text: Such strategies, which minimize the maximum loss for each player, are called optimal. Von Neumann showed that their minimaxes are equal (in absolute value) and contrary (in sign). Von Neumann improved and extended the minimax theorem to include games involving imperfect information and games with more than two players, publishing this result in his 1944 Theory of Games and Economic Behavior (written with Oskar Morgenstern). Morgenstern wrote a paper on game theory and thought he would show it to von Neumann because of his interest in the subject. He read it and said to Morgenstern that he should put more in it. This was repeated a couple of times, and then von Neumann became a coauthor and the paper became 100 pages long. Then it became a book. The public interest in this work was such that The New York Times ran a front-page story. In this book, von Neumann declared that economic theory needed to use functional analytic methods, especially convex sets and topological fixed-point theorem, rather than the traditional differential calculus, because the maximum-operator did not preserve differentiable functions.

title: John_von_Neumann

title: John_von_Neumann

text: Such

text: strategies

text: which

text: minimize

text: the

text: maximum

text: loss

text: for

text: each

text: player

text: are

text: called

text: optimal

text: Von

text: Neumann

text: showed

text: that

text: their

text: minimaxes

text: are

text: equal

text: in

text: absolute

text: value

text: and

text: contrary

text: in

text: sign

text: Von

text: Neumann

text: improved

text: and

text: extended

text: the

text: minimax

text: theorem

text: to

text: include

text: games

text: involving

text: imperfect

text: information

text: and

text: games

text: with

text: more

text: than

text: two

text: players

text: publishing

text: this

text: result

text: in

text: his

text: Theory

text: of

text: Games

text: and

text: Economic

text: Behavior

text: written

text: with

text: Oskar

text: Morgenstern

text: Morgenstern

text: wrote

text: a

text: paper

text: on

text: game

text: theory

text: and

text: thought

text: he

text: would

text: show

text: it

text: to

text: von

text: Neumann

text: because

text: of

text: his

text: interest

text: in

text: the

text: subject

text: He

text: read

text: it

text: and

text: said

text: to

text: Morgenstern

text: that

text: he

text: should

text: put

text: more

text: in

text: it

text: This

text: was

text: repeated

text: a

text: couple

text: of

text: times

text: and

text: then

text: von

text: Neumann

text: became

text: a

text: coauthor

text: and

text: the

text: paper

text: became

text: pages

text: long

text: Then

text: it

text: became

text: a

text: book

text: The

text: public

text: interest

text: in

text: this

text: work

text: was

text: such

text: that

text: The

text: New

text: York

text: Times

text: ran

text: a

text: front

text: page

text: story

text: In

text: this

text: book

text: von

text: Neumann

text: declared

text: that

text: economic

text: theory

text: needed

text: to

text: use

text: functional

text: analytic

text: methods

text: especially

text: convex

text: sets

text: and

text: topological

text: fixed

text: point

text: theorem

text: rather

text: than

text: the

text: traditional

text: differential

text: calculus

text: because

text: the

text: maximum

text: operator

text: did

text: not

text: preserve

text: differentiable

text: functions

question: What is optimal strategy?

answer: minimize the maximum loss for each player

text: minimize the maximum loss for each player

question: What von Neumann work was published in 1944?

answer: Theory of Games and Economic Behavior

text: Theory of Games and Economic Behavior

question: Who was co-author with von Neman on the Theory of Games and Economic Behavior?

answer: Oskar Morgenstern

text: Oskar Morgenstern


text: One advantage of the black box technique is that no programming knowledge is required. Whatever biases the programmers may have had, the tester likely has a different set and may emphasize different areas of functionality. On the other hand, black-box testing has been said to be "like a walk in a dark labyrinth without a flashlight." Because they do not examine the source code, there are situations when a tester writes many test cases to check something that could have been tested by only one test case, or leaves some parts of the program untested.

title: Software_testing

title: Software_testing

text: One

text: advantage

text: of

text: the

text: black

text: box

text: technique

text: is

text: that

text: no

text: programming

text: knowledge

text: is

text: required

text: Whatever

text: biases

text: the

text: programmers

text: may

text: have

text: had

text: the

text: tester

text: likely

text: has

text: a

text: different

text: set

text: and

text: may

text: emphasize

text: different

text: areas

text: of

text: functionality

text: On

text: the

text: other

text: hand

text: black

text: box

text: testing

text: has

text: been

text: said

text: to

text: be

text: like

text: a

text: walk

text: in

text: a

text: dark

text: labyrinth

text: without

text: a

text: flashlight

text: Because

text: they

text: do

text: not

text: examine

text: the

text: source

text: code

text: there

text: are

text: situations

text: when

text: a

text: tester

text: writes

text: many

text: test

text: cases

text: to

text: check

text: something

text: that

text: could

text: have

text: been

text: tested

text: by

text: only

text: one

text: test

text: case

text: or

text: leaves

text: some

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: program

text: untested

question: What is one huge advantage to using the black-box method?

answer: no programming knowledge is required

text: no programming knowledge is required

question: What can black-box testing sometimes be referred to with the in-ability to see the code?

answer: like a walk in a dark labyrinth without a flashlight.

text: like a walk in a dark labyrinth without a flashlight.

question: What is a good reason to have testers and developers separate?

answer: tester likely has a different set and may emphasize different areas of functionality

text: tester likely has a different set and may emphasize different areas of functionality


text: In some countries anti-Masonry is often related to antisemitism and anti-Zionism. For example, In 1980, the Iraqi legal and penal code was changed by Saddam Hussein's ruling Ba'ath Party, making it a felony to "promote or acclaim Zionist principles, including Freemasonry, or who associate [themselves] with Zionist organisations". Professor Andrew Prescott of the University of Sheffield writes: "Since at least the time of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion, antisemitism has gone hand in hand with anti-masonry, so it is not surprising that allegations that 11 September was a Zionist plot have been accompanied by suggestions that the attacks were inspired by a masonic world order".

title: Freemasonry

title: Freemasonry

text: In

text: some

text: countries

text: anti

text: Masonry

text: is

text: often

text: related

text: to

text: antisemitism

text: and

text: anti

text: Zionism

text: For

text: example

text: In

text: the

text: Iraqi

text: legal

text: and

text: penal

text: code

text: was

text: changed

text: by

text: Saddam

text: Hussein

text: 's

text: ruling

text: Ba'ath

text: Party

text: making

text: it

text: a

text: felony

text: to

text: promote

text: or

text: acclaim

text: Zionist

text: principles

text: including

text: Freemasonry

text: or

text: who

text: associate

text: themselves

text: with

text: Zionist

text: organisations

text: Professor

text: Andrew

text: Prescott

text: of

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Sheffield

text: writes

text: Since

text: at

text: least

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: the

text: Protocols

text: of

text: the

text: Elders

text: of

text: Zion

text: antisemitism

text: has

text: gone

text: hand

text: in

text: hand

text: with

text: anti

text: masonry

text: so

text: it

text: is

text: not

text: surprising

text: that

text: allegations

text: that

text: September

text: was

text: a

text: Zionist

text: plot

text: have

text: been

text: accompanied

text: by

text: suggestions

text: that

text: the

text: attacks

text: were

text: inspired

text: by

text: a

text: masonic

text: world

text: order

question: What are two things that anit-masonry usually associated with?

answer: antisemitism and anti-Zionism

text: antisemitism and anti-Zionism

question: What year did the Ba'ath Party make Freemasonry a felony?

answer: 1980

question: Who wrote that it was not suprising that the blame for 9/11 was trying to be blamed on a masonic world order?

answer: Professor Andrew Prescott

text: Professor Andrew Prescott

question: According to  Professor Andrew Prescott, how long has antisemitism gone together with anti-masonry?

answer: Since at least the time of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion

text: Since at least the time of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion

question: In some countries, anti-Masonry is related to what?

answer: antisemitism and anti-Zionism

text: antisemitism and anti-Zionism

question: Who change the Iraqi legal and penal code in 1980?

answer: Saddam Hussein's ruling Ba'ath Party

text: Saddam Hussein's ruling Ba'ath Party

question: Who suggested the September 11 attacks on the United States were inspired by a masonic world order?

answer: Professor Andrew Prescott

text: Professor Andrew Prescott


text: While Blacks/African-Americans comprised only 13 percent of Michigan's population in 2010, they made up nearly 82 percent of Detroit's population. The next largest population groups were Whites, at 10 percent, and Hispanics, at 6 percent. According to the 2010 Census, segregation in Detroit has decreased in absolute and in relative terms. In the first decade of the 21st century, about two-thirds of the total black population in metropolitan area resided within the city limits of Detroit. The number of integrated neighborhoods has increased from 100 in 2000 to 204 in 2010. The city has also moved down the ranking, from number one most segregated to number four. A 2011 op-ed in The New York Times attributed the decreased segregation rating to the overall exodus from the city, cautioning that these areas may soon become more segregated. This pattern already happened in the 1970s, when apparent integration was actually a precursor to white flight and resegregation. Over a 60-year period, white flight occurred in the city. According to an estimate of the Michigan Metropolitan Information Center, from 2008 to 2009 the percentage of non-Hispanic White residents increased from 8.4% to 13.3%. Some empty nesters and many younger White people moved into the city while many African Americans moved to the suburbs.

title: Detroit

title: Detroit

text: While

text: Blacks

text: African

text: Americans

text: comprised

text: only

text: percent

text: of

text: Michigan

text: 's

text: population

text: in

text: they

text: made

text: up

text: nearly

text: percent

text: of

text: Detroit

text: 's

text: population

text: The

text: next

text: largest

text: population

text: groups

text: were

text: Whites

text: at

text: percent

text: and

text: Hispanics

text: at

text: percent

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: Census

text: segregation

text: in

text: Detroit

text: has

text: decreased

text: in

text: absolute

text: and

text: in

text: relative

text: terms

text: In

text: the

text: first

text: decade

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: about

text: two

text: thirds

text: of

text: the

text: total

text: black

text: population

text: in

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: resided

text: within

text: the

text: city

text: limits

text: of

text: Detroit

text: The

text: number

text: of

text: integrated

text: neighborhoods

text: has

text: increased

text: from

text: in

text: to

text: in

text: The

text: city

text: has

text: also

text: moved

text: down

text: the

text: ranking

text: from

text: number

text: one

text: most

text: segregated

text: to

text: number

text: four

text: A

text: op

text: ed

text: in

text: The

text: New

text: York

text: Times

text: attributed

text: the

text: decreased

text: segregation

text: rating

text: to

text: the

text: overall

text: exodus

text: from

text: the

text: city

text: cautioning

text: that

text: these

text: areas

text: may

text: soon

text: become

text: more

text: segregated

text: This

text: pattern

text: already

text: happened

text: in

text: the

text: when

text: apparent

text: integration

text: was

text: actually

text: a

text: precursor

text: to

text: white

text: flight

text: and

text: resegregation

text: Over

text: a

text: period

text: white

text: flight

text: occurred

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: According

text: to

text: an

text: estimate

text: of

text: the

text: Michigan

text: Metropolitan

text: Information

text: Center

text: from

text: to

text: the

text: percentage

text: of

text: non

text: Hispanic

text: White

text: residents

text: increased

text: from

text: to

text: Some

text: empty

text: nesters

text: and

text: many

text: younger

text: White

text: people

text: moved

text: into

text: the

text: city

text: while

text: many

text: African

text: Americans

text: moved

text: to

text: the

text: suburbs

question: How much of Michigan's population is Black?

answer: 13 percent

text: 13 percent

question: How much of Detroit's population is Black?

answer: 82 percent

text: 82 percent

question: What was Detroit ranked as in a 2010 study on segregated cities?

answer: four

text: four

question: Where have many Black people been moving to in recent years?

answer: suburbs

text: suburbs

question: What is the 2009 population of Whites in Detroit?

answer: 13.3%


text: The Wagner tuba, a modified member of the horn family, appears in Richard Wagner's cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen and several other works by Strauss, Béla Bartók, and others; it has a prominent role in Anton Bruckner's Symphony No. 7 in E Major. Cornets appear in Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's ballet Swan Lake, Claude Debussy's La Mer, and several orchestral works by Hector Berlioz. Unless these instruments are played by members doubling on another instrument (for example, a trombone player changing to euphonium for a certain passage), orchestras will use freelance musicians to augment their regular rosters.

title: Classical_music

title: Classical_music

text: The

text: Wagner

text: tuba

text: a

text: modified

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: horn

text: family

text: appears

text: in

text: Richard

text: Wagner

text: 's

text: cycle

text: Der

text: Ring

text: des

text: Nibelungen

text: and

text: several

text: other

text: works

text: by

text: Strauss

text: Béla

text: Bartók

text: and

text: others

text: it

text: has

text: a

text: prominent

text: role

text: in

text: Anton

text: Bruckner

text: 's

text: Symphony

text: No

text: in

text: E

text: Major

text: Cornets

text: appear

text: in

text: Pyotr

text: Ilyich

text: Tchaikovsky

text: 's

text: ballet

text: Swan

text: Lake

text: Claude

text: Debussy

text: 's

text: La

text: Mer

text: and

text: several

text: orchestral

text: works

text: by

text: Hector

text: Berlioz

text: Unless

text: these

text: instruments

text: are

text: played

text: by

text: members

text: doubling

text: on

text: another

text: instrument

text: for

text: example

text: a

text: trombone

text: player

text: changing

text: to

text: euphonium

text: for

text: a

text: certain

text: passage

text: orchestras

text: will

text: use

text: freelance

text: musicians

text: to

text: augment

text: their

text: regular

text: rosters

question: What is the name of the modified member of the horn family appearing in several works by Strauss?

answer: The Wagner tuba

text: The Wagner tuba

question: Which symphony of Anton Bruckner's does the Wagner tuba have a prominent role in?

answer: Symphony No. 7 in E Major

text: Symphony No. 7 in E Major

question: Who wrote the ballet Swan Lake?

answer: Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky

text: Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky

question: What will orchestras use to augment their regular rosters?

answer: freelance musicians

text: freelance musicians

question: What Debussy piece features a cornet?

answer: La Mer

text: La Mer


text: Indic scripts such as Tamil and Devanagari are each allocated only 128 code points, matching the ISCII standard. The correct rendering of Unicode Indic text requires transforming the stored logical order characters into visual order and the forming of ligatures (aka conjuncts) out of components. Some local scholars argued in favor of assignments of Unicode code points to these ligatures, going against the practice for other writing systems, though Unicode contains some Arabic and other ligatures for backward compatibility purposes only. Encoding of any new ligatures in Unicode will not happen, in part because the set of ligatures is font-dependent, and Unicode is an encoding independent of font variations. The same kind of issue arose for Tibetan script[citation needed] (the Chinese National Standard organization failed to achieve a similar change).

title: Unicode

title: Unicode

text: Indic

text: scripts

text: such

text: as

text: Tamil

text: and

text: Devanagari

text: are

text: each

text: allocated

text: only

text: code

text: points

text: matching

text: the

text: ISCII

text: standard

text: The

text: correct

text: rendering

text: of

text: Unicode

text: Indic

text: text

text: requires

text: transforming

text: the

text: stored

text: logical

text: order

text: characters

text: into

text: visual

text: order

text: and

text: the

text: forming

text: of

text: ligatures

text: aka

text: conjuncts

text: out

text: of

text: components

text: Some

text: local

text: scholars

text: argued

text: in

text: favor

text: of

text: assignments

text: of

text: Unicode

text: code

text: points

text: to

text: these

text: ligatures

text: going

text: against

text: the

text: practice

text: for

text: other

text: writing

text: systems

text: though

text: Unicode

text: contains

text: some

text: Arabic

text: and

text: other

text: ligatures

text: for

text: backward

text: compatibility

text: purposes

text: only

text: Encoding

text: of

text: any

text: new

text: ligatures

text: in

text: Unicode

text: will

text: not

text: happen

text: in

text: part

text: because

text: the

text: set

text: of

text: ligatures

text: is

text: font

text: dependent

text: and

text: Unicode

text: is

text: an

text: encoding

text: independent

text: of

text: font

text: variations

text: The

text: same

text: kind

text: of

text: issue

text: arose

text: for

text: Tibetan

text: script[citation

text: needed

text: the

text: Chinese

text: National

text: Standard

text: organization

text: failed

text: to

text: achieve

text: a

text: similar

text: change

question: How many code points are tamil and Devanagari allocated?

answer: 128

question: What is another word for ligatures?

answer: conjuncts

text: conjuncts

question: What is the ISCII standard?

answer: 128 code points

text: 128 code points


text: Loop antennas consist of a loop or coil of wire. Loops with circumference of a wavelength or larger act similarly to dipole antennas. However loops small in comparison to a wavelength act differently. They interact with the magnetic field of the radio wave instead of the electric field as other antennas do, and so are relatively insensitive to nearby electrical noise. However they have low radiation resistance, and so are inefficient for transmitting. They are used as receiving antennas at low frequencies, and also as direction finding antennas.

title: Antenna_(radio)

title: Antenna_(radio

text: Loop

text: antennas

text: consist

text: of

text: a

text: loop

text: or

text: coil

text: of

text: wire

text: Loops

text: with

text: circumference

text: of

text: a

text: wavelength

text: or

text: larger

text: act

text: similarly

text: to

text: dipole

text: antennas

text: However

text: loops

text: small

text: in

text: comparison

text: to

text: a

text: wavelength

text: act

text: differently

text: They

text: interact

text: with

text: the

text: magnetic

text: field

text: of

text: the

text: radio

text: wave

text: instead

text: of

text: the

text: electric

text: field

text: as

text: other

text: antennas

text: do

text: and

text: so

text: are

text: relatively

text: insensitive

text: to

text: nearby

text: electrical

text: noise

text: However

text: they

text: have

text: low

text: radiation

text: resistance

text: and

text: so

text: are

text: inefficient

text: for

text: transmitting

text: They

text: are

text: used

text: as

text: receiving

text: antennas

text: at

text: low

text: frequencies

text: and

text: also

text: as

text: direction

text: finding

text: antennas

question: What type of antenna can be formed by a circular segment of wire?

answer: Loop antennas

text: Loop antennas

question: What is a loop antenna compared with to determine its beahvior?

answer: circumference of a wavelength

text: circumference of a wavelength

question: If you needed to place an antenna somewhere with a large amount of interference, which type would be best?

answer: loops small

text: loops small

question: Why would this type be good for receiving but not transmtting?

answer: low radiation resistance

text: low radiation resistance

question: What else would be an effective application of this antenna type?

answer: direction finding

text: direction finding


text: The bureau's first official task was visiting and making surveys of the houses of prostitution in preparation for enforcing the "White Slave Traffic Act," or Mann Act, passed on June 25, 1910. In 1932, it was renamed the United States Bureau of Investigation. The following year it was linked to the Bureau of Prohibition and rechristened the Division of Investigation (DOI) before finally becoming an independent service within the Department of Justice in 1935. In the same year, its name was officially changed from the Division of Investigation to the present-day Federal Bureau of Investigation, or FBI.

title: Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation

title: Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation

text: The

text: bureau

text: 's

text: first

text: official

text: task

text: was

text: visiting

text: and

text: making

text: surveys

text: of

text: the

text: houses

text: of

text: prostitution

text: in

text: preparation

text: for

text: enforcing

text: the

text: White

text: Slave

text: Traffic

text: Act

text: or

text: Mann

text: Act

text: passed

text: on

text: June

text: In

text: it

text: was

text: renamed

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Bureau

text: of

text: Investigation

text: The

text: following

text: year

text: it

text: was

text: linked

text: to

text: the

text: Bureau

text: of

text: Prohibition

text: and

text: rechristened

text: the

text: Division

text: of

text: Investigation

text: DOI

text: before

text: finally

text: becoming

text: an

text: independent

text: service

text: within

text: the

text: Department

text: of

text: Justice

text: in

text: In

text: the

text: same

text: year

text: its

text: name

text: was

text: officially

text: changed

text: from

text: the

text: Division

text: of

text: Investigation

text: to

text: the

text: present

text: day

text: Federal

text: Bureau

text: of

text: Investigation

text: or

text: FBI

question: What was the bureau's first task?

answer: visiting and making surveys of the houses of prostitution

text: visiting and making surveys of the houses of prostitution

question: What act was the bureau initially tasked with enforcing?

answer: White Slave Traffic Act

text: White Slave Traffic Act

question: What was the other formal name of the Mann Act?

answer: White Slave Traffic Act

text: White Slave Traffic Act

question: When was the Mann Act passed?

answer: June 25, 1910

text: June 25, 1910

question: When was the bureau renamed?

answer: In 1932,

text: In 1932,


text: On 14 June 1940, the German army marched into Paris, which had been declared an "open city". On 16–17 July 1942, following German orders, the French police and gendarmes arrested 12,884 Jews, including 4,115 children, and confined them during five days at the Vel d'Hiv (Vélodrome d'Hiver), from which they were transported by train to the extermination camp at Auschwitz. None of the children came back. On 25 August 1944, the city was liberated by the French 2nd Armoured Division and the 4th Infantry Division of the United States Army. General Charles de Gaulle led a huge and emotional crowd down the Champs Élysées towards Notre Dame de Paris, and made a rousing speech from the Hôtel de Ville.

title: Paris

title: Paris

text: On

text: June

text: the

text: German

text: army

text: marched

text: into

text: Paris

text: which

text: had

text: been

text: declared

text: an

text: open

text: city

text: On

text: July

text: following

text: German

text: orders

text: the

text: French

text: police

text: and

text: gendarmes

text: arrested

text: Jews

text: including

text: children

text: and

text: confined

text: them

text: during

text: five

text: days

text: at

text: the

text: Vel

text: d'Hiv

text: Vélodrome

text: d'Hiver

text: from

text: which

text: they

text: were

text: transported

text: by

text: train

text: to

text: the

text: extermination

text: camp

text: at

text: Auschwitz

text: of

text: the

text: children

text: came

text: back

text: On

text: August

text: the

text: city

text: was

text: liberated

text: by

text: the

text: French

text: Armoured

text: Division

text: and

text: the

text: Infantry

text: Division

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Army

text: General

text: Charles

text: de

text: Gaulle

text: led

text: a

text: huge

text: and

text: emotional

text: crowd

text: down

text: the

text: Champs

text: Élysées

text: towards

text: Notre

text: Dame

text: de

text: Paris

text: and

text: made

text: a

text: rousing

text: speech

text: from

text: the

text: Hôtel

text: de

text: Ville

question: On what date did the German army declare Paris as an open city?

answer: 14 June 1940

text: 14 June 1940

question: How many Jews were arrested following German orders?

answer: 12,884

question: Where were the Jews confined prior to being transported to Auschwitz?

answer: Vel d'Hiv

text: Vel d'Hiv

question: How many children came back from Auschwitz?

answer: None

question: On what date was the city liberated?

answer: 25 August 1944

text: 25 August 1944


text: Lemi Ponifasio is a director and choreographer who is prominent internationally with his dance Company MAU. Neil Ieremia's company Black Grace has also received international acclaim with tours to Europe and New York. Hip hop has had a significant impact on Samoan culture. According to Katerina Martina Teaiwa, PhD from the University of Hawaii at Manoa, "Hip hop culture in particular is popular amongst Samoan youth." Like very many other countries, hip hop music is popular. In addition, the integration of hip hop elements into Samoan tradition also "testifies to the transferability of the dance forms themselves," and to the "circuits through which people and all their embodied knowledge travel." Dance both in its traditional form and its more modern forms has remained a central cultural currency to Samoans, especially youths.

title: Samoa

title: Samoa

text: Lemi

text: Ponifasio

text: is

text: a

text: director

text: and

text: choreographer

text: who

text: is

text: prominent

text: internationally

text: with

text: his

text: dance

text: Company

text: MAU

text: Neil

text: Ieremia

text: 's

text: company

text: Black

text: Grace

text: has

text: also

text: received

text: international

text: acclaim

text: with

text: tours

text: to

text: Europe

text: and

text: New

text: York

text: Hip

text: hop

text: has

text: had

text: a

text: significant

text: impact

text: on

text: Samoan

text: culture

text: According

text: to

text: Katerina

text: Martina

text: Teaiwa

text: PhD

text: from

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Hawaii

text: at

text: Manoa

text: Hip

text: hop

text: culture

text: in

text: particular

text: is

text: popular

text: amongst

text: Samoan

text: youth

text: Like

text: very

text: many

text: other

text: countries

text: hip

text: hop

text: music

text: is

text: popular

text: In

text: addition

text: the

text: integration

text: of

text: hip

text: hop

text: elements

text: into

text: Samoan

text: tradition

text: also

text: testifies

text: to

text: the

text: transferability

text: of

text: the

text: dance

text: forms

text: themselves

text: and

text: to

text: the

text: circuits

text: through

text: which

text: people

text: and

text: all

text: their

text: embodied

text: knowledge

text: travel

text: Dance

text: both

text: in

text: its

text: traditional

text: form

text: and

text: its

text: more

text: modern

text: forms

text: has

text: remained

text: a

text: central

text: cultural

text: currency

text: to

text: Samoans

text: especially

text: youths

question: What did Lemi Ponifasio name his dance company?

answer: MAU

text: MAU

question: What genre of music greatly influenced the culture in Samoa?

answer: Hip hop

text: Hip hop

question: What Samoan choreographer founded Black Grace?

answer: Neil Ieremia

text: Neil Ieremia

question: What professor at the University in Hawaii at Manoa wrote about the relationships between hip hop, dance, and traditional Samoan culture?

answer: Katerina Martina Teaiwa

text: Katerina Martina Teaiwa

question: Among what age group in Samoa is hip hop and dance most popular?

answer: youths

text: youths


text: Zen Buddhism is divided into two main schools: Rinzai (臨済宗) and Sōtō (曹洞宗), the former greatly favouring the use in meditation on the koan (公案, a meditative riddle or puzzle) as a device for spiritual break-through, and the latter (while certainly employing koans) focusing more on shikantaza or "just sitting".[note 13]

title: Buddhism

title: Buddhism

text: Zen

text: Buddhism

text: is

text: divided

text: into

text: two

text: main

text: schools

text: Rinzai

text: 臨済宗

text: and

text: Sōtō

text: 曹洞宗

text: the

text: former

text: greatly

text: favouring

text: the

text: use

text: in

text: meditation

text: on

text: the

text: koan

text: 公案

text: a

text: meditative

text: riddle

text: or

text: puzzle

text: as

text: a

text: device

text: for

text: spiritual

text: break

text: through

text: and

text: the

text: latter

text: while

text: certainly

text: employing

text: koans

text: focusing

text: more

text: on

text: shikantaza

text: or

text: just

text: sitting".[note

question: Zen Buddhism is divided into how many main schools?

answer: two

text: two

question: Which schools of Zen likes the use of meditation on the koan for spiritual breakthroughs?

answer: Rinzai

text: Rinzai


text: British post-punk entered the 1980s with support from members of the critical community—American critic Greil Marcus characterised "Britain's postpunk pop avant-garde" in a 1980 Rolling Stone article as "sparked by a tension, humour and sense of paradox plainly unique in present day pop music"—as well as media figures such as BBC DJ John Peel, while several groups, such as PiL and Joy Division, achieved some success in the popular charts. The network of supportive record labels that included Industrial, Fast, E.G., Mute, Axis/4AD and Glass continued to facilitate a large output of music, by artists such as the Raincoats, Essential Logic, Killing Joke, the Teardrop Explodes, and the Psychedelic Furs.

title: Post-punk

title: Post

title: punk

text: British

text: post

text: punk

text: entered

text: the

text: with

text: support

text: from

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: critical

text: community

text: American

text: critic

text: Greil

text: Marcus

text: characterised

text: Britain

text: 's

text: postpunk

text: pop

text: avant

text: garde

text: in

text: a

text: Rolling

text: Stone

text: article

text: as

text: sparked

text: by

text: a

text: tension

text: humour

text: and

text: sense

text: of

text: paradox

text: plainly

text: unique

text: in

text: present

text: day

text: pop

text: music

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: media

text: figures

text: such

text: as

text: BBC

text: DJ

text: John

text: Peel

text: while

text: several

text: groups

text: such

text: as

text: PiL

text: and

text: Joy

text: Division

text: achieved

text: some

text: success

text: in

text: the

text: popular

text: charts

text: The

text: network

text: of

text: supportive

text: record

text: labels

text: that

text: included

text: Industrial

text: Fast

text: E.G.

text: Mute

text: and

text: Glass

text: continued

text: to

text: facilitate

text: a

text: large

text: output

text: of

text: music

text: by

text: artists

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Raincoats

text: Essential

text: Logic

text: Killing

text: Joke

text: the

text: Teardrop

text: Explodes

text: and

text: the

text: Psychedelic

text: Furs

question: How did critics respond to British post-punk groups in the 1980s?

answer: support

text: support

question: What nationality was the critic who positively characterized Britain's postpunk scene in an 1980 Rolling Stone article?

answer: American

text: American

question: What about the sense of paradox in postpunk different in relation to the pop music of the day?

answer: unique

text: unique

question: What corporation was John Peel a DJ for?

answer: BBC

text: BBC

question: What were Fast, Mute, and Glass in the context of post-punk music?

answer: record labels

text: record labels

question: When did British post-punk emerge?

answer: 1980s

question: Who said that British post-punk was "sparked by a tension, humour and sense of paradox plainly unique in present day pop music"?

answer: Greil Marcus

text: Greil Marcus

question: What British post-punk bands had success in the popular charts?

answer: PiL and Joy Division

text: PiL and Joy Division

question: Which record labels really supported the British post-punk movement?

answer: Industrial, Fast, E.G., Mute, Axis/4AD and Glass

text: Industrial, Fast, E.G., Mute, Axis/4AD and Glass

question: What popular DJ supported the emergence of British post-punk?

answer: BBC DJ John Peel

text: BBC DJ John Peel


text: By mid-1942, the Japanese found themselves holding a vast area from the Indian Ocean to the Central Pacific, even though they lacked the resources to defend or sustain it. Moreover, Combined Fleet doctrine was inadequate to execute the proposed "barrier" defence. Instead, Japan decided on additional attacks in both the south and central Pacific. While she had the element of surprise at Pearl Harbor, Allied codebreakers had now turned the tables. They discovered an attack was planned against Port Moresby; if it fell, Japan would control the seas to the north and west of Australia and could isolate the country. The carrier USS Lexington under Admiral Fletcher joined USS Yorktown and an American-Australian task force to stop the Japanese advance. The resulting Battle of the Coral Sea, fought in May 1942, was the first naval battle in which ships involved never sighted each other and only aircraft were used to attack opposing forces. Although Lexington was sunk and Yorktown seriously damaged, the Japanese lost the carrier Shōhō, and suffered extensive damage to Shōkaku and heavy losses to the air wing of Zuikaku, both of which missed the operation against Midway the following month. Although Allied losses were heavier than Japanese, the attack on Port Moresby was thwarted and the Japanese invasion force turned back, a strategic victory for the Allies. The Japanese were forced to abandon their attempts to isolate Australia. Moreover, Japan lacked the capacity to replace losses in ships, planes and trained pilots.

title: Pacific_War

title: Pacific_War

text: By

text: the

text: Japanese

text: found

text: themselves

text: holding

text: a

text: vast

text: area

text: from

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: Central

text: Pacific

text: even

text: though

text: they

text: lacked

text: the

text: resources

text: to

text: defend

text: or

text: sustain

text: it

text: Moreover

text: Combined

text: Fleet

text: doctrine

text: was

text: inadequate

text: to

text: execute

text: the

text: proposed

text: barrier

text: defence

text: Instead

text: Japan

text: decided

text: on

text: additional

text: attacks

text: in

text: both

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: central

text: Pacific

text: While

text: she

text: had

text: the

text: element

text: of

text: surprise

text: at

text: Pearl

text: Harbor

text: Allied

text: codebreakers

text: had

text: now

text: turned

text: the

text: tables

text: They

text: discovered

text: an

text: attack

text: was

text: planned

text: against

text: Port

text: Moresby

text: if

text: it

text: fell

text: Japan

text: would

text: control

text: the

text: seas

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: west

text: of

text: Australia

text: and

text: could

text: isolate

text: the

text: country

text: The

text: carrier

text: USS

text: Lexington

text: under

text: Admiral

text: Fletcher

text: joined

text: USS

text: Yorktown

text: and

text: an

text: American

text: Australian

text: task

text: force

text: to

text: stop

text: the

text: Japanese

text: advance

text: The

text: resulting

text: Battle

text: of

text: the

text: Coral

text: Sea

text: fought

text: in

text: May

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: naval

text: battle

text: in

text: which

text: ships

text: involved

text: never

text: sighted

text: each

text: other

text: and

text: only

text: aircraft

text: were

text: used

text: to

text: attack

text: opposing

text: forces

text: Although

text: Lexington

text: was

text: sunk

text: and

text: Yorktown

text: seriously

text: damaged

text: the

text: Japanese

text: lost

text: the

text: carrier

text: Shōhō

text: and

text: suffered

text: extensive

text: damage

text: to

text: Shōkaku

text: and

text: heavy

text: losses

text: to

text: the

text: air

text: wing

text: of

text: Zuikaku

text: both

text: of

text: which

text: missed

text: the

text: operation

text: against

text: Midway

text: the

text: following

text: month

text: Although

text: Allied

text: losses

text: were

text: heavier

text: than

text: Japanese

text: the

text: attack

text: on

text: Port

text: Moresby

text: was

text: thwarted

text: and

text: the

text: Japanese

text: invasion

text: force

text: turned

text: back

text: a

text: strategic

text: victory

text: for

text: the

text: Allies

text: The

text: Japanese

text: were

text: forced

text: to

text: abandon

text: their

text: attempts

text: to

text: isolate

text: Australia

text: Moreover

text: Japan

text: lacked

text: the

text: capacity

text: to

text: replace

text: losses

text: in

text: ships

text: planes

text: and

text: trained

text: pilots

question: What American carrier joined the USS Yorktown to stop the Japanese attack on Port Moresby in 1942?

answer: USS Lexington

text: USS Lexington

question: What admiral was the USS Lexington under?

answer: Admiral Fletcher

text: Admiral Fletcher

question: When was the Battle of the Coral Sea fought?

answer: May 1942

text: May 1942

question: What Japanese carrier was lost in the Battle of the Coral Sea?

answer: Shōhō

text: Shōhō

question: What American carrier was sunk in the Battle of the Coral Sea?

answer: Lexington

text: Lexington


text: The Scheinergrade (Sch.) system was devised by the German astronomer Julius Scheiner (1858–1913) in 1894 originally as a method of comparing the speeds of plates used for astronomical photography. Scheiner's system rated the speed of a plate by the least exposure to produce a visible darkening upon development. Speed was expressed in degrees Scheiner, originally ranging from 1° Sch. to 20° Sch., where an increment of 19° Sch. corresponded to a hundredfold increase in sensitivity, which meant that an increment of 3° Sch. came close to a doubling of sensitivity.

title: Film_speed

title: Film_speed

text: The

text: Scheinergrade

text: Sch

text: system

text: was

text: devised

text: by

text: the

text: German

text: astronomer

text: Julius

text: Scheiner

text: in

text: originally

text: as

text: a

text: method

text: of

text: comparing

text: the

text: speeds

text: of

text: plates

text: used

text: for

text: astronomical

text: photography

text: Scheiner

text: 's

text: system

text: rated

text: the

text: speed

text: of

text: a

text: plate

text: by

text: the

text: least

text: exposure

text: to

text: produce

text: a

text: visible

text: darkening

text: upon

text: development

text: Speed

text: was

text: expressed

text: in

text: degrees

text: Scheiner

text: originally

text: ranging

text: from

text: Sch

text: to

text: Sch

text: where

text: an

text: increment

text: of

text: Sch

text: corresponded

text: to

text: a

text: hundredfold

text: increase

text: in

text: sensitivity

text: which

text: meant

text: that

text: an

text: increment

text: of

text: Sch

text: came

text: close

text: to

text: a

text: doubling

text: of

text: sensitivity

question: Who created the Scheinergrade system?

answer: the German astronomer Julius Scheiner

text: the German astronomer Julius Scheiner

question: What is the Scheinergrade system used for?

answer: comparing the speeds of plates used for astronomical photography

text: comparing the speeds of plates used for astronomical photography

question: What do degrees Scheiner indicate?

answer: the speed of a plate

text: the speed of a plate

question: What is the range of Scheiner speeds?

answer: from 1° Sch. to 20° Sch

text: from 1° Sch. to 20° Sch

question: Approximately how many degrees indicate double the sensitivity?

answer: an increment of 3° Sch

text: an increment of 3° Sch


text: Various American Idol alumni had success on various record charts around the world; in the U.S. they had achieved 345 number ones on the Billboard charts in its first ten years. According to Fred Bronson, author of books on the Billboard charts, no other entity has ever created as many hit-making artists and best-selling albums and singles. In 2007, American Idol alums accounted for 2.1% of all music sales. Its alumni have a massive impact on radio; in 2007, American Idol had become "a dominant force in radio" according to the president of the research company Mediabase which monitors radio stations Rich Meyer. By 2010, four winners each had more than a million radio spins, with Kelly Clarkson leading the field with over four million spins.

title: American_Idol

title: American_Idol

text: Various

text: American

text: Idol

text: alumni

text: had

text: success

text: on

text: various

text: record

text: charts

text: around

text: the

text: world

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: they

text: had

text: achieved

text: number

text: ones

text: on

text: the

text: Billboard

text: charts

text: in

text: its

text: first

text: ten

text: years

text: According

text: to

text: Fred

text: Bronson

text: author

text: of

text: books

text: on

text: the

text: Billboard

text: charts

text: no

text: other

text: entity

text: has

text: ever

text: created

text: as

text: many

text: hit

text: making

text: artists

text: and

text: best

text: selling

text: albums

text: and

text: singles

text: In

text: American

text: Idol

text: alums

text: accounted

text: for

text: of

text: all

text: music

text: sales

text: Its

text: alumni

text: have

text: a

text: massive

text: impact

text: on

text: radio

text: in

text: American

text: Idol

text: had

text: become

text: a

text: dominant

text: force

text: in

text: radio

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: president

text: of

text: the

text: research

text: company

text: Mediabase

text: which

text: monitors

text: radio

text: stations

text: Rich

text: Meyer

text: By

text: four

text: winners

text: each

text: had

text: more

text: than

text: a

text: million

text: radio

text: spins

text: with

text: Kelly

text: Clarkson

text: leading

text: the

text: field

text: with

text: over

text: four

text: million

text: spins

question: How many number one Billboard singles were released by American Idol contestants in the shows first decade?

answer: 345

question: Who is the president of Mediabase?

answer: Rich Meyer

text: Rich Meyer

question: Who was the most successful American Idol winner on radio as of 2010?

answer: Kelly Clarkson

text: Kelly Clarkson

question: How many number ones have Idol singers achieved on Billboard charts in just the first ten years?

answer: 345

question: Who authored books on Billboard charts?

answer: Fred Bronson

text: Fred Bronson

question: How many contestants had at least one million radio spins by 2010?

answer: four

text: four

question: How many radio spins did Kelly Clarkson have by 2010?

answer: over four million

text: over four million


text: Bacterial species differ in the number and arrangement of flagella on their surface; some have a single flagellum (monotrichous), a flagellum at each end (amphitrichous), clusters of flagella at the poles of the cell (lophotrichous), while others have flagella distributed over the entire surface of the cell (peritrichous). The bacterial flagella is the best-understood motility structure in any organism and is made of about 20 proteins, with approximately another 30 proteins required for its regulation and assembly. The flagellum is a rotating structure driven by a reversible motor at the base that uses the electrochemical gradient across the membrane for power. This motor drives the motion of the filament, which acts as a propeller.

title: Bacteria

title: Bacteria

text: Bacterial

text: species

text: differ

text: in

text: the

text: number

text: and

text: arrangement

text: of

text: flagella

text: on

text: their

text: surface

text: some

text: have

text: a

text: single

text: flagellum

text: monotrichous

text: a

text: flagellum

text: at

text: each

text: end

text: amphitrichous

text: clusters

text: of

text: flagella

text: at

text: the

text: poles

text: of

text: the

text: cell

text: lophotrichous

text: while

text: others

text: have

text: flagella

text: distributed

text: over

text: the

text: entire

text: surface

text: of

text: the

text: cell

text: peritrichous

text: The

text: bacterial

text: flagella

text: is

text: the

text: best

text: understood

text: motility

text: structure

text: in

text: any

text: organism

text: and

text: is

text: made

text: of

text: about

text: proteins

text: with

text: approximately

text: another

text: proteins

text: required

text: for

text: its

text: regulation

text: and

text: assembly

text: The

text: flagellum

text: is

text: a

text: rotating

text: structure

text: driven

text: by

text: a

text: reversible

text: motor

text: at

text: the

text: base

text: that

text: uses

text: the

text: electrochemical

text: gradient

text: across

text: the

text: membrane

text: for

text: power

text: This

text: motor

text: drives

text: the

text: motion

text: of

text: the

text: filament

text: which

text: acts

text: as

text: a

text: propeller

question: What is monotrichous?

answer: single flagellum

text: single flagellum

question: How many proteins is typical flagellum consist os?

answer: 20 proteins

text: 20 proteins

question: When flagellum is distributed throughout the surface of the cell?

answer: peritrichous

text: peritrichous

question: If bacteria has flagellum at each end what is the name of the species?

answer: amphitrichous

text: amphitrichous

question: How does flagellum function within the cell?

answer: uses the electrochemical gradient across the membrane

text: uses the electrochemical gradient across the membrane


text: Several universities located outside Boston have a major presence in the city. Harvard University, the nation's oldest institute of higher education, is centered across the Charles River in Cambridge but has the majority of its land holdings and a substantial amount of its educational activities in Boston. Its business, medical, dental, and public health schools are located in Boston's Allston and Longwood neighborhoods. Harvard has plans for additional expansion into Allston. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), which originated in Boston and was long known as "Boston Tech", moved across the river to Cambridge in 1916. Tufts University, whose main campus is north of the city in Somerville and Medford, locates its medical and dental school in Boston's Chinatown at Tufts Medical Center, a 451-bed academic medical institution that is home to both a full-service hospital for adults and the Floating Hospital for Children.

title: Boston

title: Boston

text: Several

text: universities

text: located

text: outside

text: Boston

text: have

text: a

text: major

text: presence

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: Harvard

text: University

text: the

text: nation

text: 's

text: oldest

text: institute

text: of

text: higher

text: education

text: is

text: centered

text: across

text: the

text: Charles

text: River

text: in

text: Cambridge

text: but

text: has

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: its

text: land

text: holdings

text: and

text: a

text: substantial

text: amount

text: of

text: its

text: educational

text: activities

text: in

text: Boston

text: Its

text: business

text: medical

text: dental

text: and

text: public

text: health

text: schools

text: are

text: located

text: in

text: Boston

text: 's

text: Allston

text: and

text: Longwood

text: neighborhoods

text: Harvard

text: has

text: plans

text: for

text: additional

text: expansion

text: into

text: Allston

text: The

text: Massachusetts

text: Institute

text: of

text: Technology

text: MIT

text: which

text: originated

text: in

text: Boston

text: and

text: was

text: long

text: known

text: as

text: Boston

text: Tech

text: moved

text: across

text: the

text: river

text: to

text: Cambridge

text: in

text: Tufts

text: University

text: whose

text: main

text: campus

text: is

text: north

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: in

text: Somerville

text: and

text: Medford

text: locates

text: its

text: medical

text: and

text: dental

text: school

text: in

text: Boston

text: 's

text: Chinatown

text: at

text: Tufts

text: Medical

text: Center

text: a

text: academic

text: medical

text: institution

text: that

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: both

text: a

text: full

text: service

text: hospital

text: for

text: adults

text: and

text: the

text: Floating

text: Hospital

text: for

text: Children

question: What Univesity located outside of Boston still holds a large presence in the city?

answer: Harvard University

text: Harvard University

question: What is the nations oldest college?

answer: Harvard University

text: Harvard University

question: Where does Harvard plan to expand to?

answer: Allston

text: Allston

question: What was MIT originally known as?

answer: Boston Tech

text: Boston Tech

question: In 1916, MIT moved across the river to what city?

answer: Cambridge

text: Cambridge


text: In Norway, students having seen celebrations in Paris introduced Carnival processions, masked balls and Carnival balls to Christiana in the 1840s and 1850s. From 1863, the artist federation kunstnerforeningen held annual Carnival balls in the old Freemasons lodge, which inspired Johan Svendsens compositions "Norsk Kunstnerkarneval" and "Karneval in Paris". The following year, Svendsens Festpolonaise was written for the opening procession. Edvard Grieg attended and wrote "aus dem Karneval" (folkelivsbilleder Op. 19). Since 1988, the student organization Tårnseilerne has produced annual masquerade balls in Oslo, with masks, costumes and processions after attending an opera performance. The Carnival season also includes Fastelavens søndag (with cream buns) and fastelavensris with decorated branches.

title: Carnival

title: Carnival

text: In

text: Norway

text: students

text: having

text: seen

text: celebrations

text: in

text: Paris

text: introduced

text: Carnival

text: processions

text: masked

text: balls

text: and

text: Carnival

text: balls

text: to

text: Christiana

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: From

text: the

text: artist

text: federation

text: kunstnerforeningen

text: held

text: annual

text: Carnival

text: balls

text: in

text: the

text: old

text: Freemasons

text: lodge

text: which

text: inspired

text: Johan

text: Svendsens

text: compositions

text: Norsk

text: Kunstnerkarneval

text: and

text: Karneval

text: in

text: Paris

text: The

text: following

text: year

text: Svendsens

text: Festpolonaise

text: was

text: written

text: for

text: the

text: opening

text: procession

text: Edvard

text: Grieg

text: attended

text: and

text: wrote

text: aus

text: dem

text: Karneval

text: folkelivsbilleder

text: Op

text: Since

text: the

text: student

text: organization

text: Tårnseilerne

text: has

text: produced

text: annual

text: masquerade

text: balls

text: in

text: Oslo

text: with

text: masks

text: costumes

text: and

text: processions

text: after

text: attending

text: an

text: opera

text: performance

text: The

text: Carnival

text: season

text: also

text: includes

text: Fastelavens

text: søndag

text: with

text: cream

text: buns

text: and

text: fastelavensris

text: with

text: decorated

text: branches

question: Where did students in Norway originally see the celebrations?

answer: Paris

text: Paris

question: Where did the artist federation hold their annual balls?

answer: in the old Freemasons lodge

text: in the old Freemasons lodge

question: Who composed the song "Karneval in Paris"?

answer: Johan Svendsens

text: Johan Svendsens

question: What organization has produced annual masquerade balls in Oslo since 1988?

answer: Tårnseilerne

text: Tårnseilerne

question: When do the processions occur after?

answer: an opera performance

text: an opera performance


text: In Prussia, some officials considered a war against France both inevitable and necessary to arouse German nationalism in those states that would allow the unification of a great German empire. This aim was epitomized by Prussian Chancellor Otto von Bismarck's later statement: "I did not doubt that a Franco-German war must take place before the construction of a United Germany could be realised." Bismarck also knew that France should be the aggressor in the conflict to bring the southern German states to side with Prussia, hence giving Germans numerical superiority. Many Germans also viewed the French as the traditional destabilizer of Europe, and sought to weaken France to prevent further breaches of the peace.

title: Franco-Prussian_War

title: Franco

title: Prussian_War

text: In

text: Prussia

text: some

text: officials

text: considered

text: a

text: war

text: against

text: France

text: both

text: inevitable

text: and

text: necessary

text: to

text: arouse

text: German

text: nationalism

text: in

text: those

text: states

text: that

text: would

text: allow

text: the

text: unification

text: of

text: a

text: great

text: German

text: empire

text: This

text: aim

text: was

text: epitomized

text: by

text: Prussian

text: Chancellor

text: Otto

text: von

text: Bismarck

text: 's

text: later

text: statement

text: I

text: did

text: not

text: doubt

text: that

text: a

text: Franco

text: German

text: war

text: must

text: take

text: place

text: before

text: the

text: construction

text: of

text: a

text: United

text: Germany

text: could

text: be

text: realised

text: Bismarck

text: also

text: knew

text: that

text: France

text: should

text: be

text: the

text: aggressor

text: in

text: the

text: conflict

text: to

text: bring

text: the

text: southern

text: German

text: states

text: to

text: side

text: with

text: Prussia

text: hence

text: giving

text: Germans

text: numerical

text: superiority

text: Many

text: Germans

text: also

text: viewed

text: the

text: French

text: as

text: the

text: traditional

text: destabilizer

text: of

text: Europe

text: and

text: sought

text: to

text: weaken

text: France

text: to

text: prevent

text: further

text: breaches

text: of

text: the

text: peace

question: In which country was a war against France condsidered desirable?

answer: Prussia

text: Prussia

question: What was the overarching Prussian motive in starting a war with France?

answer: unification of a great German empire

text: unification of a great German empire

question: Who had no doubts that a Franco-German war was totally necessary?

answer: Chancellor Otto von Bismarck

text: Chancellor Otto von Bismarck

question: Who did Bismarck feel needed to be viewed as the aggressor in the conflict?

answer: France

text: France

question: In bringing the southern German states to align with Prussia, what tactical outcome was achieved?

answer: Germans numerical superiority

text: Germans numerical superiority


text: Established acts benefited from the new commercial climate, with Whitesnake's self-titled album (1987) selling over 17 million copies, outperforming anything in Coverdale's or Deep Purple's catalogue before or since. It featured the rock anthem "Here I Go Again '87" as one of 4 UK top 20 singles. The follow-up Slip of the Tongue (1989) went platinum, but according to critics Steve Erlwine and Greg Prato, "it was a considerable disappointment after the across-the-board success of Whitesnake". Aerosmith's comeback album Permanent Vacation (1987) would begin a decade long revival of their popularity. Crazy Nights (1987) by Kiss was the band's highest charting release in the US since 1979 and the highest of their career in the UK. Mötley Crüe with Girls, Girls, Girls (1987) continued their commercial success and Def Leppard with Hysteria (1987) hit their commercial peak, the latter producing seven hit singles (a record for a hard rock act). Guns N' Roses released the best-selling début of all time, Appetite for Destruction (1987). With a "grittier" and "rawer" sound than most glam metal, it produced three top 10 hits, including the number one "Sweet Child O' Mine". Some of the glam rock bands that formed in the mid-1980s, such as White Lion and Cinderella experienced their biggest success during this period with their respective albums Pride (1987) and Long Cold Winter (1988) both going multi-platinum and launching a series of hit singles. In the last years of the decade, the most notable successes were New Jersey (1988) by Bon Jovi, OU812 (1988) by Van Halen, Open Up and Say... Ahh! (1988) by Poison, Pump (1989) by Aerosmith, and Mötley Crüe's most commercially successful album Dr. Feelgood (1989). New Jersey spawned five Top 10 singles, a record for a hard rock act. In 1988 from 25 June to 5 November, the number one spot on the Billboard 200 album chart was held by a hard rock album for 18 out of 20 consecutive weeks; the albums were OU812, Hysteria, Appetite for Destruction, and New Jersey. A final wave of glam rock bands arrived in the late 1980s, and experienced success with multi-platinum albums and hit singles from 1989 until the early 1990s, among them Extreme, Warrant Slaughter and FireHouse. Skid Row also released their eponymous début (1989), reaching number six on the Billboard 200, but they were to be one of the last major bands that emerged in the glam rock era.

title: Hard_rock

title: Hard_rock

text: Established

text: acts

text: benefited

text: from

text: the

text: new

text: commercial

text: climate

text: with

text: Whitesnake

text: 's

text: self

text: titled

text: album

text: selling

text: over

text: million

text: copies

text: outperforming

text: anything

text: in

text: Coverdale

text: 's

text: or

text: Deep

text: Purple

text: 's

text: catalogue

text: before

text: or

text: since

text: It

text: featured

text: the

text: rock

text: anthem

text: Here

text: I

text: Go

text: Again

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: UK

text: top

text: singles

text: The

text: follow

text: up

text: Slip

text: of

text: the

text: Tongue

text: went

text: platinum

text: but

text: according

text: to

text: critics

text: Steve

text: Erlwine

text: and

text: Greg

text: Prato

text: it

text: was

text: a

text: considerable

text: disappointment

text: after

text: the

text: across

text: the

text: board

text: success

text: of

text: Whitesnake

text: Aerosmith

text: 's

text: comeback

text: album

text: Permanent

text: Vacation

text: would

text: begin

text: a

text: decade

text: long

text: revival

text: of

text: their

text: popularity

text: Crazy

text: Nights

text: by

text: Kiss

text: was

text: the

text: band

text: 's

text: highest

text: charting

text: release

text: in

text: the

text: US

text: since

text: and

text: the

text: highest

text: of

text: their

text: career

text: in

text: the

text: UK

text: Mötley

text: Crüe

text: with

text: Girls

text: Girls

text: Girls

text: continued

text: their

text: commercial

text: success

text: and

text: Def

text: Leppard

text: with

text: Hysteria

text: hit

text: their

text: commercial

text: peak

text: the

text: latter

text: producing

text: seven

text: hit

text: singles

text: a

text: record

text: for

text: a

text: hard

text: rock

text: act

text: Guns

text: N

text: Roses

text: released

text: the

text: best

text: selling

text: début

text: of

text: all

text: time

text: Appetite

text: for

text: Destruction

text: With

text: a

text: grittier

text: and

text: rawer

text: sound

text: than

text: most

text: glam

text: metal

text: it

text: produced

text: three

text: top

text: hits

text: including

text: the

text: number

text: one

text: Sweet

text: Child

text: O

text: Mine

text: Some

text: of

text: the

text: glam

text: rock

text: bands

text: that

text: formed

text: in

text: the

text: such

text: as

text: White

text: Lion

text: and

text: Cinderella

text: experienced

text: their

text: biggest

text: success

text: during

text: this

text: period

text: with

text: their

text: respective

text: albums

text: Pride

text: and

text: Long

text: Cold

text: Winter

text: both

text: going

text: multi

text: platinum

text: and

text: launching

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: hit

text: singles

text: In

text: the

text: last

text: years

text: of

text: the

text: decade

text: the

text: most

text: notable

text: successes

text: were

text: New

text: Jersey

text: by

text: Bon

text: Jovi

text: by

text: Van

text: Halen

text: Open

text: Up

text: and

text: Say

text: Ahh

text: by

text: Poison

text: Pump

text: by

text: Aerosmith

text: and

text: Mötley

text: Crüe

text: 's

text: most

text: commercially

text: successful

text: album

text: Dr.

text: Feelgood

text: New

text: Jersey

text: spawned

text: five

text: Top

text: singles

text: a

text: record

text: for

text: a

text: hard

text: rock

text: act

text: In

text: from

text: June

text: to

text: November

text: the

text: number

text: one

text: spot

text: on

text: the

text: Billboard

text: album

text: chart

text: was

text: held

text: by

text: a

text: hard

text: rock

text: album

text: for

text: out

text: of

text: consecutive

text: weeks

text: the

text: albums

text: were

text: Hysteria

text: Appetite

text: for

text: Destruction

text: and

text: New

text: Jersey

text: A

text: final

text: wave

text: of

text: glam

text: rock

text: bands

text: arrived

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: and

text: experienced

text: success

text: with

text: multi

text: platinum

text: albums

text: and

text: hit

text: singles

text: from

text: until

text: the

text: early

text: among

text: them

text: Extreme

text: Warrant

text: Slaughter

text: and

text: FireHouse

text: Skid

text: Row

text: also

text: released

text: their

text: eponymous

text: début

text: reaching

text: number

text: six

text: on

text: the

text: Billboard

text: but

text: they

text: were

text: to

text: be

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: last

text: major

text: bands

text: that

text: emerged

text: in

text: the

text: glam

text: rock

text: era

question: How many copies did Whitesnake's 1987 self title album sell?

answer: 17 million

text: 17 million

question: What was the title of Aerosmith's 1987 comeback album?

answer: Permanent Vacation

text: Permanent Vacation

question: Def Leppard's album Hysteria churned out how many hit singles?

answer: seven

text: seven

question: What Guns N Roses album was the second best selling debut of all time?

answer: Appetite for Destruction

text: Appetite for Destruction

question: What Guns N Roses song became a number one single?

answer: "Sweet Child O' Mine"

text: "Sweet Child O' Mine"


text: Prevention of infectious diarrhea is by improved sanitation, clean drinking water, and hand washing with soap. Breastfeeding for at least six months is also recommended as is vaccination against rotavirus. Oral rehydration solution (ORS), which is clean water with modest amounts of salts and sugar, is the treatment of choice. Zinc tablets are also recommended. These treatments have been estimated to have saved 50 million children in the past 25 years. When people have diarrhea it is recommended that they continue to eat healthy food and babies continue to be breastfed. If commercial ORS are not available, homemade solutions may be used. In those with severe dehydration, intravenous fluids may be required. Most cases; however, can be managed well with fluids by mouth. Antibiotics, while rarely used, may be recommended in a few cases such as those who have bloody diarrhea and a high fever, those with severe diarrhea following travelling, and those who grow specific bacteria or parasites in their stool. Loperamide may help decrease the number of bowel movement but is not recommended in those with severe disease.

title: Diarrhea

title: Diarrhea

text: Prevention

text: of

text: infectious

text: diarrhea

text: is

text: by

text: improved

text: sanitation

text: clean

text: drinking

text: water

text: and

text: hand

text: washing

text: with

text: soap

text: Breastfeeding

text: for

text: at

text: least

text: six

text: months

text: is

text: also

text: recommended

text: as

text: is

text: vaccination

text: against

text: rotavirus

text: Oral

text: rehydration

text: solution

text: ORS

text: which

text: is

text: clean

text: water

text: with

text: modest

text: amounts

text: of

text: salts

text: and

text: sugar

text: is

text: the

text: treatment

text: of

text: choice

text: Zinc

text: tablets

text: are

text: also

text: recommended

text: These

text: treatments

text: have

text: been

text: estimated

text: to

text: have

text: saved

text: million

text: children

text: in

text: the

text: past

text: years

text: When

text: people

text: have

text: diarrhea

text: it

text: is

text: recommended

text: that

text: they

text: continue

text: to

text: eat

text: healthy

text: food

text: and

text: babies

text: continue

text: to

text: be

text: breastfed

text: If

text: commercial

text: ORS

text: are

text: not

text: available

text: homemade

text: solutions

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: In

text: those

text: with

text: severe

text: dehydration

text: intravenous

text: fluids

text: may

text: be

text: required

text: Most

text: cases

text: however

text: can

text: be

text: managed

text: well

text: with

text: fluids

text: by

text: mouth

text: Antibiotics

text: while

text: rarely

text: used

text: may

text: be

text: recommended

text: in

text: a

text: few

text: cases

text: such

text: as

text: those

text: who

text: have

text: bloody

text: diarrhea

text: and

text: a

text: high

text: fever

text: those

text: with

text: severe

text: diarrhea

text: following

text: travelling

text: and

text: those

text: who

text: grow

text: specific

text: bacteria

text: or

text: parasites

text: in

text: their

text: stool

text: Loperamide

text: may

text: help

text: decrease

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: bowel

text: movement

text: but

text: is

text: not

text: recommended

text: in

text: those

text: with

text: severe

text: disease

question: What are some ways to prevent diarrhea?

answer: improved sanitation, clean drinking water, and hand washing with soap

text: improved sanitation, clean drinking water, and hand washing with soap

question: What else can a mom do to prevent diarrhea for her baby?

answer: Breastfeeding for at least six months

text: Breastfeeding for at least six months

question: What is the treatment of choice for diarrhea?

answer: Oral rehydration solution (ORS), which is clean water with modest amounts of salts and sugar

text: Oral rehydration solution (ORS), which is clean water with modest amounts of salts and sugar

question: What conditions would a doctor prescribe antibiotics?

answer: cases such as those who have bloody diarrhea and a high fever, those with severe diarrhea following travelling, and those who grow specific bacteria or parasites

text: cases such as those who have bloody diarrhea and a high fever, those with severe diarrhea following travelling, and those who grow specific bacteria or parasites


text: The capital, Brazzaville, is located on the Congo River, in the south of the country, immediately across from Kinshasa, the capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

title: Republic_of_the_Congo

title: Republic_of_the_Congo

text: The

text: capital

text: Brazzaville

text: is

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: Congo

text: River

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: immediately

text: across

text: from

text: Kinshasa

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: Democratic

text: Republic

text: of

text: the

text: Congo

question: What is the capital of the Congo?

answer: Brazzaville

text: Brazzaville

question: On what river can Brazzaville be found?

answer: Congo River

text: Congo River

question: What lies directly across the Congo River from Brazzaville?

answer: Kinshasa

text: Kinshasa

question: What country does Kinshasa serve as capital of?

answer: Democratic Republic of the Congo

text: Democratic Republic of the Congo


text: Book 1 (at the head of the Odyssean section) opens with a storm which Juno, Aeneas' enemy throughout the poem, stirs up against the fleet. The storm drives the hero to the coast of Carthage, which historically was Rome's deadliest foe. The queen, Dido, welcomes the ancestor of the Romans, and under the influence of the gods falls deeply in love with him. At a banquet in Book 2, Aeneas tells the story of the sack of Troy, the death of his wife, and his escape, to the enthralled Carthaginians, while in Book 3 he recounts to them his wanderings over the Mediterranean in search of a suitable new home. Jupiter in Book 4 recalls the lingering Aeneas to his duty to found a new city, and he slips away from Carthage, leaving Dido to commit suicide, cursing Aeneas and calling down revenge in a symbolic anticipation of the fierce wars between Carthage and Rome. In Book 5, Aeneas' father Anchises dies and funeral games are celebrated for him. On reaching Cumae, in Italy in Book 6, Aeneas consults the Cumaean Sibyl, who conducts him through the Underworld where Aeneas meets the dead Anchises who reveals Rome's destiny to his son.

title: Virgil

title: Virgil

text: Book

text: at

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: the

text: Odyssean

text: section

text: opens

text: with

text: a

text: storm

text: which

text: Juno

text: Aeneas

text: enemy

text: throughout

text: the

text: poem

text: stirs

text: up

text: against

text: the

text: fleet

text: The

text: storm

text: drives

text: the

text: hero

text: to

text: the

text: coast

text: of

text: Carthage

text: which

text: historically

text: was

text: Rome

text: 's

text: deadliest

text: foe

text: The

text: queen

text: Dido

text: welcomes

text: the

text: ancestor

text: of

text: the

text: Romans

text: and

text: under

text: the

text: influence

text: of

text: the

text: gods

text: falls

text: deeply

text: in

text: love

text: with

text: him

text: At

text: a

text: banquet

text: in

text: Book

text: Aeneas

text: tells

text: the

text: story

text: of

text: the

text: sack

text: of

text: Troy

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: his

text: wife

text: and

text: his

text: escape

text: to

text: the

text: enthralled

text: Carthaginians

text: while

text: in

text: Book

text: he

text: recounts

text: to

text: them

text: his

text: wanderings

text: over

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: in

text: search

text: of

text: a

text: suitable

text: new

text: home

text: Jupiter

text: in

text: Book

text: recalls

text: the

text: lingering

text: Aeneas

text: to

text: his

text: duty

text: to

text: found

text: a

text: new

text: city

text: and

text: he

text: slips

text: away

text: from

text: Carthage

text: leaving

text: Dido

text: to

text: commit

text: suicide

text: cursing

text: Aeneas

text: and

text: calling

text: down

text: revenge

text: in

text: a

text: symbolic

text: anticipation

text: of

text: the

text: fierce

text: wars

text: between

text: Carthage

text: and

text: Rome

text: In

text: Book

text: Aeneas

text: father

text: Anchises

text: dies

text: and

text: funeral

text: games

text: are

text: celebrated

text: for

text: him

text: On

text: reaching

text: Cumae

text: in

text: Italy

text: in

text: Book

text: Aeneas

text: consults

text: the

text: Cumaean

text: Sibyl

text: who

text: conducts

text: him

text: through

text: the

text: Underworld

text: where

text: Aeneas

text: meets

text: the

text: dead

text: Anchises

text: who

text: reveals

text: Rome

text: 's

text: destiny

text: to

text: his

text: son

question: Who is Aeneas' enemy throughout the Aeneid?

answer: Juno

text: Juno

question: Which queen committed suicide in Book 4 of the Aeneid?

answer: Dido

text: Dido

question: In which book does Aeneas' father die?

answer: 5

question: Who reveals Rome's destiny to Aeneas?

answer: Anchises

text: Anchises

question: Who guides Aeneas through the Underworld?

answer: Sibyl

text: Sibyl


text: Shortly after the French Revolution (1789), the French First Republic prohibited official use of, and enacted discriminating policies against, the nonstandard languages of France (patois), such as Catalan, Alsatian, Breton, Occitan, Flemish, and Basque.

title: Catalan_language

title: Catalan_language

text: Shortly

text: after

text: the

text: French

text: Revolution

text: the

text: French

text: First

text: Republic

text: prohibited

text: official

text: use

text: of

text: and

text: enacted

text: discriminating

text: policies

text: against

text: the

text: nonstandard

text: languages

text: of

text: France

text: patois

text: such

text: as

text: Catalan

text: Alsatian

text: Breton

text: Occitan

text: Flemish

text: and

text: Basque

question: When did France outlaw Catalan?

answer: 1789

question: What upheaval had occurred in France just before the prohibition of patois?

answer: French Revolution

text: French Revolution

question: Besides Catalan, Alsatian, and Breton, what other patois were banned?

answer: Occitan, Flemish, and Basque

text: Occitan, Flemish, and Basque

question: What are French non standard languages called?

answer: patois

text: patois


text: The Commissionerate of Health and Family Welfare is responsible for planning, implementation and monitoring of all facilities related to health and preventive services. As of 2010[update]–11, the city had 50 government hospitals, 300 private and charity hospitals and 194 nursing homes providing around 12,000 hospital beds, fewer than half the required 25,000. For every 10,000 people in the city, there are 17.6 hospital beds, 9 specialist doctors, 14 nurses and 6 physicians. The city also has about 4,000 individual clinics and 500 medical diagnostic centres. Private clinics are preferred by many residents because of the distance to, poor quality of care at and long waiting times in government facilities,:60–61 despite the high proportion of the city's residents being covered by government health insurance: 24% according to a National Family Health Survey in 2005.:41 As of 2012[update], many new private hospitals of various sizes were opened or being built. Hyderabad also has outpatient and inpatient facilities that use Unani, homeopathic and Ayurvedic treatments.

title: Hyderabad

title: Hyderabad

text: The

text: Commissionerate

text: of

text: Health

text: and

text: Family

text: Welfare

text: is

text: responsible

text: for

text: planning

text: implementation

text: and

text: monitoring

text: of

text: all

text: facilities

text: related

text: to

text: health

text: and

text: preventive

text: services

text: As

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: had

text: government

text: hospitals

text: private

text: and

text: charity

text: hospitals

text: and

text: nursing

text: homes

text: providing

text: around

text: hospital

text: beds

text: fewer

text: than

text: half

text: the

text: required

text: For

text: every

text: people

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: there

text: are

text: hospital

text: beds

text: specialist

text: doctors

text: nurses

text: and

text: physicians

text: The

text: city

text: also

text: has

text: about

text: individual

text: clinics

text: and

text: medical

text: diagnostic

text: centres

text: Private

text: clinics

text: are

text: preferred

text: by

text: many

text: residents

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: distance

text: to

text: poor

text: quality

text: of

text: care

text: at

text: and

text: long

text: waiting

text: times

text: in

text: government

text: despite

text: the

text: high

text: proportion

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: residents

text: being

text: covered

text: by

text: government

text: health

text: insurance

text: according

text: to

text: a

text: National

text: Family

text: Health

text: Survey

text: in

text: As

text: of

text: many

text: new

text: private

text: hospitals

text: of

text: various

text: sizes

text: were

text: opened

text: or

text: being

text: built

text: Hyderabad

text: also

text: has

text: outpatient

text: and

text: inpatient

text: facilities

text: that

text: use

text: Unani

text: homeopathic

text: and

text: Ayurvedic

text: treatments

question: How many government hospitals did Hyderabad have in 2010?

answer: 50

question: How many beds are available in all of Hyderabad's hospitals and nursing homes combined?

answer: 12,000

question: How many nurses per 10,000 persons are there in Hyderabad?

answer: 14 nurses

text: 14 nurses

question: Which agency is in charge of health and wellness services in Hyderabad?

answer: Commissionerate of Health and Family Welfare

text: Commissionerate of Health and Family Welfare

question: People choose to use what type of facility due to long distances and poor care at Government hospitals?

answer: Private clinics

text: Private clinics


text: American sociology in the 1940s and 1950s was dominated largely by Talcott Parsons, who argued that aspects of society that promoted structural integration were therefore "functional". This structural functionalism approach was questioned in the 1960s, when sociologists came to see this approach as merely a justification for inequalities present in the status quo. In reaction, conflict theory was developed, which was based in part on the philosophies of Karl Marx. Conflict theorists saw society as an arena in which different groups compete for control over resources. Symbolic interactionism also came to be regarded as central to sociological thinking. Erving Goffman saw social interactions as a stage performance, with individuals preparing "backstage" and attempting to control their audience through impression management. While these theories are currently prominent in sociological thought, other approaches exist, including feminist theory, post-structuralism, rational choice theory, and postmodernism.

title: History_of_science

title: History_of_science

text: American

text: sociology

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: was

text: dominated

text: largely

text: by

text: Talcott

text: Parsons

text: who

text: argued

text: that

text: aspects

text: of

text: society

text: that

text: promoted

text: structural

text: integration

text: were

text: therefore

text: functional

text: This

text: structural

text: functionalism

text: approach

text: was

text: questioned

text: in

text: the

text: when

text: sociologists

text: came

text: to

text: see

text: this

text: approach

text: as

text: merely

text: a

text: justification

text: for

text: inequalities

text: present

text: in

text: the

text: status

text: quo

text: In

text: reaction

text: conflict

text: theory

text: was

text: developed

text: which

text: was

text: based

text: in

text: part

text: on

text: the

text: philosophies

text: of

text: Karl

text: Marx

text: Conflict

text: theorists

text: saw

text: society

text: as

text: an

text: arena

text: in

text: which

text: different

text: groups

text: compete

text: for

text: control

text: over

text: resources

text: Symbolic

text: interactionism

text: also

text: came

text: to

text: be

text: regarded

text: as

text: central

text: to

text: sociological

text: thinking

text: Erving

text: Goffman

text: saw

text: social

text: interactions

text: as

text: a

text: stage

text: performance

text: with

text: individuals

text: preparing

text: backstage

text: and

text: attempting

text: to

text: control

text: their

text: audience

text: through

text: impression

text: management

text: While

text: these

text: theories

text: are

text: currently

text: prominent

text: in

text: sociological

text: thought

text: other

text: approaches

text: exist

text: including

text: feminist

text: theory

text: post

text: structuralism

text: rational

text: choice

text: theory

text: and

text: postmodernism

question: Who was the major proponent of American sociology?

answer: Talcott Parsons

text: Talcott Parsons

question: What did Parsons believe made a functional society?

answer: structural integration

text: structural integration

question: What was the problem with the views of Parsons?

answer: inequalities present in the status quo

text: inequalities present in the status quo

question: What idea from Karl Marx was used to combat the problems with structural integration?

answer: conflict theory

text: conflict theory

question: What is the main belief of conflict theory?

answer: different groups compete for control over resources

text: different groups compete for control over resources


text: Charlemagne's expansion of the Frankish empire around 800, including northern Italy and Rome, brought on a brief period of stability and unity in Francia. This created opportunities for Jewish merchants to settle again north of the Alps. Charlemagne granted the Jews freedoms similar to those once enjoyed under the Roman Empire. In addition, Jews from southern Italy, fleeing religious persecution, began to move into central Europe.[citation needed] Returning to Frankish lands, many Jewish merchants took up occupations in finance and commerce, including money lending, or usury. (Church legislation banned Christians from lending money in exchange for interest.) From Charlemagne's time to the present, Jewish life in northern Europe is well documented. By the 11th century, when Rashi of Troyes wrote his commentaries, Jews in what came to be known as "Ashkenaz" were known for their halakhic learning, and Talmudic studies. They were criticized by Sephardim and other Jewish scholars in Islamic lands for their lack of expertise in Jewish jurisprudence (dinim) and general ignorance of Hebrew linguistics and literature. Yiddish emerged as a result of language contact with various High German vernaculars in the medieval period. It was written with Hebrew letters, and heavily influenced by Hebrew and Aramaic.

title: Ashkenazi_Jews

title: Ashkenazi_Jews

text: Charlemagne

text: 's

text: expansion

text: of

text: the

text: Frankish

text: empire

text: around

text: including

text: northern

text: Italy

text: and

text: Rome

text: brought

text: on

text: a

text: brief

text: period

text: of

text: stability

text: and

text: unity

text: in

text: Francia

text: This

text: created

text: opportunities

text: for

text: Jewish

text: merchants

text: to

text: settle

text: again

text: north

text: of

text: the

text: Alps

text: Charlemagne

text: granted

text: the

text: Jews

text: freedoms

text: similar

text: to

text: those

text: once

text: enjoyed

text: under

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: In

text: addition

text: Jews

text: from

text: southern

text: Italy

text: fleeing

text: religious

text: persecution

text: began

text: to

text: move

text: into

text: central

text: Europe.[citation

text: needed

text: Returning

text: to

text: Frankish

text: lands

text: many

text: Jewish

text: merchants

text: took

text: up

text: occupations

text: in

text: finance

text: and

text: commerce

text: including

text: money

text: lending

text: or

text: usury

text: Church

text: legislation

text: banned

text: Christians

text: from

text: lending

text: money

text: in

text: exchange

text: for

text: interest

text: From

text: Charlemagne

text: 's

text: time

text: to

text: the

text: present

text: Jewish

text: life

text: in

text: northern

text: Europe

text: is

text: well

text: documented

text: By

text: the

text: century

text: when

text: Rashi

text: of

text: Troyes

text: wrote

text: his

text: commentaries

text: Jews

text: in

text: what

text: came

text: to

text: be

text: known

text: as

text: Ashkenaz

text: were

text: known

text: for

text: their

text: halakhic

text: learning

text: and

text: Talmudic

text: studies

text: They

text: were

text: criticized

text: by

text: Sephardim

text: and

text: other

text: Jewish

text: scholars

text: in

text: Islamic

text: lands

text: for

text: their

text: lack

text: of

text: expertise

text: in

text: Jewish

text: jurisprudence

text: dinim

text: and

text: general

text: ignorance

text: of

text: Hebrew

text: linguistics

text: and

text: literature

text: Yiddish

text: emerged

text: as

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: language

text: contact

text: with

text: various

text: High

text: German

text: vernaculars

text: in

text: the

text: medieval

text: period

text: It

text: was

text: written

text: with

text: Hebrew

text: letters

text: and

text: heavily

text: influenced

text: by

text: Hebrew

text: and

text: Aramaic

question: Did Charlemagne's expansion of the Frankish empire bring about a brief period of upheaval or stability in Francia?

answer: a brief period of stability

text: a brief period of stability

question: Charlemagne's expansion of the Frankish empire created opportunities for Jewish merchants to settle where?

answer: north of the Alps

text: north of the Alps

question: Charlemagne granted the Jews freedoms similar to those enjoyed under which previous empire?

answer: Roman Empire

text: Roman Empire

question: When Jews began to return to Frankish lands many took up occupations in which two fields?

answer: finance and commerce

text: finance and commerce

question: Which language emerged as a result of language contact with various High German vernaculars during the medieval period?

answer: Yiddish

text: Yiddish


text: The Pāli Tipitaka is the only early Tipitaka (Sanskrit: Tripiṭaka) to survive intact in its original language, but a number of early schools had their own recensions of the Tipitaka featuring much of the same material. We have portions of the Tipitakas of the Sārvāstivāda, Dharmaguptaka, Sammitya, Mahāsaṅghika, Kāśyapīya, and Mahīśāsaka schools, most of which survive in Chinese translation only. According to some sources, some early schools of Buddhism had five or seven pitakas.

title: Buddhism

title: Buddhism

text: The

text: Pāli

text: Tipitaka

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: early

text: Tipitaka

text: Sanskrit

text: Tripiṭaka

text: to

text: survive

text: intact

text: in

text: its

text: original

text: language

text: but

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: early

text: schools

text: had

text: their

text: own

text: recensions

text: of

text: the

text: Tipitaka

text: featuring

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: material

text: We

text: have

text: portions

text: of

text: the

text: Tipitakas

text: of

text: the

text: Sārvāstivāda

text: Dharmaguptaka

text: Sammitya

text: Mahāsaṅghika

text: Kāśyapīya

text: and

text: Mahīśāsaka

text: schools

text: most

text: of

text: which

text: survive

text: in

text: Chinese

text: translation

text: only

text: According

text: to

text: some

text: sources

text: some

text: early

text: schools

text: of

text: Buddhism

text: had

text: five

text: or

text: seven

text: pitakas

question: What is the only Tipitaka to survive intact in its original language?

answer: Pāli Tipitaka

text: Pāli Tipitaka

question: Is is said that some early schools of buddhism had how many pitakas?

answer: five or seven

text: five or seven


text: In the US, residents in the line of sight of television station broadcast antennas can receive free, over the air programming with a television set with an ATSC tuner (most sets sold since 2009 have this). This is achieved with a TV aerial, just as it has been since the 1940s except now the major network signals are broadcast in high definition (ABC, Fox, and Ion Television broadcast at 720p resolution; CBS, My Network TV, NBC, PBS, and The CW at 1080i). As their digital signals more efficiently use the broadcast channel, many broadcasters are adding multiple channels to their signals. Laws about antennas were updated before the change to digital terrestrial broadcasts. These new laws prohibit home owners' associations and city government from banning the installation of antennas.

title: High-definition_television

title: High

title: definition_television

text: In

text: the

text: US

text: residents

text: in

text: the

text: line

text: of

text: sight

text: of

text: television

text: station

text: broadcast

text: antennas

text: can

text: receive

text: free

text: over

text: the

text: air

text: programming

text: with

text: a

text: television

text: set

text: with

text: an

text: ATSC

text: tuner

text: most

text: sets

text: sold

text: since

text: have

text: this

text: This

text: is

text: achieved

text: with

text: a

text: TV

text: aerial

text: just

text: as

text: it

text: has

text: been

text: since

text: the

text: except

text: now

text: the

text: major

text: network

text: signals

text: are

text: broadcast

text: in

text: high

text: definition

text: ABC

text: Fox

text: and

text: Ion

text: Television

text: broadcast

text: at

text: resolution

text: CBS

text: My

text: Network

text: TV

text: NBC

text: PBS

text: and

text: The

text: CW

text: at

text: As

text: their

text: digital

text: signals

text: more

text: efficiently

text: use

text: the

text: broadcast

text: channel

text: many

text: broadcasters

text: are

text: adding

text: multiple

text: channels

text: to

text: their

text: signals

text: Laws

text: about

text: antennas

text: were

text: updated

text: before

text: the

text: change

text: to

text: digital

text: terrestrial

text: broadcasts

text: These

text: new

text: laws

text: prohibit

text: home

text: owners

text: associations

text: and

text: city

text: government

text: from

text: banning

text: the

text: installation

text: of

text: antennas

question: In the US, what kind of tuner is needed for residents to receive free, over the air programming?

answer: ATSC

text: ATSC

question: Laws regarding antennas were upated before what?

answer: the change to digital terrestrial broadcasts

text: the change to digital terrestrial broadcasts

question: Who do these laws prohibit from banning the installation of antennas?

answer: home owners' associations and city government

text: home owners' associations and city government

question: Laws about antennas keep home owners' associations and city government from banning what?

answer: the installation of antennas

text: the installation of antennas

question: Most television sets sold since what year have an ATSC tuner?

answer: 2009


text: In the early 1980s, Downtown Manhattan's no wave scene transitioned from its abrasive origins into a more dance-oriented sound, with compilations such as ZE's Mutant Disco (1981) highlighting a newly playful sensibility borne out of the city's clash of hip hop, disco and punk styles, as well as dub reggae and world music influences. Artists such as Liquid Liquid, the B-52s, Cristina, Arthur Russell, James White and the Blacks and Lizzy Mercier Descloux pursued a formula described by Luc Sante as "anything at all + disco bottom". The decadent parties and art installations of venues such as Club 57 and the Mudd Club became cultural hubs for musicians and visual artists alike, with figures such as Jean-Michel Basquiat, Keith Haring and Michael Holman frequenting the scene. Other no wave-indebted groups such as Swans, Glenn Branca, the Lounge Lizards, Bush Tetras and Sonic Youth instead continued exploring the early scene's forays into noise and more abrasive territory.

title: Post-punk

title: Post

title: punk

text: In

text: the

text: early

text: Downtown

text: Manhattan

text: 's

text: no

text: wave

text: scene

text: transitioned

text: from

text: its

text: abrasive

text: origins

text: into

text: a

text: more

text: dance

text: oriented

text: sound

text: with

text: compilations

text: such

text: as

text: ZE

text: 's

text: Mutant

text: Disco

text: highlighting

text: a

text: newly

text: playful

text: sensibility

text: borne

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: clash

text: of

text: hip

text: hop

text: disco

text: and

text: punk

text: styles

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: dub

text: reggae

text: and

text: world

text: music

text: influences

text: Artists

text: such

text: as

text: Liquid

text: Liquid

text: the

text: Cristina

text: Arthur

text: Russell

text: James

text: White

text: and

text: the

text: Blacks

text: and

text: Lizzy

text: Mercier

text: Descloux

text: pursued

text: a

text: formula

text: described

text: by

text: Luc

text: Sante

text: as

text: anything

text: at

text: all

text: disco

text: bottom

text: The

text: decadent

text: parties

text: and

text: art

text: installations

text: of

text: venues

text: such

text: as

text: Club

text: and

text: the

text: Mudd

text: Club

text: became

text: cultural

text: hubs

text: for

text: musicians

text: and

text: visual

text: artists

text: alike

text: with

text: figures

text: such

text: as

text: Jean

text: Michel

text: Basquiat

text: Keith

text: Haring

text: and

text: Michael

text: Holman

text: frequenting

text: the

text: scene

text: Other

text: no

text: wave

text: indebted

text: groups

text: such

text: as

text: Swans

text: Glenn

text: Branca

text: the

text: Lounge

text: Lizards

text: Bush

text: Tetras

text: and

text: Sonic

text: Youth

text: instead

text: continued

text: exploring

text: the

text: early

text: scene

text: 's

text: forays

text: into

text: noise

text: and

text: more

text: abrasive

text: territory

question: When did Manhattan's no wave scene start becoming more dance-oriented?

answer: early 1980s

text: early 1980s

question: What formula did a lot of the artists emerging from the scene adhere to?

answer: "anything at all + disco bottom"

text: "anything at all + disco bottom"

question: What type of party could be found at venues like Club 57?

answer: decadent

text: decadent

question: Who did the venues because cultural hubs for?

answer: musicians and visual artists alike

text: musicians and visual artists alike

question: What movement was the group the Lounge Lizards indebted to?

answer: no wave

text: no wave

question: What did Downtown Manhattan's no wave scene transition into?

answer: dance-oriented sound

text: dance-oriented sound

question: What type of sound did no wave have before it began to transition to a more dance oriented sound?

answer: abrasive

text: abrasive

question: When was ZE's Mutant Disco released?

answer: 1981

question: What clubs were frequented by artists in the emerging dance scene?

answer: Club 57 and the Mudd Club

text: Club 57 and the Mudd Club