text: Thuringia generally accepted the Protestant Reformation, and Roman Catholicism was suppressed as early as 1520[citation needed]; priests who remained loyal to it were driven away and churches and monasteries were largely destroyed, especially during the German Peasants' War of 1525. In Mühlhausen and elsewhere, the Anabaptists found many adherents. Thomas Müntzer, a leader of some non-peaceful groups of this sect, was active in this city. Within the borders of modern Thuringia the Roman Catholic faith only survived in the Eichsfeld district, which was ruled by the Archbishop of Mainz, and to a small degree in Erfurt and its immediate vicinity.

title: Thuringia

title: Thuringia

text: Thuringia

text: generally

text: accepted

text: the

text: Protestant

text: Reformation

text: and

text: Roman

text: Catholicism

text: was

text: suppressed

text: as

text: early

text: as

text: needed

text: priests

text: who

text: remained

text: loyal

text: to

text: it

text: were

text: driven

text: away

text: and

text: churches

text: and

text: monasteries

text: were

text: largely

text: destroyed

text: especially

text: during

text: the

text: German

text: Peasants

text: War

text: of

text: In

text: Mühlhausen

text: and

text: elsewhere

text: the

text: Anabaptists

text: found

text: many

text: adherents

text: Thomas

text: Müntzer

text: a

text: leader

text: of

text: some

text: non

text: peaceful

text: groups

text: of

text: this

text: sect

text: was

text: active

text: in

text: this

text: city

text: Within

text: the

text: borders

text: of

text: modern

text: Thuringia

text: the

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: faith

text: only

text: survived

text: in

text: the

text: Eichsfeld

text: district

text: which

text: was

text: ruled

text: by

text: the

text: Archbishop

text: of

text: Mainz

text: and

text: to

text: a

text: small

text: degree

text: in

text: Erfurt

text: and

text: its

text: immediate

text: vicinity

question: When did Roman Catholicism become suppressed?

answer: as early as 1520

text: as early as 1520

question: What happened to loyal Roman Catholicism priests?

answer: were driven away

text: were driven away

question: When were most churches and monasteries destroyed?

answer: during the German Peasants' War of 1525

text: during the German Peasants' War of 1525

question: Who was Thomas Muntzer?

answer: a leader of some non-peaceful groups

text: a leader of some non-peaceful groups

question: Which Thuringian district did the Roman Catholic faith survive in?

answer: the Eichsfeld district

text: the Eichsfeld district


text: The British adopted "effective ceiling", meaning the altitude at which a gun could deliver a series of shells against a moving target; this could be constrained by maximum fuse running time as well as the gun's capability. By the late 1930s the British definition was "that height at which a directly approaching target at 400 mph (=643.6 km/h) can be engaged for 20 seconds before the gun reaches 70 degrees elevation". However, effective ceiling for heavy AA guns was affected by non-ballistic factors:

title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

title: Anti

title: aircraft_warfare

text: The

text: British

text: adopted

text: effective

text: ceiling

text: meaning

text: the

text: altitude

text: at

text: which

text: a

text: gun

text: could

text: deliver

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: shells

text: against

text: a

text: moving

text: target

text: this

text: could

text: be

text: constrained

text: by

text: maximum

text: fuse

text: running

text: time

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: gun

text: 's

text: capability

text: By

text: the

text: late

text: the

text: British

text: definition

text: was

text: that

text: height

text: at

text: which

text: a

text: directly

text: approaching

text: target

text: at

text: mph

text: km

text: h

text: can

text: be

text: engaged

text: for

text: seconds

text: before

text: the

text: gun

text: reaches

text: degrees

text: elevation

text: However

text: effective

text: ceiling

text: for

text: heavy

text: AA

text: guns

text: was

text: affected

text: by

text: non

text: ballistic

text: factors

question: What term is used to describe the altitude for a gun to shoot shells against a target that is moving?

answer: "effective ceiling"

text: "effective ceiling"

question: Who adopted the use of the term, effective ceiling?

answer: The British

text: The British

question: Along with other factors, how long must a target be engaged to have effective ceiling?

answer: for 20 seconds

text: for 20 seconds

question: What affected the effective ceiling for heavy AA guns?

answer: non-ballistic factors

text: non-ballistic factors


text: Possibly the first venture into fictional treatments of Chopin's life was a fanciful operatic version of some of its events. Chopin was written by Giacomo Orefice and produced in Milan in 1901. All the music is derived from that of Chopin.

title: Frédéric_Chopin

title: Frédéric_Chopin

text: Possibly

text: the

text: first

text: venture

text: into

text: fictional

text: treatments

text: of

text: Chopin

text: 's

text: life

text: was

text: a

text: fanciful

text: operatic

text: version

text: of

text: some

text: of

text: its

text: events

text: Chopin

text: was

text: written

text: by

text: Giacomo

text: Orefice

text: and

text: produced

text: in

text: Milan

text: in

text: All

text: the

text: music

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: that

text: of

text: Chopin

question: When was the first fictionalized account of Chopin's life?

answer: 1901

question: Where was the first fictionalized account of Chopin's life created?

answer: Milan

text: Milan

question: Who is responsible for the first fictionalized account of Chopin's life?

answer: Giacomo Orefice

text: Giacomo Orefice

question: What is thought to be the first fictionalized work about Chopin?

answer: Chopin

text: Chopin

question: What style is the fictionalized "Chopin" in?

answer: opera

text: opera

question: Who wrote the fictionalized "Chopin?"

answer: Giacomo Orefice

text: Giacomo Orefice

question: When was the fictionalized "Chopin" produced?

answer: 1901.

question: Where was the fictionalized "Chopin" produced?

answer: Milan

text: Milan


text: The 2nd edition (1787) contained a Refutation of Idealism to distinguish his transcendental idealism from Descartes's Sceptical Idealism and Berkeley's anti-realist strain of Subjective Idealism. The section Paralogisms of Pure Reason is an implicit critique of Descartes' idealism. Kant says that it is not possible to infer the 'I' as an object (Descartes' cogito ergo sum) purely from "the spontaneity of thought". Kant focused on ideas drawn from British philosophers such as Locke, Berkeley and Hume but distinguished his transcendental or critical idealism from previous varieties;

title: Idealism

title: Idealism

text: The

text: edition

text: contained

text: a

text: Refutation

text: of

text: Idealism

text: to

text: distinguish

text: his

text: transcendental

text: idealism

text: from

text: Descartes

text: 's

text: Sceptical

text: Idealism

text: and

text: Berkeley

text: 's

text: anti

text: realist

text: strain

text: of

text: Subjective

text: Idealism

text: The

text: section

text: Paralogisms

text: of

text: Pure

text: Reason

text: is

text: an

text: implicit

text: critique

text: of

text: Descartes

text: idealism

text: Kant

text: says

text: that

text: it

text: is

text: not

text: possible

text: to

text: infer

text: the

text: I

text: as

text: an

text: object

text: Descartes

text: cogito

text: ergo

text: sum

text: purely

text: from

text: the

text: spontaneity

text: of

text: thought

text: Kant

text: focused

text: on

text: ideas

text: drawn

text: from

text: British

text: philosophers

text: such

text: as

text: Locke

text: Berkeley

text: and

text: Hume

text: but

text: distinguished

text: his

text: transcendental

text: or

text: critical

text: idealism

text: from

text: previous

text: varieties

question: What school of thought did Berkeley belong to?

answer: Subjective Idealism

text: Subjective Idealism

question: What sort of idealist was Descartes?

answer: Sceptical

text: Sceptical

question: In what section was Descartes criticized?

answer: Paralogisms of Pure Reason

text: Paralogisms of Pure Reason

question: In what edition was there a Refutation of Idealism?

answer: 2nd

question: When was the second edition published?

answer: 1787


text: Part of the Ottoman territories in the Balkans (such as Thessaloniki, Macedonia and Kosovo) were temporarily lost after 1402 but were later recovered by Murad II between the 1430s and 1450s. On 10 November 1444, Murad II defeated the Hungarian, Polish, and Wallachian armies under Władysław III of Poland (also King of Hungary) and John Hunyadi at the Battle of Varna, the final battle of the Crusade of Varna, although Albanians under Skanderbeg continued to resist. Four years later, John Hunyadi prepared another army (of Hungarian and Wallachian forces) to attack the Turks but was again defeated by Murad II at the Second Battle of Kosovo in 1448.

title: Ottoman_Empire

title: Ottoman_Empire

text: Part

text: of

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: territories

text: in

text: the

text: Balkans

text: such

text: as

text: Thessaloniki

text: Macedonia

text: and

text: Kosovo

text: were

text: temporarily

text: lost

text: after

text: but

text: were

text: later

text: recovered

text: by

text: Murad

text: II

text: between

text: the

text: and

text: On

text: November

text: Murad

text: II

text: defeated

text: the

text: Hungarian

text: Polish

text: and

text: Wallachian

text: armies

text: under

text: Władysław

text: III

text: of

text: Poland

text: also

text: King

text: of

text: Hungary

text: and

text: John

text: Hunyadi

text: at

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Varna

text: the

text: final

text: battle

text: of

text: the

text: Crusade

text: of

text: Varna

text: although

text: Albanians

text: under

text: Skanderbeg

text: continued

text: to

text: resist

text: Four

text: years

text: later

text: John

text: Hunyadi

text: prepared

text: another

text: army

text: of

text: Hungarian

text: and

text: Wallachian

text: forces

text: to

text: attack

text: the

text: Turks

text: but

text: was

text: again

text: defeated

text: by

text: Murad

text: II

text: at

text: the

text: Second

text: Battle

text: of

text: Kosovo

text: in

question: Who recovered Ottoman empire territories in the Balkans in the 1430s to the 1450s?

answer: Murad II

text: Murad II

question: Władysław III of Poland was also the king of what?

answer: Hungary

text: Hungary

question: What battle took place on 10 November 1444?

answer: Battle of Varna

text: Battle of Varna

question: In what battle did Murad II leave as the victory in 1448?

answer: Second Battle of Kosovo

text: Second Battle of Kosovo

question: On what date were the armies under Władysław III defeated by Murad II?

answer: 10 November 1444

text: 10 November 1444


text: At age eight, Beyoncé and childhood friend Kelly Rowland met LaTavia Roberson while in an audition for an all-girl entertainment group. They were placed into a group with three other girls as Girl's Tyme, and rapped and danced on the talent show circuit in Houston. After seeing the group, R&B producer Arne Frager brought them to his Northern California studio and placed them in Star Search, the largest talent show on national TV at the time. Girl's Tyme failed to win, and Beyoncé later said the song they performed was not good. In 1995 Beyoncé's father resigned from his job to manage the group. The move reduced Beyoncé's family's income by half, and her parents were forced to move into separated apartments. Mathew cut the original line-up to four and the group continued performing as an opening act for other established R&B girl groups. The girls auditioned before record labels and were finally signed to Elektra Records, moving to Atlanta Records briefly to work on their first recording, only to be cut by the company. This put further strain on the family, and Beyoncé's parents separated. On October 5, 1995, Dwayne Wiggins's Grass Roots Entertainment signed the group. In 1996, the girls began recording their debut album under an agreement with Sony Music, the Knowles family reunited, and shortly after, the group got a contract with Columbia Records.

title: Beyoncé

title: Beyoncé

text: At

text: age

text: eight

text: Beyoncé

text: and

text: childhood

text: friend

text: Kelly

text: Rowland

text: met

text: LaTavia

text: Roberson

text: while

text: in

text: an

text: audition

text: for

text: an

text: all

text: girl

text: entertainment

text: group

text: They

text: were

text: placed

text: into

text: a

text: group

text: with

text: three

text: other

text: girls

text: as

text: Girl

text: 's

text: Tyme

text: and

text: rapped

text: and

text: danced

text: on

text: the

text: talent

text: show

text: circuit

text: in

text: Houston

text: After

text: seeing

text: the

text: group

text: R&B

text: producer

text: Arne

text: Frager

text: brought

text: them

text: to

text: his

text: Northern

text: California

text: studio

text: and

text: placed

text: them

text: in

text: Star

text: Search

text: the

text: largest

text: talent

text: show

text: on

text: national

text: TV

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: Girl

text: 's

text: Tyme

text: failed

text: to

text: win

text: and

text: Beyoncé

text: later

text: said

text: the

text: song

text: they

text: performed

text: was

text: not

text: good

text: In

text: Beyoncé

text: 's

text: father

text: resigned

text: from

text: his

text: job

text: to

text: manage

text: the

text: group

text: The

text: move

text: reduced

text: Beyoncé

text: 's

text: family

text: 's

text: income

text: by

text: half

text: and

text: her

text: parents

text: were

text: forced

text: to

text: move

text: into

text: separated

text: apartments

text: Mathew

text: cut

text: the

text: original

text: line

text: up

text: to

text: four

text: and

text: the

text: group

text: continued

text: performing

text: as

text: an

text: opening

text: act

text: for

text: other

text: established

text: R&B

text: girl

text: groups

text: The

text: girls

text: auditioned

text: before

text: record

text: labels

text: and

text: were

text: finally

text: signed

text: to

text: Elektra

text: Records

text: moving

text: to

text: Atlanta

text: Records

text: briefly

text: to

text: work

text: on

text: their

text: first

text: recording

text: only

text: to

text: be

text: cut

text: by

text: the

text: company

text: This

text: put

text: further

text: strain

text: on

text: the

text: family

text: and

text: Beyoncé

text: 's

text: parents

text: separated

text: On

text: October

text: Dwayne

text: Wiggins

text: 's

text: Grass

text: Roots

text: Entertainment

text: signed

text: the

text: group

text: In

text: the

text: girls

text: began

text: recording

text: their

text: debut

text: album

text: under

text: an

text: agreement

text: with

text: Sony

text: Music

text: the

text: Knowles

text: family

text: reunited

text: and

text: shortly

text: after

text: the

text: group

text: got

text: a

text: contract

text: with

text: Columbia

text: Records

question: Who decided to place Beyonce's group in Star Search the talent show?

answer: Arne Frager

text: Arne Frager

question: In 1995, who decided to manage the girls singing group?

answer: Beyoncé's father

text: Beyoncé's father

question: Who was the first record label to give the girls a record deal?

answer: Elektra Records

text: Elektra Records

question: Who brought Beyonce to California and enter her group in Star Search?

answer: Arne Frager

text: Arne Frager

question: In what year did Beyonce's father quit his job to manage her group?

answer: 1995

question: What large record company recorded Beyonce's group's first album?

answer: Sony Music

text: Sony Music

question: What record company first signed Beyonce's group and later cut them?

answer: Elektra Records

text: Elektra Records

question: At what age did Beyonce meet LaTavia Robertson?

answer: age eight

text: age eight

question: How old was Beyoncé when she met LaTavia Roberson?

answer: eight

text: eight

question: What was the name of the first group Beyoncé was a part of?

answer: Girl's Tyme

text: Girl's Tyme

question: Who placed Girl's Tyme in Star Search?

answer: Arne Frager

text: Arne Frager

question: When did Beyoncé begin to manage the girl group?

answer: 1995

question: Who signed the girl group on October 5, 1995?

answer: Dwayne Wiggins's Grass Roots Entertainment

text: Dwayne Wiggins's Grass Roots Entertainment


text: By the early 1800s, Indian removal was a significant issue throughout the southeastern U.S. and also in Florida. In 1830, the U.S. Congress passed the Indian Removal Act and as settlement increased, pressure grew on the United States government to remove the Indians from Florida. Seminoles harbored runaway blacks, known as the Black Seminoles, and clashes between whites and Indians grew with the influx of new settlers. In 1832, the Treaty of Payne's Landing promised to the Seminoles lands west of the Mississippi River if they agreed to leave Florida. Many Seminole left at this time.

title: Florida

title: Florida

text: By

text: the

text: early

text: Indian

text: removal

text: was

text: a

text: significant

text: issue

text: throughout

text: the

text: southeastern

text: U.S.

text: and

text: also

text: in

text: Florida

text: In

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Congress

text: passed

text: the

text: Indian

text: Removal

text: Act

text: and

text: as

text: settlement

text: increased

text: pressure

text: grew

text: on

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: government

text: to

text: remove

text: the

text: Indians

text: from

text: Florida

text: Seminoles

text: harbored

text: runaway

text: blacks

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Black

text: Seminoles

text: and

text: clashes

text: between

text: whites

text: and

text: Indians

text: grew

text: with

text: the

text: influx

text: of

text: new

text: settlers

text: In

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Payne

text: 's

text: Landing

text: promised

text: to

text: the

text: Seminoles

text: lands

text: west

text: of

text: the

text: Mississippi

text: River

text: if

text: they

text: agreed

text: to

text: leave

text: Florida

text: Many

text: Seminole

text: left

text: at

text: this

text: time

question: What was an issue in the early 1800's

answer: Indian removal was a significant issue

text: Indian removal was a significant issue

question: What did congress pass in 1830

answer: In 1830, the U.S. Congress passed the Indian Removal Act

text: In 1830, the U.S. Congress passed the Indian Removal Act

question: Who did Seminoles harbor

answer: runaway blacks, known as the Black Seminoles

text: runaway blacks, known as the Black Seminoles

question: What was the name of the treaty of 1832

answer: Treaty of Payne's Landing

text: Treaty of Payne's Landing

question: What did Paynes Landing promiss

answer: the Seminoles lands west of the Mississippi River if they agreed to leave Florida. Many Seminole left at this time.

text: the Seminoles lands west of the Mississippi River if they agreed to leave Florida. Many Seminole left at this time.


text: Finally, an introduced species may unintentionally injure a species that depends on the species it replaces. In Belgium, Prunus spinosa from Eastern Europe leafs much sooner than its West European counterparts, disrupting the feeding habits of the Thecla betulae butterfly (which feeds on the leaves). Introducing new species often leaves endemic and other local species unable to compete with the exotic species and unable to survive. The exotic organisms may be predators, parasites, or may simply outcompete indigenous species for nutrients, water and light.

title: Biodiversity

title: Biodiversity

text: Finally

text: an

text: introduced

text: species

text: may

text: unintentionally

text: injure

text: a

text: species

text: that

text: depends

text: on

text: the

text: species

text: it

text: replaces

text: In

text: Belgium

text: Prunus

text: spinosa

text: from

text: Eastern

text: Europe

text: leafs

text: much

text: sooner

text: than

text: its

text: West

text: European

text: counterparts

text: disrupting

text: the

text: feeding

text: habits

text: of

text: the

text: Thecla

text: betulae

text: butterfly

text: which

text: feeds

text: on

text: the

text: leaves

text: Introducing

text: new

text: species

text: often

text: leaves

text: endemic

text: and

text: other

text: local

text: species

text: unable

text: to

text: compete

text: with

text: the

text: exotic

text: species

text: and

text: unable

text: to

text: survive

text: The

text: exotic

text: organisms

text: may

text: be

text: predators

text: parasites

text: or

text: may

text: simply

text: outcompete

text: indigenous

text: species

text: for

text: nutrients

text: water

text: and

text: light

question: What may unintentionally injure a species that depends on the species it replaces?

answer: an introduced species

text: an introduced species

question: Where does the Prunus spinosa leaf much sooner?

answer: In Belgium

text: In Belgium

question: What animal can its feeding habits disturbed by the Prunus spinosa?

answer: leaves endemic and other local species unable to compete with the exotic species and unable to survive

text: leaves endemic and other local species unable to compete with the exotic species and unable to survive

question: What species struggle to with the introduction of new species?

answer: endemic and other local species

text: endemic and other local species

question: What types of new species can be introduced?

answer: The exotic organisms may be predators, parasites

text: The exotic organisms may be predators, parasites


text: British air doctrine, since the time of Chief of the Air Staff Hugh Trenchard in the early 1920s, had stressed offence was the best means of defence. British defensive strategy revolved around offensive action, what became known as the cult of the offensive. To prevent German formations from hitting targets in Britain, RAF's Bomber Command would destroy Luftwaffe aircraft on their own bases, aircraft in their factories and fuel reserves by attacking oil plants. This philosophy was impractical as Bomber Command lacked the technology and equipment and needed several years to develop it. This strategy retarded the development of fighter defences in the 1930s. Dowding agreed air defence would require some offensive action, and fighters could not defend Britain alone. Until September 1940, the RAF lacked specialist night-fighting aircraft and relied on anti-aircraft units which were poorly equipped and lacking in numbers.

title: The_Blitz

title: The_Blitz

text: British

text: air

text: doctrine

text: since

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: Chief

text: of

text: the

text: Air

text: Staff

text: Hugh

text: Trenchard

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: had

text: stressed

text: offence

text: was

text: the

text: best

text: means

text: of

text: defence

text: British

text: defensive

text: strategy

text: revolved

text: around

text: offensive

text: action

text: what

text: became

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: cult

text: of

text: the

text: offensive

text: To

text: prevent

text: German

text: formations

text: from

text: hitting

text: targets

text: in

text: Britain

text: RAF

text: 's

text: Bomber

text: Command

text: would

text: destroy

text: Luftwaffe

text: aircraft

text: on

text: their

text: own

text: bases

text: aircraft

text: in

text: their

text: factories

text: and

text: fuel

text: reserves

text: by

text: attacking

text: oil

text: plants

text: This

text: philosophy

text: was

text: impractical

text: as

text: Bomber

text: Command

text: lacked

text: the

text: technology

text: and

text: equipment

text: and

text: needed

text: several

text: years

text: to

text: develop

text: it

text: This

text: strategy

text: retarded

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: fighter

text: defences

text: in

text: the

text: Dowding

text: agreed

text: air

text: defence

text: would

text: require

text: some

text: offensive

text: action

text: and

text: fighters

text: could

text: not

text: defend

text: Britain

text: alone

text: Until

text: September

text: the

text: RAF

text: lacked

text: specialist

text: night

text: fighting

text: aircraft

text: and

text: relied

text: on

text: anti

text: aircraft

text: units

text: which

text: were

text: poorly

text: equipped

text: and

text: lacking

text: in

text: numbers

question: What did the British offence become know as?

answer: cult of the offensive

text: cult of the offensive

question: Why was the tactic of bombing German aircraft bases, factories and fuel reserves impractical?

answer: lacked the technology and equipment

text: lacked the technology and equipment

question: Until 1940 what type of aircraft did the RAF lacked?

answer: specialist night-fighting

text: specialist night-fighting

question: What was wrong with the anti aircraft units?

answer: poorly equipped and lacking in numbers

text: poorly equipped and lacking in numbers


text: Some of the theorists who advocate this "revisionist" critique imply that, because the "pure hunter-gatherer" disappeared not long after colonial (or even agricultural) contact began, nothing meaningful can be learned about prehistoric hunter-gatherers from studies of modern ones (Kelly, 24-29; see Wilmsen)

title: Hunter-gatherer

title: Hunter

title: gatherer

text: Some

text: of

text: the

text: theorists

text: who

text: advocate

text: this

text: revisionist

text: critique

text: imply

text: that

text: because

text: the

text: pure

text: hunter

text: gatherer

text: disappeared

text: not

text: long

text: after

text: colonial

text: or

text: even

text: agricultural

text: contact

text: began

text: nothing

text: meaningful

text: can

text: be

text: learned

text: about

text: prehistoric

text: hunter

text: gatherers

text: from

text: studies

text: of

text: modern

text: ones

text: Kelly

text: see

text: Wilmsen

question: What can be learned from the study of modern hunter-gatherers?

answer: nothing meaningful

text: nothing meaningful

question: Who thinks that it is useless to study modern foragers since the real ones are gone?

answer: theorists

text: theorists

question: What type of hunter-gatherer has disappeared ?

answer: pure hunter-gatherer

text: pure hunter-gatherer


text: Idealist notions took a strong hold among physicists of the early 20th century confronted with the paradoxes of quantum physics and the theory of relativity. In The Grammar of Science, Preface to the 2nd Edition, 1900, Karl Pearson wrote, "There are many signs that a sound idealism is surely replacing, as a basis for natural philosophy, the crude materialism of the older physicists." This book influenced Einstein's regard for the importance of the observer in scientific measurements[citation needed]. In § 5 of that book, Pearson asserted that "...science is in reality a classification and analysis of the contents of the mind...." Also, "...the field of science is much more consciousness than an external world."

title: Idealism

title: Idealism

text: Idealist

text: notions

text: took

text: a

text: strong

text: hold

text: among

text: physicists

text: of

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: confronted

text: with

text: the

text: paradoxes

text: of

text: quantum

text: physics

text: and

text: the

text: theory

text: of

text: relativity

text: In

text: The

text: Grammar

text: of

text: Science

text: Preface

text: to

text: the

text: Edition

text: Karl

text: Pearson

text: wrote

text: There

text: are

text: many

text: signs

text: that

text: a

text: sound

text: idealism

text: is

text: surely

text: replacing

text: as

text: a

text: basis

text: for

text: natural

text: philosophy

text: the

text: crude

text: materialism

text: of

text: the

text: older

text: physicists

text: This

text: book

text: influenced

text: Einstein

text: 's

text: regard

text: for

text: the

text: importance

text: of

text: the

text: observer

text: in

text: scientific

text: measurements[citation

text: needed

text: In

text: of

text: that

text: book

text: Pearson

text: asserted

text: that

text: science

text: is

text: in

text: reality

text: a

text: classification

text: and

text: analysis

text: of

text: the

text: contents

text: of

text: the

text: mind

text: Also

text: the

text: field

text: of

text: science

text: is

text: much

text: more

text: consciousness

text: than

text: an

text: external

text: world

question: Among what twentieth century scientists was idealism popular?

answer: physicists

text: physicists

question: Along with quantum physics generally, what scientific doctrine caused some physicists to embrace idealism?

answer: relativity

text: relativity

question: In what year was the second edition of The Grammar of Science published?

answer: 1900

question: What did Pearson claim that science classifies?

answer: contents of the mind

text: contents of the mind

question: Who is claimed to have been influenced by The Grammar of Science?

answer: Einstein

text: Einstein


text: The discipline of ecology typically traces its origin to the synthesis of Darwinian evolution and Humboldtian biogeography, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Equally important in the rise of ecology, however, were microbiology and soil science—particularly the cycle of life concept, prominent in the work Louis Pasteur and Ferdinand Cohn. The word ecology was coined by Ernst Haeckel, whose particularly holistic view of nature in general (and Darwin's theory in particular) was important in the spread of ecological thinking. In the 1930s, Arthur Tansley and others began developing the field of ecosystem ecology, which combined experimental soil science with physiological concepts of energy and the techniques of field biology. The history of ecology in the 20th century is closely tied to that of environmentalism; the Gaia hypothesis, first formulated in the 1960s, and spreading in the 1970s, and more recently the scientific-religious movement of Deep Ecology have brought the two closer together.

title: History_of_science

title: History_of_science

text: The

text: discipline

text: of

text: ecology

text: typically

text: traces

text: its

text: origin

text: to

text: the

text: synthesis

text: of

text: Darwinian

text: evolution

text: and

text: Humboldtian

text: biogeography

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: and

text: early

text: centuries

text: Equally

text: important

text: in

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: ecology

text: however

text: were

text: microbiology

text: and

text: soil

text: science

text: particularly

text: the

text: cycle

text: of

text: life

text: concept

text: prominent

text: in

text: the

text: work

text: Louis

text: Pasteur

text: and

text: Ferdinand

text: Cohn

text: The

text: word

text: ecology

text: was

text: coined

text: by

text: Ernst

text: Haeckel

text: whose

text: particularly

text: holistic

text: view

text: of

text: nature

text: in

text: general

text: and

text: Darwin

text: 's

text: theory

text: in

text: particular

text: was

text: important

text: in

text: the

text: spread

text: of

text: ecological

text: thinking

text: In

text: the

text: Arthur

text: Tansley

text: and

text: others

text: began

text: developing

text: the

text: field

text: of

text: ecosystem

text: ecology

text: which

text: combined

text: experimental

text: soil

text: science

text: with

text: physiological

text: concepts

text: of

text: energy

text: and

text: the

text: techniques

text: of

text: field

text: biology

text: The

text: history

text: of

text: ecology

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: is

text: closely

text: tied

text: to

text: that

text: of

text: environmentalism

text: the

text: Gaia

text: hypothesis

text: first

text: formulated

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: spreading

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: more

text: recently

text: the

text: scientific

text: religious

text: movement

text: of

text: Deep

text: Ecology

text: have

text: brought

text: the

text: two

text: closer

text: together

question: The discipline of ecology is a combination of what two subjects?

answer: Darwinian evolution and Humboldtian biogeography

text: Darwinian evolution and Humboldtian biogeography

question: What did the work of Louis Pasteur and Ferdinand Cohn focus on?

answer: the cycle of life concept

text: the cycle of life concept

question: Who came up with the word "ecology"?

answer: Ernst Haeckel

text: Ernst Haeckel

question: When was the Gaia hypothesis discovered?

answer: in the 1960s

text: in the 1960s

question: What movement occurred during the 1970s?

answer: Deep Ecology

text: Deep Ecology


text: Farming had been a traditional occupation for centuries, although it became less dominant in the 20th century with the advent of tourism. Grazing and pasture land are limited because of the steep and rocky topography of the Alps. In mid-June cows are moved to the highest pastures close to the snowline, where they are watched by herdsmen who stay in the high altitudes often living in stone huts or wooden barns during the summers. Villagers celebrate the day the cows are herded up to the pastures and again when they return in mid-September. The Alpanschluss or Désalpes ("coming down from the alps") is celebrated by decorating the cows with garlands and enormous cowbells while the farmers dress in traditional costumes.

title: Alps

title: Alps

text: Farming

text: had

text: been

text: a

text: traditional

text: occupation

text: for

text: centuries

text: although

text: it

text: became

text: less

text: dominant

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: with

text: the

text: advent

text: of

text: tourism

text: Grazing

text: and

text: pasture

text: land

text: are

text: limited

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: steep

text: and

text: rocky

text: topography

text: of

text: the

text: Alps

text: In

text: mid

text: June

text: cows

text: are

text: moved

text: to

text: the

text: highest

text: pastures

text: close

text: to

text: the

text: snowline

text: where

text: they

text: are

text: watched

text: by

text: herdsmen

text: who

text: stay

text: in

text: the

text: high

text: altitudes

text: often

text: living

text: in

text: stone

text: huts

text: or

text: wooden

text: barns

text: during

text: the

text: summers

text: Villagers

text: celebrate

text: the

text: day

text: the

text: cows

text: are

text: herded

text: up

text: to

text: the

text: pastures

text: and

text: again

text: when

text: they

text: return

text: in

text: mid

text: September

text: The

text: Alpanschluss

text: or

text: Désalpes

text: coming

text: down

text: from

text: the

text: alps

text: is

text: celebrated

text: by

text: decorating

text: the

text: cows

text: with

text: garlands

text: and

text: enormous

text: cowbells

text: while

text: the

text: farmers

text: dress

text: in

text: traditional

text: costumes

question: What has been a traditional occupation for centuries?

answer: Farming

text: Farming

question: What made farming less dominant in the 20th century?

answer: tourism

text: tourism

question: Why is pasture land limited?

answer: because of the steep and rocky topography of the Alps

text: because of the steep and rocky topography of the Alps

question: When are cows moved to the highest pastures close to the snowline?

answer: mid-June

text: mid-June


text: Between 1872 and 1905, a series of protests took place in response to the sale of concessions to foreigners by Nasser od Din and Mozaffar od Din shahs of Qajar, and led to the Iranian Constitutional Revolution. The first Iranian Constitution and the first national parliament of Iran were founded in 1906, through the ongoing revolution. The Constitution included the official recognition of Iran's three religious minorities, namely Christians, Zoroastrians, and Jews, which has remained a basis in the legislation of Iran since then.

title: Iran

title: Iran

text: Between

text: and

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: protests

text: took

text: place

text: in

text: response

text: to

text: the

text: sale

text: of

text: concessions

text: to

text: foreigners

text: by

text: Nasser

text: od

text: Din

text: and

text: Mozaffar

text: od

text: Din

text: shahs

text: of

text: Qajar

text: and

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: Iranian

text: Constitutional

text: Revolution

text: The

text: first

text: Iranian

text: Constitution

text: and

text: the

text: first

text: national

text: parliament

text: of

text: Iran

text: were

text: founded

text: in

text: through

text: the

text: ongoing

text: revolution

text: The

text: Constitution

text: included

text: the

text: official

text: recognition

text: of

text: Iran

text: 's

text: three

text: religious

text: minorities

text: namely

text: Christians

text: Zoroastrians

text: and

text: Jews

text: which

text: has

text: remained

text: a

text: basis

text: in

text: the

text: legislation

text: of

text: Iran

text: since

text: then

question: When did a series of protests over foreign concessions sales in Iran occur?

answer: Between 1872 and 1905

text: Between 1872 and 1905

question: What resulted from the series of protests in Iran over foreign concessions sales?

answer: the Iranian Constitutional Revolution

text: the Iranian Constitutional Revolution

question: The first national parliament of Iran was founded in what year?

answer: in 1906

text: in 1906

question: The first Constitution of Iran was founded in what year?

answer: in 1906

text: in 1906

question: The Iranian Constitution did what for Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians in Iran?

answer: official recognition of Iran's three religious minorities

text: official recognition of Iran's three religious minorities


text: In 1820-1830’s the Ottoman Empire endured a number of strikes which challenged the existence of the country. The Greek Uprising (began in the spring of 1821) evidenced internal and military weakness of Ottoman Empire and caused severe atrocities by Ottoman military forces (see Chios massacre). The disbandment of the centuries-old Janissary corps by Sultan Mahmud II on 15 June 1826 (Auspicious Incident) was a good deed for the country in the longer term, but it has deprived the country from its army forces for the nearest future. In 1827 the allied Anglo-Franco-Russian fleet destroyed almost all the Ottoman naval forces during the Battle of Navarino. In 1830 Greece becomes an independent state after 10 years of independence war and the Russo-Turkish War of 1828–1829. According to the Treaty of Adrianople (1829) Russian and European commercial ships were authorized to freely pass through Black Sea straits, Serbia received autonomy, and Danubian Principalities (Moldavia and Walachia) became the territories under Russian protection.

title: Crimean_War

title: Crimean_War

text: In

text: ’s

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: endured

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: strikes

text: which

text: challenged

text: the

text: existence

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: The

text: Greek

text: Uprising

text: began

text: in

text: the

text: spring

text: of

text: evidenced

text: internal

text: and

text: military

text: weakness

text: of

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: and

text: caused

text: severe

text: atrocities

text: by

text: Ottoman

text: military

text: forces

text: see

text: Chios

text: massacre

text: The

text: disbandment

text: of

text: the

text: centuries

text: old

text: Janissary

text: corps

text: by

text: Sultan

text: Mahmud

text: II

text: on

text: June

text: Auspicious

text: Incident

text: was

text: a

text: good

text: deed

text: for

text: the

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: longer

text: term

text: but

text: it

text: has

text: deprived

text: the

text: country

text: from

text: its

text: army

text: forces

text: for

text: the

text: nearest

text: future

text: In

text: the

text: allied

text: Anglo

text: Franco

text: Russian

text: fleet

text: destroyed

text: almost

text: all

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: naval

text: forces

text: during

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Navarino

text: In

text: Greece

text: becomes

text: an

text: independent

text: state

text: after

text: years

text: of

text: independence

text: war

text: and

text: the

text: Russo

text: Turkish

text: War

text: of

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Adrianople

text: Russian

text: and

text: European

text: commercial

text: ships

text: were

text: authorized

text: to

text: freely

text: pass

text: through

text: Black

text: Sea

text: straits

text: Serbia

text: received

text: autonomy

text: and

text: Danubian

text: Principalities

text: Moldavia

text: and

text: Walachia

text: became

text: the

text: territories

text: under

text: Russian

text: protection

question: In what year did The Greek Uprising take place?

answer: 1821

question: Who disbanded the Janissary corps?

answer: Sultan Mahmud II

text: Sultan Mahmud II

question: In what year was the Janissary corp disbanded?

answer: 1826

question: Who destroyed most of the Ottoman's naval forces during the Battle of Navarino?

answer: the allied Anglo-Franco-Russian fleet

text: the allied Anglo-Franco-Russian fleet

question: In what year did Greece finally become an independent state?

answer: 1830


text: Hayek disapproved of the notion of 'social justice'. He compared the market to a game in which 'there is no point in calling the outcome just or unjust' and argued that 'social justice is an empty phrase with no determinable content'; likewise "the results of the individual's efforts are necessarily unpredictable, and the question as to whether the resulting distribution of incomes is just has no meaning". He generally regarded government redistribution of income or capital as an unacceptable intrusion upon individual freedom: "the principle of distributive justice, once introduced, would not be fulfilled until the whole of society was organized in accordance with it. This would produce a kind of society which in all essential respects would be the opposite of a free society."

title: Friedrich_Hayek

title: Friedrich_Hayek

text: Hayek

text: disapproved

text: of

text: the

text: notion

text: of

text: social

text: justice

text: He

text: compared

text: the

text: market

text: to

text: a

text: game

text: in

text: which

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: point

text: in

text: calling

text: the

text: outcome

text: just

text: or

text: unjust

text: and

text: argued

text: that

text: social

text: justice

text: is

text: an

text: empty

text: phrase

text: with

text: no

text: determinable

text: content

text: likewise

text: the

text: results

text: of

text: the

text: individual

text: 's

text: efforts

text: are

text: necessarily

text: unpredictable

text: and

text: the

text: question

text: as

text: to

text: whether

text: the

text: resulting

text: distribution

text: of

text: incomes

text: is

text: just

text: has

text: no

text: meaning

text: He

text: generally

text: regarded

text: government

text: redistribution

text: of

text: income

text: or

text: capital

text: as

text: an

text: unacceptable

text: intrusion

text: upon

text: individual

text: freedom

text: the

text: principle

text: of

text: distributive

text: justice

text: once

text: introduced

text: would

text: not

text: be

text: fulfilled

text: until

text: the

text: whole

text: of

text: society

text: was

text: organized

text: in

text: accordance

text: with

text: it

text: This

text: would

text: produce

text: a

text: kind

text: of

text: society

text: which

text: in

text: all

text: essential

text: respects

text: would

text: be

text: the

text: opposite

text: of

text: a

text: free

text: society

question: What concept did Hayek dislike?

answer: social justice

text: social justice

question: How did Hayek feel regarding income distribution?

answer: there is no point in calling the outcome just or unjust

text: there is no point in calling the outcome just or unjust

question: What reason does Hayek provide for differences in income distribution not being a matter of just or unjust?

answer: the results of the individual's efforts are necessarily unpredictable

text: the results of the individual's efforts are necessarily unpredictable

question: According to Hayek, a society in which income is redistributed is what?

answer: the opposite of a free society

text: the opposite of a free society


text: The value of the deposit was obvious from the start, but the means of extracting the bitumen were not. The nearest town, Fort McMurray, Alberta was a small fur trading post, other markets were far away, and transportation costs were too high to ship the raw bituminous sand for paving. In 1915, Sidney Ells of the Federal Mines Branch experimented with separation techniques and used the bitumen to pave 600 feet of road in Edmonton, Alberta. Other roads in Alberta were paved with oil sands, but it was generally not economic. During the 1920s Dr. Karl A. Clark of the Alberta Research Council patented a hot water oil separation process and entrepreneur Robert C. Fitzsimmons built the Bitumount oil separation plant, which between 1925 and 1958 produced up to 300 barrels (50 m3) per day of bitumen using Dr. Clark's method. Most of the bitumen was used for waterproofing roofs, but other uses included fuels, lubrication oils, printers ink, medicines, rust and acid-proof paints, fireproof roofing, street paving, patent leather, and fence post preservatives. Eventually Fitzsimmons ran out of money and the plant was taken over by the Alberta government. Today the Bitumount plant is a Provincial Historic Site.

title: Asphalt

title: Asphalt

text: The

text: value

text: of

text: the

text: deposit

text: was

text: obvious

text: from

text: the

text: start

text: but

text: the

text: means

text: of

text: extracting

text: the

text: bitumen

text: were

text: not

text: The

text: nearest

text: town

text: Fort

text: McMurray

text: Alberta

text: was

text: a

text: small

text: fur

text: trading

text: post

text: other

text: markets

text: were

text: far

text: away

text: and

text: transportation

text: costs

text: were

text: too

text: high

text: to

text: ship

text: the

text: raw

text: bituminous

text: sand

text: for

text: paving

text: In

text: Sidney

text: Ells

text: of

text: the

text: Federal

text: Mines

text: Branch

text: experimented

text: with

text: separation

text: techniques

text: and

text: used

text: the

text: bitumen

text: to

text: pave

text: feet

text: of

text: road

text: in

text: Edmonton

text: Alberta

text: Other

text: roads

text: in

text: Alberta

text: were

text: paved

text: with

text: oil

text: sands

text: but

text: it

text: was

text: generally

text: not

text: economic

text: During

text: the

text: Dr.

text: Karl

text: A.

text: Clark

text: of

text: the

text: Alberta

text: Research

text: Council

text: patented

text: a

text: hot

text: water

text: oil

text: separation

text: process

text: and

text: entrepreneur

text: Robert

text: C.

text: Fitzsimmons

text: built

text: the

text: Bitumount

text: oil

text: separation

text: plant

text: which

text: between

text: and

text: produced

text: up

text: to

text: barrels

text: per

text: day

text: of

text: bitumen

text: using

text: Dr.

text: Clark

text: 's

text: method

text: Most

text: of

text: the

text: bitumen

text: was

text: used

text: for

text: waterproofing

text: roofs

text: but

text: other

text: uses

text: included

text: fuels

text: lubrication

text: oils

text: printers

text: ink

text: medicines

text: rust

text: and

text: acid

text: proof

text: paints

text: fireproof

text: roofing

text: street

text: paving

text: patent

text: leather

text: and

text: fence

text: post

text: preservatives

text: Eventually

text: Fitzsimmons

text: ran

text: out

text: of

text: money

text: and

text: the

text: plant

text: was

text: taken

text: over

text: by

text: the

text: Alberta

text: government

text: Today

text: the

text: Bitumount

text: plant

text: is

text: a

text: Provincial

text: Historic

text: Site

question: Who experimented with bitumen extraction techniques to make shipping easier?

answer: Sidney Ells

text: Sidney Ells

question: What researcher patented a hot water oil process to separate bitumen?

answer: Dr. Karl A. Clark

text: Dr. Karl A. Clark

question: When did Ells begin using bitumen as a paving in Alberta?

answer: 1915

question: Who constructed the Bitumont oil separation plant?

answer: Robert C. Fitzsimmons

text: Robert C. Fitzsimmons

question: For what was most of the the Bitumont plant's output was used for waterproofing?

answer: roofs

text: roofs


text: Compression efficiency of encoders is typically defined by the bit rate, because compression ratio depends on the bit depth and sampling rate of the input signal. Nevertheless, compression ratios are often published. They may use the Compact Disc (CD) parameters as references (44.1 kHz, 2 channels at 16 bits per channel or 2×16 bit), or sometimes the Digital Audio Tape (DAT) SP parameters (48 kHz, 2×16 bit). Compression ratios with this latter reference are higher, which demonstrates the problem with use of the term compression ratio for lossy encoders.

title: MP3

title: MP3

text: Compression

text: efficiency

text: of

text: encoders

text: is

text: typically

text: defined

text: by

text: the

text: bit

text: rate

text: because

text: compression

text: ratio

text: depends

text: on

text: the

text: bit

text: depth

text: and

text: sampling

text: rate

text: of

text: the

text: input

text: signal

text: Nevertheless

text: compression

text: ratios

text: are

text: often

text: published

text: They

text: may

text: use

text: the

text: Compact

text: Disc

text: CD

text: parameters

text: as

text: references

text: kHz

text: channels

text: at

text: bits

text: per

text: channel

text: or

text: bit

text: or

text: sometimes

text: the

text: Digital

text: Audio

text: Tape

text: DAT

text: SP

text: parameters

text: kHz

text: bit

text: Compression

text: ratios

text: with

text: this

text: latter

text: reference

text: are

text: higher

text: which

text: demonstrates

text: the

text: problem

text: with

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: term

text: compression

text: ratio

text: for

text: lossy

text: encoders

question: What defines the compression efficiency of encoders?

answer: bit rate

text: bit rate

question: Compression ratio depends on the sample rate and bit depth of which signal?

answer: input

text: input

question: What does CD stand for?

answer: Compact Disc

text: Compact Disc

question: Other than CD parameters, what else can be used as parameter references?

answer: Digital Audio Tape (DAT) SP

text: Digital Audio Tape (DAT) SP

question: What can CD parameters be used as references for?

answer: compression ratios

text: compression ratios


text: In an attempt to provide general descriptions that may facilitate the job of law enforcement officers seeking to apprehend suspects, the United States FBI employs the term "race" to summarize the general appearance (skin color, hair texture, eye shape, and other such easily noticed characteristics) of individuals whom they are attempting to apprehend. From the perspective of law enforcement officers, it is generally more important to arrive at a description that will readily suggest the general appearance of an individual than to make a scientifically valid categorization by DNA or other such means. Thus, in addition to assigning a wanted individual to a racial category, such a description will include: height, weight, eye color, scars and other distinguishing characteristics.

title: Race_(human_categorization)

title: Race_(human_categorization

text: In

text: an

text: attempt

text: to

text: provide

text: general

text: descriptions

text: that

text: may

text: facilitate

text: the

text: job

text: of

text: law

text: enforcement

text: officers

text: seeking

text: to

text: apprehend

text: suspects

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: FBI

text: employs

text: the

text: term

text: race

text: to

text: summarize

text: the

text: general

text: appearance

text: skin

text: color

text: hair

text: texture

text: eye

text: shape

text: and

text: other

text: such

text: easily

text: noticed

text: characteristics

text: of

text: individuals

text: whom

text: they

text: are

text: attempting

text: to

text: apprehend

text: From

text: the

text: perspective

text: of

text: law

text: enforcement

text: officers

text: it

text: is

text: generally

text: more

text: important

text: to

text: arrive

text: at

text: a

text: description

text: that

text: will

text: readily

text: suggest

text: the

text: general

text: appearance

text: of

text: an

text: individual

text: than

text: to

text: make

text: a

text: scientifically

text: valid

text: categorization

text: by

text: DNA

text: or

text: other

text: such

text: means

text: Thus

text: in

text: addition

text: to

text: assigning

text: a

text: wanted

text: individual

text: to

text: a

text: racial

text: category

text: such

text: a

text: description

text: will

text: include

text: height

text: weight

text: eye

text: color

text: scars

text: and

text: other

text: distinguishing

text: characteristics

question: What does the FBI feel providing general descriptions helps to facilitate?

answer: job of law enforcement officers

text: job of law enforcement officers

question: What does the FBI employ the term race to summarize?

answer: general appearance

text: general appearance

question: What does law enforcement feel appearance characteristics of individuals help them do to those individuals?

answer: apprehend

text: apprehend

question: What is more important for law enforcement in categorizing instead of DNA?

answer: arrive at a description

text: arrive at a description

question: What does a description of a wanted individual include beyond their racial category?

answer: height, weight, eye color, scars and other distinguishing characteristics.

text: height, weight, eye color, scars and other distinguishing characteristics.


text: Although initially the Germans were welcomed by most Estonians as liberators from the USSR and its oppressions, and hopes were raised for the restoration of the country's independence, it was soon realised that the Nazis were but another occupying power. The Germans used Estonia's resources for their war effort; for the duration of the occupation Estonia was incorporated into the German province of Ostland. The Germans and their collaborators also carried out The Holocaust in Estonia in which they established a network of concentration camps and murdered thousands of Estonian Jews and Estonian Gypsies, other Estonians, non-Estonian Jews, and Soviet prisoners of war.

title: Estonia

title: Estonia

text: Although

text: initially

text: the

text: Germans

text: were

text: welcomed

text: by

text: most

text: Estonians

text: as

text: liberators

text: from

text: the

text: USSR

text: and

text: its

text: oppressions

text: and

text: hopes

text: were

text: raised

text: for

text: the

text: restoration

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: independence

text: it

text: was

text: soon

text: realised

text: that

text: the

text: Nazis

text: were

text: but

text: another

text: occupying

text: power

text: The

text: Germans

text: used

text: Estonia

text: 's

text: resources

text: for

text: their

text: war

text: effort

text: for

text: the

text: duration

text: of

text: the

text: occupation

text: Estonia

text: was

text: incorporated

text: into

text: the

text: German

text: province

text: of

text: Ostland

text: The

text: Germans

text: and

text: their

text: collaborators

text: also

text: carried

text: out

text: The

text: Holocaust

text: in

text: Estonia

text: in

text: which

text: they

text: established

text: a

text: network

text: of

text: concentration

text: camps

text: and

text: murdered

text: thousands

text: of

text: Estonian

text: Jews

text: and

text: Estonian

text: Gypsies

text: other

text: Estonians

text: non

text: Estonian

text: Jews

text: and

text: Soviet

text: prisoners

text: of

text: war

question: What did the majority of Estonians view the Germans as?

answer: liberators

text: liberators

question: Who was in control of Estonia before the Germans?

answer: the USSR

text: the USSR

question: What did Estonia hope to restore after the removal of the USSR?

answer: the country's independence

text: the country's independence

question: What did Germany take from Estonia for their war strategy?

answer: Estonia's resources

text: Estonia's resources


text: Today, computer security comprises mainly "preventive" measures, like firewalls or an exit procedure. A firewall can be defined as a way of filtering network data between a host or a network and another network, such as the Internet, and can be implemented as software running on the machine, hooking into the network stack (or, in the case of most UNIX-based operating systems such as Linux, built into the operating system kernel) to provide real time filtering and blocking. Another implementation is a so-called physical firewall which consists of a separate machine filtering network traffic. Firewalls are common amongst machines that are permanently connected to the Internet.

title: Computer_security

title: Computer_security

text: Today

text: computer

text: security

text: comprises

text: mainly

text: preventive

text: measures

text: like

text: firewalls

text: or

text: an

text: exit

text: procedure

text: A

text: firewall

text: can

text: be

text: defined

text: as

text: a

text: way

text: of

text: filtering

text: network

text: data

text: between

text: a

text: host

text: or

text: a

text: network

text: and

text: another

text: network

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Internet

text: and

text: can

text: be

text: implemented

text: as

text: software

text: running

text: on

text: the

text: machine

text: hooking

text: into

text: the

text: network

text: stack

text: or

text: in

text: the

text: case

text: of

text: most

text: UNIX

text: based

text: operating

text: systems

text: such

text: as

text: Linux

text: built

text: into

text: the

text: operating

text: system

text: kernel

text: to

text: provide

text: real

text: time

text: filtering

text: and

text: blocking

text: Another

text: implementation

text: is

text: a

text: so

text: called

text: physical

text: firewall

text: which

text: consists

text: of

text: a

text: separate

text: machine

text: filtering

text: network

text: traffic

text: Firewalls

text: are

text: common

text: amongst

text: machines

text: that

text: are

text: permanently

text: connected

text: to

text: the

text: Internet

question: Firewalls and exit procedures are considered what?

answer: "preventive" measures

text: "preventive" measures

question: What is defined as a way of filtering network data between a host or network and another network?

answer: A firewall

text: A firewall

question: What does a physical firewall consist of?

answer: a separate machine filtering network traffic

text: a separate machine filtering network traffic

question: What type of machines normall have a firewall?

answer: permanently connected to the Internet

text: permanently connected to the Internet

question: What compromises mainly preventative measures?

answer: computer security

text: computer security


text: The Indus and Brahmaputra rivers originate from a lake (Tib: Tso Mapham) in Western Tibet, near Mount Kailash. The mountain is a holy pilgrimage site for both Hindus and Tibetans. The Hindus consider the mountain to be the abode of Lord Shiva. The Tibetan name for Mt. Kailash is Khang Rinpoche. Tibet has numerous high-altitude lakes referred to in Tibetan as tso or co. These include Qinghai Lake, Lake Manasarovar, Namtso, Pangong Tso, Yamdrok Lake, Siling Co, Lhamo La-tso, Lumajangdong Co, Lake Puma Yumco, Lake Paiku, Lake Rakshastal, Dagze Co and Dong Co. The Qinghai Lake (Koko Nor) is the largest lake in the People's Republic of China.

title: Tibet

title: Tibet

text: The

text: Indus

text: and

text: Brahmaputra

text: rivers

text: originate

text: from

text: a

text: lake

text: Tib

text: Tso

text: Mapham

text: in

text: Western

text: Tibet

text: near

text: Mount

text: Kailash

text: The

text: mountain

text: is

text: a

text: holy

text: pilgrimage

text: site

text: for

text: both

text: Hindus

text: and

text: Tibetans

text: The

text: Hindus

text: consider

text: the

text: mountain

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: abode

text: of

text: Lord

text: Shiva

text: The

text: Tibetan

text: name

text: for

text: Mt.

text: Kailash

text: is

text: Khang

text: Rinpoche

text: Tibet

text: has

text: numerous

text: high

text: altitude

text: lakes

text: referred

text: to

text: in

text: Tibetan

text: as

text: tso

text: or

text: co.

text: These

text: include

text: Qinghai

text: Lake

text: Lake

text: Manasarovar

text: Namtso

text: Pangong

text: Tso

text: Yamdrok

text: Lake

text: Siling

text: Co

text: Lhamo

text: La

text: tso

text: Lumajangdong

text: Co

text: Lake

text: Puma

text: Yumco

text: Lake

text: Paiku

text: Lake

text: Rakshastal

text: Dagze

text: Co

text: and

text: Dong

text: Co.

text: The

text: Qinghai

text: Lake

text: Koko

text: Nor

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: lake

text: in

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

question: Which mountain is a holy pilgrimage for both Hindus and Tibetans?

answer: Mount Kailash

text: Mount Kailash

question: Who do Hindus believe lives in Mount Kailash?

answer: Lord Shiva

text: Lord Shiva

question: What is the Tibetan name for Mount Kailash?

answer: Khang Rinpoche

text: Khang Rinpoche

question: Which lake is the largest in China?

answer: Qinghai Lake

text: Qinghai Lake


text: Private CBC affiliates are not as common as they were in the past, as many such stations have been purchased either by the CBC itself or by Canwest Global or CHUM Limited, respectively becoming E! or A-Channel (later A, now CTV Two) stations. One private CBC affiliate, CHBC-TV in Kelowna, joined E! (then known as CH) on February 27, 2006. When a private CBC affiliate reaffiliates with another network, the CBC has normally added a retransmitter of its nearest O&O station to ensure that CBC service is continued. However, due to an agreement between CHBC and CFJC-TV in Kamloops, CFJC also disaffiliated from the CBC on February 27, 2006, but no retransmitters were installed in the licence area. Former private CBC affiliates CKPG-TV Prince George and CHAT-TV Medicine Hat disaffiliated on August 31, 2008 and joined E!, but the CBC announced it will not add new retransmitters to these areas. Incidentally, CFJC, CKPG and CHAT are all owned by an independent media company, Jim Pattison Group. With the closure of E! and other changes in the media landscape, several former CBC affiliates have since joined City or Global, or closed altogether.

title: CBC_Television

title: CBC_Television

text: Private

text: CBC

text: affiliates

text: are

text: not

text: as

text: common

text: as

text: they

text: were

text: in

text: the

text: past

text: as

text: many

text: such

text: stations

text: have

text: been

text: purchased

text: either

text: by

text: the

text: CBC

text: itself

text: or

text: by

text: Canwest

text: Global

text: or

text: CHUM

text: Limited

text: respectively

text: becoming

text: E

text: or

text: A

text: Channel

text: later

text: A

text: now

text: CTV

text: Two

text: stations

text: One

text: private

text: CBC

text: affiliate

text: CHBC

text: TV

text: in

text: Kelowna

text: joined

text: E

text: then

text: known

text: as

text: CH

text: on

text: February

text: When

text: a

text: private

text: CBC

text: affiliate

text: reaffiliates

text: with

text: another

text: network

text: the

text: CBC

text: has

text: normally

text: added

text: a

text: retransmitter

text: of

text: its

text: nearest

text: O&O

text: station

text: to

text: ensure

text: that

text: CBC

text: service

text: is

text: continued

text: However

text: due

text: to

text: an

text: agreement

text: between

text: CHBC

text: and

text: CFJC

text: TV

text: in

text: Kamloops

text: CFJC

text: also

text: disaffiliated

text: from

text: the

text: CBC

text: on

text: February

text: but

text: no

text: retransmitters

text: were

text: installed

text: in

text: the

text: licence

text: area

text: Former

text: private

text: CBC

text: affiliates

text: CKPG

text: TV

text: Prince

text: George

text: and

text: CHAT

text: TV

text: Medicine

text: Hat

text: disaffiliated

text: on

text: August

text: and

text: joined

text: E

text: but

text: the

text: CBC

text: announced

text: it

text: will

text: not

text: add

text: new

text: retransmitters

text: to

text: these

text: areas

text: Incidentally

text: CFJC

text: CKPG

text: and

text: CHAT

text: are

text: all

text: owned

text: by

text: an

text: independent

text: media

text: company

text: Jim

text: Pattison

text: Group

text: With

text: the

text: closure

text: of

text: E

text: and

text: other

text: changes

text: in

text: the

text: media

text: landscape

text: several

text: former

text: CBC

text: affiliates

text: have

text: since

text: joined

text: City

text: or

text: Global

text: or

text: closed

text: altogether

question: Which CBC affiliate joined E! in February 2006?

answer: CHBC-TV in Kelowna

text: CHBC-TV in Kelowna

question: Which affiliate left CBC due to an agreement with CHBC?

answer: CFJC-TV in Kamloops

text: CFJC-TV in Kamloops

question: What two affiliates joined E! in late August, 2008 after which transmitters were not replaced?

answer: CKPG-TV Prince George and CHAT-TV Medicine Hat

text: CKPG-TV Prince George and CHAT-TV Medicine Hat

question: CJFC, CHAT, and CKPG are owned by whom?

answer: Jim Pattison Group

text: Jim Pattison Group


text: Initially the existing 5:3 aspect ratio had been the main candidate but, due to the influence of widescreen cinema, the aspect ratio 16:9 (1.78) eventually emerged as being a reasonable compromise between 5:3 (1.67) and the common 1.85 widescreen cinema format. An aspect ratio of 16:9 was duly agreed upon at the first meeting of the IWP11/6 working party at the BBC's Research and Development establishment in Kingswood Warren. The resulting ITU-R Recommendation ITU-R BT.709-2 ("Rec. 709") includes the 16:9 aspect ratio, a specified colorimetry, and the scan modes 1080i (1,080 actively interlaced lines of resolution) and 1080p (1,080 progressively scanned lines). The British Freeview HD trials used MBAFF, which contains both progressive and interlaced content in the same encoding.

title: High-definition_television

title: High

title: definition_television

text: Initially

text: the

text: existing

text: aspect

text: ratio

text: had

text: been

text: the

text: main

text: candidate

text: but

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: influence

text: of

text: widescreen

text: cinema

text: the

text: aspect

text: ratio

text: eventually

text: emerged

text: as

text: being

text: a

text: reasonable

text: compromise

text: between

text: and

text: the

text: common

text: widescreen

text: cinema

text: format

text: An

text: aspect

text: ratio

text: of

text: was

text: duly

text: agreed

text: upon

text: at

text: the

text: first

text: meeting

text: of

text: the

text: working

text: party

text: at

text: the

text: BBC

text: 's

text: Research

text: and

text: Development

text: establishment

text: in

text: Kingswood

text: Warren

text: The

text: resulting

text: ITU

text: R

text: Recommendation

text: ITU

text: R

text: Rec

text: includes

text: the

text: aspect

text: ratio

text: a

text: specified

text: colorimetry

text: and

text: the

text: scan

text: modes

text: actively

text: interlaced

text: lines

text: of

text: resolution

text: and

text: progressively

text: scanned

text: lines

text: The

text: British

text: Freeview

text: HD

text: trials

text: used

text: MBAFF

text: which

text: contains

text: both

text: progressive

text: and

text: interlaced

text: content

text: in

text: the

text: same

text: encoding

question: What aspect ratio was agreed upon due to the influence of widescreen cinema?

answer: 16:9

question: Who agreed upon the 16:9 aspect ratio?

answer: the IWP11/6 working party

text: the IWP11/6 working party

question: What was a leading factor in the 16:9 aspect ratio being chosen?

answer: widescreen cinema

text: widescreen cinema

question: Which encoding contains both progressive and interlaced content?

answer: MBAFF

text: MBAFF

question: Which aspect ratio was the early favorite?

answer: 5:3


text: A more elaborate form of urban AC is the rhythmic oldies format, which focuses primarily on "old school" R&B and soul hits from the 1960s to the 1990s, including Motown and disco hits. The format includes soul or disco artists such as ABBA, The Village People, The Jackson 5, Donna Summer, Tina Charles, Gloria Gaynor and the Bee Gees. Rhythmic oldies stations still exist today, but target African-Americans as opposed to a mass audience.

title: Adult_contemporary_music

title: Adult_contemporary_music

text: A

text: more

text: elaborate

text: form

text: of

text: urban

text: AC

text: is

text: the

text: rhythmic

text: oldies

text: format

text: which

text: focuses

text: primarily

text: on

text: old

text: school

text: R&B

text: and

text: soul

text: hits

text: from

text: the

text: to

text: the

text: including

text: Motown

text: and

text: disco

text: hits

text: The

text: format

text: includes

text: soul

text: or

text: disco

text: artists

text: such

text: as

text: ABBA

text: The

text: Village

text: People

text: The

text: Jackson

text: Donna

text: Summer

text: Tina

text: Charles

text: Gloria

text: Gaynor

text: and

text: the

text: Bee

text: Gees

text: Rhythmic

text: oldies

text: stations

text: still

text: exist

text: today

text: but

text: target

text: African

text: Americans

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: a

text: mass

text: audience

question: What radio format is similar to urban AC but features older soul and R&B songs?

answer: rhythmic oldies

text: rhythmic oldies

question: What is the earliest decade of music typically featured on the rhythmic oldies format?

answer: 1960s

question: What is the most recent decade music from which music can be heard on a rhythmic oldies station?

answer: 1990s

question: What is the target demographic of the rhythmic oldies format?

answer: African-Americans

text: African-Americans


text: Title I of the U.S. DMCA, the WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act has provisions that prevent persons from "circumvent[ing] a technological measure that effectively controls access to a work". Thus if a distributor of copyrighted works has some kind of software, dongle or password access device installed in instances of the work, any attempt to bypass such a copy protection scheme may be actionable – though the US Copyright Office is currently reviewing anticircumvention rulemaking under DMCA – anticircumvention exemptions that have been in place under the DMCA include those in software designed to filter websites that are generally seen to be inefficient (child safety and public library website filtering software) and the circumvention of copy protection mechanisms that have malfunctioned, have caused the instance of the work to become inoperable or which are no longer supported by their manufacturers.

title: Copyright_infringement

title: Copyright_infringement

text: Title

text: I

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: DMCA

text: the

text: WIPO

text: Copyright

text: and

text: Performances

text: and

text: Phonograms

text: Treaties

text: Implementation

text: Act

text: has

text: provisions

text: that

text: prevent

text: persons

text: from

text: circumvent[ing

text: a

text: technological

text: measure

text: that

text: effectively

text: controls

text: access

text: to

text: a

text: work

text: Thus

text: if

text: a

text: distributor

text: of

text: copyrighted

text: works

text: has

text: some

text: kind

text: of

text: software

text: dongle

text: or

text: password

text: access

text: device

text: installed

text: in

text: instances

text: of

text: the

text: work

text: any

text: attempt

text: to

text: bypass

text: such

text: a

text: copy

text: protection

text: scheme

text: may

text: be

text: actionable

text: though

text: the

text: US

text: Copyright

text: Office

text: is

text: currently

text: reviewing

text: anticircumvention

text: rulemaking

text: under

text: DMCA

text: anticircumvention

text: exemptions

text: that

text: have

text: been

text: in

text: place

text: under

text: the

text: DMCA

text: include

text: those

text: in

text: software

text: designed

text: to

text: filter

text: websites

text: that

text: are

text: generally

text: seen

text: to

text: be

text: inefficient

text: child

text: safety

text: and

text: public

text: library

text: website

text: filtering

text: software

text: and

text: the

text: circumvention

text: of

text: copy

text: protection

text: mechanisms

text: that

text: have

text: malfunctioned

text: have

text: caused

text: the

text: instance

text: of

text: the

text: work

text: to

text: become

text: inoperable

text: or

text: which

text: are

text: no

text: longer

text: supported

text: by

text: their

text: manufacturers

question: What is the U.S. law that uses the WIPO Copyright as it's Title I?

answer: DMCA

text: DMCA

question: What is it called when someone intentionally breaks encryption on a movie or game?

answer: "circumvent[ing] a technological measure

text: "circumvent[ing] a technological measure

question: Anticircumvention exemptions are generally seen to be be what?

answer: inefficient

text: inefficient

question: What are child safety and public library software used to filter?

answer: website

text: website


text: Wove paper does not exhibit "laidlines", which are small regular lines left behind on paper when it was handmade in a mould made from rows of metal wires or bamboo. Laidlines are very close together. They run perpendicular to the "chainlines", which are further apart. Handmade paper similarly exhibits "deckle edges", or rough and feathery borders.

title: Paper

title: Paper

text: Wove

text: paper

text: does

text: not

text: exhibit

text: laidlines

text: which

text: are

text: small

text: regular

text: lines

text: left

text: behind

text: on

text: paper

text: when

text: it

text: was

text: handmade

text: in

text: a

text: mould

text: made

text: from

text: rows

text: of

text: metal

text: wires

text: or

text: bamboo

text: Laidlines

text: are

text: very

text: close

text: together

text: They

text: run

text: perpendicular

text: to

text: the

text: chainlines

text: which

text: are

text: further

text: apart

text: Handmade

text: paper

text: similarly

text: exhibits

text: deckle

text: edges

text: or

text: rough

text: and

text: feathery

text: borders

question: What type of lines does wove paper not exhibit?

answer: Laidlines

text: Laidlines

question: What are small regular lines left on paper when handmade in a mould?

answer: Laidlines

text: Laidlines

question: What runs perpendicular to the laidlines?

answer: chainlines

text: chainlines

question: Which is lines are commonly higher in density, laidlines or chainlines?

answer: Laidlines

text: Laidlines


text: Public Safety Canada’s Canadian Cyber Incident Response Centre (CCIRC) is responsible for mitigating and responding to threats to Canada’s critical infrastructure and cyber systems. The CCIRC provides support to mitigate cyber threats, technical support to respond and recover from targeted cyber attacks, and provides online tools for members of Canada’s critical infrastructure sectors. The CCIRC posts regular cyber security bulletins on the Public Safety Canada website. The CCIRC also operates an online reporting tool where individuals and organizations can report a cyber incident. Canada's Cyber Security Strategy is part of a larger, integrated approach to critical infrastructure protection, and functions as a counterpart document to the National Strategy and Action Plan for Critical Infrastructure.

title: Computer_security

title: Computer_security

text: Public

text: Safety

text: Canada

text: ’s

text: Canadian

text: Cyber

text: Incident

text: Response

text: Centre

text: CCIRC

text: is

text: responsible

text: for

text: mitigating

text: and

text: responding

text: to

text: threats

text: to

text: Canada

text: ’s

text: critical

text: infrastructure

text: and

text: cyber

text: systems

text: The

text: CCIRC

text: provides

text: support

text: to

text: mitigate

text: cyber

text: threats

text: technical

text: support

text: to

text: respond

text: and

text: recover

text: from

text: targeted

text: cyber

text: attacks

text: and

text: provides

text: online

text: tools

text: for

text: members

text: of

text: Canada

text: ’s

text: critical

text: infrastructure

text: sectors

text: The

text: CCIRC

text: posts

text: regular

text: cyber

text: security

text: bulletins

text: on

text: the

text: Public

text: Safety

text: Canada

text: website

text: The

text: CCIRC

text: also

text: operates

text: an

text: online

text: reporting

text: tool

text: where

text: individuals

text: and

text: organizations

text: can

text: report

text: a

text: cyber

text: incident

text: Canada

text: 's

text: Cyber

text: Security

text: Strategy

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: a

text: larger

text: integrated

text: approach

text: to

text: critical

text: infrastructure

text: protection

text: and

text: functions

text: as

text: a

text: counterpart

text: document

text: to

text: the

text: National

text: Strategy

text: and

text: Action

text: Plan

text: for

text: Critical

text: Infrastructure

question: What does CCIRC stand for?

answer: Canadian Cyber Incident Response Centre

text: Canadian Cyber Incident Response Centre

question: Who is resposible for mitigating and responding to threats to Canada's critical infrastructure?

answer: CCIRC

text: CCIRC

question: Where does the CCIRC post regular cyber security bulletins?

answer: on the Public Safety Canada website

text: on the Public Safety Canada website

question: What functions as a counterpart document to the National Strategy and Action Plan for Critical Infrastructure?

answer: Canada's Cyber Security Strategy

text: Canada's Cyber Security Strategy


text: On July 11, 1877, a few days after the Bell Telephone Company was established, Bell married Mabel Hubbard (1857–1923) at the Hubbard estate in Cambridge, Massachusetts. His wedding present to his bride was to turn over 1,487 of his 1,497 shares in the newly formed Bell Telephone Company. Shortly thereafter, the newlyweds embarked on a year-long honeymoon in Europe. During that excursion, Bell took a handmade model of his telephone with him, making it a "working holiday". The courtship had begun years earlier; however, Bell waited until he was more financially secure before marrying. Although the telephone appeared to be an "instant" success, it was not initially a profitable venture and Bell's main sources of income were from lectures until after 1897. One unusual request exacted by his fiancée was that he use "Alec" rather than the family's earlier familiar name of "Aleck". From 1876, he would sign his name "Alec Bell". They had four children:

title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

text: On

text: July

text: a

text: few

text: days

text: after

text: the

text: Bell

text: Telephone

text: Company

text: was

text: established

text: Bell

text: married

text: Mabel

text: Hubbard

text: at

text: the

text: Hubbard

text: estate

text: in

text: Cambridge

text: Massachusetts

text: His

text: wedding

text: present

text: to

text: his

text: bride

text: was

text: to

text: turn

text: over

text: of

text: his

text: shares

text: in

text: the

text: newly

text: formed

text: Bell

text: Telephone

text: Company

text: Shortly

text: thereafter

text: the

text: newlyweds

text: embarked

text: on

text: a

text: year

text: long

text: honeymoon

text: in

text: Europe

text: During

text: that

text: excursion

text: Bell

text: took

text: a

text: handmade

text: model

text: of

text: his

text: telephone

text: with

text: him

text: making

text: it

text: a

text: working

text: holiday

text: The

text: courtship

text: had

text: begun

text: years

text: earlier

text: however

text: Bell

text: waited

text: until

text: he

text: was

text: more

text: financially

text: secure

text: before

text: marrying

text: Although

text: the

text: telephone

text: appeared

text: to

text: be

text: an

text: instant

text: success

text: it

text: was

text: not

text: initially

text: a

text: profitable

text: venture

text: and

text: Bell

text: 's

text: main

text: sources

text: of

text: income

text: were

text: from

text: lectures

text: until

text: after

text: One

text: unusual

text: request

text: exacted

text: by

text: his

text: fiancée

text: was

text: that

text: he

text: use

text: Alec

text: rather

text: than

text: the

text: family

text: 's

text: earlier

text: familiar

text: name

text: of

text: Aleck

text: From

text: he

text: would

text: sign

text: his

text: name

text: Alec

text: Bell

text: They

text: had

text: four

text: children

question: Who did Bell marry in 1877?

answer: Mabel Hubbard

text: Mabel Hubbard

question: How many children did Bell and Mabel have?

answer: 4

question: Where did Bell and his wife go on their honeymoon?

answer: Europe

text: Europe

question: Before 1897, what did Bell get most of his money from?

answer: lectures

text: lectures


text: Another scholar contends that the minority leader position emerged even before 1883. On the Democratic side, "there were serious caucus fights for the minority speakership nomination in 1871 and 1873," indicating that the "nomination carried with it some vestige of leadership." Further, when Republicans were in the minority, the party nominated for Speaker a series of prominent lawmakers, including ex-Speaker James Blaine of Maine in 1875, former Appropriations Chairman James A. Garfield of Ohio, in 1876, 1877, and 1879, and ex-Speaker Keifer in 1883. "It is hard to believe that House partisans would place a man in the speakership when in the majority, and nominate him for this office when in the minority, and not look to him for legislative guidance." This was not the case, according to some observers, with respect to ex-Speaker Keifer.

title: Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives

text: Another

text: scholar

text: contends

text: that

text: the

text: minority

text: leader

text: position

text: emerged

text: even

text: before

text: On

text: the

text: Democratic

text: side

text: there

text: were

text: serious

text: caucus

text: fights

text: for

text: the

text: minority

text: speakership

text: nomination

text: in

text: and

text: indicating

text: that

text: the

text: nomination

text: carried

text: with

text: it

text: some

text: vestige

text: of

text: leadership

text: Further

text: when

text: Republicans

text: were

text: in

text: the

text: minority

text: the

text: party

text: nominated

text: for

text: Speaker

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: prominent

text: lawmakers

text: including

text: ex

text: Speaker

text: James

text: Blaine

text: of

text: Maine

text: in

text: former

text: Appropriations

text: Chairman

text: James

text: A.

text: Garfield

text: of

text: Ohio

text: in

text: and

text: and

text: ex

text: Speaker

text: Keifer

text: in

text: It

text: is

text: hard

text: to

text: believe

text: that

text: House

text: partisans

text: would

text: place

text: a

text: man

text: in

text: the

text: speakership

text: when

text: in

text: the

text: majority

text: and

text: nominate

text: him

text: for

text: this

text: office

text: when

text: in

text: the

text: minority

text: and

text: not

text: look

text: to

text: him

text: for

text: legislative

text: guidance

text: This

text: was

text: not

text: the

text: case

text: according

text: to

text: some

text: observers

text: with

text: respect

text: to

text: ex

text: Speaker

text: Keifer

question: Prior to 1883 there is evidence that serious caucus fights occured in what years?

answer: 1871 and 1873

text: 1871 and 1873

question: What prominent ex-speaker was nominated for minority role in 1875?

answer: James Blaine

text: James Blaine

question: What former appropriations chairman was nominated for minority leader in 1876,77,79?

answer: James A. Garfield

text: James A. Garfield


text: Panama's first department stores such as Bazaar Francés, La Dalia and La Villa de Paris started as textile retailers at the turn of the nineteenth century. Later on in the twentieth century these eventually gave way to stores such as Felix B. Maduro, Sarah Panamá, Figali, Danté, Sears, Gran Morrison and smaller ones such as Bon Bini, Cocos, El Lider, Piccolo and Clubman among others. Of these only Felix B. Maduro (usually referred to as Felix by locals) and Danté remain strong. All the others have either folded or declined although Cocos has managed to secure a good position in the market.

title: Department_store

title: Department_store

text: Panama

text: 's

text: first

text: department

text: stores

text: such

text: as

text: Bazaar

text: Francés

text: La

text: Dalia

text: and

text: La

text: Villa

text: de

text: Paris

text: started

text: as

text: textile

text: retailers

text: at

text: the

text: turn

text: of

text: the

text: nineteenth

text: century

text: Later

text: on

text: in

text: the

text: twentieth

text: century

text: these

text: eventually

text: gave

text: way

text: to

text: stores

text: such

text: as

text: Felix

text: B.

text: Maduro

text: Sarah

text: Panamá

text: Figali

text: Danté

text: Sears

text: Gran

text: Morrison

text: and

text: smaller

text: ones

text: such

text: as

text: Bon

text: Bini

text: Cocos

text: El

text: Lider

text: Piccolo

text: and

text: Clubman

text: among

text: others

text: Of

text: these

text: only

text: Felix

text: B.

text: Maduro

text: usually

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Felix

text: by

text: locals

text: and

text: Danté

text: remain

text: strong

text: All

text: the

text: others

text: have

text: either

text: folded

text: or

text: declined

text: although

text: Cocos

text: has

text: managed

text: to

text: secure

text: a

text: good

text: position

text: in

text: the

text: market

question: How did Panama's department stores originally begin?

answer: as textile retailers

text: as textile retailers

question: When did Panama's Department stores first start?

answer: at the turn of the nineteenth century

text: at the turn of the nineteenth century

question: What department store is often called "Felix" by the local population?

answer: Felix B. Maduro

text: Felix B. Maduro

question: What store has managed to survive despite much it's competition going under?

answer: Cocos

text: Cocos


text: On November 13, 1988, approximately 10,000 people attended an officially sanctioned meeting organized by the cultural heritage organization Spadschyna, the Kyiv University student club Hromada, and the environmental groups Zelenyi Svit ("Green World") and Noosfera, to focus on ecological issues. From November 14–18, 15 Ukrainian activists were among the 100 human-, national- and religious-rights advocates invited to discuss human rights with Soviet officials and a visiting delegation of the U.S. Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe (also known as the Helsinki Commission). On December 10, hundreds gathered in Kiev to observe International Human Rights Day at a rally organized by the Democratic Union. The unauthorized gathering resulted in the detention of local activists.

title: Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

title: Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

text: On

text: November

text: approximately

text: people

text: attended

text: an

text: officially

text: sanctioned

text: meeting

text: organized

text: by

text: the

text: cultural

text: heritage

text: organization

text: Spadschyna

text: the

text: Kyiv

text: University

text: student

text: club

text: Hromada

text: and

text: the

text: environmental

text: groups

text: Zelenyi

text: Svit

text: Green

text: World

text: and

text: Noosfera

text: to

text: focus

text: on

text: ecological

text: issues

text: From

text: November

text: Ukrainian

text: activists

text: were

text: among

text: the

text: human-

text: national-

text: and

text: religious

text: rights

text: advocates

text: invited

text: to

text: discuss

text: human

text: rights

text: with

text: Soviet

text: officials

text: and

text: a

text: visiting

text: delegation

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Commission

text: on

text: Security

text: and

text: Cooperation

text: in

text: Europe

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Helsinki

text: Commission

text: On

text: December

text: hundreds

text: gathered

text: in

text: Kiev

text: to

text: observe

text: International

text: Human

text: Rights

text: Day

text: at

text: a

text: rally

text: organized

text: by

text: the

text: Democratic

text: Union

text: The

text: unauthorized

text: gathering

text: resulted

text: in

text: the

text: detention

text: of

text: local

text: activists

question: What is the English translation of Zelenyi Svit?

answer: Green World

text: Green World

question: What sort of issues were Zenlenyi Svit and Noosfera concerned with?

answer: ecological

text: ecological

question: What sort of organization is Spadschnyna?

answer: cultural heritage

text: cultural heritage

question: What did people gather to observe on December 10th?

answer: International Human Rights Day

text: International Human Rights Day


text: The number of species invasions has been on the rise at least since the beginning of the 1900s. Species are increasingly being moved by humans (on purpose and accidentally). In some cases the invaders are causing drastic changes and damage to their new habitats (e.g.: zebra mussels and the emerald ash borer in the Great Lakes region and the lion fish along the North American Atlantic coast). Some evidence suggests that invasive species are competitive in their new habitats because they are subject to less pathogen disturbance. Others report confounding evidence that occasionally suggest that species-rich communities harbor many native and exotic species simultaneously while some say that diverse ecosystems are more resilient and resist invasive plants and animals. An important question is, "do invasive species cause extinctions?" Many studies cite effects of invasive species on natives, but not extinctions. Invasive species seem to increase local (i.e.: alpha diversity) diversity, which decreases turnover of diversity (i.e.: beta diversity). Overall gamma diversity may be lowered because species are going extinct because of other causes, but even some of the most insidious invaders (e.g.: Dutch elm disease, emerald ash borer, chestnut blight in North America) have not caused their host species to become extinct. Extirpation, population decline, and homogenization of regional biodiversity are much more common. Human activities have frequently been the cause of invasive species circumventing their barriers, by introducing them for food and other purposes. Human activities therefore allow species to migrate to new areas (and thus become invasive) occurred on time scales much shorter than historically have been required for a species to extend its range.

title: Biodiversity

title: Biodiversity

text: The

text: number

text: of

text: species

text: invasions

text: has

text: been

text: on

text: the

text: rise

text: at

text: least

text: since

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Species

text: are

text: increasingly

text: being

text: moved

text: by

text: humans

text: on

text: purpose

text: and

text: accidentally

text: In

text: some

text: cases

text: the

text: invaders

text: are

text: causing

text: drastic

text: changes

text: and

text: damage

text: to

text: their

text: new

text: habitats

text: e.g.

text: zebra

text: mussels

text: and

text: the

text: emerald

text: ash

text: borer

text: in

text: the

text: Great

text: Lakes

text: region

text: and

text: the

text: lion

text: fish

text: along

text: the

text: North

text: American

text: Atlantic

text: coast

text: Some

text: evidence

text: suggests

text: that

text: invasive

text: species

text: are

text: competitive

text: in

text: their

text: new

text: habitats

text: because

text: they

text: are

text: subject

text: to

text: less

text: pathogen

text: disturbance

text: Others

text: report

text: confounding

text: evidence

text: that

text: occasionally

text: suggest

text: that

text: species

text: rich

text: communities

text: harbor

text: many

text: native

text: and

text: exotic

text: species

text: simultaneously

text: while

text: some

text: say

text: that

text: diverse

text: ecosystems

text: are

text: more

text: resilient

text: and

text: resist

text: invasive

text: plants

text: and

text: animals

text: An

text: important

text: question

text: is

text: do

text: invasive

text: species

text: cause

text: extinctions

text: Many

text: studies

text: cite

text: effects

text: of

text: invasive

text: species

text: on

text: natives

text: but

text: not

text: extinctions

text: Invasive

text: species

text: seem

text: to

text: increase

text: local

text: i.e.

text: alpha

text: diversity

text: diversity

text: which

text: decreases

text: turnover

text: of

text: diversity

text: i.e.

text: beta

text: diversity

text: Overall

text: gamma

text: diversity

text: may

text: be

text: lowered

text: because

text: species

text: are

text: going

text: extinct

text: because

text: of

text: other

text: causes

text: but

text: even

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: insidious

text: invaders

text: e.g.

text: Dutch

text: elm

text: disease

text: emerald

text: ash

text: borer

text: chestnut

text: blight

text: in

text: North

text: America

text: have

text: not

text: caused

text: their

text: host

text: species

text: to

text: become

text: extinct

text: Extirpation

text: population

text: decline

text: and

text: homogenization

text: of

text: regional

text: biodiversity

text: are

text: much

text: more

text: common

text: Human

text: activities

text: have

text: frequently

text: been

text: the

text: cause

text: of

text: invasive

text: species

text: circumventing

text: their

text: barriers

text: by

text: introducing

text: them

text: for

text: food

text: and

text: other

text: purposes

text: Human

text: activities

text: therefore

text: allow

text: species

text: to

text: migrate

text: to

text: new

text: areas

text: and

text: thus

text: become

text: invasive

text: occurred

text: on

text: time

text: scales

text: much

text: shorter

text: than

text: historically

text: have

text: been

text: required

text: for

text: a

text: species

text: to

text: extend

text: its

text: range

question: What century started the increase of species invasions?

answer: 1900s

question: Who intentionally and unintentionally moves species around?

answer: humans

text: humans

question: What invaders are causing changes in the Great Lakes region?

answer: zebra mussels and the emerald ash borer

text: zebra mussels and the emerald ash borer

question: What invaders are causing changes along the North American Atlantic coast?

answer: lion fish

text: lion fish