text: As a relatively small and isolated oceanic island, Norfolk has few land birds but a high degree of endemicity among them. Many of the endemic species and subspecies have become extinct as a result of massive clearance of the island's native vegetation of subtropical rainforest for agriculture, hunting and persecution as agricultural pests. The birds have also suffered from the introduction of mammals such as rats, cats, pigs and goats, as well as from introduced competitors such as common blackbirds and crimson rosellas.

title: Norfolk_Island

title: Norfolk_Island

text: As

text: a

text: relatively

text: small

text: and

text: isolated

text: oceanic

text: island

text: Norfolk

text: has

text: few

text: land

text: birds

text: but

text: a

text: high

text: degree

text: of

text: endemicity

text: among

text: them

text: Many

text: of

text: the

text: endemic

text: species

text: and

text: subspecies

text: have

text: become

text: extinct

text: as

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: massive

text: clearance

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: 's

text: native

text: vegetation

text: of

text: subtropical

text: rainforest

text: for

text: agriculture

text: hunting

text: and

text: persecution

text: as

text: agricultural

text: pests

text: The

text: birds

text: have

text: also

text: suffered

text: from

text: the

text: introduction

text: of

text: mammals

text: such

text: as

text: rats

text: cats

text: pigs

text: and

text: goats

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: from

text: introduced

text: competitors

text: such

text: as

text: common

text: blackbirds

text: and

text: crimson

text: rosellas

question: What type of bird does Norfolk Island have few of?

answer: land

text: land

question: What is one reason that has caused many of the birds of Norfolk Island to become extinct?

answer: massive clearance of the island's native vegetation

text: massive clearance of the island's native vegetation

question: What is the second thing that caused many of the birds of Norfolk Island to become extinct?

answer: hunting and persecution as agricultural pests

text: hunting and persecution as agricultural pests

question: What non-bird animals caused the bird populations of Norfolk Island to suffer?

answer: mammals

text: mammals

question: What non-native birds caused the bird populations of Norfolk Island to suffer?

answer: common blackbirds and crimson rosellas

text: common blackbirds and crimson rosellas


text: Records of bird migration were made as much as 3,000 years ago by the Ancient Greek writers Hesiod, Homer, Herodotus and Aristotle. The Bible also notes migrations, as in the Book of Job (39:26), where the inquiry is made: "Is it by your insight that the hawk hovers, spreads its wings southward?" The author of Jeremiah (8:7) wrote: "Even the stork in the heavens knows its seasons, and the turtle dove, the swift and the crane keep the time of their arrival."

title: Bird_migration

title: Bird_migration

text: Records

text: of

text: bird

text: migration

text: were

text: made

text: as

text: much

text: as

text: years

text: ago

text: by

text: the

text: Ancient

text: Greek

text: writers

text: Hesiod

text: Homer

text: Herodotus

text: and

text: Aristotle

text: The

text: Bible

text: also

text: notes

text: migrations

text: as

text: in

text: the

text: Book

text: of

text: Job

text: where

text: the

text: inquiry

text: is

text: made

text: Is

text: it

text: by

text: your

text: insight

text: that

text: the

text: hawk

text: hovers

text: spreads

text: its

text: wings

text: southward

text: The

text: author

text: of

text: Jeremiah

text: wrote

text: Even

text: the

text: stork

text: in

text: the

text: heavens

text: knows

text: its

text: seasons

text: and

text: the

text: turtle

text: dove

text: the

text: swift

text: and

text: the

text: crane

text: keep

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: their

text: arrival

question: Who recorded early records of migration?

answer: Ancient Greek writers

text: Ancient Greek writers

question: Where in the bible does it mention migration?

answer: the Book of Job (39:26)

text: the Book of Job (39:26)

question: What bird is mentioned in the book of Job?

answer: hawk

text: hawk


text: The "No Surprises" rule is meant to protect the landowner if "unforeseen circumstances" occur which make the landowner's efforts to prevent or mitigate harm to the species fall short. The "No Surprises" policy may be the most controversial of the recent reforms of the law, because once an Incidental Take Permit is granted, the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) loses much ability to further protect a species if the mitigation measures by the landowner prove insufficient. The landowner or permittee would not be required to set aside additional land or pay more in conservation money. The federal government would have to pay for additional protection measures.

title: Endangered_Species_Act

title: Endangered_Species_Act

text: The

text: No

text: Surprises

text: rule

text: is

text: meant

text: to

text: protect

text: the

text: landowner

text: if

text: unforeseen

text: circumstances

text: occur

text: which

text: make

text: the

text: landowner

text: 's

text: efforts

text: to

text: prevent

text: or

text: mitigate

text: harm

text: to

text: the

text: species

text: fall

text: short

text: The

text: No

text: Surprises

text: policy

text: may

text: be

text: the

text: most

text: controversial

text: of

text: the

text: recent

text: reforms

text: of

text: the

text: law

text: because

text: once

text: an

text: Incidental

text: Take

text: Permit

text: is

text: granted

text: the

text: Fish

text: and

text: Wildlife

text: Service

text: FWS

text: loses

text: much

text: ability

text: to

text: further

text: protect

text: a

text: species

text: if

text: the

text: mitigation

text: measures

text: by

text: the

text: landowner

text: prove

text: insufficient

text: The

text: landowner

text: or

text: permittee

text: would

text: not

text: be

text: required

text: to

text: set

text: aside

text: additional

text: land

text: or

text: pay

text: more

text: in

text: conservation

text: money

text: The

text: federal

text: government

text: would

text: have

text: to

text: pay

text: for

text: additional

text: protection

text: measures

question: What is the name of the rule that protects the landowner if their conservation efforts fall short?

answer: The "No Surprises" rule

text: The "No Surprises" rule

question: Why is this particular rule so controversial?

answer: the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) loses much ability to further protect a species if the mitigation measures by the landowner prove insufficient.

text: the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) loses much ability to further protect a species if the mitigation measures by the landowner prove insufficient.

question: If the landowner fails to adequately protect the species, what penalties do they face with the "No Surprises" rule?

answer: The landowner or permittee would not be required to set aside additional land or pay more in conservation money

text: The landowner or permittee would not be required to set aside additional land or pay more in conservation money

question: Who covers the cost of additional efforts if the ITP holder's efforts fall short?

answer: The federal government would have to pay for additional protection measures

text: The federal government would have to pay for additional protection measures


text: The educational system of Myanmar is operated by the government agency, the Ministry of Education. The education system is based on the United Kingdom's system due to nearly a century of British and Christian presences in Myanmar. Nearly all schools are government-operated, but there has been a recent increase in privately funded English language schools. Schooling is compulsory until the end of elementary school, approximately about 9 years old, while the compulsory schooling age is 15 or 16 at international level.

title: Myanmar

title: Myanmar

text: The

text: educational

text: system

text: of

text: Myanmar

text: is

text: operated

text: by

text: the

text: government

text: agency

text: the

text: Ministry

text: of

text: Education

text: The

text: education

text: system

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: 's

text: system

text: due

text: to

text: nearly

text: a

text: century

text: of

text: British

text: and

text: Christian

text: presences

text: in

text: Myanmar

text: Nearly

text: all

text: schools

text: are

text: government

text: operated

text: but

text: there

text: has

text: been

text: a

text: recent

text: increase

text: in

text: privately

text: funded

text: English

text: language

text: schools

text: Schooling

text: is

text: compulsory

text: until

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: elementary

text: school

text: approximately

text: about

text: years

text: old

text: while

text: the

text: compulsory

text: schooling

text: age

text: is

text: or

text: at

text: international

text: level

question: Who runs the school system in Myanmar ?

answer: the Ministry of Education

text: the Ministry of Education

question: What country is Burma to credit for its academic system ?

answer: United Kingdom's

text: United Kingdom's

question: Why is this country so influential to the Burma academics ?

answer: due to nearly a century of British and Christian presences in Myanmar.

text: due to nearly a century of British and Christian presences in Myanmar.

question: Are there any alternatives to the public school system in Burma ?

answer: privately funded English language schoo

text: privately funded English language schoo

question: Are children required to go to school or can they choose to stay at home and work ?

answer: Schooling is compulsory until the end of elementary school

text: Schooling is compulsory until the end of elementary school


text: The shape and size of the brain varies greatly in different species, and identifying common features is often difficult. Nevertheless, there are a number of principles of brain architecture that apply across a wide range of species. Some aspects of brain structure are common to almost the entire range of animal species; others distinguish "advanced" brains from more primitive ones, or distinguish vertebrates from invertebrates.

title: Brain

title: Brain

text: The

text: shape

text: and

text: size

text: of

text: the

text: brain

text: varies

text: greatly

text: in

text: different

text: species

text: and

text: identifying

text: common

text: features

text: is

text: often

text: difficult

text: Nevertheless

text: there

text: are

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: principles

text: of

text: brain

text: architecture

text: that

text: apply

text: across

text: a

text: wide

text: range

text: of

text: species

text: Some

text: aspects

text: of

text: brain

text: structure

text: are

text: common

text: to

text: almost

text: the

text: entire

text: range

text: of

text: animal

text: species

text: others

text: distinguish

text: advanced

text: brains

text: from

text: more

text: primitive

text: ones

text: or

text: distinguish

text: vertebrates

text: from

text: invertebrates

question: Animals without a spine are called what?

answer: invertebrates

text: invertebrates


text: The art historian Douglas Cooper states that Paul Gauguin and Paul Cézanne "were particularly influential to the formation of Cubism and especially important to the paintings of Picasso during 1906 and 1907". Cooper goes on to say: "The Demoiselles is generally referred to as the first Cubist picture. This is an exaggeration, for although it was a major first step towards Cubism it is not yet Cubist. The disruptive, expressionist element in it is even contrary to the spirit of Cubism, which looked at the world in a detached, realistic spirit. Nevertheless, the Demoiselles is the logical picture to take as the starting point for Cubism, because it marks the birth of a new pictorial idiom, because in it Picasso violently overturned established conventions and because all that followed grew out of it."

title: Cubism

title: Cubism

text: The

text: art

text: historian

text: Douglas

text: Cooper

text: states

text: that

text: Paul

text: Gauguin

text: and

text: Paul

text: Cézanne

text: were

text: particularly

text: influential

text: to

text: the

text: formation

text: of

text: Cubism

text: and

text: especially

text: important

text: to

text: the

text: paintings

text: of

text: Picasso

text: during

text: and

text: Cooper

text: goes

text: on

text: to

text: say

text: The

text: Demoiselles

text: is

text: generally

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: first

text: Cubist

text: picture

text: This

text: is

text: an

text: exaggeration

text: for

text: although

text: it

text: was

text: a

text: major

text: first

text: step

text: towards

text: Cubism

text: it

text: is

text: not

text: yet

text: Cubist

text: The

text: disruptive

text: expressionist

text: element

text: in

text: it

text: is

text: even

text: contrary

text: to

text: the

text: spirit

text: of

text: Cubism

text: which

text: looked

text: at

text: the

text: world

text: in

text: a

text: detached

text: realistic

text: spirit

text: Nevertheless

text: the

text: Demoiselles

text: is

text: the

text: logical

text: picture

text: to

text: take

text: as

text: the

text: starting

text: point

text: for

text: Cubism

text: because

text: it

text: marks

text: the

text: birth

text: of

text: a

text: new

text: pictorial

text: idiom

text: because

text: in

text: it

text: Picasso

text: violently

text: overturned

text: established

text: conventions

text: and

text: because

text: all

text: that

text: followed

text: grew

text: out

text: of

text: it

question: Which two artists did Douglass Cooper say were very important to the forming of Cubism?

answer: Paul Gauguin and Paul Cézanne

text: Paul Gauguin and Paul Cézanne

question: What does Cooper say is the first  Cubist picture?

answer: The Demoiselles

text: The Demoiselles

question: Is it true that the first Cubist picture is The Demoiselles?

answer: although it was a major first step towards Cubism it is not yet Cubist.

text: although it was a major first step towards Cubism it is not yet Cubist.


text: During the summer growing season, phosphate is at a high level. It has a vital role in the breakdown of the sugars manufactured by chlorophyll. But in the fall, phosphate, along with the other chemicals and nutrients, moves out of the leaf into the stem of the plant. When this happens, the sugar-breakdown process changes, leading to the production of anthocyanin pigments. The brighter the light during this period, the greater the production of anthocyanins and the more brilliant the resulting color display. When the days of autumn are bright and cool, and the nights are chilly but not freezing, the brightest colorations usually develop.

title: Red

title: Red

text: During

text: the

text: summer

text: growing

text: season

text: phosphate

text: is

text: at

text: a

text: high

text: level

text: It

text: has

text: a

text: vital

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: breakdown

text: of

text: the

text: sugars

text: manufactured

text: by

text: chlorophyll

text: But

text: in

text: the

text: fall

text: phosphate

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: other

text: chemicals

text: and

text: nutrients

text: moves

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: leaf

text: into

text: the

text: stem

text: of

text: the

text: plant

text: When

text: this

text: happens

text: the

text: sugar

text: breakdown

text: process

text: changes

text: leading

text: to

text: the

text: production

text: of

text: anthocyanin

text: pigments

text: The

text: brighter

text: the

text: light

text: during

text: this

text: period

text: the

text: greater

text: the

text: production

text: of

text: anthocyanins

text: and

text: the

text: more

text: brilliant

text: the

text: resulting

text: color

text: display

text: When

text: the

text: days

text: of

text: autumn

text: are

text: bright

text: and

text: cool

text: and

text: the

text: nights

text: are

text: chilly

text: but

text: not

text: freezing

text: the

text: brightest

text: colorations

text: usually

text: develop

question: At which period of the year are phosphates high?

answer: the summer growing season

text: the summer growing season

question: What causes sugar created by chlorophyll to breakdown?

answer: phosphate

text: phosphate

question: Where does phosphate within a leaf move in the fall?

answer: the stem of the plant

text: the stem of the plant

question: What is created in fall when phosphates retreat to the stems of plants?

answer: anthocyanin pigments

text: anthocyanin pigments

question: What occurs in bright light to leaves during fall?

answer: greater the production of anthocyanins

text: greater the production of anthocyanins


text: Both languages are still largely mutually intelligible, although this relation can in some fields (such as lexicon, spelling and grammar) be asymmetric, as it is easier for Dutch speakers to understand written Afrikaans than it is for Afrikaans speakers to understand written Dutch. Afrikaans is grammatically far less complex than Dutch, and vocabulary items are generally altered in a clearly patterned manner, e.g. vogel becomes voël ("bird") and regen becomes reën ("rain"). In South Africa, the number of students following Dutch at university, is difficult to estimate, since the academic study of Afrikaans inevitably includes the study of Dutch. Elsewhere in the world, the number of people learning Dutch is relatively small.

title: Dutch_language

title: Dutch_language

text: Both

text: languages

text: are

text: still

text: largely

text: mutually

text: intelligible

text: although

text: this

text: relation

text: can

text: in

text: some

text: fields

text: such

text: as

text: lexicon

text: spelling

text: and

text: grammar

text: be

text: asymmetric

text: as

text: it

text: is

text: easier

text: for

text: Dutch

text: speakers

text: to

text: understand

text: written

text: Afrikaans

text: than

text: it

text: is

text: for

text: Afrikaans

text: speakers

text: to

text: understand

text: written

text: Dutch

text: Afrikaans

text: is

text: grammatically

text: far

text: less

text: complex

text: than

text: Dutch

text: and

text: vocabulary

text: items

text: are

text: generally

text: altered

text: in

text: a

text: clearly

text: patterned

text: manner

text: e.g.

text: vogel

text: becomes

text: voël

text: bird

text: and

text: regen

text: becomes

text: reën

text: rain

text: In

text: South

text: Africa

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: students

text: following

text: Dutch

text: at

text: university

text: is

text: difficult

text: to

text: estimate

text: since

text: the

text: academic

text: study

text: of

text: Afrikaans

text: inevitably

text: includes

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: Dutch

text: Elsewhere

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: people

text: learning

text: Dutch

text: is

text: relatively

text: small

question: Who has a more difficult time understanding the other's language: Dutch speakers or Afrikaans speakers?

answer: Afrikaans speakers

text: Afrikaans speakers

question: Is Afrikaans more or less complex compared to Dutch?

answer: less complex

text: less complex

question: What's the Dutch word for "bird"?

answer: vogel

text: vogel

question: What is the Afrikaans word for "rain"?

answer: reën

text: reën

question: Is it difficult or easy to estimate the number of students in South Africa who study Dutch?

answer: difficult

text: difficult


text: To put it another way, a thing or person is often seen as having a "defining essence" or a "core identity" that is unchanging, and describes what the thing or person really is. In this way of thinking, things and people are seen as fundamentally the same through time, with any changes being qualitative and secondary to their core identity (e.g. "Mark's hair has turned gray as he has gotten older, but he is still the same person"). But in Whitehead's cosmology, the only fundamentally existent things are discrete "occasions of experience" that overlap one another in time and space, and jointly make up the enduring person or thing. On the other hand, what ordinary thinking often regards as "the essence of a thing" or "the identity/core of a person" is an abstract generalization of what is regarded as that person or thing's most important or salient features across time. Identities do not define people, people define identities. Everything changes from moment to moment, and to think of anything as having an "enduring essence" misses the fact that "all things flow", though it is often a useful way of speaking.

title: Alfred_North_Whitehead

title: Alfred_North_Whitehead

text: To

text: put

text: it

text: another

text: way

text: a

text: thing

text: or

text: person

text: is

text: often

text: seen

text: as

text: having

text: a

text: defining

text: essence

text: or

text: a

text: core

text: identity

text: that

text: is

text: unchanging

text: and

text: describes

text: what

text: the

text: thing

text: or

text: person

text: really

text: is

text: In

text: this

text: way

text: of

text: thinking

text: things

text: and

text: people

text: are

text: seen

text: as

text: fundamentally

text: the

text: same

text: through

text: time

text: with

text: any

text: changes

text: being

text: qualitative

text: and

text: secondary

text: to

text: their

text: core

text: identity

text: e.g.

text: Mark

text: 's

text: hair

text: has

text: turned

text: gray

text: as

text: he

text: has

text: gotten

text: older

text: but

text: he

text: is

text: still

text: the

text: same

text: person

text: But

text: in

text: Whitehead

text: 's

text: cosmology

text: the

text: only

text: fundamentally

text: existent

text: things

text: are

text: discrete

text: occasions

text: of

text: experience

text: that

text: overlap

text: one

text: another

text: in

text: time

text: and

text: space

text: and

text: jointly

text: make

text: up

text: the

text: enduring

text: person

text: or

text: thing

text: On

text: the

text: other

text: hand

text: what

text: ordinary

text: thinking

text: often

text: regards

text: as

text: the

text: essence

text: of

text: a

text: thing

text: or

text: the

text: identity

text: core

text: of

text: a

text: person

text: is

text: an

text: abstract

text: generalization

text: of

text: what

text: is

text: regarded

text: as

text: that

text: person

text: or

text: thing

text: 's

text: most

text: important

text: or

text: salient

text: features

text: across

text: time

text: Identities

text: do

text: not

text: define

text: people

text: people

text: define

text: identities

text: Everything

text: changes

text: from

text: moment

text: to

text: moment

text: and

text: to

text: think

text: of

text: anything

text: as

text: having

text: an

text: enduring

text: essence

text: misses

text: the

text: fact

text: that

text: all

text: things

text: flow

text: though

text: it

text: is

text: often

text: a

text: useful

text: way

text: of

text: speaking

question: What did Whitehead believe were essentially the only things that truly exist?

answer: discrete "occasions of experience" that overlap one another in time and space, and jointly make up the enduring person or thing

text: discrete "occasions of experience" that overlap one another in time and space, and jointly make up the enduring person or thing

question: Regarding the idea that individuals or objects don't fundamentally change, what terms can be used to describe what an object or individual actually is?

answer: "defining essence" or a "core identity"

text: "defining essence" or a "core identity"

question: In that line of thinking, how are changes described?

answer: qualitative and secondary to their core identity

text: qualitative and secondary to their core identity

question: The idea that people are unchanging and stay the same even through changes is considered what?

answer: defining essence

text: defining essence

question: In Whitehead's cosmology, what are the only things that fundamentally exist?

answer: occasions of experience

text: occasions of experience

question: Where do occasions of experience overlap?

answer: time and space

text: time and space

question: Instead of having an enduring essence, what does Whitehead believe?

answer: all things flow"

text: all things flow"

question: In Whitehead's view, identities do not define people, but what?

answer: people define identities

text: people define identities


text: German record company Odeon is often said to have pioneered the album in 1909 when it released the Nutcracker Suite by Tchaikovsky on 4 double-sided discs in a specially designed package. (It is not indicated what size the records are.) However, Deutsche Grammophon had produced an album for its complete recording of the opera Carmen in the previous year. The practice of issuing albums does not seem to have been widely taken up by other record companies for many years; however, HMV provided an album, with a pictorial cover, for the 1917 recording of The Mikado (Gilbert & Sullivan).

title: Gramophone_record

title: Gramophone_record

text: German

text: record

text: company

text: Odeon

text: is

text: often

text: said

text: to

text: have

text: pioneered

text: the

text: album

text: in

text: when

text: it

text: released

text: the

text: Nutcracker

text: Suite

text: by

text: Tchaikovsky

text: on

text: double

text: sided

text: discs

text: in

text: a

text: specially

text: designed

text: package

text: It

text: is

text: not

text: indicated

text: what

text: size

text: the

text: records

text: are

text: However

text: Deutsche

text: Grammophon

text: had

text: produced

text: an

text: album

text: for

text: its

text: complete

text: recording

text: of

text: the

text: opera

text: Carmen

text: in

text: the

text: previous

text: year

text: The

text: practice

text: of

text: issuing

text: albums

text: does

text: not

text: seem

text: to

text: have

text: been

text: widely

text: taken

text: up

text: by

text: other

text: record

text: companies

text: for

text: many

text: years

text: however

text: HMV

text: provided

text: an

text: album

text: with

text: a

text: pictorial

text: cover

text: for

text: the

text: recording

text: of

text: The

text: Mikado

text: Gilbert

text: Sullivan

question: What was unique about Odeon's 1909 release of the Nutcracker Suite?

answer: 4 double-sided discs in a specially designed package

text: 4 double-sided discs in a specially designed package

question: What was one of the first releases with a photo on the cover?

answer: The Mikado (Gilbert & Sullivan)

text: The Mikado (Gilbert & Sullivan)

question: When were albums said to be pioneered?

answer: 1909

question: What was one of the very first albums released?

answer: Nutcracker Suite by Tchaikovsky

text: Nutcracker Suite by Tchaikovsky


text: If current trends continue, missiles will replace gun systems completely in "first line" service.[citation needed] Guns are being increasingly pushed into specialist roles, such as the Dutch Goalkeeper CIWS, which uses the GAU-8 Avenger 30 mm seven-barrel Gatling gun for last ditch anti-missile and anti-aircraft defence. Even this formerly front-line weapon is currently being replaced by new missile systems, such as the RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile, which is smaller, faster, and allows for mid-flight course correction (guidance) to ensure a hit. To bridge the gap between guns and missiles, Russia in particular produces the Kashtan CIWS, which uses both guns and missiles for final defence. Two six-barrelled 30 mm Gsh-6-30 Gatling guns and 9M311 surface-to-air missiles provide for its defensive capabilities.

title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

title: Anti

title: aircraft_warfare

text: If

text: current

text: trends

text: continue

text: missiles

text: will

text: replace

text: gun

text: systems

text: completely

text: in

text: first

text: line

text: service.[citation

text: needed

text: Guns

text: are

text: being

text: increasingly

text: pushed

text: into

text: specialist

text: roles

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Dutch

text: Goalkeeper

text: CIWS

text: which

text: uses

text: the

text: Avenger

text: mm

text: seven

text: barrel

text: Gatling

text: gun

text: for

text: last

text: ditch

text: anti

text: missile

text: and

text: anti

text: aircraft

text: defence

text: Even

text: this

text: formerly

text: front

text: line

text: weapon

text: is

text: currently

text: being

text: replaced

text: by

text: new

text: missile

text: systems

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Rolling

text: Airframe

text: Missile

text: which

text: is

text: smaller

text: faster

text: and

text: allows

text: for

text: mid

text: flight

text: course

text: correction

text: guidance

text: to

text: ensure

text: a

text: hit

text: To

text: bridge

text: the

text: gap

text: between

text: guns

text: and

text: missiles

text: Russia

text: in

text: particular

text: produces

text: the

text: Kashtan

text: CIWS

text: which

text: uses

text: both

text: guns

text: and

text: missiles

text: for

text: final

text: defence

text: Two

text: six

text: barrelled

text: mm

text: Gatling

text: guns

text: and

text: surface

text: to

text: air

text: missiles

text: provide

text: for

text: its

text: defensive

text: capabilities

question: What is likely to entirely replace gun systems?

answer: missiles

text: missiles

question: What is being lead to specialty roles?

answer: Guns

text: Guns

question: What gun is used in the Dutch Goalkeeper CIWS?

answer: GAU-8 Avenger 30 mm seven-barrel Gatling gun

text: GAU-8 Avenger 30 mm seven-barrel Gatling gun

question: What RIM weapon permits mid-flight course adjustments?

answer: RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile

text: RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile

question: What weapon's system uses guns and missiles?

answer: Kashtan CIWS

text: Kashtan CIWS


text: During the French Revolution, and soon after, in Germany (by the Left Hegelians), humanism began to refer to an ethical philosophy centered on humankind, without attention to the transcendent or supernatural. The designation Religious Humanism refers to organized groups that sprang up during the late-nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It is similar to Protestantism, although centered on human needs, interests, and abilities rather than the supernatural. In the Anglophone world, such modern, organized forms of humanism, which are rooted in the 18th-century Enlightenment, have to a considerable extent more or less detached themselves from the historic connection of humanism with classical learning and the liberal arts.

title: Humanism

title: Humanism

text: During

text: the

text: French

text: Revolution

text: and

text: soon

text: after

text: in

text: Germany

text: by

text: the

text: Left

text: Hegelians

text: humanism

text: began

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: an

text: ethical

text: philosophy

text: centered

text: on

text: humankind

text: without

text: attention

text: to

text: the

text: transcendent

text: or

text: supernatural

text: The

text: designation

text: Religious

text: Humanism

text: refers

text: to

text: organized

text: groups

text: that

text: sprang

text: up

text: during

text: the

text: late

text: nineteenth

text: and

text: early

text: twentieth

text: centuries

text: It

text: is

text: similar

text: to

text: Protestantism

text: although

text: centered

text: on

text: human

text: needs

text: interests

text: and

text: abilities

text: rather

text: than

text: the

text: supernatural

text: In

text: the

text: Anglophone

text: world

text: such

text: modern

text: organized

text: forms

text: of

text: humanism

text: which

text: are

text: rooted

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: Enlightenment

text: have

text: to

text: a

text: considerable

text: extent

text: more

text: or

text: less

text: detached

text: themselves

text: from

text: the

text: historic

text: connection

text: of

text: humanism

text: with

text: classical

text: learning

text: and

text: the

text: liberal

text: arts

question: At the time of the French Revolution what previous focus of humanism was removed?

answer: supernatural

text: supernatural

question: Protestantism differs from Humanism in its focus is on what?

answer: supernatural

text: supernatural

question: What do current tenants humanism have their origins in?

answer: 18th-century Enlightenment

text: 18th-century Enlightenment

question: What was a name for humanism believers who emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries?

answer: Religious Humanism

text: Religious Humanism


text: Pioneer Electronics later purchased the majority stake in the format and marketed it as both LaserVision (format name) and LaserDisc (brand name) in 1980, with some releases unofficially referring to the medium as "Laser Videodisc". Philips produced the players while MCA produced the discs. The Philips-MCA cooperation was not successful, and discontinued after a few years. Several of the scientists responsible for the early research (Richard Wilkinson, Ray Dakin and John Winslow) founded Optical Disc Corporation (now ODC Nimbus).

title: LaserDisc

title: LaserDisc

text: Pioneer

text: Electronics

text: later

text: purchased

text: the

text: majority

text: stake

text: in

text: the

text: format

text: and

text: marketed

text: it

text: as

text: both

text: LaserVision

text: format

text: name

text: and

text: LaserDisc

text: brand

text: name

text: in

text: with

text: some

text: releases

text: unofficially

text: referring

text: to

text: the

text: medium

text: as

text: Laser

text: Videodisc

text: Philips

text: produced

text: the

text: players

text: while

text: MCA

text: produced

text: the

text: discs

text: The

text: Philips

text: MCA

text: cooperation

text: was

text: not

text: successful

text: and

text: discontinued

text: after

text: a

text: few

text: years

text: Several

text: of

text: the

text: scientists

text: responsible

text: for

text: the

text: early

text: research

text: Richard

text: Wilkinson

text: Ray

text: Dakin

text: and

text: John

text: Winslow

text: founded

text: Optical

text: Disc

text: Corporation

text: now

text: ODC

text: Nimbus

question: Who purchased the majority stake and re-marketed the product in 1980?

answer: Pioneer Electronics

text: Pioneer Electronics

question: Was Laserdisk officially or unofficially reffered to as "Laser Videodisc"?

answer: unofficially

text: unofficially

question: Did MCA produce the disc or the players after being bought out?

answer: discs

text: discs

question: Who were the scientists that worked on the early research for Laserdiscs?

answer: Richard Wilkinson, Ray Dakin and John Winslow

text: Richard Wilkinson, Ray Dakin and John Winslow

question: What company did the early Laserdisc researchers later found?

answer: Optical Disc Corporation (now ODC Nimbus)

text: Optical Disc Corporation (now ODC Nimbus)


text: The cultural role of copper has been important, particularly in currency. Romans in the 6th through 3rd centuries BC used copper lumps as money. At first, the copper itself was valued, but gradually the shape and look of the copper became more important. Julius Caesar had his own coins made from brass, while Octavianus Augustus Caesar's coins were made from Cu-Pb-Sn alloys. With an estimated annual output of around 15,000 t, Roman copper mining and smelting activities reached a scale unsurpassed until the time of the Industrial Revolution; the provinces most intensely mined were those of Hispania, Cyprus and in Central Europe.

title: Copper

title: Copper

text: The

text: cultural

text: role

text: of

text: copper

text: has

text: been

text: important

text: particularly

text: in

text: currency

text: Romans

text: in

text: the

text: through

text: centuries

text: BC

text: used

text: copper

text: lumps

text: as

text: money

text: At

text: first

text: the

text: copper

text: itself

text: was

text: valued

text: but

text: gradually

text: the

text: shape

text: and

text: look

text: of

text: the

text: copper

text: became

text: more

text: important

text: Julius

text: Caesar

text: had

text: his

text: own

text: coins

text: made

text: from

text: brass

text: while

text: Octavianus

text: Augustus

text: Caesar

text: 's

text: coins

text: were

text: made

text: from

text: Cu

text: Pb

text: Sn

text: alloys

text: With

text: an

text: estimated

text: annual

text: output

text: of

text: around

text: t

text: Roman

text: copper

text: mining

text: and

text: smelting

text: activities

text: reached

text: a

text: scale

text: unsurpassed

text: until

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: the

text: Industrial

text: Revolution

text: the

text: provinces

text: most

text: intensely

text: mined

text: were

text: those

text: of

text: Hispania

text: Cyprus

text: and

text: in

text: Central

text: Europe

question: What did Romans use as money in the 6th through 3rd centuriesBC?

answer: copper lumps

text: copper lumps

question: What became more important than the copper value for Roman coins?

answer: the shape and look

text: the shape and look

question: Who had his own coins produced out of brass?

answer: Julius Caesar

text: Julius Caesar

question: During the 6th through 3rd centuries BC how much copper was mined in Rome?

answer: 15,000 t

text: 15,000 t

question: Cctavianus Augustus Caesar had his coins made out of what alloys?

answer: Cu-Pb-Sn alloys

text: Cu-Pb-Sn alloys


text: With limited resources Muawiyah went about creating allies. Muawiyah married Maysum the daughter of the chief of the Kalb tribe, that was a large Jacobite Christian Arab tribe in Syria. His marriage to Maysum was politically motivated. The Kalb tribe had remained largely neutral when the Muslims first went into Syria. After the plague that killed much of the Muslim Army in Syria, by marrying Maysum, Muawiyah started to use the Jacobite Christians, against the Romans. Muawiya's wife Maysum (Yazid's mother) was also a Jacobite Christian. With limited resources and the Byzantine just over the border, Muawiyah worked in cooperation with the local Christian population. To stop Byzantine harassment from the sea during the Arab-Byzantine Wars, in 649 Muawiyah set up a navy; manned by Monophysitise Christians, Copts and Jacobite Syrian Christians sailors and Muslim troops.

title: Umayyad_Caliphate

title: Umayyad_Caliphate

text: With

text: limited

text: resources

text: Muawiyah

text: went

text: about

text: creating

text: allies

text: Muawiyah

text: married

text: Maysum

text: the

text: daughter

text: of

text: the

text: chief

text: of

text: the

text: Kalb

text: tribe

text: that

text: was

text: a

text: large

text: Jacobite

text: Christian

text: Arab

text: tribe

text: in

text: Syria

text: His

text: marriage

text: to

text: Maysum

text: was

text: politically

text: motivated

text: The

text: Kalb

text: tribe

text: had

text: remained

text: largely

text: neutral

text: when

text: the

text: Muslims

text: first

text: went

text: into

text: Syria

text: After

text: the

text: plague

text: that

text: killed

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: Muslim

text: Army

text: in

text: Syria

text: by

text: marrying

text: Maysum

text: Muawiyah

text: started

text: to

text: use

text: the

text: Jacobite

text: Christians

text: against

text: the

text: Romans

text: Muawiya

text: 's

text: wife

text: Maysum

text: Yazid

text: 's

text: mother

text: was

text: also

text: a

text: Jacobite

text: Christian

text: With

text: limited

text: resources

text: and

text: the

text: Byzantine

text: just

text: over

text: the

text: border

text: Muawiyah

text: worked

text: in

text: cooperation

text: with

text: the

text: local

text: Christian

text: population

text: To

text: stop

text: Byzantine

text: harassment

text: from

text: the

text: sea

text: during

text: the

text: Arab

text: Byzantine

text: Wars

text: in

text: Muawiyah

text: set

text: up

text: a

text: navy

text: manned

text: by

text: Monophysitise

text: Christians

text: Copts

text: and

text: Jacobite

text: Syrian

text: Christians

text: sailors

text: and

text: Muslim

text: troops

question: What was the name of Muawiyah's wife?

answer: Maysum

text: Maysum

question: What tribe did Muawiyah's wife belong to?

answer: Kalb

text: Kalb

question: Where was the Kalb tribe based?

answer: Syria

text: Syria

question: What was the religion of Muawiyah's wife's tribe?

answer: Christian

text: Christian

question: What was the ethnicity of the Kalb tribe?

answer: Arab

text: Arab


text: In the early 15th century, the countries of the Iberian peninsula began to sponsor exploration beyond the boundaries of Europe. Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal (d. 1460) sent expeditions that discovered the Canary Islands, the Azores, and Cape Verde during his lifetime. After his death, exploration continued; Bartolomeu Dias (d. 1500) went around the Cape of Good Hope in 1486 and Vasco da Gama (d. 1524) sailed around Africa to India in 1498. The combined Spanish monarchies of Castile and Aragon sponsored the voyage of exploration by Christopher Columbus (d. 1506) in 1492 that discovered the Americas. The English crown under Henry VII sponsored the voyage of John Cabot (d. 1498) in 1497, which landed on Cape Breton Island.

title: Middle_Ages

title: Middle_Ages

text: In

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: the

text: countries

text: of

text: the

text: Iberian

text: peninsula

text: began

text: to

text: sponsor

text: exploration

text: beyond

text: the

text: boundaries

text: of

text: Europe

text: Prince

text: Henry

text: the

text: Navigator

text: of

text: Portugal

text: d.

text: sent

text: expeditions

text: that

text: discovered

text: the

text: Canary

text: Islands

text: the

text: Azores

text: and

text: Cape

text: Verde

text: during

text: his

text: lifetime

text: After

text: his

text: death

text: exploration

text: continued

text: Bartolomeu

text: Dias

text: d.

text: went

text: around

text: the

text: Cape

text: of

text: Good

text: Hope

text: in

text: and

text: Vasco

text: da

text: Gama

text: d.

text: sailed

text: around

text: Africa

text: to

text: India

text: in

text: The

text: combined

text: Spanish

text: monarchies

text: of

text: Castile

text: and

text: Aragon

text: sponsored

text: the

text: voyage

text: of

text: exploration

text: by

text: Christopher

text: Columbus

text: d.

text: in

text: that

text: discovered

text: the

text: Americas

text: The

text: English

text: crown

text: under

text: Henry

text: VII

text: sponsored

text: the

text: voyage

text: of

text: John

text: Cabot

text: d.

text: in

text: which

text: landed

text: on

text: Cape

text: Breton

text: Island

question: Explorers in the employ of what nation discovered the Azores?

answer: Portugal

text: Portugal

question: What leader sponsored the expedition that discovered Cape Verde?

answer: Prince Henry the Navigator

text: Prince Henry the Navigator

question: What Portuguese explorer visited India in 1498?

answer: Vasco da Gama

text: Vasco da Gama

question: What did Christopher Columbus discover in 1492?

answer: the Americas

text: the Americas

question: What English monarch financed John Cabot?

answer: Henry VII

text: Henry VII


text: As of 2007, the total installed capacity of solar hot water systems is approximately 154 thermal gigawatt (GWth). China is the world leader in their deployment with 70 GWth installed as of 2006 and a long-term goal of 210 GWth by 2020. Israel and Cyprus are the per capita leaders in the use of solar hot water systems with over 90% of homes using them. In the United States, Canada and Australia heating swimming pools is the dominant application of solar hot water with an installed capacity of 18 GWth as of 2005.

title: Solar_energy

title: Solar_energy

text: As

text: of

text: the

text: total

text: installed

text: capacity

text: of

text: solar

text: hot

text: water

text: systems

text: is

text: approximately

text: thermal

text: gigawatt

text: GWth

text: China

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: leader

text: in

text: their

text: deployment

text: with

text: GWth

text: installed

text: as

text: of

text: and

text: a

text: long

text: term

text: goal

text: of

text: GWth

text: by

text: Israel

text: and

text: Cyprus

text: are

text: the

text: per

text: capita

text: leaders

text: in

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: solar

text: hot

text: water

text: systems

text: with

text: over

text: of

text: homes

text: using

text: them

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Canada

text: and

text: Australia

text: heating

text: swimming

text: pools

text: is

text: the

text: dominant

text: application

text: of

text: solar

text: hot

text: water

text: with

text: an

text: installed

text: capacity

text: of

text: GWth

text: as

text: of

question: What was the total capacity of solar hot water systems in 2007 in gigawatts?

answer: 154

question: Over 90% of homes use solar hot water systems in which two countries?

answer: Israel and Cyprus

text: Israel and Cyprus

question: What is the capacity of a solar hot water system?

answer: approximately 154 thermal gigawatt

text: approximately 154 thermal gigawatt

question: What country is the leader in the implementation of solar powered hot water systems?

answer: China

text: China

question: What percentage of households use solar hot water systems in Israel and Cyprus?

answer: over 90%

text: over 90%

question: In what countries is the use to solar hot water used mainly for w=swimming pools?

answer: United States, Canada and Australia

text: United States, Canada and Australia


text: Islam and Judaism have a complex relationship. Traditionally Jews and Christians living in Muslim lands, known as dhimmis, were allowed to practice their religions and administer their internal affairs, but they were subject to certain conditions. They had to pay the jizya (a per capita tax imposed on free adult non-Muslim males) to the Islamic state. Dhimmis had an inferior status under Islamic rule. They had several social and legal disabilities such as prohibitions against bearing arms or giving testimony in courts in cases involving Muslims. Many of the disabilities were highly symbolic. The one described by Bernard Lewis as "most degrading" was the requirement of distinctive clothing, not found in the Quran or hadith but invented in early medieval Baghdad; its enforcement was highly erratic. On the other hand, Jews rarely faced martyrdom or exile, or forced compulsion to change their religion, and they were mostly free in their choice of residence and profession.

title: Jews

title: Jews

text: Islam

text: and

text: Judaism

text: have

text: a

text: complex

text: relationship

text: Traditionally

text: Jews

text: and

text: Christians

text: living

text: in

text: Muslim

text: lands

text: known

text: as

text: dhimmis

text: were

text: allowed

text: to

text: practice

text: their

text: religions

text: and

text: administer

text: their

text: internal

text: affairs

text: but

text: they

text: were

text: subject

text: to

text: certain

text: conditions

text: They

text: had

text: to

text: pay

text: the

text: jizya

text: a

text: per

text: capita

text: tax

text: imposed

text: on

text: free

text: adult

text: non

text: Muslim

text: males

text: to

text: the

text: Islamic

text: state

text: Dhimmis

text: had

text: an

text: inferior

text: status

text: under

text: Islamic

text: rule

text: They

text: had

text: several

text: social

text: and

text: legal

text: disabilities

text: such

text: as

text: prohibitions

text: against

text: bearing

text: arms

text: or

text: giving

text: testimony

text: in

text: courts

text: in

text: cases

text: involving

text: Muslims

text: Many

text: of

text: the

text: disabilities

text: were

text: highly

text: symbolic

text: The

text: one

text: described

text: by

text: Bernard

text: Lewis

text: as

text: most

text: degrading

text: was

text: the

text: requirement

text: of

text: distinctive

text: clothing

text: not

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: Quran

text: or

text: hadith

text: but

text: invented

text: in

text: early

text: medieval

text: Baghdad

text: its

text: enforcement

text: was

text: highly

text: erratic

text: On

text: the

text: other

text: hand

text: Jews

text: rarely

text: faced

text: martyrdom

text: or

text: exile

text: or

text: forced

text: compulsion

text: to

text: change

text: their

text: religion

text: and

text: they

text: were

text: mostly

text: free

text: in

text: their

text: choice

text: of

text: residence

text: and

text: profession

question: What were Jews and Christians living in Muslim lands known as?

answer: dhimmis

text: dhimmis

question: What is the per capita tax imposed on free adult non-Muslim males known as?

answer: jizya

text: jizya

question: What was the disability described by Bernard Lewis as "most degrading?"

answer: requirement of distinctive clothing

text: requirement of distinctive clothing

question: Which group had an inferior status under Islamic rule?

answer: Dhimmis

text: Dhimmis


text: Short-distance passerine migrants have two evolutionary origins. Those that have long-distance migrants in the same family, such as the common chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita, are species of southern hemisphere origins that have progressively shortened their return migration to stay in the northern hemisphere.

title: Bird_migration

title: Bird_migration

text: Short

text: distance

text: passerine

text: migrants

text: have

text: two

text: evolutionary

text: origins

text: Those

text: that

text: have

text: long

text: distance

text: migrants

text: in

text: the

text: same

text: family

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: common

text: chiffchaff

text: Phylloscopus

text: collybita

text: are

text: species

text: of

text: southern

text: hemisphere

text: origins

text: that

text: have

text: progressively

text: shortened

text: their

text: return

text: migration

text: to

text: stay

text: in

text: the

text: northern

text: hemisphere

question: How many evolutionary origins do short distance passerine migrants have?

answer: two

text: two

question: Which species have long-distance migrants in the same family?

answer: the common chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita

text: the common chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita

question: Why have some specied progressively shortened their return migration?

answer: to stay in the northern hemisphere

text: to stay in the northern hemisphere


text: Others have argued that excessive regulation suppresses therapeutic innovation, and that the current cost of regulator-required clinical trials prevents the full exploitation of new genetic and biological knowledge for the treatment of human disease. A 2012 report by the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology made several key recommendations to reduce regulatory burdens to new drug development, including 1) expanding the FDA's use of accelerated approval processes, 2) creating an expedited approval pathway for drugs intended for use in narrowly defined populations, and 3) undertaking pilot projects designed to evaluate the feasibility of a new, adaptive drug approval process.

title: Pharmaceutical_industry

title: Pharmaceutical_industry

text: Others

text: have

text: argued

text: that

text: excessive

text: regulation

text: suppresses

text: therapeutic

text: innovation

text: and

text: that

text: the

text: current

text: cost

text: of

text: regulator

text: required

text: clinical

text: trials

text: prevents

text: the

text: full

text: exploitation

text: of

text: new

text: genetic

text: and

text: biological

text: knowledge

text: for

text: the

text: treatment

text: of

text: human

text: disease

text: A

text: report

text: by

text: the

text: President

text: 's

text: Council

text: of

text: Advisors

text: on

text: Science

text: and

text: Technology

text: made

text: several

text: key

text: recommendations

text: to

text: reduce

text: regulatory

text: burdens

text: to

text: new

text: drug

text: development

text: including

text: expanding

text: the

text: FDA

text: 's

text: use

text: of

text: accelerated

text: approval

text: processes

text: creating

text: an

text: expedited

text: approval

text: pathway

text: for

text: drugs

text: intended

text: for

text: use

text: in

text: narrowly

text: defined

text: populations

text: and

text: undertaking

text: pilot

text: projects

text: designed

text: to

text: evaluate

text: the

text: feasibility

text: of

text: a

text: new

text: adaptive

text: drug

text: approval

text: process

question: Who put out a report in 2012?

answer: President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology

text: President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology

question: What has been argued restricted innovation?

answer: excessive regulation

text: excessive regulation

question: What was a recommendations brought about from the report?

answer: expanding the FDA's use of accelerated approval processes

text: expanding the FDA's use of accelerated approval processes

question: What is one thing excessive regulations causes?

answer: therapeutic innovation

text: therapeutic innovation

question: What can be used to evaluate new approval processes?

answer: pilot projects

text: pilot projects

question: What is excessive drug regulation said to suppress?

answer: therapeutic innovation

text: therapeutic innovation

question: In what year was a report made to reduce the burdens of drug development?

answer: 2012

question: What was argued to be holding back new knowledge for treating diseases?

answer: current cost of regulator-required clinical trials

text: current cost of regulator-required clinical trials


text: For decades, the U.S. federal government strenuously tried to force Puerto Ricans to adopt English, to the extent of making them use English as the primary language of instruction in their high schools. It was completely unsuccessful, and retreated from that policy in 1948. Puerto Rico was able to maintain its Spanish language, culture, and identity because the relatively small, densely populated island was already home to nearly a million people at the time of the U.S. takeover, all of those spoke Spanish, and the territory was never hit with a massive influx of millions of English speakers like the vast territory acquired from Mexico 50 years earlier.

title: Spanish_language_in_the_United_States

title: Spanish_language_in_the_United_States

text: For

text: decades

text: the

text: U.S.

text: federal

text: government

text: strenuously

text: tried

text: to

text: force

text: Puerto

text: Ricans

text: to

text: adopt

text: English

text: to

text: the

text: extent

text: of

text: making

text: them

text: use

text: English

text: as

text: the

text: primary

text: language

text: of

text: instruction

text: in

text: their

text: high

text: schools

text: It

text: was

text: completely

text: unsuccessful

text: and

text: retreated

text: from

text: that

text: policy

text: in

text: Puerto

text: Rico

text: was

text: able

text: to

text: maintain

text: its

text: Spanish

text: language

text: culture

text: and

text: identity

text: because

text: the

text: relatively

text: small

text: densely

text: populated

text: island

text: was

text: already

text: home

text: to

text: nearly

text: a

text: million

text: people

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: takeover

text: all

text: of

text: those

text: spoke

text: Spanish

text: and

text: the

text: territory

text: was

text: never

text: hit

text: with

text: a

text: massive

text: influx

text: of

text: millions

text: of

text: English

text: speakers

text: like

text: the

text: vast

text: territory

text: acquired

text: from

text: Mexico

text: years

text: earlier

question: Did America try to make Puerto Rico an English speaking territory?

answer: U.S. federal government strenuously tried to force Puerto Ricans to adopt English

text: U.S. federal government strenuously tried to force Puerto Ricans to adopt English

question: How did America try to make Puerto Rico's language English?

answer: making them use English as the primary language of instruction in their high schools.

text: making them use English as the primary language of instruction in their high schools.

question: Was English in Puerto Rico successful?

answer: It was completely unsuccessful,

text: It was completely unsuccessful,

question: Does Puerto Rico have many English speaking residents?

answer: the territory was never hit with a massive influx of millions of English speakers like the vast territory acquired from Mexico 50 years earlier.

text: the territory was never hit with a massive influx of millions of English speakers like the vast territory acquired from Mexico 50 years earlier.

question: How did Puerto Rico stay a Spanish speaking territory?

answer: Puerto Rico was able to maintain its Spanish language, culture, and identity because the relatively small, densely populated island

text: Puerto Rico was able to maintain its Spanish language, culture, and identity because the relatively small, densely populated island


text: Portuguese cinema has a long tradition, reaching back to the birth of the medium in the late 19th century. Portuguese film directors such as Arthur Duarte, António Lopes Ribeiro, António Reis, Pedro Costa, Manoel de Oliveira, João César Monteiro, António-Pedro Vasconcelos, Fernando Lopes, João Botelho and Leonel Vieira, are among those that gained notability. Noted Portuguese film actors include Joaquim de Almeida, Daniela Ruah, Maria de Medeiros, Diogo Infante, Soraia Chaves, Ribeirinho, Lúcia Moniz, and Diogo Morgado.

title: Portugal

title: Portugal

text: Portuguese

text: cinema

text: has

text: a

text: long

text: tradition

text: reaching

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: birth

text: of

text: the

text: medium

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: Portuguese

text: film

text: directors

text: such

text: as

text: Arthur

text: Duarte

text: António

text: Lopes

text: Ribeiro

text: António

text: Reis

text: Pedro

text: Costa

text: Manoel

text: de

text: Oliveira

text: João

text: César

text: Monteiro

text: António

text: Pedro

text: Vasconcelos

text: Fernando

text: Lopes

text: João

text: Botelho

text: and

text: Leonel

text: Vieira

text: are

text: among

text: those

text: that

text: gained

text: notability

text: Noted

text: Portuguese

text: film

text: actors

text: include

text: Joaquim

text: de

text: Almeida

text: Daniela

text: Ruah

text: Maria

text: de

text: Medeiros

text: Diogo

text: Infante

text: Soraia

text: Chaves

text: Ribeirinho

text: Lúcia

text: Moniz

text: and

text: Diogo

text: Morgado

question: In which period was cinema born?

answer: late 19th century

text: late 19th century

question: Who are some examples of Portuguese film directors?

answer: Arthur Duarte, António Lopes Ribeiro, António Reis, Pedro Costa, Manoel de Oliveira, João César Monteiro, António-Pedro Vasconcelos, Fernando Lopes

text: Arthur Duarte, António Lopes Ribeiro, António Reis, Pedro Costa, Manoel de Oliveira, João César Monteiro, António-Pedro Vasconcelos, Fernando Lopes

question: Who are some noted Portuguese actors?

answer: Joaquim de Almeida, Daniela Ruah, Maria de Medeiros, Diogo Infante, Soraia Chaves, Ribeirinho, Lúcia Moniz, and Diogo Morgado

text: Joaquim de Almeida, Daniela Ruah, Maria de Medeiros, Diogo Infante, Soraia Chaves, Ribeirinho, Lúcia Moniz, and Diogo Morgado

question: In which period was cinema born?

answer: late 19th century

text: late 19th century

question: Who are some examples of Portuguese film directors?

answer: Arthur Duarte, António Lopes Ribeiro, António Reis, Pedro Costa, Manoel de Oliveira, João César Monteiro, António-Pedro Vasconcelos, Fernando Lopes

text: Arthur Duarte, António Lopes Ribeiro, António Reis, Pedro Costa, Manoel de Oliveira, João César Monteiro, António-Pedro Vasconcelos, Fernando Lopes

question: Who are some noted Portuguese actors?

answer: Joaquim de Almeida, Daniela Ruah, Maria de Medeiros, Diogo Infante, Soraia Chaves, Ribeirinho, Lúcia Moniz, and Diogo Morgado

text: Joaquim de Almeida, Daniela Ruah, Maria de Medeiros, Diogo Infante, Soraia Chaves, Ribeirinho, Lúcia Moniz, and Diogo Morgado


text: The highest point in the state is Clingmans Dome at 6,643 feet (2,025 m). Clingmans Dome, which lies on Tennessee's eastern border, is the highest point on the Appalachian Trail, and is the third highest peak in the United States east of the Mississippi River. The state line between Tennessee and North Carolina crosses the summit. The state's lowest point is the Mississippi River at the Mississippi state line (the lowest point in Memphis, nearby, is at 195 ft (59 m)). The geographical center of the state is located in Murfreesboro.

title: Tennessee

title: Tennessee

text: The

text: highest

text: point

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: is

text: Clingmans

text: Dome

text: at

text: feet

text: m

text: Clingmans

text: Dome

text: which

text: lies

text: on

text: Tennessee

text: 's

text: eastern

text: border

text: is

text: the

text: highest

text: point

text: on

text: the

text: Appalachian

text: Trail

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: highest

text: peak

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: east

text: of

text: the

text: Mississippi

text: River

text: The

text: state

text: line

text: between

text: Tennessee

text: and

text: North

text: Carolina

text: crosses

text: the

text: summit

text: The

text: state

text: 's

text: lowest

text: point

text: is

text: the

text: Mississippi

text: River

text: at

text: the

text: Mississippi

text: state

text: line

text: the

text: lowest

text: point

text: in

text: Memphis

text: nearby

text: is

text: at

text: ft

text: m

text: The

text: geographical

text: center

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: Murfreesboro

question: What is the elevation of Tennessee's highest point?

answer: 6,643 feet

text: 6,643 feet

question: What mountain in Tennessee is the Appalachian Trail's highest point?

answer: Clingmans Dome

text: Clingmans Dome

question: What river is situated on Tennessee point of lowest elevation?

answer: Mississippi River

text: Mississippi River

question: Which city marks the geographical center of Tennessee?

answer: Murfreesboro

text: Murfreesboro


text: Smaller boats and ships typically have machine-guns or fast cannons, which can often be deadly to low-flying aircraft if linked to a radar-directed fire-control system radar-controlled cannon for point defence. Some vessels like Aegis cruisers are as much a threat to aircraft as any land-based air defence system. In general, naval vessels should be treated with respect by aircraft, however the reverse is equally true. Carrier battle groups are especially well defended, as not only do they typically consist of many vessels with heavy air defence armament but they are also able to launch fighter jets for combat air patrol overhead to intercept incoming airborne threats.

title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

title: Anti

title: aircraft_warfare

text: Smaller

text: boats

text: and

text: ships

text: typically

text: have

text: machine

text: guns

text: or

text: fast

text: cannons

text: which

text: can

text: often

text: be

text: deadly

text: to

text: low

text: flying

text: aircraft

text: if

text: linked

text: to

text: a

text: radar

text: directed

text: fire

text: control

text: system

text: radar

text: controlled

text: cannon

text: for

text: point

text: defence

text: Some

text: vessels

text: like

text: Aegis

text: cruisers

text: are

text: as

text: much

text: a

text: threat

text: to

text: aircraft

text: as

text: any

text: land

text: based

text: air

text: defence

text: system

text: In

text: general

text: naval

text: vessels

text: should

text: be

text: treated

text: with

text: respect

text: by

text: aircraft

text: however

text: the

text: reverse

text: is

text: equally

text: true

text: Carrier

text: battle

text: groups

text: are

text: especially

text: well

text: defended

text: as

text: not

text: only

text: do

text: they

text: typically

text: consist

text: of

text: many

text: vessels

text: with

text: heavy

text: air

text: defence

text: armament

text: but

text: they

text: are

text: also

text: able

text: to

text: launch

text: fighter

text: jets

text: for

text: combat

text: air

text: patrol

text: overhead

text: to

text: intercept

text: incoming

text: airborne

text: threats

question: What kind of weapons can usually be found on smaller boats and ships?

answer: machine-guns or fast cannons

text: machine-guns or fast cannons

question: These weapons can be deadly to aircraft that is low if it is linked to what?

answer: a radar-directed fire-control system radar-controlled cannon for point defence

text: a radar-directed fire-control system radar-controlled cannon for point defence

question: What type of ships are particularly well defended?

answer: Carrier battle groups

text: Carrier battle groups

question: Carrier battle groups can launch what to intercept incoming threats?

answer: fighter jets

text: fighter jets


text: In the Ottoman Empire, these ideological reforms did not take place and these views did not integrate into common thought until much later. As well, there was no spread of this doctrine within the New World and the advanced civilizations of the Aztec, Maya, Inca, Mohican, Delaware, Huron and especially the Iroquois. The Iroquois philosophy in particular gave much to Christian thought of the time and in many cases actually inspired some of the institutions adopted in the United States: for example, Benjamin Franklin was a great admirer of some of the methods of the Iroquois Confederacy, and much of early American literature emphasized the political philosophy of the natives.

title: Political_philosophy

title: Political_philosophy

text: In

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: these

text: ideological

text: reforms

text: did

text: not

text: take

text: place

text: and

text: these

text: views

text: did

text: not

text: integrate

text: into

text: common

text: thought

text: until

text: much

text: later

text: As

text: well

text: there

text: was

text: no

text: spread

text: of

text: this

text: doctrine

text: within

text: the

text: New

text: World

text: and

text: the

text: advanced

text: civilizations

text: of

text: the

text: Aztec

text: Maya

text: Inca

text: Mohican

text: Delaware

text: Huron

text: and

text: especially

text: the

text: Iroquois

text: The

text: Iroquois

text: philosophy

text: in

text: particular

text: gave

text: much

text: to

text: Christian

text: thought

text: of

text: the

text: time

text: and

text: in

text: many

text: cases

text: actually

text: inspired

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: institutions

text: adopted

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: for

text: example

text: Benjamin

text: Franklin

text: was

text: a

text: great

text: admirer

text: of

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: methods

text: of

text: the

text: Iroquois

text: Confederacy

text: and

text: much

text: of

text: early

text: American

text: literature

text: emphasized

text: the

text: political

text: philosophy

text: of

text: the

text: natives

question: In what area did these ideological reforms not take place until much later?

answer: Ottoman Empire

text: Ottoman Empire

question: Whose philosophy gave much to Christian thought of the time?

answer: The Iroquois philosophy

text: The Iroquois philosophy

question: Who was a great admirer of some of the methods of the Iroquois Confederacy?

answer: Benjamin Franklin

text: Benjamin Franklin


text: The main mineral resource known on the continent is coal. It was first recorded near the Beardmore Glacier by Frank Wild on the Nimrod Expedition, and now low-grade coal is known across many parts of the Transantarctic Mountains. The Prince Charles Mountains contain significant deposits of iron ore. The most valuable resources of Antarctica lie offshore, namely the oil and natural gas fields found in the Ross Sea in 1973. Exploitation of all mineral resources is banned until 2048 by the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty.

title: Antarctica

title: Antarctica

text: The

text: main

text: mineral

text: resource

text: known

text: on

text: the

text: continent

text: is

text: coal

text: It

text: was

text: first

text: recorded

text: near

text: the

text: Beardmore

text: Glacier

text: by

text: Frank

text: Wild

text: on

text: the

text: Nimrod

text: Expedition

text: and

text: now

text: low

text: grade

text: coal

text: is

text: known

text: across

text: many

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: Transantarctic

text: Mountains

text: The

text: Prince

text: Charles

text: Mountains

text: contain

text: significant

text: deposits

text: of

text: iron

text: ore

text: The

text: most

text: valuable

text: resources

text: of

text: Antarctica

text: lie

text: offshore

text: namely

text: the

text: oil

text: and

text: natural

text: gas

text: fields

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: Ross

text: Sea

text: in

text: Exploitation

text: of

text: all

text: mineral

text: resources

text: is

text: banned

text: until

text: by

text: the

text: Protocol

text: on

text: Environmental

text: Protection

text: to

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: Treaty

question: What is the main mineral found on Antarctica?

answer: coal

text: coal

question: Where was coal first found on Antarctica?

answer: Beardmore Glacier

text: Beardmore Glacier

question: What expedition discovered coal on Antarctica?

answer: Nimrod Expedition

text: Nimrod Expedition

question: Where is iron ore found on Antarctica?

answer: Prince Charles Mountains

text: Prince Charles Mountains

question: Where are oil and gas deposits located near Antarctica?

answer: Ross Sea

text: Ross Sea


text: Beginning in first decade of the 15th century, Jan Hus—a Roman Catholic priest, Czech reformist and professor—influenced by John Wycliffe's writings, founded the Hussite movement. He strongly advocated his reformist Bohemian religious denomination. He was excommunicated and burned at the stake in Constance, Bishopric of Constance in 1415 by secular authorities for unrepentant and persistent heresy. After his execution, a revolt erupted. Hussites defeated five continuous crusades proclaimed against them by the Pope.

title: Protestantism

title: Protestantism

text: Beginning

text: in

text: first

text: decade

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: Jan

text: Hus

text: a

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: priest

text: Czech

text: reformist

text: and

text: professor

text: influenced

text: by

text: John

text: Wycliffe

text: 's

text: writings

text: founded

text: the

text: Hussite

text: movement

text: He

text: strongly

text: advocated

text: his

text: reformist

text: Bohemian

text: religious

text: denomination

text: He

text: was

text: excommunicated

text: and

text: burned

text: at

text: the

text: stake

text: in

text: Constance

text: Bishopric

text: of

text: Constance

text: in

text: by

text: secular

text: authorities

text: for

text: unrepentant

text: and

text: persistent

text: heresy

text: After

text: his

text: execution

text: a

text: revolt

text: erupted

text: Hussites

text: defeated

text: five

text: continuous

text: crusades

text: proclaimed

text: against

text: them

text: by

text: the

text: Pope

question: Who started the Hussite movement?

answer: Jan Hus

text: Jan Hus

question: Whose words were an inspiration for Jan Hus?

answer: John Wycliffe

text: John Wycliffe

question: How many crusades were waged against the Hussites?

answer: five

text: five

question: Who called the crusades against the Hussites?

answer: the Pope

text: the Pope

question: How did Jan Hus die?

answer: burned at the stake

text: burned at the stake


text: On 25 February 1954, Naguib announced his resignation after the RCC held an official meeting without his presence two days prior. On 26 February, Nasser accepted the resignation, put Naguib under house arrest, and the RCC proclaimed Nasser as both RCC chairman and prime minister. As Naguib intended, a mutiny immediately followed, demanding Naguib's reinstatement and the RCC's dissolution. While visiting the striking officers at Military Headquarters (GHQ) to call for the mutiny's end, Nasser was initially intimidated into accepting their demands. However, on 27 February, Nasser's supporters in the army launched a raid on the GHQ, ending the mutiny. Later that day, hundreds of thousands of protesters, mainly belonging to the Brotherhood, called for Naguib's return and Nasser's imprisonment. In response, a sizable group within the RCC, led by Khaled Mohieddin, demanded Naguib's release and return to the presidency. Nasser was forced to acquiesce, but delayed Naguib's reinstatement until 4 March, allowing him to promote Amer to Commander of the Armed Forces—a position formerly occupied by Naguib.

title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

text: On

text: February

text: Naguib

text: announced

text: his

text: resignation

text: after

text: the

text: RCC

text: held

text: an

text: official

text: meeting

text: without

text: his

text: presence

text: two

text: days

text: prior

text: On

text: February

text: Nasser

text: accepted

text: the

text: resignation

text: put

text: Naguib

text: under

text: house

text: arrest

text: and

text: the

text: RCC

text: proclaimed

text: Nasser

text: as

text: both

text: RCC

text: chairman

text: and

text: prime

text: minister

text: As

text: Naguib

text: intended

text: a

text: mutiny

text: immediately

text: followed

text: demanding

text: Naguib

text: 's

text: reinstatement

text: and

text: the

text: RCC

text: 's

text: dissolution

text: While

text: visiting

text: the

text: striking

text: officers

text: at

text: Military

text: Headquarters

text: GHQ

text: to

text: call

text: for

text: the

text: mutiny

text: 's

text: end

text: Nasser

text: was

text: initially

text: intimidated

text: into

text: accepting

text: their

text: demands

text: However

text: on

text: February

text: Nasser

text: 's

text: supporters

text: in

text: the

text: army

text: launched

text: a

text: raid

text: on

text: the

text: GHQ

text: ending

text: the

text: mutiny

text: Later

text: that

text: day

text: hundreds

text: of

text: thousands

text: of

text: protesters

text: mainly

text: belonging

text: to

text: the

text: Brotherhood

text: called

text: for

text: Naguib

text: 's

text: return

text: and

text: Nasser

text: 's

text: imprisonment

text: In

text: response

text: a

text: sizable

text: group

text: within

text: the

text: RCC

text: led

text: by

text: Khaled

text: Mohieddin

text: demanded

text: Naguib

text: 's

text: release

text: and

text: return

text: to

text: the

text: presidency

text: Nasser

text: was

text: forced

text: to

text: acquiesce

text: but

text: delayed

text: Naguib

text: 's

text: reinstatement

text: until

text: March

text: allowing

text: him

text: to

text: promote

text: Amer

text: to

text: Commander

text: of

text: the

text: Armed

text: Forces

text: a

text: position

text: formerly

text: occupied

text: by

text: Naguib

question: Who resigned in 1954?

answer: Naguib

text: Naguib

question: What two positions did Nasser assume?

answer: RCC chairman and prime minister

text: RCC chairman and prime minister

question: What group protested for Naguib's reinstatement?

answer: Brotherhood

text: Brotherhood

question: What did the Muslim Brotherhood want to happen to Nasser?

answer: imprisonment

text: imprisonment

question: Who did Nasser promote to armed forces commander?

answer: Amer

text: Amer


text: The Seven Years' War was fought between 1755 and 1764, the main conflict occurring in the seven-year period from 1756 to 1763. It involved every great power of the time except the Ottoman Empire, and affected Europe, the Americas, West Africa, India, and the Philippines. Considered a prelude to the two world wars and the greatest European war since the Thirty Years War of the 17th century, it once again split Europe into two coalitions, led by Great Britain on one side and France on the other. For the first time, aiming to curtail Britain and Prussia's ever-growing might, France formed a grand coalition of its own, which ended with failure as Britain rose as the world's predominant power, altering the European balance of power.

title: Seven_Years%27_War

title: Seven_Years%27_War

text: The

text: Seven

text: Years

text: War

text: was

text: fought

text: between

text: and

text: the

text: main

text: conflict

text: occurring

text: in

text: the

text: seven

text: year

text: period

text: from

text: to

text: It

text: involved

text: every

text: great

text: power

text: of

text: the

text: time

text: except

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: and

text: affected

text: Europe

text: the

text: Americas

text: West

text: Africa

text: India

text: and

text: the

text: Philippines

text: Considered

text: a

text: prelude

text: to

text: the

text: two

text: world

text: wars

text: and

text: the

text: greatest

text: European

text: war

text: since

text: the

text: Thirty

text: Years

text: War

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: it

text: once

text: again

text: split

text: Europe

text: into

text: two

text: coalitions

text: led

text: by

text: Great

text: Britain

text: on

text: one

text: side

text: and

text: France

text: on

text: the

text: other

text: For

text: the

text: first

text: time

text: aiming

text: to

text: curtail

text: Britain

text: and

text: Prussia

text: 's

text: ever

text: growing

text: might

text: France

text: formed

text: a

text: grand

text: coalition

text: of

text: its

text: own

text: which

text: ended

text: with

text: failure

text: as

text: Britain

text: rose

text: as

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: predominant

text: power

text: altering

text: the

text: European

text: balance

text: of

text: power

question: What countries led the two coalitions during the Seven Years' War?

answer: two coalitions, led by Great Britain on one side and France

text: two coalitions, led by Great Britain on one side and France

question: What major power of the time was not involved in The Seven Years' War?

answer: It involved every great power of the time except the Ottoman Empire

text: It involved every great power of the time except the Ottoman Empire

question: When was the Seven Year' War fought?

answer: The Seven Years' War was fought between 1755 and 1764

text: The Seven Years' War was fought between 1755 and 1764

question: What country emerged as the world's predominate power?

answer: Britain rose as the world's predominant power

text: Britain rose as the world's predominant power

question: What was the Seven Years' War considered as the prelude to?

answer: Considered a prelude to the two world wars

text: Considered a prelude to the two world wars


text: The roots of Presbyterianism lie in the European Reformation of the 16th century; the example of John Calvin's Geneva being particularly influential. Most Reformed churches which trace their history back to Scotland are either presbyterian or congregationalist in government. In the twentieth century, some Presbyterians played an important role in the ecumenical movement, including the World Council of Churches. Many Presbyterian denominations have found ways of working together with other Reformed denominations and Christians of other traditions, especially in the World Communion of Reformed Churches. Some Presbyterian churches have entered into unions with other churches, such as Congregationalists, Lutherans, Anglicans, and Methodists. Presbyterians in the United States came largely from Scotch-Irish immigrants communities, and also from New England Yankee communities that had originally been Congregational but changed because of an agreed-upon "Plan of Union of 1801" for frontier areas.

title: Presbyterianism

title: Presbyterianism

text: The

text: roots

text: of

text: Presbyterianism

text: lie

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Reformation

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: example

text: of

text: John

text: Calvin

text: 's

text: Geneva

text: being

text: particularly

text: influential

text: Most

text: Reformed

text: churches

text: which

text: trace

text: their

text: history

text: back

text: to

text: Scotland

text: are

text: either

text: presbyterian

text: or

text: congregationalist

text: in

text: government

text: In

text: the

text: twentieth

text: century

text: some

text: Presbyterians

text: played

text: an

text: important

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: ecumenical

text: movement

text: including

text: the

text: World

text: Council

text: of

text: Churches

text: Many

text: Presbyterian

text: denominations

text: have

text: found

text: ways

text: of

text: working

text: together

text: with

text: other

text: Reformed

text: denominations

text: and

text: Christians

text: of

text: other

text: traditions

text: especially

text: in

text: the

text: World

text: Communion

text: of

text: Reformed

text: Churches

text: Some

text: Presbyterian

text: churches

text: have

text: entered

text: into

text: unions

text: with

text: other

text: churches

text: such

text: as

text: Congregationalists

text: Lutherans

text: Anglicans

text: and

text: Methodists

text: Presbyterians

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: came

text: largely

text: from

text: Scotch

text: Irish

text: immigrants

text: communities

text: and

text: also

text: from

text: New

text: England

text: Yankee

text: communities

text: that

text: had

text: originally

text: been

text: Congregational

text: but

text: changed

text: because

text: of

text: an

text: agreed

text: upon

text: Plan

text: of

text: Union

text: of

text: for

text: frontier

text: areas

question: Where do most presbyterian churches trace their history back to?

answer: Scotland

text: Scotland

question: When did the reformation during the roots of Presbyterianism take place?

answer: 16th century

text: 16th century

question: Which group did Presbyterian churches union with?

answer: Congregationalists, Lutherans, Anglicans, and Methodists

text: Congregationalists, Lutherans, Anglicans, and Methodists


text: In late September 1838, he started reading Thomas Malthus's An Essay on the Principle of Population with its statistical argument that human populations, if unrestrained, breed beyond their means and struggle to survive. Darwin related this to the struggle for existence among wildlife and botanist de Candolle's "warring of the species" in plants; he immediately envisioned "a force like a hundred thousand wedges" pushing well-adapted variations into "gaps in the economy of nature", so that the survivors would pass on their form and abilities, and unfavourable variations would be destroyed. By December 1838, he had noted a similarity between the act of breeders selecting traits and a Malthusian Nature selecting among variants thrown up by "chance" so that "every part of newly acquired structure is fully practical and perfected".

title: On_the_Origin_of_Species

title: On_the_Origin_of_Species

text: In

text: late

text: September

text: he

text: started

text: reading

text: Thomas

text: Malthus

text: 's

text: An

text: Essay

text: on

text: the

text: Principle

text: of

text: Population

text: with

text: its

text: statistical

text: argument

text: that

text: human

text: populations

text: if

text: unrestrained

text: breed

text: beyond

text: their

text: means

text: and

text: struggle

text: to

text: survive

text: Darwin

text: related

text: this

text: to

text: the

text: struggle

text: for

text: existence

text: among

text: wildlife

text: and

text: botanist

text: de

text: Candolle

text: 's

text: warring

text: of

text: the

text: species

text: in

text: plants

text: he

text: immediately

text: envisioned

text: a

text: force

text: like

text: a

text: hundred

text: thousand

text: wedges

text: pushing

text: well

text: adapted

text: variations

text: into

text: gaps

text: in

text: the

text: economy

text: of

text: nature

text: so

text: that

text: the

text: survivors

text: would

text: pass

text: on

text: their

text: form

text: and

text: abilities

text: and

text: unfavourable

text: variations

text: would

text: be

text: destroyed

text: By

text: December

text: he

text: had

text: noted

text: a

text: similarity

text: between

text: the

text: act

text: of

text: breeders

text: selecting

text: traits

text: and

text: a

text: Malthusian

text: Nature

text: selecting

text: among

text: variants

text: thrown

text: up

text: by

text: chance

text: so

text: that

text: every

text: part

text: of

text: newly

text: acquired

text: structure

text: is

text: fully

text: practical

text: and

text: perfected

question: Which book did Darwin begin reading in 1838?

answer: An Essay on the Principle of Population

text: An Essay on the Principle of Population

question: What did Thomas Malthus' book theorize would happen to human populations if they were unrestrained?

answer: breed beyond their means and struggle to survive

text: breed beyond their means and struggle to survive

question: Which species did Darwin compare with the human struggle to survive?

answer: plants

text: plants

question: What concept was de Candolle considering as he studied plants?

answer: "warring of the species"

text: "warring of the species"


text: Birds play prominent and diverse roles in religion and mythology. In religion, birds may serve as either messengers or priests and leaders for a deity, such as in the Cult of Makemake, in which the Tangata manu of Easter Island served as chiefs or as attendants, as in the case of Hugin and Munin, the two common ravens who whispered news into the ears of the Norse god Odin. In several civilizations of ancient Italy, particularly Etruscan and Roman religion, priests were involved in augury, or interpreting the words of birds while the "auspex" (from which the word "auspicious" is derived) watched their activities to foretell events. They may also serve as religious symbols, as when Jonah (Hebrew: יוֹנָה, dove) embodied the fright, passivity, mourning, and beauty traditionally associated with doves. Birds have themselves been deified, as in the case of the common peacock, which is perceived as Mother Earth by the Dravidians of India. In religious images preserved from the Inca and Tiwanaku empires, birds are depicted in the process of transgressing boundaries between earthly and underground spiritual realms. Indigenous peoples of the central Andes maintain legends of birds passing to and from metaphysical worlds. The mythical chullumpi bird is said to mark the existence of a portal between such worlds, and to transform itself into a llama.

title: Bird

title: Bird

text: Birds

text: play

text: prominent

text: and

text: diverse

text: roles

text: in

text: religion

text: and

text: mythology

text: In

text: religion

text: birds

text: may

text: serve

text: as

text: either

text: messengers

text: or

text: priests

text: and

text: leaders

text: for

text: a

text: deity

text: such

text: as

text: in

text: the

text: Cult

text: of

text: Makemake

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: Tangata

text: manu

text: of

text: Easter

text: Island

text: served

text: as

text: chiefs

text: or

text: as

text: attendants

text: as

text: in

text: the

text: case

text: of

text: Hugin

text: and

text: Munin

text: the

text: two

text: common

text: ravens

text: who

text: whispered

text: news

text: into

text: the

text: ears

text: of

text: the

text: Norse

text: god

text: Odin

text: In

text: several

text: civilizations

text: of

text: ancient

text: Italy

text: particularly

text: Etruscan

text: and

text: Roman

text: religion

text: priests

text: were

text: involved

text: in

text: augury

text: or

text: interpreting

text: the

text: words

text: of

text: birds

text: while

text: the

text: auspex

text: from

text: which

text: the

text: word

text: auspicious

text: is

text: derived

text: watched

text: their

text: activities

text: to

text: foretell

text: events

text: They

text: may

text: also

text: serve

text: as

text: religious

text: symbols

text: as

text: when

text: Jonah

text: Hebrew

text: יוֹנָה

text: dove

text: embodied

text: the

text: fright

text: passivity

text: mourning

text: and

text: beauty

text: traditionally

text: associated

text: with

text: doves

text: Birds

text: have

text: themselves

text: been

text: deified

text: as

text: in

text: the

text: case

text: of

text: the

text: common

text: peacock

text: which

text: is

text: perceived

text: as

text: Mother

text: Earth

text: by

text: the

text: Dravidians

text: of

text: India

text: In

text: religious

text: images

text: preserved

text: from

text: the

text: Inca

text: and

text: Tiwanaku

text: empires

text: birds

text: are

text: depicted

text: in

text: the

text: process

text: of

text: transgressing

text: boundaries

text: between

text: earthly

text: and

text: underground

text: spiritual

text: realms

text: Indigenous

text: peoples

text: of

text: the

text: central

text: Andes

text: maintain

text: legends

text: of

text: birds

text: passing

text: to

text: and

text: from

text: metaphysical

text: worlds

text: The

text: mythical

text: chullumpi

text: bird

text: is

text: said

text: to

text: mark

text: the

text: existence

text: of

text: a

text: portal

text: between

text: such

text: worlds

text: and

text: to

text: transform

text: itself

text: into

text: a

text: llama

question: What play prominent roles in religion and mythology?

answer: Birds

text: Birds

question: The word auspicious is derived from which word?

answer: auspex

text: auspex

question: What is said to mark the existence of a portal between such worlds, and to transform itself into a llama?

answer: mythical chullumpi bird

text: mythical chullumpi bird


text: Frances A. M. Forbes writes that when the Patriarch Alexander was on his death-bed he called Athanasius, who fled fearing he would be constrained to be made Bishop. "When the Bishops of the Church assembled to elect their new Patriarch, the whole Catholic population surrounded the church, holding up their hands to Heaven and crying; "Give us Athanasius!" The Bishops had nothing better. Athanasius was thus elected, as Gregory tells us..." (Pope Gregory I, would have full access to the Vatican Archives).

title: Athanasius_of_Alexandria

title: Athanasius_of_Alexandria

text: Frances

text: A.

text: M.

text: Forbes

text: writes

text: that

text: when

text: the

text: Patriarch

text: Alexander

text: was

text: on

text: his

text: death

text: bed

text: he

text: called

text: Athanasius

text: who

text: fled

text: fearing

text: he

text: would

text: be

text: constrained

text: to

text: be

text: made

text: Bishop

text: When

text: the

text: Bishops

text: of

text: the

text: Church

text: assembled

text: to

text: elect

text: their

text: new

text: Patriarch

text: the

text: whole

text: Catholic

text: population

text: surrounded

text: the

text: church

text: holding

text: up

text: their

text: hands

text: to

text: Heaven

text: and

text: crying

text: Give

text: us

text: Athanasius

text: The

text: Bishops

text: had

text: nothing

text: better

text: Athanasius

text: was

text: thus

text: elected

text: as

text: Gregory

text: tells

text: us

text: Pope

text: Gregory

text: I

text: would

text: have

text: full

text: access

text: to

text: the

text: Vatican

text: Archives

question: What did Athanasius do to avoid speaking to Alexander on his deathbed?

answer: fled

text: fled

question: Who did the Alexandrian people want to be their Bishop?

answer: Give us Athanasius

text: Give us Athanasius

question: Did the Bishops have someone else in mind?

answer: Bishops had nothing better

text: Bishops had nothing better

question: Who did Alexander ask for when he was dieing?

answer: called Athanasius

text: called Athanasius


text: The Scottish traveler James Bruce reported in 1770 that Medri Bahri was a distinct political entity from Abyssinia, noting that the two territories were frequently in conflict. The Bahre-Nagassi ("Kings of the Sea") alternately fought with or against the Abyssinians and the neighbouring Muslim Adal Sultanate depending on the geopolitical circumstances. Medri Bahri was thus part of the Christian resistance against Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi of Adal's forces, but later joined the Adalite states and the Ottoman Empire front against Abyssinia in 1572. That 16th century also marked the arrival of the Ottomans, who began making inroads in the Red Sea area.

title: Eritrea

title: Eritrea

text: The

text: Scottish

text: traveler

text: James

text: Bruce

text: reported

text: in

text: that

text: Medri

text: Bahri

text: was

text: a

text: distinct

text: political

text: entity

text: from

text: Abyssinia

text: noting

text: that

text: the

text: two

text: territories

text: were

text: frequently

text: in

text: conflict

text: The

text: Bahre

text: Nagassi

text: Kings

text: of

text: the

text: Sea

text: alternately

text: fought

text: with

text: or

text: against

text: the

text: Abyssinians

text: and

text: the

text: neighbouring

text: Muslim

text: Adal

text: Sultanate

text: depending

text: on

text: the

text: geopolitical

text: circumstances

text: Medri

text: Bahri

text: was

text: thus

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Christian

text: resistance

text: against

text: Imam

text: Ahmad

text: ibn

text: Ibrahim

text: al

text: Ghazi

text: of

text: Adal

text: 's

text: forces

text: but

text: later

text: joined

text: the

text: Adalite

text: states

text: and

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: front

text: against

text: Abyssinia

text: in

text: That

text: century

text: also

text: marked

text: the

text: arrival

text: of

text: the

text: Ottomans

text: who

text: began

text: making

text: inroads

text: in

text: the

text: Red

text: Sea

text: area

question: Who was James Bruce?

answer: Scottish traveler

text: Scottish traveler

question: In 1770, who reported that Medri Bahri was a distinct political entity from Abyssinia?

answer: James Bruce

text: James Bruce

question: How is The Bahre-Nagassi translated?

answer: "Kings of the Sea"

text: "Kings of the Sea"

question: What determined whether The Bahre-Nagassi fought with or against the Abyssinians?

answer: geopolitical circumstances

text: geopolitical circumstances

question: Which century marked the arrival of the Ottomans?

answer: 16th