stutter or drop-out. Crosstalk was not an issue with MUSE discs, and the narrow wavelength of the laser allowed for the virtual elimination of crosstalk with normal discs.

title: LaserDisc

title: LaserDisc

text: In

text: several

text: manufacturers

text: announced

text: specifications

text: for

text: what

text: would

text: become

text: known

text: as

text: MUSE

text: LaserDisc

text: representing

text: a

text: span

text: of

text: almost

text: years

text: until

text: the

text: feats

text: of

text: this

text: HD

text: analog

text: optical

text: disc

text: system

text: would

text: finally

text: be

text: duplicated

text: digitally

text: by

text: HD

text: DVD

text: and

text: Blu

text: ray

text: Disc

text: Encoded

text: using

text: NHK

text: 's

text: MUSE

text: Hi

text: Vision

text: analogue

text: TV

text: system

text: MUSE

text: discs

text: would

text: operate

text: like

text: standard

text: LaserDiscs

text: but

text: would

text: contain

text: high

text: definition

text: visible

text: lines

text: Sony

text: HDVS

text: video

text: with

text: a

text: aspect

text: ratio

text: The

text: MUSE

text: players

text: were

text: also

text: capable

text: of

text: playing

text: standard

text: NTSC

text: format

text: discs

text: and

text: are

text: superior

text: in

text: performance

text: to

text: non

text: MUSE

text: players

text: even

text: with

text: these

text: NTSC

text: discs

text: The

text: MUSE

text: capable

text: players

text: had

text: several

text: noteworthy

text: advantages

text: over

text: standard

text: LaserDisc

text: players

text: including

text: a

text: red

text: laser

text: with

text: a

text: much

text: narrower

text: wavelength

text: than

text: the

text: lasers

text: found

text: in

text: standard

text: players

text: The

text: red

text: laser

text: was

text: capable

text: of

text: reading

text: through

text: disc

text: defects

text: such

text: as

text: scratches

text: and

text: even

text: mild

text: disc

text: rot

text: that

text: would

text: cause

text: most

text: other

text: players

text: to

text: stop

text: stutter

text: or

text: drop

text: out

text: Crosstalk

text: was

text: not

text: an

text: issue

text: with

text: MUSE

text: discs

text: and

text: the

text: narrow

text: wavelength

text: of

text: the

text: laser

text: allowed

text: for

text: the

text: virtual

text: elimination

text: of

text: crosstalk

text: with

text: normal

text: discs

question: With what operating ratio would MUSE Discs operate?

answer: 5:3

question: What benefits did the MUSE narrow wavelength red laser have?

answer: capable of reading through disc defects such as scratches and even mild disc rot that would cause most other players to stop, stutter or drop-out

text: capable of reading through disc defects such as scratches and even mild disc rot that would cause most other players to stop, stutter or drop-out

question: In addition to scratches and rot, what other common LaserDisc issue was to be eliminated by MUSE discs?

answer: Crosstalk

text: Crosstalk

question: How many years did it take Blu-ray and HD-DVD players to duplicate MUSE technology?

answer: almost 15 years

text: almost 15 years


text: In March 2013 it was announced that Russian is now the second-most used language on the Internet after English. People use the Russian language on 5.9% of all websites, slightly ahead of German and far behind English (54.7%). Russian is used not only on 89.8% of .ru sites, but also on 88.7% of sites with the former Soviet Union domain .su. The websites of former Soviet Union nations also use high levels of Russian: 79.0% in Ukraine, 86.9% in Belarus, 84.0% in Kazakhstan, 79.6% in Uzbekistan, 75.9% in Kyrgyzstan and 81.8% in Tajikistan. However, Russian is the sixth-most used language on the top 1,000 sites, behind English, Chinese, French, German and Japanese.

title: Russian_language

title: Russian_language

text: In

text: March

text: it

text: was

text: announced

text: that

text: Russian

text: is

text: now

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: used

text: language

text: on

text: the

text: Internet

text: after

text: English

text: People

text: use

text: the

text: Russian

text: language

text: on

text: of

text: all

text: websites

text: slightly

text: ahead

text: of

text: German

text: and

text: far

text: behind

text: English

text: Russian

text: is

text: used

text: not

text: only

text: on

text: of

text: .ru

text: sites

text: but

text: also

text: on

text: of

text: sites

text: with

text: the

text: former

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: domain

text: .su

text: The

text: websites

text: of

text: former

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: nations

text: also

text: use

text: high

text: levels

text: of

text: Russian

text: in

text: Ukraine

text: in

text: Belarus

text: in

text: Kazakhstan

text: in

text: Uzbekistan

text: in

text: Kyrgyzstan

text: and

text: in

text: Tajikistan

text: However

text: Russian

text: is

text: the

text: sixth

text: most

text: used

text: language

text: on

text: the

text: top

text: sites

text: behind

text: English

text: Chinese

text: French

text: German

text: and

text: Japanese

question: What is the second-most-popular language online as of 2013?

answer: Russian

text: Russian

question: What percent of all websites are in English?

answer: 54.7%

question: What percent of all websites are in Russian?

answer: 5.9%

question: What percent of all .ru websites are in Russian?

answer: 89.8%

question: What percent of Ukraine's websites are in Russian?

answer: 79.0%


text: Providing 25% of Namibia's revenue, mining is the single most important contributor to the economy. Namibia is the fourth largest exporter of non-fuel minerals in Africa and the world's fourth largest producer of uranium. There has been significant investment in uranium mining and Namibia is set to become the largest exporter of uranium by 2015. Rich alluvial diamond deposits make Namibia a primary source for gem-quality diamonds. While Namibia is known predominantly for its gem diamond and uranium deposits, a number of other minerals are extracted industrially such as lead, tungsten, gold, tin, fluorspar, manganese, marble, copper and zinc. There are offshore gas deposits in the Atlantic Ocean that are planned to be extracted in the future. According to "The Diamond Investigation", a book about the global diamond market, from 1978, De Beers, the largest diamond company, bought most of the Namibian diamonds, and would continue to do so, because "whatever government eventually comes to power they will need this revenue to survive".

title: Namibia

title: Namibia

text: Providing

text: of

text: Namibia

text: 's

text: revenue

text: mining

text: is

text: the

text: single

text: most

text: important

text: contributor

text: to

text: the

text: economy

text: Namibia

text: is

text: the

text: fourth

text: largest

text: exporter

text: of

text: non

text: fuel

text: minerals

text: in

text: Africa

text: and

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: fourth

text: largest

text: producer

text: of

text: uranium

text: There

text: has

text: been

text: significant

text: investment

text: in

text: uranium

text: mining

text: and

text: Namibia

text: is

text: set

text: to

text: become

text: the

text: largest

text: exporter

text: of

text: uranium

text: by

text: Rich

text: alluvial

text: diamond

text: deposits

text: make

text: Namibia

text: a

text: primary

text: source

text: for

text: gem

text: quality

text: diamonds

text: While

text: Namibia

text: is

text: known

text: predominantly

text: for

text: its

text: gem

text: diamond

text: and

text: uranium

text: deposits

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: other

text: minerals

text: are

text: extracted

text: industrially

text: such

text: as

text: lead

text: tungsten

text: gold

text: tin

text: fluorspar

text: manganese

text: marble

text: copper

text: and

text: zinc

text: There

text: are

text: offshore

text: gas

text: deposits

text: in

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: that

text: are

text: planned

text: to

text: be

text: extracted

text: in

text: the

text: future

text: According

text: to

text: The

text: Diamond

text: Investigation

text: a

text: book

text: about

text: the

text: global

text: diamond

text: market

text: from

text: De

text: Beers

text: the

text: largest

text: diamond

text: company

text: bought

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: Namibian

text: diamonds

text: and

text: would

text: continue

text: to

text: do

text: so

text: because

text: whatever

text: government

text: eventually

text: comes

text: to

text: power

text: they

text: will

text: need

text: this

text: revenue

text: to

text: survive

question: How much revenue does mining provide Namibia?

answer: 25%

question: Where does Namibia rank in the exportation of uranium?

answer: fourth

text: fourth

question: What does rich alluvial diamond deposits make Namibia a source of?

answer: gem-quality diamonds

text: gem-quality diamonds

question: Namibia was expected to become the largest exporter of what in 2015?

answer: uranium

text: uranium


text: The multi-national Communist armed forces' sole joint action was the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968. All member countries, with the exception of the Socialist Republic of Romania and the People's Republic of Albania participated in the invasion.

title: Warsaw_Pact

title: Warsaw_Pact

text: The

text: multi

text: national

text: Communist

text: armed

text: forces

text: sole

text: joint

text: action

text: was

text: the

text: Warsaw

text: Pact

text: invasion

text: of

text: Czechoslovakia

text: in

text: August

text: All

text: member

text: countries

text: with

text: the

text: exception

text: of

text: the

text: Socialist

text: Republic

text: of

text: Romania

text: and

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: Albania

text: participated

text: in

text: the

text: invasion

question: In which year was the Warsaw Pact activated in a joint action?

answer: 1968

question: Which country did the Pact conquer?

answer: Czechoslovakia

text: Czechoslovakia


text: The Auckland University of Technology is the only polytechnic to have been elevated to university status; while Unitec has had repeated attempts blocked by government policy and consequent decisions; Unitec has not been able to convince the courts to overturn these decisions.

title: Institute_of_technology

title: Institute_of_technology

text: The

text: Auckland

text: University

text: of

text: Technology

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: polytechnic

text: to

text: have

text: been

text: elevated

text: to

text: university

text: status

text: while

text: Unitec

text: has

text: had

text: repeated

text: attempts

text: blocked

text: by

text: government

text: policy

text: and

text: consequent

text: decisions

text: Unitec

text: has

text: not

text: been

text: able

text: to

text: convince

text: the

text: courts

text: to

text: overturn

text: these

text: decisions

question: What's the only polytechnic school in New Zealand to be designated a university?

answer: Auckland University of Technology

text: Auckland University of Technology


text: Portugal spearheaded European exploration of the world and the Age of Discovery. Prince Henry the Navigator, son of King João I, became the main sponsor and patron of this endeavour. During this period, Portugal explored the Atlantic Ocean, discovering several Atlantic archipelagos like the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde, explored the African coast, colonized selected areas of Africa, discovered an eastern route to India via the Cape of Good Hope, discovered Brazil, explored the Indian Ocean, established trading routes throughout most of southern Asia, and sent the first direct European maritime trade and diplomatic missions to China and Japan.

title: Portugal

title: Portugal

text: Portugal

text: spearheaded

text: European

text: exploration

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: the

text: Age

text: of

text: Discovery

text: Prince

text: Henry

text: the

text: Navigator

text: son

text: of

text: King

text: João

text: I

text: became

text: the

text: main

text: sponsor

text: and

text: patron

text: of

text: this

text: endeavour

text: During

text: this

text: period

text: Portugal

text: explored

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: discovering

text: several

text: Atlantic

text: archipelagos

text: like

text: the

text: Azores

text: Madeira

text: and

text: Cape

text: Verde

text: explored

text: the

text: African

text: coast

text: colonized

text: selected

text: areas

text: of

text: Africa

text: discovered

text: an

text: eastern

text: route

text: to

text: India

text: via

text: the

text: Cape

text: of

text: Good

text: Hope

text: discovered

text: Brazil

text: explored

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: established

text: trading

text: routes

text: throughout

text: most

text: of

text: southern

text: Asia

text: and

text: sent

text: the

text: first

text: direct

text: European

text: maritime

text: trade

text: and

text: diplomatic

text: missions

text: to

text: China

text: and

text: Japan

question: What European age did Portugal spearhead?

answer: the Age of Discovery

text: the Age of Discovery

question: Who was the Father of Prince Henry the Navigator?

answer: King João I

text: King João I

question: Which three Atlantic archipelagos did Portugal discover?

answer: Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde

text: Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde

question: By which path did Portugal discover a route to India?

answer: Cape of Good Hope

text: Cape of Good Hope

question: What South American country did Portugal discover?

answer: Brazil

text: Brazil


text: There are more than 900 million Protestants worldwide,[ad] among approximately 2.4 billion Christians.[ae] In 2010, a total of more than 800 million included 300 million in Sub-Saharan Africa, 260 million in the Americas, 140 million in Asia-Pacific region, 100 million in Europe and 2 million in Middle East-North Africa. Protestants account for nearly forty percent of Christians worldwide and more than one tenth of the total human population. Various estimates put the percentage of Protestants in relation to the total number of world's Christians at 33%, 36%, 36.7%, and 40%, while in relation to the world's population at 11.6% and 13%.

title: Protestantism

title: Protestantism

text: There

text: are

text: more

text: than

text: million

text: Protestants

text: worldwide,[ad

text: among

text: approximately

text: billion

text: Christians.[ae

text: In

text: a

text: total

text: of

text: more

text: than

text: million

text: included

text: million

text: in

text: Sub

text: Saharan

text: Africa

text: million

text: in

text: the

text: Americas

text: million

text: in

text: Asia

text: Pacific

text: region

text: million

text: in

text: Europe

text: and

text: million

text: in

text: Middle

text: East

text: North

text: Africa

text: Protestants

text: account

text: for

text: nearly

text: forty

text: percent

text: of

text: Christians

text: worldwide

text: and

text: more

text: than

text: one

text: tenth

text: of

text: the

text: total

text: human

text: population

text: Various

text: estimates

text: put

text: the

text: percentage

text: of

text: Protestants

text: in

text: relation

text: to

text: the

text: total

text: number

text: of

text: world

text: 's

text: Christians

text: at

text: and

text: while

text: in

text: relation

text: to

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: population

text: at

text: and

question: How many Protestants are there in the world?

answer: more than 900 million

text: more than 900 million

question: What is the total population of Christians in the world?

answer: approximately 2.4 billion

text: approximately 2.4 billion

question: Approximately how much of the world's population are Protestant (in fractions)?

answer: more than one tenth

text: more than one tenth

question: What area only had about 2 million Protestants in 2010?

answer: Middle East-North Africa

text: Middle East-North Africa

question: What area had the largest Protestant population in 2010?

answer: Sub-Saharan Africa

text: Sub-Saharan Africa


text: Electrolytic capacitors use an aluminum or tantalum plate with an oxide dielectric layer. The second electrode is a liquid electrolyte, connected to the circuit by another foil plate. Electrolytic capacitors offer very high capacitance but suffer from poor tolerances, high instability, gradual loss of capacitance especially when subjected to heat, and high leakage current. Poor quality capacitors may leak electrolyte, which is harmful to printed circuit boards. The conductivity of the electrolyte drops at low temperatures, which increases equivalent series resistance. While widely used for power-supply conditioning, poor high-frequency characteristics make them unsuitable for many applications. Electrolytic capacitors will self-degrade if unused for a period (around a year), and when full power is applied may short circuit, permanently damaging the capacitor and usually blowing a fuse or causing failure of rectifier diodes (for instance, in older equipment, arcing in rectifier tubes). They can be restored before use (and damage) by gradually applying the operating voltage, often done on antique vacuum tube equipment over a period of 30 minutes by using a variable transformer to supply AC power. Unfortunately, the use of this technique may be less satisfactory for some solid state equipment, which may be damaged by operation below its normal power range, requiring that the power supply first be isolated from the consuming circuits. Such remedies may not be applicable to modern high-frequency power supplies as these produce full output voltage even with reduced input.

title: Capacitor

title: Capacitor

text: Electrolytic

text: capacitors

text: use

text: an

text: aluminum

text: or

text: tantalum

text: plate

text: with

text: an

text: oxide

text: dielectric

text: layer

text: The

text: second

text: electrode

text: is

text: a

text: liquid

text: electrolyte

text: connected

text: to

text: the

text: circuit

text: by

text: another

text: foil

text: plate

text: Electrolytic

text: capacitors

text: offer

text: very

text: high

text: capacitance

text: but

text: suffer

text: from

text: poor

text: tolerances

text: high

text: instability

text: gradual

text: loss

text: of

text: capacitance

text: especially

text: when

text: subjected

text: to

text: heat

text: and

text: high

text: leakage

text: current

text: Poor

text: quality

text: capacitors

text: may

text: leak

text: electrolyte

text: which

text: is

text: harmful

text: to

text: printed

text: circuit

text: boards

text: The

text: conductivity

text: of

text: the

text: electrolyte

text: drops

text: at

text: low

text: temperatures

text: which

text: increases

text: equivalent

text: series

text: resistance

text: While

text: widely

text: used

text: for

text: power

text: supply

text: conditioning

text: poor

text: high

text: frequency

text: characteristics

text: make

text: them

text: unsuitable

text: for

text: many

text: applications

text: Electrolytic

text: capacitors

text: will

text: self

text: degrade

text: if

text: unused

text: for

text: a

text: period

text: around

text: a

text: year

text: and

text: when

text: full

text: power

text: is

text: applied

text: may

text: short

text: circuit

text: permanently

text: damaging

text: the

text: capacitor

text: and

text: usually

text: blowing

text: a

text: fuse

text: or

text: causing

text: failure

text: of

text: rectifier

text: diodes

text: for

text: instance

text: in

text: older

text: equipment

text: arcing

text: in

text: rectifier

text: tubes

text: They

text: can

text: be

text: restored

text: before

text: use

text: and

text: damage

text: by

text: gradually

text: applying

text: the

text: operating

text: voltage

text: often

text: done

text: on

text: antique

text: vacuum

text: tube

text: equipment

text: over

text: a

text: period

text: of

text: minutes

text: by

text: using

text: a

text: variable

text: transformer

text: to

text: supply

text: AC

text: power

text: Unfortunately

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: this

text: technique

text: may

text: be

text: less

text: satisfactory

text: for

text: some

text: solid

text: state

text: equipment

text: which

text: may

text: be

text: damaged

text: by

text: operation

text: below

text: its

text: normal

text: power

text: range

text: requiring

text: that

text: the

text: power

text: supply

text: first

text: be

text: isolated

text: from

text: the

text: consuming

text: circuits

text: Such

text: remedies

text: may

text: not

text: be

text: applicable

text: to

text: modern

text: high

text: frequency

text: power

text: supplies

text: as

text: these

text: produce

text: full

text: output

text: voltage

text: even

text: with

text: reduced

text: input

question: What is one type of metal which the conducting plates in electrolytic capacitors are commonly made of?

answer: aluminum

text: aluminum

question: What type of dielectric layer is used in electrolytic capacitors?

answer: an oxide dielectric layer

text: an oxide dielectric layer

question: What happens to the conductivity of the electrolyte at low temperatures?

answer: drops at low temperatures

text: drops at low temperatures

question: How can electrolytic capacitors be safely used after having been stored unused for a long time?

answer: by gradually applying the operating voltage

text: by gradually applying the operating voltage

question: Why might the method gradually applying the operating voltage not be suitable to protect electrolytic capacitors in modern devices?

answer: these produce full output voltage even with reduced input

text: these produce full output voltage even with reduced input


text: Schwarzenegger then went against the advice of fellow Republican strategists and appointed a Democrat, Susan Kennedy, as his Chief of Staff. Schwarzenegger gradually moved towards a more politically moderate position, determined to build a winning legacy with only a short time to go until the next gubernatorial election.

title: Arnold_Schwarzenegger

title: Arnold_Schwarzenegger

text: Schwarzenegger

text: then

text: went

text: against

text: the

text: advice

text: of

text: fellow

text: Republican

text: strategists

text: and

text: appointed

text: a

text: Democrat

text: Susan

text: Kennedy

text: as

text: his

text: Chief

text: of

text: Staff

text: Schwarzenegger

text: gradually

text: moved

text: towards

text: a

text: more

text: politically

text: moderate

text: position

text: determined

text: to

text: build

text: a

text: winning

text: legacy

text: with

text: only

text: a

text: short

text: time

text: to

text: go

text: until

text: the

text: next

text: gubernatorial

text: election

question: Who did Schwarzenegger choose as Chief of Staff?

answer: Susan Kennedy

text: Susan Kennedy


text: While Japan had a large number of submarines, they did not make a significant impact on the war. In 1942, the Japanese fleet subs performed well, knocking out or damaging many Allied warships. However, Imperial Japanese Navy (and pre-war U.S.) doctrine stipulated that only fleet battles, not guerre de course (commerce raiding) could win naval campaigns. So, while the US had an unusually long supply line between its west coast and frontline areas, leaving it vulnerable to submarine attack, Japan used its submarines primarily for long-range reconnaissance and only occasionally attacked U.S. supply lines. The Japanese submarine offensive against Australia in 1942 and 1943 also achieved little.

title: Pacific_War

title: Pacific_War

text: While

text: Japan

text: had

text: a

text: large

text: number

text: of

text: submarines

text: they

text: did

text: not

text: make

text: a

text: significant

text: impact

text: on

text: the

text: war

text: In

text: the

text: Japanese

text: fleet

text: subs

text: performed

text: well

text: knocking

text: out

text: or

text: damaging

text: many

text: Allied

text: warships

text: However

text: Imperial

text: Japanese

text: Navy

text: and

text: pre

text: war

text: U.S.

text: doctrine

text: stipulated

text: that

text: only

text: fleet

text: battles

text: not

text: guerre

text: de

text: course

text: commerce

text: raiding

text: could

text: win

text: naval

text: campaigns

text: So

text: while

text: the

text: US

text: had

text: an

text: unusually

text: long

text: supply

text: line

text: between

text: its

text: west

text: coast

text: and

text: frontline

text: areas

text: leaving

text: it

text: vulnerable

text: to

text: submarine

text: attack

text: Japan

text: used

text: its

text: submarines

text: primarily

text: for

text: long

text: range

text: reconnaissance

text: and

text: only

text: occasionally

text: attacked

text: U.S.

text: supply

text: lines

text: The

text: Japanese

text: submarine

text: offensive

text: against

text: Australia

text: in

text: and

text: also

text: achieved

text: little

question: What doctrine stated that only fleet battles could win naval campaigns?

answer: Imperial Japanese Navy

text: Imperial Japanese Navy

question: What was commerce raiding refered to as?

answer: guerre de course

text: guerre de course

question: What was the primary use of Japanese submarines?

answer: long-range reconnaissance

text: long-range reconnaissance

question: When was the Japanese submarine offensive against Australia?

answer: 1942 and 1943

text: 1942 and 1943

question: What did the Japanese submarine offensive against Austrailia achieve?

answer: little

text: little


text: The Henry Art Gallery opened in 1927, the first public art museum in Washington. The Seattle Art Museum (SAM) opened in 1933; SAM opened a museum downtown in 1991 (expanded and reopened 2007); since 1991, the 1933 building has been SAM's Seattle Asian Art Museum (SAAM). SAM also operates the Olympic Sculpture Park (opened 2007) on the waterfront north of the downtown piers. The Frye Art Museum is a free museum on First Hill. Regional history collections are at the Loghouse Museum in Alki, Klondike Gold Rush National Historical Park, the Museum of History and Industry and the Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture. Industry collections are at the Center for Wooden Boats and the adjacent Northwest Seaport, the Seattle Metropolitan Police Museum, and the Museum of Flight. Regional ethnic collections include the Nordic Heritage Museum, the Wing Luke Asian Museum and the Northwest African American Museum. Seattle has artist-run galleries, including 10-year veteran Soil Art Gallery, and the newer Crawl Space Gallery.

title: Seattle

title: Seattle

text: The

text: Henry

text: Art

text: Gallery

text: opened

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: public

text: art

text: museum

text: in

text: Washington

text: The

text: Seattle

text: Art

text: Museum

text: SAM

text: opened

text: in

text: SAM

text: opened

text: a

text: museum

text: downtown

text: in

text: expanded

text: and

text: reopened

text: since

text: the

text: building

text: has

text: been

text: SAM

text: 's

text: Seattle

text: Asian

text: Art

text: Museum

text: SAAM

text: SAM

text: also

text: operates

text: the

text: Olympic

text: Sculpture

text: Park

text: opened

text: on

text: the

text: waterfront

text: north

text: of

text: the

text: downtown

text: piers

text: The

text: Frye

text: Art

text: Museum

text: is

text: a

text: free

text: museum

text: on

text: First

text: Hill

text: Regional

text: history

text: collections

text: are

text: at

text: the

text: Loghouse

text: Museum

text: in

text: Alki

text: Klondike

text: Gold

text: Rush

text: National

text: Historical

text: Park

text: the

text: Museum

text: of

text: History

text: and

text: Industry

text: and

text: the

text: Burke

text: Museum

text: of

text: Natural

text: History

text: and

text: Culture

text: Industry

text: collections

text: are

text: at

text: the

text: Center

text: for

text: Wooden

text: Boats

text: and

text: the

text: adjacent

text: Northwest

text: Seaport

text: the

text: Seattle

text: Metropolitan

text: Police

text: Museum

text: and

text: the

text: Museum

text: of

text: Flight

text: Regional

text: ethnic

text: collections

text: include

text: the

text: Nordic

text: Heritage

text: Museum

text: the

text: Wing

text: Luke

text: Asian

text: Museum

text: and

text: the

text: Northwest

text: African

text: American

text: Museum

text: Seattle

text: has

text: artist

text: run

text: galleries

text: including

text: veteran

text: Soil

text: Art

text: Gallery

text: and

text: the

text: newer

text: Crawl

text: Space

text: Gallery

question: When did the first art gallery open in Washington state?

answer: 1927

question: What was the name of the first art museum in Washington?

answer: Henry Art Gallery

text: Henry Art Gallery

question: When did The Seattle Art Museum open its doors?

answer: 1933

question: Besides the museums, what other art offering does SAM operate?

answer: Olympic Sculpture Park

text: Olympic Sculpture Park

question: Aside from publically operated museums, what other type of person galleries does Seattle offer?

answer: artist-run

text: artist-run


text: In the 1950s, as a young woman at the start of her reign, Elizabeth was depicted as a glamorous "fairytale Queen". After the trauma of the Second World War, it was a time of hope, a period of progress and achievement heralding a "new Elizabethan age". Lord Altrincham's accusation in 1957 that her speeches sounded like those of a "priggish schoolgirl" was an extremely rare criticism. In the late 1960s, attempts to portray a more modern image of the monarchy were made in the television documentary Royal Family and by televising Prince Charles's investiture as Prince of Wales. In public, she took to wearing mostly solid-colour overcoats and decorative hats, which allow her to be seen easily in a crowd.

title: Elizabeth_II

title: Elizabeth_II

text: In

text: the

text: as

text: a

text: young

text: woman

text: at

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: her

text: reign

text: Elizabeth

text: was

text: depicted

text: as

text: a

text: glamorous

text: fairytale

text: Queen

text: After

text: the

text: trauma

text: of

text: the

text: Second

text: World

text: War

text: it

text: was

text: a

text: time

text: of

text: hope

text: a

text: period

text: of

text: progress

text: and

text: achievement

text: heralding

text: a

text: new

text: Elizabethan

text: age

text: Lord

text: Altrincham

text: 's

text: accusation

text: in

text: that

text: her

text: speeches

text: sounded

text: like

text: those

text: of

text: a

text: priggish

text: schoolgirl

text: was

text: an

text: extremely

text: rare

text: criticism

text: In

text: the

text: late

text: attempts

text: to

text: portray

text: a

text: more

text: modern

text: image

text: of

text: the

text: monarchy

text: were

text: made

text: in

text: the

text: television

text: documentary

text: Royal

text: Family

text: and

text: by

text: televising

text: Prince

text: Charles

text: 's

text: investiture

text: as

text: Prince

text: of

text: Wales

text: In

text: public

text: she

text: took

text: to

text: wearing

text: mostly

text: solid

text: colour

text: overcoats

text: and

text: decorative

text: hats

text: which

text: allow

text: her

text: to

text: be

text: seen

text: easily

text: in

text: a

text: crowd

question: As what was Elizabeth portrayed in the 1950s?

answer: "fairytale Queen"

text: "fairytale Queen"

question: Of what did Lord Altrincham say Elizabeth's speeches resembled?

answer: "priggish schoolgirl"

text: "priggish schoolgirl"

question: What investiture featuring Prince Charles was televised in the late 1960s?

answer: Prince of Wales

text: Prince of Wales

question: In the 1960s, what did Elizabeth begin wearing to events ?

answer: solid-colour overcoats

text: solid-colour overcoats

question: What was the time after WWII heralded as?

answer: "new Elizabethan age"

text: "new Elizabethan age"


text: Some of the most important surviving works of Old English literature are Beowulf, an epic poem; the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, a record of early English history; the Franks Casket, an inscribed early whalebone artefact; and Cædmon's Hymn, a Christian religious poem. There are also a number of extant prose works, such as sermons and saints' lives, biblical translations, and translated Latin works of the early Church Fathers, legal documents, such as laws and wills, and practical works on grammar, medicine, and geography. Still, poetry is considered the heart of Old English literature. Nearly all Anglo-Saxon authors are anonymous, with a few exceptions, such as Bede and Cædmon. Cædmon, the earliest English poet we know by name, served as a lay brother in the monastery at Whitby.

title: Old_English

title: Old_English

text: Some

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: surviving

text: works

text: of

text: Old

text: English

text: literature

text: are

text: Beowulf

text: an

text: epic

text: poem

text: the

text: Anglo

text: Saxon

text: Chronicle

text: a

text: record

text: of

text: early

text: English

text: history

text: the

text: Franks

text: Casket

text: an

text: inscribed

text: early

text: whalebone

text: artefact

text: and

text: Cædmon

text: 's

text: Hymn

text: a

text: Christian

text: religious

text: poem

text: There

text: are

text: also

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: extant

text: prose

text: works

text: such

text: as

text: sermons

text: and

text: saints

text: lives

text: biblical

text: translations

text: and

text: translated

text: Latin

text: works

text: of

text: the

text: early

text: Church

text: Fathers

text: legal

text: documents

text: such

text: as

text: laws

text: and

text: wills

text: and

text: practical

text: works

text: on

text: grammar

text: medicine

text: and

text: geography

text: Still

text: poetry

text: is

text: considered

text: the

text: heart

text: of

text: Old

text: English

text: literature

text: Nearly

text: all

text: Anglo

text: Saxon

text: authors

text: are

text: anonymous

text: with

text: a

text: few

text: exceptions

text: such

text: as

text: Bede

text: and

text: Cædmon

text: Cædmon

text: the

text: earliest

text: English

text: poet

text: we

text: know

text: by

text: name

text: served

text: as

text: a

text: lay

text: brother

text: in

text: the

text: monastery

text: at

text: Whitby

question: What is an important Old English historical record?

answer: the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle

text: the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle

question: What is an important Old English religious poem?

answer: Cædmon's Hymn

text: Cædmon's Hymn

question: What type of literary work is Beowulf?

answer: an epic poem

text: an epic poem

question: Who is the earliest English poet known by name?

answer: Cædmon

text: Cædmon

question: Where did Cædmon live?

answer: Whitby

text: Whitby


text: An error sometimes made is the confusion of discussion regarding Greece’s Eurozone entry with the controversy regarding usage of derivatives’ deals with U.S. Banks by Greece and other Eurozone countries to artificially reduce their reported budget deficits. A currency swap arranged with Goldman Sachs allowed Greece to "hide" 2.8 billion Euros of debt, however, this affected deficit values after 2001 (when Greece had already been admitted into the Eurozone) and is not related to Greece’s Eurozone entry.

title: Economy_of_Greece

title: Economy_of_Greece

text: An

text: error

text: sometimes

text: made

text: is

text: the

text: confusion

text: of

text: discussion

text: regarding

text: Greece

text: ’s

text: Eurozone

text: entry

text: with

text: the

text: controversy

text: regarding

text: usage

text: of

text: derivatives’

text: deals

text: with

text: U.S.

text: Banks

text: by

text: Greece

text: and

text: other

text: Eurozone

text: countries

text: to

text: artificially

text: reduce

text: their

text: reported

text: budget

text: deficits

text: A

text: currency

text: swap

text: arranged

text: with

text: Goldman

text: Sachs

text: allowed

text: Greece

text: to

text: hide

text: billion

text: Euros

text: of

text: debt

text: however

text: this

text: affected

text: deficit

text: values

text: after

text: when

text: Greece

text: had

text: already

text: been

text: admitted

text: into

text: the

text: Eurozone

text: and

text: is

text: not

text: related

text: to

text: Greece

text: ’s

text: Eurozone

text: entry

question: What error is sometimes made by tying Greece's Eurozone entry with?

answer: controversy regarding usage of derivatives’ deals

text: controversy regarding usage of derivatives’ deals

question: What banks did Greece use derivatives' deals with?

answer: U.S. Banks

text: U.S. Banks

question: What was the result of the deals with the U.S. banks?

answer: artificially reduce their reported budget deficits

text: artificially reduce their reported budget deficits

question: How many Euros was Greece able to "hide" because of an arrangement with Goldman Sachs?

answer: 2.8 billion

text: 2.8 billion

question: Why aren't the deficit values affected by the currency swap with Goldman Sachs relevant to Greece's Eurozone entry?

answer: affected deficit values after 2001

text: affected deficit values after 2001


text: On August 19, 1989, the Russian Orthodox Parish of Saints Peter and Paul announced it would be switching to the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church. On September 2, 1989, tens of thousands across Ukraine protested a draft election law that reserved special seats for the Communist Party and for other official organizations: 50,000 in Lviv, 40,000 in Kiev, 10,000 in Zhytomyr, 5,000 each in Dniprodzerzhynsk and Chervonohrad, and 2,000 in Kharkiv. From September 8–10, 1989, writer Ivan Drach was elected to head Rukh, the People's Movement of Ukraine, at its founding congress in Kiev. On September 17, between 150,000 and 200,000 people marched in Lviv, demanding the legalization of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. On September 21, 1989, exhumation of a mass grave begins in Demianiv Laz, a nature preserve south of Ivano-Frankivsk. On September 28, First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Ukraine Volodymyr Shcherbytsky, a holdover from the Brezhnev era, was replaced by Vladimir Ivashko.

title: Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

title: Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

text: On

text: August

text: the

text: Russian

text: Orthodox

text: Parish

text: of

text: Saints

text: Peter

text: and

text: Paul

text: announced

text: it

text: would

text: be

text: switching

text: to

text: the

text: Ukrainian

text: Autocephalous

text: Orthodox

text: Church

text: On

text: September

text: tens

text: of

text: thousands

text: across

text: Ukraine

text: protested

text: a

text: draft

text: election

text: law

text: that

text: reserved

text: special

text: seats

text: for

text: the

text: Communist

text: Party

text: and

text: for

text: other

text: official

text: organizations

text: in

text: Lviv

text: in

text: Kiev

text: in

text: Zhytomyr

text: each

text: in

text: Dniprodzerzhynsk

text: and

text: Chervonohrad

text: and

text: in

text: Kharkiv

text: From

text: September

text: writer

text: Ivan

text: Drach

text: was

text: elected

text: to

text: head

text: Rukh

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Movement

text: of

text: Ukraine

text: at

text: its

text: founding

text: congress

text: in

text: Kiev

text: On

text: September

text: between

text: and

text: people

text: marched

text: in

text: Lviv

text: demanding

text: the

text: legalization

text: of

text: the

text: Ukrainian

text: Greek

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: On

text: September

text: exhumation

text: of

text: a

text: mass

text: grave

text: begins

text: in

text: Demianiv

text: Laz

text: a

text: nature

text: preserve

text: south

text: of

text: Ivano

text: Frankivsk

text: On

text: September

text: First

text: Secretary

text: of

text: the

text: Communist

text: Party

text: of

text: the

text: Ukraine

text: Volodymyr

text: Shcherbytsky

text: a

text: holdover

text: from

text: the

text: Brezhnev

text: era

text: was

text: replaced

text: by

text: Vladimir

text: Ivashko

question: What were the protesters on September 2 demonstrating against?

answer: draft election law

text: draft election law

question: How many protesters were there in Lviv?

answer: 50,000

question: Who was put in charge of the People's Movement of Ukraine?

answer: Ivan Drach

text: Ivan Drach

question: Where did the People's Movement hold its founding congress?

answer: Kiev

text: Kiev


text: BJTs have three terminals, corresponding to the three layers of semiconductor—an emitter, a base, and a collector. They are useful in amplifiers because the currents at the emitter and collector are controllable by a relatively small base current. In an n–p–n transistor operating in the active region, the emitter–base junction is forward biased (electrons and holes recombine at the junction), and electrons are injected into the base region. Because the base is narrow, most of these electrons will diffuse into the reverse-biased (electrons and holes are formed at, and move away from the junction) base–collector junction and be swept into the collector; perhaps one-hundredth of the electrons will recombine in the base, which is the dominant mechanism in the base current. By controlling the number of electrons that can leave the base, the number of electrons entering the collector can be controlled. Collector current is approximately β (common-emitter current gain) times the base current. It is typically greater than 100 for small-signal transistors but can be smaller in transistors designed for high-power applications.

title: Transistor

title: Transistor

text: BJTs

text: have

text: three

text: terminals

text: corresponding

text: to

text: the

text: three

text: layers

text: of

text: semiconductor

text: an

text: emitter

text: a

text: base

text: and

text: a

text: collector

text: They

text: are

text: useful

text: in

text: amplifiers

text: because

text: the

text: currents

text: at

text: the

text: emitter

text: and

text: collector

text: are

text: controllable

text: by

text: a

text: relatively

text: small

text: base

text: current

text: In

text: an

text: n

text: p

text: n

text: transistor

text: operating

text: in

text: the

text: active

text: region

text: the

text: emitter

text: base

text: junction

text: is

text: forward

text: biased

text: electrons

text: and

text: holes

text: recombine

text: at

text: the

text: junction

text: and

text: electrons

text: are

text: injected

text: into

text: the

text: base

text: region

text: Because

text: the

text: base

text: is

text: narrow

text: most

text: of

text: these

text: electrons

text: will

text: diffuse

text: into

text: the

text: reverse

text: biased

text: electrons

text: and

text: holes

text: are

text: formed

text: at

text: and

text: move

text: away

text: from

text: the

text: junction

text: base

text: collector

text: junction

text: and

text: be

text: swept

text: into

text: the

text: collector

text: perhaps

text: one

text: hundredth

text: of

text: the

text: electrons

text: will

text: recombine

text: in

text: the

text: base

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: dominant

text: mechanism

text: in

text: the

text: base

text: current

text: By

text: controlling

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: electrons

text: that

text: can

text: leave

text: the

text: base

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: electrons

text: entering

text: the

text: collector

text: can

text: be

text: controlled

text: Collector

text: current

text: is

text: approximately

text: β

text: common

text: emitter

text: current

text: gain

text: times

text: the

text: base

text: current

text: It

text: is

text: typically

text: greater

text: than

text: for

text: small

text: signal

text: transistors

text: but

text: can

text: be

text: smaller

text: in

text: transistors

text: designed

text: for

text: high

text: power

text: applications

question: How many terminals do BJTs have?

answer: three

text: three

question: How many layers of semiconductor do BJTs have?

answer: three

text: three

question: What are the layers of semiconductor in a BJT?

answer: an emitter, a base, and a collector

text: an emitter, a base, and a collector

question: How can one find the amount of collector current?

answer: β (common-emitter current gain) times the base current

text: β (common-emitter current gain) times the base current

question: What is the usual collector current for small-signal transistors?

answer: greater than 100

text: greater than 100


text: In 2011, the International Energy Agency said that "the development of affordable, inexhaustible and clean solar energy technologies will have huge longer-term benefits. It will increase countries’ energy security through reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource, enhance sustainability, reduce pollution, lower the costs of mitigating global warming, and keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise. These advantages are global. Hence the additional costs of the incentives for early deployment should be considered learning investments; they must be wisely spent and need to be widely shared".

title: Solar_energy

title: Solar_energy

text: In

text: the

text: International

text: Energy

text: Agency

text: said

text: that

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: affordable

text: inexhaustible

text: and

text: clean

text: solar

text: energy

text: technologies

text: will

text: have

text: huge

text: longer

text: term

text: benefits

text: It

text: will

text: increase

text: countries’

text: energy

text: security

text: through

text: reliance

text: on

text: an

text: indigenous

text: inexhaustible

text: and

text: mostly

text: import

text: independent

text: resource

text: enhance

text: sustainability

text: reduce

text: pollution

text: lower

text: the

text: costs

text: of

text: mitigating

text: global

text: warming

text: and

text: keep

text: fossil

text: fuel

text: prices

text: lower

text: than

text: otherwise

text: These

text: advantages

text: are

text: global

text: Hence

text: the

text: additional

text: costs

text: of

text: the

text: incentives

text: for

text: early

text: deployment

text: should

text: be

text: considered

text: learning

text: investments

text: they

text: must

text: be

text: wisely

text: spent

text: and

text: need

text: to

text: be

text: widely

text: shared

question: How will solar energy increase energy security?

answer: through reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource

text: through reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource

question: What costs will solar energy lower?

answer: the costs of mitigating global warming

text: the costs of mitigating global warming

question: What should the cost of incentives for producing solar energy be considered?

answer: learning investments

text: learning investments

question: What effect will solar energy have on the price of fossil fuels?

answer: keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise

text: keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise


text: Under the 1963 constitution, Massamba-Débat was elected President for a five-year term. During Massamba-Débat's term in office the regime adopted "scientific socialism" as the country's constitutional ideology. In 1965, Congo established relations with the Soviet Union, the People's Republic of China, North Korea and North Vietnam. Massamba-Débat's regime also invited several hundred Cuban army troops into the country to train his party's militia units and these troops helped his government survive a coup in 1966 led by paratroopers loyal to future President Marien Ngouabi. Nevertheless, Massamba-Débat was unable to reconcile various institutional, tribal and ideological factions within the country and his regime ended abruptly with a bloodless coup d'état in September 1968.

title: Republic_of_the_Congo

title: Republic_of_the_Congo

text: Under

text: the

text: constitution

text: Massamba

text: Débat

text: was

text: elected

text: President

text: for

text: a

text: five

text: year

text: term

text: During

text: Massamba

text: Débat

text: 's

text: term

text: in

text: office

text: the

text: regime

text: adopted

text: scientific

text: socialism

text: as

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: constitutional

text: ideology

text: In

text: Congo

text: established

text: relations

text: with

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: North

text: Korea

text: and

text: North

text: Vietnam

text: Massamba

text: Débat

text: 's

text: regime

text: also

text: invited

text: several

text: hundred

text: Cuban

text: army

text: troops

text: into

text: the

text: country

text: to

text: train

text: his

text: party

text: 's

text: militia

text: units

text: and

text: these

text: troops

text: helped

text: his

text: government

text: survive

text: a

text: coup

text: in

text: led

text: by

text: paratroopers

text: loyal

text: to

text: future

text: President

text: Marien

text: Ngouabi

text: Nevertheless

text: Massamba

text: Débat

text: was

text: unable

text: to

text: reconcile

text: various

text: institutional

text: tribal

text: and

text: ideological

text: factions

text: within

text: the

text: country

text: and

text: his

text: regime

text: ended

text: abruptly

text: with

text: a

text: bloodless

text: coup

text: d'état

text: in

text: September

question: Who became president of the Congo in 1963?

answer: Massamba-Débat

text: Massamba-Débat

question: What was a term that could describe the political philosophy of the Congo under Massamba-Debat?

answer: scientific socialism

text: scientific socialism

question: Soldiers from which country were brought to the Congo?

answer: Cuban

text: Cuban

question: When did Massamba-Debat lose power in the Congo?

answer: September 1968

text: September 1968