text: As a landlocked country Tajikistan has no ports and the majority of transportation is via roads, air, and rail. In recent years Tajikistan has pursued agreements with Iran and Pakistan to gain port access in those countries via Afghanistan. In 2009, an agreement was made between Tajikistan, Pakistan, and Afghanistan to improve and build a 1,300 km (810 mi) highway and rail system connecting the three countries to Pakistan's ports. The proposed route would go through the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province in the eastern part of the country. And in 2012, the presidents of Tajikistan, Afghanistan, and Iran signed an agreement to construct roads and railways as well as oil, gas, and water pipelines to connect the three countries.

title: Tajikistan

title: Tajikistan

text: As

text: a

text: landlocked

text: country

text: Tajikistan

text: has

text: no

text: ports

text: and

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: transportation

text: is

text: via

text: roads

text: air

text: and

text: rail

text: In

text: recent

text: years

text: Tajikistan

text: has

text: pursued

text: agreements

text: with

text: Iran

text: and

text: Pakistan

text: to

text: gain

text: port

text: access

text: in

text: those

text: countries

text: via

text: Afghanistan

text: In

text: an

text: agreement

text: was

text: made

text: between

text: Tajikistan

text: Pakistan

text: and

text: Afghanistan

text: to

text: improve

text: and

text: build

text: a

text: km

text: mi

text: highway

text: and

text: rail

text: system

text: connecting

text: the

text: three

text: countries

text: to

text: Pakistan

text: 's

text: ports

text: The

text: proposed

text: route

text: would

text: go

text: through

text: the

text: Gorno

text: Badakhshan

text: Autonomous

text: Province

text: in

text: the

text: eastern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: And

text: in

text: the

text: presidents

text: of

text: Tajikistan

text: Afghanistan

text: and

text: Iran

text: signed

text: an

text: agreement

text: to

text: construct

text: roads

text: and

text: railways

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: oil

text: gas

text: and

text: water

text: pipelines

text: to

text: connect

text: the

text: three

text: countries

question: What are the majority of transportation options?

answer: via roads, air, and rail.

text: via roads, air, and rail.

question: What countries had Tajikistan been working with to use ports?

answer: Iran and Pakistan

text: Iran and Pakistan

question: What countries did Tajikistan agree with to build a highway and a rail way?

answer: Tajikistan, Pakistan, and Afghanistan

text: Tajikistan, Pakistan, and Afghanistan

question: What year was the agreement signed?

answer: 2012


text: Sometime in the early medieval period, the Jews of central and eastern Europe came to be called by this term. In conformity with the custom of designating areas of Jewish settlement with biblical names, Spain was denominated Sefarad (Obadiah 20), France was called Tsarefat (1 Kings 17:9), and Bohemia was called the Land of Canaan. By the high medieval period, Talmudic commentators like Rashi began to use Ashkenaz/Eretz Ashkenaz to designate Germany, earlier known as Loter, where, especially in the Rhineland communities of Speyer, Worms and Mainz, the most important Jewish communities arose. Rashi uses leshon Ashkenaz (Ashkenazi language) to describe German speech, and Byzantium and Syrian Jewish letters referred to the Crusaders as Ashkenazim. Given the close links between the Jewish communities of France and Germany following the Carolingian unification, the term Ashkenazi came to refer to both the Jews of medieval Germany and France.

title: Ashkenazi_Jews

title: Ashkenazi_Jews

text: Sometime

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: medieval

text: period

text: the

text: Jews

text: of

text: central

text: and

text: eastern

text: Europe

text: came

text: to

text: be

text: called

text: by

text: this

text: term

text: In

text: conformity

text: with

text: the

text: custom

text: of

text: designating

text: areas

text: of

text: Jewish

text: settlement

text: with

text: biblical

text: names

text: Spain

text: was

text: denominated

text: Sefarad

text: Obadiah

text: France

text: was

text: called

text: Tsarefat

text: Kings

text: and

text: Bohemia

text: was

text: called

text: the

text: Land

text: of

text: Canaan

text: By

text: the

text: high

text: medieval

text: period

text: Talmudic

text: commentators

text: like

text: Rashi

text: began

text: to

text: use

text: Ashkenaz

text: Eretz

text: Ashkenaz

text: to

text: designate

text: Germany

text: earlier

text: known

text: as

text: Loter

text: where

text: especially

text: in

text: the

text: Rhineland

text: communities

text: of

text: Speyer

text: Worms

text: and

text: Mainz

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: Jewish

text: communities

text: arose

text: Rashi

text: uses

text: leshon

text: Ashkenaz

text: Ashkenazi

text: language

text: to

text: describe

text: German

text: speech

text: and

text: Byzantium

text: and

text: Syrian

text: Jewish

text: letters

text: referred

text: to

text: the

text: Crusaders

text: as

text: Ashkenazim

text: Given

text: the

text: close

text: links

text: between

text: the

text: Jewish

text: communities

text: of

text: France

text: and

text: Germany

text: following

text: the

text: Carolingian

text: unification

text: the

text: term

text: Ashkenazi

text: came

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: both

text: the

text: Jews

text: of

text: medieval

text: Germany

text: and

text: France

question: The custom of designating areas of Jewish settlement with biblical names meant that Spain was referred to as what?

answer: Sefarad

text: Sefarad

question: The custom of designating areas of Jewish settlement with biblical names meant that France was called?

answer: Tsarefat

text: Tsarefat

question: The reference to France as Tsarefat was taken from which biblical passage?

answer: 1 Kings 17:9

text: 1 Kings 17:9

question: How did Byzantium and Syrian Jewish letters refer to the Crusaders?

answer: as Ashkenazim

text: as Ashkenazim

question: Following the Carolingian unification, the term Ashkenazi came to refer to the Jews of what two places?

answer: medieval Germany and France

text: medieval Germany and France


text: Mexico’s capital is both the oldest capital city in the Americas and one of two founded by Amerindians (Native Americans), the other being Quito. The city was originally built on an island of Lake Texcoco by the Aztecs in 1325 as Tenochtitlan, which was almost completely destroyed in the 1521 siege of Tenochtitlan, and subsequently redesigned and rebuilt in accordance with the Spanish urban standards. In 1524, the municipality of Mexico City was established, known as México Tenochtitlán, and as of 1585 it was officially known as Ciudad de México (Mexico City). Mexico City served as the political, administrative and financial center of a major part of the Spanish colonial empire. After independence from Spain was achieved, the Federal District was created in 1824.

title: Mexico_City

title: Mexico_City

text: Mexico

text: ’s

text: capital

text: is

text: both

text: the

text: oldest

text: capital

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: Americas

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: two

text: founded

text: by

text: Amerindians

text: Native

text: Americans

text: the

text: other

text: being

text: Quito

text: The

text: city

text: was

text: originally

text: built

text: on

text: an

text: island

text: of

text: Lake

text: Texcoco

text: by

text: the

text: Aztecs

text: in

text: as

text: Tenochtitlan

text: which

text: was

text: almost

text: completely

text: destroyed

text: in

text: the

text: siege

text: of

text: Tenochtitlan

text: and

text: subsequently

text: redesigned

text: and

text: rebuilt

text: in

text: accordance

text: with

text: the

text: Spanish

text: urban

text: standards

text: In

text: the

text: municipality

text: of

text: Mexico

text: City

text: was

text: established

text: known

text: as

text: México

text: Tenochtitlán

text: and

text: as

text: of

text: it

text: was

text: officially

text: known

text: as

text: Ciudad

text: de

text: México

text: Mexico

text: City

text: Mexico

text: City

text: served

text: as

text: the

text: political

text: administrative

text: and

text: financial

text: center

text: of

text: a

text: major

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Spanish

text: colonial

text: empire

text: After

text: independence

text: from

text: Spain

text: was

text: achieved

text: the

text: Federal

text: District

text: was

text: created

text: in

question: What was the original name of Mexico City?

answer: Tenochtitlan

text: Tenochtitlan

question: Who originally built Mexico City?

answer: the Aztecs

text: the Aztecs

question: When was the Federal District formed?

answer: 1824

question: Where was the city first built?

answer: on an island of Lake Texcoco

text: on an island of Lake Texcoco

question: When was Mexico City officially founded by the Spanish?

answer: 1585


text: There are many accents that are traditionally thought of as London accents. The most well known of the London accents long ago acquired the Cockney label, which is heard both in London itself, and across the wider South East England region more generally. The accent of a 21st-century 'Londoner' varies widely; what is becoming more and more common amongst the under-30s however is some fusion of Cockney with a whole array of 'ethnic' accents, in particular Caribbean, which form an accent labelled Multicultural London English (MLE). The other widely heard and spoken accent is RP (Received Pronunciation) in various forms, which can often be heard in the media and many of other traditional professions and beyond, although this accent is not limited to London and South East England, and can also be heard selectively throughout the whole UK amongst certain social groupings.

title: London

title: London

text: There

text: are

text: many

text: accents

text: that

text: are

text: traditionally

text: thought

text: of

text: as

text: London

text: accents

text: The

text: most

text: well

text: known

text: of

text: the

text: London

text: accents

text: long

text: ago

text: acquired

text: the

text: Cockney

text: label

text: which

text: is

text: heard

text: both

text: in

text: London

text: itself

text: and

text: across

text: the

text: wider

text: South

text: East

text: England

text: region

text: more

text: generally

text: The

text: accent

text: of

text: a

text: century

text: Londoner

text: varies

text: widely

text: what

text: is

text: becoming

text: more

text: and

text: more

text: common

text: amongst

text: the

text: however

text: is

text: some

text: fusion

text: of

text: Cockney

text: with

text: a

text: whole

text: array

text: of

text: ethnic

text: accents

text: in

text: particular

text: Caribbean

text: which

text: form

text: an

text: accent

text: labelled

text: Multicultural

text: London

text: English

text: MLE

text: The

text: other

text: widely

text: heard

text: and

text: spoken

text: accent

text: is

text: RP

text: Received

text: Pronunciation

text: in

text: various

text: forms

text: which

text: can

text: often

text: be

text: heard

text: in

text: the

text: media

text: and

text: many

text: of

text: other

text: traditional

text: professions

text: and

text: beyond

text: although

text: this

text: accent

text: is

text: not

text: limited

text: to

text: London

text: and

text: South

text: East

text: England

text: and

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: heard

text: selectively

text: throughout

text: the

text: whole

text: UK

text: amongst

text: certain

text: social

text: groupings

question: What is the best-known London accent known as?

answer: Cockney

text: Cockney

question: An increasingly popular London accent among younger people fuses Cockney with what?

answer: 'ethnic' accents

text: 'ethnic' accents

question: What style of accent in London is commonly used by media and other professionals?

answer: RP (Received Pronunciation)

text: RP (Received Pronunciation)

question: Outside of London, where is the Cockney accent typically heard?

answer: the wider South East England region

text: the wider South East England region


text: Aristotle of Stagira, the most important disciple of Plato, shared with his teacher the title of the greatest philosopher of antiquity. But while Plato had sought to elucidate and explain things from the supra-sensual standpoint of the forms, his pupil preferred to start from the facts given us by experience. Except from these three most significant Greek philosophers other known schools of Greek philosophy from other founders during ancient times were Stoicism, Epicureanism, Skepticism and Neoplatonism.

title: Greece

title: Greece

text: Aristotle

text: of

text: Stagira

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: disciple

text: of

text: Plato

text: shared

text: with

text: his

text: teacher

text: the

text: title

text: of

text: the

text: greatest

text: philosopher

text: of

text: antiquity

text: But

text: while

text: Plato

text: had

text: sought

text: to

text: elucidate

text: and

text: explain

text: things

text: from

text: the

text: supra

text: sensual

text: standpoint

text: of

text: the

text: forms

text: his

text: pupil

text: preferred

text: to

text: start

text: from

text: the

text: facts

text: given

text: us

text: by

text: experience

text: Except

text: from

text: these

text: three

text: most

text: significant

text: Greek

text: philosophers

text: other

text: known

text: schools

text: of

text: Greek

text: philosophy

text: from

text: other

text: founders

text: during

text: ancient

text: times

text: were

text: Stoicism

text: Epicureanism

text: Skepticism

text: and

text: Neoplatonism

question: Which disciple of Plato was considered the most important?

answer: Aristotle of Stagira

text: Aristotle of Stagira

question: Plato's philosophy attempted to explain life from what standpoint?

answer: the supra-sensual

text: the supra-sensual

question: Aristotle's philosophy was based from what standpoint?

answer: experience

text: experience

question: What is the name of two schools of philosophy?

answer: Skepticism and Neoplatonism

text: Skepticism and Neoplatonism


text: Any philosophy that assigns crucial importance to the ideal or spiritual realm in its account of human existence may be termed "idealist". Metaphysical idealism is an ontological doctrine that holds that reality itself is incorporeal or experiential at its core. Beyond this, idealists disagree on which aspects of the mental are more basic. Platonic idealism affirms that abstractions are more basic to reality than the things we perceive, while subjective idealists and phenomenalists tend to privilege sensory experience over abstract reasoning. Epistemological idealism is the view that reality can only be known through ideas, that only psychological experience can be apprehended by the mind.

title: Idealism

title: Idealism

text: Any

text: philosophy

text: that

text: assigns

text: crucial

text: importance

text: to

text: the

text: ideal

text: or

text: spiritual

text: realm

text: in

text: its

text: account

text: of

text: human

text: existence

text: may

text: be

text: termed

text: idealist

text: Metaphysical

text: idealism

text: is

text: an

text: ontological

text: doctrine

text: that

text: holds

text: that

text: reality

text: itself

text: is

text: incorporeal

text: or

text: experiential

text: at

text: its

text: core

text: Beyond

text: this

text: idealists

text: disagree

text: on

text: which

text: aspects

text: of

text: the

text: mental

text: are

text: more

text: basic

text: Platonic

text: idealism

text: affirms

text: that

text: abstractions

text: are

text: more

text: basic

text: to

text: reality

text: than

text: the

text: things

text: we

text: perceive

text: while

text: subjective

text: idealists

text: and

text: phenomenalists

text: tend

text: to

text: privilege

text: sensory

text: experience

text: over

text: abstract

text: reasoning

text: Epistemological

text: idealism

text: is

text: the

text: view

text: that

text: reality

text: can

text: only

text: be

text: known

text: through

text: ideas

text: that

text: only

text: psychological

text: experience

text: can

text: be

text: apprehended

text: by

text: the

text: mind

question: What is the term used for philosophies that consider the spiritual to be of paramount importance?

answer: idealist

text: idealist

question: What branch of idealism believes that reality is fundamentally nonphysical?

answer: Metaphysical

text: Metaphysical

question: What branch of idealism sees abstracts as more real than perceived objects?

answer: Platonic

text: Platonic

question: Along with phenomenalists, what idealists believe the senses are more important than reason?

answer: subjective

text: subjective

question: What branch of idealism believes that we can only know the real world via ideas?

answer: Epistemological

text: Epistemological


text: Economists Hendrik Wolff, Howard Chong and Maximilian Auffhammer discuss the HDI from the perspective of data error in the underlying health, education and income statistics used to construct the HDI. They identified three sources of data error which are due to (i) data updating, (ii) formula revisions and (iii) thresholds to classify a country’s development status and conclude that 11%, 21% and 34% of all countries can be interpreted as currently misclassified in the development bins due to the three sources of data error, respectively. The authors suggest that the United Nations should discontinue the practice of classifying countries into development bins because - they claim - the cut-off values seem arbitrary, can provide incentives for strategic behavior in reporting official statistics, and have the potential to misguide politicians, investors, charity donors and the public who use the HDI at large.[citation needed] In 2010 the UNDP reacted to the criticism and updated the thresholds to classify nations as low, medium, and high human development countries. In a comment to The Economist in early January 2011, the Human Development Report Office responded to a January 6, 2011 article in the magazine which discusses the Wolff et al. paper. The Human Development Report Office states that they undertook a systematic revision of the methods used for the calculation of the HDI and that the new methodology directly addresses the critique by Wolff et al. in that it generates a system for continuous updating of the human development categories whenever formula or data revisions take place.

title: Human_Development_Index

title: Human_Development_Index

text: Economists

text: Hendrik

text: Wolff

text: Howard

text: Chong

text: and

text: Maximilian

text: Auffhammer

text: discuss

text: the

text: HDI

text: from

text: the

text: perspective

text: of

text: data

text: error

text: in

text: the

text: underlying

text: health

text: education

text: and

text: income

text: statistics

text: used

text: to

text: construct

text: the

text: HDI

text: They

text: identified

text: three

text: sources

text: of

text: data

text: error

text: which

text: are

text: due

text: to

text: i

text: data

text: updating

text: ii

text: formula

text: revisions

text: and

text: iii

text: thresholds

text: to

text: classify

text: a

text: country

text: ’s

text: development

text: status

text: and

text: conclude

text: that

text: and

text: of

text: all

text: countries

text: can

text: be

text: interpreted

text: as

text: currently

text: misclassified

text: in

text: the

text: development

text: bins

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: three

text: sources

text: of

text: data

text: error

text: respectively

text: The

text: authors

text: suggest

text: that

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: should

text: discontinue

text: the

text: practice

text: of

text: classifying

text: countries

text: into

text: development

text: bins

text: because

text: they

text: claim

text: the

text: cut

text: off

text: values

text: seem

text: arbitrary

text: can

text: provide

text: incentives

text: for

text: strategic

text: behavior

text: in

text: reporting

text: official

text: statistics

text: and

text: have

text: the

text: potential

text: to

text: misguide

text: politicians

text: investors

text: charity

text: donors

text: and

text: the

text: public

text: who

text: use

text: the

text: HDI

text: at

text: large.[citation

text: needed

text: In

text: the

text: UNDP

text: reacted

text: to

text: the

text: criticism

text: and

text: updated

text: the

text: thresholds

text: to

text: classify

text: nations

text: as

text: low

text: medium

text: and

text: high

text: human

text: development

text: countries

text: In

text: a

text: comment

text: to

text: The

text: Economist

text: in

text: early

text: January

text: the

text: Human

text: Development

text: Report

text: Office

text: responded

text: to

text: a

text: January

text: article

text: in

text: the

text: magazine

text: which

text: discusses

text: the

text: Wolff

text: et

text: al

text: paper

text: The

text: Human

text: Development

text: Report

text: Office

text: states

text: that

text: they

text: undertook

text: a

text: systematic

text: revision

text: of

text: the

text: methods

text: used

text: for

text: the

text: calculation

text: of

text: the

text: HDI

text: and

text: that

text: the

text: new

text: methodology

text: directly

text: addresses

text: the

text: critique

text: by

text: Wolff

text: et

text: al

text: in

text: that

text: it

text: generates

text: a

text: system

text: for

text: continuous

text: updating

text: of

text: the

text: human

text: development

text: categories

text: whenever

text: formula

text: or

text: data

text: revisions

text: take

text: place

question: How many economists were cited as pointing out data errors in the HDI?

answer: three

text: three

question: In what year did the UNDP respond to the criticism of its report?

answer: 2010

question: Which magazine publication carried a statement from the Human Development Report Office in January, 2011?

answer: The Economist

text: The Economist


text: The era of planning in Himachal Pradesh started 1948 along with the rest of India. The first five-year plan allocated ₹ 52.7 million to Himachal. More than 50% of this expenditure was incurred on road construction since it was felt that without proper transport facilities, the process of planning and development could not be carried to the people, who mostly lived an isolated existence in far away areas. Himachal now ranks fourth in respect of per capita income among the states of the Indian Union.

title: Himachal_Pradesh

title: Himachal_Pradesh

text: The

text: era

text: of

text: planning

text: in

text: Himachal

text: Pradesh

text: started

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: India

text: The

text: first

text: five

text: year

text: plan

text: allocated

text: million

text: to

text: Himachal

text: More

text: than

text: of

text: this

text: expenditure

text: was

text: incurred

text: on

text: road

text: construction

text: since

text: it

text: was

text: felt

text: that

text: without

text: proper

text: transport

text: facilities

text: the

text: process

text: of

text: planning

text: and

text: development

text: could

text: not

text: be

text: carried

text: to

text: the

text: people

text: who

text: mostly

text: lived

text: an

text: isolated

text: existence

text: in

text: far

text: away

text: areas

text: Himachal

text: now

text: ranks

text: fourth

text: in

text: respect

text: of

text: per

text: capita

text: income

text: among

text: the

text: states

text: of

text: the

text: Indian

text: Union

question: When did the era of planning start in Himachal Pradesh?

answer: 1948

question: How much was allocated?

answer: ₹ 52.7 million

text: ₹ 52.7 million

question: What kind of plan was it?

answer: five-year plan

text: five-year plan

question: Where does Himachal Pradesh rank in per capita?

answer: fourth

text: fourth

question: What was more than 50% used on?

answer: road construction

text: road construction


text: During the Early Modern period (approximately late 15th century to 1800), the universities of Europe would see a tremendous amount of growth, productivity and innovative research. At the end of the Middle Ages, about 400 years after the first university was founded, there were twenty-nine universities spread throughout Europe. In the 15th century, twenty-eight new ones were created, with another eighteen added between 1500 and 1625. This pace continued until by the end of the 18th century there were approximately 143 universities in Europe and Eastern Europe, with the highest concentrations in the German Empire (34), Italian countries (26), France (25), and Spain (23) – this was close to a 500% increase over the number of universities toward the end of the Middle Ages. This number does not include the numerous universities that disappeared, or institutions that merged with other universities during this time. It should be noted that the identification of a university was not necessarily obvious during the Early Modern period, as the term is applied to a burgeoning number of institutions. In fact, the term "university" was not always used to designate a higher education institution. In Mediterranean countries, the term studium generale was still often used, while "Academy" was common in Northern European countries.

title: University

title: University

text: During

text: the

text: Early

text: Modern

text: period

text: approximately

text: late

text: century

text: to

text: the

text: universities

text: of

text: Europe

text: would

text: see

text: a

text: tremendous

text: amount

text: of

text: growth

text: productivity

text: and

text: innovative

text: research

text: At

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: about

text: years

text: after

text: the

text: first

text: university

text: was

text: founded

text: there

text: were

text: twenty

text: nine

text: universities

text: spread

text: throughout

text: Europe

text: In

text: the

text: century

text: twenty

text: eight

text: new

text: ones

text: were

text: created

text: with

text: another

text: eighteen

text: added

text: between

text: and

text: This

text: pace

text: continued

text: until

text: by

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: there

text: were

text: approximately

text: universities

text: in

text: Europe

text: and

text: Eastern

text: Europe

text: with

text: the

text: highest

text: concentrations

text: in

text: the

text: German

text: Empire

text: Italian

text: countries

text: France

text: and

text: Spain

text: this

text: was

text: close

text: to

text: a

text: increase

text: over

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: universities

text: toward

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: This

text: number

text: does

text: not

text: include

text: the

text: numerous

text: universities

text: that

text: disappeared

text: or

text: institutions

text: that

text: merged

text: with

text: other

text: universities

text: during

text: this

text: time

text: It

text: should

text: be

text: noted

text: that

text: the

text: identification

text: of

text: a

text: university

text: was

text: not

text: necessarily

text: obvious

text: during

text: the

text: Early

text: Modern

text: period

text: as

text: the

text: term

text: is

text: applied

text: to

text: a

text: burgeoning

text: number

text: of

text: institutions

text: In

text: fact

text: the

text: term

text: university

text: was

text: not

text: always

text: used

text: to

text: designate

text: a

text: higher

text: education

text: institution

text: In

text: Mediterranean

text: countries

text: the

text: term

text: studium

text: generale

text: was

text: still

text: often

text: used

text: while

text: Academy

text: was

text: common

text: in

text: Northern

text: European

text: countries

question: What was the time span of the Early Modern period?

answer: late 15th century to 1800

text: late 15th century to 1800

question: At the completion of the Middle Ages how long had universities existed?

answer: about 400 years

text: about 400 years

question: How many universities were within Europe at the closure of the middle ages?

answer: twenty-nine

text: twenty-nine

question: How many universities were within Europe by the completion of the 18th century?

answer: 143

question: The German Empire had how many universities?

answer: 34


text: Northwestern's School of Communication has been especially fruitful in the number of actors, actresses, playwrights, and film and television writers and directors it has produced. Alumni who have made their mark on film and television include Ann-Margret, Warren Beatty, Jodie Markell, Paul Lynde, David Schwimmer, Anne Dudek, Zach Braff, Zooey Deschanel, Marg Helgenberger, Julia Louis-Dreyfus, Jerry Orbach, Jennifer Jones, Megan Mullally, John Cameron Mitchell, Dermot Mulroney, Charlton Heston, Richard Kind, Ana Gasteyer, Brad Hall, Shelley Long, William Daniels, Cloris Leachman, Bonnie Bartlett, Paula Prentiss, Richard Benjamin, Laura Innes, Charles Busch, Stephanie March, Tony Roberts, Jeri Ryan, Kimberly Williams-Paisley, McLean Stevenson, Tony Randall, Charlotte Rae, Paul Lynde, Patricia Neal, Nancy Dussault, Robert Reed, Mara Brock Akil, Greg Berlanti, Bill Nuss, Dusty Kay, Dan Shor, Seth Meyers, Frank DeCaro, Zach Gilford, Nicole Sullivan, Stephen Colbert, Sandra Seacat and Garry Marshall. Directors who were graduated from Northwestern include Gerald Freedman, Stuart Hagmann, Marshall W. Mason, and Mary Zimmerman. Lee Phillip Bell hosted a talk show in Chicago from 1952 to 1986 and co-created the Daytime Emmy Award-winning soap operas The Young and the Restless in 1973 and The Bold and the Beautiful in 1987. Alumni such as Sheldon Harnick, Stephanie D'Abruzzo, Heather Headley, Kristen Schaal, Lily Rabe, and Walter Kerr have distinguished themselves on Broadway, as has designer Bob Mackie. Amsterdam-based comedy theater Boom Chicago was founded by Northwestern alumni, and the school has become a training ground for future The Second City, I.O., ComedySportz, Mad TV and Saturday Night Live talent. Tam Spiva wrote scripts for The Brady Bunch and Gentle Ben. In New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago, the number of Northwestern alumni involved in theater, film, and television is so large that a perception has formed that there's such a thing as a "Northwestern mafia."

title: Northwestern_University

title: Northwestern_University

text: Northwestern

text: 's

text: School

text: of

text: Communication

text: has

text: been

text: especially

text: fruitful

text: in

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: actors

text: actresses

text: playwrights

text: and

text: film

text: and

text: television

text: writers

text: and

text: directors

text: it

text: has

text: produced

text: Alumni

text: who

text: have

text: made

text: their

text: mark

text: on

text: film

text: and

text: television

text: include

text: Ann

text: Margret

text: Warren

text: Beatty

text: Jodie

text: Markell

text: Paul

text: Lynde

text: David

text: Schwimmer

text: Anne

text: Dudek

text: Zach

text: Braff

text: Zooey

text: Deschanel

text: Marg

text: Helgenberger

text: Julia

text: Louis

text: Dreyfus

text: Jerry

text: Orbach

text: Jennifer

text: Jones

text: Megan

text: Mullally

text: John

text: Cameron

text: Mitchell

text: Dermot

text: Mulroney

text: Charlton

text: Heston

text: Richard

text: Kind

text: Ana

text: Gasteyer

text: Brad

text: Hall

text: Shelley

text: Long

text: William

text: Daniels

text: Cloris

text: Leachman

text: Bonnie

text: Bartlett

text: Paula

text: Prentiss

text: Richard

text: Benjamin

text: Laura

text: Innes

text: Charles

text: Busch

text: Stephanie

text: March

text: Tony

text: Roberts

text: Jeri

text: Ryan

text: Kimberly

text: Williams

text: Paisley

text: McLean

text: Stevenson

text: Tony

text: Randall

text: Charlotte

text: Rae

text: Paul

text: Lynde

text: Patricia

text: Neal

text: Nancy

text: Dussault

text: Robert

text: Reed

text: Mara

text: Brock

text: Akil

text: Greg

text: Berlanti

text: Bill

text: Nuss

text: Dusty

text: Kay

text: Dan

text: Shor

text: Seth

text: Meyers

text: Frank

text: DeCaro

text: Zach

text: Gilford

text: Nicole

text: Sullivan

text: Stephen

text: Colbert

text: Sandra

text: Seacat

text: and

text: Garry

text: Marshall

text: Directors

text: who

text: were

text: graduated

text: from

text: Northwestern

text: include

text: Gerald

text: Freedman

text: Stuart

text: Hagmann

text: Marshall

text: W.

text: Mason

text: and

text: Mary

text: Zimmerman

text: Lee

text: Phillip

text: Bell

text: hosted

text: a

text: talk

text: show

text: in

text: Chicago

text: from

text: to

text: and

text: co

text: created

text: the

text: Daytime

text: Emmy

text: Award

text: winning

text: soap

text: operas

text: The

text: Young

text: and

text: the

text: Restless

text: in

text: and

text: The

text: Bold

text: and

text: the

text: Beautiful

text: in

text: Alumni

text: such

text: as

text: Sheldon

text: Harnick

text: Stephanie

text: D'Abruzzo

text: Heather

text: Headley

text: Kristen

text: Schaal

text: Lily

text: Rabe

text: and

text: Walter

text: Kerr

text: have

text: distinguished

text: themselves

text: on

text: Broadway

text: as

text: has

text: designer

text: Bob

text: Mackie

text: Amsterdam

text: based

text: comedy

text: theater

text: Boom

text: Chicago

text: was

text: founded

text: by

text: Northwestern

text: alumni

text: and

text: the

text: school

text: has

text: become

text: a

text: training

text: ground

text: for

text: future

text: The

text: Second

text: City

text: I.O.

text: ComedySportz

text: Mad

text: TV

text: and

text: Saturday

text: Night

text: Live

text: talent

text: Tam

text: Spiva

text: wrote

text: scripts

text: for

text: The

text: Brady

text: Bunch

text: and

text: Gentle

text: Ben

text: In

text: New

text: York

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: and

text: Chicago

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: Northwestern

text: alumni

text: involved

text: in

text: theater

text: film

text: and

text: television

text: is

text: so

text: large

text: that

text: a

text: perception

text: has

text: formed

text: that

text: there

text: 's

text: such

text: a

text: thing

text: as

text: a

text: Northwestern

text: mafia

question: Who founded the Amsterdam based comedy theater Boom Chicago?

answer: Northwestern alumni

text: Northwestern alumni

question: Where did actor Warren Beatty attend school?

answer: Northwestern's School of Communication

text: Northwestern's School of Communication

question: Where did actor Charlton Heston attend school?

answer: Northwestern's School of Communication

text: Northwestern's School of Communication

question: Where did director Gerald Freedman attend school?

answer: Northwestern's School of Communication

text: Northwestern's School of Communication

question: Which alumni was a co-creator of "The Young and the Restless", and "The Bold and the Beautiful"?

answer: Lee Phillip Bell

text: Lee Phillip Bell


text: Unlike in higher animals, where parthenogenesis is rare, asexual reproduction may occur in plants by several different mechanisms. The formation of stem tubers in potato is one example. Particularly in arctic or alpine habitats, where opportunities for fertilisation of flowers by animals are rare, plantlets or bulbs, may develop instead of flowers, replacing sexual reproduction with asexual reproduction and giving rise to clonal populations genetically identical to the parent. This is one of several types of apomixis that occur in plants. Apomixis can also happen in a seed, producing a seed that contains an embryo genetically identical to the parent.

title: Botany

title: Botany

text: Unlike

text: in

text: higher

text: animals

text: where

text: parthenogenesis

text: is

text: rare

text: asexual

text: reproduction

text: may

text: occur

text: in

text: plants

text: by

text: several

text: different

text: mechanisms

text: The

text: formation

text: of

text: stem

text: tubers

text: in

text: potato

text: is

text: one

text: example

text: Particularly

text: in

text: arctic

text: or

text: alpine

text: habitats

text: where

text: opportunities

text: for

text: fertilisation

text: of

text: flowers

text: by

text: animals

text: are

text: rare

text: plantlets

text: or

text: bulbs

text: may

text: develop

text: instead

text: of

text: flowers

text: replacing

text: sexual

text: reproduction

text: with

text: asexual

text: reproduction

text: and

text: giving

text: rise

text: to

text: clonal

text: populations

text: genetically

text: identical

text: to

text: the

text: parent

text: This

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: several

text: types

text: of

text: apomixis

text: that

text: occur

text: in

text: plants

text: Apomixis

text: can

text: also

text: happen

text: in

text: a

text: seed

text: producing

text: a

text: seed

text: that

text: contains

text: an

text: embryo

text: genetically

text: identical

text: to

text: the

text: parent

question: Why do plants develop bulbs?

answer: opportunities for fertilisation of flowers by animals are rare

text: opportunities for fertilisation of flowers by animals are rare

question: What do plants do when the environment makes fertilization especially difficult?

answer: replacing sexual reproduction with asexual reproduction

text: replacing sexual reproduction with asexual reproduction

question: How different are the children produced by asexual parents?

answer: genetically identical to the parent

text: genetically identical to the parent

question: What is the term for asexual cloning?

answer: Apomixis

text: Apomixis

question: Does apomixis only occur in the parent?

answer: can also happen in a seed

text: can also happen in a seed


text: Gender identity forms an important part of identity in psychology, as it dictates to a significant degree how one views oneself both as a person and in relation to other people, ideas and nature. Other aspects of identity, such as racial, religious, ethnic, occupational… etc. may also be more or less significant – or significant in some situations but not in others (Weinreich & Saunderson 2003 pp26–34). In cognitive psychology, the term "identity" refers to the capacity for self-reflection and the awareness of self.(Leary & Tangney 2003, p. 3)

title: Identity_(social_science)

title: Identity_(social_science

text: Gender

text: identity

text: forms

text: an

text: important

text: part

text: of

text: identity

text: in

text: psychology

text: as

text: it

text: dictates

text: to

text: a

text: significant

text: degree

text: how

text: one

text: views

text: oneself

text: both

text: as

text: a

text: person

text: and

text: in

text: relation

text: to

text: other

text: people

text: ideas

text: and

text: nature

text: Other

text: aspects

text: of

text: identity

text: such

text: as

text: racial

text: religious

text: ethnic

text: occupational

text: etc

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: more

text: or

text: less

text: significant

text: or

text: significant

text: in

text: some

text: situations

text: but

text: not

text: in

text: others

text: Weinreich

text: Saunderson

text: In

text: cognitive

text: psychology

text: the

text: term

text: identity

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: capacity

text: for

text: self

text: reflection

text: and

text: the

text: awareness

text: of

text: self.(Leary

text: Tangney

text: p.

question: What is identified as determining how a person views him or herself to a significant degree?

answer: Gender identity

text: Gender identity

question: What are racial, religious, ethnic, and occupational aspects aspects of?

answer: identity

text: identity

question: Identity refers to the capacity for self-reflection and awareness in what scientific study?

answer: cognitive psychology

text: cognitive psychology


text: After Napoleon imposed the Convention of Artlenburg (Convention of the Elbe) on July 5, 1803, about 30,000 French soldiers occupied Hanover. The Convention also required disbanding the army of Hanover. However, George III did not recognize the Convention of the Elbe. This resulted in a great number of soldiers from Hanover eventually emigrating to Great Britain, where the King's German Legion was formed. It was the only German army to fight against France throughout the entire Napoleonic wars. The Legion later played an important role in the Battle of Waterloo in 1815. The Congress of Vienna in 1815 elevated the electorate to the Kingdom of Hanover. The capital town Hanover expanded to the western bank of the Leine and since then has grown considerably.

title: Hanover

title: Hanover

text: After

text: Napoleon

text: imposed

text: the

text: Convention

text: of

text: Artlenburg

text: Convention

text: of

text: the

text: Elbe

text: on

text: July

text: about

text: French

text: soldiers

text: occupied

text: Hanover

text: The

text: Convention

text: also

text: required

text: disbanding

text: the

text: army

text: of

text: Hanover

text: However

text: George

text: III

text: did

text: not

text: recognize

text: the

text: Convention

text: of

text: the

text: Elbe

text: This

text: resulted

text: in

text: a

text: great

text: number

text: of

text: soldiers

text: from

text: Hanover

text: eventually

text: emigrating

text: to

text: Great

text: Britain

text: where

text: the

text: King

text: 's

text: German

text: Legion

text: was

text: formed

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: only

text: German

text: army

text: to

text: fight

text: against

text: France

text: throughout

text: the

text: entire

text: Napoleonic

text: wars

text: The

text: Legion

text: later

text: played

text: an

text: important

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Waterloo

text: in

text: The

text: Congress

text: of

text: Vienna

text: in

text: elevated

text: the

text: electorate

text: to

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Hanover

text: The

text: capital

text: town

text: Hanover

text: expanded

text: to

text: the

text: western

text: bank

text: of

text: the

text: Leine

text: and

text: since

text: then

text: has

text: grown

text: considerably

question: Who imposed the Convention of Artlenburg?

answer: Napoleon

text: Napoleon

question: How many French soldiers occupied Hanover?

answer: 30,000

question: Where did many soldiers from Hanover emigrate to?

answer: Great Britain

text: Great Britain

question: What did the soldiers who emigrated form?

answer: King's German Legion

text: King's German Legion

question: Who elevated Hanover to the Kingdom of Hanover in 1815?

answer: The Congress of Vienna

text: The Congress of Vienna


text: Irir Samaale, the oldest common ancestor of several Somali clans, is generally regarded as the source of the ethnonym Somali. The name "Somali" is, in turn, held to be derived from the words soo and maal, which together mean "go and milk" — a reference to the ubiquitous pastoralism of the Somali people. Another plausible etymology proposes that the term Somali is derived from the Arabic for "wealthy" (dhawamaal), again referring to Somali riches in livestock.

title: Somalis

title: Somalis

text: Irir

text: Samaale

text: the

text: oldest

text: common

text: ancestor

text: of

text: several

text: Somali

text: clans

text: is

text: generally

text: regarded

text: as

text: the

text: source

text: of

text: the

text: ethnonym

text: Somali

text: The

text: name

text: Somali

text: is

text: in

text: turn

text: held

text: to

text: be

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: words

text: soo

text: and

text: maal

text: which

text: together

text: mean

text: go

text: and

text: milk

text: a

text: reference

text: to

text: the

text: ubiquitous

text: pastoralism

text: of

text: the

text: Somali

text: people

text: Another

text: plausible

text: etymology

text: proposes

text: that

text: the

text: term

text: Somali

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: Arabic

text: for

text: wealthy

text: dhawamaal

text: again

text: referring

text: to

text: Somali

text: riches

text: in

text: livestock

question: From whom are several Somali clans descended?

answer: Irir Samaale

text: Irir Samaale

question: From what words is the term 'Somali' generally regarded as being derived?

answer: soo and maal

text: soo and maal

question: What does 'soo and maal' mean in English?

answer: go and milk

text: go and milk

question: What word in Arabic means 'wealthy' in English?

answer: dhawamaal

text: dhawamaal

question: What resource traditionally comprised Somali wealth?

answer: livestock

text: livestock


text: The Cubist contribution to the 1912 Salon d'Automne created scandal regarding the use of government owned buildings, such as the Grand Palais, to exhibit such artwork. The indignation of the politician Jean Pierre Philippe Lampué made the front page of Le Journal, 5 October 1912. The controversy spread to the Municipal Council of Paris, leading to a debate in the Chambre des Députés about the use of public funds to provide the venue for such art. The Cubists were defended by the Socialist deputy, Marcel Sembat.

title: Cubism

title: Cubism

text: The

text: Cubist

text: contribution

text: to

text: the

text: Salon

text: d'Automne

text: created

text: scandal

text: regarding

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: government

text: owned

text: buildings

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Grand

text: Palais

text: to

text: exhibit

text: such

text: artwork

text: The

text: indignation

text: of

text: the

text: politician

text: Jean

text: Pierre

text: Philippe

text: Lampué

text: made

text: the

text: front

text: page

text: of

text: Le

text: Journal

text: October

text: The

text: controversy

text: spread

text: to

text: the

text: Municipal

text: Council

text: of

text: Paris

text: leading

text: to

text: a

text: debate

text: in

text: the

text: Chambre

text: des

text: Députés

text: about

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: public

text: funds

text: to

text: provide

text: the

text: venue

text: for

text: such

text: art

text: The

text: Cubists

text: were

text: defended

text: by

text: the

text: Socialist

text: deputy

text: Marcel

text: Sembat

question: Which politician made the front page of Le Journa in 1912 for his indignation?

answer: Jean Pierre Philippe Lampué

text: Jean Pierre Philippe Lampué

question: Who defended the Cubists in the controversy of 1912?

answer: Socialist deputy, Marcel Sembat.

text: Socialist deputy, Marcel Sembat.

question: Towards which social topic did the Cubists  at the Salon d'Automne creat contrevesy towards?

answer: the use of government owned buildings,

text: the use of government owned buildings,


text: Canon law is the body of laws and regulations made by ecclesiastical authority (Church leadership), for the government of a Christian organization or church and its members. It is the internal ecclesiastical law governing the Catholic Church (both Latin Church and Eastern Catholic Churches), the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches, and the individual national churches within the Anglican Communion. The way that such church law is legislated, interpreted and at times adjudicated varies widely among these three bodies of churches. In all three traditions, a canon was originally a rule adopted by a church council; these canons formed the foundation of canon law.

title: Canon_law

title: Canon_law

text: Canon

text: law

text: is

text: the

text: body

text: of

text: laws

text: and

text: regulations

text: made

text: by

text: ecclesiastical

text: authority

text: Church

text: leadership

text: for

text: the

text: government

text: of

text: a

text: Christian

text: organization

text: or

text: church

text: and

text: its

text: members

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: internal

text: ecclesiastical

text: law

text: governing

text: the

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: both

text: Latin

text: Church

text: and

text: Eastern

text: Catholic

text: Churches

text: the

text: Eastern

text: and

text: Oriental

text: Orthodox

text: churches

text: and

text: the

text: individual

text: national

text: churches

text: within

text: the

text: Anglican

text: Communion

text: The

text: way

text: that

text: such

text: church

text: law

text: is

text: legislated

text: interpreted

text: and

text: at

text: times

text: adjudicated

text: varies

text: widely

text: among

text: these

text: three

text: bodies

text: of

text: churches

text: In

text: all

text: three

text: traditions

text: a

text: canon

text: was

text: originally

text: a

text: rule

text: adopted

text: by

text: a

text: church

text: council

text: these

text: canons

text: formed

text: the

text: foundation

text: of

text: canon

text: law

question: What is the name for the rules issued by the heads of the Church?

answer: Canon law

text: Canon law

question: In what type of religion are canon laws applicable?

answer: Christian

text: Christian

question: Which institutions make up the Catholic Church?

answer: Latin Church and Eastern Catholic Churches

text: Latin Church and Eastern Catholic Churches

question: What body was first responsible for creating canon?

answer: church council

text: church council

question: What does canon law consist of?

answer: canons

text: canons


text: 114th Street marks the southern boundary of Columbia University’s Morningside Heights Campus and is the location of Butler Library, which is the University’s largest.

title: List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan

title: List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan

text: Street

text: marks

text: the

text: southern

text: boundary

text: of

text: Columbia

text: University

text: ’s

text: Morningside

text: Heights

text: Campus

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: location

text: of

text: Butler

text: Library

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: University

text: ’s

text: largest

question: Which library is Columbia University's largest?

answer: Butler Library

text: Butler Library

question: 114th Street marks the southern boundary of which university's Morningside Heights Campus?

answer: Columbia University

text: Columbia University

question: 114th Street runs along which boundary of Columbia University's Morningside Heights Campus?

answer: southern

text: southern


text: The relative reactivity of zinc and its ability to attract oxidation to itself makes it an efficient sacrificial anode in cathodic protection (CP). For example, cathodic protection of a buried pipeline can be achieved by connecting anodes made from zinc to the pipe. Zinc acts as the anode (negative terminus) by slowly corroding away as it passes electric current to the steel pipeline.[note 2] Zinc is also used to cathodically protect metals that are exposed to sea water from corrosion. A zinc disc attached to a ship's iron rudder will slowly corrode, whereas the rudder stays unattacked. Other similar uses include a plug of zinc attached to a propeller or the metal protective guard for the keel of the ship.

title: Zinc

title: Zinc

text: The

text: relative

text: reactivity

text: of

text: zinc

text: and

text: its

text: ability

text: to

text: attract

text: oxidation

text: to

text: itself

text: makes

text: it

text: an

text: efficient

text: sacrificial

text: anode

text: in

text: cathodic

text: protection

text: CP

text: For

text: example

text: cathodic

text: protection

text: of

text: a

text: buried

text: pipeline

text: can

text: be

text: achieved

text: by

text: connecting

text: anodes

text: made

text: from

text: zinc

text: to

text: the

text: pipe

text: Zinc

text: acts

text: as

text: the

text: anode

text: negative

text: terminus

text: by

text: slowly

text: corroding

text: away

text: as

text: it

text: passes

text: electric

text: current

text: to

text: the

text: steel

text: pipeline.[note

text: Zinc

text: is

text: also

text: used

text: to

text: cathodically

text: protect

text: metals

text: that

text: are

text: exposed

text: to

text: sea

text: water

text: from

text: corrosion

text: A

text: zinc

text: disc

text: attached

text: to

text: a

text: ship

text: 's

text: iron

text: rudder

text: will

text: slowly

text: corrode

text: whereas

text: the

text: rudder

text: stays

text: unattacked

text: Other

text: similar

text: uses

text: include

text: a

text: plug

text: of

text: zinc

text: attached

text: to

text: a

text: propeller

text: or

text: the

text: metal

text: protective

text: guard

text: for

text: the

text: keel

text: of

text: the

text: ship

question: What makes zinc an efficient sacrificial anode?

answer: relative reactivity of zinc and its ability to attract oxidation

text: relative reactivity of zinc and its ability to attract oxidation

question: Connecting anodes made from zinc to buried pipe creates what?

answer: cathodic protection

text: cathodic protection

question: What does attaching a zinc disc to a ships iron rudder do?

answer: protect metals that are exposed to sea water from corrosion

text: protect metals that are exposed to sea water from corrosion

question: Why does zinc protect metals exposed to sea water from corroding?

answer: will slowly corrode, whereas the rudder stays unattacked

text: will slowly corrode, whereas the rudder stays unattacked


text: 808s & Heartbreak, which features extensive use of the eponymous Roland TR-808 drum machine and contains themes of love, loneliness, and heartache, was released by Island Def Jam to capitalize on Thanksgiving weekend in November 2008. Reviews were positive, though slightly more mixed than his previous efforts. Despite this, the record's singles demonstrated outstanding chart performances. Upon its release, the lead single "Love Lockdown" debuted at number three on the Billboard Hot 100 and became a "Hot Shot Debut", while follow-up single "Heartless" performed similarly and became his second consecutive "Hot Shot Debut" by debuting at number four on the Billboard Hot 100. While it was criticized prior to release, 808s & Heartbreak had a significant effect on hip-hop music, encouraging other rappers to take more creative risks with their productions.

title: Kanye_West

title: Kanye_West

text: Heartbreak

text: which

text: features

text: extensive

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: eponymous

text: Roland

text: drum

text: machine

text: and

text: contains

text: themes

text: of

text: love

text: loneliness

text: and

text: heartache

text: was

text: released

text: by

text: Island

text: Def

text: Jam

text: to

text: capitalize

text: on

text: Thanksgiving

text: weekend

text: in

text: November

text: Reviews

text: were

text: positive

text: though

text: slightly

text: more

text: mixed

text: than

text: his

text: previous

text: efforts

text: Despite

text: this

text: the

text: record

text: 's

text: singles

text: demonstrated

text: outstanding

text: chart

text: performances

text: Upon

text: its

text: release

text: the

text: lead

text: single

text: Love

text: Lockdown

text: debuted

text: at

text: number

text: three

text: on

text: the

text: Billboard

text: Hot

text: and

text: became

text: a

text: Hot

text: Shot

text: Debut

text: while

text: follow

text: up

text: single

text: Heartless

text: performed

text: similarly

text: and

text: became

text: his

text: second

text: consecutive

text: Hot

text: Shot

text: Debut

text: by

text: debuting

text: at

text: number

text: four

text: on

text: the

text: Billboard

text: Hot

text: While

text: it

text: was

text: criticized

text: prior

text: to

text: release

text: Heartbreak

text: had

text: a

text: significant

text: effect

text: on

text: hip

text: hop

text: music

text: encouraging

text: other

text: rappers

text: to

text: take

text: more

text: creative

text: risks

text: with

text: their

text: productions

question: What label pushed out Kanye's fourth studio album?

answer: Island Def Jam

text: Island Def Jam

question: Which album by Kanye West featured the song "Love Lockdown"?

answer: 808s & Heartbreak

text: 808s & Heartbreak

question: 808s & Heartbreak was released by what company?

answer: Island Def Jam

text: Island Def Jam

question: When was 808s & Heartbreaks released?

answer: November 2008

text: November 2008

question: What was the second song released off of 808s?

answer: Heartless

text: Heartless

question: The major usage of musical machine on 808s was described as eponymous?

answer: Roland TR-808 drum machine

text: Roland TR-808 drum machine


text: Israel is served by two international airports, Ben Gurion International Airport, the country's main hub for international air travel near Tel Aviv-Yafo, Ovda Airport in the south, as well as several small domestic airports. Ben Gurion, Israel's largest airport, handled over 12.1 million passengers in 2010. On the Mediterranean coast, Haifa Port is the country's oldest and largest port, while Ashdod Port is one of the few deep water ports in the world built on the open sea. In addition to these, the smaller Port of Eilat is situated on the Red Sea, and is used mainly for trading with Far East countries.

title: Israel

title: Israel

text: Israel

text: is

text: served

text: by

text: two

text: international

text: airports

text: Ben

text: Gurion

text: International

text: Airport

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: main

text: hub

text: for

text: international

text: air

text: travel

text: near

text: Tel

text: Aviv

text: Yafo

text: Ovda

text: Airport

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: several

text: small

text: domestic

text: airports

text: Ben

text: Gurion

text: Israel

text: 's

text: largest

text: airport

text: handled

text: over

text: million

text: passengers

text: in

text: On

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: coast

text: Haifa

text: Port

text: is

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: oldest

text: and

text: largest

text: port

text: while

text: Ashdod

text: Port

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: few

text: deep

text: water

text: ports

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: built

text: on

text: the

text: open

text: sea

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: these

text: the

text: smaller

text: Port

text: of

text: Eilat

text: is

text: situated

text: on

text: the

text: Red

text: Sea

text: and

text: is

text: used

text: mainly

text: for

text: trading

text: with

text: Far

text: East

text: countries

question: What is the country's main hub for international air travel?

answer: Ben Gurion International Airport

text: Ben Gurion International Airport

question: What is the country's oldest and largest port?

answer: Haifa Port

text: Haifa Port

question: How many international airports are in Israel?

answer: two

text: two


text: Whereas Greg had limited his illustrative examples to English Renaissance drama, where his expertise lay, Bowers argued that the rationale was "the most workable editorial principle yet contrived to produce a critical text that is authoritative in the maximum of its details whether the author be Shakespeare, Dryden, Fielding, Nathaniel Hawthorne, or Stephen Crane. The principle is sound without regard for the literary period." For works where an author's manuscript survived – a case Greg had not considered – Bowers concluded that the manuscript should generally serve as copy-text. Citing the example of Nathaniel Hawthorne, he noted:

title: Textual_criticism

title: Textual_criticism

text: Whereas

text: Greg

text: had

text: limited

text: his

text: illustrative

text: examples

text: to

text: English

text: Renaissance

text: drama

text: where

text: his

text: expertise

text: lay

text: Bowers

text: argued

text: that

text: the

text: rationale

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: workable

text: editorial

text: principle

text: yet

text: contrived

text: to

text: produce

text: a

text: critical

text: text

text: that

text: is

text: authoritative

text: in

text: the

text: maximum

text: of

text: its

text: details

text: whether

text: the

text: author

text: be

text: Shakespeare

text: Dryden

text: Fielding

text: Nathaniel

text: Hawthorne

text: or

text: Stephen

text: Crane

text: The

text: principle

text: is

text: sound

text: without

text: regard

text: for

text: the

text: literary

text: period

text: For

text: works

text: where

text: an

text: author

text: 's

text: manuscript

text: survived

text: a

text: case

text: Greg

text: had

text: not

text: considered

text: Bowers

text: concluded

text: that

text: the

text: manuscript

text: should

text: generally

text: serve

text: as

text: copy

text: text

text: Citing

text: the

text: example

text: of

text: Nathaniel

text: Hawthorne

text: he

text: noted

question: Is the idea formed by Greg limited to a specific time period?

answer: The principle is sound without regard for the literary period.

text: The principle is sound without regard for the literary period.

question: What will an editor do in the case where an author's work was not wiped out?

answer: the manuscript should generally serve as copy-text

text: the manuscript should generally serve as copy-text

question: What where the limitations of Greg's analyses?

answer: English Renaissance drama

text: English Renaissance drama

question: What is the main criticism of Greg's work?

answer: works where an author's manuscript survived

text: works where an author's manuscript survived


text: Before mechanical printing, literature was copied by hand, and many variations were introduced by copyists. The age of printing made the scribal profession effectively redundant. Printed editions, while less susceptible to the proliferation of variations likely to arise during manual transmission, are nonetheless not immune to introducing variations from an author's autograph. Instead of a scribe miscopying his source, a compositor or a printing shop may read or typeset a work in a way that differs from the autograph. Since each scribe or printer commits different errors, reconstruction of the lost original is often aided by a selection of readings taken from many sources. An edited text that draws from multiple sources is said to be eclectic. In contrast to this approach, some textual critics prefer to identify the single best surviving text, and not to combine readings from multiple sources.

title: Textual_criticism

title: Textual_criticism

text: Before

text: mechanical

text: printing

text: literature

text: was

text: copied

text: by

text: hand

text: and

text: many

text: variations

text: were

text: introduced

text: by

text: copyists

text: The

text: age

text: of

text: printing

text: made

text: the

text: scribal

text: profession

text: effectively

text: redundant

text: Printed

text: editions

text: while

text: less

text: susceptible

text: to

text: the

text: proliferation

text: of

text: variations

text: likely

text: to

text: arise

text: during

text: manual

text: transmission

text: are

text: nonetheless

text: not

text: immune

text: to

text: introducing

text: variations

text: from

text: an

text: author

text: 's

text: autograph

text: Instead

text: of

text: a

text: scribe

text: miscopying

text: his

text: source

text: a

text: compositor

text: or

text: a

text: printing

text: shop

text: may

text: read

text: or

text: typeset

text: a

text: work

text: in

text: a

text: way

text: that

text: differs

text: from

text: the

text: autograph

text: Since

text: each

text: scribe

text: or

text: printer

text: commits

text: different

text: errors

text: reconstruction

text: of

text: the

text: lost

text: original

text: is

text: often

text: aided

text: by

text: a

text: selection

text: of

text: readings

text: taken

text: from

text: many

text: sources

text: An

text: edited

text: text

text: that

text: draws

text: from

text: multiple

text: sources

text: is

text: said

text: to

text: be

text: eclectic

text: In

text: contrast

text: to

text: this

text: approach

text: some

text: textual

text: critics

text: prefer

text: to

text: identify

text: the

text: single

text: best

text: surviving

text: text

text: and

text: not

text: to

text: combine

text: readings

text: from

text: multiple

text: sources

question: Why are there multiple variations of texts before the advent of the printing press?

answer: literature was copied by hand

text: literature was copied by hand

question: Are printed editions immune to variation?

answer: not immune to introducing variations from an author's autograph

text: not immune to introducing variations from an author's autograph

question: How do differences in works arise when using a printing press?

answer: a compositor or a printing shop may read or typeset a work in a way that differs from the autograph

text: a compositor or a printing shop may read or typeset a work in a way that differs from the autograph

question: An edited text compiled through many sources is known as what?

answer: eclectic.

text: eclectic.


text: Distinguishing motifs of Islamic architecture have always been ordered repetition, radiating structures, and rhythmic, metric patterns. In this respect, fractal geometry has been a key utility, especially for mosques and palaces. Other features employed as motifs include columns, piers and arches, organized and interwoven with alternating sequences of niches and colonnettes. The role of domes in Islamic architecture has been considerable. Its usage spans centuries, first appearing in 691 with the construction of the Dome of the Rock mosque, and recurring even up until the 17th century with the Taj Mahal. And as late as the 19th century, Islamic domes had been incorporated into European architecture.

title: Muslim_world

title: Muslim_world

text: Distinguishing

text: motifs

text: of

text: Islamic

text: architecture

text: have

text: always

text: been

text: ordered

text: repetition

text: radiating

text: structures

text: and

text: rhythmic

text: metric

text: patterns

text: In

text: this

text: respect

text: fractal

text: geometry

text: has

text: been

text: a

text: key

text: utility

text: especially

text: for

text: mosques

text: and

text: palaces

text: Other

text: features

text: employed

text: as

text: motifs

text: include

text: columns

text: piers

text: and

text: arches

text: organized

text: and

text: interwoven

text: with

text: alternating

text: sequences

text: of

text: niches

text: and

text: colonnettes

text: The

text: role

text: of

text: domes

text: in

text: Islamic

text: architecture

text: has

text: been

text: considerable

text: Its

text: usage

text: spans

text: centuries

text: first

text: appearing

text: in

text: with

text: the

text: construction

text: of

text: the

text: Dome

text: of

text: the

text: Rock

text: mosque

text: and

text: recurring

text: even

text: up

text: until

text: the

text: century

text: with

text: the

text: Taj

text: Mahal

text: And

text: as

text: late

text: as

text: the

text: century

text: Islamic

text: domes

text: had

text: been

text: incorporated

text: into

text: European

text: architecture

question: What are the main distinctive features of Islamic architecture?

answer: ordered repetition, radiating structures, and rhythmic, metric patterns

text: ordered repetition, radiating structures, and rhythmic, metric patterns

question: What physical characteristics are common in Islamic architecture?

answer: columns, piers and arches

text: columns, piers and arches

question: When did domes first appear in the architecture of the Muslim World?

answer: 691

question: Which mosque is believed to be the first with a dome?

answer: Dome of the Rock mosque

text: Dome of the Rock mosque

question: When was the Taj Mahal constructed?

answer: 17th century

text: 17th century


text: The Washington Post, The New York Times and the Boston Herald have published opinion pieces expressing support for the statehood of Puerto Rico. On November 8, 2012, Washington, D.C. newspaper The Hill published an article saying that Congress will likely ignore the results of the referendum due to the circumstances behind the votes. and U.S. Congressman Luis Gutiérrez U.S. Congresswoman Nydia Velázquez, both of Puerto Rican ancestry, agreed with the The Hill 's statements. Shortly after the results were published Puerto Rico-born U.S. Congressman José Enrique Serrano commented "I was particularly impressed with the outcome of the 'status' referendum in Puerto Rico. A majority of those voting signaled the desire to change the current territorial status. In a second question an even larger majority asked to become a state. This is an earthquake in Puerto Rican politics. It will demand the attention of Congress, and a definitive answer to the Puerto Rican request for change. This is a history-making moment where voters asked to move forward."

title: 51st_state

title: 51st_state

text: The

text: Washington

text: Post

text: The

text: New

text: York

text: Times

text: and

text: the

text: Boston

text: Herald

text: have

text: published

text: opinion

text: pieces

text: expressing

text: support

text: for

text: the

text: statehood

text: of

text: Puerto

text: Rico

text: On

text: November

text: Washington

text: D.C.

text: newspaper

text: The

text: Hill

text: published

text: an

text: article

text: saying

text: that

text: Congress

text: will

text: likely

text: ignore

text: the

text: results

text: of

text: the

text: referendum

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: circumstances

text: behind

text: the

text: votes

text: and

text: U.S.

text: Congressman

text: Luis

text: Gutiérrez

text: U.S.

text: Congresswoman

text: Nydia

text: Velázquez

text: both

text: of

text: Puerto

text: Rican

text: ancestry

text: agreed

text: with

text: the

text: The

text: Hill

text: 's

text: statements

text: Shortly

text: after

text: the

text: results

text: were

text: published

text: Puerto

text: Rico

text: born

text: U.S.

text: Congressman

text: José

text: Enrique

text: Serrano

text: commented

text: I

text: was

text: particularly

text: impressed

text: with

text: the

text: outcome

text: of

text: the

text: status

text: referendum

text: in

text: Puerto

text: Rico

text: A

text: majority

text: of

text: those

text: voting

text: signaled

text: the

text: desire

text: to

text: change

text: the

text: current

text: territorial

text: status

text: In

text: a

text: second

text: question

text: an

text: even

text: larger

text: majority

text: asked

text: to

text: become

text: a

text: state

text: This

text: is

text: an

text: earthquake

text: in

text: Puerto

text: Rican

text: politics

text: It

text: will

text: demand

text: the

text: attention

text: of

text: Congress

text: and

text: a

text: definitive

text: answer

text: to

text: the

text: Puerto

text: Rican

text: request

text: for

text: change

text: This

text: is

text: a

text: history

text: making

text: moment

text: where

text: voters

text: asked

text: to

text: move

text: forward

question: What newspaper suggested that Congress would ignore Puerto Rico's referendum?

answer: The Hill

text: The Hill

question: What newspapers have published opinion pieces expressing support for Puerto Rico's statehood?

answer: The Washington Post, The New York Times and the Boston Herald

text: The Washington Post, The New York Times and the Boston Herald

question: When was that article published?

answer: November 8, 2012

text: November 8, 2012

question: What Congress members agreed with the Hill's assesment?

answer: U.S. Congressman Luis Gutiérrez U.S. Congresswoman Nydia Velázquez

text: U.S. Congressman Luis Gutiérrez U.S. Congresswoman Nydia Velázquez


text: John met the rebel leaders at Runnymede, near Windsor Castle, on 15 June 1215. Langton's efforts at mediation created a charter capturing the proposed peace agreement; it was later renamed Magna Carta, or "Great Charter". The charter went beyond simply addressing specific baronial complaints, and formed a wider proposal for political reform, albeit one focusing on the rights of free men, not serfs and unfree labour. It promised the protection of church rights, protection from illegal imprisonment, access to swift justice, new taxation only with baronial consent and limitations on scutage and other feudal payments. A council of twenty-five barons would be created to monitor and ensure John's future adherence to the charter, whilst the rebel army would stand down and London would be surrendered to the king.

title: John,_King_of_England

title: John,_King_of_England

text: John

text: met

text: the

text: rebel

text: leaders

text: at

text: Runnymede

text: near

text: Windsor

text: Castle

text: on

text: June

text: Langton

text: 's

text: efforts

text: at

text: mediation

text: created

text: a

text: charter

text: capturing

text: the

text: proposed

text: peace

text: agreement

text: it

text: was

text: later

text: renamed

text: Magna

text: Carta

text: or

text: Great

text: Charter

text: The

text: charter

text: went

text: beyond

text: simply

text: addressing

text: specific

text: baronial

text: complaints

text: and

text: formed

text: a

text: wider

text: proposal

text: for

text: political

text: reform

text: albeit

text: one

text: focusing

text: on

text: the

text: rights

text: of

text: free

text: men

text: not

text: serfs

text: and

text: unfree

text: labour

text: It

text: promised

text: the

text: protection

text: of

text: church

text: rights

text: protection

text: from

text: illegal

text: imprisonment

text: access

text: to

text: swift

text: justice

text: new

text: taxation

text: only

text: with

text: baronial

text: consent

text: and

text: limitations

text: on

text: scutage

text: and

text: other

text: feudal

text: payments

text: A

text: council

text: of

text: twenty

text: five

text: barons

text: would

text: be

text: created

text: to

text: monitor

text: and

text: ensure

text: John

text: 's

text: future

text: adherence

text: to

text: the

text: charter

text: whilst

text: the

text: rebel

text: army

text: would

text: stand

text: down

text: and

text: London

text: would

text: be

text: surrendered

text: to

text: the

text: king

question: When did John meet the rebel leaders at Runnymede?

answer: 15 June 1215

text: 15 June 1215

question: A council of how many barons was created to monitor John's future adherence to the charter?

answer: twenty-five

text: twenty-five

question: The peace agreement was renamed what?

answer: Magna Carta

text: Magna Carta


text: Unicode has been criticized for failing to separately encode older and alternative forms of kanji which, critics argue, complicates the processing of ancient Japanese and uncommon Japanese names. This is often due to the fact that Unicode encodes characters rather than glyphs (the visual representations of the basic character that often vary from one language to another). Unification of glyphs leads to the perception that the languages themselves, not just the basic character representation, are being merged.[clarification needed] There have been several attempts to create alternative encodings that preserve the stylistic differences between Chinese, Japanese, and Korean characters in opposition to Unicode's policy of Han unification. An example of one is TRON (although it is not widely adopted in Japan, there are some users who need to handle historical Japanese text and favor it).

title: Unicode

title: Unicode

text: Unicode

text: has

text: been

text: criticized

text: for

text: failing

text: to

text: separately

text: encode

text: older

text: and

text: alternative

text: forms

text: of

text: kanji

text: which

text: critics

text: argue

text: complicates

text: the

text: processing

text: of

text: ancient

text: Japanese

text: and

text: uncommon

text: Japanese

text: names

text: This

text: is

text: often

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: fact

text: that

text: Unicode

text: encodes

text: characters

text: rather

text: than

text: glyphs

text: the

text: visual

text: representations

text: of

text: the

text: basic

text: character

text: that

text: often

text: vary

text: from

text: one

text: language

text: to

text: another

text: Unification

text: of

text: glyphs

text: leads

text: to

text: the

text: perception

text: that

text: the

text: languages

text: themselves

text: not

text: just

text: the

text: basic

text: character

text: representation

text: are

text: being

text: merged.[clarification

text: needed

text: There

text: have

text: been

text: several

text: attempts

text: to

text: create

text: alternative

text: encodings

text: that

text: preserve

text: the

text: stylistic

text: differences

text: between

text: Chinese

text: Japanese

text: and

text: Korean

text: characters

text: in

text: opposition

text: to

text: Unicode

text: 's

text: policy

text: of

text: Han

text: unification

text: An

text: example

text: of

text: one

text: is

text: TRON

text: although

text: it

text: is

text: not

text: widely

text: adopted

text: in

text: Japan

text: there

text: are

text: some

text: users

text: who

text: need

text: to

text: handle

text: historical

text: Japanese

text: text

text: and

text: favor

text: it

question: Why has Unicode been criticized for not separately encoding forms of kanji?

answer: complicates the processing of ancient Japanese and uncommon Japanese names

text: complicates the processing of ancient Japanese and uncommon Japanese names

question: What is TRON?

answer: alternative encodings that preserve the stylistic differences between Chinese, Japanese, and Korean characters

text: alternative encodings that preserve the stylistic differences between Chinese, Japanese, and Korean characters

question: What perception does the unification of glyphs cause?

answer: the languages themselves, not just the basic character representation, are being merged

text: the languages themselves, not just the basic character representation, are being merged


text: Built in 1815, Union Street was at the heart of Plymouth's historical culture. It became known as the servicemen's playground, as it was where sailors from the Royal Navy would seek entertainment of all kinds. During the 1930s, there were 30 pubs and it attracted such performers as Charlie Chaplin to the New Palace Theatre. It is now the late-night hub of Plymouth's entertainment strip, but has a reputation for trouble at closing hours.

title: Plymouth

title: Plymouth

text: Built

text: in

text: Union

text: Street

text: was

text: at

text: the

text: heart

text: of

text: Plymouth

text: 's

text: historical

text: culture

text: It

text: became

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: servicemen

text: 's

text: playground

text: as

text: it

text: was

text: where

text: sailors

text: from

text: the

text: Royal

text: Navy

text: would

text: seek

text: entertainment

text: of

text: all

text: kinds

text: During

text: the

text: there

text: were

text: pubs

text: and

text: it

text: attracted

text: such

text: performers

text: as

text: Charlie

text: Chaplin

text: to

text: the

text: New

text: Palace

text: Theatre

text: It

text: is

text: now

text: the

text: late

text: night

text: hub

text: of

text: Plymouth

text: 's

text: entertainment

text: strip

text: but

text: has

text: a

text: reputation

text: for

text: trouble

text: at

text: closing

text: hours

question: In what year was Union Street constructed?

answer: 1815

question: Who performed at the New Palace Theatre in the 1930s?

answer: Charlie Chaplin

text: Charlie Chaplin

question: How many pubs existed on Union Street in the 1930s?

answer: 30s

question: What group famously enjoyed themselves on Union Street?

answer: sailors from the Royal Navy

text: sailors from the Royal Navy


text: In 2012 the Paris agglomeration (urban area) counted 28,800 people without a fixed residence, an increase of 84 percent since 2001; it represents 43 percent of the homeless in all of France. Forty-one percent were women, and 29 percent were accompanied by children. Fifty-six percent of the homeless were born outside France, the largest number coming from Africa and Eastern Europe. The city of Paris has sixty homeless shelters, called Centres d'hébergement et de réinsertion sociale or CHRS, which are funded by the city and operated by private charities and associations.

title: Paris

title: Paris

text: In

text: the

text: Paris

text: agglomeration

text: urban

text: area

text: counted

text: people

text: without

text: a

text: fixed

text: residence

text: an

text: increase

text: of

text: percent

text: since

text: it

text: represents

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: homeless

text: in

text: all

text: of

text: France

text: Forty

text: one

text: percent

text: were

text: women

text: and

text: percent

text: were

text: accompanied

text: by

text: children

text: Fifty

text: six

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: homeless

text: were

text: born

text: outside

text: France

text: the

text: largest

text: number

text: coming

text: from

text: Africa

text: and

text: Eastern

text: Europe

text: The

text: city

text: of

text: Paris

text: has

text: sixty

text: homeless

text: shelters

text: called

text: Centres

text: d'hébergement

text: et

text: de

text: réinsertion

text: sociale

text: or

text: CHRS

text: which

text: are

text: funded

text: by

text: the

text: city

text: and

text: operated

text: by

text: private

text: charities

text: and

text: associations

question: What was the population of the urban area of Paris in 2012 without a fixed residence?

answer: 28,800

question: What percentage of homelessness in France does Paris house?

answer: 43

question: What percentage of homeless people are women?

answer: 43

question: How many homeless shelters are in Paris?

answer: sixty

text: sixty

question: Who funds these homeless shelters?

answer: the city

text: the city


text: The Silk Road transmission of Buddhism to China is most commonly thought to have started in the late 2nd or the 1st century CE, though the literary sources are all open to question.[note 41] The first documented translation efforts by foreign Buddhist monks in China were in the 2nd century CE, probably as a consequence of the expansion of the Kushan Empire into the Chinese territory of the Tarim Basin.

title: Buddhism

title: Buddhism

text: The

text: Silk

text: Road

text: transmission

text: of

text: Buddhism

text: to

text: China

text: is

text: most

text: commonly

text: thought

text: to

text: have

text: started

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: or

text: the

text: century

text: CE

text: though

text: the

text: literary

text: sources

text: are

text: all

text: open

text: to

text: question.[note

text: The

text: first

text: documented

text: translation

text: efforts

text: by

text: foreign

text: Buddhist

text: monks

text: in

text: China

text: were

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: CE

text: probably

text: as

text: a

text: consequence

text: of

text: the

text: expansion

text: of

text: the

text: Kushan

text: Empire

text: into

text: the

text: Chinese

text: territory

text: of

text: the

text: Tarim

text: Basin

question: When was the first documented translation efforts by foreign Buddhist monks in China?

answer: 2nd century CE

text: 2nd century CE


text: When the Frankish rulers established the system of feudalism, the Bishops of Utrecht came to exercise worldly power as prince-bishops. The territory of the bishopric not only included the modern province of Utrecht (Nedersticht, 'lower Sticht'), but also extended to the northeast. The feudal conflict of the Middle Ages heavily affected Utrecht. The prince-bishopric was involved in almost continuous conflicts with the Counts of Holland and the Dukes of Guelders. The Veluwe region was seized by Guelders, but large areas in the modern province of Overijssel remained as the Oversticht.

title: Utrecht

title: Utrecht

text: When

text: the

text: Frankish

text: rulers

text: established

text: the

text: system

text: of

text: feudalism

text: the

text: Bishops

text: of

text: Utrecht

text: came

text: to

text: exercise

text: worldly

text: power

text: as

text: prince

text: bishops

text: The

text: territory

text: of

text: the

text: bishopric

text: not

text: only

text: included

text: the

text: modern

text: province

text: of

text: Utrecht

text: Nedersticht

text: lower

text: Sticht

text: but

text: also

text: extended

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: The

text: feudal

text: conflict

text: of

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: heavily

text: affected

text: Utrecht

text: The

text: prince

text: bishopric

text: was

text: involved

text: in

text: almost

text: continuous

text: conflicts

text: with

text: the

text: Counts

text: of

text: Holland

text: and

text: the

text: Dukes

text: of

text: Guelders

text: The

text: Veluwe

text: region

text: was

text: seized

text: by

text: Guelders

text: but

text: large

text: areas

text: in

text: the

text: modern

text: province

text: of

text: Overijssel

text: remained

text: as

text: the

text: Oversticht

question: What hapend when Frankish rulers established the system of feudalism

answer: the Bishops of Utrecht came to exercise worldly power as prince-bishops

text: the Bishops of Utrecht came to exercise worldly power as prince-bishops

question: What was part of the territory of bishopric

answer: not only included the modern province of Utrecht (Nedersticht, 'lower Sticht'), but also extended to the northeast

text: not only included the modern province of Utrecht (Nedersticht, 'lower Sticht'), but also extended to the northeast

question: What conflict affected Utrecht

answer: The feudal conflict of the Middle Ages heavily affected Utrecht

text: The feudal conflict of the Middle Ages heavily affected Utrecht

question: Who was in conflict with the prince bishopric

answer: the Counts of Holland and the Dukes of Guelders

text: the Counts of Holland and the Dukes of Guelders

question: What region was seized

answer: The Veluwe region was seized by Guelders

text: The Veluwe region was seized by Guelders


text: Emilio Marcos Palma was the first person born south of the 60th parallel south (the continental limit according to the Antarctic Treaty), as well as the first one born on the Antarctic mainland, in 1978 at Base Esperanza, on the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula; his parents were sent there along with seven other families by the Argentine government to determine if the continent was suitable for family life. In 1984, Juan Pablo Camacho was born at the Frei Montalva Station, becoming the first Chilean born in Antarctica. Several bases are now home to families with children attending schools at the station. As of 2009, eleven children were born in Antarctica (south of the 60th parallel south): eight at the Argentine Esperanza Base and three at the Chilean Frei Montalva Station.

title: Antarctica

title: Antarctica

text: Emilio

text: Marcos

text: Palma

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: person

text: born

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: parallel

text: south

text: the

text: continental

text: limit

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: Treaty

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: first

text: one

text: born

text: on

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: mainland

text: in

text: at

text: Base

text: Esperanza

text: on

text: the

text: tip

text: of

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: Peninsula

text: his

text: parents

text: were

text: sent

text: there

text: along

text: with

text: seven

text: other

text: families

text: by

text: the

text: Argentine

text: government

text: to

text: determine

text: if

text: the

text: continent

text: was

text: suitable

text: for

text: family

text: life

text: In

text: Juan

text: Pablo

text: Camacho

text: was

text: born

text: at

text: the

text: Frei

text: Montalva

text: Station

text: becoming

text: the

text: first

text: Chilean

text: born

text: in

text: Antarctica

text: Several

text: bases

text: are

text: now

text: home

text: to

text: families

text: with

text: children

text: attending

text: schools

text: at

text: the

text: station

text: As

text: of

text: eleven

text: children

text: were

text: born

text: in

text: Antarctica

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: parallel

text: south

text: eight

text: at

text: the

text: Argentine

text: Esperanza

text: Base

text: and

text: three

text: at

text: the

text: Chilean

text: Frei

text: Montalva

text: Station

question: Who was the first person born south of the 60th parallel?

answer: Emilio Marcos Palma

text: Emilio Marcos Palma

question: Where is the continental limit of Antarctica?

answer: 60th parallel south

text: 60th parallel south

question: When was Palma born?

answer: 1978

question: What was the Palma family sent to Antarctica to determine?

answer: suitable for family life

text: suitable for family life


text: Israel has 18,096 kilometers (11,244 mi) of paved roads, and 2.4 million motor vehicles. The number of motor vehicles per 1,000 persons was 324, relatively low with respect to developed countries. Israel has 5,715 buses on scheduled routes, operated by several carriers, the largest of which is Egged, serving most of the country. Railways stretch across 949 kilometers (590 mi) and are operated solely by government-owned Israel Railways (All figures are for 2008). Following major investments beginning in the early to mid-1990s, the number of train passengers per year has grown from 2.5 million in 1990, to 35 million in 2008; railways are also used to transport 6.8 million tons of cargo, per year.

title: Israel

title: Israel

text: Israel

text: has

text: kilometers

text: mi

text: of

text: paved

text: roads

text: and

text: million

text: motor

text: vehicles

text: The

text: number

text: of

text: motor

text: vehicles

text: per

text: persons

text: was

text: relatively

text: low

text: with

text: respect

text: to

text: developed

text: countries

text: Israel

text: has

text: buses

text: on

text: scheduled

text: routes

text: operated

text: by

text: several

text: carriers

text: the

text: largest

text: of

text: which

text: is

text: Egged

text: serving

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: Railways

text: stretch

text: across

text: kilometers

text: mi

text: and

text: are

text: operated

text: solely

text: by

text: government

text: owned

text: Israel

text: Railways

text: All

text: figures

text: are

text: for

text: Following

text: major

text: investments

text: beginning

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: to

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: train

text: passengers

text: per

text: year

text: has

text: grown

text: from

text: million

text: in

text: to

text: million

text: in

text: railways

text: are

text: also

text: used

text: to

text: transport

text: million

text: tons

text: of

text: cargo

text: per

text: year

question: How many kilometers of paved roads does Israel have?

answer: 18,096

question: How many buses have scheduled routes in Israel?

answer: 5,715

question: How much cargo do railways transport per year?

answer: 6.8 million tons

text: 6.8 million tons


text: On February 20, 1863, Kansas Governor Thomas Carney signed into law a bill creating the state university in Lawrence. The law was conditioned upon a gift from Lawrence of a $15,000 endowment fund and a site for the university, in or near the town, of not less than forty acres (16 ha) of land. If Lawrence failed to meet these conditions, Emporia instead of Lawrence would get the university.

title: University_of_Kansas

title: University_of_Kansas

text: On

text: February

text: Kansas

text: Governor

text: Thomas

text: Carney

text: signed

text: into

text: law

text: a

text: bill

text: creating

text: the

text: state

text: university

text: in

text: Lawrence

text: The

text: law

text: was

text: conditioned

text: upon

text: a

text: gift

text: from

text: Lawrence

text: of

text: a

text: endowment

text: fund

text: and

text: a

text: site

text: for

text: the

text: university

text: in

text: or

text: near

text: the

text: town

text: of

text: not

text: less

text: than

text: forty

text: acres

text: ha

text: of

text: land

text: If

text: Lawrence

text: failed

text: to

text: meet

text: these

text: conditions

text: Emporia

text: instead

text: of

text: Lawrence

text: would

text: get

text: the

text: university

question: On what date was KU's Lawrence campus made official?

answer: February 20, 1863

text: February 20, 1863

question: How much money did Lawrence have to contribute to the University as terms of its charter?

answer: $15,000

question: What was the minimum size of the land that Lawrence could provide for the university?

answer: forty acres

text: forty acres

question: What competing city was next in line if Lawrence would have been unable to meet the requirements necessary to get KU built in its city?

answer: Emporia

text: Emporia