text: On December 13, 2013, Beyoncé unexpectedly released her eponymous fifth studio album on the iTunes Store without any prior announcement or promotion. The album debuted atop the Billboard 200 chart, giving Beyoncé her fifth consecutive number-one album in the US. This made her the first woman in the chart's history to have her first five studio albums debut at number one. Beyoncé received critical acclaim and commercial success, selling one million digital copies worldwide in six days; The New York Times noted the album's unconventional, unexpected release as significant. Musically an electro-R&B album, it concerns darker themes previously unexplored in her work, such as "bulimia, postnatal depression [and] the fears and insecurities of marriage and motherhood". The single "Drunk in Love", featuring Jay Z, peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. In April 2014, after much speculation in the weeks before, Beyoncé and Jay Z officially announced their On the Run Tour. It served as the couple's first co-headlining stadium tour together. On August 24, 2014, she received the Video Vanguard Award at the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards. Knowles also took home three competitive awards: Best Video with a Social Message and Best Cinematography for "Pretty Hurts", as well as best collaboration for "Drunk in Love". In November, Forbes reported that Beyoncé was the top-earning woman in music for the second year in a row—earning $115 million in the year, more than double her earnings in 2013. Beyoncé was reissued with new material in three forms: as an extended play, a box set, as well as a full platinum edition.

title: Beyoncé

title: Beyoncé

text: On

text: December

text: Beyoncé

text: unexpectedly

text: released

text: her

text: eponymous

text: fifth

text: studio

text: album

text: on

text: the

text: iTunes

text: Store

text: without

text: any

text: prior

text: announcement

text: or

text: promotion

text: The

text: album

text: debuted

text: atop

text: the

text: Billboard

text: chart

text: giving

text: Beyoncé

text: her

text: fifth

text: consecutive

text: number

text: one

text: album

text: in

text: the

text: US

text: This

text: made

text: her

text: the

text: first

text: woman

text: in

text: the

text: chart

text: 's

text: history

text: to

text: have

text: her

text: first

text: five

text: studio

text: albums

text: debut

text: at

text: number

text: one

text: Beyoncé

text: received

text: critical

text: acclaim

text: and

text: commercial

text: success

text: selling

text: one

text: million

text: digital

text: copies

text: worldwide

text: in

text: six

text: days

text: The

text: New

text: York

text: Times

text: noted

text: the

text: album

text: 's

text: unconventional

text: unexpected

text: release

text: as

text: significant

text: Musically

text: an

text: electro

text: R&B

text: album

text: it

text: concerns

text: darker

text: themes

text: previously

text: unexplored

text: in

text: her

text: work

text: such

text: as

text: bulimia

text: postnatal

text: depression

text: and

text: the

text: fears

text: and

text: insecurities

text: of

text: marriage

text: and

text: motherhood

text: The

text: single

text: Drunk

text: in

text: Love

text: featuring

text: Jay

text: Z

text: peaked

text: at

text: number

text: two

text: on

text: the

text: Billboard

text: Hot

text: chart

text: In

text: April

text: after

text: much

text: speculation

text: in

text: the

text: weeks

text: before

text: Beyoncé

text: and

text: Jay

text: Z

text: officially

text: announced

text: their

text: On

text: the

text: Run

text: Tour

text: It

text: served

text: as

text: the

text: couple

text: 's

text: first

text: co

text: headlining

text: stadium

text: tour

text: together

text: On

text: August

text: she

text: received

text: the

text: Video

text: Vanguard

text: Award

text: at

text: the

text: MTV

text: Video

text: Music

text: Awards

text: Knowles

text: also

text: took

text: home

text: three

text: competitive

text: awards

text: Best

text: Video

text: with

text: a

text: Social

text: Message

text: and

text: Best

text: Cinematography

text: for

text: Pretty

text: Hurts

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: best

text: collaboration

text: for

text: Drunk

text: in

text: Love

text: In

text: November

text: Forbes

text: reported

text: that

text: Beyoncé

text: was

text: the

text: top

text: earning

text: woman

text: in

text: music

text: for

text: the

text: second

text: year

text: in

text: a

text: row

text: earning

text: million

text: in

text: the

text: year

text: more

text: than

text: double

text: her

text: earnings

text: in

text: Beyoncé

text: was

text: reissued

text: with

text: new

text: material

text: in

text: three

text: forms

text: as

text: an

text: extended

text: play

text: a

text: box

text: set

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: a

text: full

text: platinum

text: edition

question: Where did Beyonce release her 5th album to a huge surprise?

answer: the iTunes Store

text: the iTunes Store

question: When did Beyonce get her fifth consecutive number one hit album?

answer: December 13, 2013

text: December 13, 2013

question: Where was the album released?

answer: the iTunes Store

text: the iTunes Store

question: Who joined Beyonce on her On The Run Tour?

answer: Jay Z

text: Jay Z

question: Who reported Beyonce to e the top earning woman in music?

answer: Forbes

text: Forbes

question: How much more were her earnings that the year before?

answer: more than double her earnings

text: more than double her earnings

question: When did Beyoncé release her fifth studio album?

answer: December 13, 2013

text: December 13, 2013

question: How many digital copies of her fifth album did Beyoncé sell in six days?

answer: one million

text: one million

question: What song on Beyoncé's fifth studio album featured her husband?

answer: Drunk in Love

text: Drunk in Love

question: What was the name of the tour featuring both Beyoncé and Jay Z?

answer: On the Run Tour.

text: On the Run Tour.


text: The 1916 Zoning Resolution required setbacks in new buildings, and restricted towers to a percentage of the lot size, to allow sunlight to reach the streets below. The Art Deco style of the Chrysler Building (1930) and Empire State Building (1931), with their tapered tops and steel spires, reflected the zoning requirements. The buildings have distinctive ornamentation, such as the eagles at the corners of the 61st floor on the Chrysler Building, and are considered some of the finest examples of the Art Deco style. A highly influential example of the international style in the United States is the Seagram Building (1957), distinctive for its façade using visible bronze-toned I-beams to evoke the building's structure. The Condé Nast Building (2000) is a prominent example of green design in American skyscrapers and has received an award from the American Institute of Architects as well as AIA New York State for its design.

title: New_York_City

title: New_York_City

text: The

text: Zoning

text: Resolution

text: required

text: setbacks

text: in

text: new

text: buildings

text: and

text: restricted

text: towers

text: to

text: a

text: percentage

text: of

text: the

text: lot

text: size

text: to

text: allow

text: sunlight

text: to

text: reach

text: the

text: streets

text: below

text: The

text: Art

text: Deco

text: style

text: of

text: the

text: Chrysler

text: Building

text: and

text: Empire

text: State

text: Building

text: with

text: their

text: tapered

text: tops

text: and

text: steel

text: spires

text: reflected

text: the

text: zoning

text: requirements

text: The

text: buildings

text: have

text: distinctive

text: ornamentation

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: eagles

text: at

text: the

text: corners

text: of

text: the

text: floor

text: on

text: the

text: Chrysler

text: Building

text: and

text: are

text: considered

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: finest

text: examples

text: of

text: the

text: Art

text: Deco

text: style

text: A

text: highly

text: influential

text: example

text: of

text: the

text: international

text: style

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: is

text: the

text: Seagram

text: Building

text: distinctive

text: for

text: its

text: façade

text: using

text: visible

text: bronze

text: toned

text: I

text: beams

text: to

text: evoke

text: the

text: building

text: 's

text: structure

text: The

text: Condé

text: Nast

text: Building

text: is

text: a

text: prominent

text: example

text: of

text: green

text: design

text: in

text: American

text: skyscrapers

text: and

text: has

text: received

text: an

text: award

text: from

text: the

text: American

text: Institute

text: of

text: Architects

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: AIA

text: New

text: York

text: State

text: for

text: its

text: design

question: In what year was the Empire State Building completed?

answer: 1931

question: The Chrysler Building reflects what architectural style?

answer: Art Deco

text: Art Deco

question: What floor of the Chrysler Building has sculptures of eagles at its corners?

answer: 61st

question: What building known for its bronze-tinted I-beams was completed in 1957?

answer: Seagram Building

text: Seagram Building

question: What is the full name of the organization known by the acronym AIA?

answer: American Institute of Architects

text: American Institute of Architects

question: Which animal decorates the corners of the Chrysler Building?

answer: eagles

text: eagles

question: When was the Empire State Building constructed?

answer: 1931

question: When was the Chrysler building built in NYC?

answer: 1930


text: These statistics point to the complexities surrounding the lack of health/nutrition literacy and reveal the degree to which they are embedded in the social structure and interconnected with other problems. Among these problems are the lack of information about food choices, a lack of understanding of nutritional information and its application to individual circumstances, limited or difficult access to healthful foods, and a range of cultural influences and socioeconomic constraints such as low levels of education and high levels of poverty that decrease opportunities for healthful eating and living.

title: Nutrition

title: Nutrition

text: These

text: statistics

text: point

text: to

text: the

text: complexities

text: surrounding

text: the

text: lack

text: of

text: health

text: nutrition

text: literacy

text: and

text: reveal

text: the

text: degree

text: to

text: which

text: they

text: are

text: embedded

text: in

text: the

text: social

text: structure

text: and

text: interconnected

text: with

text: other

text: problems

text: Among

text: these

text: problems

text: are

text: the

text: lack

text: of

text: information

text: about

text: food

text: choices

text: a

text: lack

text: of

text: understanding

text: of

text: nutritional

text: information

text: and

text: its

text: application

text: to

text: individual

text: circumstances

text: limited

text: or

text: difficult

text: access

text: to

text: healthful

text: foods

text: and

text: a

text: range

text: of

text: cultural

text: influences

text: and

text: socioeconomic

text: constraints

text: such

text: as

text: low

text: levels

text: of

text: education

text: and

text: high

text: levels

text: of

text: poverty

text: that

text: decrease

text: opportunities

text: for

text: healthful

text: eating

text: and

text: living

question: What did the studies show there was a lack of understanding of by the population?

answer: nutritional information

text: nutritional information

question: The studies indicated that there was a lack of information in the area about what kind of choice?

answer: food

text: food

question: What was found to be limited or at least difficult to get access to in the studied region?

answer: healthful foods

text: healthful foods

question: What kind of constraint was found to have a significant effect on the nutritional literacy?

answer: socioeconomic

text: socioeconomic

question: Aside from large people living in poverty, what else is considered a socioeconomic constraint that resulted in a decrease in opportunity for healthy food choices?

answer: low levels of education

text: low levels of education


text: According to figures published in 2006 in the journal "Demoskop Weekly" research deputy director of Research Center for Sociological Research of the Ministry of Education and Science (Russia) Arefyev A. L., the Russian language is gradually losing its position in the world in general, and in Russia in particular. In 2012, A. L. Arefyev published a new study "Russian language at the turn of the 20th-21st centuries", in which he confirmed his conclusion about the trend of further weakening of the Russian language in all regions of the world (findings published in 2013 in the journal "Demoskop Weekly"). In the countries of the former Soviet Union the Russian language is gradually being replaced by local languages. Currently the number speakers of Russian language in the world depends on the number of Russians in the world (as the main sources distribution Russian language) and total population Russia (where Russian is an official language).

title: Russian_language

title: Russian_language

text: According

text: to

text: figures

text: published

text: in

text: in

text: the

text: journal

text: Demoskop

text: Weekly

text: research

text: deputy

text: director

text: of

text: Research

text: Center

text: for

text: Sociological

text: Research

text: of

text: the

text: Ministry

text: of

text: Education

text: and

text: Science

text: Russia

text: Arefyev

text: A.

text: L.

text: the

text: Russian

text: language

text: is

text: gradually

text: losing

text: its

text: position

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: in

text: general

text: and

text: in

text: Russia

text: in

text: particular

text: In

text: A.

text: L.

text: Arefyev

text: published

text: a

text: new

text: study

text: Russian

text: language

text: at

text: the

text: turn

text: of

text: the

text: centuries

text: in

text: which

text: he

text: confirmed

text: his

text: conclusion

text: about

text: the

text: trend

text: of

text: further

text: weakening

text: of

text: the

text: Russian

text: language

text: in

text: all

text: regions

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: findings

text: published

text: in

text: in

text: the

text: journal

text: Demoskop

text: Weekly

text: In

text: the

text: countries

text: of

text: the

text: former

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: the

text: Russian

text: language

text: is

text: gradually

text: being

text: replaced

text: by

text: local

text: languages

text: Currently

text: the

text: number

text: speakers

text: of

text: Russian

text: language

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: depends

text: on

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: Russians

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: as

text: the

text: main

text: sources

text: distribution

text: Russian

text: language

text: and

text: total

text: population

text: Russia

text: where

text: Russian

text: is

text: an

text: official

text: language

question: What department is the Research Center for Sociological Research part of?

answer: Ministry of Education and Science (Russia)

text: Ministry of Education and Science (Russia)

question: Who wrote "Russian language at the turn of the 20th-21st centuries"?

answer: A. L. Arefyev

text: A. L. Arefyev

question: When was "Russian language at the turn of the 20th-21st centuries" published?

answer: 2012

question: What does Arefyev say is happening to Russian?

answer: In the countries of the former Soviet Union the Russian language is gradually being replaced by local languages.

text: In the countries of the former Soviet Union the Russian language is gradually being replaced by local languages.


text: Red is one of the most common colors used on national flags. The use of red has similar connotations from country to country: the blood, sacrifice, and courage of those who defended their country; the sun and the hope and warmth it brings; and the sacrifice of Christ's blood (in some historically Christian nations) are a few examples. Red is the color of the flags of several countries that once belonged to the former British Empire. The British flag bears the colors red, white, and blue; it includes the cross of Saint George, patron saint of England, and the saltire of Saint Patrick, patron saint of Ireland, both of which are red on white. The flag of the United States bears the colors of Britain, the colors of the French tricolore include red as part of the old Paris coat of arms, and other countries' flags, such as those of Australia, New Zealand, and Fiji, carry a small inset of the British flag in memory of their ties to that country. Many former colonies of Spain, such as Mexico, Colombia, Ecuador, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Peru, and Venezuela, also feature red-one of the colors of the Spanish flag-on their own banners. Red flags are also used to symbolize storms, bad water conditions, and many other dangers. Navy flags are often red and yellow. Red is prominently featured in the flag of the United States Marine Corps.

title: Red

title: Red

text: Red

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: colors

text: used

text: on

text: national

text: flags

text: The

text: use

text: of

text: red

text: has

text: similar

text: connotations

text: from

text: country

text: to

text: country

text: the

text: blood

text: sacrifice

text: and

text: courage

text: of

text: those

text: who

text: defended

text: their

text: country

text: the

text: sun

text: and

text: the

text: hope

text: and

text: warmth

text: it

text: brings

text: and

text: the

text: sacrifice

text: of

text: Christ

text: 's

text: blood

text: in

text: some

text: historically

text: Christian

text: nations

text: are

text: a

text: few

text: examples

text: Red

text: is

text: the

text: color

text: of

text: the

text: flags

text: of

text: several

text: countries

text: that

text: once

text: belonged

text: to

text: the

text: former

text: British

text: Empire

text: The

text: British

text: flag

text: bears

text: the

text: colors

text: red

text: white

text: and

text: blue

text: it

text: includes

text: the

text: cross

text: of

text: Saint

text: George

text: patron

text: saint

text: of

text: England

text: and

text: the

text: saltire

text: of

text: Saint

text: Patrick

text: patron

text: saint

text: of

text: Ireland

text: both

text: of

text: which

text: are

text: red

text: on

text: white

text: The

text: flag

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: bears

text: the

text: colors

text: of

text: Britain

text: the

text: colors

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: tricolore

text: include

text: red

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: old

text: Paris

text: coat

text: of

text: arms

text: and

text: other

text: countries

text: flags

text: such

text: as

text: those

text: of

text: Australia

text: New

text: Zealand

text: and

text: Fiji

text: carry

text: a

text: small

text: inset

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: flag

text: in

text: memory

text: of

text: their

text: ties

text: to

text: that

text: country

text: Many

text: former

text: colonies

text: of

text: Spain

text: such

text: as

text: Mexico

text: Colombia

text: Ecuador

text: Cuba

text: Puerto

text: Rico

text: Peru

text: and

text: Venezuela

text: also

text: feature

text: red

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: colors

text: of

text: the

text: Spanish

text: flag

text: on

text: their

text: own

text: banners

text: Red

text: flags

text: are

text: also

text: used

text: to

text: symbolize

text: storms

text: bad

text: water

text: conditions

text: and

text: many

text: other

text: dangers

text: Navy

text: flags

text: are

text: often

text: red

text: and

text: yellow

text: Red

text: is

text: prominently

text: featured

text: in

text: the

text: flag

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Marine

text: Corps

question: In Christian nations what does the color red often become associated with?

answer: Christ's blood

text: Christ's blood

question: What cross is on the British flag?

answer: the cross of Saint George

text: the cross of Saint George

question: As it relates to England, who is Saint George?

answer: patron saint of England

text: patron saint of England

question: Which US armed force uses red as the main color of its flag?

answer: the United States Marine Corps

text: the United States Marine Corps

question: In terms of a beach, why might one see a red flag?

answer: bad water conditions

text: bad water conditions


text: New York City has more than 2,000 arts and cultural organizations and more than 500 art galleries of all sizes. The city government funds the arts with a larger annual budget than the National Endowment for the Arts. Wealthy business magnates in the 19th century built a network of major cultural institutions, such as the famed Carnegie Hall and The Metropolitan Museum of Art, that would become internationally established. The advent of electric lighting led to elaborate theater productions, and in the 1880s, New York City theaters on Broadway and along 42nd Street began featuring a new stage form that became known as the Broadway musical. Strongly influenced by the city's immigrants, productions such as those of Harrigan and Hart, George M. Cohan, and others used song in narratives that often reflected themes of hope and ambition.

title: New_York_City

title: New_York_City

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: has

text: more

text: than

text: arts

text: and

text: cultural

text: organizations

text: and

text: more

text: than

text: art

text: galleries

text: of

text: all

text: sizes

text: The

text: city

text: government

text: funds

text: the

text: arts

text: with

text: a

text: larger

text: annual

text: budget

text: than

text: the

text: National

text: Endowment

text: for

text: the

text: Arts

text: Wealthy

text: business

text: magnates

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: built

text: a

text: network

text: of

text: major

text: cultural

text: institutions

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: famed

text: Carnegie

text: Hall

text: and

text: The

text: Metropolitan

text: Museum

text: of

text: Art

text: that

text: would

text: become

text: internationally

text: established

text: The

text: advent

text: of

text: electric

text: lighting

text: led

text: to

text: elaborate

text: theater

text: productions

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: theaters

text: on

text: Broadway

text: and

text: along

text: Street

text: began

text: featuring

text: a

text: new

text: stage

text: form

text: that

text: became

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Broadway

text: musical

text: Strongly

text: influenced

text: by

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: immigrants

text: productions

text: such

text: as

text: those

text: of

text: Harrigan

text: and

text: Hart

text: George

text: M.

text: Cohan

text: and

text: others

text: used

text: song

text: in

text: narratives

text: that

text: often

text: reflected

text: themes

text: of

text: hope

text: and

text: ambition

question: The Broadway Musical began in what decade?

answer: 1880s

question: Approximately how many galleries of art are in New York City?

answer: 500

question: Along with Broadway, what New York thoroughfare is associated with Broadway musicals?

answer: 42nd Street

text: 42nd Street

question: Who was Hart's writing partner?

answer: Harrigan

text: Harrigan

question: About how many cultural and artistic organizations are in New York City?

answer: 2,000

question: What technological development led resulted in elaborate stage productions?

answer: electric lighting

text: electric lighting


text: Cyprus was placed under British administration based on Cyprus Convention in 1878 and formally annexed by Britain in 1914. Even though Turkish Cypriots made up only 18% of the population, the partition of Cyprus and creation of a Turkish state in the north became a policy of Turkish Cypriot leaders and Turkey in the 1950s. Turkish leaders for a period advocated the annexation of Cyprus to Turkey as Cyprus was considered an "extension of Anatolia" by them; while since the 19th century, the majority Greek Cypriot population and its Orthodox church had been pursuing union with Greece, which became a Greek national policy in the 1950s. Following nationalist violence in the 1950s, Cyprus was granted independence in 1960. In 1963, the 11-year intercommunal violence between Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots started, which displaced more than 25,000 Turkish Cypriots and brought the end of Turkish Cypriot representation in the republic. On 15 July 1974, a coup d'état was staged by Greek Cypriot nationalists and elements of the Greek military junta in an attempt at enosis, the incorporation of Cyprus into Greece. This action precipitated the Turkish invasion of Cyprus, which led to the capture of the present-day territory of Northern Cyprus the following month, after a ceasefire collapsed, and the displacement of over 150,000 Greek Cypriots and 50,000 Turkish Cypriots. A separate Turkish Cypriot state in the north was established in 1983. These events and the resulting political situation are matters of a continuing dispute.

title: Cyprus

title: Cyprus

text: Cyprus

text: was

text: placed

text: under

text: British

text: administration

text: based

text: on

text: Cyprus

text: Convention

text: in

text: and

text: formally

text: annexed

text: by

text: Britain

text: in

text: Even

text: though

text: Turkish

text: Cypriots

text: made

text: up

text: only

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: the

text: partition

text: of

text: Cyprus

text: and

text: creation

text: of

text: a

text: Turkish

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: became

text: a

text: policy

text: of

text: Turkish

text: Cypriot

text: leaders

text: and

text: Turkey

text: in

text: the

text: Turkish

text: leaders

text: for

text: a

text: period

text: advocated

text: the

text: annexation

text: of

text: Cyprus

text: to

text: Turkey

text: as

text: Cyprus

text: was

text: considered

text: an

text: extension

text: of

text: Anatolia

text: by

text: them

text: while

text: since

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: majority

text: Greek

text: Cypriot

text: population

text: and

text: its

text: Orthodox

text: church

text: had

text: been

text: pursuing

text: union

text: with

text: Greece

text: which

text: became

text: a

text: Greek

text: national

text: policy

text: in

text: the

text: Following

text: nationalist

text: violence

text: in

text: the

text: Cyprus

text: was

text: granted

text: independence

text: in

text: In

text: the

text: intercommunal

text: violence

text: between

text: Greek

text: Cypriots

text: and

text: Turkish

text: Cypriots

text: started

text: which

text: displaced

text: more

text: than

text: Turkish

text: Cypriots

text: and

text: brought

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: Turkish

text: Cypriot

text: representation

text: in

text: the

text: republic

text: On

text: July

text: a

text: coup

text: d'état

text: was

text: staged

text: by

text: Greek

text: Cypriot

text: nationalists

text: and

text: elements

text: of

text: the

text: Greek

text: military

text: junta

text: in

text: an

text: attempt

text: at

text: enosis

text: the

text: incorporation

text: of

text: Cyprus

text: into

text: Greece

text: This

text: action

text: precipitated

text: the

text: Turkish

text: invasion

text: of

text: Cyprus

text: which

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: capture

text: of

text: the

text: present

text: day

text: territory

text: of

text: Northern

text: Cyprus

text: the

text: following

text: month

text: after

text: a

text: ceasefire

text: collapsed

text: and

text: the

text: displacement

text: of

text: over

text: Greek

text: Cypriots

text: and

text: Turkish

text: Cypriots

text: A

text: separate

text: Turkish

text: Cypriot

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: was

text: established

text: in

text: These

text: events

text: and

text: the

text: resulting

text: political

text: situation

text: are

text: matters

text: of

text: a

text: continuing

text: dispute

question: When was Cyprus placed under British administration?

answer: 1878

question: What year was Cyprus annexed by Britain?

answer: 1914

question: What year was Cyprus granted independence?

answer: 1960

question: What year did the intercommunal violence between Greek and Cypriots occur?

answer: 1963

question: How many Turkish Cypriots were displaced due to the 11 year violence in 1963?

answer: 25,000


text: Although the elements usually must be soluble in the liquid state, they may not always be soluble in the solid state. If the metals remain soluble when solid, the alloy forms a solid solution, becoming a homogeneous structure consisting of identical crystals, called a phase. If the mixture cools and the constituents become insoluble, they may separate to form two or more different types of crystals, creating a heterogeneous microstructure of different phases. However, in other alloys, the insoluble elements may not separate until after crystallization occurs. These alloys are called intermetallic alloys because, if cooled very quickly, they first crystallize as a homogeneous phase, but they are supersaturated with the secondary constituents. As time passes, the atoms of these supersaturated alloys separate within the crystals, forming intermetallic phases that serve to reinforce the crystals internally.

title: Alloy

title: Alloy

text: Although

text: the

text: elements

text: usually

text: must

text: be

text: soluble

text: in

text: the

text: liquid

text: state

text: they

text: may

text: not

text: always

text: be

text: soluble

text: in

text: the

text: solid

text: state

text: If

text: the

text: metals

text: remain

text: soluble

text: when

text: solid

text: the

text: alloy

text: forms

text: a

text: solid

text: solution

text: becoming

text: a

text: homogeneous

text: structure

text: consisting

text: of

text: identical

text: crystals

text: called

text: a

text: phase

text: If

text: the

text: mixture

text: cools

text: and

text: the

text: constituents

text: become

text: insoluble

text: they

text: may

text: separate

text: to

text: form

text: two

text: or

text: more

text: different

text: types

text: of

text: crystals

text: creating

text: a

text: heterogeneous

text: microstructure

text: of

text: different

text: phases

text: However

text: in

text: other

text: alloys

text: the

text: insoluble

text: elements

text: may

text: not

text: separate

text: until

text: after

text: crystallization

text: occurs

text: These

text: alloys

text: are

text: called

text: intermetallic

text: alloys

text: because

text: if

text: cooled

text: very

text: quickly

text: they

text: first

text: crystallize

text: as

text: a

text: homogeneous

text: phase

text: but

text: they

text: are

text: supersaturated

text: with

text: the

text: secondary

text: constituents

text: As

text: time

text: passes

text: the

text: atoms

text: of

text: these

text: supersaturated

text: alloys

text: separate

text: within

text: the

text: crystals

text: forming

text: intermetallic

text: phases

text: that

text: serve

text: to

text: reinforce

text: the

text: crystals

text: internally

question: What causes an alloy to form a solid solution?

answer: If the metals remain soluble when solid

text: If the metals remain soluble when solid

question: What is the purpose of intermetallic phases?

answer: to reinforce the crystals internally

text: to reinforce the crystals internally

question: What are alloys called when the insoluble elements don't separate until after crystallization occurs?

answer: intermetallic alloys

text: intermetallic alloys


text: Horizontal gene transfer is invoked to explain how there is often extreme similarity between small portions of the genomes of two organisms that are otherwise very distantly related. Horizontal gene transfer seems to be common among many microbes. Also, eukaryotic cells seem to have experienced a transfer of some genetic material from their chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes to their nuclear chromosomes.

title: Genome

title: Genome

text: Horizontal

text: gene

text: transfer

text: is

text: invoked

text: to

text: explain

text: how

text: there

text: is

text: often

text: extreme

text: similarity

text: between

text: small

text: portions

text: of

text: the

text: genomes

text: of

text: two

text: organisms

text: that

text: are

text: otherwise

text: very

text: distantly

text: related

text: Horizontal

text: gene

text: transfer

text: seems

text: to

text: be

text: common

text: among

text: many

text: microbes

text: Also

text: eukaryotic

text: cells

text: seem

text: to

text: have

text: experienced

text: a

text: transfer

text: of

text: some

text: genetic

text: material

text: from

text: their

text: chloroplast

text: and

text: mitochondrial

text: genomes

text: to

text: their

text: nuclear

text: chromosomes

question: What is an explanation for the resemblance between disparate parts of the genome?

answer: Horizontal gene transfer

text: Horizontal gene transfer

question: In which organisms does horizontal gene transfer appear to occur commonly?

answer: microbes

text: microbes

question: Parts of which organelle genomes are thought to have ended up in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells via transfer?

answer: chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes

text: chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes


text: A minibus offers a basic service to carry people around Saint Helena, with most services designed to take people into Jamestown for a few hours on weekdays to conduct their business. Car hire is available for visitors.

title: Saint_Helena

title: Saint_Helena

text: A

text: minibus

text: offers

text: a

text: basic

text: service

text: to

text: carry

text: people

text: around

text: Saint

text: Helena

text: with

text: most

text: services

text: designed

text: to

text: take

text: people

text: into

text: Jamestown

text: for

text: a

text: few

text: hours

text: on

text: weekdays

text: to

text: conduct

text: their

text: business

text: Car

text: hire

text: is

text: available

text: for

text: visitors

question: What kind of vehicle offers basic transportation to people in Saint Helena?

answer: A minibus

text: A minibus

question: Where does the minibus travel to?

answer: Jamestown

text: Jamestown

question: On what days does the minibus take people into Jamestown?

answer: weekdays

text: weekdays


text: Interracial relationships, common-law marriages, and marriages occurred since the earliest colonial years, especially before slavery hardened as a racial caste associated with people of African descent in the British colonies. Virginia and other English colonies passed laws in the 17th century that gave children the social status of their mother, according to the principle of partus sequitur ventrem, regardless of the father's race or citizenship. This overturned the principle in English common law by which a man gave his status to his children – this had enabled communities to demand that fathers support their children, whether legitimate or not. The change increased white men's ability to use slave women sexually, as they had no responsibility for the children. As master as well as father of mixed-race children born into slavery, the men could use these people as servants or laborers or sell them as slaves. In some cases, white fathers provided for their multiracial children, paying or arranging for education or apprenticeships and freeing them, particularly during the two decades following the American Revolution. (The practice of providing for the children was more common in French and Spanish colonies, where a class of free people of color developed who became educated and property owners.) Many other white fathers abandoned the mixed-race children and their mothers to slavery.

title: Multiracial_American

title: Multiracial_American

text: Interracial

text: relationships

text: common

text: law

text: marriages

text: and

text: marriages

text: occurred

text: since

text: the

text: earliest

text: colonial

text: years

text: especially

text: before

text: slavery

text: hardened

text: as

text: a

text: racial

text: caste

text: associated

text: with

text: people

text: of

text: African

text: descent

text: in

text: the

text: British

text: colonies

text: Virginia

text: and

text: other

text: English

text: colonies

text: passed

text: laws

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: that

text: gave

text: children

text: the

text: social

text: status

text: of

text: their

text: mother

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: principle

text: of

text: partus

text: sequitur

text: ventrem

text: regardless

text: of

text: the

text: father

text: 's

text: race

text: or

text: citizenship

text: This

text: overturned

text: the

text: principle

text: in

text: English

text: common

text: law

text: by

text: which

text: a

text: man

text: gave

text: his

text: status

text: to

text: his

text: children

text: this

text: had

text: enabled

text: communities

text: to

text: demand

text: that

text: fathers

text: support

text: their

text: children

text: whether

text: legitimate

text: or

text: not

text: The

text: change

text: increased

text: white

text: men

text: 's

text: ability

text: to

text: use

text: slave

text: women

text: sexually

text: as

text: they

text: had

text: no

text: responsibility

text: for

text: the

text: children

text: As

text: master

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: father

text: of

text: mixed

text: race

text: children

text: born

text: into

text: slavery

text: the

text: men

text: could

text: use

text: these

text: people

text: as

text: servants

text: or

text: laborers

text: or

text: sell

text: them

text: as

text: slaves

text: In

text: some

text: cases

text: white

text: fathers

text: provided

text: for

text: their

text: multiracial

text: children

text: paying

text: or

text: arranging

text: for

text: education

text: or

text: apprenticeships

text: and

text: freeing

text: them

text: particularly

text: during

text: the

text: two

text: decades

text: following

text: the

text: American

text: Revolution

text: The

text: practice

text: of

text: providing

text: for

text: the

text: children

text: was

text: more

text: common

text: in

text: French

text: and

text: Spanish

text: colonies

text: where

text: a

text: class

text: of

text: free

text: people

text: of

text: color

text: developed

text: who

text: became

text: educated

text: and

text: property

text: owners

text: Many

text: other

text: white

text: fathers

text: abandoned

text: the

text: mixed

text: race

text: children

text: and

text: their

text: mothers

text: to

text: slavery

question: What did the laws passed in the 17th century do?

answer: gave children the social status of their mother

text: gave children the social status of their mother

question: What is the rule called that causes a father's race to not matter?

answer: partus sequitur ventrem

text: partus sequitur ventrem

question: What did white fathers do after the American Revolution to provide for mixed children?

answer: paying or arranging for education or apprenticeships and freeing them

text: paying or arranging for education or apprenticeships and freeing them

question: English common law generally said what?

answer: a man gave his status to his children

text: a man gave his status to his children


text: The word "public" implies the highest level of inclusivity – the public sphere by definition should be open to all. However, this sphere was only public to relative degrees. Enlightenment thinkers frequently contrasted their conception of the "public" with that of the people: Condorcet contrasted "opinion" with populace, Marmontel "the opinion of men of letters" with "the opinion of the multitude," and d'Alembert the "truly enlightened public" with "the blind and noisy multitude". Additionally, most institutions of the public sphere excluded both women and the lower classes. Cross-class influences occurred through noble and lower class participation in areas such as the coffeehouses and the Masonic lodges.

title: Age_of_Enlightenment

title: Age_of_Enlightenment

text: The

text: word

text: public

text: implies

text: the

text: highest

text: level

text: of

text: inclusivity

text: the

text: public

text: sphere

text: by

text: definition

text: should

text: be

text: open

text: to

text: all

text: However

text: this

text: sphere

text: was

text: only

text: public

text: to

text: relative

text: degrees

text: Enlightenment

text: thinkers

text: frequently

text: contrasted

text: their

text: conception

text: of

text: the

text: public

text: with

text: that

text: of

text: the

text: people

text: Condorcet

text: contrasted

text: opinion

text: with

text: populace

text: Marmontel

text: the

text: opinion

text: of

text: men

text: of

text: letters

text: with

text: the

text: opinion

text: of

text: the

text: multitude

text: and

text: d'Alembert

text: the

text: truly

text: enlightened

text: public

text: with

text: the

text: blind

text: and

text: noisy

text: multitude

text: Additionally

text: most

text: institutions

text: of

text: the

text: public

text: sphere

text: excluded

text: both

text: women

text: and

text: the

text: lower

text: classes

text: Cross

text: class

text: influences

text: occurred

text: through

text: noble

text: and

text: lower

text: class

text: participation

text: in

text: areas

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: coffeehouses

text: and

text: the

text: Masonic

text: lodges

question: Whixh population groups were excluded from most institutions of the public sphere?

answer: women and the lower classes

text: women and the lower classes

question: Which two areas experienced criss-cross influences through noble and lower class participation?

answer: coffeehouses and the Masonic lodges

text: coffeehouses and the Masonic lodges

question: Marmontel contrasted "the opinion of men of letters" with what?

answer: "the opinion of the multitude,"

text: "the opinion of the multitude,"

question: d'Alembert contrasted the "truly enlightened public" with whom?

answer: "the blind and noisy multitude"

text: "the blind and noisy multitude"


text: In Germany, groups such as Einstürzende Neubauten developed a unique style of industrial music, utilizing avant-garde noise, homemade instruments and found objects. Members of that group would later go on to collaborate with members of the Birthday Party. In Brazil, the post-punk scene grew after the generation of Brasilia rock with bands such as Legião Urbana, Capital Inicial and Plebe Rude and then the opening of the music club Madame Satã in São Paulo, with acts like Cabine C, Titãs, Patife Band, Fellini and Mercenárias, as documented on compilations like The Sexual Life of the Savages and the Não Wave/Não São Paulo series, released in the UK, Germany and Brazil, respectively.[citation needed]

title: Post-punk

title: Post

title: punk

text: In

text: Germany

text: groups

text: such

text: as

text: Einstürzende

text: Neubauten

text: developed

text: a

text: unique

text: style

text: of

text: industrial

text: music

text: utilizing

text: avant

text: garde

text: noise

text: homemade

text: instruments

text: and

text: found

text: objects

text: Members

text: of

text: that

text: group

text: would

text: later

text: go

text: on

text: to

text: collaborate

text: with

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: Birthday

text: Party

text: In

text: Brazil

text: the

text: post

text: punk

text: scene

text: grew

text: after

text: the

text: generation

text: of

text: Brasilia

text: rock

text: with

text: bands

text: such

text: as

text: Legião

text: Urbana

text: Capital

text: Inicial

text: and

text: Plebe

text: Rude

text: and

text: then

text: the

text: opening

text: of

text: the

text: music

text: club

text: Madame

text: Satã

text: in

text: São

text: Paulo

text: with

text: acts

text: like

text: Cabine

text: C

text: Titãs

text: Patife

text: Band

text: Fellini

text: and

text: Mercenárias

text: as

text: documented

text: on

text: compilations

text: like

text: The

text: Sexual

text: Life

text: of

text: the

text: Savages

text: and

text: the

text: Não

text: Wave

text: Não

text: São

text: Paulo

text: series

text: released

text: in

text: the

text: UK

text: Germany

text: and

text: Brazil

text: respectively.[citation

text: needed

question: Where did some groups develop a unique style of industrial music?

answer: Germany

text: Germany

question: What type of music included noise, homemade instruments, and randomly found objects?

answer: industrial

text: industrial

question: What country had a post-punk scene after a generation of rock?

answer: Brazil

text: Brazil

question: What type of album was The Sexual Life of the Savages?

answer: compilations

text: compilations

question: What countries other than Brazil was Brazil's no wave music exported to?

answer: UK, Germany

text: UK, Germany

question: What type of music was associated with Einstürzende Neubauten?

answer: industrial

text: industrial

question: Where was Einstürzende Neubauten from?

answer: Germany

text: Germany

question: How did Einstürzende Neubauten come up with their new industrial sound?

answer: avant-garde noise, homemade instruments and found objects

text: avant-garde noise, homemade instruments and found objects

question: Who did members of Einstürzende Neubauten also collaborate with?

answer: the Birthday Party

text: the Birthday Party

question: Where was Madame Satã?

answer: Brazil

text: Brazil


text: Much of the study in the madrasah college centred on examining whether certain opinions of law were orthodox. This scholarly process of "determining orthodoxy began with a question which the Muslim layman, called in that capacity mustaftī, presented to a jurisconsult, called mufti, soliciting from him a response, called fatwa, a legal opinion (the religious law of Islam covers civil as well as religious matters). The mufti (professor of legal opinions) took this question, studied it, researched it intensively in the sacred scriptures, in order to find a solution to it. This process of scholarly research was called ijtihād, literally, the exertion of one's efforts to the utmost limit."

title: Madrasa

title: Madrasa

text: Much

text: of

text: the

text: study

text: in

text: the

text: madrasah

text: college

text: centred

text: on

text: examining

text: whether

text: certain

text: opinions

text: of

text: law

text: were

text: orthodox

text: This

text: scholarly

text: process

text: of

text: determining

text: orthodoxy

text: began

text: with

text: a

text: question

text: which

text: the

text: Muslim

text: layman

text: called

text: in

text: that

text: capacity

text: mustaftī

text: presented

text: to

text: a

text: jurisconsult

text: called

text: mufti

text: soliciting

text: from

text: him

text: a

text: response

text: called

text: fatwa

text: a

text: legal

text: opinion

text: the

text: religious

text: law

text: of

text: Islam

text: covers

text: civil

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: religious

text: matters

text: The

text: mufti

text: professor

text: of

text: legal

text: opinions

text: took

text: this

text: question

text: studied

text: it

text: researched

text: it

text: intensively

text: in

text: the

text: sacred

text: scriptures

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: find

text: a

text: solution

text: to

text: it

text: This

text: process

text: of

text: scholarly

text: research

text: was

text: called

text: ijtihād

text: literally

text: the

text: exertion

text: of

text: one

text: 's

text: efforts

text: to

text: the

text: utmost

text: limit

question: What determination of the study of law was held to much debate?

answer: whether certain opinions of law were orthodox

text: whether certain opinions of law were orthodox

question: What type of matters are covered through Islamic law?

answer: civil as well as religious

text: civil as well as religious

question: What is the Islamic term for issuing a legal opinion?

answer: fatwa

text: fatwa

question: What is ijtihad?

answer: process of scholarly research

text: process of scholarly research


text: Like the reptiles, birds are primarily uricotelic, that is, their kidneys extract nitrogenous waste from their bloodstream and excrete it as uric acid instead of urea or ammonia through the ureters into the intestine. Birds do not have a urinary bladder or external urethral opening and (with exception of the ostrich) uric acid is excreted along with feces as a semisolid waste. However, birds such as hummingbirds can be facultatively ammonotelic, excreting most of the nitrogenous wastes as ammonia. They also excrete creatine, rather than creatinine like mammals. This material, as well as the output of the intestines, emerges from the bird's cloaca. The cloaca is a multi-purpose opening: waste is expelled through it, most birds mate by joining cloaca, and females lay eggs from it. In addition, many species of birds regurgitate pellets. Males within Palaeognathae (with the exception of the kiwis), the Anseriformes (with the exception of screamers), and in rudimentary forms in Galliformes (but fully developed in Cracidae) possess a penis, which is never present in Neoaves. The length is thought to be related to sperm competition. When not copulating, it is hidden within the proctodeum compartment within the cloaca, just inside the vent. The digestive system of birds is unique, with a crop for storage and a gizzard that contains swallowed stones for grinding food to compensate for the lack of teeth. Most birds are highly adapted for rapid digestion to aid with flight. Some migratory birds have adapted to use protein from many parts of their bodies, including protein from the intestines, as additional energy during migration.

title: Bird

title: Bird

text: Like

text: the

text: reptiles

text: birds

text: are

text: primarily

text: uricotelic

text: that

text: is

text: their

text: kidneys

text: extract

text: nitrogenous

text: waste

text: from

text: their

text: bloodstream

text: and

text: excrete

text: it

text: as

text: uric

text: acid

text: instead

text: of

text: urea

text: or

text: ammonia

text: through

text: the

text: ureters

text: into

text: the

text: intestine

text: Birds

text: do

text: not

text: have

text: a

text: urinary

text: bladder

text: or

text: external

text: urethral

text: opening

text: and

text: with

text: exception

text: of

text: the

text: ostrich

text: uric

text: acid

text: is

text: excreted

text: along

text: with

text: feces

text: as

text: a

text: semisolid

text: waste

text: However

text: birds

text: such

text: as

text: hummingbirds

text: can

text: be

text: facultatively

text: ammonotelic

text: excreting

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: nitrogenous

text: wastes

text: as

text: ammonia

text: They

text: also

text: excrete

text: creatine

text: rather

text: than

text: creatinine

text: like

text: mammals

text: This

text: material

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: output

text: of

text: the

text: intestines

text: emerges

text: from

text: the

text: bird

text: 's

text: cloaca

text: The

text: cloaca

text: is

text: a

text: multi

text: purpose

text: opening

text: waste

text: is

text: expelled

text: through

text: it

text: most

text: birds

text: mate

text: by

text: joining

text: cloaca

text: and

text: females

text: lay

text: eggs

text: from

text: it

text: In

text: addition

text: many

text: species

text: of

text: birds

text: regurgitate

text: pellets

text: Males

text: within

text: Palaeognathae

text: with

text: the

text: exception

text: of

text: the

text: kiwis

text: the

text: Anseriformes

text: with

text: the

text: exception

text: of

text: screamers

text: and

text: in

text: rudimentary

text: forms

text: in

text: Galliformes

text: but

text: fully

text: developed

text: in

text: Cracidae

text: possess

text: a

text: penis

text: which

text: is

text: never

text: present

text: in

text: Neoaves

text: The

text: length

text: is

text: thought

text: to

text: be

text: related

text: to

text: sperm

text: competition

text: When

text: not

text: copulating

text: it

text: is

text: hidden

text: within

text: the

text: proctodeum

text: compartment

text: within

text: the

text: cloaca

text: just

text: inside

text: the

text: vent

text: The

text: digestive

text: system

text: of

text: birds

text: is

text: unique

text: with

text: a

text: crop

text: for

text: storage

text: and

text: a

text: gizzard

text: that

text: contains

text: swallowed

text: stones

text: for

text: grinding

text: food

text: to

text: compensate

text: for

text: the

text: lack

text: of

text: teeth

text: Most

text: birds

text: are

text: highly

text: adapted

text: for

text: rapid

text: digestion

text: to

text: aid

text: with

text: flight

text: Some

text: migratory

text: birds

text: have

text: adapted

text: to

text: use

text: protein

text: from

text: many

text: parts

text: of

text: their

text: bodies

text: including

text: protein

text: from

text: the

text: intestines

text: as

text: additional

text: energy

text: during

text: migration

question: What is it called when a bird's kidneys extract nitrogenous waste from their bloodstream and secrete it as uric acid?

answer: uricotelic

text: uricotelic

question: Which bid has a urinary bladder or external urethral opening?

answer: ostrich

text: ostrich

question: What is a multi-purpose opening on birds?

answer: cloaca

text: cloaca

question: How do most birds mate?

answer: by joining cloaca

text: by joining cloaca

question: What aids birds with flight?

answer: rapid digestion

text: rapid digestion


text: Many had considered Giovanni Battista Montini, the Archbishop of Milan, a possible candidate, but, although he was the archbishop of one of the most ancient and prominent sees in Italy, he had not yet been made a cardinal. Though his absence from the 1958 conclave did not make him ineligible – under Canon Law any Catholic male who is capable of receiving priestly ordination and episcopal consecration may be elected – the College of Cardinals usually chose the new pontiff from among the Cardinals who head archdioceses or departments of the Roman Curia that attend the papal conclave. At the time, as opposed to contemporary practice, the participating Cardinals did not have to be below age 80 to vote, there were few Eastern-rite Cardinals, and no Cardinals who were just priests at the time of their elevation.

title: Pope_John_XXIII

title: Pope_John_XXIII

text: Many

text: had

text: considered

text: Giovanni

text: Battista

text: Montini

text: the

text: Archbishop

text: of

text: Milan

text: a

text: possible

text: candidate

text: but

text: although

text: he

text: was

text: the

text: archbishop

text: of

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: ancient

text: and

text: prominent

text: sees

text: in

text: Italy

text: he

text: had

text: not

text: yet

text: been

text: made

text: a

text: cardinal

text: Though

text: his

text: absence

text: from

text: the

text: conclave

text: did

text: not

text: make

text: him

text: ineligible

text: under

text: Canon

text: Law

text: any

text: Catholic

text: male

text: who

text: is

text: capable

text: of

text: receiving

text: priestly

text: ordination

text: and

text: episcopal

text: consecration

text: may

text: be

text: elected

text: the

text: College

text: of

text: Cardinals

text: usually

text: chose

text: the

text: new

text: pontiff

text: from

text: among

text: the

text: Cardinals

text: who

text: head

text: archdioceses

text: or

text: departments

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Curia

text: that

text: attend

text: the

text: papal

text: conclave

text: At

text: the

text: time

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: contemporary

text: practice

text: the

text: participating

text: Cardinals

text: did

text: not

text: have

text: to

text: be

text: below

text: age

text: to

text: vote

text: there

text: were

text: few

text: Eastern

text: rite

text: Cardinals

text: and

text: no

text: Cardinals

text: who

text: were

text: just

text: priests

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: their

text: elevation

question: Who was the Archbishop of Milan?

answer: Giovanni Battista Montini

text: Giovanni Battista Montini

question: New pontiffs are chosen from Cardinals who head what?

answer: archdioceses or departments of the Roman Curia

text: archdioceses or departments of the Roman Curia

question: When was Montini absent from the conclave?

answer: 1958


text: Bitumen was used in early photographic technology. In 1826 or 1827, it was used by French scientist Joseph Nicéphore Niépce to make the oldest surviving photograph from nature. The bitumen was thinly coated onto a pewter plate which was then exposed in a camera. Exposure to light hardened the bitumen and made it insoluble, so that when it was subsequently rinsed with a solvent only the sufficiently light-struck areas remained. Many hours of exposure in the camera were required, making bitumen impractical for ordinary photography, but from the 1850s to the 1920s it was in common use as a photoresist in the production of printing plates for various photomechanical printing processes.[not in citation given]

title: Asphalt

title: Asphalt

text: Bitumen

text: was

text: used

text: in

text: early

text: photographic

text: technology

text: In

text: or

text: it

text: was

text: used

text: by

text: French

text: scientist

text: Joseph

text: Nicéphore

text: Niépce

text: to

text: make

text: the

text: oldest

text: surviving

text: photograph

text: from

text: nature

text: The

text: bitumen

text: was

text: thinly

text: coated

text: onto

text: a

text: pewter

text: plate

text: which

text: was

text: then

text: exposed

text: in

text: a

text: camera

text: Exposure

text: to

text: light

text: hardened

text: the

text: bitumen

text: and

text: made

text: it

text: insoluble

text: so

text: that

text: when

text: it

text: was

text: subsequently

text: rinsed

text: with

text: a

text: solvent

text: only

text: the

text: sufficiently

text: light

text: struck

text: areas

text: remained

text: Many

text: hours

text: of

text: exposure

text: in

text: the

text: camera

text: were

text: required

text: making

text: bitumen

text: impractical

text: for

text: ordinary

text: photography

text: but

text: from

text: the

text: to

text: the

text: it

text: was

text: in

text: common

text: use

text: as

text: a

text: photoresist

text: in

text: the

text: production

text: of

text: printing

text: plates

text: for

text: various

text: photomechanical

text: printing

text: processes.[not

text: in

text: citation

text: given

question: In what early technology was bitumen used?

answer: photographic

text: photographic

question: What photographer used bitumen to make the earliest extant nature picture?

answer: Joseph Nicéphore Niépce

text: Joseph Nicéphore Niépce

question: What feature of bitumen use in photography made it impractical?

answer: hours of exposure

text: hours of exposure

question: During what period was bitumen used in printing processes?

answer: 1850s to the 1920s

text: 1850s to the 1920s

question: Exposure to what natural element was necessary for early photographic plates?

answer: light

text: light


text: The functions of the brain depend on the ability of neurons to transmit electrochemical signals to other cells, and their ability to respond appropriately to electrochemical signals received from other cells. The electrical properties of neurons are controlled by a wide variety of biochemical and metabolic processes, most notably the interactions between neurotransmitters and receptors that take place at synapses.

title: Brain

title: Brain

text: The

text: functions

text: of

text: the

text: brain

text: depend

text: on

text: the

text: ability

text: of

text: neurons

text: to

text: transmit

text: electrochemical

text: signals

text: to

text: other

text: cells

text: and

text: their

text: ability

text: to

text: respond

text: appropriately

text: to

text: electrochemical

text: signals

text: received

text: from

text: other

text: cells

text: The

text: electrical

text: properties

text: of

text: neurons

text: are

text: controlled

text: by

text: a

text: wide

text: variety

text: of

text: biochemical

text: and

text: metabolic

text: processes

text: most

text: notably

text: the

text: interactions

text: between

text: neurotransmitters

text: and

text: receptors

text: that

text: take

text: place

text: at

text: synapses

question: The electrical properties of neurons are controlled by what?

answer: neurotransmitters and receptors that take place at synapses

text: neurotransmitters and receptors that take place at synapses

question: What type of signals do neurons transfer from one another?

answer: electrochemical

text: electrochemical


text: In the 1820s, Boston's population grew rapidly, and the city's ethnic composition changed dramatically with the first wave of European immigrants. Irish immigrants dominated the first wave of newcomers during this period, especially following the Irish Potato Famine; by 1850, about 35,000 Irish lived in Boston. In the latter half of the 19th century, the city saw increasing numbers of Irish, Germans, Lebanese, Syrians, French Canadians, and Russian and Polish Jews settled in the city. By the end of the 19th century, Boston's core neighborhoods had become enclaves of ethnically distinct immigrants—Italians inhabited the North End, Irish dominated South Boston and Charlestown, and Russian Jews lived in the West End. Irish and Italian immigrants brought with them Roman Catholicism. Currently, Catholics make up Boston's largest religious community, and since the early 20th century, the Irish have played a major role in Boston politics—prominent figures include the Kennedys, Tip O'Neill, and John F. Fitzgerald.

title: Boston

title: Boston

text: In

text: the

text: Boston

text: 's

text: population

text: grew

text: rapidly

text: and

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: ethnic

text: composition

text: changed

text: dramatically

text: with

text: the

text: first

text: wave

text: of

text: European

text: immigrants

text: Irish

text: immigrants

text: dominated

text: the

text: first

text: wave

text: of

text: newcomers

text: during

text: this

text: period

text: especially

text: following

text: the

text: Irish

text: Potato

text: Famine

text: by

text: about

text: Irish

text: lived

text: in

text: Boston

text: In

text: the

text: latter

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: city

text: saw

text: increasing

text: numbers

text: of

text: Irish

text: Germans

text: Lebanese

text: Syrians

text: French

text: Canadians

text: and

text: Russian

text: and

text: Polish

text: Jews

text: settled

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: By

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: Boston

text: 's

text: core

text: neighborhoods

text: had

text: become

text: enclaves

text: of

text: ethnically

text: distinct

text: immigrants

text: Italians

text: inhabited

text: the

text: North

text: End

text: Irish

text: dominated

text: South

text: Boston

text: and

text: Charlestown

text: and

text: Russian

text: Jews

text: lived

text: in

text: the

text: West

text: End

text: Irish

text: and

text: Italian

text: immigrants

text: brought

text: with

text: them

text: Roman

text: Catholicism

text: Currently

text: Catholics

text: make

text: up

text: Boston

text: 's

text: largest

text: religious

text: community

text: and

text: since

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: the

text: Irish

text: have

text: played

text: a

text: major

text: role

text: in

text: Boston

text: politics

text: prominent

text: figures

text: include

text: the

text: Kennedys

text: Tip

text: O'Neill

text: and

text: John

text: F.

text: Fitzgerald

question: How did Boston's population change in the 1820's?

answer: Boston's population grew rapidly

text: Boston's population grew rapidly

question: The first Europen immigrants arrival changed what in Boston?

answer: the city's ethnic composition

text: the city's ethnic composition

question: What was the estimated population of Irish people living in Boston in 1850?

answer: about 35,000

text: about 35,000

question: What religion did Irish and Italian immigrants bring with them to Boston?

answer: Roman Catholicism

text: Roman Catholicism

question: What is Bostons largest religious group today?

answer: Catholics

text: Catholics


text: In the Hellenistic period, there was much continuity in Greek religion: the Greek gods continued to be worshiped, and the same rites were practiced as before. However the socio-political changes brought on by the conquest of the Persian empire and Greek emigration abroad meant that change also came to religious practices. This varied greatly on location, Athens, Sparta and most cities in the Greek mainland did not see much religious change or new gods (with the exception of the Egyptian Isis in Athens), while the multi-ethnic Alexandria had a very varied group of gods and religious practices, including Egyptian, Jewish and Greek. Greek emigres brought their Greek religion everywhere they went, even as far as India and Afghanistan. Non-Greeks also had more freedom to travel and trade throughout the Mediterranean and in this period we can see Egyptian gods such as Serapis, and the Syrian gods Atargatis and Hadad, as well as a Jewish synagogue, all coexisting on the island of Delos alongside classical Greek deities. A common practice was to identify Greek gods with native gods that had similar characteristics and this created new fusions like Zeus-Ammon, Aphrodite Hagne (a Hellenized Atargatis) and Isis-Demeter. Greek emigres faced individual religious choices they had not faced on their home cities, where the gods they worshiped were dictated by tradition.

title: Hellenistic_period

title: Hellenistic_period

text: In

text: the

text: Hellenistic

text: period

text: there

text: was

text: much

text: continuity

text: in

text: Greek

text: religion

text: the

text: Greek

text: gods

text: continued

text: to

text: be

text: worshiped

text: and

text: the

text: same

text: rites

text: were

text: practiced

text: as

text: before

text: However

text: the

text: socio

text: political

text: changes

text: brought

text: on

text: by

text: the

text: conquest

text: of

text: the

text: Persian

text: empire

text: and

text: Greek

text: emigration

text: abroad

text: meant

text: that

text: change

text: also

text: came

text: to

text: religious

text: practices

text: This

text: varied

text: greatly

text: on

text: location

text: Athens

text: Sparta

text: and

text: most

text: cities

text: in

text: the

text: Greek

text: mainland

text: did

text: not

text: see

text: much

text: religious

text: change

text: or

text: new

text: gods

text: with

text: the

text: exception

text: of

text: the

text: Egyptian

text: Isis

text: in

text: Athens

text: while

text: the

text: multi

text: ethnic

text: Alexandria

text: had

text: a

text: very

text: varied

text: group

text: of

text: gods

text: and

text: religious

text: practices

text: including

text: Egyptian

text: Jewish

text: and

text: Greek

text: Greek

text: emigres

text: brought

text: their

text: Greek

text: religion

text: everywhere

text: they

text: went

text: even

text: as

text: far

text: as

text: India

text: and

text: Afghanistan

text: Non

text: Greeks

text: also

text: had

text: more

text: freedom

text: to

text: travel

text: and

text: trade

text: throughout

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: and

text: in

text: this

text: period

text: we

text: can

text: see

text: Egyptian

text: gods

text: such

text: as

text: Serapis

text: and

text: the

text: Syrian

text: gods

text: Atargatis

text: and

text: Hadad

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: a

text: Jewish

text: synagogue

text: all

text: coexisting

text: on

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Delos

text: alongside

text: classical

text: Greek

text: deities

text: A

text: common

text: practice

text: was

text: to

text: identify

text: Greek

text: gods

text: with

text: native

text: gods

text: that

text: had

text: similar

text: characteristics

text: and

text: this

text: created

text: new

text: fusions

text: like

text: Zeus

text: Ammon

text: Aphrodite

text: Hagne

text: a

text: Hellenized

text: Atargatis

text: and

text: Isis

text: Demeter

text: Greek

text: emigres

text: faced

text: individual

text: religious

text: choices

text: they

text: had

text: not

text: faced

text: on

text: their

text: home

text: cities

text: where

text: the

text: gods

text: they

text: worshiped

text: were

text: dictated

text: by

text: tradition

question: What Egyptian god was worshipped in Athens?

answer: Isis

text: Isis

question: Zeus was paired with which local god?

answer: Ammon

text: Ammon

question: Aphrodite was paired with which local god?

answer: Hagne

text: Hagne

question: Isis was paired with what local god?

answer: Demeter

text: Demeter


text: In 1951, during the early stages of the Cold War, Menzies spoke of the possibility of a looming third world war. The Menzies Government entered Australia's first formal military alliance outside of the British Commonwealth with the signing of the ANZUS Treaty between Australia, New Zealand and the United States in San Francisco in 1951. External Affairs Minister Percy Spender had put forward the proposal to work along similar lines to the NATO Alliance. The Treaty declared that any attack on one of the three parties in the Pacific area would be viewed as a threat to each, and that the common danger would be met in accordance with each nation's constitutional processes. In 1954 the Menzies Government signed the South East Asia Collective Defence Treaty (SEATO) as a South East Asian counterpart to NATO. That same year, Soviet diplomat Vladimir Petrov and his wife defected from the Soviet embassy in Canberra, revealing evidence of Russian spying activities; Menzies called a Royal Commission to investigate.

title: Liberal_Party_of_Australia

title: Liberal_Party_of_Australia

text: In

text: during

text: the

text: early

text: stages

text: of

text: the

text: Cold

text: War

text: Menzies

text: spoke

text: of

text: the

text: possibility

text: of

text: a

text: looming

text: third

text: world

text: war

text: The

text: Menzies

text: Government

text: entered

text: Australia

text: 's

text: first

text: formal

text: military

text: alliance

text: outside

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: Commonwealth

text: with

text: the

text: signing

text: of

text: the

text: ANZUS

text: Treaty

text: between

text: Australia

text: New

text: Zealand

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: in

text: San

text: Francisco

text: in

text: External

text: Affairs

text: Minister

text: Percy

text: Spender

text: had

text: put

text: forward

text: the

text: proposal

text: to

text: work

text: along

text: similar

text: lines

text: to

text: the

text: NATO

text: Alliance

text: The

text: Treaty

text: declared

text: that

text: any

text: attack

text: on

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: parties

text: in

text: the

text: Pacific

text: area

text: would

text: be

text: viewed

text: as

text: a

text: threat

text: to

text: each

text: and

text: that

text: the

text: common

text: danger

text: would

text: be

text: met

text: in

text: accordance

text: with

text: each

text: nation

text: 's

text: constitutional

text: processes

text: In

text: the

text: Menzies

text: Government

text: signed

text: the

text: South

text: East

text: Asia

text: Collective

text: Defence

text: Treaty

text: SEATO

text: as

text: a

text: South

text: East

text: Asian

text: counterpart

text: to

text: NATO

text: That

text: same

text: year

text: Soviet

text: diplomat

text: Vladimir

text: Petrov

text: and

text: his

text: wife

text: defected

text: from

text: the

text: Soviet

text: embassy

text: in

text: Canberra

text: revealing

text: evidence

text: of

text: Russian

text: spying

text: activities

text: Menzies

text: called

text: a

text: Royal

text: Commission

text: to

text: investigate

question: Which treaty was Australia's first military alliance outside of the British Commonwealth?

answer: ANZUS Treaty

text: ANZUS Treaty

question: Which areas were involved in the ANZUS Treaty?

answer: Australia, New Zealand and the United States

text: Australia, New Zealand and the United States

question: What does the acronym SEATO stand for?

answer: South East Asia Collective Defence Treaty

text: South East Asia Collective Defence Treaty

question: Which group is a counterpart to NATO?

answer: the South East Asia Collective Defence Treaty (SEATO)

text: the South East Asia Collective Defence Treaty (SEATO)

question: Where was the signing of the ANZUS Treaty held in 1951?

answer: San Francisco

text: San Francisco


text: One of the first competitions he won was the Junior Mr. Europe contest in 1965. He won Mr. Europe the following year, at age 19. He would go on to compete in, and win, many bodybuilding contests. His bodybuilding victories included five Mr. Universe (4 – NABBA [England], 1 – IFBB [USA]) wins, and seven Mr. Olympia wins, a record which would stand until Lee Haney won his eighth consecutive Mr. Olympia title in 1991.

title: Arnold_Schwarzenegger

title: Arnold_Schwarzenegger

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: competitions

text: he

text: won

text: was

text: the

text: Junior

text: Mr.

text: Europe

text: contest

text: in

text: He

text: won

text: Mr.

text: Europe

text: the

text: following

text: year

text: at

text: age

text: He

text: would

text: go

text: on

text: to

text: compete

text: in

text: and

text: win

text: many

text: bodybuilding

text: contests

text: His

text: bodybuilding

text: victories

text: included

text: five

text: Mr.

text: Universe

text: NABBA

text: England

text: IFBB

text: USA

text: wins

text: and

text: seven

text: Mr.

text: Olympia

text: wins

text: a

text: record

text: which

text: would

text: stand

text: until

text: Lee

text: Haney

text: won

text: his

text: eighth

text: consecutive

text: Mr.

text: Olympia

text: title

text: in

question: What bodybuilding title did Schwarzenegger win in 1965?

answer: Junior Mr. Europe

text: Junior Mr. Europe

question: How many times did Schwarzenegger win the Mr. Olympia title?

answer: seven

text: seven


text: Magistrate Judge Howard Lloyd in the Northern District of California, San Jose Division, rejected Netbula's arguments and ordered them to disable the robots.txt blockage temporarily in order to allow Chordiant to retrieve the archived pages that they sought.

title: Wayback_Machine

title: Wayback_Machine

text: Magistrate

text: Judge

text: Howard

text: Lloyd

text: in

text: the

text: Northern

text: District

text: of

text: California

text: San

text: Jose

text: Division

text: rejected

text: Netbula

text: 's

text: arguments

text: and

text: ordered

text: them

text: to

text: disable

text: the

text: robots.txt

text: blockage

text: temporarily

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: allow

text: Chordiant

text: to

text: retrieve

text: the

text: archived

text: pages

text: that

text: they

text: sought

question: Which judge presided over the Netbula v. Chordiant case?

answer: Magistrate Judge Howard Lloyd

text: Magistrate Judge Howard Lloyd

question: In what jurisdiction was the Netbula v. Chordiant case tried?

answer: Northern District of California, San Jose Division

text: Northern District of California, San Jose Division

question: Which party won its argument regarding Netbula's robots.txt file?

answer: Chordiant

text: Chordiant


text: The Xbox 360 features an online service, Xbox Live, which was expanded from its previous iteration on the original Xbox and received regular updates during the console's lifetime. Available in free and subscription-based varieties, Xbox Live allows users to: play games online; download games (through Xbox Live Arcade) and game demos; purchase and stream music, television programs, and films through the Xbox Music and Xbox Video portals; and access third-party content services through media streaming applications. In addition to online multimedia features, the Xbox 360 allows users to stream media from local PCs. Several peripherals have been released, including wireless controllers, expanded hard drive storage, and the Kinect motion sensing camera. The release of these additional services and peripherals helped the Xbox brand grow from gaming-only to encompassing all multimedia, turning it into a hub for living-room computing entertainment.

title: Xbox_360

title: Xbox_360

text: The

text: Xbox

text: features

text: an

text: online

text: service

text: Xbox

text: Live

text: which

text: was

text: expanded

text: from

text: its

text: previous

text: iteration

text: on

text: the

text: original

text: Xbox

text: and

text: received

text: regular

text: updates

text: during

text: the

text: console

text: 's

text: lifetime

text: Available

text: in

text: free

text: and

text: subscription

text: based

text: varieties

text: Xbox

text: Live

text: allows

text: users

text: to

text: play

text: games

text: online

text: download

text: games

text: through

text: Xbox

text: Live

text: Arcade

text: and

text: game

text: demos

text: purchase

text: and

text: stream

text: music

text: television

text: programs

text: and

text: films

text: through

text: the

text: Xbox

text: Music

text: and

text: Xbox

text: Video

text: portals

text: and

text: access

text: third

text: party

text: content

text: services

text: through

text: media

text: streaming

text: applications

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: online

text: multimedia

text: features

text: the

text: Xbox

text: allows

text: users

text: to

text: stream

text: media

text: from

text: local

text: PCs

text: Several

text: peripherals

text: have

text: been

text: released

text: including

text: wireless

text: controllers

text: expanded

text: hard

text: drive

text: storage

text: and

text: the

text: Kinect

text: motion

text: sensing

text: camera

text: The

text: release

text: of

text: these

text: additional

text: services

text: and

text: peripherals

text: helped

text: the

text: Xbox

text: brand

text: grow

text: from

text: gaming

text: only

text: to

text: encompassing

text: all

text: multimedia

text: turning

text: it

text: into

text: a

text: hub

text: for

text: living

text: room

text: computing

text: entertainment

question: What is the name of the 360's online service?

answer: Xbox Live

text: Xbox Live

question: What is the name of the feature that allows users to download games from Live?

answer: Xbox Live Arcade

text: Xbox Live Arcade

question: What can people owning both a PC and 360 do?

answer: stream media

text: stream media

question: What is the name of the 360's motion sensing camera peripheral?

answer: the Kinect

text: the Kinect

question: The 360's multimedia capabilities transformed it from a game console to what?

answer: a hub for living-room computing entertainment

text: a hub for living-room computing entertainment


text: Theoretical analyses show that detours that increase flight distance by up to 20% will often be adaptive on aerodynamic grounds - a bird that loads itself with food to cross a long barrier flies less efficiently. However some species show circuitous migratory routes that reflect historical range expansions and are far from optimal in ecological terms. An example is the migration of continental populations of Swainson's thrush Catharus ustulatus, which fly far east across North America before turning south via Florida to reach northern South America; this route is believed to be the consequence of a range expansion that occurred about 10,000 years ago. Detours may also be caused by differential wind conditions, predation risk, or other factors.

title: Bird_migration

title: Bird_migration

text: Theoretical

text: analyses

text: show

text: that

text: detours

text: that

text: increase

text: flight

text: distance

text: by

text: up

text: to

text: will

text: often

text: be

text: adaptive

text: on

text: aerodynamic

text: grounds

text: a

text: bird

text: that

text: loads

text: itself

text: with

text: food

text: to

text: cross

text: a

text: long

text: barrier

text: flies

text: less

text: efficiently

text: However

text: some

text: species

text: show

text: circuitous

text: migratory

text: routes

text: that

text: reflect

text: historical

text: range

text: expansions

text: and

text: are

text: far

text: from

text: optimal

text: in

text: ecological

text: terms

text: An

text: example

text: is

text: the

text: migration

text: of

text: continental

text: populations

text: of

text: Swainson

text: 's

text: thrush

text: Catharus

text: ustulatus

text: which

text: fly

text: far

text: east

text: across

text: North

text: America

text: before

text: turning

text: south

text: via

text: Florida

text: to

text: reach

text: northern

text: South

text: America

text: this

text: route

text: is

text: believed

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: consequence

text: of

text: a

text: range

text: expansion

text: that

text: occurred

text: about

text: years

text: ago

text: Detours

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: caused

text: by

text: differential

text: wind

text: conditions

text: predation

text: risk

text: or

text: other

text: factors

question: What percentage increase in flight distance will often be adaptive?

answer: 20%

question: What kind of bird flies less efficiently?

answer: a bird that loads itself with food

text: a bird that loads itself with food

question: What type of bird show circuitous migratory routes?

answer: Swainson's thrush

text: Swainson's thrush

question: Where do Swainson's thrush fly from?

answer: far east across North America

text: far east across North America


text: At the legislative level, a unicameral Assembleia Nacional Popular (National People's Assembly) is made up of 100 members. They are popularly elected from multi-member constituencies to serve a four-year term. The judicial system is headed by a Tribunal Supremo da Justiça (Supreme Court), made up of nine justices appointed by the president; they serve at the pleasure of the president.

title: Guinea-Bissau

title: Guinea

title: Bissau

text: At

text: the

text: legislative

text: level

text: a

text: unicameral

text: Assembleia

text: Nacional

text: Popular

text: National

text: People

text: 's

text: Assembly

text: is

text: made

text: up

text: of

text: members

text: They

text: are

text: popularly

text: elected

text: from

text: multi

text: member

text: constituencies

text: to

text: serve

text: a

text: four

text: year

text: term

text: The

text: judicial

text: system

text: is

text: headed

text: by

text: a

text: Tribunal

text: Supremo

text: da

text: Justiça

text: Supreme

text: Court

text: made

text: up

text: of

text: nine

text: justices

text: appointed

text: by

text: the

text: president

text: they

text: serve

text: at

text: the

text: pleasure

text: of

text: the

text: president

question: How many members compose the legislature?

answer: 100

question: Is the legislature bicameral or unicameral?

answer: unicameral

text: unicameral

question: How long do members serve in the legislature?

answer: four-year term

text: four-year term

question: What is the head of the judicial system?

answer: Tribunal Supremo da Justiça (Supreme Court)

text: Tribunal Supremo da Justiça (Supreme Court)

question: How many justices are on the Supreme Court?

answer: nine

text: nine


text: According to the majority of Shī'a, namely the Twelvers (Ithnā'ashariyya), the following is a listing of the rightful successors to Muḥammad. Each Imam was the son of the previous Imam except for Hussayn ibn 'Alī, who was the brother of Hassan ibn 'Alī.The belief in this succession to Muḥammad stems from various Quranic verses which include: 75:36, 13:7, 35:24, 2:30, 2:124, 36:26, 7:142, 42:23.[citation needed] They support their discussion by citing Genesis 17:19–20 and Sunni hadith:Sahih Muslim, Hadith number 4478, English translation by Abdul Hamid Siddiqui.[original research?]

title: Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)

title: Imamah_(Shia_doctrine

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: Shī'a

text: namely

text: the

text: Twelvers

text: Ithnā'ashariyya

text: the

text: following

text: is

text: a

text: listing

text: of

text: the

text: rightful

text: successors

text: to

text: Muḥammad

text: Each

text: Imam

text: was

text: the

text: son

text: of

text: the

text: previous

text: Imam

text: except

text: for

text: Hussayn

text: ibn

text: Alī

text: who

text: was

text: the

text: brother

text: of

text: Hassan

text: ibn

text: Alī

text: The

text: belief

text: in

text: this

text: succession

text: to

text: Muḥammad

text: stems

text: from

text: various

text: Quranic

text: verses

text: which

text: include

text: needed

text: They

text: support

text: their

text: discussion

text: by

text: citing

text: Genesis

text: and

text: Sunni

text: hadith

text: Sahih

text: Muslim

text: Hadith

text: number

text: English

text: translation

text: by

text: Abdul

text: Hamid

text: Siddiqui.[original

text: research

question: Who was the brother of Hassan ibn 'Ali?

answer: Hussayn ibn 'Alī

text: Hussayn ibn 'Alī

question: Usually, how has each Imam been related to the previous Imam?

answer: son

text: son

question: What bible verse do Shia use to support their belief of succession?

answer: Genesis 17:19–20

text: Genesis 17:19–20


text: Town Quay is the original public quay, and dates from the 13th century. Today's Eastern Docks were created in the 1830s by land reclamation of the mud flats between the Itchen & Test estuaries. The Western Docks date from the 1930s when the Southern Railway Company commissioned a major land reclamation and dredging programme. Most of the material used for reclamation came from dredging of Southampton Water, to ensure that the port can continue to handle large ships.

title: Southampton

title: Southampton

text: Town

text: Quay

text: is

text: the

text: original

text: public

text: quay

text: and

text: dates

text: from

text: the

text: century

text: Today

text: 's

text: Eastern

text: Docks

text: were

text: created

text: in

text: the

text: by

text: land

text: reclamation

text: of

text: the

text: mud

text: flats

text: between

text: the

text: Itchen

text: Test

text: estuaries

text: The

text: Western

text: Docks

text: date

text: from

text: the

text: when

text: the

text: Southern

text: Railway

text: Company

text: commissioned

text: a

text: major

text: land

text: reclamation

text: and

text: dredging

text: programme

text: Most

text: of

text: the

text: material

text: used

text: for

text: reclamation

text: came

text: from

text: dredging

text: of

text: Southampton

text: Water

text: to

text: ensure

text: that

text: the

text: port

text: can

text: continue

text: to

text: handle

text: large

text: ships

question: What's the name of the public quay that's been in Southampton since the 13th century?

answer: Town Quay

text: Town Quay

question: In what decade were the Eastern Docks that can be seen today created?

answer: 1830s

question: What company commissioned the program that created the Western Docks?

answer: Southern Railway Company

text: Southern Railway Company

question: What body of water was dredged for the material used for reclamation?

answer: Southampton Water

text: Southampton Water

question: In what decade did the Southern Railway Company commission the program that created the Western Docks?

answer: 1930s


text: Dwight Goddard collected a sample of Buddhist scriptures, with the emphasis on Zen, along with other classics of Eastern philosophy, such as the Tao Te Ching, into his 'Buddhist Bible' in the 1920s. More recently, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar attempted to create a single, combined document of Buddhist principles in "The Buddha and His Dhamma". Other such efforts have persisted to present day, but currently there is no single text that represents all Buddhist traditions.

title: Buddhism

title: Buddhism

text: Dwight

text: Goddard

text: collected

text: a

text: sample

text: of

text: Buddhist

text: scriptures

text: with

text: the

text: emphasis

text: on

text: Zen

text: along

text: with

text: other

text: classics

text: of

text: Eastern

text: philosophy

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Tao

text: Te

text: Ching

text: into

text: his

text: Buddhist

text: Bible

text: in

text: the

text: More

text: recently

text: Dr.

text: Babasaheb

text: Ambedkar

text: attempted

text: to

text: create

text: a

text: single

text: combined

text: document

text: of

text: Buddhist

text: principles

text: in

text: The

text: Buddha

text: and

text: His

text: Dhamma

text: Other

text: such

text: efforts

text: have

text: persisted

text: to

text: present

text: day

text: but

text: currently

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: single

text: text

text: that

text: represents

text: all

text: Buddhist

text: traditions

question: Goddard collected mainly what type of Buddhist scripture?

answer: Zen

text: Zen

question: Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar attempted to create a single combined document with all Buddhist principles and called it?

answer: The Buddha and His Dhamma

text: The Buddha and His Dhamma


text: Smyth, convinced that his self-baptism was invalid, applied with the Mennonites for membership. He died while waiting for membership, and some of his followers became Mennonites. Thomas Helwys and others kept their baptism and their Baptist commitments. The modern Baptist denomination is an outgrowth of Smyth's movement. Baptists rejected the name Anabaptist when they were called that by opponents in derision. McBeth writes that as late as the 18th century, many Baptists referred to themselves as "the Christians commonly—though falsely—called Anabaptists."

title: Baptists

title: Baptists

text: Smyth

text: convinced

text: that

text: his

text: self

text: baptism

text: was

text: invalid

text: applied

text: with

text: the

text: Mennonites

text: for

text: membership

text: He

text: died

text: while

text: waiting

text: for

text: membership

text: and

text: some

text: of

text: his

text: followers

text: became

text: Mennonites

text: Thomas

text: Helwys

text: and

text: others

text: kept

text: their

text: baptism

text: and

text: their

text: Baptist

text: commitments

text: The

text: modern

text: Baptist

text: denomination

text: is

text: an

text: outgrowth

text: of

text: Smyth

text: 's

text: movement

text: Baptists

text: rejected

text: the

text: name

text: Anabaptist

text: when

text: they

text: were

text: called

text: that

text: by

text: opponents

text: in

text: derision

text: McBeth

text: writes

text: that

text: as

text: late

text: as

text: the

text: century

text: many

text: Baptists

text: referred

text: to

text: themselves

text: as

text: the

text: Christians

text: commonly

text: though

text: falsely

text: called

text: Anabaptists

question: Who thought their self-baptism was invalid?

answer: Smyth

text: Smyth

question: Smyth applied for membership with who?

answer: the Mennonites

text: the Mennonites

question: What is an outgrowth of Smyth's movement?

answer: The modern Baptist denomination

text: The modern Baptist denomination

question: What name did Baptists reject?

answer: Anabaptist

text: Anabaptist

question: Who wrote that Baptists referred to themselves as "the Christians commonly—though falsely—called Anabaptists?"

answer: McBeth

text: McBeth


text: Skiing, snowboarding and mountaineering are among the most popular sports in Switzerland, the nature of the country being particularly suited for such activities. Winter sports are practiced by the natives and tourists since the second half of the 19th century with the invention of bobsleigh in St. Moritz. The first world ski championships were held in Mürren (1931) and St. Moritz (1934). The latter town hosted the second Winter Olympic Games in 1928 and the fifth edition in 1948. Among the most successful skiers and world champions are Pirmin Zurbriggen and Didier Cuche.

title: Switzerland

title: Switzerland

text: Skiing

text: snowboarding

text: and

text: mountaineering

text: are

text: among

text: the

text: most

text: popular

text: sports

text: in

text: Switzerland

text: the

text: nature

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: being

text: particularly

text: suited

text: for

text: such

text: activities

text: Winter

text: sports

text: are

text: practiced

text: by

text: the

text: natives

text: and

text: tourists

text: since

text: the

text: second

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: with

text: the

text: invention

text: of

text: bobsleigh

text: in

text: St.

text: Moritz

text: The

text: first

text: world

text: ski

text: championships

text: were

text: held

text: in

text: Mürren

text: and

text: St.

text: Moritz

text: The

text: latter

text: town

text: hosted

text: the

text: second

text: Winter

text: Olympic

text: Games

text: in

text: and

text: the

text: fifth

text: edition

text: in

text: Among

text: the

text: most

text: successful

text: skiers

text: and

text: world

text: champions

text: are

text: Pirmin

text: Zurbriggen

text: and

text: Didier

text: Cuche

question: What 3 mountain sports are among the most popular in Switzerland?

answer: Skiing, snowboarding and mountaineering

text: Skiing, snowboarding and mountaineering

question: Where was the bobsleigh invented?

answer: St. Moritz

text: St. Moritz

question: When were the first ski championships held in Murren?

answer: 1931

question: Which town hosted the 2nd Winter Olympic Games in 1928?

answer: St. Moritz

text: St. Moritz