text: Small-scale artisanal mining of gold is another source of dangerous child labour in poor rural areas in certain parts of the world. This form of mining uses labour-intensive and low-tech methods. It is informal sector of the economy. Human Rights Watch group estimates that about 12 percent of global gold production comes from artisanal mines. In west Africa, in countries such as Mali - the third largest exporter of gold in Africa - between 20,000 and 40,000 children work in artisanal mining. Locally known as orpaillage, children as young as 6 years old work with their families. These children and families suffer chronic exposure to toxic chemicals including mercury, and do hazardous work such as digging shafts and working underground, pulling up, carrying and crushing the ore. The poor work practices harm the long term health of children, as well as release hundreds of tons of mercury every year into local rivers, ground water and lakes. Gold is important to the economy of Mali and Ghana. For Mali, it is the second largest earner of its export revenue. For many poor families with children, it is the primary and sometimes the only source of income.

title: Child_labour

title: Child_labour

text: Small

text: scale

text: artisanal

text: mining

text: of

text: gold

text: is

text: another

text: source

text: of

text: dangerous

text: child

text: labour

text: in

text: poor

text: rural

text: areas

text: in

text: certain

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: This

text: form

text: of

text: mining

text: uses

text: labour

text: intensive

text: and

text: low

text: tech

text: methods

text: It

text: is

text: informal

text: sector

text: of

text: the

text: economy

text: Human

text: Rights

text: Watch

text: group

text: estimates

text: that

text: about

text: percent

text: of

text: global

text: gold

text: production

text: comes

text: from

text: artisanal

text: mines

text: In

text: west

text: Africa

text: in

text: countries

text: such

text: as

text: Mali

text: the

text: third

text: largest

text: exporter

text: of

text: gold

text: in

text: Africa

text: between

text: and

text: children

text: work

text: in

text: artisanal

text: mining

text: Locally

text: known

text: as

text: orpaillage

text: children

text: as

text: young

text: as

text: years

text: old

text: work

text: with

text: their

text: families

text: These

text: children

text: and

text: families

text: suffer

text: chronic

text: exposure

text: to

text: toxic

text: chemicals

text: including

text: mercury

text: and

text: do

text: hazardous

text: work

text: such

text: as

text: digging

text: shafts

text: and

text: working

text: underground

text: pulling

text: up

text: carrying

text: and

text: crushing

text: the

text: ore

text: The

text: poor

text: work

text: practices

text: harm

text: the

text: long

text: term

text: health

text: of

text: children

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: release

text: hundreds

text: of

text: tons

text: of

text: mercury

text: every

text: year

text: into

text: local

text: rivers

text: ground

text: water

text: and

text: lakes

text: Gold

text: is

text: important

text: to

text: the

text: economy

text: of

text: Mali

text: and

text: Ghana

text: For

text: Mali

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: earner

text: of

text: its

text: export

text: revenue

text: For

text: many

text: poor

text: families

text: with

text: children

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: primary

text: and

text: sometimes

text: the

text: only

text: source

text: of

text: income

question: What is another source of mining dangerous to children workers?

answer: gold

text: gold

question: What is the third largest exporter of gold in Africa?

answer: Mali

text: Mali

question: Why is gold vital to the people of Mali?

answer: it is the second largest earner of its export revenue

text: it is the second largest earner of its export revenue

question: What is the gold production income of poor families in Mali?

answer: primary and sometimes the only source of income

text: primary and sometimes the only source of income


text: More recently, films such as Das Boot (1981), The Never Ending Story (1984) Run Lola Run (1998), Das Experiment (2001), Good Bye Lenin! (2003), Gegen die Wand (Head-on) (2004) and Der Untergang (Downfall) (2004) have enjoyed international success. In 2002 the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film went to Caroline Link's Nowhere in Africa, in 2007 to Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck's The Lives of Others. The Berlin International Film Festival, held yearly since 1951, is one of the world's foremost film and cinema festivals.

title: Germans

title: Germans

text: More

text: recently

text: films

text: such

text: as

text: Das

text: Boot

text: The

text: Never

text: Ending

text: Story

text: Run

text: Lola

text: Run

text: Das

text: Experiment

text: Good

text: Bye

text: Lenin

text: Gegen

text: die

text: Wand

text: Head

text: on

text: and

text: Der

text: Untergang

text: Downfall

text: have

text: enjoyed

text: international

text: success

text: In

text: the

text: Academy

text: Award

text: for

text: Best

text: Foreign

text: Language

text: Film

text: went

text: to

text: Caroline

text: Link

text: 's

text: Nowhere

text: in

text: Africa

text: in

text: to

text: Florian

text: Henckel

text: von

text: Donnersmarck

text: 's

text: The

text: Lives

text: of

text: Others

text: The

text: Berlin

text: International

text: Film

text: Festival

text: held

text: yearly

text: since

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: foremost

text: film

text: and

text: cinema

text: festivals

question: In what year was the never ending story made?

answer: 1984

question: What award did Nowhere in Africa win in 2002?

answer: Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film

text: Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film

question: In what year did The Lives of Others win the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language?

answer: 2007

question: How often is the Berlin International Film Festival held?

answer: yearly

text: yearly

question: What was the first year of the Berlin International Film Festival?

answer: 1951


text: Queen's last album featuring Mercury, titled Made in Heaven, was finally released in 1995, four years after his death. Featuring tracks such as "Too Much Love Will Kill You" and "Heaven for Everyone", it was constructed from Mercury's final recordings in 1991, material left over from their previous studio albums and re-worked material from May, Taylor, and Mercury's solo albums. The album also featured the song "Mother Love", the last vocal recording Mercury made prior to his death, which he completed using a drum machine, over which May, Taylor and Deacon later added the instrumental track. After completing the penultimate verse, Mercury had told the band he "wasn't feeling that great" and stated, "I will finish it when I come back, next time"; however, he never made it back into the studio, so May later recorded the final verse of the song. Both stages of recording, before and after Mercury's death, were completed at the band's studio in Montreux, Switzerland. The album reached No. 1 on the UK charts immediately following its release, and has sold 20 million copies worldwide. On 25 November 1996, a statue of Mercury was unveiled in Montreux overlooking Lake Geneva, almost five years to the day since his death.

title: Queen_(band)

title: Queen_(band

text: Queen

text: 's

text: last

text: album

text: featuring

text: Mercury

text: titled

text: Made

text: in

text: Heaven

text: was

text: finally

text: released

text: in

text: four

text: years

text: after

text: his

text: death

text: Featuring

text: tracks

text: such

text: as

text: Too

text: Much

text: Love

text: Will

text: Kill

text: You

text: and

text: Heaven

text: for

text: Everyone

text: it

text: was

text: constructed

text: from

text: Mercury

text: 's

text: final

text: recordings

text: in

text: material

text: left

text: over

text: from

text: their

text: previous

text: studio

text: albums

text: and

text: re

text: worked

text: material

text: from

text: May

text: Taylor

text: and

text: Mercury

text: 's

text: solo

text: albums

text: The

text: album

text: also

text: featured

text: the

text: song

text: Mother

text: Love

text: the

text: last

text: vocal

text: recording

text: Mercury

text: made

text: prior

text: to

text: his

text: death

text: which

text: he

text: completed

text: using

text: a

text: drum

text: machine

text: over

text: which

text: May

text: Taylor

text: and

text: Deacon

text: later

text: added

text: the

text: instrumental

text: track

text: After

text: completing

text: the

text: penultimate

text: verse

text: Mercury

text: had

text: told

text: the

text: band

text: he

text: was

text: n't

text: feeling

text: that

text: great

text: and

text: stated

text: I

text: will

text: finish

text: it

text: when

text: I

text: come

text: back

text: next

text: time

text: however

text: he

text: never

text: made

text: it

text: back

text: into

text: the

text: studio

text: so

text: May

text: later

text: recorded

text: the

text: final

text: verse

text: of

text: the

text: song

text: Both

text: stages

text: of

text: recording

text: before

text: and

text: after

text: Mercury

text: 's

text: death

text: were

text: completed

text: at

text: the

text: band

text: 's

text: studio

text: in

text: Montreux

text: Switzerland

text: The

text: album

text: reached

text: No

text: on

text: the

text: UK

text: charts

text: immediately

text: following

text: its

text: release

text: and

text: has

text: sold

text: million

text: copies

text: worldwide

text: On

text: November

text: a

text: statue

text: of

text: Mercury

text: was

text: unveiled

text: in

text: Montreux

text: overlooking

text: Lake

text: Geneva

text: almost

text: five

text: years

text: to

text: the

text: day

text: since

text: his

text: death

question: What was Queen's final album featuring Mercury vocals compiled from earlier recordings called?

answer: Made in Heaven

text: Made in Heaven

question: How many copies worldwide has Queen's 1995 album sold?

answer: 20 million

text: 20 million

question: In what year was a statue dedicated to Freddie Mercury unveiled in Montreux?

answer: 1996

question: Where was Queen's studio located in Switzerland?

answer: Montreux

text: Montreux


text: A broad operational definition is sometimes used to encompass the complexity of these diverse phenomena, where a gene is defined as a union of genomic sequences encoding a coherent set of potentially overlapping functional products. This definition categorizes genes by their functional products (proteins or RNA) rather than their specific DNA loci, with regulatory elements classified as gene-associated regions.

title: Gene

title: Gene

text: A

text: broad

text: operational

text: definition

text: is

text: sometimes

text: used

text: to

text: encompass

text: the

text: complexity

text: of

text: these

text: diverse

text: phenomena

text: where

text: a

text: gene

text: is

text: defined

text: as

text: a

text: union

text: of

text: genomic

text: sequences

text: encoding

text: a

text: coherent

text: set

text: of

text: potentially

text: overlapping

text: functional

text: products

text: This

text: definition

text: categorizes

text: genes

text: by

text: their

text: functional

text: products

text: proteins

text: or

text: RNA

text: rather

text: than

text: their

text: specific

text: DNA

text: loci

text: with

text: regulatory

text: elements

text: classified

text: as

text: gene

text: associated

text: regions

question: What sort of definition can be used to conveniently encompass the complexity of diverse phenomena?

answer: A broad operational definition

text: A broad operational definition

question: What is the broad operational definition of a gene?

answer: a union of genomic sequences encoding a coherent set of potentially overlapping functional products

text: a union of genomic sequences encoding a coherent set of potentially overlapping functional products

question: What does the typical definition of a gene categorize genes by?

answer: their specific DNA loci

text: their specific DNA loci

question: What does the broad operational definition of gene categorize genes by?

answer: their functional products (proteins or RNA)

text: their functional products (proteins or RNA)

question: What does the broad operational definition of a gene classify as gene-associated regions?

answer: regulatory elements

text: regulatory elements


text: Russian is notable for its distinction based on palatalization of most of the consonants. While /k/, /ɡ/, /x/ do have palatalized allophones [kʲ, ɡʲ, xʲ], only /kʲ/ might be considered a phoneme, though it is marginal and generally not considered distinctive (the only native minimal pair which argues for /kʲ/ to be a separate phoneme is "это ткёт" ([ˈɛtə tkʲɵt], 'it weaves')/"этот кот" ([ˈɛtət kot], 'this cat')). Palatalization means that the center of the tongue is raised during and after the articulation of the consonant. In the case of /tʲ/ and /dʲ/, the tongue is raised enough to produce slight frication (affricate sounds). These sounds: /t, d, ts, s, z, n and rʲ/ are dental, that is pronounced with the tip of the tongue against the teeth rather than against the alveolar ridge.

title: Russian_language

title: Russian_language

text: Russian

text: is

text: notable

text: for

text: its

text: distinction

text: based

text: on

text: palatalization

text: of

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: consonants

text: While

text: /k/

text: /ɡ/

text: /x/

text: do

text: have

text: palatalized

text: allophones

text: kʲ

text: ɡʲ

text: xʲ

text: only

text: /kʲ/

text: might

text: be

text: considered

text: a

text: phoneme

text: though

text: it

text: is

text: marginal

text: and

text: generally

text: not

text: considered

text: distinctive

text: the

text: only

text: native

text: minimal

text: pair

text: which

text: argues

text: for

text: /kʲ/

text: to

text: be

text: a

text: separate

text: phoneme

text: is

text: это

text: ткёт

text: ˈɛtə

text: tkʲɵt

text: it

text: weaves')/"этот

text: кот

text: ˈɛtət

text: kot

text: this

text: cat

text: Palatalization

text: means

text: that

text: the

text: center

text: of

text: the

text: tongue

text: is

text: raised

text: during

text: and

text: after

text: the

text: articulation

text: of

text: the

text: consonant

text: In

text: the

text: case

text: of

text: /tʲ/

text: and

text: /dʲ/

text: the

text: tongue

text: is

text: raised

text: enough

text: to

text: produce

text: slight

text: frication

text: affricate

text: sounds

text: These

text: sounds

text: /t

text: d

text: ts

text: s

text: z

text: n

text: and

text: rʲ/

text: are

text: dental

text: that

text: is

text: pronounced

text: with

text: the

text: tip

text: of

text: the

text: tongue

text: against

text: the

text: teeth

text: rather

text: than

text: against

text: the

text: alveolar

text: ridge

question: What might /kʲ/ be considered?

answer: a phoneme

text: a phoneme

question: What is palatalization?

answer: the center of the tongue is raised during and after the articulation of the consonant

text: the center of the tongue is raised during and after the articulation of the consonant

question: How are 'dental' sounds pronounced?

answer: with the tip of the tongue against the teeth rather than against the alveolar ridge

text: with the tip of the tongue against the teeth rather than against the alveolar ridge


text: Cultural sociology first emerged in Weimar Germany (1918–1933), where sociologists such as Alfred Weber used the term Kultursoziologie (cultural sociology). Cultural sociology was then "reinvented" in the English-speaking world as a product of the "cultural turn" of the 1960s, which ushered in structuralist and postmodern approaches to social science. This type of cultural sociology may loosely be regarded as an approach incorporating cultural analysis and critical theory. Cultural sociologists tend to reject scientific methods,[citation needed] instead hermeneutically focusing on words, artifacts and symbols. "Culture" has since become an important concept across many branches of sociology, including resolutely scientific fields like social stratification and social network analysis. As a result, there has been a recent influx of quantitative sociologists to the field. Thus there is now a growing group of sociologists of culture who are, confusingly, not cultural sociologists. These scholars reject the abstracted postmodern aspects of cultural sociology, and instead look for a theoretical backing in the more scientific vein of social psychology and cognitive science. "Cultural sociology" is one of the largest sections of the American Sociological Association. The British establishment of cultural studies means the latter is often taught as a loosely distinct discipline in the UK.

title: Culture

title: Culture

text: Cultural

text: sociology

text: first

text: emerged

text: in

text: Weimar

text: Germany

text: where

text: sociologists

text: such

text: as

text: Alfred

text: Weber

text: used

text: the

text: term

text: Kultursoziologie

text: cultural

text: sociology

text: Cultural

text: sociology

text: was

text: then

text: reinvented

text: in

text: the

text: English

text: speaking

text: world

text: as

text: a

text: product

text: of

text: the

text: cultural

text: turn

text: of

text: the

text: which

text: ushered

text: in

text: structuralist

text: and

text: postmodern

text: approaches

text: to

text: social

text: science

text: This

text: type

text: of

text: cultural

text: sociology

text: may

text: loosely

text: be

text: regarded

text: as

text: an

text: approach

text: incorporating

text: cultural

text: analysis

text: and

text: critical

text: theory

text: Cultural

text: sociologists

text: tend

text: to

text: reject

text: scientific

text: methods,[citation

text: needed

text: instead

text: hermeneutically

text: focusing

text: on

text: words

text: artifacts

text: and

text: symbols

text: Culture

text: has

text: since

text: become

text: an

text: important

text: concept

text: across

text: many

text: branches

text: of

text: sociology

text: including

text: resolutely

text: scientific

text: fields

text: like

text: social

text: stratification

text: and

text: social

text: network

text: analysis

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: there

text: has

text: been

text: a

text: recent

text: influx

text: of

text: quantitative

text: sociologists

text: to

text: the

text: field

text: Thus

text: there

text: is

text: now

text: a

text: growing

text: group

text: of

text: sociologists

text: of

text: culture

text: who

text: are

text: confusingly

text: not

text: cultural

text: sociologists

text: These

text: scholars

text: reject

text: the

text: abstracted

text: postmodern

text: aspects

text: of

text: cultural

text: sociology

text: and

text: instead

text: look

text: for

text: a

text: theoretical

text: backing

text: in

text: the

text: more

text: scientific

text: vein

text: of

text: social

text: psychology

text: and

text: cognitive

text: science

text: Cultural

text: sociology

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: sections

text: of

text: the

text: American

text: Sociological

text: Association

text: The

text: British

text: establishment

text: of

text: cultural

text: studies

text: means

text: the

text: latter

text: is

text: often

text: taught

text: as

text: a

text: loosely

text: distinct

text: discipline

text: in

text: the

text: UK

question: Where did sociology culture stem from?

answer: Weimar Germany

text: Weimar Germany

question: Who was the first to refer to culture as sociology?

answer: Alfred Weber

text: Alfred Weber

question: What do cultural  sociologist tend to reject as key attribute of culture?

answer: scientific methods

text: scientific methods


text: Jerry Kurz also stepped down as commissioner of the AFL as he was promoted to be the AFL's first president. Former Foxwoods CEO Scott Butera was hired as his successor as commissioner.

title: Arena_Football_League

title: Arena_Football_League

text: Jerry

text: Kurz

text: also

text: stepped

text: down

text: as

text: commissioner

text: of

text: the

text: AFL

text: as

text: he

text: was

text: promoted

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: AFL

text: 's

text: first

text: president

text: Former

text: Foxwoods

text: CEO

text: Scott

text: Butera

text: was

text: hired

text: as

text: his

text: successor

text: as

text: commissioner

question: Who was the first president of the AFL?

answer: Jerry Kurz

text: Jerry Kurz

question: What was Jerry Kurz's job title prior to being president of the AFL?

answer: commissioner

text: commissioner

question: Who became commissioner of the AFL after Jerry Kurz?

answer: Scott Butera

text: Scott Butera

question: Where did Scott Butera work prior to becoming AFL commissioner?

answer: Foxwoods

text: Foxwoods

question: What was Scott Butera's job title prior to becoming AFL commissioner?

answer: CEO

text: CEO


text: In July 1953, an armistice took effect with Korea divided along approximately the same boundary as in 1950. The armistice and boundary remain in effect today, with American soldiers stationed there to guarantee it. The armistice, concluded despite opposition from Secretary Dulles, South Korean President Syngman Rhee, and also within Eisenhower's party, has been described by biographer Ambrose as the greatest achievement of the administration. Eisenhower had the insight to realize that unlimited war in the nuclear age was unthinkable, and limited war unwinnable.

title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

text: In

text: July

text: an

text: armistice

text: took

text: effect

text: with

text: Korea

text: divided

text: along

text: approximately

text: the

text: same

text: boundary

text: as

text: in

text: The

text: armistice

text: and

text: boundary

text: remain

text: in

text: effect

text: today

text: with

text: American

text: soldiers

text: stationed

text: there

text: to

text: guarantee

text: it

text: The

text: armistice

text: concluded

text: despite

text: opposition

text: from

text: Secretary

text: Dulles

text: South

text: Korean

text: President

text: Syngman

text: Rhee

text: and

text: also

text: within

text: Eisenhower

text: 's

text: party

text: has

text: been

text: described

text: by

text: biographer

text: Ambrose

text: as

text: the

text: greatest

text: achievement

text: of

text: the

text: administration

text: Eisenhower

text: had

text: the

text: insight

text: to

text: realize

text: that

text: unlimited

text: war

text: in

text: the

text: nuclear

text: age

text: was

text: unthinkable

text: and

text: limited

text: war

text: unwinnable

question: The boundary line of what year formed the 1953 armistice line?

answer: 1950

question: In what month in 1953 did the armistice come into being?

answer: July

text: July

question: Who was the President of South Korea at the time of the armistice?

answer: Syngman Rhee

text: Syngman Rhee

question: What American official notably opposed the armistice?

answer: Secretary Dulles

text: Secretary Dulles

question: Who described the armistice as Eisenhower's greatest presidential accomplishment?

answer: Ambrose

text: Ambrose


text: Initial reactions to the novel were varied. The New Yorker declared it "skilled, unpretentious, and totally ingenious", and The Atlantic Monthly's reviewer rated it as "pleasant, undemanding reading", but found the narrative voice—"a six-year-old girl with the prose style of a well-educated adult"—to be implausible. Time magazine's 1960 review of the book states that it "teaches the reader an astonishing number of useful truths about little girls and about Southern life" and calls Scout Finch "the most appealing child since Carson McCullers' Frankie got left behind at the wedding". The Chicago Sunday Tribune noted the even-handed approach to the narration of the novel's events, writing: "This is in no way a sociological novel. It underlines no cause ... To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel of strong contemporary national significance."

title: To_Kill_a_Mockingbird

title: To_Kill_a_Mockingbird

text: Initial

text: reactions

text: to

text: the

text: novel

text: were

text: varied

text: The

text: New

text: Yorker

text: declared

text: it

text: skilled

text: unpretentious

text: and

text: totally

text: ingenious

text: and

text: The

text: Atlantic

text: Monthly

text: 's

text: reviewer

text: rated

text: it

text: as

text: pleasant

text: undemanding

text: reading

text: but

text: found

text: the

text: narrative

text: voice—"a

text: six

text: year

text: old

text: girl

text: with

text: the

text: prose

text: style

text: of

text: a

text: well

text: educated

text: adult

text: to

text: be

text: implausible

text: Time

text: magazine

text: 's

text: review

text: of

text: the

text: book

text: states

text: that

text: it

text: teaches

text: the

text: reader

text: an

text: astonishing

text: number

text: of

text: useful

text: truths

text: about

text: little

text: girls

text: and

text: about

text: Southern

text: life

text: and

text: calls

text: Scout

text: Finch

text: the

text: most

text: appealing

text: child

text: since

text: Carson

text: McCullers

text: Frankie

text: got

text: left

text: behind

text: at

text: the

text: wedding

text: The

text: Chicago

text: Sunday

text: Tribune

text: noted

text: the

text: even

text: handed

text: approach

text: to

text: the

text: narration

text: of

text: the

text: novel

text: 's

text: events

text: writing

text: This

text: is

text: in

text: no

text: way

text: a

text: sociological

text: novel

text: It

text: underlines

text: no

text: cause

text: To

text: Kill

text: a

text: Mockingbird

text: is

text: a

text: novel

text: of

text: strong

text: contemporary

text: national

text: significance

question: What newspaper wrote that the novel has strong contemporary national significance?

answer: The Chicago Sunday Tribune

text: The Chicago Sunday Tribune


text: Materialism is a form of philosophical monism which holds that matter is the fundamental substance in nature, and that all phenomena, including mental phenomena and consciousness, are identical with material interactions.

title: Materialism

title: Materialism

text: Materialism

text: is

text: a

text: form

text: of

text: philosophical

text: monism

text: which

text: holds

text: that

text: matter

text: is

text: the

text: fundamental

text: substance

text: in

text: nature

text: and

text: that

text: all

text: phenomena

text: including

text: mental

text: phenomena

text: and

text: consciousness

text: are

text: identical

text: with

text: material

text: interactions

question: What is materialism?

answer: a form of philosophical monism

text: a form of philosophical monism

question: In nature, this is an essential substance?

answer: matter

text: matter


text: Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy, written in the early 14th century, merged a medieval world view with classical ideals. Another promoter of the Italian language was Boccaccio with his Decameron. The application of the vernacular did not entail a rejection of Latin, and both Dante and Boccaccio wrote prolifically in Latin as well as Italian, as would Petrarch later (whose Canzoniere also promoted the vernacular and whose contents are considered the first modern lyric poems). Together the three poets established the Tuscan dialect as the norm for the modern Italian language.

title: Late_Middle_Ages

title: Late_Middle_Ages

text: Dante

text: Alighieri

text: 's

text: Divine

text: Comedy

text: written

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: merged

text: a

text: medieval

text: world

text: view

text: with

text: classical

text: ideals

text: Another

text: promoter

text: of

text: the

text: Italian

text: language

text: was

text: Boccaccio

text: with

text: his

text: Decameron

text: The

text: application

text: of

text: the

text: vernacular

text: did

text: not

text: entail

text: a

text: rejection

text: of

text: Latin

text: and

text: both

text: Dante

text: and

text: Boccaccio

text: wrote

text: prolifically

text: in

text: Latin

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: Italian

text: as

text: would

text: Petrarch

text: later

text: whose

text: Canzoniere

text: also

text: promoted

text: the

text: vernacular

text: and

text: whose

text: contents

text: are

text: considered

text: the

text: first

text: modern

text: lyric

text: poems

text: Together

text: the

text: three

text: poets

text: established

text: the

text: Tuscan

text: dialect

text: as

text: the

text: norm

text: for

text: the

text: modern

text: Italian

text: language

question: Who wrote the Divine Comedy?

answer: Dante Alighieri

text: Dante Alighieri

question: In what languages did Dante and Boccaccio create their works?

answer: Latin as well as Italian

text: Latin as well as Italian

question: Which dialect became the norm for the modern Italian language?

answer: Tuscan

text: Tuscan

question: What is one of Boccaccio's works that helped promote the Italian language?

answer: Decameron

text: Decameron

question: Whose work, Canzoniere, is considered to be the first example of modern lyric poetry?

answer: Petrarch

text: Petrarch


text: Last but not least the electric double-layer capacitor (now Supercapacitors) were invented. In 1957 H. Becker developed a "Low voltage electrolytic capacitor with porous carbon electrodes". He believed that the energy was stored as a charge in the carbon pores used in his capacitor as in the pores of the etched foils of electrolytic capacitors. Because the double layer mechanism was not known by him at the time, he wrote in the patent: "It is not known exactly what is taking place in the component if it is used for energy storage, but it leads to an extremely high capacity.".

title: Capacitor

title: Capacitor

text: Last

text: but

text: not

text: least

text: the

text: electric

text: double

text: layer

text: capacitor

text: now

text: Supercapacitors

text: were

text: invented

text: In

text: H.

text: Becker

text: developed

text: a

text: Low

text: voltage

text: electrolytic

text: capacitor

text: with

text: porous

text: carbon

text: electrodes

text: He

text: believed

text: that

text: the

text: energy

text: was

text: stored

text: as

text: a

text: charge

text: in

text: the

text: carbon

text: pores

text: used

text: in

text: his

text: capacitor

text: as

text: in

text: the

text: pores

text: of

text: the

text: etched

text: foils

text: of

text: electrolytic

text: capacitors

text: Because

text: the

text: double

text: layer

text: mechanism

text: was

text: not

text: known

text: by

text: him

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: he

text: wrote

text: in

text: the

text: patent

text: It

text: is

text: not

text: known

text: exactly

text: what

text: is

text: taking

text: place

text: in

text: the

text: component

text: if

text: it

text: is

text: used

text: for

text: energy

text: storage

text: but

text: it

text: leads

text: to

text: an

text: extremely

text: high

text: capacity

question: What are electric double-layer capacitors called today?

answer: Supercapacitors

text: Supercapacitors

question: When were low voltage electrolytic capacitors with porous carbon electrodes invented?

answer: In 1957

text: In 1957

question: Who invented low voltage electrolytic capacitors with porous carbon electrodes?

answer: H. Becker

text: H. Becker

question: In what part of the capacitor did Becker believe the charge was being stored?

answer: in the carbon pores

text: in the carbon pores

question: In what component of electrolytic capacitors did Becker believe was similar to the porous carbon electrodes?

answer: the pores of the etched foils

text: the pores of the etched foils


text: Expansion of Highbury was restricted because the East Stand had been designated as a Grade II listed building and the other three stands were close to residential properties. These limitations prevented the club from maximising matchday revenue during the 1990s and first decade of the 21st century, putting them in danger of being left behind in the football boom of that time. After considering various options, in 2000 Arsenal proposed building a new 60,361-capacity stadium at Ashburton Grove, since named the Emirates Stadium, about 500 metres south-west of Highbury. The project was initially delayed by red tape and rising costs, and construction was completed in July 2006, in time for the start of the 2006–07 season. The stadium was named after its sponsors, the airline company Emirates, with whom the club signed the largest sponsorship deal in English football history, worth around £100 million; some fans referred to the ground as Ashburton Grove, or the Grove, as they did not agree with corporate sponsorship of stadium names. The stadium will be officially known as Emirates Stadium until at least 2028, and the airline will be the club's shirt sponsor until the end of the 2018–19 season. From the start of the 2010–11 season on, the stands of the stadium have been officially known as North Bank, East Stand, West Stand and Clock end.

title: Arsenal_F.C.

title: Arsenal_F.C.

text: Expansion

text: of

text: Highbury

text: was

text: restricted

text: because

text: the

text: East

text: Stand

text: had

text: been

text: designated

text: as

text: a

text: Grade

text: II

text: listed

text: building

text: and

text: the

text: other

text: three

text: stands

text: were

text: close

text: to

text: residential

text: properties

text: These

text: limitations

text: prevented

text: the

text: club

text: from

text: maximising

text: matchday

text: revenue

text: during

text: the

text: and

text: first

text: decade

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: putting

text: them

text: in

text: danger

text: of

text: being

text: left

text: behind

text: in

text: the

text: football

text: boom

text: of

text: that

text: time

text: After

text: considering

text: various

text: options

text: in

text: Arsenal

text: proposed

text: building

text: a

text: new

text: stadium

text: at

text: Ashburton

text: Grove

text: since

text: named

text: the

text: Emirates

text: Stadium

text: about

text: metres

text: south

text: west

text: of

text: Highbury

text: The

text: project

text: was

text: initially

text: delayed

text: by

text: red

text: tape

text: and

text: rising

text: costs

text: and

text: construction

text: was

text: completed

text: in

text: July

text: in

text: time

text: for

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: the

text: season

text: The

text: stadium

text: was

text: named

text: after

text: its

text: sponsors

text: the

text: airline

text: company

text: Emirates

text: with

text: whom

text: the

text: club

text: signed

text: the

text: largest

text: sponsorship

text: deal

text: in

text: English

text: football

text: history

text: worth

text: around

text: million

text: some

text: fans

text: referred

text: to

text: the

text: ground

text: as

text: Ashburton

text: Grove

text: or

text: the

text: Grove

text: as

text: they

text: did

text: not

text: agree

text: with

text: corporate

text: sponsorship

text: of

text: stadium

text: names

text: The

text: stadium

text: will

text: be

text: officially

text: known

text: as

text: Emirates

text: Stadium

text: until

text: at

text: least

text: and

text: the

text: airline

text: will

text: be

text: the

text: club

text: 's

text: shirt

text: sponsor

text: until

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: season

text: From

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: the

text: season

text: on

text: the

text: stands

text: of

text: the

text: stadium

text: have

text: been

text: officially

text: known

text: as

text: North

text: Bank

text: East

text: Stand

text: West

text: Stand

text: and

text: Clock

text: end

question: When did Arsenal offer a plan to build a new stadium at Ashburton Grove?

answer: 2000

question: By what name was the new Arsenal stadium finally known?

answer: Emirates Stadium

text: Emirates Stadium

question: What was the amount of the Emirates airline company deal?

answer: £100 million

text: £100 million

question: Of what facet of stadium naming do some fans disapprove?

answer: corporate sponsorship

text: corporate sponsorship

question: What type of agreement is the deal with Emirates ?

answer: sponsorship deal

text: sponsorship deal


text: These areas contain some spectacular scenery as well, as evidenced by such national parks as Yosemite and Mount Rainier. West of the Cascades and Sierra Nevada is a series of valleys, such as the Central Valley in California and the Willamette Valley in Oregon. Along the coast is a series of low mountain ranges known as the Pacific Coast Ranges. Much of the Pacific Northwest coast is inhabited by some of the densest vegetation outside of the Tropics, and also the tallest trees in the world (the Redwoods).

title: Geography_of_the_United_States

title: Geography_of_the_United_States

text: These

text: areas

text: contain

text: some

text: spectacular

text: scenery

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: evidenced

text: by

text: such

text: national

text: parks

text: as

text: Yosemite

text: and

text: Mount

text: Rainier

text: West

text: of

text: the

text: Cascades

text: and

text: Sierra

text: Nevada

text: is

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: valleys

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Central

text: Valley

text: in

text: California

text: and

text: the

text: Willamette

text: Valley

text: in

text: Oregon

text: Along

text: the

text: coast

text: is

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: low

text: mountain

text: ranges

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Coast

text: Ranges

text: Much

text: of

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Northwest

text: coast

text: is

text: inhabited

text: by

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: densest

text: vegetation

text: outside

text: of

text: the

text: Tropics

text: and

text: also

text: the

text: tallest

text: trees

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: the

text: Redwoods

question: What are two national parks located in the mountainous regions?

answer: Yosemite and Mount Rainier

text: Yosemite and Mount Rainier

question: What is the name of the famous valley located in California?

answer: Central Valley

text: Central Valley

question: What is the name of the famous valley located in Oregon?

answer: Willamette Valley

text: Willamette Valley

question: What are the low mountain ranges that are located along the pacific coast called?

answer: Pacific Coast Ranges

text: Pacific Coast Ranges

question: What are the tallest trees in the world?

answer: Redwoods

text: Redwoods


text: CAMRA maintains a "National Inventory" of historical notability and of architecturally and decoratively notable pubs. The National Trust owns thirty-six public houses of historic interest including the George Inn, Southwark, London and The Crown Liquor Saloon, Belfast, Northern Ireland.

title: Pub

title: Pub

text: CAMRA

text: maintains

text: a

text: National

text: Inventory

text: of

text: historical

text: notability

text: and

text: of

text: architecturally

text: and

text: decoratively

text: notable

text: pubs

text: The

text: National

text: Trust

text: owns

text: thirty

text: six

text: public

text: houses

text: of

text: historic

text: interest

text: including

text: the

text: George

text: Inn

text: Southwark

text: London

text: and

text: The

text: Crown

text: Liquor

text: Saloon

text: Belfast

text: Northern

text: Ireland

question: How many pubs does the National Trust own?

answer: thirty-six

text: thirty-six

question: In what city is the George Inn located?

answer: London

text: London

question: What city is home to The Crown Liquor Saloon?

answer: Belfast

text: Belfast

question: What part of the United Kingdom is Belfast located in?

answer: Northern Ireland

text: Northern Ireland

question: What body maintains a National Inventory of notable pubs?

answer: CAMRA

text: CAMRA


text: In recent Mercer’s 2015 annual quality-of-living survey, New Delhi ranks at number 154 out of 230 cities due to bad air quality and pollution. The World Health Organization ranked New Delhi as the world’s worst polluted city in 2014 among about 1,600 cities the organization tracked around the world.

title: New_Delhi

title: New_Delhi

text: In

text: recent

text: Mercer

text: ’s

text: annual

text: quality

text: of

text: living

text: survey

text: New

text: Delhi

text: ranks

text: at

text: number

text: out

text: of

text: cities

text: due

text: to

text: bad

text: air

text: quality

text: and

text: pollution

text: The

text: World

text: Health

text: Organization

text: ranked

text: New

text: Delhi

text: as

text: the

text: world

text: ’s

text: worst

text: polluted

text: city

text: in

text: among

text: about

text: cities

text: the

text: organization

text: tracked

text: around

text: the

text: world

question: What is New Delhi's rank in Mercer's 2015 quality of living survey?

answer: 154

question: What is the main cause of New Delhi's relatively low ranking in Mercer's quality of life survey?

answer: bad air quality and pollution

text: bad air quality and pollution

question: New Delhi was ranked as the world's worst polluted city by what organization?

answer: The World Health Organization

text: The World Health Organization

question: How many cities were tracked for pollution by the World Health Organization in 2014?

answer: 1,600

question: How many cities were studied in Mercer's 2015 quality of living survey?

answer: 230


text: In the 20th century after decades of intense warfare and political turmoil terms such as "Near East", "Far East" and "Middle East" were relegated to the experts, especially in the new field of political science. The new wave of diplomats often came from those programs. Archaeology on the international scene, although very much of intellectual interest to the major universities, fell into the shadow of international relations. Their domain became the Ancient Near East, which could no longer be relied upon to be the Near East. The Ottoman Empire was gone, along with all the other empires of the 19th century, replaced with independent republics. Someone had to reconcile the present with the past. This duty was inherited by various specialized agencies that were formed to handle specific aspects of international relations, now so complex as to be beyond the scope and abilities of a diplomatic corps in the former sense. The ancient Near East is frozen in time. The living Near East is primarily what the agencies say it is. In most cases this single term is inadequate to describe the geographical range of their operations. The result is multiple definitions.

title: Near_East

title: Near_East

text: In

text: the

text: century

text: after

text: decades

text: of

text: intense

text: warfare

text: and

text: political

text: turmoil

text: terms

text: such

text: as

text: Near

text: East

text: Far

text: East

text: and

text: Middle

text: East

text: were

text: relegated

text: to

text: the

text: experts

text: especially

text: in

text: the

text: new

text: field

text: of

text: political

text: science

text: The

text: new

text: wave

text: of

text: diplomats

text: often

text: came

text: from

text: those

text: programs

text: Archaeology

text: on

text: the

text: international

text: scene

text: although

text: very

text: much

text: of

text: intellectual

text: interest

text: to

text: the

text: major

text: universities

text: fell

text: into

text: the

text: shadow

text: of

text: international

text: relations

text: Their

text: domain

text: became

text: the

text: Ancient

text: Near

text: East

text: which

text: could

text: no

text: longer

text: be

text: relied

text: upon

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: Near

text: East

text: The

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: was

text: gone

text: along

text: with

text: all

text: the

text: other

text: empires

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: replaced

text: with

text: independent

text: republics

text: Someone

text: had

text: to

text: reconcile

text: the

text: present

text: with

text: the

text: past

text: This

text: duty

text: was

text: inherited

text: by

text: various

text: specialized

text: agencies

text: that

text: were

text: formed

text: to

text: handle

text: specific

text: aspects

text: of

text: international

text: relations

text: now

text: so

text: complex

text: as

text: to

text: be

text: beyond

text: the

text: scope

text: and

text: abilities

text: of

text: a

text: diplomatic

text: corps

text: in

text: the

text: former

text: sense

text: The

text: ancient

text: Near

text: East

text: is

text: frozen

text: in

text: time

text: The

text: living

text: Near

text: East

text: is

text: primarily

text: what

text: the

text: agencies

text: say

text: it

text: is

text: In

text: most

text: cases

text: this

text: single

text: term

text: is

text: inadequate

text: to

text: describe

text: the

text: geographical

text: range

text: of

text: their

text: operations

text: The

text: result

text: is

text: multiple

text: definitions

question: When were terms such as "Near East", "Far East", and "Middle East" relegated to the experts?

answer: the 20th century

text: the 20th century

question: Where did the new wave of diplomats often come from?

answer: the new field of political science

text: the new field of political science

question: Where did archaeology on the international scene fall into?

answer: the shadow of international relations

text: the shadow of international relations

question: What replaced the fallen empires of the 19th century?

answer: independent republics

text: independent republics


text: Mali lies in the torrid zone and is among the hottest countries in the world. The thermal equator, which matches the hottest spots year-round on the planet based on the mean daily annual temperature, crosses the country. Most of Mali receives negligible rainfall and droughts are very frequent. Late June to early December is the rainy season in the southernmost area. During this time, flooding of the Niger River is common, creating the Inner Niger Delta. The vast northern desert part of Mali has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification (BWh) with long, extremely hot summers and scarce rainfall which decreases northwards. The central area has a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification (BSh) with very high temperatures year-round, a long, intense dry season and a brief, irregular rainy season. The little southern band possesses a tropical wet and dry climate (Köppen climate classification (Aw) very high temperatures year-round with a dry season and a rainy season.

title: Mali

title: Mali

text: Mali

text: lies

text: in

text: the

text: torrid

text: zone

text: and

text: is

text: among

text: the

text: hottest

text: countries

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: The

text: thermal

text: equator

text: which

text: matches

text: the

text: hottest

text: spots

text: year

text: round

text: on

text: the

text: planet

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: mean

text: daily

text: annual

text: temperature

text: crosses

text: the

text: country

text: Most

text: of

text: Mali

text: receives

text: negligible

text: rainfall

text: and

text: droughts

text: are

text: very

text: frequent

text: Late

text: June

text: to

text: early

text: December

text: is

text: the

text: rainy

text: season

text: in

text: the

text: southernmost

text: area

text: During

text: this

text: time

text: flooding

text: of

text: the

text: Niger

text: River

text: is

text: common

text: creating

text: the

text: Inner

text: Niger

text: Delta

text: The

text: vast

text: northern

text: desert

text: part

text: of

text: Mali

text: has

text: a

text: hot

text: desert

text: climate

text: Köppen

text: climate

text: classification

text: BWh

text: with

text: long

text: extremely

text: hot

text: summers

text: and

text: scarce

text: rainfall

text: which

text: decreases

text: northwards

text: The

text: central

text: area

text: has

text: a

text: hot

text: semi

text: arid

text: climate

text: Köppen

text: climate

text: classification

text: BSh

text: with

text: very

text: high

text: temperatures

text: year

text: round

text: a

text: long

text: intense

text: dry

text: season

text: and

text: a

text: brief

text: irregular

text: rainy

text: season

text: The

text: little

text: southern

text: band

text: possesses

text: a

text: tropical

text: wet

text: and

text: dry

text: climate

text: Köppen

text: climate

text: classification

text: Aw

text: very

text: high

text: temperatures

text: year

text: round

text: with

text: a

text: dry

text: season

text: and

text: a

text: rainy

text: season

question: Mali is located in what Zone?

answer: torrid

text: torrid

question: What months are have a rainy season in the South?

answer: June to early December

text: June to early December

question: Flooding of what river is typical during these months?

answer: Niger River

text: Niger River

question: What is the name of the Delta that these floods cause?

answer: Inner Niger

text: Inner Niger

question: What part of the country has the Köppen Climate Classification of (BWh)?

answer: northern desert

text: northern desert


text: The term mainly refers to a mix of lithium and aluminosilicates that yields an array of materials with interesting thermomechanical properties. The most commercially important of these have the distinction of being impervious to thermal shock. Thus, glass-ceramics have become extremely useful for countertop cooking. The negative thermal expansion coefficient (CTE) of the crystalline ceramic phase can be balanced with the positive CTE of the glassy phase. At a certain point (~70% crystalline) the glass-ceramic has a net CTE near zero. This type of glass-ceramic exhibits excellent mechanical properties and can sustain repeated and quick temperature changes up to 1000 °C.

title: Glass

title: Glass

text: The

text: term

text: mainly

text: refers

text: to

text: a

text: mix

text: of

text: lithium

text: and

text: aluminosilicates

text: that

text: yields

text: an

text: array

text: of

text: materials

text: with

text: interesting

text: thermomechanical

text: properties

text: The

text: most

text: commercially

text: important

text: of

text: these

text: have

text: the

text: distinction

text: of

text: being

text: impervious

text: to

text: thermal

text: shock

text: Thus

text: glass

text: ceramics

text: have

text: become

text: extremely

text: useful

text: for

text: countertop

text: cooking

text: The

text: negative

text: thermal

text: expansion

text: coefficient

text: CTE

text: of

text: the

text: crystalline

text: ceramic

text: phase

text: can

text: be

text: balanced

text: with

text: the

text: positive

text: CTE

text: of

text: the

text: glassy

text: phase

text: At

text: a

text: certain

text: point

text: crystalline

text: the

text: glass

text: ceramic

text: has

text: a

text: net

text: CTE

text: near

text: zero

text: This

text: type

text: of

text: glass

text: ceramic

text: exhibits

text: excellent

text: mechanical

text: properties

text: and

text: can

text: sustain

text: repeated

text: and

text: quick

text: temperature

text: changes

text: up

text: to

text: C

question: How high of a temperature change can glass-ceramics handle?

answer: 1000 °C

text: 1000 °C

question: Because of their heat resistance, glass-ceramics are especially suitable for what?

answer: countertop cooking

text: countertop cooking

question: What is the most economically significant property of glass-ceramics?

answer: impervious to thermal shock

text: impervious to thermal shock

question: What ingredients give glass-ceramics its useful heat tolerance?

answer: lithium and aluminosilicates

text: lithium and aluminosilicates

question: What proportion of crystalline ceramics yields a product with a CTE of around 0?

answer: ~70%


text: In 2002 the Antarctic Peninsula's Larsen-B ice shelf collapsed. Between 28 February and 8 March 2008, about 570 km2 (220 sq mi) of ice from the Wilkins Ice Shelf on the southwest part of the peninsula collapsed, putting the remaining 15,000 km2 (5,800 sq mi) of the ice shelf at risk. The ice was being held back by a "thread" of ice about 6 km (4 mi) wide, prior to its collapse on 5 April 2009. According to NASA, the most widespread Antarctic surface melting of the past 30 years occurred in 2005, when an area of ice comparable in size to California briefly melted and refroze; this may have resulted from temperatures rising to as high as 5 °C (41 °F).

title: Antarctica

title: Antarctica

text: In

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: Peninsula

text: 's

text: Larsen

text: B

text: ice

text: shelf

text: collapsed

text: Between

text: February

text: and

text: March

text: about

text: sq

text: mi

text: of

text: ice

text: from

text: the

text: Wilkins

text: Ice

text: Shelf

text: on

text: the

text: southwest

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: peninsula

text: collapsed

text: putting

text: the

text: remaining

text: sq

text: mi

text: of

text: the

text: ice

text: shelf

text: at

text: risk

text: The

text: ice

text: was

text: being

text: held

text: back

text: by

text: a

text: thread

text: of

text: ice

text: about

text: km

text: mi

text: wide

text: prior

text: to

text: its

text: collapse

text: on

text: April

text: According

text: to

text: NASA

text: the

text: most

text: widespread

text: Antarctic

text: surface

text: melting

text: of

text: the

text: past

text: years

text: occurred

text: in

text: when

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: ice

text: comparable

text: in

text: size

text: to

text: California

text: briefly

text: melted

text: and

text: refroze

text: this

text: may

text: have

text: resulted

text: from

text: temperatures

text: rising

text: to

text: as

text: high

text: as

text: C

text: F

question: When did the Larsen-B ice shelf collapse?

answer: 2002

question: What Antarctic ice shelf collapsed in 2008?

answer: Wilkins Ice Shelf

text: Wilkins Ice Shelf

question: How large was the ice chunk that melted and refroze?

answer: California

text: California

question: When did the most widespread melting of ice occur?

answer: 2005

question: How high could the temperatures have risen to cause the melting?

answer: 5 °C

text: 5 °C


text: Public bus services within the city are provided by the national bus operator Bus Éireann. City routes are numbered from 201 through to 219 and connect the city centre to the principal suburbs, colleges, shopping centres and places of interest. Two of these bus routes provide orbital services across the Northern and Southern districts of the city respectively. Buses to the outer suburbs, such as Ballincollig, Glanmire, Midleton and Carrigaline are provided from the city's bus terminal at Parnell Place in the city centre. Suburban services also include shuttles to Cork Airport, and a park and ride facility in the south suburbs only.

title: Cork_(city)

title: Cork_(city

text: Public

text: bus

text: services

text: within

text: the

text: city

text: are

text: provided

text: by

text: the

text: national

text: bus

text: operator

text: Bus

text: Éireann

text: City

text: routes

text: are

text: numbered

text: from

text: through

text: to

text: and

text: connect

text: the

text: city

text: centre

text: to

text: the

text: principal

text: suburbs

text: colleges

text: shopping

text: centres

text: and

text: places

text: of

text: interest

text: Two

text: of

text: these

text: bus

text: routes

text: provide

text: orbital

text: services

text: across

text: the

text: Northern

text: and

text: Southern

text: districts

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: respectively

text: Buses

text: to

text: the

text: outer

text: suburbs

text: such

text: as

text: Ballincollig

text: Glanmire

text: Midleton

text: and

text: Carrigaline

text: are

text: provided

text: from

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: bus

text: terminal

text: at

text: Parnell

text: Place

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: centre

text: Suburban

text: services

text: also

text: include

text: shuttles

text: to

text: Cork

text: Airport

text: and

text: a

text: park

text: and

text: ride

text: facility

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: suburbs

text: only

question: Who runs the public busses in Cork?

answer: Bus Éireann

text: Bus Éireann

question: Besides busses, what kinds of public transportation are offered in Cork?

answer: shuttles to Cork Airport, and a park and ride facility in the south suburbs only

text: shuttles to Cork Airport, and a park and ride facility in the south suburbs only

question: What do the routes consist of?

answer: connect the city centre to the principal suburbs, colleges, shopping centres and places of interest

text: connect the city centre to the principal suburbs, colleges, shopping centres and places of interest


text: Thousands of Soviet troops were sent to the Fergana Valley, southeast of the Uzbek capital Tashkent, to re-establish order after clashes in which local Uzbeks hunted down members of the Meskhetian minority in several days of rioting between June 4–11, 1989; about 100 people were killed. On June 23, 1989, Gorbachev removed Rafiq Nishonov as First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Uzbek SSR and replaced him with Karimov, who went on to lead Uzbekistan as a Soviet Republic and subsequently as an independent state.

title: Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

title: Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

text: Thousands

text: of

text: Soviet

text: troops

text: were

text: sent

text: to

text: the

text: Fergana

text: Valley

text: southeast

text: of

text: the

text: Uzbek

text: capital

text: Tashkent

text: to

text: re

text: establish

text: order

text: after

text: clashes

text: in

text: which

text: local

text: Uzbeks

text: hunted

text: down

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: Meskhetian

text: minority

text: in

text: several

text: days

text: of

text: rioting

text: between

text: June

text: about

text: people

text: were

text: killed

text: On

text: June

text: Gorbachev

text: removed

text: Rafiq

text: Nishonov

text: as

text: First

text: Secretary

text: of

text: the

text: Communist

text: Party

text: of

text: the

text: Uzbek

text: SSR

text: and

text: replaced

text: him

text: with

text: Karimov

text: who

text: went

text: on

text: to

text: lead

text: Uzbekistan

text: as

text: a

text: Soviet

text: Republic

text: and

text: subsequently

text: as

text: an

text: independent

text: state

question: Who went to the Fergana Valley to restore order?

answer: Soviet troops

text: Soviet troops

question: Where is the Fergana Valley located?

answer: southeast of the Uzbek capital

text: southeast of the Uzbek capital

question: Who were targeted by the local Uzbeks?

answer: members of the Meskhetian minority

text: members of the Meskhetian minority

question: Who was fired from First Secretary position by Gorbachev?

answer: Rafiq Nishonov

text: Rafiq Nishonov

question: Who replaced Nishonov?

answer: Karimov

text: Karimov


text: Standing at 117 metres (384 feet) in height and 360 metres (1,180 feet) in width, the Potala Palace is the most important example of Tibetan architecture. Formerly the residence of the Dalai Lama, it contains over one thousand rooms within thirteen stories, and houses portraits of the past Dalai Lamas and statues of the Buddha. It is divided between the outer White Palace, which serves as the administrative quarters, and the inner Red Quarters, which houses the assembly hall of the Lamas, chapels, 10,000 shrines, and a vast library of Buddhist scriptures. The Potala Palace is a World Heritage Site, as is Norbulingka, the former summer residence of the Dalai Lama.

title: Tibet

title: Tibet

text: Standing

text: at

text: metres

text: feet

text: in

text: height

text: and

text: metres

text: feet

text: in

text: width

text: the

text: Potala

text: Palace

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: example

text: of

text: Tibetan

text: architecture

text: Formerly

text: the

text: residence

text: of

text: the

text: Dalai

text: Lama

text: it

text: contains

text: over

text: one

text: thousand

text: rooms

text: within

text: thirteen

text: stories

text: and

text: houses

text: portraits

text: of

text: the

text: past

text: Dalai

text: Lamas

text: and

text: statues

text: of

text: the

text: Buddha

text: It

text: is

text: divided

text: between

text: the

text: outer

text: White

text: Palace

text: which

text: serves

text: as

text: the

text: administrative

text: quarters

text: and

text: the

text: inner

text: Red

text: Quarters

text: which

text: houses

text: the

text: assembly

text: hall

text: of

text: the

text: Lamas

text: chapels

text: shrines

text: and

text: a

text: vast

text: library

text: of

text: Buddhist

text: scriptures

text: The

text: Potala

text: Palace

text: is

text: a

text: World

text: Heritage

text: Site

text: as

text: is

text: Norbulingka

text: the

text: former

text: summer

text: residence

text: of

text: the

text: Dalai

text: Lama

question: Who used to reside in the Potala Palace?

answer: the Dalai Lama

text: the Dalai Lama

question: How many stories does the Potala Palace contain?

answer: thirteen

text: thirteen

question: How many shrines exist in the Potala Palace?

answer: 10,000

question: What is Norbulingka?

answer: former summer residence of the Dalai Lama

text: former summer residence of the Dalai Lama


text: On one hand, this means that the Belgian political landscape, generally speaking, consists of only two components: the Dutch-speaking population represented by Dutch-language political parties, and the majority populations of Wallonia and Brussels, represented by their French-speaking parties. The Brussels region emerges as a third component. This specific dual form of federalism, with the special position of Brussels, consequently has a number of political issues—even minor ones—that are being fought out over the Dutch/French-language political division. With such issues, a final decision is possible only in the form of a compromise. This tendency gives this dual federalism model a number of traits that generally are ascribed to confederalism, and makes the future of Belgian federalism contentious.

title: Federalism

title: Federalism

text: On

text: one

text: hand

text: this

text: means

text: that

text: the

text: Belgian

text: political

text: landscape

text: generally

text: speaking

text: consists

text: of

text: only

text: two

text: components

text: the

text: Dutch

text: speaking

text: population

text: represented

text: by

text: Dutch

text: language

text: political

text: parties

text: and

text: the

text: majority

text: populations

text: of

text: Wallonia

text: and

text: Brussels

text: represented

text: by

text: their

text: French

text: speaking

text: parties

text: The

text: Brussels

text: region

text: emerges

text: as

text: a

text: third

text: component

text: This

text: specific

text: dual

text: form

text: of

text: federalism

text: with

text: the

text: special

text: position

text: of

text: Brussels

text: consequently

text: has

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: political

text: issues

text: even

text: minor

text: ones

text: that

text: are

text: being

text: fought

text: out

text: over

text: the

text: Dutch

text: French

text: language

text: political

text: division

text: With

text: such

text: issues

text: a

text: final

text: decision

text: is

text: possible

text: only

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: a

text: compromise

text: This

text: tendency

text: gives

text: this

text: dual

text: federalism

text: model

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: traits

text: that

text: generally

text: are

text: ascribed

text: to

text: confederalism

text: and

text: makes

text: the

text: future

text: of

text: Belgian

text: federalism

text: contentious

question: How many components does the Belgian political landscape include?

answer: two components

text: two components

question: What are the two components in the Belgian political landscape?

answer: the Dutch-speaking population represented by Dutch-language political parties, and the majority populations of Wallonia and Brussels

text: the Dutch-speaking population represented by Dutch-language political parties, and the majority populations of Wallonia and Brussels

question: What component is the Brussel Region?

answer: third component

text: third component

question: What happens with the Brussels special position?

answer: consequently has a number of political issues

text: consequently has a number of political issues


text: High speed Internet connectivity has become more widely available at a reasonable cost and the cost of video capture and display technology has decreased. Consequently, personal videoconferencing systems based on a webcam, personal computer system, software compression and broadband Internet connectivity have become affordable to the general public. Also, the hardware used for this technology has continued to improve in quality, and prices have dropped dramatically. The availability of freeware (often as part of chat programs) has made software based videoconferencing accessible to many.

title: Videoconferencing

title: Videoconferencing

text: High

text: speed

text: Internet

text: connectivity

text: has

text: become

text: more

text: widely

text: available

text: at

text: a

text: reasonable

text: cost

text: and

text: the

text: cost

text: of

text: video

text: capture

text: and

text: display

text: technology

text: has

text: decreased

text: Consequently

text: personal

text: videoconferencing

text: systems

text: based

text: on

text: a

text: webcam

text: personal

text: computer

text: system

text: software

text: compression

text: and

text: broadband

text: Internet

text: connectivity

text: have

text: become

text: affordable

text: to

text: the

text: general

text: public

text: Also

text: the

text: hardware

text: used

text: for

text: this

text: technology

text: has

text: continued

text: to

text: improve

text: in

text: quality

text: and

text: prices

text: have

text: dropped

text: dramatically

text: The

text: availability

text: of

text: freeware

text: often

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: chat

text: programs

text: has

text: made

text: software

text: based

text: videoconferencing

text: accessible

text: to

text: many

question: What technology has become more widely available and affordable?

answer: High speed Internet connectivity

text: High speed Internet connectivity

question: What is an example of a personal videoconferencing system tool?

answer: webcam

text: webcam

question: What has made videoconferencing accessible to many?

answer: The availability of freeware

text: The availability of freeware

question: Videoconferencing freeware is widely available in what programs?

answer: chat programs

text: chat programs


text: Historical aspects of the Expo line route are noteworthy. It uses the right-of-way for the Santa Monica Air Line that provided electric-powered freight and passenger service between Los Angeles and Santa Monica beginning in the 1920s. Service was discontinued in 1953 but diesel-powered freight deliveries to warehouses along the route continued until March 11, 1988. The abandonment of the line spurred concerns within the community and the entire right-of-way was purchased from Southern Pacific by Los Angeles Metropolitan Transportation Authority. The line was built in 1875 as the steam-powered Los Angeles and Independence Railroad to bring mining ore to ships in Santa Monica harbor and as a passenger excursion train to the beach.

title: Santa_Monica,_California

title: Santa_Monica,_California

text: Historical

text: aspects

text: of

text: the

text: Expo

text: line

text: route

text: are

text: noteworthy

text: It

text: uses

text: the

text: right

text: of

text: way

text: for

text: the

text: Santa

text: Monica

text: Air

text: Line

text: that

text: provided

text: electric

text: powered

text: freight

text: and

text: passenger

text: service

text: between

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: and

text: Santa

text: Monica

text: beginning

text: in

text: the

text: Service

text: was

text: discontinued

text: in

text: but

text: diesel

text: powered

text: freight

text: deliveries

text: to

text: warehouses

text: along

text: the

text: route

text: continued

text: until

text: March

text: The

text: abandonment

text: of

text: the

text: line

text: spurred

text: concerns

text: within

text: the

text: community

text: and

text: the

text: entire

text: right

text: of

text: way

text: was

text: purchased

text: from

text: Southern

text: Pacific

text: by

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: Metropolitan

text: Transportation

text: Authority

text: The

text: line

text: was

text: built

text: in

text: as

text: the

text: steam

text: powered

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: and

text: Independence

text: Railroad

text: to

text: bring

text: mining

text: ore

text: to

text: ships

text: in

text: Santa

text: Monica

text: harbor

text: and

text: as

text: a

text: passenger

text: excursion

text: train

text: to

text: the

text: beach

question: Beginning in what decade did the Santa Monica  Expo Air Line host freight and passenger services?

answer: 1920s

question: What year did the Santa Monica freight and passenger service stop running?

answer: 1953

question: Diesel powered freight deliveries continued through what date?

answer: March 11, 1988

text: March 11, 1988

question: What was the result from the discontinuation of using the line for deliveries?

answer: was purchased

text: was purchased

question: Who bought the Expo line from Southern Pacific?

answer: Southern Pacific by Los Angeles Metropolitan Transportation Authority

text: Southern Pacific by Los Angeles Metropolitan Transportation Authority


text: On an international level the German DIN 4512 system has been effectively superseded in the 1980s by ISO 6:1974, ISO 2240:1982, and ISO 5800:1979 where the same sensitivity is written in linear and logarithmic form as "ISO 100/21°" (now again with degree symbol). These ISO standards were subsequently adopted by DIN as well. Finally, the latest DIN 4512 revisions were replaced by corresponding ISO standards, DIN 4512-1:1993-05 by DIN ISO 6:1996-02 in September 2000, DIN 4512-4:1985-08 by DIN ISO 2240:1998-06 and DIN 4512-5:1990-11 by DIN ISO 5800:1998-06 both in July 2002.

title: Film_speed

title: Film_speed

text: On

text: an

text: international

text: level

text: the

text: German

text: DIN

text: system

text: has

text: been

text: effectively

text: superseded

text: in

text: the

text: by

text: ISO

text: ISO

text: and

text: ISO

text: where

text: the

text: same

text: sensitivity

text: is

text: written

text: in

text: linear

text: and

text: logarithmic

text: form

text: as

text: ISO

text: now

text: again

text: with

text: degree

text: symbol

text: These

text: ISO

text: standards

text: were

text: subsequently

text: adopted

text: by

text: DIN

text: as

text: well

text: Finally

text: the

text: latest

text: DIN

text: revisions

text: were

text: replaced

text: by

text: corresponding

text: ISO

text: standards

text: DIN

text: by

text: DIN

text: ISO

text: in

text: September

text: DIN

text: by

text: DIN

text: ISO

text: and

text: DIN

text: by

text: DIN

text: ISO

text: both

text: in

text: July

question: What took the place of the German DIN 4512 system?

answer: ISO 6:1974, ISO 2240:1982, and ISO 5800:1979

text: ISO 6:1974, ISO 2240:1982, and ISO 5800:1979

question: How is sensitivity shown in the ISO systems?

answer: in linear and logarithmic form as "ISO 100/21°"

text: in linear and logarithmic form as "ISO 100/21°"

question: What standards did the DIN begin to use?

answer: ISO standards

text: ISO standards

question: When were the ISO standards first adopted?

answer: in the 1980s

text: in the 1980s

question: When were the last ISO standards adopted?

answer: July 2002

text: July 2002


text: Original master discs are created by lathe-cutting: a lathe is used to cut a modulated groove into a blank record. The blank records for cutting used to be cooked up, as needed, by the cutting engineer, using what Robert K. Morrison describes as a "metallic soap," containing lead litharge, ozokerite, barium sulfate, montan wax, stearin and paraffin, among other ingredients. Cut "wax" sound discs would be placed in a vacuum chamber and gold-sputtered to make them electrically conductive for use as mandrels in an electroforming bath, where pressing stamper parts were made. Later, the French company Pyral invented a ready-made blank disc having a thin nitro-cellulose lacquer coating (approximately 7 mils thickness on both sides) that was applied to an aluminum substrate. Lacquer cuts result in an immediately playable, or processable, master record. If vinyl pressings are wanted, the still-unplayed sound disc is used as a mandrel for electroforming nickel records that are used for manufacturing pressing stampers. The electroformed nickel records are mechanically separated from their respective mandrels. This is done with relative ease because no actual "plating" of the mandrel occurs in the type of electrodeposition known as electroforming, unlike with electroplating, in which the adhesion of the new phase of metal is chemical and relatively permanent. The one-molecule-thick coating of silver (that was sprayed onto the processed lacquer sound disc in order to make its surface electrically conductive) reverse-plates onto the nickel record's face. This negative impression disc (having ridges in place of grooves) is known as a nickel master, "matrix" or "father." The "father" is then used as a mandrel to electroform a positive disc known as a "mother". Many mothers can be grown on a single "father" before ridges deteriorate beyond effective use. The "mothers" are then used as mandrels for electroforming more negative discs known as "sons". Each "mother" can be used to make many "sons" before deteriorating. The "sons" are then converted into "stampers" by center-punching a spindle hole (which was lost from the lacquer sound disc during initial electroforming of the "father"), and by custom-forming the target pressing profile. This allows them to be placed in the dies of the target (make and model) record press and, by center-roughing, to facilitate the adhesion of the label, which gets stuck onto the vinyl pressing without any glue. In this way, several million vinyl discs can be produced from a single lacquer sound disc. When only a few hundred discs are required, instead of electroforming a "son" (for each side), the "father" is removed of its silver and converted into a stamper. Production by this latter method, known as the "two-step-process" (as it does not entail creation of "sons" but does involve creation of "mothers," which are used for test playing and kept as "safeties" for electroforming future "sons") is limited to a few hundred vinyl pressings. The pressing count can increase if the stamper holds out and the quality of the vinyl is high. The "sons" made during a "three-step" electroforming make better stampers since they don't require silver removal (which reduces some high fidelity because of etching erasing part of the smallest groove modulations) and also because they have a stronger metal structure than "fathers".

title: Gramophone_record

title: Gramophone_record

text: Original

text: master

text: discs

text: are

text: created

text: by

text: lathe

text: cutting

text: a

text: lathe

text: is

text: used

text: to

text: cut

text: a

text: modulated

text: groove

text: into

text: a

text: blank

text: record

text: The

text: blank

text: records

text: for

text: cutting

text: used

text: to

text: be

text: cooked

text: up

text: as

text: needed

text: by

text: the

text: cutting

text: engineer

text: using

text: what

text: Robert

text: K.

text: Morrison

text: describes

text: as

text: a

text: metallic

text: soap

text: containing

text: lead

text: litharge

text: ozokerite

text: barium

text: sulfate

text: montan

text: wax

text: stearin

text: and

text: paraffin

text: among

text: other

text: ingredients

text: Cut

text: wax

text: sound

text: discs

text: would

text: be

text: placed

text: in

text: a

text: vacuum

text: chamber

text: and

text: gold

text: sputtered

text: to

text: make

text: them

text: electrically

text: conductive

text: for

text: use

text: as

text: mandrels

text: in

text: an

text: electroforming

text: bath

text: where

text: pressing

text: stamper

text: parts

text: were

text: made

text: Later

text: the

text: French

text: company

text: Pyral

text: invented

text: a

text: ready

text: made

text: blank

text: disc

text: having

text: a

text: thin

text: nitro

text: cellulose

text: lacquer

text: coating

text: approximately

text: mils

text: thickness

text: on

text: both

text: sides

text: that

text: was

text: applied

text: to

text: an

text: aluminum

text: substrate

text: Lacquer

text: cuts

text: result

text: in

text: an

text: immediately

text: playable

text: or

text: processable

text: master

text: record

text: If

text: vinyl

text: pressings

text: are

text: wanted

text: the

text: still

text: unplayed

text: sound

text: disc

text: is

text: used

text: as

text: a

text: mandrel

text: for

text: electroforming

text: nickel

text: records

text: that

text: are

text: used

text: for

text: manufacturing

text: pressing

text: stampers

text: The

text: electroformed

text: nickel

text: records

text: are

text: mechanically

text: separated

text: from

text: their

text: respective

text: mandrels

text: This

text: is

text: done

text: with

text: relative

text: ease

text: because

text: no

text: actual

text: plating

text: of

text: the

text: mandrel

text: occurs

text: in

text: the

text: type

text: of

text: electrodeposition

text: known

text: as

text: electroforming

text: unlike

text: with

text: electroplating

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: adhesion

text: of

text: the

text: new

text: phase

text: of

text: metal

text: is

text: chemical

text: and

text: relatively

text: permanent

text: The

text: one

text: molecule

text: thick

text: coating

text: of

text: silver

text: that

text: was

text: sprayed

text: onto

text: the

text: processed

text: lacquer

text: sound

text: disc

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: make

text: its

text: surface

text: electrically

text: conductive

text: reverse

text: plates

text: onto

text: the

text: nickel

text: record

text: 's

text: face

text: This

text: negative

text: impression

text: disc

text: having

text: ridges

text: in

text: place

text: of

text: grooves

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: a

text: nickel

text: master

text: matrix

text: or

text: father

text: The

text: father

text: is

text: then

text: used

text: as

text: a

text: mandrel

text: to

text: electroform

text: a

text: positive

text: disc

text: known

text: as

text: a

text: mother

text: Many

text: mothers

text: can

text: be

text: grown

text: on

text: a

text: single

text: father

text: before

text: ridges

text: deteriorate

text: beyond

text: effective

text: use

text: The

text: mothers

text: are

text: then

text: used

text: as

text: mandrels

text: for

text: electroforming

text: more

text: negative

text: discs

text: known

text: as

text: sons

text: Each

text: mother

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: make

text: many

text: sons

text: before

text: deteriorating

text: The

text: sons

text: are

text: then

text: converted

text: into

text: stampers

text: by

text: center

text: punching

text: a

text: spindle

text: hole

text: which

text: was

text: lost

text: from

text: the

text: lacquer

text: sound

text: disc

text: during

text: initial

text: electroforming

text: of

text: the

text: father

text: and

text: by

text: custom

text: forming

text: the

text: target

text: pressing

text: profile

text: This

text: allows

text: them

text: to

text: be

text: placed

text: in

text: the

text: dies

text: of

text: the

text: target

text: make

text: and

text: model

text: record

text: press

text: and

text: by

text: center

text: roughing

text: to

text: facilitate

text: the

text: adhesion

text: of

text: the

text: label

text: which

text: gets

text: stuck

text: onto

text: the

text: vinyl

text: pressing

text: without

text: any

text: glue

text: In

text: this

text: way

text: several

text: million

text: vinyl

text: discs

text: can

text: be

text: produced

text: from

text: a

text: single

text: lacquer

text: sound

text: disc

text: When

text: only

text: a

text: few

text: hundred

text: discs

text: are

text: required

text: instead

text: of

text: electroforming

text: a

text: son

text: for

text: each

text: side

text: the

text: father

text: is

text: removed

text: of

text: its

text: silver

text: and

text: converted

text: into

text: a

text: stamper

text: Production

text: by

text: this

text: latter

text: method

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: two

text: step

text: process

text: as

text: it

text: does

text: not

text: entail

text: creation

text: of

text: sons

text: but

text: does

text: involve

text: creation

text: of

text: mothers

text: which

text: are

text: used

text: for

text: test

text: playing

text: and

text: kept

text: as

text: safeties

text: for

text: electroforming

text: future

text: sons

text: is

text: limited

text: to

text: a

text: few

text: hundred

text: vinyl

text: pressings

text: The

text: pressing

text: count

text: can

text: increase

text: if

text: the

text: stamper

text: holds

text: out

text: and

text: the

text: quality

text: of

text: the

text: vinyl

text: is

text: high

text: The

text: sons

text: made

text: during

text: a

text: three

text: step

text: electroforming

text: make

text: better

text: stampers

text: since

text: they

text: do

text: n't

text: require

text: silver

text: removal

text: which

text: reduces

text: some

text: high

text: fidelity

text: because

text: of

text: etching

text: erasing

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: smallest

text: groove

text: modulations

text: and

text: also

text: because

text: they

text: have

text: a

text: stronger

text: metal

text: structure

text: than

text: fathers

question: What is the two step process?

answer: "father" is removed of its silver and converted into a stamper

text: "father" is removed of its silver and converted into a stamper

question: What is the limitation of the two step process?

answer: limited to a few hundred vinyl pressings

text: limited to a few hundred vinyl pressings

question: Which is preferred the two step or three step process?

answer: three-step

text: three-step

question: Which have stronger structures the father or son mold?

answer: sons

text: sons

question: What can increase the output of a stamper mold?

answer: quality of the vinyl is high

text: quality of the vinyl is high


text: The Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme (UIAA) has defined a list of 82 "official" Alpine summits that reach at least 4,000 m (13,123 ft). The list includes not only mountains, but also subpeaks with little prominence that are considered important mountaineering objectives. Below are listed the 22 "four-thousanders" with at least 500 m (1,640 ft) of prominence.

title: Alps

title: Alps

text: The

text: Union

text: Internationale

text: des

text: Associations

text: d'Alpinisme

text: UIAA

text: has

text: defined

text: a

text: list

text: of

text: official

text: Alpine

text: summits

text: that

text: reach

text: at

text: least

text: m

text: ft

text: The

text: list

text: includes

text: not

text: only

text: mountains

text: but

text: also

text: subpeaks

text: with

text: little

text: prominence

text: that

text: are

text: considered

text: important

text: mountaineering

text: objectives

text: Below

text: are

text: listed

text: the

text: four

text: thousanders

text: with

text: at

text: least

text: m

text: ft

text: of

text: prominence

question: What group defined a list of 82 official Apline summits that reach 4,000m?

answer: Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme (UIAA)

text: Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme (UIAA)

question: What is included in the list of 82 official Apline summits other than Mountains?

answer: subpeaks with little prominence that are considered important mountaineering objectives

text: subpeaks with little prominence that are considered important mountaineering objectives

question: The list of twenty two summits has summits with at least how much prominence?

answer: 500 m (1,640 ft)

text: 500 m (1,640 ft)


text: While on tour Madonna participated in the Raising Malawi initiative by partially funding an orphanage in and traveling to that country. While there, she decided to adopt a boy named David Banda in October 2006. The adoption raised strong public reaction, because Malawian law requires would-be parents to reside in Malawi for one year before adopting, which Madonna did not do. She addressed this on The Oprah Winfrey Show, saying that there were no written adoption laws in Malawi that regulated foreign adoption. She described how Banda had been suffering from pneumonia after surviving malaria and tuberculosis when she first met him. Banda's biological father, Yohane, commented, "These so-called human rights activists are harassing me every day, threatening me that I am not aware of what I am doing..... They want me to support their court case, a thing I cannot do for I know what I agreed with Madonna and her husband." The adoption was finalized in May 2008.

title: Madonna_(entertainer)

title: Madonna_(entertainer

text: While

text: on

text: tour

text: Madonna

text: participated

text: in

text: the

text: Raising

text: Malawi

text: initiative

text: by

text: partially

text: funding

text: an

text: orphanage

text: in

text: and

text: traveling

text: to

text: that

text: country

text: While

text: there

text: she

text: decided

text: to

text: adopt

text: a

text: boy

text: named

text: David

text: Banda

text: in

text: October

text: The

text: adoption

text: raised

text: strong

text: public

text: reaction

text: because

text: Malawian

text: law

text: requires

text: would

text: be

text: parents

text: to

text: reside

text: in

text: Malawi

text: for

text: one

text: year

text: before

text: adopting

text: which

text: Madonna

text: did

text: not

text: do

text: She

text: addressed

text: this

text: on

text: The

text: Oprah

text: Winfrey

text: Show

text: saying

text: that

text: there

text: were

text: no

text: written

text: adoption

text: laws

text: in

text: Malawi

text: that

text: regulated

text: foreign

text: adoption

text: She

text: described

text: how

text: Banda

text: had

text: been

text: suffering

text: from

text: pneumonia

text: after

text: surviving

text: malaria

text: and

text: tuberculosis

text: when

text: she

text: first

text: met

text: him

text: Banda

text: 's

text: biological

text: father

text: Yohane

text: commented

text: These

text: so

text: called

text: human

text: rights

text: activists

text: are

text: harassing

text: me

text: every

text: day

text: threatening

text: me

text: that

text: I

text: am

text: not

text: aware

text: of

text: what

text: I

text: am

text: doing

text: They

text: want

text: me

text: to

text: support

text: their

text: court

text: case

text: a

text: thing

text: I

text: can

text: not

text: do

text: for

text: I

text: know

text: what

text: I

text: agreed

text: with

text: Madonna

text: and

text: her

text: husband

text: The

text: adoption

text: was

text: finalized

text: in

text: May

question: What was the charity that Madonna was involved in when in Malawi?

answer: Raising Malawi initiative

text: Raising Malawi initiative

question: When did Madonna adopt David Banda?

answer: October 2006

text: October 2006

question: What was Banda suffering from when Madonna first met him?

answer: pneumonia

text: pneumonia

question: What was the name of Banda's biological father?

answer: Yohane

text: Yohane

question: When was the adoption finalized?

answer: May 2008

text: May 2008


text: The Medill School of Journalism has produced notable journalists and political activists including 38 Pulitzer Prize laureates. National correspondents, reporters and columnists such as The New York Times's Elisabeth Bumiller, David Barstow, Dean Murphy, and Vincent Laforet, USA Today's Gary Levin, Susan Page and Christine Brennan, NBC correspondent Kelly O'Donnell, CBS correspondent Richard Threlkeld, CNN correspondent Nicole Lapin and former CNN and current Al Jazeera America anchor Joie Chen, and ESPN personalities Rachel Nichols, Michael Wilbon, Mike Greenberg, Steve Weissman, J. A. Adande, and Kevin Blackistone. The bestselling author of the A Song of Ice and Fire series, George R. R. Martin, earned a B.S. and M.S. from Medill. Elisabeth Leamy is the recipient of 13 Emmy awards  and 4 Edward R. Murrow Awards.

title: Northwestern_University

title: Northwestern_University

text: The

text: Medill

text: School

text: of

text: Journalism

text: has

text: produced

text: notable

text: journalists

text: and

text: political

text: activists

text: including

text: Pulitzer

text: Prize

text: laureates

text: National

text: correspondents

text: reporters

text: and

text: columnists

text: such

text: as

text: The

text: New

text: York

text: Times

text: 's

text: Elisabeth

text: Bumiller

text: David

text: Barstow

text: Dean

text: Murphy

text: and

text: Vincent

text: Laforet

text: USA

text: Today

text: 's

text: Gary

text: Levin

text: Susan

text: Page

text: and

text: Christine

text: Brennan

text: NBC

text: correspondent

text: Kelly

text: O'Donnell

text: CBS

text: correspondent

text: Richard

text: Threlkeld

text: CNN

text: correspondent

text: Nicole

text: Lapin

text: and

text: former

text: CNN

text: and

text: current

text: Al

text: Jazeera

text: America

text: anchor

text: Joie

text: Chen

text: and

text: ESPN

text: personalities

text: Rachel

text: Nichols

text: Michael

text: Wilbon

text: Mike

text: Greenberg

text: Steve

text: Weissman

text: J.

text: A.

text: Adande

text: and

text: Kevin

text: Blackistone

text: The

text: bestselling

text: author

text: of

text: the

text: A

text: Song

text: of

text: Ice

text: and

text: Fire

text: series

text: George

text: R.

text: R.

text: Martin

text: earned

text: a

text: B.S.

text: and

text: M.S.

text: from

text: Medill

text: Elisabeth

text: Leamy

text: is

text: the

text: recipient

text: of

text: Emmy

text: awards

text: and

text: Edward

text: R.

text: Murrow

text: Awards

question: How many Pulitzer Prize laureates attended the Medill School of Journalism?

answer: 38

question: Where did NBC correspondant Kelly O'Donnell attend school?

answer: The Medill School of Journalism

text: The Medill School of Journalism

question: Where did bestselling author George R. R. Martin earn his B.S. and M.S.?

answer: The Medill School of Journalism

text: The Medill School of Journalism

question: How many Emmy awards did alumni Elisabeth Leamy receive?

answer: 13

question: Which CBS correspondant graduated from The Medill School of Journalism?

answer: Richard Threlkeld

text: Richard Threlkeld


text: The traditional Charleston accent has long been noted in the state and throughout the South. It is typically heard in wealthy white families who trace their families back generations in the city. It has ingliding or monophthongal long mid-vowels, raises ay and aw in certain environments, and is nonrhotic. Sylvester Primer of the College of Charleston wrote about aspects of the local dialect in his late 19th-century works: "Charleston Provincialisms" (1887)  and "The Huguenot Element in Charleston's Provincialisms", published in a German journal. He believed the accent was based on the English as it was spoken by the earliest settlers, therefore derived from Elizabethan England and preserved with modifications by Charleston speakers. The rapidly disappearing "Charleston accent" is still noted in the local pronunciation of the city's name. Some elderly (and usually upper-class) Charleston natives ignore the 'r' and elongate the first vowel, pronouncing the name as "Chah-l-ston". Some observers attribute these unique features of Charleston's speech to its early settlement by French Huguenots and Sephardic Jews (who were primarily English speakers from London), both of whom played influential roles in Charleston's early development and history.[citation needed]

title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

text: The

text: traditional

text: Charleston

text: accent

text: has

text: long

text: been

text: noted

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: and

text: throughout

text: the

text: South

text: It

text: is

text: typically

text: heard

text: in

text: wealthy

text: white

text: families

text: who

text: trace

text: their

text: families

text: back

text: generations

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: It

text: has

text: ingliding

text: or

text: monophthongal

text: long

text: mid

text: vowels

text: raises

text: ay

text: and

text: aw

text: in

text: certain

text: environments

text: and

text: is

text: nonrhotic

text: Sylvester

text: Primer

text: of

text: the

text: College

text: of

text: Charleston

text: wrote

text: about

text: aspects

text: of

text: the

text: local

text: dialect

text: in

text: his

text: late

text: century

text: works

text: Charleston

text: Provincialisms

text: and

text: The

text: Huguenot

text: Element

text: in

text: Charleston

text: 's

text: Provincialisms

text: published

text: in

text: a

text: German

text: journal

text: He

text: believed

text: the

text: accent

text: was

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: English

text: as

text: it

text: was

text: spoken

text: by

text: the

text: earliest

text: settlers

text: therefore

text: derived

text: from

text: Elizabethan

text: England

text: and

text: preserved

text: with

text: modifications

text: by

text: Charleston

text: speakers

text: The

text: rapidly

text: disappearing

text: Charleston

text: accent

text: is

text: still

text: noted

text: in

text: the

text: local

text: pronunciation

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: name

text: Some

text: elderly

text: and

text: usually

text: upper

text: class

text: Charleston

text: natives

text: ignore

text: the

text: r

text: and

text: elongate

text: the

text: first

text: vowel

text: pronouncing

text: the

text: name

text: as

text: Chah

text: l

text: ston

text: Some

text: observers

text: attribute

text: these

text: unique

text: features

text: of

text: Charleston

text: 's

text: speech

text: to

text: its

text: early

text: settlement

text: by

text: French

text: Huguenots

text: and

text: Sephardic

text: Jews

text: who

text: were

text: primarily

text: English

text: speakers

text: from

text: London

text: both

text: of

text: whom

text: played

text: influential

text: roles

text: in

text: Charleston

text: 's

text: early

text: development

text: and

text: history.[citation

text: needed

question: "Charleston's Provincialisms" was published in what year?

answer: 1887

question: To which two early cultures are the unique characteristics of Charleston's accent attributed to?

answer: French Huguenots and Sephardic Jews

text: French Huguenots and Sephardic Jews

question: To which college did Sylvester Primer belong?

answer: College of Charleston

text: College of Charleston

question: Who was the author of the work entitled, "The Huguenot Element in Charleston's Provincialisms"?

answer: Sylvester Primer

text: Sylvester Primer

question: What type of journal were Primer's work on Charleston's accent published?

answer: German journal

text: German journal