text: Most annelids have a pair of coelomata (body cavities) in each segment, separated from other segments by septa and from each other by vertical mesenteries. Each septum forms a sandwich with connective tissue in the middle and mesothelium (membrane that serves as a lining) from the preceding and following segments on either side. Each mesentery is similar except that the mesothelium is the lining of each of the pair of coelomata, and the blood vessels and, in polychaetes, the main nerve cords are embedded in it. The mesothelium is made of modified epitheliomuscular cells; in other words, their bodies form part of the epithelium but their bases extend to form muscle fibers in the body wall. The mesothelium may also form radial and circular muscles on the septa, and circular muscles around the blood vessels and gut. Parts of the mesothelium, especially on the outside of the gut, may also form chloragogen cells that perform similar functions to the livers of vertebrates: producing and storing glycogen and fat; producing the oxygen-carrier hemoglobin; breaking down proteins; and turning nitrogenous waste products into ammonia and urea to be excreted.

title: Annelid

title: Annelid

text: Most

text: annelids

text: have

text: a

text: pair

text: of

text: coelomata

text: body

text: cavities

text: in

text: each

text: segment

text: separated

text: from

text: other

text: segments

text: by

text: septa

text: and

text: from

text: each

text: other

text: by

text: vertical

text: mesenteries

text: Each

text: septum

text: forms

text: a

text: sandwich

text: with

text: connective

text: tissue

text: in

text: the

text: middle

text: and

text: mesothelium

text: membrane

text: that

text: serves

text: as

text: a

text: lining

text: from

text: the

text: preceding

text: and

text: following

text: segments

text: on

text: either

text: side

text: Each

text: mesentery

text: is

text: similar

text: except

text: that

text: the

text: mesothelium

text: is

text: the

text: lining

text: of

text: each

text: of

text: the

text: pair

text: of

text: coelomata

text: and

text: the

text: blood

text: vessels

text: and

text: in

text: polychaetes

text: the

text: main

text: nerve

text: cords

text: are

text: embedded

text: in

text: it

text: The

text: mesothelium

text: is

text: made

text: of

text: modified

text: epitheliomuscular

text: cells

text: in

text: other

text: words

text: their

text: bodies

text: form

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: epithelium

text: but

text: their

text: bases

text: extend

text: to

text: form

text: muscle

text: fibers

text: in

text: the

text: body

text: wall

text: The

text: mesothelium

text: may

text: also

text: form

text: radial

text: and

text: circular

text: muscles

text: on

text: the

text: septa

text: and

text: circular

text: muscles

text: around

text: the

text: blood

text: vessels

text: and

text: gut

text: Parts

text: of

text: the

text: mesothelium

text: especially

text: on

text: the

text: outside

text: of

text: the

text: gut

text: may

text: also

text: form

text: chloragogen

text: cells

text: that

text: perform

text: similar

text: functions

text: to

text: the

text: livers

text: of

text: vertebrates

text: producing

text: and

text: storing

text: glycogen

text: and

text: fat

text: producing

text: the

text: oxygen

text: carrier

text: hemoglobin

text: breaking

text: down

text: proteins

text: and

text: turning

text: nitrogenous

text: waste

text: products

text: into

text: ammonia

text: and

text: urea

text: to

text: be

text: excreted

question: What are coelomata?

answer: body cavities

text: body cavities

question: What are annelids' body cavities separated from other segments by?

answer: septa

text: septa

question: What are annelids' body cavities separated from each other by?

answer: vertical mesenteries

text: vertical mesenteries

question: What is the mesothelium made of?

answer: modified epitheliomuscular cells

text: modified epitheliomuscular cells


text: In March 2012, Sony Music reportedly closed its Philippines office due to piracy, causing to move distribution of SME in the Philippines to Ivory Music.

title: Sony_Music_Entertainment

title: Sony_Music_Entertainment

text: In

text: March

text: Sony

text: Music

text: reportedly

text: closed

text: its

text: Philippines

text: office

text: due

text: to

text: piracy

text: causing

text: to

text: move

text: distribution

text: of

text: SME

text: in

text: the

text: Philippines

text: to

text: Ivory

text: Music

question: In what year did Sony shut down their offices in the Philippines?

answer: 2012


text: Market strategist Phil Dow believes distinctions exist "between the current market malaise" and the Great Depression. He says the Dow Jones average's fall of more than 50% over a period of 17 months is similar to a 54.7% fall in the Great Depression, followed by a total drop of 89% over the following 16 months. "It's very troubling if you have a mirror image," said Dow. Floyd Norris, the chief financial correspondent of The New York Times, wrote in a blog entry in March 2009 that the decline has not been a mirror image of the Great Depression, explaining that although the decline amounts were nearly the same at the time, the rates of decline had started much faster in 2007, and that the past year had only ranked eighth among the worst recorded years of percentage drops in the Dow. The past two years ranked third, however.

title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

text: Market

text: strategist

text: Phil

text: Dow

text: believes

text: distinctions

text: exist

text: between

text: the

text: current

text: market

text: malaise

text: and

text: the

text: Great

text: Depression

text: He

text: says

text: the

text: Dow

text: Jones

text: average

text: 's

text: fall

text: of

text: more

text: than

text: over

text: a

text: period

text: of

text: months

text: is

text: similar

text: to

text: a

text: fall

text: in

text: the

text: Great

text: Depression

text: followed

text: by

text: a

text: total

text: drop

text: of

text: over

text: the

text: following

text: months

text: It

text: 's

text: very

text: troubling

text: if

text: you

text: have

text: a

text: mirror

text: image

text: said

text: Dow

text: Floyd

text: Norris

text: the

text: chief

text: financial

text: correspondent

text: of

text: The

text: New

text: York

text: Times

text: wrote

text: in

text: a

text: blog

text: entry

text: in

text: March

text: that

text: the

text: decline

text: has

text: not

text: been

text: a

text: mirror

text: image

text: of

text: the

text: Great

text: Depression

text: explaining

text: that

text: although

text: the

text: decline

text: amounts

text: were

text: nearly

text: the

text: same

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: the

text: rates

text: of

text: decline

text: had

text: started

text: much

text: faster

text: in

text: and

text: that

text: the

text: past

text: year

text: had

text: only

text: ranked

text: eighth

text: among

text: the

text: worst

text: recorded

text: years

text: of

text: percentage

text: drops

text: in

text: the

text: Dow

text: The

text: past

text: two

text: years

text: ranked

text: third

text: however

question: Who is the market strategist that believes distinctions exist between the current crisis and the Great Depression?

answer: Phil Dow

text: Phil Dow

question: How much did the Dow Jones average fall during a period of 17 months?

answer: 50%

question: What was the percentage the Dow Jones fell in the Great Depression?

answer: 54.7%

question: Who was the chief financial correspondent of The New York Times in March 2009?

answer: Floyd Norris

text: Floyd Norris


text: Some advocates for Tibet, Darfur, and the spiritual practice Falun Gong, planned to protest the April 9 arrival of the torch in San Francisco. China had already requested the torch route in San Francisco be shortened. On April 7, 2008, two days prior to the actual torch relay, three activists carrying Tibetan flags scaled the suspension cables of the Golden Gate Bridge to unfurl two banners, one saying "One World, One Dream. Free Tibet", and the other, "Free Tibet '08". Among them was San Francisco resident Laurel Sutherlin, who spoke to the local TV station KPIX-CBS5 live from a cellphone, urging the International Olympic Committee to ask China not to allow the torch to go through Tibet. "Sutherlin said he was worried that the torch's planned route through Tibet would lead to more arrests and Chinese officials would use force to stifle dissent." The three activists and five supporters face charges related to trespassing, conspiracy and causing a public nuisance.

title: 2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay

title: 2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay

text: Some

text: advocates

text: for

text: Tibet

text: Darfur

text: and

text: the

text: spiritual

text: practice

text: Falun

text: Gong

text: planned

text: to

text: protest

text: the

text: April

text: arrival

text: of

text: the

text: torch

text: in

text: San

text: Francisco

text: China

text: had

text: already

text: requested

text: the

text: torch

text: route

text: in

text: San

text: Francisco

text: be

text: shortened

text: On

text: April

text: two

text: days

text: prior

text: to

text: the

text: actual

text: torch

text: relay

text: three

text: activists

text: carrying

text: Tibetan

text: flags

text: scaled

text: the

text: suspension

text: cables

text: of

text: the

text: Golden

text: Gate

text: Bridge

text: to

text: unfurl

text: two

text: banners

text: one

text: saying

text: One

text: World

text: One

text: Dream

text: Free

text: Tibet

text: and

text: the

text: other

text: Free

text: Tibet

text: Among

text: them

text: was

text: San

text: Francisco

text: resident

text: Laurel

text: Sutherlin

text: who

text: spoke

text: to

text: the

text: local

text: TV

text: station

text: KPIX

text: live

text: from

text: a

text: cellphone

text: urging

text: the

text: International

text: Olympic

text: Committee

text: to

text: ask

text: China

text: not

text: to

text: allow

text: the

text: torch

text: to

text: go

text: through

text: Tibet

text: Sutherlin

text: said

text: he

text: was

text: worried

text: that

text: the

text: torch

text: 's

text: planned

text: route

text: through

text: Tibet

text: would

text: lead

text: to

text: more

text: arrests

text: and

text: Chinese

text: officials

text: would

text: use

text: force

text: to

text: stifle

text: dissent

text: The

text: three

text: activists

text: and

text: five

text: supporters

text: face

text: charges

text: related

text: to

text: trespassing

text: conspiracy

text: and

text: causing

text: a

text: public

text: nuisance

question: Three protester climbed what to hang two banners on April 7, 2008?

answer: Golden Gate Bridge

text: Golden Gate Bridge

question: Laurel Sutherlin spoke to which TV station about his concerns?

answer: KPIX-CBS5

question: Who asked that the San Francisco relay route be shortened?

answer: China

text: China

question: What famous bridge had two banners hung from it by protesters?

answer: Golden Gate Bridge

text: Golden Gate Bridge

question: Who spoke to station KPIX-CBS5 about the bridge banner protests?

answer: Laurel Sutherlin

text: Laurel Sutherlin

question: How many supporters face charges for the bridge stunt?

answer: five

text: five

question: How many activists may be charged with crimes for the bridge stunt?

answer: three

text: three


text: The Crimean War was a military conflict fought between October 1853 – March 1856 in which Russia lost to an alliance of France, the United Kingdom, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia. The immediate cause involved the rights of Christian minorities in the Holy Land, which was controlled by the Ottoman Empire. The French promoted the rights of Catholics, while Russia promoted those of the Eastern Orthodox Christians. The longer-term causes involved the decline of the Ottoman Empire and the unwillingness of the United Kingdom and France to allow Russia to gain territory and power at Ottoman expense. It has widely been noted that the causes, in one case involving an argument over a key, have never revealed a "greater confusion of purpose", yet led to a war noted for its "notoriously incompetent international butchery."

title: Crimean_War

title: Crimean_War

text: The

text: Crimean

text: War

text: was

text: a

text: military

text: conflict

text: fought

text: between

text: October

text: March

text: in

text: which

text: Russia

text: lost

text: to

text: an

text: alliance

text: of

text: France

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: and

text: Sardinia

text: The

text: immediate

text: cause

text: involved

text: the

text: rights

text: of

text: Christian

text: minorities

text: in

text: the

text: Holy

text: Land

text: which

text: was

text: controlled

text: by

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: The

text: French

text: promoted

text: the

text: rights

text: of

text: Catholics

text: while

text: Russia

text: promoted

text: those

text: of

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Orthodox

text: Christians

text: The

text: longer

text: term

text: causes

text: involved

text: the

text: decline

text: of

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: and

text: the

text: unwillingness

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: France

text: to

text: allow

text: Russia

text: to

text: gain

text: territory

text: and

text: power

text: at

text: Ottoman

text: expense

text: It

text: has

text: widely

text: been

text: noted

text: that

text: the

text: causes

text: in

text: one

text: case

text: involving

text: an

text: argument

text: over

text: a

text: key

text: have

text: never

text: revealed

text: a

text: greater

text: confusion

text: of

text: purpose

text: yet

text: led

text: to

text: a

text: war

text: noted

text: for

text: its

text: notoriously

text: incompetent

text: international

text: butchery

question: What year did the Crimean War begin?

answer: 1853

question: What year did the Crimean War end?

answer: 1856

question: Who controlled the rights of Christian minorities in the Holy Land?

answer: Ottoman Empire

text: Ottoman Empire

question: Who promoted the rights of the Catholic people?

answer: The French

text: The French

question: Who promoted the rights of the Eastern Orthodox Christians?

answer: Russia

text: Russia


text: The algae are a polyphyletic group and are placed in various divisions, some more closely related to plants than others. There are many differences between them in features such as cell wall composition, biochemistry, pigmentation, chloroplast structure and nutrient reserves. The algal division Charophyta, sister to the green algal division Chlorophyta, is considered to contain the ancestor of true plants. The Charophyte class Charophyceae and the land plant sub-kingdom Embryophyta together form the monophyletic group or clade Streptophytina.

title: Botany

title: Botany

text: The

text: algae

text: are

text: a

text: polyphyletic

text: group

text: and

text: are

text: placed

text: in

text: various

text: divisions

text: some

text: more

text: closely

text: related

text: to

text: plants

text: than

text: others

text: There

text: are

text: many

text: differences

text: between

text: them

text: in

text: features

text: such

text: as

text: cell

text: wall

text: composition

text: biochemistry

text: pigmentation

text: chloroplast

text: structure

text: and

text: nutrient

text: reserves

text: The

text: algal

text: division

text: Charophyta

text: sister

text: to

text: the

text: green

text: algal

text: division

text: Chlorophyta

text: is

text: considered

text: to

text: contain

text: the

text: ancestor

text: of

text: true

text: plants

text: The

text: Charophyte

text: class

text: Charophyceae

text: and

text: the

text: land

text: plant

text: sub

text: kingdom

text: Embryophyta

text: together

text: form

text: the

text: monophyletic

text: group

text: or

text: clade

text: Streptophytina

question: Are all algae different from land plants?

answer: some more closely related

text: some more closely related

question: What algae is the ancestor of true plants?

answer: Charophyta

text: Charophyta

question: Are all species of algae similar?

answer: many differences

text: many differences

question: To what species of algae is Charophyta related?

answer: Chlorophyta

text: Chlorophyta


text: A charity is a nonprofit organisation that meets stricter criteria regarding its purpose and the method in which it makes decisions and reports its finances. For example, a charity is generally not allowed to pay its Trustees. In England and Wales, charities may be registered with the Charity Commission. In Scotland, the Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator serves the same function. Other organizations which are classified as nonprofit organizations elsewhere, such as trade unions, are subject to separate regulations, and are not regarded as "charities" in the technical sense.

title: Nonprofit_organization

title: Nonprofit_organization

text: A

text: charity

text: is

text: a

text: nonprofit

text: organisation

text: that

text: meets

text: stricter

text: criteria

text: regarding

text: its

text: purpose

text: and

text: the

text: method

text: in

text: which

text: it

text: makes

text: decisions

text: and

text: reports

text: its

text: finances

text: For

text: example

text: a

text: charity

text: is

text: generally

text: not

text: allowed

text: to

text: pay

text: its

text: Trustees

text: In

text: England

text: and

text: Wales

text: charities

text: may

text: be

text: registered

text: with

text: the

text: Charity

text: Commission

text: In

text: Scotland

text: the

text: Office

text: of

text: the

text: Scottish

text: Charity

text: Regulator

text: serves

text: the

text: same

text: function

text: Other

text: organizations

text: which

text: are

text: classified

text: as

text: nonprofit

text: organizations

text: elsewhere

text: such

text: as

text: trade

text: unions

text: are

text: subject

text: to

text: separate

text: regulations

text: and

text: are

text: not

text: regarded

text: as

text: charities

text: in

text: the

text: technical

text: sense

question: What is the definition of a charity?

answer: nonprofit organisation that meets stricter criteria regarding its purpose and the method in which it makes decisions and reports its finances

text: nonprofit organisation that meets stricter criteria regarding its purpose and the method in which it makes decisions and reports its finances

question: Where are charity organizations registered in England and Wales?

answer: Charity Commission

text: Charity Commission

question: Where would an NPO or charity organization register in Scotland?

answer: Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator

text: Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator

question: What is one of the contraints of an NPO with regards to assets?

answer: generally not allowed to pay its Trustees

text: generally not allowed to pay its Trustees

question: Is a trade union governed by the Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator?

answer: not regarded as "charities" in the technical sense

text: not regarded as "charities" in the technical sense


text: The K-12 and higher education reform programs of the Gates Foundation have been criticized by some education professionals, parents, and researchers because they have driven the conversation on education reform to such an extent that they may marginalize researchers who do not support Gates' predetermined policy preferences. Several Gates-backed policies such as small schools, charter schools, and increasing class sizes have been expensive and disruptive, but some studies indicate they have not improved educational outcomes and may have caused harm. Peer reviewed scientific studies at Stanford find that Charter Schools do not systematically improve student performance

title: Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation

title: Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation

text: The

text: and

text: higher

text: education

text: reform

text: programs

text: of

text: the

text: Gates

text: Foundation

text: have

text: been

text: criticized

text: by

text: some

text: education

text: professionals

text: parents

text: and

text: researchers

text: because

text: they

text: have

text: driven

text: the

text: conversation

text: on

text: education

text: reform

text: to

text: such

text: an

text: extent

text: that

text: they

text: may

text: marginalize

text: researchers

text: who

text: do

text: not

text: support

text: Gates

text: predetermined

text: policy

text: preferences

text: Several

text: Gates

text: backed

text: policies

text: such

text: as

text: small

text: schools

text: charter

text: schools

text: and

text: increasing

text: class

text: sizes

text: have

text: been

text: expensive

text: and

text: disruptive

text: but

text: some

text: studies

text: indicate

text: they

text: have

text: not

text: improved

text: educational

text: outcomes

text: and

text: may

text: have

text: caused

text: harm

text: Peer

text: reviewed

text: scientific

text: studies

text: at

text: Stanford

text: find

text: that

text: Charter

text: Schools

text: do

text: not

text: systematically

text: improve

text: student

text: performance

question: Why were the gates foundation educational reforms critcized

answer: they may marginalize researchers who do not support Gates' predetermined policy preferences

text: they may marginalize researchers who do not support Gates' predetermined policy preferences

question: What are several of the gates backed policies

answer: Several Gates-backed policies such as small schools, charter schools, and increasing class sizes

text: Several Gates-backed policies such as small schools, charter schools, and increasing class sizes

question: Have the policies been criticized

answer: but some studies indicate they have not improved educational outcomes and may have caused harm

text: but some studies indicate they have not improved educational outcomes and may have caused harm

question: What does 1 specific study of charter schools show

answer: Peer reviewed scientific studies at Stanford find that Charter Schools do not systematically improve student performance

text: Peer reviewed scientific studies at Stanford find that Charter Schools do not systematically improve student performance


text: Charles Babbage, an English mechanical engineer and polymath, originated the concept of a programmable computer. Considered the "father of the computer", he conceptualized and invented the first mechanical computer in the early 19th century. After working on his revolutionary difference engine, designed to aid in navigational calculations, in 1833 he realized that a much more general design, an Analytical Engine, was possible. The input of programs and data was to be provided to the machine via punched cards, a method being used at the time to direct mechanical looms such as the Jacquard loom. For output, the machine would have a printer, a curve plotter and a bell. The machine would also be able to punch numbers onto cards to be read in later. The Engine incorporated an arithmetic logic unit, control flow in the form of conditional branching and loops, and integrated memory, making it the first design for a general-purpose computer that could be described in modern terms as Turing-complete.

title: Computer

title: Computer

text: Charles

text: Babbage

text: an

text: English

text: mechanical

text: engineer

text: and

text: polymath

text: originated

text: the

text: concept

text: of

text: a

text: programmable

text: computer

text: Considered

text: the

text: father

text: of

text: the

text: computer

text: he

text: conceptualized

text: and

text: invented

text: the

text: first

text: mechanical

text: computer

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: After

text: working

text: on

text: his

text: revolutionary

text: difference

text: engine

text: designed

text: to

text: aid

text: in

text: navigational

text: calculations

text: in

text: he

text: realized

text: that

text: a

text: much

text: more

text: general

text: design

text: an

text: Analytical

text: Engine

text: was

text: possible

text: The

text: input

text: of

text: programs

text: and

text: data

text: was

text: to

text: be

text: provided

text: to

text: the

text: machine

text: via

text: punched

text: cards

text: a

text: method

text: being

text: used

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: to

text: direct

text: mechanical

text: looms

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Jacquard

text: loom

text: For

text: output

text: the

text: machine

text: would

text: have

text: a

text: printer

text: a

text: curve

text: plotter

text: and

text: a

text: bell

text: The

text: machine

text: would

text: also

text: be

text: able

text: to

text: punch

text: numbers

text: onto

text: cards

text: to

text: be

text: read

text: in

text: later

text: The

text: Engine

text: incorporated

text: an

text: arithmetic

text: logic

text: unit

text: control

text: flow

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: conditional

text: branching

text: and

text: loops

text: and

text: integrated

text: memory

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: first

text: design

text: for

text: a

text: general

text: purpose

text: computer

text: that

text: could

text: be

text: described

text: in

text: modern

text: terms

text: as

text: Turing

text: complete

question: Who invented the concept of a programmable computer?

answer: Charles Babbage

text: Charles Babbage

question: Who is considered the "father of the computer"?

answer: Charles Babbage

text: Charles Babbage

question: During what century was the first mechanical computer invented by Charles Babbage?

answer: early 19th century

text: early 19th century

question: What year did Charles Babbage find out that An Analytical Engine was possible?

answer: 1833


text: Since at least the time of the Ancient Greeks, a proportion of Jews have assimilated into the wider non-Jewish society around them, by either choice or force, ceasing to practice Judaism and losing their Jewish identity. Assimilation took place in all areas, and during all time periods, with some Jewish communities, for example the Kaifeng Jews of China, disappearing entirely. The advent of the Jewish Enlightenment of the 18th century (see Haskalah) and the subsequent emancipation of the Jewish populations of Europe and America in the 19th century, accelerated the situation, encouraging Jews to increasingly participate in, and become part of, secular society. The result has been a growing trend of assimilation, as Jews marry non-Jewish spouses and stop participating in the Jewish community.

title: Jews

title: Jews

text: Since

text: at

text: least

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: the

text: Ancient

text: Greeks

text: a

text: proportion

text: of

text: Jews

text: have

text: assimilated

text: into

text: the

text: wider

text: non

text: Jewish

text: society

text: around

text: them

text: by

text: either

text: choice

text: or

text: force

text: ceasing

text: to

text: practice

text: Judaism

text: and

text: losing

text: their

text: Jewish

text: identity

text: Assimilation

text: took

text: place

text: in

text: all

text: areas

text: and

text: during

text: all

text: time

text: periods

text: with

text: some

text: Jewish

text: communities

text: for

text: example

text: the

text: Kaifeng

text: Jews

text: of

text: China

text: disappearing

text: entirely

text: The

text: advent

text: of

text: the

text: Jewish

text: Enlightenment

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: see

text: Haskalah

text: and

text: the

text: subsequent

text: emancipation

text: of

text: the

text: Jewish

text: populations

text: of

text: Europe

text: and

text: America

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: accelerated

text: the

text: situation

text: encouraging

text: Jews

text: to

text: increasingly

text: participate

text: in

text: and

text: become

text: part

text: of

text: secular

text: society

text: The

text: result

text: has

text: been

text: a

text: growing

text: trend

text: of

text: assimilation

text: as

text: Jews

text: marry

text: non

text: Jewish

text: spouses

text: and

text: stop

text: participating

text: in

text: the

text: Jewish

text: community

question: When did the advent of the Jewish Enlightenment occur?

answer: 18th century

text: 18th century

question: What was a result of the Jewish Enlightenment?

answer: growing trend of assimilation

text: growing trend of assimilation

question: Name a Jewish community that disappeared entirely?

answer: Kaifeng Jews of China

text: Kaifeng Jews of China


text: In 1996, Turner Broadcasting System merged with Time Warner, which besides placing Turner Classic Movies and Warner Bros. Entertainment under the same corporate umbrella, also gave TCM access to Warner Bros.' library of films released after 1949 (which itself includes other acquired entities such as the Lorimar, Saul Zaentz and National General Pictures libraries); incidentally, TCM had already been running select Warner Bros. film titles through a licensing agreement with the studio that was signed prior to the launch of the channel. In March 1999, MGM paid Warner Bros. and gave up the home video rights to the MGM/UA films owned by Turner to Warner Home Video.

title: Turner_Classic_Movies

title: Turner_Classic_Movies

text: In

text: Turner

text: Broadcasting

text: System

text: merged

text: with

text: Time

text: Warner

text: which

text: besides

text: placing

text: Turner

text: Classic

text: Movies

text: and

text: Warner

text: Bros.

text: Entertainment

text: under

text: the

text: same

text: corporate

text: umbrella

text: also

text: gave

text: TCM

text: access

text: to

text: Warner

text: Bros.

text: library

text: of

text: films

text: released

text: after

text: which

text: itself

text: includes

text: other

text: acquired

text: entities

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Lorimar

text: Saul

text: Zaentz

text: and

text: National

text: General

text: Pictures

text: libraries

text: incidentally

text: TCM

text: had

text: already

text: been

text: running

text: select

text: Warner

text: Bros.

text: film

text: titles

text: through

text: a

text: licensing

text: agreement

text: with

text: the

text: studio

text: that

text: was

text: signed

text: prior

text: to

text: the

text: launch

text: of

text: the

text: channel

text: In

text: March

text: MGM

text: paid

text: Warner

text: Bros.

text: and

text: gave

text: up

text: the

text: home

text: video

text: rights

text: to

text: the

text: MGM

text: UA

text: films

text: owned

text: by

text: Turner

text: to

text: Warner

text: Home

text: Video

question: With what company did Turner Broadcasting Systems merge in 1996?

answer: Time Warner

text: Time Warner

question: Along with Lorimar and National General Pictures, what library was included in the Warner Bros. library?

answer: Saul Zaentz

text: Saul Zaentz

question: When did MGM give Warner Home Video the rights to MGM/UA's films on home video?

answer: March 1999

text: March 1999


text: Ephesus is a cultic centre of Mary, the site of the first Church dedicated to her and the rumoured place of her death. Ephesus was previously a centre for worship of Artemis a virgin goddess. The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus being regarded as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World The cult of Mary was furthered by Queen Theodora in the 6th Century. According to William E. Phipps, in the book Survivals of Roman Religion "Gordon Laing argues convincingly that the worship of Artemis as both virgin and mother at the grand Ephesian temple contributed to the veneration of Mary."

title: Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)

title: Mary_(mother_of_Jesus

text: Ephesus

text: is

text: a

text: cultic

text: centre

text: of

text: Mary

text: the

text: site

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: Church

text: dedicated

text: to

text: her

text: and

text: the

text: rumoured

text: place

text: of

text: her

text: death

text: Ephesus

text: was

text: previously

text: a

text: centre

text: for

text: worship

text: of

text: Artemis

text: a

text: virgin

text: goddess

text: The

text: Temple

text: of

text: Artemis

text: at

text: Ephesus

text: being

text: regarded

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: Seven

text: Wonders

text: of

text: the

text: Ancient

text: World

text: The

text: cult

text: of

text: Mary

text: was

text: furthered

text: by

text: Queen

text: Theodora

text: in

text: the

text: Century

text: According

text: to

text: William

text: E.

text: Phipps

text: in

text: the

text: book

text: Survivals

text: of

text: Roman

text: Religion

text: Gordon

text: Laing

text: argues

text: convincingly

text: that

text: the

text: worship

text: of

text: Artemis

text: as

text: both

text: virgin

text: and

text: mother

text: at

text: the

text: grand

text: Ephesian

text: temple

text: contributed

text: to

text: the

text: veneration

text: of

text: Mary

question: Where is the site of the first Church dedicated to Mary?

answer: Ephesus

text: Ephesus

question: Which goddess was worshipped in Ephesus before Mary?

answer: Artemis

text: Artemis

question: Who was the author of the book, "Survivals of Roman Religion?"

answer: William E. Phipps

text: William E. Phipps

question: Which Queen furthered the cult of Mary in the 6th Century?

answer: Queen Theodora

text: Queen Theodora

question: Where was Mary rumored to have died?

answer: Ephesus

text: Ephesus


text: The Legislative Assembly of the Federal District is formed, as it is the case in all legislatures in Mexico, by both single-seat and proportional seats, making it a system of parallel voting. The Federal District is divided into 40 electoral constituencies of similar population which elect one representative by first-past-the-post plurality (FPP), locally called "uninominal deputies". The Federal District as a whole constitutes a single constituency for the parallel election of 26 representatives by proportionality (PR) with open-party lists, locally called "plurinominal deputies".

title: Mexico_City

title: Mexico_City

text: The

text: Legislative

text: Assembly

text: of

text: the

text: Federal

text: District

text: is

text: formed

text: as

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: case

text: in

text: all

text: legislatures

text: in

text: Mexico

text: by

text: both

text: single

text: seat

text: and

text: proportional

text: seats

text: making

text: it

text: a

text: system

text: of

text: parallel

text: voting

text: The

text: Federal

text: District

text: is

text: divided

text: into

text: electoral

text: constituencies

text: of

text: similar

text: population

text: which

text: elect

text: one

text: representative

text: by

text: first

text: past

text: the

text: post

text: plurality

text: FPP

text: locally

text: called

text: uninominal

text: deputies

text: The

text: Federal

text: District

text: as

text: a

text: whole

text: constitutes

text: a

text: single

text: constituency

text: for

text: the

text: parallel

text: election

text: of

text: representatives

text: by

text: proportionality

text: PR

text: with

text: open

text: party

text: lists

text: locally

text: called

text: plurinominal

text: deputies

question: What is the local government of Mexico City called?

answer: The Legislative Assembly of the Federal District

text: The Legislative Assembly of the Federal District

question: How is the local government of Mexico City formed?

answer: parallel voting

text: parallel voting

question: What is the proportionality voting referred to in Mexico City?

answer: plurinominal deputies

text: plurinominal deputies

question: How many representatives make up the Federal District?

answer: 26


text: But, like many colors, it also had a negative association, with heat, destruction and evil. A prayer to god Isis said: "Oh Isis, protect me from all things evil and red." The ancient Egyptians began manufacturing pigments in about 4000 BC. Red ochre was widely used as a pigment for wall paintings, particularly as the skin color of men. An ivory painter's palette found inside the tomb of King Tutankhamun had small compartments with pigments of red ochre and five other colors. The Egyptians used the root of the rubia, or madder plant, to make a dye, later known as alizarin, and also used it to color white power to use as a pigment, which became known as madder lake, alizarin or alizarin crimson.

title: Red

title: Red

text: But

text: like

text: many

text: colors

text: it

text: also

text: had

text: a

text: negative

text: association

text: with

text: heat

text: destruction

text: and

text: evil

text: A

text: prayer

text: to

text: god

text: Isis

text: said

text: Oh

text: Isis

text: protect

text: me

text: from

text: all

text: things

text: evil

text: and

text: red

text: The

text: ancient

text: Egyptians

text: began

text: manufacturing

text: pigments

text: in

text: about

text: BC

text: Red

text: ochre

text: was

text: widely

text: used

text: as

text: a

text: pigment

text: for

text: wall

text: paintings

text: particularly

text: as

text: the

text: skin

text: color

text: of

text: men

text: An

text: ivory

text: painter

text: 's

text: palette

text: found

text: inside

text: the

text: tomb

text: of

text: King

text: Tutankhamun

text: had

text: small

text: compartments

text: with

text: pigments

text: of

text: red

text: ochre

text: and

text: five

text: other

text: colors

text: The

text: Egyptians

text: used

text: the

text: root

text: of

text: the

text: rubia

text: or

text: madder

text: plant

text: to

text: make

text: a

text: dye

text: later

text: known

text: as

text: alizarin

text: and

text: also

text: used

text: it

text: to

text: color

text: white

text: power

text: to

text: use

text: as

text: a

text: pigment

text: which

text: became

text: known

text: as

text: madder

text: lake

text: alizarin

text: or

text: alizarin

text: crimson

question: When did Egyptians start to make red pigment?

answer: 4000 BC

text: 4000 BC

question: What pigment was used for male skin tone in ancient wall art?

answer: Red ochre

text: Red ochre

question: What root did Egyptians use to source their red pigment alizarin?

answer: the rubia

text: the rubia

question: What dye did the Egyptians make using the madder plant?

answer: alizarin

text: alizarin

question: What type of palette was found in Tutankhamun's tomb?

answer: ivory painter's palette

text: ivory painter's palette


text: Ogives are alternating wave crests and valleys that appear as dark and light bands of ice on glacier surfaces. They are linked to seasonal motion of glaciers; the width of one dark and one light band generally equals the annual movement of the glacier. Ogives are formed when ice from an icefall is severely broken up, increasing ablation surface area during summer. This creates a swale and space for snow accumulation in the winter, which in turn creates a ridge. Sometimes ogives consist only of undulations or color bands and are described as wave ogives or band ogives.

title: Glacier

title: Glacier

text: Ogives

text: are

text: alternating

text: wave

text: crests

text: and

text: valleys

text: that

text: appear

text: as

text: dark

text: and

text: light

text: bands

text: of

text: ice

text: on

text: glacier

text: surfaces

text: They

text: are

text: linked

text: to

text: seasonal

text: motion

text: of

text: glaciers

text: the

text: width

text: of

text: one

text: dark

text: and

text: one

text: light

text: band

text: generally

text: equals

text: the

text: annual

text: movement

text: of

text: the

text: glacier

text: Ogives

text: are

text: formed

text: when

text: ice

text: from

text: an

text: icefall

text: is

text: severely

text: broken

text: up

text: increasing

text: ablation

text: surface

text: area

text: during

text: summer

text: This

text: creates

text: a

text: swale

text: and

text: space

text: for

text: snow

text: accumulation

text: in

text: the

text: winter

text: which

text: in

text: turn

text: creates

text: a

text: ridge

text: Sometimes

text: ogives

text: consist

text: only

text: of

text: undulations

text: or

text: color

text: bands

text: and

text: are

text: described

text: as

text: wave

text: ogives

text: or

text: band

text: ogives

question: What are ogives?

answer: alternating wave crests and valleys that appear as dark and light bands of ice on glacier surfaces

text: alternating wave crests and valleys that appear as dark and light bands of ice on glacier surfaces

question: What does the width of one dark and one light band measure?

answer: annual movement of the glacier

text: annual movement of the glacier

question: How are ogives formed?

answer: when ice from an icefall is severely broken up, increasing ablation surface area during summer

text: when ice from an icefall is severely broken up, increasing ablation surface area during summer

question: Under what conditions are ogives called wave or band ogives?

answer: consist only of undulations or color bands

text: consist only of undulations or color bands


text: In the English language, the capitalized form of God continues to represent a distinction between monotheistic "God" and "gods" in polytheism. The English word God and its counterparts in other languages are normally used for any and all conceptions and, in spite of significant differences between religions, the term remains an English translation common to all. The same holds for Hebrew El, but in Judaism, God is also given a proper name, the tetragrammaton YHWH, in origin possibly the name of an Edomite or Midianite deity, Yahweh. In many translations of the Bible, when the word LORD is in all capitals, it signifies that the word represents the tetragrammaton.

title: God

title: God

text: In

text: the

text: English

text: language

text: the

text: capitalized

text: form

text: of

text: God

text: continues

text: to

text: represent

text: a

text: distinction

text: between

text: monotheistic

text: God

text: and

text: gods

text: in

text: polytheism

text: The

text: English

text: word

text: God

text: and

text: its

text: counterparts

text: in

text: other

text: languages

text: are

text: normally

text: used

text: for

text: any

text: and

text: all

text: conceptions

text: and

text: in

text: spite

text: of

text: significant

text: differences

text: between

text: religions

text: the

text: term

text: remains

text: an

text: English

text: translation

text: common

text: to

text: all

text: The

text: same

text: holds

text: for

text: Hebrew

text: El

text: but

text: in

text: Judaism

text: God

text: is

text: also

text: given

text: a

text: proper

text: name

text: the

text: tetragrammaton

text: YHWH

text: in

text: origin

text: possibly

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: an

text: Edomite

text: or

text: Midianite

text: deity

text: Yahweh

text: In

text: many

text: translations

text: of

text: the

text: Bible

text: when

text: the

text: word

text: LORD

text: is

text: in

text: all

text: capitals

text: it

text: signifies

text: that

text: the

text: word

text: represents

text: the

text: tetragrammaton

question: What differentiates God from gods?

answer: the capitalized form of God

text: the capitalized form of God

question: What belief has many gods?

answer: polytheism

text: polytheism

question: What does it mean to read the word LORD in all capitals in the Bible?

answer: signifies that the word represents the tetragrammaton

text: signifies that the word represents the tetragrammaton

question: What is the tetragrammaton gor God?

answer: YHWH

text: YHWH

question: No matter which religion, what is usually used as the name for the Supreme Being?

answer: God

text: God

question: What form of the word God refers to polytheistic gods?

answer: gods

text: gods

question: What is the name of God in Judaism?

answer: YHWH

text: YHWH

question: What does the all caps word LORD used in some bibles represent?

answer: YHWH

text: YHWH


text: In 1964, Nikita Khrushchev was removed from his position of power and replaced with Leonid Brezhnev. Under his rule, the Russian SFSR and the rest of the Soviet Union went through an era of stagnation. Even after he died in 1982, the era didn’t end until Mikhail Gorbachev took power and introduced liberal reforms in Soviet society.

title: Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic

text: In

text: Nikita

text: Khrushchev

text: was

text: removed

text: from

text: his

text: position

text: of

text: power

text: and

text: replaced

text: with

text: Leonid

text: Brezhnev

text: Under

text: his

text: rule

text: the

text: Russian

text: SFSR

text: and

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: went

text: through

text: an

text: era

text: of

text: stagnation

text: Even

text: after

text: he

text: died

text: in

text: the

text: era

text: did

text: n’t

text: end

text: until

text: Mikhail

text: Gorbachev

text: took

text: power

text: and

text: introduced

text: liberal

text: reforms

text: in

text: Soviet

text: society

question: Who lost power in 1964?

answer: Nikita Khrushchev

text: Nikita Khrushchev

question: Who assumed a position of power in 1964?

answer: Leonid Brezhnev

text: Leonid Brezhnev

question: When did Leonid Brezhnev die?

answer: 1982

question: Whose assumption of power ended the era of stagnation?

answer: Mikhail Gorbachev

text: Mikhail Gorbachev

question: How did Mikhail Gorbachev end the era of stagnation?

answer: introduced liberal reforms in Soviet society

text: introduced liberal reforms in Soviet society


text: The radio stations in San Diego include nationwide broadcaster, Clear Channel Communications; CBS Radio, Midwest Television, Lincoln Financial Media, Finest City Broadcasting, and many other smaller stations and networks. Stations include: KOGO AM 600, KFMB AM 760, KCEO AM 1000, KCBQ AM 1170, K-Praise, KLSD AM 1360 Air America, KFSD 1450 AM, KPBS-FM 89.5, Channel 933, Star 94.1, FM 94/9, FM News and Talk 95.7, Q96 96.1, KyXy 96.5, Free Radio San Diego (AKA Pirate Radio San Diego) 96.9FM FRSD, KSON 97.3/92.1, KXSN 98.1, Jack-FM 100.7, 101.5 KGB-FM, KLVJ 102.1, Rock 105.3, and another Pirate Radio station at 106.9FM, as well as a number of local Spanish-language radio stations.

title: San_Diego

title: San_Diego

text: The

text: radio

text: stations

text: in

text: San

text: Diego

text: include

text: nationwide

text: broadcaster

text: Clear

text: Channel

text: Communications

text: CBS

text: Radio

text: Midwest

text: Television

text: Lincoln

text: Financial

text: Media

text: Finest

text: City

text: Broadcasting

text: and

text: many

text: other

text: smaller

text: stations

text: and

text: networks

text: Stations

text: include

text: KOGO

text: AM

text: KFMB

text: AM

text: KCEO

text: AM

text: KCBQ

text: AM

text: K

text: Praise

text: KLSD

text: AM

text: Air

text: America

text: KFSD

text: AM

text: KPBS

text: FM

text: Channel

text: Star

text: FM

text: FM

text: News

text: and

text: Talk

text: KyXy

text: Free

text: Radio

text: San

text: Diego

text: AKA

text: Pirate

text: Radio

text: San

text: Diego

text: FRSD

text: KSON

text: KXSN

text: Jack

text: FM

text: KGB

text: FM

text: KLVJ

text: Rock

text: and

text: another

text: Pirate

text: Radio

text: station

text: at

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: local

text: Spanish

text: language

text: radio

text: stations

question: What is another name Free Radio San Diego is known by?

answer: Pirate Radio San Diego

text: Pirate Radio San Diego

question: In addition to Free Radio San Diego, what other pirate station is in San Diego?

answer: 106.9FM

question: What is the largest nationwide broadcaster in San Diego?

answer: Clear Channel Communications

text: Clear Channel Communications

question: Which language are some local radio stations available in?

answer: Spanish

text: Spanish

question: What is the exact setting for FM News & Talk?

answer: 95.7


text: At Maecenas' insistence (according to the tradition) Virgil spent the ensuing years (perhaps 37–29 BC) on the long didactic hexameter poem called the Georgics (from Greek, "On Working the Earth") which he dedicated to Maecenas. The ostensible theme of the Georgics is instruction in the methods of running a farm. In handling this theme, Virgil follows in the didactic ("how to") tradition of the Greek poet Hesiod's Works and Days and several works of the later Hellenistic poets. The four books of the Georgics focus respectively on raising crops and trees (1 and 2), livestock and horses (3), and beekeeping and the qualities of bees (4). Well-known passages include the beloved Laus Italiae of Book 2, the prologue description of the temple in Book 3, and the description of the plague at the end of Book 3. Book 4 concludes with a long mythological narrative, in the form of an epyllion which describes vividly the discovery of beekeeping by Aristaeus and the story of Orpheus' journey to the underworld. Ancient scholars, such as Servius, conjectured that the Aristaeus episode replaced, at the emperor's request, a long section in praise of Virgil's friend, the poet Gallus, who was disgraced by Augustus, and who committed suicide in 26 BC.

title: Virgil

title: Virgil

text: At

text: Maecenas

text: insistence

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: tradition

text: Virgil

text: spent

text: the

text: ensuing

text: years

text: perhaps

text: BC

text: on

text: the

text: long

text: didactic

text: hexameter

text: poem

text: called

text: the

text: Georgics

text: from

text: Greek

text: On

text: Working

text: the

text: Earth

text: which

text: he

text: dedicated

text: to

text: Maecenas

text: The

text: ostensible

text: theme

text: of

text: the

text: Georgics

text: is

text: instruction

text: in

text: the

text: methods

text: of

text: running

text: a

text: farm

text: In

text: handling

text: this

text: theme

text: Virgil

text: follows

text: in

text: the

text: didactic

text: how

text: to

text: tradition

text: of

text: the

text: Greek

text: poet

text: Hesiod

text: 's

text: Works

text: and

text: Days

text: and

text: several

text: works

text: of

text: the

text: later

text: Hellenistic

text: poets

text: The

text: four

text: books

text: of

text: the

text: Georgics

text: focus

text: respectively

text: on

text: raising

text: crops

text: and

text: trees

text: and

text: livestock

text: and

text: horses

text: and

text: beekeeping

text: and

text: the

text: qualities

text: of

text: bees

text: Well

text: known

text: passages

text: include

text: the

text: beloved

text: Laus

text: Italiae

text: of

text: Book

text: the

text: prologue

text: description

text: of

text: the

text: temple

text: in

text: Book

text: and

text: the

text: description

text: of

text: the

text: plague

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: Book

text: Book

text: concludes

text: with

text: a

text: long

text: mythological

text: narrative

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: an

text: epyllion

text: which

text: describes

text: vividly

text: the

text: discovery

text: of

text: beekeeping

text: by

text: Aristaeus

text: and

text: the

text: story

text: of

text: Orpheus

text: journey

text: to

text: the

text: underworld

text: Ancient

text: scholars

text: such

text: as

text: Servius

text: conjectured

text: that

text: the

text: Aristaeus

text: episode

text: replaced

text: at

text: the

text: emperor

text: 's

text: request

text: a

text: long

text: section

text: in

text: praise

text: of

text: Virgil

text: 's

text: friend

text: the

text: poet

text: Gallus

text: who

text: was

text: disgraced

text: by

text: Augustus

text: and

text: who

text: committed

text: suicide

text: in

text: BC

question: Which long didactic hexameter poem did Virgil work on for several years?

answer: Georgics

text: Georgics

question: To whom was Georgics dedicated to?

answer: Maecenas

text: Maecenas

question: The theme of Georgics is instruction in the methods of what?

answer: running a farm

text: running a farm

question: Which of Virgil's poet friends committed suicide in 26 BC?

answer: Gallus

text: Gallus

question: Who was Gallus disgraced by?

answer: Augustus

text: Augustus


text: Mali's constitution provides for an independent judiciary, but the executive continues to exercise influence over the judiciary by virtue of power to appoint judges and oversee both judicial functions and law enforcement. Mali's highest courts are the Supreme Court, which has both judicial and administrative powers, and a separate Constitutional Court that provides judicial review of legislative acts and serves as an election arbiter. Various lower courts exist, though village chiefs and elders resolve most local disputes in rural areas.

title: Mali

title: Mali

text: Mali

text: 's

text: constitution

text: provides

text: for

text: an

text: independent

text: judiciary

text: but

text: the

text: executive

text: continues

text: to

text: exercise

text: influence

text: over

text: the

text: judiciary

text: by

text: virtue

text: of

text: power

text: to

text: appoint

text: judges

text: and

text: oversee

text: both

text: judicial

text: functions

text: and

text: law

text: enforcement

text: Mali

text: 's

text: highest

text: courts

text: are

text: the

text: Supreme

text: Court

text: which

text: has

text: both

text: judicial

text: and

text: administrative

text: powers

text: and

text: a

text: separate

text: Constitutional

text: Court

text: that

text: provides

text: judicial

text: review

text: of

text: legislative

text: acts

text: and

text: serves

text: as

text: an

text: election

text: arbiter

text: Various

text: lower

text: courts

text: exist

text: though

text: village

text: chiefs

text: and

text: elders

text: resolve

text: most

text: local

text: disputes

text: in

text: rural

text: areas

question: What is Mali's highest court?

answer: Supreme Court

text: Supreme Court

question: What controls do the supreme court have?

answer: both judicial and administrative powers

text: both judicial and administrative powers

question: Constitutional Court provides what type of review of legislative acts?

answer: judicial review

text: judicial review

question: Constitutional Court also serves as what type of arbiter?

answer: election

text: election

question: Local disputes in rural areas are usually handled by what individuals?

answer: village chiefs and elders

text: village chiefs and elders


text: Following the Army of the Loire's defeats, Gambetta turned to General Faidherbe's Army of the North. The army had achieved several small victories at towns such as Ham, La Hallue, and Amiens and was protected by the belt of fortresses in northern France, allowing Faidherbe's men to launch quick attacks against isolated Prussian units, then retreat behind the fortresses. Despite access to the armaments factories of Lille, the Army of the North suffered from severe supply difficulties, which depressed morale. In January 1871, Gambetta forced Faidherbe to march his army beyond the fortresses and engage the Prussians in open battle. The army was severely weakened by low morale, supply problems, the terrible winter weather and low troop quality, whilst general Faidherbe was unable to command due to his poor health, the result of decades of campaigning in West Africa. At the Battle of St. Quentin, the Army of the North suffered a crushing defeat and was scattered, releasing thousands of Prussian soldiers to be relocated to the East.

title: Franco-Prussian_War

title: Franco

title: Prussian_War

text: Following

text: the

text: Army

text: of

text: the

text: Loire

text: 's

text: defeats

text: Gambetta

text: turned

text: to

text: General

text: Faidherbe

text: 's

text: Army

text: of

text: the

text: North

text: The

text: army

text: had

text: achieved

text: several

text: small

text: victories

text: at

text: towns

text: such

text: as

text: Ham

text: La

text: Hallue

text: and

text: Amiens

text: and

text: was

text: protected

text: by

text: the

text: belt

text: of

text: fortresses

text: in

text: northern

text: France

text: allowing

text: Faidherbe

text: 's

text: men

text: to

text: launch

text: quick

text: attacks

text: against

text: isolated

text: Prussian

text: units

text: then

text: retreat

text: behind

text: the

text: fortresses

text: Despite

text: access

text: to

text: the

text: armaments

text: factories

text: of

text: Lille

text: the

text: Army

text: of

text: the

text: North

text: suffered

text: from

text: severe

text: supply

text: difficulties

text: which

text: depressed

text: morale

text: In

text: January

text: Gambetta

text: forced

text: Faidherbe

text: to

text: march

text: his

text: army

text: beyond

text: the

text: fortresses

text: and

text: engage

text: the

text: Prussians

text: in

text: open

text: battle

text: The

text: army

text: was

text: severely

text: weakened

text: by

text: low

text: morale

text: supply

text: problems

text: the

text: terrible

text: winter

text: weather

text: and

text: low

text: troop

text: quality

text: whilst

text: general

text: Faidherbe

text: was

text: unable

text: to

text: command

text: due

text: to

text: his

text: poor

text: health

text: the

text: result

text: of

text: decades

text: of

text: campaigning

text: in

text: West

text: Africa

text: At

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: St.

text: Quentin

text: the

text: Army

text: of

text: the

text: North

text: suffered

text: a

text: crushing

text: defeat

text: and

text: was

text: scattered

text: releasing

text: thousands

text: of

text: Prussian

text: soldiers

text: to

text: be

text: relocated

text: to

text: the

text: East

question: What army's defeats turned Gambetta to the Army of the North?

answer: Army of the Loire's

text: Army of the Loire's

question: Who led the Army of the North?

answer: General Faidherbe

text: General Faidherbe

question: Several smaller victories were acheived by the protection of what?

answer: belt of fortresses

text: belt of fortresses

question: The belt of fortresses were in what area of France?

answer: northern France

text: northern France

question: This position in the north allowed whose men to launch fast attacks against Prussian units?

answer: Faidherbe's

text: Faidherbe's


text: Pub names are used to identify and differentiate each pub. Modern names are sometimes a marketing ploy or attempt to create "brand awareness", frequently using a comic theme thought to be memorable, Slug and Lettuce for a pub chain being an example. Interesting origins are not confined to old or traditional names, however. Names and their origins can be broken up into a relatively small number of categories.

title: Pub

title: Pub

text: Pub

text: names

text: are

text: used

text: to

text: identify

text: and

text: differentiate

text: each

text: pub

text: Modern

text: names

text: are

text: sometimes

text: a

text: marketing

text: ploy

text: or

text: attempt

text: to

text: create

text: brand

text: awareness

text: frequently

text: using

text: a

text: comic

text: theme

text: thought

text: to

text: be

text: memorable

text: Slug

text: and

text: Lettuce

text: for

text: a

text: pub

text: chain

text: being

text: an

text: example

text: Interesting

text: origins

text: are

text: not

text: confined

text: to

text: old

text: or

text: traditional

text: names

text: however

text: Names

text: and

text: their

text: origins

text: can

text: be

text: broken

text: up

text: into

text: a

text: relatively

text: small

text: number

text: of

text: categories

question: What is an example of a memorable name for a pub chain?

answer: Slug and Lettuce

text: Slug and Lettuce

question: What sort of theme is thought memorable for modern pub names?

answer: comic

text: comic

question: What is the purpose of a pub name?

answer: to identify and differentiate each pub

text: to identify and differentiate each pub


text: In the Soviet Union, in the 1970s, a comparison was made between systems electrified at 3 kV DC and 25 kV AC (50 Hz). The results showed that percentage losses in the overhead wires (catenary and contact wires) was over 3 times greater for 3 kV DC than for 25 kV AC. But when the conversion losses were all taken into account and added to overhead wire losses (including cooling blower energy) the 25 kV AC lost a somewhat higher percent of energy than for 3 kV DC. Thus in spite of the much higher losses in the catenary, the 3 kV DC was a little more energy efficient than AC in providing energy from the USSR power grid to the terminals of the traction motors (all DC at that time). While both systems use energy in converting higher voltage AC from the USSR's power grid to lower voltage DC, the conversions for the DC system all took place (at higher efficiency) in the railway substation, while most of the conversion for the AC system took place inside the locomotive (at lower efficiency). Consider also that it takes energy to constantly move this mobile conversion hardware over the rails while the stationary hardware in the railway substation doesn't incur this energy cost. For more details see: Wiki: Soviet Union DC vs. AC.

title: Railway_electrification_system

title: Railway_electrification_system

text: In

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: in

text: the

text: a

text: comparison

text: was

text: made

text: between

text: systems

text: electrified

text: at

text: kV

text: DC

text: and

text: kV

text: AC

text: Hz

text: The

text: results

text: showed

text: that

text: percentage

text: losses

text: in

text: the

text: overhead

text: wires

text: catenary

text: and

text: contact

text: wires

text: was

text: over

text: times

text: greater

text: for

text: kV

text: DC

text: than

text: for

text: kV

text: AC

text: But

text: when

text: the

text: conversion

text: losses

text: were

text: all

text: taken

text: into

text: account

text: and

text: added

text: to

text: overhead

text: wire

text: losses

text: including

text: cooling

text: blower

text: energy

text: the

text: kV

text: AC

text: lost

text: a

text: somewhat

text: higher

text: percent

text: of

text: energy

text: than

text: for

text: kV

text: DC

text: Thus

text: in

text: spite

text: of

text: the

text: much

text: higher

text: losses

text: in

text: the

text: catenary

text: the

text: kV

text: DC

text: was

text: a

text: little

text: more

text: energy

text: efficient

text: than

text: AC

text: in

text: providing

text: energy

text: from

text: the

text: USSR

text: power

text: grid

text: to

text: the

text: terminals

text: of

text: the

text: traction

text: motors

text: all

text: DC

text: at

text: that

text: time

text: While

text: both

text: systems

text: use

text: energy

text: in

text: converting

text: higher

text: voltage

text: AC

text: from

text: the

text: USSR

text: 's

text: power

text: grid

text: to

text: lower

text: voltage

text: DC

text: the

text: conversions

text: for

text: the

text: DC

text: system

text: all

text: took

text: place

text: at

text: higher

text: efficiency

text: in

text: the

text: railway

text: substation

text: while

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: conversion

text: for

text: the

text: AC

text: system

text: took

text: place

text: inside

text: the

text: locomotive

text: at

text: lower

text: efficiency

text: Consider

text: also

text: that

text: it

text: takes

text: energy

text: to

text: constantly

text: move

text: this

text: mobile

text: conversion

text: hardware

text: over

text: the

text: rails

text: while

text: the

text: stationary

text: hardware

text: in

text: the

text: railway

text: substation

text: does

text: n't

text: incur

text: this

text: energy

text: cost

text: For

text: more

text: details

text: see

text: Wiki

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: DC

text: vs.

text: AC

question: What two systems were compare in the Soviet Union in 1970?

answer: 3 kV DC and 25 kV AC (50 Hz

text: 3 kV DC and 25 kV AC (50 Hz

question: Which system had higher losses in overhead wires?

answer: 3 kV DC

text: 3 kV DC

question: Which system was used in Soviet Union after all calculations?

answer: 3 kV DC

text: 3 kV DC

question: What came with lesser lesser cost mobile conversion hardware or stationary hardware?

answer: stationary hardware

text: stationary hardware


text: The most well-known disease that affects the immune system itself is AIDS, an immunodeficiency characterized by the suppression of CD4+ ("helper") T cells, dendritic cells and macrophages by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).

title: Immunology

title: Immunology

text: The

text: most

text: well

text: known

text: disease

text: that

text: affects

text: the

text: immune

text: system

text: itself

text: is

text: AIDS

text: an

text: immunodeficiency

text: characterized

text: by

text: the

text: suppression

text: of

text: helper

text: T

text: cells

text: dendritic

text: cells

text: and

text: macrophages

text: by

text: the

text: Human

text: Immunodeficiency

text: Virus

text: HIV

question: What is the most famous immune system disease?

answer: AIDS

text: AIDS

question: What kind of disease is AIDS?

answer: an immunodeficiency

text: an immunodeficiency

question: Which types of cells are suppressed by AIDS?

answer: CD4+ ("helper") T cells, dendritic cells and macrophages

text: CD4+ ("helper") T cells, dendritic cells and macrophages

question: What virus specifically suppresses those cells?

answer: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

text: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)


text: It now became relevant to define the east of the eastern question. In about the middle of the 19th century "Near East" came into use to describe that part of the east closest to Europe. The term "Far East" appeared contemporaneously meaning Japan, China, Korea, Indonesia and Viet Nam; in short, the East Indies. "Near East" applied to what had been mainly known as the Levant, which was in the jurisdiction of the Ottoman Porte, or government. Those who used the term had little choice about its meaning. They could not set foot on most of the shores of the southern and central Mediterranean from the Gulf of Sidra to Albania without permits from the Ottoman Empire.

title: Near_East

title: Near_East

text: It

text: now

text: became

text: relevant

text: to

text: define

text: the

text: east

text: of

text: the

text: eastern

text: question

text: In

text: about

text: the

text: middle

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: Near

text: East

text: came

text: into

text: use

text: to

text: describe

text: that

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: east

text: closest

text: to

text: Europe

text: The

text: term

text: Far

text: East

text: appeared

text: contemporaneously

text: meaning

text: Japan

text: China

text: Korea

text: Indonesia

text: and

text: Viet

text: Nam

text: in

text: short

text: the

text: East

text: Indies

text: Near

text: East

text: applied

text: to

text: what

text: had

text: been

text: mainly

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Levant

text: which

text: was

text: in

text: the

text: jurisdiction

text: of

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Porte

text: or

text: government

text: Those

text: who

text: used

text: the

text: term

text: had

text: little

text: choice

text: about

text: its

text: meaning

text: They

text: could

text: not

text: set

text: foot

text: on

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: shores

text: of

text: the

text: southern

text: and

text: central

text: Mediterranean

text: from

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Sidra

text: to

text: Albania

text: without

text: permits

text: from

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

question: When did "Near East" come into use to describe the part of the east closest to Europe?

answer: middle of the 19th century

text: middle of the 19th century

question: In short, the term Far East appeared to name this area

answer: the East Indies

text: the East Indies

question: "Near East" applied to this mainly known area

answer: the Levant

text: the Levant

question: What was the jurisdiction of the Levant in?

answer: the Ottoman Porte

text: the Ottoman Porte

question: What was needed to set foot on most of the shores of the southern and central Mediterranean?

answer: permits from the Ottoman Empire

text: permits from the Ottoman Empire


text: Polytechnic schools are distinct from academic universities in Finland. Ammattikorkeakoulu is the common term in Finland, as is the Swedish alternative "yrkeshögskola" – their focus is on studies leading to a degree (for instance insinööri, engineer; in international use, Bachelor of Engineering) in kind different from but in level comparable to an academic bachelor's degree awarded by a university. Since 2006 the polytechnics have offered studies leading to master's degrees (Master of Engineering). After January 1, 2006, some Finnish ammattikorkeakoulus switched the English term "polytechnic" to the term "university of applied sciences" in the English translations of their legal names. The ammattikorkeakoulu has many similarities to the hogeschool in Belgium and in the Netherlands and to the Fachhochschule in the German language areas.

title: Institute_of_technology

title: Institute_of_technology

text: Polytechnic

text: schools

text: are

text: distinct

text: from

text: academic

text: universities

text: in

text: Finland

text: Ammattikorkeakoulu

text: is

text: the

text: common

text: term

text: in

text: Finland

text: as

text: is

text: the

text: Swedish

text: alternative

text: yrkeshögskola

text: their

text: focus

text: is

text: on

text: studies

text: leading

text: to

text: a

text: degree

text: for

text: instance

text: insinööri

text: engineer

text: in

text: international

text: use

text: Bachelor

text: of

text: Engineering

text: in

text: kind

text: different

text: from

text: but

text: in

text: level

text: comparable

text: to

text: an

text: academic

text: bachelor

text: 's

text: degree

text: awarded

text: by

text: a

text: university

text: Since

text: the

text: polytechnics

text: have

text: offered

text: studies

text: leading

text: to

text: master

text: 's

text: degrees

text: Master

text: of

text: Engineering

text: After

text: January

text: some

text: Finnish

text: ammattikorkeakoulus

text: switched

text: the

text: English

text: term

text: polytechnic

text: to

text: the

text: term

text: university

text: of

text: applied

text: sciences

text: in

text: the

text: English

text: translations

text: of

text: their

text: legal

text: names

text: The

text: ammattikorkeakoulu

text: has

text: many

text: similarities

text: to

text: the

text: hogeschool

text: in

text: Belgium

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: and

text: to

text: the

text: Fachhochschule

text: in

text: the

text: German

text: language

text: areas

question: In what country are polytechnic schools designated uniquely from academic universities?

answer: Finland

text: Finland

question: What word means polytechnic school in Finnish?

answer: ammattikorkeakoulus

text: ammattikorkeakoulus

question: What's the Swedish word for a polytechnic school?

answer: yrkeshögskola

text: yrkeshögskola


text: In 1885, British claims to a West African sphere of influence received recognition from other European nations at the Berlin Conference. The following year, it chartered the Royal Niger Company under the leadership of Sir George Taubman Goldie. In 1900 the company's territory came under the control of the British government, which moved to consolidate its hold over the area of modern Nigeria. On 1 January 1901, Nigeria became a British protectorate, and part of the British Empire, the foremost world power at the time. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries the independent kingdoms of what would become Nigeria fought a number of conflicts against the British Empire's efforts to expand its territory. By war, the British conquered Benin in 1897, and, in the Anglo-Aro War (1901–1902), defeated other opponents. The restraint or conquest of these states opened up the Niger area to British rule.

title: Nigeria

title: Nigeria

text: In

text: British

text: claims

text: to

text: a

text: West

text: African

text: sphere

text: of

text: influence

text: received

text: recognition

text: from

text: other

text: European

text: nations

text: at

text: the

text: Berlin

text: Conference

text: The

text: following

text: year

text: it

text: chartered

text: the

text: Royal

text: Niger

text: Company

text: under

text: the

text: leadership

text: of

text: Sir

text: George

text: Taubman

text: Goldie

text: In

text: the

text: company

text: 's

text: territory

text: came

text: under

text: the

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: government

text: which

text: moved

text: to

text: consolidate

text: its

text: hold

text: over

text: the

text: area

text: of

text: modern

text: Nigeria

text: On

text: January

text: Nigeria

text: became

text: a

text: British

text: protectorate

text: and

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: Empire

text: the

text: foremost

text: world

text: power

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: In

text: the

text: late

text: and

text: early

text: centuries

text: the

text: independent

text: kingdoms

text: of

text: what

text: would

text: become

text: Nigeria

text: fought

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: conflicts

text: against

text: the

text: British

text: Empire

text: 's

text: efforts

text: to

text: expand

text: its

text: territory

text: By

text: war

text: the

text: British

text: conquered

text: Benin

text: in

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: Anglo

text: Aro

text: War

text: defeated

text: other

text: opponents

text: The

text: restraint

text: or

text: conquest

text: of

text: these

text: states

text: opened

text: up

text: the

text: Niger

text: area

text: to

text: British

text: rule

question: Where was Britain's claim to West Africa recognized in 1885?

answer: the Berlin Conference

text: the Berlin Conference

question: What company was led by Sir George Taubman Goldie?

answer: Royal Niger Company

text: Royal Niger Company

question: When did the British government take over the Royal Niger Company's territory?

answer: 1900

question: When did Nigeria become a British protectorate?

answer: 1 January 1901

text: 1 January 1901

question: Which country did Britain conquer in 1897?

answer: Benin

text: Benin


text: Emerging British acts included Free, who released their signature song "All Right Now" (1970), which has received extensive radio airplay in both the UK and US. After the breakup of the band in 1973, vocalist Paul Rodgers joined supergroup Bad Company, whose eponymous first album (1974) was an international hit. The mixture of hard rock and progressive rock, evident in the works of Deep Purple, was pursued more directly by bands like Uriah Heep and Argent. Scottish band Nazareth released their self-titled début album in 1971, producing a blend of hard rock and pop that would culminate in their best selling, Hair of the Dog (1975), which contained the proto-power ballad "Love Hurts". Having enjoyed some national success in the early 1970s, Queen, after the release of Sheer Heart Attack (1974) and A Night at the Opera (1975), gained international recognition with a sound that used layered vocals and guitars and mixed hard rock with heavy metal, progressive rock, and even opera. The latter featured the single "Bohemian Rhapsody", which stayed at number one in the UK charts for nine weeks.

title: Hard_rock

title: Hard_rock

text: Emerging

text: British

text: acts

text: included

text: Free

text: who

text: released

text: their

text: signature

text: song

text: All

text: Right

text: Now

text: which

text: has

text: received

text: extensive

text: radio

text: airplay

text: in

text: both

text: the

text: UK

text: and

text: US

text: After

text: the

text: breakup

text: of

text: the

text: band

text: in

text: vocalist

text: Paul

text: Rodgers

text: joined

text: supergroup

text: Bad

text: Company

text: whose

text: eponymous

text: first

text: album

text: was

text: an

text: international

text: hit

text: The

text: mixture

text: of

text: hard

text: rock

text: and

text: progressive

text: rock

text: evident

text: in

text: the

text: works

text: of

text: Deep

text: Purple

text: was

text: pursued

text: more

text: directly

text: by

text: bands

text: like

text: Uriah

text: Heep

text: and

text: Argent

text: Scottish

text: band

text: Nazareth

text: released

text: their

text: self

text: titled

text: début

text: album

text: in

text: producing

text: a

text: blend

text: of

text: hard

text: rock

text: and

text: pop

text: that

text: would

text: culminate

text: in

text: their

text: best

text: selling

text: Hair

text: of

text: the

text: Dog

text: which

text: contained

text: the

text: proto

text: power

text: ballad

text: Love

text: Hurts

text: Having

text: enjoyed

text: some

text: national

text: success

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: Queen

text: after

text: the

text: release

text: of

text: Sheer

text: Heart

text: Attack

text: and

text: A

text: Night

text: at

text: the

text: Opera

text: gained

text: international

text: recognition

text: with

text: a

text: sound

text: that

text: used

text: layered

text: vocals

text: and

text: guitars

text: and

text: mixed

text: hard

text: rock

text: with

text: heavy

text: metal

text: progressive

text: rock

text: and

text: even

text: opera

text: The

text: latter

text: featured

text: the

text: single

text: Bohemian

text: Rhapsody

text: which

text: stayed

text: at

text: number

text: one

text: in

text: the

text: UK

text: charts

text: for

text: nine

text: weeks

question: When did Free break up?

answer: 1973

question: What band did Free lead singer Paul Rodgers help form?

answer: Bad Company

text: Bad Company

question: Bad Company's self titled debut album was released in what year?

answer: 1974

question: What nationality was the band Nazareth?

answer: Scottish

text: Scottish

question: What was Queen's massive 1975 hit single called?

answer: "Bohemian Rhapsody"

text: "Bohemian Rhapsody"


text: Video games are playable on various versions of iPods. The original iPod had the game Brick (originally invented by Apple's co-founder Steve Wozniak) included as an easter egg hidden feature; later firmware versions added it as a menu option. Later revisions of the iPod added three more games: Parachute, Solitaire, and Music Quiz.

title: IPod

title: IPod

text: Video

text: games

text: are

text: playable

text: on

text: various

text: versions

text: of

text: iPods

text: The

text: original

text: iPod

text: had

text: the

text: game

text: Brick

text: originally

text: invented

text: by

text: Apple

text: 's

text: co

text: founder

text: Steve

text: Wozniak

text: included

text: as

text: an

text: easter

text: egg

text: hidden

text: feature

text: later

text: firmware

text: versions

text: added

text: it

text: as

text: a

text: menu

text: option

text: Later

text: revisions

text: of

text: the

text: iPod

text: added

text: three

text: more

text: games

text: Parachute

text: Solitaire

text: and

text: Music

text: Quiz

question: On what devices can video games be used?

answer: iPods

text: iPods

question: What was included on the first iPod?

answer: Brick

text: Brick

question: Who created Brick?

answer: Steve Wozniak

text: Steve Wozniak

question: What are three games, in addition to Brick, which have been included with the iPod?

answer: Parachute, Solitaire, and Music Quiz

text: Parachute, Solitaire, and Music Quiz

question: What is another phrase meaning hidden feature?

answer: easter egg

text: easter egg

question: What was the first, hidden game included with the original iPod?

answer: Brick

text: Brick

question: What other games were later added to the original iPod?

answer: Parachute, Solitaire, and Music Quiz

text: Parachute, Solitaire, and Music Quiz


text: The torch was lit at a park outside at AT&T Park at about 1:17 pm PDT (20:17 UTC), briefly held aloft by American and Chinese Olympic officials. The relay descended into confusion as the first runner in the elaborately planned relay disappeared into a warehouse on a waterfront pier where it stayed for a half-an-hour. There were clashes between thousands of pro-China demonstrators, many of whom said they were bused in by the Chinese Consulate and other pro-China groups, and both pro-Tibet and Darfur protesters. The non-Chinese demonstrators were reported to have been swamped and trailed by angry crowds. Around 2 pm PDT (21:00 UTC), the torch resurfaced about 3 km (1.9 mi) away from the stadium along Van Ness Avenue, a heavily trafficked thoroughfare that was not on official route plans. Television reports showed the flame flanked by motorcycles and uniformed police officers. Two torchbearers carried the flame running slowly behind a truck and surrounded by Olympic security guards. During the torch relay, two torchbearers, Andrew Michael who uses a wheelchair and is the Vice President for Sustainable Development for the Bay Area Council and Director of Partnerships For Change, and an environmental advocate, Majora Carter, managed to display Tibetan flags in protest, resulting in their ejection from the relay. The closing ceremony at Justin Herman Plaza was canceled due to the presence of large numbers of protesters at the site. The torch run ended with a final stretch through San Francisco's Marina district and was then moved by bus to San Francisco International Airport for a makeshift closing ceremony at the terminal, from which the free media was excluded. San Jose Mercury News described the "deceiving" event as "a game of Where's Waldo, played against the landscape of a lovely city." International Olympic Committee President Jacques Rogge said the San Francisco relay had "fortunately" avoided much of the disruptions that marred the legs in London and Paris, but "was, however, not the joyous party that we had wished it to be."

title: 2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay

title: 2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay

text: The

text: torch

text: was

text: lit

text: at

text: a

text: park

text: outside

text: at

text: AT&T

text: Park

text: at

text: about

text: pm

text: PDT

text: UTC

text: briefly

text: held

text: aloft

text: by

text: American

text: and

text: Chinese

text: Olympic

text: officials

text: The

text: relay

text: descended

text: into

text: confusion

text: as

text: the

text: first

text: runner

text: in

text: the

text: elaborately

text: planned

text: relay

text: disappeared

text: into

text: a

text: warehouse

text: on

text: a

text: waterfront

text: pier

text: where

text: it

text: stayed

text: for

text: a

text: half

text: an

text: hour

text: There

text: were

text: clashes

text: between

text: thousands

text: of

text: pro

text: China

text: demonstrators

text: many

text: of

text: whom

text: said

text: they

text: were

text: bused

text: in

text: by

text: the

text: Chinese

text: Consulate

text: and

text: other

text: pro

text: China

text: groups

text: and

text: both

text: pro

text: Tibet

text: and

text: Darfur

text: protesters

text: The

text: non

text: Chinese

text: demonstrators

text: were

text: reported

text: to

text: have

text: been

text: swamped

text: and

text: trailed

text: by

text: angry

text: crowds

text: Around

text: pm

text: PDT

text: UTC

text: the

text: torch

text: resurfaced

text: about

text: km

text: mi

text: away

text: from

text: the

text: stadium

text: along

text: Van

text: Ness

text: Avenue

text: a

text: heavily

text: trafficked

text: thoroughfare

text: that

text: was

text: not

text: on

text: official

text: route

text: plans

text: Television

text: reports

text: showed

text: the

text: flame

text: flanked

text: by

text: motorcycles

text: and

text: uniformed

text: police

text: officers

text: Two

text: torchbearers

text: carried

text: the

text: flame

text: running

text: slowly

text: behind

text: a

text: truck

text: and

text: surrounded

text: by

text: Olympic

text: security

text: guards

text: During

text: the

text: torch

text: relay

text: two

text: torchbearers

text: Andrew

text: Michael

text: who

text: uses

text: a

text: wheelchair

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: Vice

text: President

text: for

text: Sustainable

text: Development

text: for

text: the

text: Bay

text: Area

text: Council

text: and

text: Director

text: of

text: Partnerships

text: For

text: Change

text: and

text: an

text: environmental

text: advocate

text: Majora

text: Carter

text: managed

text: to

text: display

text: Tibetan

text: flags

text: in

text: protest

text: resulting

text: in

text: their

text: ejection

text: from

text: the

text: relay

text: The

text: closing

text: ceremony

text: at

text: Justin

text: Herman

text: Plaza

text: was

text: canceled

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: presence

text: of

text: large

text: numbers

text: of

text: protesters

text: at

text: the

text: site

text: The

text: torch

text: run

text: ended

text: with

text: a

text: final

text: stretch

text: through

text: San

text: Francisco

text: 's

text: Marina

text: district

text: and

text: was

text: then

text: moved

text: by

text: bus

text: to

text: San

text: Francisco

text: International

text: Airport

text: for

text: a

text: makeshift

text: closing

text: ceremony

text: at

text: the

text: terminal

text: from

text: which

text: the

text: free

text: media

text: was

text: excluded

text: San

text: Jose

text: Mercury

text: News

text: described

text: the

text: deceiving

text: event

text: as

text: a

text: game

text: of

text: Where

text: 's

text: Waldo

text: played

text: against

text: the

text: landscape

text: of

text: a

text: lovely

text: city

text: International

text: Olympic

text: Committee

text: President

text: Jacques

text: Rogge

text: said

text: the

text: San

text: Francisco

text: relay

text: had

text: fortunately

text: avoided

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: disruptions

text: that

text: marred

text: the

text: legs

text: in

text: London

text: and

text: Paris

text: but

text: was

text: however

text: not

text: the

text: joyous

text: party

text: that

text: we

text: had

text: wished

text: it

text: to

text: be

question: Where did the first relay runner disappear to with the torch??

answer: a warehouse

text: a warehouse

question: Which wheelchair-bound torchbearer was ejected from the relay for showing a Tibetan flag?

answer: Andrew Michael

text: Andrew Michael

question: What wheelchair-bound bearer of the Olympic torch displayed a Tibetan flag?

answer: Andrew Michael

text: Andrew Michael

question: Where was the last part of the San Francisco torch relay carried through before getting on a bus?

answer: Marina district

text: Marina district

question: Where was a makeshift closing ceremony held for the torch relay in San Francisco?

answer: San Francisco International Airport

text: San Francisco International Airport

question: After the bearer of the torch disappeared into a warehouse, what road did the relay reappear on?

answer: Van Ness Avenue

text: Van Ness Avenue


text: Another deck structure that can be seen is a ski-jump ramp at the forward end of the flight deck. This was first developed to help launch STOVL aircraft take off at far higher weights than is possible with a vertical or rolling takeoff on flat decks. Originally developed by the Royal Navy, it since has been adopted by many navies for smaller carriers. A ski-jump ramp works by converting some of the forward rolling movement of the aircraft into vertical velocity and is sometimes combined with the aiming of jet thrust partly downwards. This allows heavily loaded and fueled aircraft a few more precious seconds to attain sufficient air velocity and lift to sustain normal flight. Without a ski-jump launching fully loaded and fueled aircraft such as the Harrier would not be possible on a smaller flat deck ship before either stalling out or crashing directly into the sea.

title: Aircraft_carrier

title: Aircraft_carrier

text: Another

text: deck

text: structure

text: that

text: can

text: be

text: seen

text: is

text: a

text: ski

text: jump

text: ramp

text: at

text: the

text: forward

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: flight

text: deck

text: This

text: was

text: first

text: developed

text: to

text: help

text: launch

text: STOVL

text: aircraft

text: take

text: off

text: at

text: far

text: higher

text: weights

text: than

text: is

text: possible

text: with

text: a

text: vertical

text: or

text: rolling

text: takeoff

text: on

text: flat

text: decks

text: Originally

text: developed

text: by

text: the

text: Royal

text: Navy

text: it

text: since

text: has

text: been

text: adopted

text: by

text: many

text: navies

text: for

text: smaller

text: carriers

text: A

text: ski

text: jump

text: ramp

text: works

text: by

text: converting

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: forward

text: rolling

text: movement

text: of

text: the

text: aircraft

text: into

text: vertical

text: velocity

text: and

text: is

text: sometimes

text: combined

text: with

text: the

text: aiming

text: of

text: jet

text: thrust

text: partly

text: downwards

text: This

text: allows

text: heavily

text: loaded

text: and

text: fueled

text: aircraft

text: a

text: few

text: more

text: precious

text: seconds

text: to

text: attain

text: sufficient

text: air

text: velocity

text: and

text: lift

text: to

text: sustain

text: normal

text: flight

text: Without

text: a

text: ski

text: jump

text: launching

text: fully

text: loaded

text: and

text: fueled

text: aircraft

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Harrier

text: would

text: not

text: be

text: possible

text: on

text: a

text: smaller

text: flat

text: deck

text: ship

text: before

text: either

text: stalling

text: out

text: or

text: crashing

text: directly

text: into

text: the

text: sea

question: Where are ski-jump ramps located on aircraft carriers?

answer: the forward end of the flight deck

text: the forward end of the flight deck

question: What did ski-jump ramps allow STOVL aircraft to do that they couldn't do with a flat deck??

answer: take off at far higher weights

text: take off at far higher weights

question: Who originally developed the ski-jump ramp?

answer: the Royal Navy

text: the Royal Navy

question: What does a ski-jump ramp convert in order to be successful?

answer: some of the forward rolling movement of the aircraft into vertical velocity

text: some of the forward rolling movement of the aircraft into vertical velocity

question: What does the ski-jump ramp prevent a fully loaded and fueled aircraft from doing?

answer: either stalling out or crashing directly into the sea

text: either stalling out or crashing directly into the sea


text: Christianity was established in the region by the Romans, and saw the establishment of monasteries and churches in the high regions. The Frankish expansion of the Carolingian Empire and the Bavarian expansion in the eastern Alps introduced feudalism and the building of castles to support the growing number of dukedoms and kingdoms. Castello del Buonconsiglio in Trento, Italy, still has intricate frescoes, excellent examples of Gothic art, in a tower room. In Switzerland, Château de Chillon is preserved as an example of medieval architecture.

title: Alps

title: Alps

text: Christianity

text: was

text: established

text: in

text: the

text: region

text: by

text: the

text: Romans

text: and

text: saw

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: monasteries

text: and

text: churches

text: in

text: the

text: high

text: regions

text: The

text: Frankish

text: expansion

text: of

text: the

text: Carolingian

text: Empire

text: and

text: the

text: Bavarian

text: expansion

text: in

text: the

text: eastern

text: Alps

text: introduced

text: feudalism

text: and

text: the

text: building

text: of

text: castles

text: to

text: support

text: the

text: growing

text: number

text: of

text: dukedoms

text: and

text: kingdoms

text: Castello

text: del

text: Buonconsiglio

text: in

text: Trento

text: Italy

text: still

text: has

text: intricate

text: frescoes

text: excellent

text: examples

text: of

text: Gothic

text: art

text: in

text: a

text: tower

text: room

text: In

text: Switzerland

text: Château

text: de

text: Chillon

text: is

text: preserved

text: as

text: an

text: example

text: of

text: medieval

text: architecture

question: Who established Christianity in the region?

answer: Romans

text: Romans

question: What did the Frankish expansion and the Bavarian expansion introduce?

answer: feudalism

text: feudalism

question: What area still has intricate frescoes?

answer: Castello del Buonconsiglio in Trento, Italy

text: Castello del Buonconsiglio in Trento, Italy

question: What is preserved as an example of medieval architecture?

answer: Château de Chillon

text: Château de Chillon


text: Most British pubs still have decorated signs hanging over their doors, and these retain their original function of enabling the identification of the pub. Today's pub signs almost always bear the name of the pub, both in words and in pictorial representation. The more remote country pubs often have stand-alone signs directing potential customers to their door.

title: Pub

title: Pub

text: Most

text: British

text: pubs

text: still

text: have

text: decorated

text: signs

text: hanging

text: over

text: their

text: doors

text: and

text: these

text: retain

text: their

text: original

text: function

text: of

text: enabling

text: the

text: identification

text: of

text: the

text: pub

text: Today

text: 's

text: pub

text: signs

text: almost

text: always

text: bear

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: pub

text: both

text: in

text: words

text: and

text: in

text: pictorial

text: representation

text: The

text: more

text: remote

text: country

text: pubs

text: often

text: have

text: stand

text: alone

text: signs

text: directing

text: potential

text: customers

text: to

text: their

text: door

question: What hangs today over most British pub doors?

answer: decorated signs

text: decorated signs

question: What piece of information is almost always listed on a pub sign?

answer: the name of the pub

text: the name of the pub

question: What purpose do stand-alone signs serve for country pubs?

answer: directing potential customers to their door

text: directing potential customers to their door


text: Paraplegia, the loss of sensation and voluntary motor control after serious spinal cord damage, may be accompanied by girdle pain at the level of the spinal cord damage, visceral pain evoked by a filling bladder or bowel, or, in five to ten per cent of paraplegics, phantom body pain in areas of complete sensory loss. This phantom body pain is initially described as burning or tingling but may evolve into severe crushing or pinching pain, or the sensation of fire running down the legs or of a knife twisting in the flesh. Onset may be immediate or may not occur until years after the disabling injury. Surgical treatment rarely provides lasting relief.

title: Pain

title: Pain

text: Paraplegia

text: the

text: loss

text: of

text: sensation

text: and

text: voluntary

text: motor

text: control

text: after

text: serious

text: spinal

text: cord

text: damage

text: may

text: be

text: accompanied

text: by

text: girdle

text: pain

text: at

text: the

text: level

text: of

text: the

text: spinal

text: cord

text: damage

text: visceral

text: pain

text: evoked

text: by

text: a

text: filling

text: bladder

text: or

text: bowel

text: or

text: in

text: five

text: to

text: ten

text: per

text: cent

text: of

text: paraplegics

text: phantom

text: body

text: pain

text: in

text: areas

text: of

text: complete

text: sensory

text: loss

text: This

text: phantom

text: body

text: pain

text: is

text: initially

text: described

text: as

text: burning

text: or

text: tingling

text: but

text: may

text: evolve

text: into

text: severe

text: crushing

text: or

text: pinching

text: pain

text: or

text: the

text: sensation

text: of

text: fire

text: running

text: down

text: the

text: legs

text: or

text: of

text: a

text: knife

text: twisting

text: in

text: the

text: flesh

text: Onset

text: may

text: be

text: immediate

text: or

text: may

text: not

text: occur

text: until

text: years

text: after

text: the

text: disabling

text: injury

text: Surgical

text: treatment

text: rarely

text: provides

text: lasting

text: relief

question: What is paraplegia?

answer: loss of sensation and voluntary motor control

text: loss of sensation and voluntary motor control

question: What is the initial phantom body pain sensation experienced by people with spinal cord damage?

answer: burning or tingling

text: burning or tingling

question: What can cause paraplegia?

answer: serious spinal cord damage,

text: serious spinal cord damage,

question: What is an inefficient treatment for chronic pain which rarely provides any sort of true relief?

answer: Surgical

text: Surgical

question: The sensation of a knife twisting in the flesh is an example of what type of pain?

answer: phantom body

text: phantom body