text: A dearth of field observations limit our knowledge, but intraspecific conflicts are known to sometimes result in injury or death. The screamers (Anhimidae), some jacanas (Jacana, Hydrophasianus), the spur-winged goose (Plectropterus), the torrent duck (Merganetta) and nine species of lapwing (Vanellus) use a sharp spur on the wing as a weapon. The steamer ducks (Tachyeres), geese and swans (Anserinae), the solitaire (Pezophaps), sheathbills (Chionis), some guans (Crax) and stone curlews (Burhinus) use a bony knob on the alular metacarpal to punch and hammer opponents. The jacanas Actophilornis and Irediparra have an expanded, blade-like radius. The extinct Xenicibis was unique in having an elongate forelimb and massive hand which likely functioned in combat or defence as a jointed club or flail. Swans, for instance, may strike with the bony spurs and bite when defending eggs or young.

title: Bird

title: Bird

text: A

text: dearth

text: of

text: field

text: observations

text: limit

text: our

text: knowledge

text: but

text: intraspecific

text: conflicts

text: are

text: known

text: to

text: sometimes

text: result

text: in

text: injury

text: or

text: death

text: The

text: screamers

text: Anhimidae

text: some

text: jacanas

text: Jacana

text: Hydrophasianus

text: the

text: spur

text: winged

text: goose

text: Plectropterus

text: the

text: torrent

text: duck

text: Merganetta

text: and

text: nine

text: species

text: of

text: lapwing

text: Vanellus

text: use

text: a

text: sharp

text: spur

text: on

text: the

text: wing

text: as

text: a

text: weapon

text: The

text: steamer

text: ducks

text: Tachyeres

text: geese

text: and

text: swans

text: Anserinae

text: the

text: solitaire

text: Pezophaps

text: sheathbills

text: Chionis

text: some

text: guans

text: Crax

text: and

text: stone

text: curlews

text: Burhinus

text: use

text: a

text: bony

text: knob

text: on

text: the

text: alular

text: metacarpal

text: to

text: punch

text: and

text: hammer

text: opponents

text: The

text: jacanas

text: Actophilornis

text: and

text: Irediparra

text: have

text: an

text: expanded

text: blade

text: like

text: radius

text: The

text: extinct

text: Xenicibis

text: was

text: unique

text: in

text: having

text: an

text: elongate

text: forelimb

text: and

text: massive

text: hand

text: which

text: likely

text: functioned

text: in

text: combat

text: or

text: defence

text: as

text: a

text: jointed

text: club

text: or

text: flail

text: Swans

text: for

text: instance

text: may

text: strike

text: with

text: the

text: bony

text: spurs

text: and

text: bite

text: when

text: defending

text: eggs

text: or

text: young

question: What is known to sometimes result in injury or death?

answer: intraspecific conflicts

text: intraspecific conflicts

question: What is another name for steamer ducks?

answer: Tachyeres

text: Tachyeres

question: What is another name for Anhimidae?

answer: screamers

text: screamers

question: What do stone curlews use to punch and hammer opponents?

answer: bony knob on the alular metacarpal

text: bony knob on the alular metacarpal


text: Switzerland was the last Western republic to grant women the right to vote. Some Swiss cantons approved this in 1959, while at the federal level it was achieved in 1971 and, after resistance, in the last canton Appenzell Innerrhoden (one of only two remaining Landsgemeinde) in 1990. After obtaining suffrage at the federal level, women quickly rose in political significance, with the first woman on the seven member Federal Council executive being Elisabeth Kopp, who served from 1984–1989, and the first female president being Ruth Dreifuss in 1999.

title: Switzerland

title: Switzerland

text: Switzerland

text: was

text: the

text: last

text: Western

text: republic

text: to

text: grant

text: women

text: the

text: right

text: to

text: vote

text: Some

text: Swiss

text: cantons

text: approved

text: this

text: in

text: while

text: at

text: the

text: federal

text: level

text: it

text: was

text: achieved

text: in

text: and

text: after

text: resistance

text: in

text: the

text: last

text: canton

text: Appenzell

text: Innerrhoden

text: one

text: of

text: only

text: two

text: remaining

text: Landsgemeinde

text: in

text: After

text: obtaining

text: suffrage

text: at

text: the

text: federal

text: level

text: women

text: quickly

text: rose

text: in

text: political

text: significance

text: with

text: the

text: first

text: woman

text: on

text: the

text: seven

text: member

text: Federal

text: Council

text: executive

text: being

text: Elisabeth

text: Kopp

text: who

text: served

text: from

text: and

text: the

text: first

text: female

text: president

text: being

text: Ruth

text: Dreifuss

text: in

question: Who did Switzerland finally grant the right to vote to following the rest of the Western republic?

answer: women

text: women

question: When were Switzerland women granted the right to vote on a federal level?

answer: 1971

question: Who was the first woman to serve on the Federal Council?

answer: Elisabeth Kopp

text: Elisabeth Kopp

question: In what year did Ruth Dreifuss become president?

answer: 1999

question: Who was Switzerland's first female president?

answer: Ruth Dreifuss

text: Ruth Dreifuss


text: In countries such as China and Vietnam, the transition to a market economy has been a major factor in a move toward the rule of law, because a rule of law is important to foreign investors and to economic development. It remains unclear whether the rule of law in countries like China and Vietnam will be limited to commercial matters or will spill into other areas as well, and if so whether that spillover will enhance prospects for related values such as democracy and human rights. The rule of law in China has been widely discussed and debated by both legal scholars and politicians in China.

title: Rule_of_law

title: Rule_of_law

text: In

text: countries

text: such

text: as

text: China

text: and

text: Vietnam

text: the

text: transition

text: to

text: a

text: market

text: economy

text: has

text: been

text: a

text: major

text: factor

text: in

text: a

text: move

text: toward

text: the

text: rule

text: of

text: law

text: because

text: a

text: rule

text: of

text: law

text: is

text: important

text: to

text: foreign

text: investors

text: and

text: to

text: economic

text: development

text: It

text: remains

text: unclear

text: whether

text: the

text: rule

text: of

text: law

text: in

text: countries

text: like

text: China

text: and

text: Vietnam

text: will

text: be

text: limited

text: to

text: commercial

text: matters

text: or

text: will

text: spill

text: into

text: other

text: areas

text: as

text: well

text: and

text: if

text: so

text: whether

text: that

text: spillover

text: will

text: enhance

text: prospects

text: for

text: related

text: values

text: such

text: as

text: democracy

text: and

text: human

text: rights

text: The

text: rule

text: of

text: law

text: in

text: China

text: has

text: been

text: widely

text: discussed

text: and

text: debated

text: by

text: both

text: legal

text: scholars

text: and

text: politicians

text: in

text: China

question: Which two Asian countries have started to adopt the rule of law?

answer: China and Vietnam

text: China and Vietnam

question: What has influenced China and Vietnam to conform to the rule of law?

answer: the transition to a market economy

text: the transition to a market economy

question: Who is debating the reliance on the rule of law in China?

answer: legal scholars and politicians

text: legal scholars and politicians

question: To whom is the rule of law important to in China's trade deals?

answer: foreign investors

text: foreign investors

question: What values might adherence to the rule of law subsequently influence in China?

answer: democracy and human rights

text: democracy and human rights


text: In 2003 Imperial was granted degree-awarding powers in its own right by the Privy Council. The London Centre for Nanotechnology was established in the same year as a joint venture between UCL and Imperial College London. In 2004 the Tanaka Business School (now named the Imperial College Business School) and a new Main Entrance on Exhibition Road were opened by The Queen. The UK Energy Research Centre was also established in 2004 and opened its headquarters at Imperial College. In November 2005 the Faculties of Life Sciences and Physical Sciences merged to become the Faculty of Natural Sciences.

title: Imperial_College_London

title: Imperial_College_London

text: In

text: Imperial

text: was

text: granted

text: degree

text: awarding

text: powers

text: in

text: its

text: own

text: right

text: by

text: the

text: Privy

text: Council

text: The

text: London

text: Centre

text: for

text: Nanotechnology

text: was

text: established

text: in

text: the

text: same

text: year

text: as

text: a

text: joint

text: venture

text: between

text: UCL

text: and

text: Imperial

text: College

text: London

text: In

text: the

text: Tanaka

text: Business

text: School

text: now

text: named

text: the

text: Imperial

text: College

text: Business

text: School

text: and

text: a

text: new

text: Main

text: Entrance

text: on

text: Exhibition

text: Road

text: were

text: opened

text: by

text: The

text: Queen

text: The

text: UK

text: Energy

text: Research

text: Centre

text: was

text: also

text: established

text: in

text: and

text: opened

text: its

text: headquarters

text: at

text: Imperial

text: College

text: In

text: November

text: the

text: Faculties

text: of

text: Life

text: Sciences

text: and

text: Physical

text: Sciences

text: merged

text: to

text: become

text: the

text: Faculty

text: of

text: Natural

text: Sciences

question: Who granted Imperial degree-awarding powers?

answer: Privy Council

text: Privy Council

question: In which year was the London Centre for Nanotechnology established?

answer: 2003

question: The Londre Centre for Nanotechnology was a joint effort between UCL and which college?

answer: Imperial College London

text: Imperial College London

question: What is the old name of the Imperial College Business School?

answer: Tanaka Business School

text: Tanaka Business School

question: The Faculties of Life Sciences and Physical Sciences merged in 2005 to become which faculty?

answer: Faculty of Natural Sciences

text: Faculty of Natural Sciences


text: An important creation myth of the islands of Tuvalu is the story of the te Pusi mo te Ali (the Eel and the Flounder) who created the islands of Tuvalu; te Ali (the flounder) is believed to be the origin of the flat atolls of Tuvalu and the te Pusin (the Eel) is the model for the coconut palms that are important in the lives of Tuvaluans. The stories as to the ancestors of the Tuvaluans vary from island to island. On Niutao, Funafuti and Vaitupu the founding ancestor is described as being from Samoa; whereas on Nanumea the founding ancestor is described as being from Tonga.

title: Tuvalu

title: Tuvalu

text: An

text: important

text: creation

text: myth

text: of

text: the

text: islands

text: of

text: Tuvalu

text: is

text: the

text: story

text: of

text: the

text: te

text: Pusi

text: mo

text: te

text: Ali

text: the

text: Eel

text: and

text: the

text: Flounder

text: who

text: created

text: the

text: islands

text: of

text: Tuvalu

text: te

text: Ali

text: the

text: flounder

text: is

text: believed

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: origin

text: of

text: the

text: flat

text: atolls

text: of

text: Tuvalu

text: and

text: the

text: te

text: Pusin

text: the

text: Eel

text: is

text: the

text: model

text: for

text: the

text: coconut

text: palms

text: that

text: are

text: important

text: in

text: the

text: lives

text: of

text: Tuvaluans

text: The

text: stories

text: as

text: to

text: the

text: ancestors

text: of

text: the

text: Tuvaluans

text: vary

text: from

text: island

text: to

text: island

text: On

text: Niutao

text: Funafuti

text: and

text: Vaitupu

text: the

text: founding

text: ancestor

text: is

text: described

text: as

text: being

text: from

text: Samoa

text: whereas

text: on

text: Nanumea

text: the

text: founding

text: ancestor

text: is

text: described

text: as

text: being

text: from

text: Tonga

question: What is the creation myth of Tuvalu?

answer: te Pusi mo te Ali

text: te Pusi mo te Ali

question: What does the flounder of the Tuvalu myth represent?

answer: flat atolls

text: flat atolls

question: What does the eel of the Tuvalu creation myth represent?

answer: coconut palms

text: coconut palms

question: From what land did the people of Niutao believe they came?

answer: Samoa

text: Samoa

question: From where did the people of the island of Nanumea think they came?

answer: Tonga

text: Tonga


text: Some skyscraper buildings and other types of installation feature a destination operating panel where a passenger registers their floor calls before entering the car. The system lets them know which car to wait for, instead of everyone boarding the next car. In this way, travel time is reduced as the elevator makes fewer stops for individual passengers, and the computer distributes adjacent stops to different cars in the bank. Although travel time is reduced, passenger waiting times may be longer as they will not necessarily be allocated the next car to depart. During the down peak period the benefit of destination control will be limited as passengers have a common destination.

title: Elevator

title: Elevator

text: Some

text: skyscraper

text: buildings

text: and

text: other

text: types

text: of

text: installation

text: feature

text: a

text: destination

text: operating

text: panel

text: where

text: a

text: passenger

text: registers

text: their

text: floor

text: calls

text: before

text: entering

text: the

text: car

text: The

text: system

text: lets

text: them

text: know

text: which

text: car

text: to

text: wait

text: for

text: instead

text: of

text: everyone

text: boarding

text: the

text: next

text: car

text: In

text: this

text: way

text: travel

text: time

text: is

text: reduced

text: as

text: the

text: elevator

text: makes

text: fewer

text: stops

text: for

text: individual

text: passengers

text: and

text: the

text: computer

text: distributes

text: adjacent

text: stops

text: to

text: different

text: cars

text: in

text: the

text: bank

text: Although

text: travel

text: time

text: is

text: reduced

text: passenger

text: waiting

text: times

text: may

text: be

text: longer

text: as

text: they

text: will

text: not

text: necessarily

text: be

text: allocated

text: the

text: next

text: car

text: to

text: depart

text: During

text: the

text: down

text: peak

text: period

text: the

text: benefit

text: of

text: destination

text: control

text: will

text: be

text: limited

text: as

text: passengers

text: have

text: a

text: common

text: destination

question: What function does a "destination operating panel" feature?

answer: a passenger registers their floor calls before entering the car

text: a passenger registers their floor calls before entering the car

question: What is another benefit of a "destination operating panel"?

answer: the computer distributes adjacent stops to different cars in the bank

text: the computer distributes adjacent stops to different cars in the bank

question: What is one benefit of a "destination operating panel"

answer: travel time is reduced as the elevator makes fewer stops for individual passengers

text: travel time is reduced as the elevator makes fewer stops for individual passengers

question: What is the downside to a :destination operating panel"?

answer: passenger waiting times may be longer as they will not necessarily be allocated the next car to depart

text: passenger waiting times may be longer as they will not necessarily be allocated the next car to depart


text: Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide lactose to its component parts, glucose and galactose. Glucose and galactose can be absorbed by the small intestine. Approximately 65 percent of the adult population produce only small amounts of lactase and are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods. This is commonly known as lactose intolerance. Lactose intolerance varies widely by ethnic heritage; more than 90 percent of peoples of east Asian descent are lactose intolerant, in contrast to about 5 percent of people of northern European descent.

title: Digestion

title: Digestion

text: Lactase

text: is

text: an

text: enzyme

text: that

text: breaks

text: down

text: the

text: disaccharide

text: lactose

text: to

text: its

text: component

text: parts

text: glucose

text: and

text: galactose

text: Glucose

text: and

text: galactose

text: can

text: be

text: absorbed

text: by

text: the

text: small

text: intestine

text: Approximately

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: adult

text: population

text: produce

text: only

text: small

text: amounts

text: of

text: lactase

text: and

text: are

text: unable

text: to

text: eat

text: unfermented

text: milk

text: based

text: foods

text: This

text: is

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: lactose

text: intolerance

text: Lactose

text: intolerance

text: varies

text: widely

text: by

text: ethnic

text: heritage

text: more

text: than

text: percent

text: of

text: peoples

text: of

text: east

text: Asian

text: descent

text: are

text: lactose

text: intolerant

text: in

text: contrast

text: to

text: about

text: percent

text: of

text: people

text: of

text: northern

text: European

text: descent

question: What is lactase?

answer: an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide lactose to its component parts

text: an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide lactose to its component parts

question: What are lactoses component parts?

answer: glucose and galactose

text: glucose and galactose

question: Where are glucose and galactose absorbed?

answer: small intestine

text: small intestine

question: What percent of the population are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods?

answer: Approximately 65 percent

text: Approximately 65 percent

question: What is knon as when you are  unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods?

answer: lactose intolerance

text: lactose intolerance


text: Sex was used as an important element in the content and marketing the paper from the start, which Lamb believed was the most important part of his readers' lives. The first topless Page 3 model appeared on 17 November 1970, German-born Stephanie Rahn; she was tagged as a "Birthday Suit Girl" to mark the first anniversary of the relaunched Sun. A topless Page 3 model gradually became a regular fixture, and with increasingly risqué poses. Both feminists and many cultural conservatives saw the pictures as pornographic and misogynistic. Lamb expressed some regret at introducing the feature, although denied it was sexist. A Conservative council in Sowerby Bridge, Yorkshire, was the first to ban the paper from its public library, shortly after Page 3 began, because of its excessive sexual content. This decision was reversed after a sustained campaign by the newspaper itself lasting 16 months, and the election of a Labour-led council in 1971.

title: The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)

title: The_Sun_(United_Kingdom

text: Sex

text: was

text: used

text: as

text: an

text: important

text: element

text: in

text: the

text: content

text: and

text: marketing

text: the

text: paper

text: from

text: the

text: start

text: which

text: Lamb

text: believed

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: part

text: of

text: his

text: readers

text: lives

text: The

text: first

text: topless

text: Page

text: model

text: appeared

text: on

text: November

text: German

text: born

text: Stephanie

text: Rahn

text: she

text: was

text: tagged

text: as

text: a

text: Birthday

text: Suit

text: Girl

text: to

text: mark

text: the

text: first

text: anniversary

text: of

text: the

text: relaunched

text: Sun

text: A

text: topless

text: Page

text: model

text: gradually

text: became

text: a

text: regular

text: fixture

text: and

text: with

text: increasingly

text: risqué

text: poses

text: Both

text: feminists

text: and

text: many

text: cultural

text: conservatives

text: saw

text: the

text: pictures

text: as

text: pornographic

text: and

text: misogynistic

text: Lamb

text: expressed

text: some

text: regret

text: at

text: introducing

text: the

text: feature

text: although

text: denied

text: it

text: was

text: sexist

text: A

text: Conservative

text: council

text: in

text: Sowerby

text: Bridge

text: Yorkshire

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: to

text: ban

text: the

text: paper

text: from

text: its

text: public

text: library

text: shortly

text: after

text: Page

text: began

text: because

text: of

text: its

text: excessive

text: sexual

text: content

text: This

text: decision

text: was

text: reversed

text: after

text: a

text: sustained

text: campaign

text: by

text: the

text: newspaper

text: itself

text: lasting

text: months

text: and

text: the

text: election

text: of

text: a

text: Labour

text: led

text: council

text: in

question: What did Lamb employ as an important theme from the beginning of the paper?

answer: Sex

text: Sex

question: When did the first Page 3 model appear topless?

answer: 17 November 1970

text: 17 November 1970

question: Who was the first Page 3 topless model?

answer: Stephanie Rahn

text: Stephanie Rahn

question: Who was the first to prohibit the paper from being in its library?

answer: A Conservative council in Sowerby Bridge, Yorkshire

text: A Conservative council in Sowerby Bridge, Yorkshire

question: When was the library ban reversed?

answer: 1971


text: Penalties never result in a score for the offence. For example, a point-of-foul infraction committed by the defence in their end zone is not ruled a touchdown, but instead advances the ball to the one-yard line with an automatic first down. For a distance penalty, if the yardage is greater than half the distance to the goal line, then the ball is advanced half the distance to the goal line, though only up to the one-yard line (unlike American football, in Canadian football no scrimmage may start inside either one-yard line). If the original penalty yardage would have resulted in a first down or moving the ball past the goal line, a first down is awarded.

title: Canadian_football

title: Canadian_football

text: Penalties

text: never

text: result

text: in

text: a

text: score

text: for

text: the

text: offence

text: For

text: example

text: a

text: point

text: of

text: foul

text: infraction

text: committed

text: by

text: the

text: defence

text: in

text: their

text: end

text: zone

text: is

text: not

text: ruled

text: a

text: touchdown

text: but

text: instead

text: advances

text: the

text: ball

text: to

text: the

text: one

text: yard

text: line

text: with

text: an

text: automatic

text: first

text: down

text: For

text: a

text: distance

text: penalty

text: if

text: the

text: yardage

text: is

text: greater

text: than

text: half

text: the

text: distance

text: to

text: the

text: goal

text: line

text: then

text: the

text: ball

text: is

text: advanced

text: half

text: the

text: distance

text: to

text: the

text: goal

text: line

text: though

text: only

text: up

text: to

text: the

text: one

text: yard

text: line

text: unlike

text: American

text: football

text: in

text: Canadian

text: football

text: no

text: scrimmage

text: may

text: start

text: inside

text: either

text: one

text: yard

text: line

text: If

text: the

text: original

text: penalty

text: yardage

text: would

text: have

text: resulted

text: in

text: a

text: first

text: down

text: or

text: moving

text: the

text: ball

text: past

text: the

text: goal

text: line

text: a

text: first

text: down

text: is

text: awarded

question: Where is the ball placed when a defensive penalty is committed in their own end zone?

answer: one-yard line

text: one-yard line

question: In which North American style of football is the line of scrimmage never inside the one-yard line?

answer: Canadian

text: Canadian

question: A play that results in what outcome will never also be a scoring play?

answer: Penalties

text: Penalties

question: How many penalty yards are awarded when the ball is nearer the goal line than the usual penalty yardage?

answer: half the distance to the goal line

text: half the distance to the goal line


text: The Bourbon Restoration followed the ousting of Napoleon I of France in 1814. The Allies restored the Bourbon Dynasty to the French throne. The ensuing period is called the Restoration, following French usage, and is characterized by a sharp conservative reaction and the re-establishment of the Roman Catholic Church as a power in French politics. The July Monarchy was a period of liberal constitutional monarchy in France under King Louis-Philippe starting with the July Revolution (or Three Glorious Days) of 1830 and ending with the Revolution of 1848. The Second Empire was the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic, in France.

title: Modern_history

title: Modern_history

text: The

text: Bourbon

text: Restoration

text: followed

text: the

text: ousting

text: of

text: Napoleon

text: I

text: of

text: France

text: in

text: The

text: Allies

text: restored

text: the

text: Bourbon

text: Dynasty

text: to

text: the

text: French

text: throne

text: The

text: ensuing

text: period

text: is

text: called

text: the

text: Restoration

text: following

text: French

text: usage

text: and

text: is

text: characterized

text: by

text: a

text: sharp

text: conservative

text: reaction

text: and

text: the

text: re

text: establishment

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: as

text: a

text: power

text: in

text: French

text: politics

text: The

text: July

text: Monarchy

text: was

text: a

text: period

text: of

text: liberal

text: constitutional

text: monarchy

text: in

text: France

text: under

text: King

text: Louis

text: Philippe

text: starting

text: with

text: the

text: July

text: Revolution

text: or

text: Three

text: Glorious

text: Days

text: of

text: and

text: ending

text: with

text: the

text: Revolution

text: of

text: The

text: Second

text: Empire

text: was

text: the

text: Imperial

text: Bonapartist

text: regime

text: of

text: Napoleon

text: III

text: from

text: to

text: between

text: the

text: Second

text: Republic

text: and

text: the

text: Third

text: Republic

text: in

text: France

question: The Bourbon Restoration followed what event?

answer: Napoleon I of France

text: Napoleon I of France

question: What is the Bourbon Restoration?

answer: Allies restored the Bourbon Dynasty to the French throne.

text: Allies restored the Bourbon Dynasty to the French throne.

question: What is the July Monarchy?

answer: a period of liberal constitutional monarchy in France under King Louis-Philippe

text: a period of liberal constitutional monarchy in France under King Louis-Philippe

question: What is the second empires?

answer: the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III

text: the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III

question: Through what period did the second empire last?

answer: 1852 to 1870

text: 1852 to 1870


text: Galicia is quite mountainous, a fact which has contributed to isolate the rural areas, hampering communications, most notably in the inland. The main mountain range is the Macizo Galaico (Serra do Eixe, Serra da Lastra, Serra do Courel), also known as Macizo Galaico-Leonés, located in the eastern parts, bordering with Castile and León. Noteworthy mountain ranges are O Xistral (northern Lugo), the Serra dos Ancares (on the border with León and Asturias), O Courel (on the border with León), O Eixe (the border between Ourense and Zamora), Serra de Queixa (in the center of Ourense province), O Faro (the border between Lugo and Pontevedra), Cova da Serpe (border of Lugo and A Coruña), Montemaior (A Coruña), Montes do Testeiro, Serra do Suído, and Faro de Avión (between Pontevedra and Ourense); and, to the south, A Peneda, O Xurés and O Larouco, all on the border of Ourense and Portugal.

title: Galicia_(Spain)

title: Galicia_(Spain

text: Galicia

text: is

text: quite

text: mountainous

text: a

text: fact

text: which

text: has

text: contributed

text: to

text: isolate

text: the

text: rural

text: areas

text: hampering

text: communications

text: most

text: notably

text: in

text: the

text: inland

text: The

text: main

text: mountain

text: range

text: is

text: the

text: Macizo

text: Galaico

text: Serra

text: do

text: Eixe

text: Serra

text: da

text: Lastra

text: Serra

text: do

text: Courel

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Macizo

text: Galaico

text: Leonés

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: eastern

text: parts

text: bordering

text: with

text: Castile

text: and

text: León

text: Noteworthy

text: mountain

text: ranges

text: are

text: O

text: Xistral

text: northern

text: Lugo

text: the

text: Serra

text: dos

text: Ancares

text: on

text: the

text: border

text: with

text: León

text: and

text: Asturias

text: O

text: Courel

text: on

text: the

text: border

text: with

text: León

text: O

text: Eixe

text: the

text: border

text: between

text: Ourense

text: and

text: Zamora

text: Serra

text: de

text: Queixa

text: in

text: the

text: center

text: of

text: Ourense

text: province

text: O

text: Faro

text: the

text: border

text: between

text: Lugo

text: and

text: Pontevedra

text: Cova

text: da

text: Serpe

text: border

text: of

text: Lugo

text: and

text: A

text: Coruña

text: Montemaior

text: A

text: Coruña

text: Montes

text: do

text: Testeiro

text: Serra

text: do

text: Suído

text: and

text: Faro

text: de

text: Avión

text: between

text: Pontevedra

text: and

text: Ourense

text: and

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: A

text: Peneda

text: O

text: Xurés

text: and

text: O

text: Larouco

text: all

text: on

text: the

text: border

text: of

text: Ourense

text: and

text: Portugal

question: What is Galicia's main mountain range?

answer: Macizo Galaico

text: Macizo Galaico

question: Its southern mountain ranges are on the border with which country?

answer: Portugal

text: Portugal


text: Deciding to give up his lucrative private Boston practice, Bell retained only two students, six-year-old "Georgie" Sanders, deaf from birth, and 15-year-old Mabel Hubbard. Each pupil would play an important role in the next developments. George's father, Thomas Sanders, a wealthy businessman, offered Bell a place to stay in nearby Salem with Georgie's grandmother, complete with a room to "experiment". Although the offer was made by George's mother and followed the year-long arrangement in 1872 where her son and his nurse had moved to quarters next to Bell's boarding house, it was clear that Mr. Sanders was backing the proposal. The arrangement was for teacher and student to continue their work together, with free room and board thrown in. Mabel was a bright, attractive girl who was ten years Bell's junior, but became the object of his affection. Having lost her hearing after a near-fatal bout of scarlet fever close to her fifth birthday,[N 13] she had learned to read lips but her father, Gardiner Greene Hubbard, Bell's benefactor and personal friend, wanted her to work directly with her teacher.

title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

text: Deciding

text: to

text: give

text: up

text: his

text: lucrative

text: private

text: Boston

text: practice

text: Bell

text: retained

text: only

text: two

text: students

text: six

text: year

text: old

text: Georgie

text: Sanders

text: deaf

text: from

text: birth

text: and

text: old

text: Mabel

text: Hubbard

text: Each

text: pupil

text: would

text: play

text: an

text: important

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: next

text: developments

text: George

text: 's

text: father

text: Thomas

text: Sanders

text: a

text: wealthy

text: businessman

text: offered

text: Bell

text: a

text: place

text: to

text: stay

text: in

text: nearby

text: Salem

text: with

text: Georgie

text: 's

text: grandmother

text: complete

text: with

text: a

text: room

text: to

text: experiment

text: Although

text: the

text: offer

text: was

text: made

text: by

text: George

text: 's

text: mother

text: and

text: followed

text: the

text: year

text: long

text: arrangement

text: in

text: where

text: her

text: son

text: and

text: his

text: nurse

text: had

text: moved

text: to

text: quarters

text: next

text: to

text: Bell

text: 's

text: boarding

text: house

text: it

text: was

text: clear

text: that

text: Mr.

text: Sanders

text: was

text: backing

text: the

text: proposal

text: The

text: arrangement

text: was

text: for

text: teacher

text: and

text: student

text: to

text: continue

text: their

text: work

text: together

text: with

text: free

text: room

text: and

text: board

text: thrown

text: in

text: Mabel

text: was

text: a

text: bright

text: attractive

text: girl

text: who

text: was

text: ten

text: years

text: Bell

text: 's

text: junior

text: but

text: became

text: the

text: object

text: of

text: his

text: affection

text: Having

text: lost

text: her

text: hearing

text: after

text: a

text: near

text: fatal

text: bout

text: of

text: scarlet

text: fever

text: close

text: to

text: her

text: fifth

text: birthday,[N

text: she

text: had

text: learned

text: to

text: read

text: lips

text: but

text: her

text: father

text: Gardiner

text: Greene

text: Hubbard

text: Bell

text: 's

text: benefactor

text: and

text: personal

text: friend

text: wanted

text: her

text: to

text: work

text: directly

text: with

text: her

text: teacher

question: Bell's two remaining students were "Georgie" Sanders and who?

answer: Mabel Hubbard

text: Mabel Hubbard

question: What was Georgie's father's name?

answer: Thomas Sanders

text: Thomas Sanders

question: What disease made Mabel deaf?

answer: scarlet fever

text: scarlet fever

question: How old was Mabel when she became deaf?

answer: 15


text: Roads in the US have been paved with materials that include asphalt/bitumen since at least 1870, when a street in front of the Newark, NJ City Hall was paved. In many cases, these early pavings were made from naturally occurring "bituminous rock", such as at Ritchie Mines in Macfarlan in Ritchie County, West Virginia from 1852 to 1873. In 1876, asphalt-based paving was used to pave Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, DC, in time for the celebration of the national centennial. Asphalt/bitumen was also used for flooring, paving and waterproofing of baths and swimming pools during the early 20th century, following similar trends in Europe.

title: Asphalt

title: Asphalt

text: Roads

text: in

text: the

text: US

text: have

text: been

text: paved

text: with

text: materials

text: that

text: include

text: asphalt

text: bitumen

text: since

text: at

text: least

text: when

text: a

text: street

text: in

text: front

text: of

text: the

text: Newark

text: NJ

text: City

text: Hall

text: was

text: paved

text: In

text: many

text: cases

text: these

text: early

text: pavings

text: were

text: made

text: from

text: naturally

text: occurring

text: bituminous

text: rock

text: such

text: as

text: at

text: Ritchie

text: Mines

text: in

text: Macfarlan

text: in

text: Ritchie

text: County

text: West

text: Virginia

text: from

text: to

text: In

text: asphalt

text: based

text: paving

text: was

text: used

text: to

text: pave

text: Pennsylvania

text: Avenue

text: in

text: Washington

text: DC

text: in

text: time

text: for

text: the

text: celebration

text: of

text: the

text: national

text: centennial

text: Asphalt

text: bitumen

text: was

text: also

text: used

text: for

text: flooring

text: paving

text: and

text: waterproofing

text: of

text: baths

text: and

text: swimming

text: pools

text: during

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: following

text: similar

text: trends

text: in

text: Europe

question: Since what date has asphalt been used for road paving in the US?

answer: 1870

question: In front of what NJ building was the street paved with asphalt in 1870?

answer: City Hall

text: City Hall

question: What natural substance was used in early road pavings?

answer: bituminous rock

text: bituminous rock

question: From what Virginia  mines was asphalt obtained for early street pavings?

answer: Ritchie Mines

text: Ritchie Mines

question: For what purpose was asphalt used in swimming pools and baths?

answer: waterproofing

text: waterproofing


text: Many beers are sold in cans, though there is considerable variation in the proportion between different countries. In Sweden in 2001, 63.9% of beer was sold in cans. People either drink from the can or pour the beer into a glass. A technology developed by Crown Holdings for the 2010 FIFA World Cup is the 'full aperture' can, so named because the entire lid is removed during the opening process, turning the can into a drinking cup. Cans protect the beer from light (thereby preventing "skunked" beer) and have a seal less prone to leaking over time than bottles. Cans were initially viewed as a technological breakthrough for maintaining the quality of a beer, then became commonly associated with less expensive, mass-produced beers, even though the quality of storage in cans is much like bottles. Plastic (PET) bottles are used by some breweries.

title: Beer

title: Beer

text: Many

text: beers

text: are

text: sold

text: in

text: cans

text: though

text: there

text: is

text: considerable

text: variation

text: in

text: the

text: proportion

text: between

text: different

text: countries

text: In

text: Sweden

text: in

text: of

text: beer

text: was

text: sold

text: in

text: cans

text: People

text: either

text: drink

text: from

text: the

text: can

text: or

text: pour

text: the

text: beer

text: into

text: a

text: glass

text: A

text: technology

text: developed

text: by

text: Crown

text: Holdings

text: for

text: the

text: FIFA

text: World

text: Cup

text: is

text: the

text: full

text: aperture

text: can

text: so

text: named

text: because

text: the

text: entire

text: lid

text: is

text: removed

text: during

text: the

text: opening

text: process

text: turning

text: the

text: can

text: into

text: a

text: drinking

text: cup

text: Cans

text: protect

text: the

text: beer

text: from

text: light

text: thereby

text: preventing

text: skunked

text: beer

text: and

text: have

text: a

text: seal

text: less

text: prone

text: to

text: leaking

text: over

text: time

text: than

text: bottles

text: Cans

text: were

text: initially

text: viewed

text: as

text: a

text: technological

text: breakthrough

text: for

text: maintaining

text: the

text: quality

text: of

text: a

text: beer

text: then

text: became

text: commonly

text: associated

text: with

text: less

text: expensive

text: mass

text: produced

text: beers

text: even

text: though

text: the

text: quality

text: of

text: storage

text: in

text: cans

text: is

text: much

text: like

text: bottles

text: Plastic

text: PET

text: bottles

text: are

text: used

text: by

text: some

text: breweries

question: What percentage of beer was sold in cans in Sweden in 2001?

answer: 63.9%

question: What company first created the full aperture can for beer?

answer: Crown Holdings

text: Crown Holdings

question: In what year did Crown holdings create a can with a removable lid for beer?

answer: 2010

question: What is it called when light damages beer that is not in a can?

answer: "skunked" beer

text: "skunked" beer

question: What were cans originally believed to maintain in beer?

answer: quality

text: quality


text: Maternal factors also play a role in the body’s immune response. At birth, most of the immunoglobulin present is maternal IgG. Because IgM, IgD, IgE and IgA don’t cross the placenta, they are almost undetectable at birth. Some IgA is provided by breast milk. These passively-acquired antibodies can protect the newborn for up to 18 months, but their response is usually short-lived and of low affinity. These antibodies can also produce a negative response. If a child is exposed to the antibody for a particular antigen before being exposed to the antigen itself then the child will produce a dampened response. Passively acquired maternal antibodies can suppress the antibody response to active immunization. Similarly the response of T-cells to vaccination differs in children compared to adults, and vaccines that induce Th1 responses in adults do not readily elicit these same responses in neonates. Between six to nine months after birth, a child’s immune system begins to respond more strongly to glycoproteins, but there is usually no marked improvement in their response to polysaccharides until they are at least one year old. This can be the reason for distinct time frames found in vaccination schedules.

title: Immunology

title: Immunology

text: Maternal

text: factors

text: also

text: play

text: a

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: body

text: ’s

text: immune

text: response

text: At

text: birth

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: immunoglobulin

text: present

text: is

text: maternal

text: IgG.

text: Because

text: IgM

text: IgD

text: IgE

text: and

text: IgA

text: do

text: n’t

text: cross

text: the

text: placenta

text: they

text: are

text: almost

text: undetectable

text: at

text: birth

text: Some

text: IgA

text: is

text: provided

text: by

text: breast

text: milk

text: These

text: passively

text: acquired

text: antibodies

text: can

text: protect

text: the

text: newborn

text: for

text: up

text: to

text: months

text: but

text: their

text: response

text: is

text: usually

text: short

text: lived

text: and

text: of

text: low

text: affinity

text: These

text: antibodies

text: can

text: also

text: produce

text: a

text: negative

text: response

text: If

text: a

text: child

text: is

text: exposed

text: to

text: the

text: antibody

text: for

text: a

text: particular

text: antigen

text: before

text: being

text: exposed

text: to

text: the

text: antigen

text: itself

text: then

text: the

text: child

text: will

text: produce

text: a

text: dampened

text: response

text: Passively

text: acquired

text: maternal

text: antibodies

text: can

text: suppress

text: the

text: antibody

text: response

text: to

text: active

text: immunization

text: Similarly

text: the

text: response

text: of

text: T

text: cells

text: to

text: vaccination

text: differs

text: in

text: children

text: compared

text: to

text: adults

text: and

text: vaccines

text: that

text: induce

text: responses

text: in

text: adults

text: do

text: not

text: readily

text: elicit

text: these

text: same

text: responses

text: in

text: neonates

text: Between

text: six

text: to

text: nine

text: months

text: after

text: birth

text: a

text: child

text: ’s

text: immune

text: system

text: begins

text: to

text: respond

text: more

text: strongly

text: to

text: glycoproteins

text: but

text: there

text: is

text: usually

text: no

text: marked

text: improvement

text: in

text: their

text: response

text: to

text: polysaccharides

text: until

text: they

text: are

text: at

text: least

text: one

text: year

text: old

text: This

text: can

text: be

text: the

text: reason

text: for

text: distinct

text: time

text: frames

text: found

text: in

text: vaccination

text: schedules

question: In babies, what is another element impacting immune response?

answer: Maternal factors

text: Maternal factors

question: Newborns can acquire antibodies from the mother through what means?

answer: breast milk

text: breast milk

question: For how long do these antibodies have an effect on infants?

answer: up to 18 months

text: up to 18 months

question: At 6 to 9 months, an infant's immune system begins to respond to which proteins?

answer: glycoproteins

text: glycoproteins

question: The difference in responses in infant immune systems is the cause of what?

answer: distinct time frames found in vaccination schedules

text: distinct time frames found in vaccination schedules


text: Throughout his presidency, Eisenhower adhered to a political philosophy of dynamic conservatism. A self-described "progressive conservative," he continued all the major New Deal programs still in operation, especially Social Security. He expanded its programs and rolled them into a new cabinet-level agency, the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, while extending benefits to an additional ten million workers. He implemented integration in the Armed Services in two years, which had not been completed under Truman.

title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

text: Throughout

text: his

text: presidency

text: Eisenhower

text: adhered

text: to

text: a

text: political

text: philosophy

text: of

text: dynamic

text: conservatism

text: A

text: self

text: described

text: progressive

text: conservative

text: he

text: continued

text: all

text: the

text: major

text: New

text: Deal

text: programs

text: still

text: in

text: operation

text: especially

text: Social

text: Security

text: He

text: expanded

text: its

text: programs

text: and

text: rolled

text: them

text: into

text: a

text: new

text: cabinet

text: level

text: agency

text: the

text: Department

text: of

text: Health

text: Education

text: and

text: Welfare

text: while

text: extending

text: benefits

text: to

text: an

text: additional

text: ten

text: million

text: workers

text: He

text: implemented

text: integration

text: in

text: the

text: Armed

text: Services

text: in

text: two

text: years

text: which

text: had

text: not

text: been

text: completed

text: under

text: Truman

question: How did Eisenhower describe his political views?

answer: progressive conservative

text: progressive conservative

question: How many people were added to the Social Security rolls by Eisenhower?

answer: ten million

text: ten million

question: What New deal program did Eisenhower particularly support?

answer: Social Security

text: Social Security

question: What cabinet agency did Eisenhower make Social Security a part of?

answer: Department of Health, Education and Welfare

text: Department of Health, Education and Welfare

question: What policy in regard to the military did Eisenhower see to completion?

answer: integration

text: integration


text: Early computing machines had fixed programs. Changing its function required the re-wiring and re-structuring of the machine. With the proposal of the stored-program computer this changed. A stored-program computer includes by design an instruction set and can store in memory a set of instructions (a program) that details the computation. The theoretical basis for the stored-program computer was laid by Alan Turing in his 1936 paper. In 1945 Turing joined the National Physical Laboratory and began work on developing an electronic stored-program digital computer. His 1945 report ‘Proposed Electronic Calculator’ was the first specification for such a device. John von Neumann at the University of Pennsylvania, also circulated his First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC in 1945.

title: Computer

title: Computer

text: Early

text: computing

text: machines

text: had

text: fixed

text: programs

text: Changing

text: its

text: function

text: required

text: the

text: re

text: wiring

text: and

text: re

text: structuring

text: of

text: the

text: machine

text: With

text: the

text: proposal

text: of

text: the

text: stored

text: program

text: computer

text: this

text: changed

text: A

text: stored

text: program

text: computer

text: includes

text: by

text: design

text: an

text: instruction

text: set

text: and

text: can

text: store

text: in

text: memory

text: a

text: set

text: of

text: instructions

text: a

text: program

text: that

text: details

text: the

text: computation

text: The

text: theoretical

text: basis

text: for

text: the

text: stored

text: program

text: computer

text: was

text: laid

text: by

text: Alan

text: Turing

text: in

text: his

text: paper

text: In

text: Turing

text: joined

text: the

text: National

text: Physical

text: Laboratory

text: and

text: began

text: work

text: on

text: developing

text: an

text: electronic

text: stored

text: program

text: digital

text: computer

text: His

text: report

text: Proposed

text: Electronic

text: Calculator’

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: specification

text: for

text: such

text: a

text: device

text: John

text: von

text: Neumann

text: at

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Pennsylvania

text: also

text: circulated

text: his

text: First

text: Draft

text: of

text: a

text: Report

text: on

text: the

text: EDVAC

text: in

question: The basis for the stored-program computer was written by whom?

answer: Alan Turing

text: Alan Turing

question: When did Alan Turing write his paper about the basis for the stored-program computer?

answer: 1936

question: When did Alan Turing join the National Physical Laboratory?

answer: 1945

question: The first outline for the report on the EDVAC was released by John von Neumann when?

answer: 1945.

question: Where did John von Neumann circulate the first draft of a report on the EDVAC?

answer: University of Pennsylvania

text: University of Pennsylvania


text: During much of its history, and especially during the Francoist dictatorship (1939–1975), the Catalan language has often been degraded as a mere dialect of Spanish. This view, based on political and ideological considerations, has no linguistic validity. Spanish and Catalan have important differences in their sound systems, lexicon, and grammatical features, placing the language in a number of respects closer to Occitan (and French).

title: Catalan_language

title: Catalan_language

text: During

text: much

text: of

text: its

text: history

text: and

text: especially

text: during

text: the

text: Francoist

text: dictatorship

text: the

text: Catalan

text: language

text: has

text: often

text: been

text: degraded

text: as

text: a

text: mere

text: dialect

text: of

text: Spanish

text: This

text: view

text: based

text: on

text: political

text: and

text: ideological

text: considerations

text: has

text: no

text: linguistic

text: validity

text: Spanish

text: and

text: Catalan

text: have

text: important

text: differences

text: in

text: their

text: sound

text: systems

text: lexicon

text: and

text: grammatical

text: features

text: placing

text: the

text: language

text: in

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: respects

text: closer

text: to

text: Occitan

text: and

text: French

question: What has Catalan often been considered?

answer: dialect of Spanish

text: dialect of Spanish

question: During what dictatorship was Catalan considered a dialect?

answer: Francoist

text: Francoist


text: Non-Muslim groups in the Umayyad Caliphate, which included Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians, and pagan Berbers, were called dhimmis. They were given a legally protected status as second-class citizens as long as they accepted and acknowledged the political supremacy of the ruling Muslims. They were allowed to have their own courts, and were given freedom of their religion within the empire.[citation needed] Although they could not hold the highest public offices in the empire, they had many bureaucratic positions within the government. Christians and Jews still continued to produce great theological thinkers within their communities, but as time wore on, many of the intellectuals converted to Islam, leading to a lack of great thinkers in the non-Muslim communities.

title: Umayyad_Caliphate

title: Umayyad_Caliphate

text: Non

text: Muslim

text: groups

text: in

text: the

text: Umayyad

text: Caliphate

text: which

text: included

text: Christians

text: Jews

text: Zoroastrians

text: and

text: pagan

text: Berbers

text: were

text: called

text: dhimmis

text: They

text: were

text: given

text: a

text: legally

text: protected

text: status

text: as

text: second

text: class

text: citizens

text: as

text: long

text: as

text: they

text: accepted

text: and

text: acknowledged

text: the

text: political

text: supremacy

text: of

text: the

text: ruling

text: Muslims

text: They

text: were

text: allowed

text: to

text: have

text: their

text: own

text: courts

text: and

text: were

text: given

text: freedom

text: of

text: their

text: religion

text: within

text: the

text: empire.[citation

text: needed

text: Although

text: they

text: could

text: not

text: hold

text: the

text: highest

text: public

text: offices

text: in

text: the

text: empire

text: they

text: had

text: many

text: bureaucratic

text: positions

text: within

text: the

text: government

text: Christians

text: and

text: Jews

text: still

text: continued

text: to

text: produce

text: great

text: theological

text: thinkers

text: within

text: their

text: communities

text: but

text: as

text: time

text: wore

text: on

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: intellectuals

text: converted

text: to

text: Islam

text: leading

text: to

text: a

text: lack

text: of

text: great

text: thinkers

text: in

text: the

text: non

text: Muslim

text: communities

question: What were non-Muslim groups under the Umayyads called?

answer: dhimmis

text: dhimmis

question: Along with Berbers, Zoroastrians and Christians, what notable non-Muslim group existed in the Umayyad Caliphate?

answer: Jews

text: Jews

question: Along with Jews, what non-Muslim religion produced notable theological works under the Umayyads?

answer: Christians

text: Christians


text: There are many styles of mandolin, but four are common, the Neapolitan or round-backed mandolin, the carved-top mandolin and the flat-backed mandolin. The round-back has a deep bottom, constructed of strips of wood, glued together into a bowl. The carved-top or arch-top mandolin has a much shallower, arched back, and an arched top—both carved out of wood. The flat-backed mandolin uses thin sheets of wood for the body, braced on the inside for strength in a similar manner to a guitar. Each style of instrument has its own sound quality and is associated with particular forms of music. Neapolitan mandolins feature prominently in European classical music and traditional music. Carved-top instruments are common in American folk music and bluegrass music. Flat-backed instruments are commonly used in Irish, British and Brazilian folk music. Some modern Brazilian instruments feature an extra fifth course tuned a fifth lower than the standard fourth course.

title: Mandolin

title: Mandolin

text: There

text: are

text: many

text: styles

text: of

text: mandolin

text: but

text: four

text: are

text: common

text: the

text: Neapolitan

text: or

text: round

text: backed

text: mandolin

text: the

text: carved

text: top

text: mandolin

text: and

text: the

text: flat

text: backed

text: mandolin

text: The

text: round

text: back

text: has

text: a

text: deep

text: bottom

text: constructed

text: of

text: strips

text: of

text: wood

text: glued

text: together

text: into

text: a

text: bowl

text: The

text: carved

text: top

text: or

text: arch

text: top

text: mandolin

text: has

text: a

text: much

text: shallower

text: arched

text: back

text: and

text: an

text: arched

text: top

text: both

text: carved

text: out

text: of

text: wood

text: The

text: flat

text: backed

text: mandolin

text: uses

text: thin

text: sheets

text: of

text: wood

text: for

text: the

text: body

text: braced

text: on

text: the

text: inside

text: for

text: strength

text: in

text: a

text: similar

text: manner

text: to

text: a

text: guitar

text: Each

text: style

text: of

text: instrument

text: has

text: its

text: own

text: sound

text: quality

text: and

text: is

text: associated

text: with

text: particular

text: forms

text: of

text: music

text: Neapolitan

text: mandolins

text: feature

text: prominently

text: in

text: European

text: classical

text: music

text: and

text: traditional

text: music

text: Carved

text: top

text: instruments

text: are

text: common

text: in

text: American

text: folk

text: music

text: and

text: bluegrass

text: music

text: Flat

text: backed

text: instruments

text: are

text: commonly

text: used

text: in

text: Irish

text: British

text: and

text: Brazilian

text: folk

text: music

text: Some

text: modern

text: Brazilian

text: instruments

text: feature

text: an

text: extra

text: fifth

text: course

text: tuned

text: a

text: fifth

text: lower

text: than

text: the

text: standard

text: fourth

text: course

question: What are the four common styles of mandolins?

answer: the Neapolitan or round-backed mandolin, the carved-top mandolin and the flat-backed mandolin.

text: the Neapolitan or round-backed mandolin, the carved-top mandolin and the flat-backed mandolin.

question: What is the round-back mandolin made of?

answer: strips of wood, glued together into a bowl

text: strips of wood, glued together into a bowl

question: Which style of mandolin has a shallower, arched back, and arched top?

answer: round-back

text: round-back

question: Which form of music do Neapolitan mandolins feature?

answer: European classical music and traditional music.

text: European classical music and traditional music.

question: Which mandolin is commin in American Folk music and blue grass music?

answer: Carved-top instruments

text: Carved-top instruments


text: The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) is a court under the auspices of the United Nations for the prosecution of offenses committed in Rwanda during the genocide which occurred there during April 1994, commencing on 6 April. The ICTR was created on 8 November 1994 by the Security Council of the United Nations in order to judge those people responsible for the acts of genocide and other serious violations of the international law performed in the territory of Rwanda, or by Rwandan citizens in nearby states, between 1 January and 31 December 1994.

title: Genocide

title: Genocide

text: The

text: International

text: Criminal

text: Tribunal

text: for

text: Rwanda

text: ICTR

text: is

text: a

text: court

text: under

text: the

text: auspices

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: for

text: the

text: prosecution

text: of

text: offenses

text: committed

text: in

text: Rwanda

text: during

text: the

text: genocide

text: which

text: occurred

text: there

text: during

text: April

text: commencing

text: on

text: April

text: The

text: ICTR

text: was

text: created

text: on

text: November

text: by

text: the

text: Security

text: Council

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: judge

text: those

text: people

text: responsible

text: for

text: the

text: acts

text: of

text: genocide

text: and

text: other

text: serious

text: violations

text: of

text: the

text: international

text: law

text: performed

text: in

text: the

text: territory

text: of

text: Rwanda

text: or

text: by

text: Rwandan

text: citizens

text: in

text: nearby

text: states

text: between

text: January

text: and

text: December

question: What court was established under the aegis of the United Nations to prosecute genocidal crimes in Rwanda?

answer: International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)

text: International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)

question: The prosecutorial efforts of the ICTR focused on genocidal acts that took place during which time period?

answer: April 1994

text: April 1994

question: the ICTR was created in November 1995 by which branch of the UN?

answer: the Security Council of the United Nations

text: the Security Council of the United Nations

question: The ICTR was established for the purpose of convicting those responsible for acts of genocide and what other charges?

answer: serious violations of the international law

text: serious violations of the international law

question: The charges of genocide brought up by the ICTR were against what group of people?

answer: Rwandan citizens

text: Rwandan citizens


text: In The Use of Knowledge in Society (1945), Hayek argued that the price mechanism serves to share and synchronise local and personal knowledge, allowing society's members to achieve diverse, complicated ends through a principle of spontaneous self-organization. He contrasted the use of the price mechanism with central planning, arguing that the former allows for more rapid adaptation to changes in particular circumstances of time and place. Thus, he set the stage for Oliver Williamson's later contrast between markets and hierarchies as alternative co-ordination mechanisms for economic transactions. He used the term catallaxy to describe a "self-organizing system of voluntary co-operation". Hayek's research into this argument was specifically cited by the Nobel Committee in its press release awarding Hayek the Nobel prize.

title: Friedrich_Hayek

title: Friedrich_Hayek

text: In

text: The

text: Use

text: of

text: Knowledge

text: in

text: Society

text: Hayek

text: argued

text: that

text: the

text: price

text: mechanism

text: serves

text: to

text: share

text: and

text: synchronise

text: local

text: and

text: personal

text: knowledge

text: allowing

text: society

text: 's

text: members

text: to

text: achieve

text: diverse

text: complicated

text: ends

text: through

text: a

text: principle

text: of

text: spontaneous

text: self

text: organization

text: He

text: contrasted

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: price

text: mechanism

text: with

text: central

text: planning

text: arguing

text: that

text: the

text: former

text: allows

text: for

text: more

text: rapid

text: adaptation

text: to

text: changes

text: in

text: particular

text: circumstances

text: of

text: time

text: and

text: place

text: Thus

text: he

text: set

text: the

text: stage

text: for

text: Oliver

text: Williamson

text: 's

text: later

text: contrast

text: between

text: markets

text: and

text: hierarchies

text: as

text: alternative

text: co

text: ordination

text: mechanisms

text: for

text: economic

text: transactions

text: He

text: used

text: the

text: term

text: catallaxy

text: to

text: describe

text: a

text: self

text: organizing

text: system

text: of

text: voluntary

text: co

text: operation

text: Hayek

text: 's

text: research

text: into

text: this

text: argument

text: was

text: specifically

text: cited

text: by

text: the

text: Nobel

text: Committee

text: in

text: its

text: press

text: release

text: awarding

text: Hayek

text: the

text: Nobel

text: prize

question: Which of Hayek's books argued against the socialist price mechanism?

answer: The Use of Knowledge in Society

text: The Use of Knowledge in Society

question: Which type of economy did Hayek believe the price mechanism to be less effective with?

answer: central planning

text: central planning

question: The arguments presented in The Use of Knowledge in Society created an starting point for who?

answer: Oliver Williamson

text: Oliver Williamson

question: The arguments presented in Hayek's 1945 book were a large reason for being granted what award?

answer: the Nobel prize

text: the Nobel prize


text: Arsenal finished in either first or second place in the league in eight of Wenger's first eleven seasons at the club, although on no occasion were they able to retain the title. As of July 2013, they were one of only five teams, the others being Manchester United, Blackburn Rovers, Chelsea, and Manchester City, to have won the Premier League since its formation in 1992. Arsenal had never progressed beyond the quarter-finals of the Champions League until 2005–06; in that season they became the first club from London in the competition's fifty-year history to reach the final, in which they were beaten 2–1 by Barcelona. In July 2006, they moved into the Emirates Stadium, after 93 years at Highbury.

title: Arsenal_F.C.

title: Arsenal_F.C.

text: Arsenal

text: finished

text: in

text: either

text: first

text: or

text: second

text: place

text: in

text: the

text: league

text: in

text: eight

text: of

text: Wenger

text: 's

text: first

text: eleven

text: seasons

text: at

text: the

text: club

text: although

text: on

text: no

text: occasion

text: were

text: they

text: able

text: to

text: retain

text: the

text: title

text: As

text: of

text: July

text: they

text: were

text: one

text: of

text: only

text: five

text: teams

text: the

text: others

text: being

text: Manchester

text: United

text: Blackburn

text: Rovers

text: Chelsea

text: and

text: Manchester

text: City

text: to

text: have

text: won

text: the

text: Premier

text: League

text: since

text: its

text: formation

text: in

text: Arsenal

text: had

text: never

text: progressed

text: beyond

text: the

text: quarter

text: finals

text: of

text: the

text: Champions

text: League

text: until

text: in

text: that

text: season

text: they

text: became

text: the

text: first

text: club

text: from

text: London

text: in

text: the

text: competition

text: 's

text: fifty

text: year

text: history

text: to

text: reach

text: the

text: final

text: in

text: which

text: they

text: were

text: beaten

text: by

text: Barcelona

text: In

text: July

text: they

text: moved

text: into

text: the

text: Emirates

text: Stadium

text: after

text: years

text: at

text: Highbury

question: Including Arsenal, how many  teams  had won the Premier League up to 2013?

answer: five

text: five

question: In what year was the Premier League created?

answer: 1992

question: What team defeated Arsenal in the finals of the Champions League in 2005-2006 season?

answer: Barcelona

text: Barcelona

question: To what stadium did Arsenal FC move in 2006?

answer: Emirates Stadium

text: Emirates Stadium

question: For how many years did Arsenal play at Highbury?

answer: 93


text: Of major Canadian cities, St. John's is the foggiest (124 days), windiest (24.3 km/h (15.1 mph) average speed), and cloudiest (1,497 hours of sunshine). St. John's experiences milder temperatures during the winter season in comparison to other Canadian cities, and has the mildest winter for any Canadian city outside of British Columbia. Precipitation is frequent and often heavy, falling year round. On average, summer is the driest season, with only occasional thunderstorm activity, and the wettest months are from October to January, with December the wettest single month, with nearly 165 millimetres of precipitation on average. This winter precipitation maximum is quite unusual for humid continental climates, which most commonly have a late spring or early summer precipitation maximum (for example, most of the Midwestern U.S.). Most heavy precipitation events in St. John's are the product of intense mid-latitude storms migrating from the Northeastern U.S. and New England states, and these are most common and intense from October to March, bringing heavy precipitation (commonly 4 to 8 centimetres of rainfall equivalent in a single storm), and strong winds. In winter, two or more types of precipitation (rain, freezing rain, sleet and snow) can fall from passage of a single storm. Snowfall is heavy, averaging nearly 335 centimetres per winter season. However, winter storms can bring changing precipitation types. Heavy snow can transition to heavy rain, melting the snow cover, and possibly back to snow or ice (perhaps briefly) all in the same storm, resulting in little or no net snow accumulation. Snow cover in St. John's is variable, and especially early in the winter season, may be slow to develop, but can extend deeply into the spring months (March, April). The St. John's area is subject to freezing rain (called "silver thaws"), the worst of which paralyzed the city over a three-day period in April 1984.

title: St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador

title: St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador

text: Of

text: major

text: Canadian

text: cities

text: St.

text: John

text: 's

text: is

text: the

text: foggiest

text: days

text: windiest

text: km

text: h

text: mph

text: average

text: speed

text: and

text: cloudiest

text: hours

text: of

text: sunshine

text: St.

text: John

text: 's

text: experiences

text: milder

text: temperatures

text: during

text: the

text: winter

text: season

text: in

text: comparison

text: to

text: other

text: Canadian

text: cities

text: and

text: has

text: the

text: mildest

text: winter

text: for

text: any

text: Canadian

text: city

text: outside

text: of

text: British

text: Columbia

text: Precipitation

text: is

text: frequent

text: and

text: often

text: heavy

text: falling

text: year

text: round

text: On

text: average

text: summer

text: is

text: the

text: driest

text: season

text: with

text: only

text: occasional

text: thunderstorm

text: activity

text: and

text: the

text: wettest

text: months

text: are

text: from

text: October

text: to

text: January

text: with

text: December

text: the

text: wettest

text: single

text: month

text: with

text: nearly

text: millimetres

text: of

text: precipitation

text: on

text: average

text: This

text: winter

text: precipitation

text: maximum

text: is

text: quite

text: unusual

text: for

text: humid

text: continental

text: climates

text: which

text: most

text: commonly

text: have

text: a

text: late

text: spring

text: or

text: early

text: summer

text: precipitation

text: maximum

text: for

text: example

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: Midwestern

text: U.S.

text: Most

text: heavy

text: precipitation

text: events

text: in

text: St.

text: John

text: 's

text: are

text: the

text: product

text: of

text: intense

text: mid

text: latitude

text: storms

text: migrating

text: from

text: the

text: Northeastern

text: U.S.

text: and

text: New

text: England

text: states

text: and

text: these

text: are

text: most

text: common

text: and

text: intense

text: from

text: October

text: to

text: March

text: bringing

text: heavy

text: precipitation

text: commonly

text: to

text: centimetres

text: of

text: rainfall

text: equivalent

text: in

text: a

text: single

text: storm

text: and

text: strong

text: winds

text: In

text: winter

text: two

text: or

text: more

text: types

text: of

text: precipitation

text: rain

text: freezing

text: rain

text: sleet

text: and

text: snow

text: can

text: fall

text: from

text: passage

text: of

text: a

text: single

text: storm

text: Snowfall

text: is

text: heavy

text: averaging

text: nearly

text: centimetres

text: per

text: winter

text: season

text: However

text: winter

text: storms

text: can

text: bring

text: changing

text: precipitation

text: types

text: Heavy

text: snow

text: can

text: transition

text: to

text: heavy

text: rain

text: melting

text: the

text: snow

text: cover

text: and

text: possibly

text: back

text: to

text: snow

text: or

text: ice

text: perhaps

text: briefly

text: all

text: in

text: the

text: same

text: storm

text: resulting

text: in

text: little

text: or

text: no

text: net

text: snow

text: accumulation

text: Snow

text: cover

text: in

text: St.

text: John

text: 's

text: is

text: variable

text: and

text: especially

text: early

text: in

text: the

text: winter

text: season

text: may

text: be

text: slow

text: to

text: develop

text: but

text: can

text: extend

text: deeply

text: into

text: the

text: spring

text: months

text: March

text: April

text: The

text: St.

text: John

text: 's

text: area

text: is

text: subject

text: to

text: freezing

text: rain

text: called

text: silver

text: thaws

text: the

text: worst

text: of

text: which

text: paralyzed

text: the

text: city

text: over

text: a

text: three

text: day

text: period

text: in

text: April

question: What is the foggiest Canadian city?

answer: St. John's

text: St. John's

question: What is the average wind speed in miles per hour for St. John's?

answer: 15.1 mph

text: 15.1 mph

question: What Canadian city has the mildest winter temperature?

answer: British Columbia

text: British Columbia

question: What is the driest season on average in St. John's?

answer: summer

text: summer

question: What is another word for freezing rain?

answer: silver thaws

text: silver thaws


text: A nonstandard dialect, like a standard dialect, has a complete vocabulary, grammar, and syntax, but is usually not the beneficiary of institutional support. Examples of a nonstandard English dialect are Southern American English, Western Australian English, Scouse and Tyke. The Dialect Test was designed by Joseph Wright to compare different English dialects with each other.

title: Dialect

title: Dialect

text: A

text: nonstandard

text: dialect

text: like

text: a

text: standard

text: dialect

text: has

text: a

text: complete

text: vocabulary

text: grammar

text: and

text: syntax

text: but

text: is

text: usually

text: not

text: the

text: beneficiary

text: of

text: institutional

text: support

text: Examples

text: of

text: a

text: nonstandard

text: English

text: dialect

text: are

text: Southern

text: American

text: English

text: Western

text: Australian

text: English

text: Scouse

text: and

text: Tyke

text: The

text: Dialect

text: Test

text: was

text: designed

text: by

text: Joseph

text: Wright

text: to

text: compare

text: different

text: English

text: dialects

text: with

text: each

text: other

question: What does a nonstandard dialect usually not have compared to a standard dialect?

answer: institutional support

text: institutional support

question: What language is Scouse a dialect of?

answer: English

text: English

question: What was created for the sake of comparing English dialects?

answer: The Dialect Test

text: The Dialect Test

question: Who came up with the Dialect Test?

answer: Joseph Wright

text: Joseph Wright

question: Along with a syntax and grammar, what attribute does a dialect possess?

answer: vocabulary

text: vocabulary


text: The vast majority of Muslims in Nigeria are Sunni belonging to Maliki school of jurisprudence; however, a sizeable minority also belongs to Shafi madhhab. A large number of Sunni Muslims are members of Sufi brotherhoods. Most Sufis follow the Qadiriyya, Tijaniyyah and/or the Mouride movements. A significant Shia minority exists (see Shia in Nigeria). Some northern states have incorporated Sharia law into their previously secular legal systems, which has brought about some controversy. Kano State has sought to incorporate Sharia law into its constitution. The majority of Quranists follow the Kalo Kato or Quraniyyun movement. There are also Ahmadiyya and Mahdiyya minorities.

title: Nigeria

title: Nigeria

text: The

text: vast

text: majority

text: of

text: Muslims

text: in

text: Nigeria

text: are

text: Sunni

text: belonging

text: to

text: Maliki

text: school

text: of

text: jurisprudence

text: however

text: a

text: sizeable

text: minority

text: also

text: belongs

text: to

text: Shafi

text: madhhab

text: A

text: large

text: number

text: of

text: Sunni

text: Muslims

text: are

text: members

text: of

text: Sufi

text: brotherhoods

text: Most

text: Sufis

text: follow

text: the

text: Qadiriyya

text: Tijaniyyah

text: and/or

text: the

text: Mouride

text: movements

text: A

text: significant

text: Shia

text: minority

text: exists

text: see

text: Shia

text: in

text: Nigeria

text: Some

text: northern

text: states

text: have

text: incorporated

text: Sharia

text: law

text: into

text: their

text: previously

text: secular

text: legal

text: systems

text: which

text: has

text: brought

text: about

text: some

text: controversy

text: Kano

text: State

text: has

text: sought

text: to

text: incorporate

text: Sharia

text: law

text: into

text: its

text: constitution

text: The

text: majority

text: of

text: Quranists

text: follow

text: the

text: Kalo

text: Kato

text: or

text: Quraniyyun

text: movement

text: There

text: are

text: also

text: Ahmadiyya

text: and

text: Mahdiyya

text: minorities

question: What type of Islam is most common in Nigeria?

answer: Sunni

text: Sunni

question: What school of Sunni Islam is most common in Nigeria?

answer: Maliki school of jurisprudence

text: Maliki school of jurisprudence

question: What Islamic law is being used in some Nigerian states?

answer: Sharia

text: Sharia

question: What Nigerian state is trying to make Sharia law part of its constitution?

answer: Kano

text: Kano


text: By the end of the decade a distinct genre of hard rock was emerging with bands like Led Zeppelin, who mixed the music of early rock bands with a more hard-edged form of blues rock and acid rock on their first two albums Led Zeppelin (1969) and Led Zeppelin II (1969), and Deep Purple, who began as a progressive rock group but achieved their commercial breakthrough with their fourth and distinctively heavier album, In Rock (1970). Also significant was Black Sabbath's Paranoid (1970), which combined guitar riffs with dissonance and more explicit references to the occult and elements of Gothic horror. All three of these bands have been seen as pivotal in the development of heavy metal, but where metal further accentuated the intensity of the music, with bands like Judas Priest following Sabbath's lead into territory that was often "darker and more menacing", hard rock tended to continue to remain the more exuberant, good-time music.

title: Hard_rock

title: Hard_rock

text: By

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: decade

text: a

text: distinct

text: genre

text: of

text: hard

text: rock

text: was

text: emerging

text: with

text: bands

text: like

text: Led

text: Zeppelin

text: who

text: mixed

text: the

text: music

text: of

text: early

text: rock

text: bands

text: with

text: a

text: more

text: hard

text: edged

text: form

text: of

text: blues

text: rock

text: and

text: acid

text: rock

text: on

text: their

text: first

text: two

text: albums

text: Led

text: Zeppelin

text: and

text: Led

text: Zeppelin

text: II

text: and

text: Deep

text: Purple

text: who

text: began

text: as

text: a

text: progressive

text: rock

text: group

text: but

text: achieved

text: their

text: commercial

text: breakthrough

text: with

text: their

text: fourth

text: and

text: distinctively

text: heavier

text: album

text: In

text: Rock

text: Also

text: significant

text: was

text: Black

text: Sabbath

text: 's

text: Paranoid

text: which

text: combined

text: guitar

text: riffs

text: with

text: dissonance

text: and

text: more

text: explicit

text: references

text: to

text: the

text: occult

text: and

text: elements

text: of

text: Gothic

text: horror

text: All

text: three

text: of

text: these

text: bands

text: have

text: been

text: seen

text: as

text: pivotal

text: in

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: heavy

text: metal

text: but

text: where

text: metal

text: further

text: accentuated

text: the

text: intensity

text: of

text: the

text: music

text: with

text: bands

text: like

text: Judas

text: Priest

text: following

text: Sabbath

text: 's

text: lead

text: into

text: territory

text: that

text: was

text: often

text: darker

text: and

text: more

text: menacing

text: hard

text: rock

text: tended

text: to

text: continue

text: to

text: remain

text: the

text: more

text: exuberant

text: good

text: time

text: music

question: Led Zeppelin's first two albums both came out in what year?

answer: 1969

question: What was the title of Deep Purple's hard rock 1970 album?

answer: In Rock

text: In Rock

question: Black Sabbath's lyrics contained references to what cultural touchstones?

answer: occult and elements of Gothic horror

text: occult and elements of Gothic horror

question: What is the title of Black Sabbath's 1970 album?

answer: Paranoid

text: Paranoid

question: What is one band directly influenced by Black Sabbath?

answer: Judas Priest

text: Judas Priest


text: At about the same time, the word "humanism" as a philosophy centred on humankind (as opposed to institutionalised religion) was also being used in Germany by the so-called Left Hegelians, Arnold Ruge, and Karl Marx, who were critical of the close involvement of the church in the repressive German government. There has been a persistent confusion between the several uses of the terms: philanthropic humanists look to what they consider their antecedents in critical thinking and human-centered philosophy among the Greek philosophers and the great figures of Renaissance history; and scholarly humanists stress the linguistic and cultural disciplines needed to understand and interpret these philosophers and artists.

title: Humanism

title: Humanism

text: At

text: about

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: the

text: word

text: humanism

text: as

text: a

text: philosophy

text: centred

text: on

text: humankind

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: institutionalised

text: religion

text: was

text: also

text: being

text: used

text: in

text: Germany

text: by

text: the

text: so

text: called

text: Left

text: Hegelians

text: Arnold

text: Ruge

text: and

text: Karl

text: Marx

text: who

text: were

text: critical

text: of

text: the

text: close

text: involvement

text: of

text: the

text: church

text: in

text: the

text: repressive

text: German

text: government

text: There

text: has

text: been

text: a

text: persistent

text: confusion

text: between

text: the

text: several

text: uses

text: of

text: the

text: terms

text: philanthropic

text: humanists

text: look

text: to

text: what

text: they

text: consider

text: their

text: antecedents

text: in

text: critical

text: thinking

text: and

text: human

text: centered

text: philosophy

text: among

text: the

text: Greek

text: philosophers

text: and

text: the

text: great

text: figures

text: of

text: Renaissance

text: history

text: and

text: scholarly

text: humanists

text: stress

text: the

text: linguistic

text: and

text: cultural

text: disciplines

text: needed

text: to

text: understand

text: and

text: interpret

text: these

text: philosophers

text: and

text: artists

question: What was the main difference between humanism and the religions of the time?

answer: centred on humankind

text: centred on humankind

question: What well known socialist adopted the usage of this term in Germany?

answer: Karl Marx

text: Karl Marx

question: Who did benevolent believers in humanism turn to for ideas about the philosophy?

answer: Greek philosophers

text: Greek philosophers

question: Where did the learned believers place their focus?

answer: linguistic and cultural disciplines

text: linguistic and cultural disciplines


text: Due to the expansion of trade and its geographical proximity, Kiev became the most important trade centre and chief among the communes; therefore the leader of Kiev gained political "control" over the surrounding areas. This princedom emerged from a coalition of traditional patriarchic family communes banded together in an effort to increase the applicable workforce and expand the productivity of the land. This union developed the first major cities in the Rus' and was the first notable form of self-government. As these communes became larger, the emphasis was taken off the family holdings and placed on the territory that surrounded. This shift in ideology became known as the verv'.

title: Kievan_Rus%27

title: Kievan_Rus%27

text: Due

text: to

text: the

text: expansion

text: of

text: trade

text: and

text: its

text: geographical

text: proximity

text: Kiev

text: became

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: trade

text: centre

text: and

text: chief

text: among

text: the

text: communes

text: therefore

text: the

text: leader

text: of

text: Kiev

text: gained

text: political

text: control

text: over

text: the

text: surrounding

text: areas

text: This

text: princedom

text: emerged

text: from

text: a

text: coalition

text: of

text: traditional

text: patriarchic

text: family

text: communes

text: banded

text: together

text: in

text: an

text: effort

text: to

text: increase

text: the

text: applicable

text: workforce

text: and

text: expand

text: the

text: productivity

text: of

text: the

text: land

text: This

text: union

text: developed

text: the

text: first

text: major

text: cities

text: in

text: the

text: Rus

text: and

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: notable

text: form

text: of

text: self

text: government

text: As

text: these

text: communes

text: became

text: larger

text: the

text: emphasis

text: was

text: taken

text: off

text: the

text: family

text: holdings

text: and

text: placed

text: on

text: the

text: territory

text: that

text: surrounded

text: This

text: shift

text: in

text: ideology

text: became

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: verv

question: How did the leader of Kiev gain political control?

answer: Due to the expansion of trade

text: Due to the expansion of trade

question: From what did this new princedom emerge from?

answer: from a coalition of traditional patriarchic family communes

text: from a coalition of traditional patriarchic family communes

question: What type of government came from the coalition of traditional patriachic family?

answer: first notable form of self-government

text: first notable form of self-government


text: In 1994, cinematographic production received a boost with the establishment of the Cinema Advisory Committee. As of the year 2000, the annual amount set aside in the national budget stands at Cy Pounds 500,000 (about 850,000 Euros). In addition to government grants, Cypriot co-productions are eligible for funding from the Council of Europe's Eurimages Fund, which finances European film co-productions. To date, four feature-length films in which a Cypriot was executive producer have received funding from Eurimages. The first was I Sphagi tou Kokora (1992), completed in 1996, Hellados (And the Trains Fly to the Sky, 1995), which is currently in post-production, and Costas Demetriou's O Dromos gia tin Ithaki (The Road to Ithaka, 1997) which premiered in March 2000. The theme song to The Road to Ithaka was composed by Costas Cacoyannis and sung by Alexia Vassiliou. In September 1999, To Tama (The Promise) by Andreas Pantzis also received funding from the Eurimages Fund. In 2009 the Greek director, writer and producer Vassilis Mazomenos filmed in Cyprus Guilt. The film was awarded in 2012 with the Best Screenwriting and Best Photography award in London Greek Film Festival (UK) and was official selection in Montreal World Film Festival, Cairo International Film Festival, India International Film Festival, Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival, Fantasporto and opening film in the Panorama of European Cinema in Athens. In 2010 the film was Nominated for the best film from the Hellenic Film Academy.

title: Cyprus

title: Cyprus

text: In

text: cinematographic

text: production

text: received

text: a

text: boost

text: with

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: the

text: Cinema

text: Advisory

text: Committee

text: As

text: of

text: the

text: year

text: the

text: annual

text: amount

text: set

text: aside

text: in

text: the

text: national

text: budget

text: stands

text: at

text: Cy

text: Pounds

text: about

text: Euros

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: government

text: grants

text: Cypriot

text: co

text: productions

text: are

text: eligible

text: for

text: funding

text: from

text: the

text: Council

text: of

text: Europe

text: 's

text: Eurimages

text: Fund

text: which

text: finances

text: European

text: film

text: co

text: productions

text: To

text: date

text: four

text: feature

text: length

text: films

text: in

text: which

text: a

text: Cypriot

text: was

text: executive

text: producer

text: have

text: received

text: funding

text: from

text: Eurimages

text: The

text: first

text: was

text: I

text: Sphagi

text: tou

text: Kokora

text: completed

text: in

text: Hellados

text: And

text: the

text: Trains

text: Fly

text: to

text: the

text: Sky

text: which

text: is

text: currently

text: in

text: post

text: production

text: and

text: Costas

text: Demetriou

text: 's

text: O

text: Dromos

text: gia

text: tin

text: Ithaki

text: The

text: Road

text: to

text: Ithaka

text: which

text: premiered

text: in

text: March

text: The

text: theme

text: song

text: to

text: The

text: Road

text: to

text: Ithaka

text: was

text: composed

text: by

text: Costas

text: Cacoyannis

text: and

text: sung

text: by

text: Alexia

text: Vassiliou

text: In

text: September

text: To

text: Tama

text: The

text: Promise

text: by

text: Andreas

text: Pantzis

text: also

text: received

text: funding

text: from

text: the

text: Eurimages

text: Fund

text: In

text: the

text: Greek

text: director

text: writer

text: and

text: producer

text: Vassilis

text: Mazomenos

text: filmed

text: in

text: Cyprus

text: Guilt

text: The

text: film

text: was

text: awarded

text: in

text: with

text: the

text: Best

text: Screenwriting

text: and

text: Best

text: Photography

text: award

text: in

text: London

text: Greek

text: Film

text: Festival

text: UK

text: and

text: was

text: official

text: selection

text: in

text: Montreal

text: World

text: Film

text: Festival

text: Cairo

text: International

text: Film

text: Festival

text: India

text: International

text: Film

text: Festival

text: Tallinn

text: Black

text: Nights

text: Film

text: Festival

text: Fantasporto

text: and

text: opening

text: film

text: in

text: the

text: Panorama

text: of

text: European

text: Cinema

text: in

text: Athens

text: In

text: the

text: film

text: was

text: Nominated

text: for

text: the

text: best

text: film

text: from

text: the

text: Hellenic

text: Film

text: Academy

question: What is the amount in Euros of money set aside for the Cinema Advisory Committee?

answer: 850,000 Euros

text: 850,000 Euros

question: Who finances European film co-productions?

answer: Council of Europe's Eurimages Fund

text: Council of Europe's Eurimages Fund

question: What was the first feature film to receive funding  from Eurimages?

answer: I Sphagi tou Kokora

text: I Sphagi tou Kokora

question: Which film was awarded the Best Screenwriting and Best Photography at the London Greek Film Festival?

answer: Cyprus Guilt

text: Cyprus Guilt


text: U.S. submarines, as well as some British and Dutch vessels, operating from bases at Cavite in the Philippines (1941–42); Fremantle and Brisbane, Australia; Pearl Harbor; Trincomalee, Ceylon; Midway; and later Guam, played a major role in defeating Japan, even though submarines made up a small proportion of the Allied navies—less than two percent in the case of the US Navy. Submarines strangled Japan by sinking its merchant fleet, intercepting many troop transports, and cutting off nearly all the oil imports essential to weapons production and military operations. By early 1945 Japanese oil supplies were so limited that its fleet was virtually stranded.

title: Pacific_War

title: Pacific_War

text: U.S.

text: submarines

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: some

text: British

text: and

text: Dutch

text: vessels

text: operating

text: from

text: bases

text: at

text: Cavite

text: in

text: the

text: Philippines

text: Fremantle

text: and

text: Brisbane

text: Australia

text: Pearl

text: Harbor

text: Trincomalee

text: Ceylon

text: Midway

text: and

text: later

text: Guam

text: played

text: a

text: major

text: role

text: in

text: defeating

text: Japan

text: even

text: though

text: submarines

text: made

text: up

text: a

text: small

text: proportion

text: of

text: the

text: Allied

text: navies

text: less

text: than

text: two

text: percent

text: in

text: the

text: case

text: of

text: the

text: US

text: Navy

text: Submarines

text: strangled

text: Japan

text: by

text: sinking

text: its

text: merchant

text: fleet

text: intercepting

text: many

text: troop

text: transports

text: and

text: cutting

text: off

text: nearly

text: all

text: the

text: oil

text: imports

text: essential

text: to

text: weapons

text: production

text: and

text: military

text: operations

text: By

text: early

text: Japanese

text: oil

text: supplies

text: were

text: so

text: limited

text: that

text: its

text: fleet

text: was

text: virtually

text: stranded

question: What did submarines sinking Japanese ships do?

answer: strangled Japan

text: strangled Japan

question: What type of vessels were part of a major role in defeating Japan?

answer: submarines

text: submarines

question: What percent did submarines make up in the US Navy fighting Japan?

answer: two percent

text: two percent

question: What happened to the Japanese fleet when nearly all oil imports were cut off?

answer: virtually stranded

text: virtually stranded


text: The A38 dual-carriageway runs from east to west across the north of the city. Within the city it is designated as 'The Parkway' and represents the boundary between the urban parts of the city and the generally more recent suburban areas. Heading east, it connects Plymouth to the M5 motorway about 40 miles (65 km) away near Exeter; and heading west it connects Cornwall and Devon via the Tamar Bridge. Regular bus services are provided by Plymouth Citybus, First South West and Target Travel. There are three Park and ride services located at Milehouse, Coypool (Plympton) and George Junction (Plymouth City Airport), which are operated by First South West.

title: Plymouth

title: Plymouth

text: The

text: dual

text: carriageway

text: runs

text: from

text: east

text: to

text: west

text: across

text: the

text: north

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: Within

text: the

text: city

text: it

text: is

text: designated

text: as

text: The

text: Parkway

text: and

text: represents

text: the

text: boundary

text: between

text: the

text: urban

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: and

text: the

text: generally

text: more

text: recent

text: suburban

text: areas

text: Heading

text: east

text: it

text: connects

text: Plymouth

text: to

text: the

text: motorway

text: about

text: miles

text: km

text: away

text: near

text: Exeter

text: and

text: heading

text: west

text: it

text: connects

text: Cornwall

text: and

text: Devon

text: via

text: the

text: Tamar

text: Bridge

text: Regular

text: bus

text: services

text: are

text: provided

text: by

text: Plymouth

text: Citybus

text: First

text: South

text: West

text: and

text: Target

text: Travel

text: There

text: are

text: three

text: Park

text: and

text: ride

text: services

text: located

text: at

text: Milehouse

text: Coypool

text: Plympton

text: and

text: George

text: Junction

text: Plymouth

text: City

text: Airport

text: which

text: are

text: operated

text: by

text: First

text: South

text: West

question: What is the A38 called inside the city of Plymouth?

answer: The Parkway

text: The Parkway

question: In miles, about how far away from Plymouth does the A38 connect to the M5?

answer: 40

question: What bridge connects Cornwall to Plymouth via the A38?

answer: Tamar Bridge

text: Tamar Bridge

question: What park and ride service is located at George Junction?

answer: Plymouth City Airport

text: Plymouth City Airport

question: Who operates Milehouse park and ride?

answer: First South West

text: First South West