text: Economist Mark Zandi testified to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission in January 2010: "The securitization markets also remain impaired, as investors anticipate more loan losses. Investors are also uncertain about coming legal and accounting rule changes and regulatory reforms. Private bond issuance of residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities, asset-backed securities, and CDOs peaked in 2006 at close to $2 trillion...In 2009, private issuance was less than $150 billion, and almost all of it was asset-backed issuance supported by the Federal Reserve's TALF program to aid credit card, auto and small-business lenders. Issuance of residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities and CDOs remains dormant."

title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

text: Economist

text: Mark

text: Zandi

text: testified

text: to

text: the

text: Financial

text: Crisis

text: Inquiry

text: Commission

text: in

text: January

text: The

text: securitization

text: markets

text: also

text: remain

text: impaired

text: as

text: investors

text: anticipate

text: more

text: loan

text: losses

text: Investors

text: are

text: also

text: uncertain

text: about

text: coming

text: legal

text: and

text: accounting

text: rule

text: changes

text: and

text: regulatory

text: reforms

text: Private

text: bond

text: issuance

text: of

text: residential

text: and

text: commercial

text: mortgage

text: backed

text: securities

text: asset

text: backed

text: securities

text: and

text: CDOs

text: peaked

text: in

text: at

text: close

text: to

text: trillion

text: In

text: private

text: issuance

text: was

text: less

text: than

text: billion

text: and

text: almost

text: all

text: of

text: it

text: was

text: asset

text: backed

text: issuance

text: supported

text: by

text: the

text: Federal

text: Reserve

text: 's

text: TALF

text: program

text: to

text: aid

text: credit

text: card

text: auto

text: and

text: small

text: business

text: lenders

text: Issuance

text: of

text: residential

text: and

text: commercial

text: mortgage

text: backed

text: securities

text: and

text: CDOs

text: remains

text: dormant

question: What economist testified to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission in January 2010?

answer: Mark Zandi

text: Mark Zandi

question: In January 2010, what markets did Mark Zandi testify about that remain impaired and investors anticipate more loan losses?

answer: securitization markets

text: securitization markets

question: What was the value of CDOs at their peak in 2006?

answer: close to $2 trillion

text: close to $2 trillion

question: What was the private issuance of CDOs in 2009?

answer: less than $150 billion

text: less than $150 billion

question: Almost all of the asset-backed issuance in 2009 was supported by what Federal Reserve program?

answer: TALF

text: TALF


text: A mailbox provider is an organization that provides services for hosting electronic mail domains with access to storage for mail boxes. It provides email servers to send, receive, accept, and store email for end users or other organizations.

title: Internet_service_provider

title: Internet_service_provider

text: A

text: mailbox

text: provider

text: is

text: an

text: organization

text: that

text: provides

text: services

text: for

text: hosting

text: electronic

text: mail

text: domains

text: with

text: access

text: to

text: storage

text: for

text: mail

text: boxes

text: It

text: provides

text: email

text: servers

text: to

text: send

text: receive

text: accept

text: and

text: store

text: email

text: for

text: end

text: users

text: or

text: other

text: organizations

question: What is a mailbox provider?

answer: an organization that provides services for hosting electronic mail domains with access to storage for mail boxes

text: an organization that provides services for hosting electronic mail domains with access to storage for mail boxes

question: What is an organization that provides hosting of electronic mail domains?

answer: A mailbox provider

text: A mailbox provider

question: what is the purpose of a mailbox provider?

answer: It provides email servers to send, receive, accept, and store email

text: It provides email servers to send, receive, accept, and store email

question: how does a user store electronic mail?

answer: A mailbox provider

text: A mailbox provider


text: Miami is a major television production center, and the most important city in the U.S. for Spanish language media. Univisión, Telemundo and UniMÁS have their headquarters in Miami, along with their production studios. The Telemundo Television Studios produces much of the original programming for Telemundo, such as their telenovelas and talk shows. In 2011, 85% of Telemundo's original programming was filmed in Miami. Miami is also a major music recording center, with the Sony Music Latin and Universal Music Latin Entertainment headquarters in the city, along with many other smaller record labels. The city also attracts many artists for music video and film shootings.

title: Miami

title: Miami

text: Miami

text: is

text: a

text: major

text: television

text: production

text: center

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: for

text: Spanish

text: language

text: media

text: Univisión

text: Telemundo

text: and

text: UniMÁS

text: have

text: their

text: headquarters

text: in

text: Miami

text: along

text: with

text: their

text: production

text: studios

text: The

text: Telemundo

text: Television

text: Studios

text: produces

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: original

text: programming

text: for

text: Telemundo

text: such

text: as

text: their

text: telenovelas

text: and

text: talk

text: shows

text: In

text: of

text: Telemundo

text: 's

text: original

text: programming

text: was

text: filmed

text: in

text: Miami

text: Miami

text: is

text: also

text: a

text: major

text: music

text: recording

text: center

text: with

text: the

text: Sony

text: Music

text: Latin

text: and

text: Universal

text: Music

text: Latin

text: Entertainment

text: headquarters

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: along

text: with

text: many

text: other

text: smaller

text: record

text: labels

text: The

text: city

text: also

text: attracts

text: many

text: artists

text: for

text: music

text: video

text: and

text: film

text: shootings

question: Along with UniMÁS and Univisión, what Spanish language television station is headquartered in Miami?

answer: Telemundo

text: Telemundo

question: As of 2011, what percentage of original Telemundo programming was filmed in Miami?

answer: 85

question: Along with Sony Music Latin, what music recording corporation is located in Miami?

answer: Universal Music Latin Entertainment

text: Universal Music Latin Entertainment

question: What is the name of the business that produces a significant portion of Telemundo's original programming?

answer: Telemundo Television Studios

text: Telemundo Television Studios


text: In 2004, madaris were mainstreamed in 16 Regions nationwide, primarily in Muslim-majority areas in Mindanao under the auspices of the Department of Education (DepEd). The DepEd adopted Department Order No. 51, which instituted Arabic-language and Islamic Values instruction for Muslim children in state schools, and authorised implementation of the Standard Madrasa Curriculum (SMC) in private-run madaris. While there are state-recognised Islamic schools, such as Ibn Siena Integrated School in the Islamic City of Marawi, Sarang Bangun LC in Zamboanga and SMIE in Jolo, their Islamic studies programmes initially varied in application and content.

title: Madrasa

title: Madrasa

text: In

text: madaris

text: were

text: mainstreamed

text: in

text: Regions

text: nationwide

text: primarily

text: in

text: Muslim

text: majority

text: areas

text: in

text: Mindanao

text: under

text: the

text: auspices

text: of

text: the

text: Department

text: of

text: Education

text: DepEd

text: The

text: DepEd

text: adopted

text: Department

text: Order

text: No

text: which

text: instituted

text: Arabic

text: language

text: and

text: Islamic

text: Values

text: instruction

text: for

text: Muslim

text: children

text: in

text: state

text: schools

text: and

text: authorised

text: implementation

text: of

text: the

text: Standard

text: Madrasa

text: Curriculum

text: SMC

text: in

text: private

text: run

text: madaris

text: While

text: there

text: are

text: state

text: recognised

text: Islamic

text: schools

text: such

text: as

text: Ibn

text: Siena

text: Integrated

text: School

text: in

text: the

text: Islamic

text: City

text: of

text: Marawi

text: Sarang

text: Bangun

text: LC

text: in

text: Zamboanga

text: and

text: SMIE

text: in

text: Jolo

text: their

text: Islamic

text: studies

text: programmes

text: initially

text: varied

text: in

text: application

text: and

text: content

question: How many regions in Singapore have widely accepted madaris?

answer: 16

question: What law protects the teaching of Arabic and Islamic traditions in Mindanao?

answer: Department Order No. 51

text: Department Order No. 51

question: What religion do most people practice in Mindanao?

answer: Muslim

text: Muslim

question: When did madaris become more accepted in Mindanao?

answer: 2004

question: What curriculum is used in non public madaris in Mindanao?

answer: Standard Madrasa Curriculum (SMC)

text: Standard Madrasa Curriculum (SMC)


text: If Norman was apparently attempting to change British policy, it was perhaps William Miller (1864–1945), journalist and expert on the Near East, who did the most in that direction. In essence, he signed the death warrant, so to speak, of the Age of Empires. The fall of the Ottoman Empire ultimately enmeshed all the others as well. In the Travel and Politics in the Near East, 1898, Miller claimed to have made four trips to the Balkans, 1894, 1896, 1897 and 1898, and to be, in essence, an expert on "the Near East," by which he primarily meant the Balkans. Apart from the fact that he attended Oxford and played Rugby not many biographical details have been promulgated. He was in effect (whatever his formal associations if any) a point man of British near eastern intelligence.

title: Near_East

title: Near_East

text: If

text: Norman

text: was

text: apparently

text: attempting

text: to

text: change

text: British

text: policy

text: it

text: was

text: perhaps

text: William

text: Miller

text: journalist

text: and

text: expert

text: on

text: the

text: Near

text: East

text: who

text: did

text: the

text: most

text: in

text: that

text: direction

text: In

text: essence

text: he

text: signed

text: the

text: death

text: warrant

text: so

text: to

text: speak

text: of

text: the

text: Age

text: of

text: Empires

text: The

text: fall

text: of

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: ultimately

text: enmeshed

text: all

text: the

text: others

text: as

text: well

text: In

text: the

text: Travel

text: and

text: Politics

text: in

text: the

text: Near

text: East

text: Miller

text: claimed

text: to

text: have

text: made

text: four

text: trips

text: to

text: the

text: Balkans

text: and

text: and

text: to

text: be

text: in

text: essence

text: an

text: expert

text: on

text: the

text: Near

text: East

text: by

text: which

text: he

text: primarily

text: meant

text: the

text: Balkans

text: Apart

text: from

text: the

text: fact

text: that

text: he

text: attended

text: Oxford

text: and

text: played

text: Rugby

text: not

text: many

text: biographical

text: details

text: have

text: been

text: promulgated

text: He

text: was

text: in

text: effect

text: whatever

text: his

text: formal

text: associations

text: if

text: any

text: a

text: point

text: man

text: of

text: British

text: near

text: eastern

text: intelligence

question: What was William Miller's life span?

answer: 1864–1945

question: What was William Miller an expert on?

answer: the Near East

text: the Near East

question: So to speak, what did William Miller do?

answer: signed the death warrant, so to speak, of the Age of Empires

text: signed the death warrant, so to speak, of the Age of Empires

question: Where did Miller attend school?

answer: Oxford

text: Oxford


text: The library system also includes branch libraries for Architecture, Chemistry & Physics, Engineering, Law, and Mathematics as well as information centers in the Mendoza College of Business, the Kellogg Institute for International Studies, the Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies, and a slide library in O'Shaughnessy Hall. A theology library was also opened in fall of 2015. Located on the first floor of Stanford Hall, it is the first branch of the library system to be housed in a dorm room. The library system holds over three million volumes, was the single largest university library in the world upon its completion, and remains one of the 100 largest libraries in the country.

title: University_of_Notre_Dame

title: University_of_Notre_Dame

text: The

text: library

text: system

text: also

text: includes

text: branch

text: libraries

text: for

text: Architecture

text: Chemistry

text: Physics

text: Engineering

text: Law

text: and

text: Mathematics

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: information

text: centers

text: in

text: the

text: Mendoza

text: College

text: of

text: Business

text: the

text: Kellogg

text: Institute

text: for

text: International

text: Studies

text: the

text: Joan

text: B.

text: Kroc

text: Institute

text: for

text: International

text: Peace

text: Studies

text: and

text: a

text: slide

text: library

text: in

text: O'Shaughnessy

text: Hall

text: A

text: theology

text: library

text: was

text: also

text: opened

text: in

text: fall

text: of

text: Located

text: on

text: the

text: first

text: floor

text: of

text: Stanford

text: Hall

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: first

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: library

text: system

text: to

text: be

text: housed

text: in

text: a

text: dorm

text: room

text: The

text: library

text: system

text: holds

text: over

text: three

text: million

text: volumes

text: was

text: the

text: single

text: largest

text: university

text: library

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: upon

text: its

text: completion

text: and

text: remains

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: libraries

text: in

text: the

text: country

question: In what year did the opening of a theology library at Notre Dame occur?

answer: 2015

question: Where is the theology library at Notre Dame?

answer: the first floor of Stanford Hall

text: the first floor of Stanford Hall

question: How many books are held by the Notre Dame libraries?

answer: over three million volumes

text: over three million volumes

question: Currently where does Notre Dame's library rank in the nation?

answer: one of the 100 largest

text: one of the 100 largest


text: The women's division of professional wrestling has maintained a recognized world champion since 1937, when Mildred Burke won the original World Women's title. She then formed the World Women's Wrestling Association in the early 1950s and recognized herself as the first champion, although the championship would be vacated upon her retirement in 1956. The NWA, however, ceased to acknowledge Burke as their Women's World champion in 1954, and instead acknowledged June Byers as champion after a controversial finish to a high-profile match between Burke and Byers that year. Upon Byers' retirement in 1964, The Fabulous Moolah, who won a junior heavyweight version of the NWA World Women's Championship (the predecessor to the WWE's Women's Championship) in a tournament back in 1958, was recognized by most NWA promoters as champion by default.

title: Professional_wrestling

title: Professional_wrestling

text: The

text: women

text: 's

text: division

text: of

text: professional

text: wrestling

text: has

text: maintained

text: a

text: recognized

text: world

text: champion

text: since

text: when

text: Mildred

text: Burke

text: won

text: the

text: original

text: World

text: Women

text: 's

text: title

text: She

text: then

text: formed

text: the

text: World

text: Women

text: 's

text: Wrestling

text: Association

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: and

text: recognized

text: herself

text: as

text: the

text: first

text: champion

text: although

text: the

text: championship

text: would

text: be

text: vacated

text: upon

text: her

text: retirement

text: in

text: The

text: NWA

text: however

text: ceased

text: to

text: acknowledge

text: Burke

text: as

text: their

text: Women

text: 's

text: World

text: champion

text: in

text: and

text: instead

text: acknowledged

text: June

text: Byers

text: as

text: champion

text: after

text: a

text: controversial

text: finish

text: to

text: a

text: high

text: profile

text: match

text: between

text: Burke

text: and

text: Byers

text: that

text: year

text: Upon

text: Byers

text: retirement

text: in

text: The

text: Fabulous

text: Moolah

text: who

text: won

text: a

text: junior

text: heavyweight

text: version

text: of

text: the

text: NWA

text: World

text: Women

text: 's

text: Championship

text: the

text: predecessor

text: to

text: the

text: WWE

text: 's

text: Women

text: 's

text: Championship

text: in

text: a

text: tournament

text: back

text: in

text: was

text: recognized

text: by

text: most

text: NWA

text: promoters

text: as

text: champion

text: by

text: default

question: Who won the women's title in 1937?

answer: Mildred Burke

text: Mildred Burke

question: What did Mildred Burke form?

answer: Women's Wrestling Association

text: Women's Wrestling Association

question: What year did June Byers retire?

answer: 1964

question: What year did Mildred Burke retire?

answer: 1956


text: According to two researchers, Nesse and Williams, diarrhea may function as an evolved expulsion defense mechanism. As a result, if it is stopped, there might be a delay in recovery. They cite in support of this argument research published in 1973 that found that treating Shigella with the anti-diarrhea drug (Co-phenotrope, Lomotil) caused people to stay feverish twice as long as those not so treated. The researchers indeed themselves observed that: "Lomotil may be contraindicated in shigellosis. Diarrhea may represent a defense mechanism".

title: Diarrhea

title: Diarrhea

text: According

text: to

text: two

text: researchers

text: Nesse

text: and

text: Williams

text: diarrhea

text: may

text: function

text: as

text: an

text: evolved

text: expulsion

text: defense

text: mechanism

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: if

text: it

text: is

text: stopped

text: there

text: might

text: be

text: a

text: delay

text: in

text: recovery

text: They

text: cite

text: in

text: support

text: of

text: this

text: argument

text: research

text: published

text: in

text: that

text: found

text: that

text: treating

text: Shigella

text: with

text: the

text: anti

text: diarrhea

text: drug

text: Co

text: phenotrope

text: Lomotil

text: caused

text: people

text: to

text: stay

text: feverish

text: twice

text: as

text: long

text: as

text: those

text: not

text: so

text: treated

text: The

text: researchers

text: indeed

text: themselves

text: observed

text: that

text: Lomotil

text: may

text: be

text: contraindicated

text: in

text: shigellosis

text: Diarrhea

text: may

text: represent

text: a

text: defense

text: mechanism

question: What did Nesse and Williams learn?

answer: diarrhea may function as an evolved expulsion defense mechanism

text: diarrhea may function as an evolved expulsion defense mechanism

question: If diarrhea is stopped, would could happen?

answer: there might be a delay in recovery.

text: there might be a delay in recovery.

question: What happened with people with Shigella were treated with anti-diarrheal medication?

answer: caused people to stay feverish twice as long as those not so treated.

text: caused people to stay feverish twice as long as those not so treated.


text: Under a banner of "reducing public drunkenness" the Beer Act of 1830 introduced a new lower tier of premises permitted to sell alcohol, the Beer Houses. At the time beer was viewed as harmless, nutritious and even healthy. Young children were often given what was described as small beer, which was brewed to have a low alcohol content, as the local water was often unsafe. Even the evangelical church and temperance movements of the day viewed the drinking of beer very much as a secondary evil and a normal accompaniment to a meal. The freely available beer was thus intended to wean the drinkers off the evils of gin, or so the thinking went.

title: Pub

title: Pub

text: Under

text: a

text: banner

text: of

text: reducing

text: public

text: drunkenness

text: the

text: Beer

text: Act

text: of

text: introduced

text: a

text: new

text: lower

text: tier

text: of

text: premises

text: permitted

text: to

text: sell

text: alcohol

text: the

text: Beer

text: Houses

text: At

text: the

text: time

text: beer

text: was

text: viewed

text: as

text: harmless

text: nutritious

text: and

text: even

text: healthy

text: Young

text: children

text: were

text: often

text: given

text: what

text: was

text: described

text: as

text: small

text: beer

text: which

text: was

text: brewed

text: to

text: have

text: a

text: low

text: alcohol

text: content

text: as

text: the

text: local

text: water

text: was

text: often

text: unsafe

text: Even

text: the

text: evangelical

text: church

text: and

text: temperance

text: movements

text: of

text: the

text: day

text: viewed

text: the

text: drinking

text: of

text: beer

text: very

text: much

text: as

text: a

text: secondary

text: evil

text: and

text: a

text: normal

text: accompaniment

text: to

text: a

text: meal

text: The

text: freely

text: available

text: beer

text: was

text: thus

text: intended

text: to

text: wean

text: the

text: drinkers

text: off

text: the

text: evils

text: of

text: gin

text: or

text: so

text: the

text: thinking

text: went

question: What law allowed the existence of beer houses?

answer: Beer Act of 1830

text: Beer Act of 1830

question: In what way did small beer differ from regular beer?

answer: low alcohol content

text: low alcohol content

question: What alcohol was regarded as evil when compared to beer?

answer: gin

text: gin

question: What was the intention behind the passage of the Beer Act of 1830?

answer: reducing public drunkenness

text: reducing public drunkenness


text: Von Neumann raised the intellectual and mathematical level of economics in several stunning publications. For his model of an expanding economy, von Neumann proved the existence and uniqueness of an equilibrium using his generalization of the Brouwer fixed-point theorem. Von Neumann's model of an expanding economy considered the matrix pencil  A − λB with nonnegative matrices A and B; von Neumann sought probability vectors p and q and a positive number λ that would solve the complementarity equation

title: John_von_Neumann

title: John_von_Neumann

text: Von

text: Neumann

text: raised

text: the

text: intellectual

text: and

text: mathematical

text: level

text: of

text: economics

text: in

text: several

text: stunning

text: publications

text: For

text: his

text: model

text: of

text: an

text: expanding

text: economy

text: von

text: Neumann

text: proved

text: the

text: existence

text: and

text: uniqueness

text: of

text: an

text: equilibrium

text: using

text: his

text: generalization

text: of

text: the

text: Brouwer

text: fixed

text: point

text: theorem

text: Von

text: Neumann

text: 's

text: model

text: of

text: an

text: expanding

text: economy

text: considered

text: the

text: matrix

text: pencil

text: A

text: λB

text: with

text: nonnegative

text: matrices

text: A

text: and

text: B

text: von

text: Neumann

text: sought

text: probability

text: vectors

text: p

text: and

text: q

text: and

text: a

text: positive

text: number

text: λ

text: that

text: would

text: solve

text: the

text: complementarity

text: equation

question: How did von Neumann raise the level of economics?

answer: several stunning publications

text: several stunning publications

question: What did von Neumann prove with his model of expanding economy?

answer: uniqueness of an equilibrium using his generalization of the Brouwer fixed-point theorem

text: uniqueness of an equilibrium using his generalization of the Brouwer fixed-point theorem

question: What did von Neumann consider for his model of expanding economy?

answer: matrix pencil  A − λB with nonnegative matrices A and B

text: matrix pencil  A − λB with nonnegative matrices A and B


text: The College Dropout was eventually issued by Roc-A-Fella in February 2004, shooting to number two on the Billboard 200 as his debut single, "Through the Wire" peaked at number fifteen on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for five weeks. "Slow Jamz", his second single featuring Twista and Jamie Foxx, became an even bigger success: it became the three musicians' first number one hit. The College Dropout received near-universal critical acclaim from contemporary music critics, was voted the top album of the year by two major music publications, and has consistently been ranked among the great hip-hop works and debut albums by artists. "Jesus Walks", the album's fourth single, perhaps exposed West to a wider audience; the song's subject matter concerns faith and Christianity. The song nevertheless reached the top 20 of the Billboard pop charts, despite industry executives' predictions that a song containing such blatant declarations of faith would never make it to radio. The College Dropout would eventually be certified triple platinum in the US, and garnered West 10 Grammy nominations, including Album of the Year, and Best Rap Album (which it received). During this period, West also founded GOOD Music, a record label and management company that would go on to house affiliate artists and producers, such as No I.D. and John Legend. At the time, the focal point of West's production style was the use of sped-up vocal samples from soul records. However, partly because of the acclaim of The College Dropout, such sampling had been much copied by others; with that overuse, and also because West felt he had become too dependent on the technique, he decided to find a new sound.

title: Kanye_West

title: Kanye_West

text: The

text: College

text: Dropout

text: was

text: eventually

text: issued

text: by

text: Roc

text: A

text: Fella

text: in

text: February

text: shooting

text: to

text: number

text: two

text: on

text: the

text: Billboard

text: as

text: his

text: debut

text: single

text: Through

text: the

text: Wire

text: peaked

text: at

text: number

text: fifteen

text: on

text: the

text: Billboard

text: Hot

text: chart

text: for

text: five

text: weeks

text: Slow

text: Jamz

text: his

text: second

text: single

text: featuring

text: Twista

text: and

text: Jamie

text: Foxx

text: became

text: an

text: even

text: bigger

text: success

text: it

text: became

text: the

text: three

text: musicians

text: first

text: number

text: one

text: hit

text: The

text: College

text: Dropout

text: received

text: near

text: universal

text: critical

text: acclaim

text: from

text: contemporary

text: music

text: critics

text: was

text: voted

text: the

text: top

text: album

text: of

text: the

text: year

text: by

text: two

text: major

text: music

text: publications

text: and

text: has

text: consistently

text: been

text: ranked

text: among

text: the

text: great

text: hip

text: hop

text: works

text: and

text: debut

text: albums

text: by

text: artists

text: Jesus

text: Walks

text: the

text: album

text: 's

text: fourth

text: single

text: perhaps

text: exposed

text: West

text: to

text: a

text: wider

text: audience

text: the

text: song

text: 's

text: subject

text: matter

text: concerns

text: faith

text: and

text: Christianity

text: The

text: song

text: nevertheless

text: reached

text: the

text: top

text: of

text: the

text: Billboard

text: pop

text: charts

text: despite

text: industry

text: executives

text: predictions

text: that

text: a

text: song

text: containing

text: such

text: blatant

text: declarations

text: of

text: faith

text: would

text: never

text: make

text: it

text: to

text: radio

text: The

text: College

text: Dropout

text: would

text: eventually

text: be

text: certified

text: triple

text: platinum

text: in

text: the

text: US

text: and

text: garnered

text: West

text: Grammy

text: nominations

text: including

text: Album

text: of

text: the

text: Year

text: and

text: Best

text: Rap

text: Album

text: which

text: it

text: received

text: During

text: this

text: period

text: West

text: also

text: founded

text: GOOD

text: Music

text: a

text: record

text: label

text: and

text: management

text: company

text: that

text: would

text: go

text: on

text: to

text: house

text: affiliate

text: artists

text: and

text: producers

text: such

text: as

text: No

text: I.D.

text: and

text: John

text: Legend

text: At

text: the

text: time

text: the

text: focal

text: point

text: of

text: West

text: 's

text: production

text: style

text: was

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: sped

text: up

text: vocal

text: samples

text: from

text: soul

text: records

text: However

text: partly

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: acclaim

text: of

text: The

text: College

text: Dropout

text: such

text: sampling

text: had

text: been

text: much

text: copied

text: by

text: others

text: with

text: that

text: overuse

text: and

text: also

text: because

text: West

text: felt

text: he

text: had

text: become

text: too

text: dependent

text: on

text: the

text: technique

text: he

text: decided

text: to

text: find

text: a

text: new

text: sound

question: What place on the Billboard chart did Kanye's album debut at?

answer: 2

question: How many publications voted The College Dropout for album of the year?

answer: 2

question: What was the name of the single off the debut album that gave Kanye mainstream attention?

answer: Jesus Walks

text: Jesus Walks

question: What label did Kanye create following the success of his first album's release?

answer: GOOD Music

text: GOOD Music

question: When was The College Dropout finally released?

answer: February 2004

text: February 2004

question: What song was the second released off of Kanye's The College Dropout album?

answer: "Slow Jamz"

text: "Slow Jamz"

question: How many Grammy nominations did The College Dropout receive?

answer: 10

question: What was the name of the record label that West founded?

answer: GOOD Music

text: GOOD Music


text: The Classical era stringed instruments were the four instruments which form the string section of the orchestra: the violin, viola, cello and contrabass. Woodwinds included the basset clarinet, basset horn, clarinette d'amour, the Classical clarinet, the chalumeau, the flute, oboe and bassoon. Keyboard instruments included the clavichord and the fortepiano. While the harpsichord was still used in basso continuo accompaniment in the 1750s and 1760s, it fell out of use in the end of the century. Brass instruments included the buccin, the ophicleide (a serpent replacement which was the precursor of tuba) and the natural horn.

title: Classical_music

title: Classical_music

text: The

text: Classical

text: era

text: stringed

text: instruments

text: were

text: the

text: four

text: instruments

text: which

text: form

text: the

text: string

text: section

text: of

text: the

text: orchestra

text: the

text: violin

text: viola

text: cello

text: and

text: contrabass

text: Woodwinds

text: included

text: the

text: basset

text: clarinet

text: basset

text: horn

text: clarinette

text: d'amour

text: the

text: Classical

text: clarinet

text: the

text: chalumeau

text: the

text: flute

text: oboe

text: and

text: bassoon

text: Keyboard

text: instruments

text: included

text: the

text: clavichord

text: and

text: the

text: fortepiano

text: While

text: the

text: harpsichord

text: was

text: still

text: used

text: in

text: basso

text: continuo

text: accompaniment

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: it

text: fell

text: out

text: of

text: use

text: in

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: Brass

text: instruments

text: included

text: the

text: buccin

text: the

text: ophicleide

text: a

text: serpent

text: replacement

text: which

text: was

text: the

text: precursor

text: of

text: tuba

text: and

text: the

text: natural

text: horn

question: The violin, cello, contrabass and what other instrument form the string section of the orchestra?

answer: viola

text: viola

question: The flute, oboe and bassoon are all what type of instrument?

answer: Woodwinds

text: Woodwinds

question: What instrument fell out of use after the 1760s?

answer: the harpsichord

text: the harpsichord

question: What instrument was the precursor of the tuba?

answer: the ophicleide

text: the ophicleide


text: The domination of Estonia after the Northern Crusades, from the 13th century to 1918 by Denmark, Germany, Sweden, and Russia delayed indigenous literacy in Estonia.[citation needed]

title: Estonian_language

title: Estonian_language

text: The

text: domination

text: of

text: Estonia

text: after

text: the

text: Northern

text: Crusades

text: from

text: the

text: century

text: to

text: by

text: Denmark

text: Germany

text: Sweden

text: and

text: Russia

text: delayed

text: indigenous

text: literacy

text: in

text: Estonia.[citation

text: needed

question: When did the Northern Crusades happen?

answer: 13th century to 1918

text: 13th century to 1918

question: Which countries took part in the Northern Crusades?

answer: Denmark, Germany, Sweden, and Russia

text: Denmark, Germany, Sweden, and Russia

question: Following the crusades which country was dominated?

answer: Estonia

text: Estonia

question: What did the aftermath of the crusades end up delaying in Estonia?

answer: indigenous literacy

text: indigenous literacy


text: Shortly before 312 BCE, the Plebeian Council enacted the Plebiscitum Ovinium. During the early republic, only consuls could appoint new senators. This initiative, however, transferred this power to the censors. It also required the censor to appoint any newly elected magistrate to the senate. By this point, plebeians were already holding a significant number of magisterial offices. Thus, the number of plebeian senators probably increased quickly. However, it remained difficult for a plebeian to enter the senate if he was not from a well-known political family, as a new patrician-like plebeian aristocracy emerged. The old nobility existed through the force of law, because only patricians were allowed to stand for high office. The new nobility existed due to the organization of society. As such, only a revolution could overthrow this new structure.

title: Roman_Republic

title: Roman_Republic

text: Shortly

text: before

text: BCE

text: the

text: Plebeian

text: Council

text: enacted

text: the

text: Plebiscitum

text: Ovinium

text: During

text: the

text: early

text: republic

text: only

text: consuls

text: could

text: appoint

text: new

text: senators

text: This

text: initiative

text: however

text: transferred

text: this

text: power

text: to

text: the

text: censors

text: It

text: also

text: required

text: the

text: censor

text: to

text: appoint

text: any

text: newly

text: elected

text: magistrate

text: to

text: the

text: senate

text: By

text: this

text: point

text: plebeians

text: were

text: already

text: holding

text: a

text: significant

text: number

text: of

text: magisterial

text: offices

text: Thus

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: plebeian

text: senators

text: probably

text: increased

text: quickly

text: However

text: it

text: remained

text: difficult

text: for

text: a

text: plebeian

text: to

text: enter

text: the

text: senate

text: if

text: he

text: was

text: not

text: from

text: a

text: well

text: known

text: political

text: family

text: as

text: a

text: new

text: patrician

text: like

text: plebeian

text: aristocracy

text: emerged

text: The

text: old

text: nobility

text: existed

text: through

text: the

text: force

text: of

text: law

text: because

text: only

text: patricians

text: were

text: allowed

text: to

text: stand

text: for

text: high

text: office

text: The

text: new

text: nobility

text: existed

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: organization

text: of

text: society

text: As

text: such

text: only

text: a

text: revolution

text: could

text: overthrow

text: this

text: new

text: structure

question: In what year was the Plebiscitum Ovinium initiative enacted?

answer: before 312 BCE

text: before 312 BCE

question: Who had already held a large amount of magisterial offices?

answer: plebeians

text: plebeians

question: Who was allowed to be elected to high office positions?

answer: only patricians

text: only patricians

question: What initiative provided censors with the abillity to appoint new senators?

answer: Plebiscitum Ovinium

text: Plebiscitum Ovinium

question: Who could a newly elected magistrate expect to be appointed by?

answer: the censor

text: the censor


text: Many middle and small powers in Europe, unlike in the previous wars, tried to steer clear away from the escalating conflict, even though they had interests in the conflict or with the belligerents, like Denmark-Norway. The Dutch Republic, long-time British ally, kept its neutrality intact, fearing the odds against Britain and Prussia fighting the great powers of Europe, even tried to prevent Britain's domination in India. Naples, Sicily, and Savoy, although sided with Franco-Spanish party, declined to join the coalition under the fear of British power. The taxation needed for war caused the Russian people considerable hardship, being added to the taxation of salt and alcohol begun by Empress Elizabeth in 1759 to complete her addition to the Winter Palace. Like Sweden, Russia concluded a separate peace with Prussia.

title: Seven_Years%27_War

title: Seven_Years%27_War

text: Many

text: middle

text: and

text: small

text: powers

text: in

text: Europe

text: unlike

text: in

text: the

text: previous

text: wars

text: tried

text: to

text: steer

text: clear

text: away

text: from

text: the

text: escalating

text: conflict

text: even

text: though

text: they

text: had

text: interests

text: in

text: the

text: conflict

text: or

text: with

text: the

text: belligerents

text: like

text: Denmark

text: Norway

text: The

text: Dutch

text: Republic

text: long

text: time

text: British

text: ally

text: kept

text: its

text: neutrality

text: intact

text: fearing

text: the

text: odds

text: against

text: Britain

text: and

text: Prussia

text: fighting

text: the

text: great

text: powers

text: of

text: Europe

text: even

text: tried

text: to

text: prevent

text: Britain

text: 's

text: domination

text: in

text: India

text: Naples

text: Sicily

text: and

text: Savoy

text: although

text: sided

text: with

text: Franco

text: Spanish

text: party

text: declined

text: to

text: join

text: the

text: coalition

text: under

text: the

text: fear

text: of

text: British

text: power

text: The

text: taxation

text: needed

text: for

text: war

text: caused

text: the

text: Russian

text: people

text: considerable

text: hardship

text: being

text: added

text: to

text: the

text: taxation

text: of

text: salt

text: and

text: alcohol

text: begun

text: by

text: Empress

text: Elizabeth

text: in

text: to

text: complete

text: her

text: addition

text: to

text: the

text: Winter

text: Palace

text: Like

text: Sweden

text: Russia

text: concluded

text: a

text: separate

text: peace

text: with

text: Prussia

question: Why did Denmark-Norway remain neutral rather than assisting its longtime ally, Britain?

answer: The Dutch Republic, long-time British ally, kept its neutrality intact, fearing the odds against Britain and Prussia fighting the great powers of Europe

text: The Dutch Republic, long-time British ally, kept its neutrality intact, fearing the odds against Britain and Prussia fighting the great powers of Europe

question: Who would Sicily and Savoy normally align with?

answer: Sicily, and Savoy, although sided with Franco-Spanish party

text: Sicily, and Savoy, although sided with Franco-Spanish party

question: What did Russian Empress Elizabeth use the proceeds of the tax on salt and alcohol for?

answer: the taxation of salt and alcohol begun by Empress Elizabeth in 1759 to complete her addition to the Winter Palace.

text: the taxation of salt and alcohol begun by Empress Elizabeth in 1759 to complete her addition to the Winter Palace.

question: Why did Naples remain neutral?

answer: Naples, Sicily, and Savoy, although sided with Franco-Spanish party, declined to join the coalition under the fear of British power

text: Naples, Sicily, and Savoy, although sided with Franco-Spanish party, declined to join the coalition under the fear of British power


text: Georgian architecture was widely disseminated in the English colonies during the Georgian era. American buildings of the Georgian period were very often constructed of wood with clapboards; even columns were made of timber, framed up, and turned on an over-sized lathe. At the start of the period the difficulties of obtaining and transporting brick or stone made them a common alternative only in the larger cities, or where they were obtainable locally. Dartmouth College, Harvard University, and the College of William and Mary, offer leading examples of Georgian architecture in the Americas.

title: Georgian_architecture

title: Georgian_architecture

text: Georgian

text: architecture

text: was

text: widely

text: disseminated

text: in

text: the

text: English

text: colonies

text: during

text: the

text: Georgian

text: era

text: American

text: buildings

text: of

text: the

text: Georgian

text: period

text: were

text: very

text: often

text: constructed

text: of

text: wood

text: with

text: clapboards

text: even

text: columns

text: were

text: made

text: of

text: timber

text: framed

text: up

text: and

text: turned

text: on

text: an

text: over

text: sized

text: lathe

text: At

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: the

text: period

text: the

text: difficulties

text: of

text: obtaining

text: and

text: transporting

text: brick

text: or

text: stone

text: made

text: them

text: a

text: common

text: alternative

text: only

text: in

text: the

text: larger

text: cities

text: or

text: where

text: they

text: were

text: obtainable

text: locally

text: Dartmouth

text: College

text: Harvard

text: University

text: and

text: the

text: College

text: of

text: William

text: and

text: Mary

text: offer

text: leading

text: examples

text: of

text: Georgian

text: architecture

text: in

text: the

text: Americas

question: American buildings in the Georgian period were frequently constructed of which materials?

answer: wood with clapboards

text: wood with clapboards

question: What was difficult to obtain and transport during the Georgian period?

answer: brick or stone

text: brick or stone

question: Which colleges are considered examples of Georgian architecture in America?

answer: Dartmouth College, Harvard University, and the College of William and Mary

text: Dartmouth College, Harvard University, and the College of William and Mary


text: The Heian period was preceded by the Nara period and began in 794 A.D after the movement of the capital of Japan to Heian-kyō (present day Kyōto京都), by the 50th emperor, Emperor Kanmu. Kanmu first tried to move the capital to Nagaoka-kyō, but a series of disasters befell the city, prompting the emperor to relocate the capital a second time, to Heian. The Heian Period is considered a high point in Japanese culture that later generations have always admired. The period is also noted for the rise of the samurai class, which would eventually take power and start the feudal period of Japan.

title: Heian_period

title: Heian_period

text: The

text: Heian

text: period

text: was

text: preceded

text: by

text: the

text: Nara

text: period

text: and

text: began

text: in

text: A.D

text: after

text: the

text: movement

text: of

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: Japan

text: to

text: Heian

text: kyō

text: present

text: day

text: Kyōto京都

text: by

text: the

text: emperor

text: Emperor

text: Kanmu

text: Kanmu

text: first

text: tried

text: to

text: move

text: the

text: capital

text: to

text: Nagaoka

text: kyō

text: but

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: disasters

text: befell

text: the

text: city

text: prompting

text: the

text: emperor

text: to

text: relocate

text: the

text: capital

text: a

text: second

text: time

text: to

text: Heian

text: The

text: Heian

text: Period

text: is

text: considered

text: a

text: high

text: point

text: in

text: Japanese

text: culture

text: that

text: later

text: generations

text: have

text: always

text: admired

text: The

text: period

text: is

text: also

text: noted

text: for

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: the

text: samurai

text: class

text: which

text: would

text: eventually

text: take

text: power

text: and

text: start

text: the

text: feudal

text: period

text: of

text: Japan

question: What was the name of the period before the Heian era?

answer: Nara

text: Nara

question: The Heian period began in what year?

answer: 794 A.D

text: 794 A.D

question: What warrior class rose during the Heian era?

answer: samurai

text: samurai

question: Heian-kyo is now what present-day city?

answer: Kyōto

text: Kyōto

question: What was the name of the emperor who moved Japan's capital to Heian?

answer: Kanmu

text: Kanmu


text: Articles 77–79 of the Norwegian Constitution specifically grant the monarch of Norway the right to withhold royal assent from any bill passed by the Storting. Should the sovereign ever choose to exercise this privilege, Article 79 provides a means by which his veto may be over-ridden: "If a Bill has been passed unaltered by two sessions of the Storting, constituted after two separate successive elections and separated from each other by at least two intervening sessions of the Storting, without a divergent Bill having been passed by any Storting in the period between the first and last adoption, and it is then submitted to the King with a petition that His Majesty shall not refuse his assent to a Bill which, after the most mature deliberation, the Storting considers to be beneficial, it shall become law even if the Royal Assent is not accorded before the Storting goes into recess."

title: Royal_assent

title: Royal_assent

text: Articles

text: of

text: the

text: Norwegian

text: Constitution

text: specifically

text: grant

text: the

text: monarch

text: of

text: Norway

text: the

text: right

text: to

text: withhold

text: royal

text: assent

text: from

text: any

text: bill

text: passed

text: by

text: the

text: Storting

text: Should

text: the

text: sovereign

text: ever

text: choose

text: to

text: exercise

text: this

text: privilege

text: Article

text: provides

text: a

text: means

text: by

text: which

text: his

text: veto

text: may

text: be

text: over

text: ridden

text: If

text: a

text: Bill

text: has

text: been

text: passed

text: unaltered

text: by

text: two

text: sessions

text: of

text: the

text: Storting

text: constituted

text: after

text: two

text: separate

text: successive

text: elections

text: and

text: separated

text: from

text: each

text: other

text: by

text: at

text: least

text: two

text: intervening

text: sessions

text: of

text: the

text: Storting

text: without

text: a

text: divergent

text: Bill

text: having

text: been

text: passed

text: by

text: any

text: Storting

text: in

text: the

text: period

text: between

text: the

text: first

text: and

text: last

text: adoption

text: and

text: it

text: is

text: then

text: submitted

text: to

text: the

text: King

text: with

text: a

text: petition

text: that

text: His

text: Majesty

text: shall

text: not

text: refuse

text: his

text: assent

text: to

text: a

text: Bill

text: which

text: after

text: the

text: most

text: mature

text: deliberation

text: the

text: Storting

text: considers

text: to

text: be

text: beneficial

text: it

text: shall

text: become

text: law

text: even

text: if

text: the

text: Royal

text: Assent

text: is

text: not

text: accorded

text: before

text: the

text: Storting

text: goes

text: into

text: recess

question: Which articles in the Norwegian Constitution allow the monarch to reject a bill that has been passed through the Sorting?

answer: Articles 77–79

text: Articles 77–79

question: Which article in the Norweigan Constitution provides a way to override a monarch's veto?

answer: Article 79

text: Article 79

question: How many elections are required to assend a bill that the monarch has vetoed?

answer: two

text: two


text: GE (General Electric) Energy's renewable energy business has expanded greatly, to keep up with growing U.S. and global demand for clean energy. Since entering the renewable energy industry in 2002, GE has invested more than $850 million in renewable energy commercialization. In August 2008 it acquired Kelman Ltd, a Northern Ireland company specializing in advanced monitoring and diagnostics technologies for transformers used in renewable energy generation, and announced an expansion of its business in Northern Ireland in May 2010. In 2009, GE's renewable energy initiatives, which include solar power, wind power and GE Jenbacher gas engines using renewable and non-renewable methane-based gases, employ more than 4,900 people globally and have created more than 10,000 supporting jobs.

title: General_Electric

title: General_Electric

text: GE

text: General

text: Electric

text: Energy

text: 's

text: renewable

text: energy

text: business

text: has

text: expanded

text: greatly

text: to

text: keep

text: up

text: with

text: growing

text: U.S.

text: and

text: global

text: demand

text: for

text: clean

text: energy

text: Since

text: entering

text: the

text: renewable

text: energy

text: industry

text: in

text: GE

text: has

text: invested

text: more

text: than

text: million

text: in

text: renewable

text: energy

text: commercialization

text: In

text: August

text: it

text: acquired

text: Kelman

text: Ltd

text: a

text: Northern

text: Ireland

text: company

text: specializing

text: in

text: advanced

text: monitoring

text: and

text: diagnostics

text: technologies

text: for

text: transformers

text: used

text: in

text: renewable

text: energy

text: generation

text: and

text: announced

text: an

text: expansion

text: of

text: its

text: business

text: in

text: Northern

text: Ireland

text: in

text: May

text: In

text: GE

text: 's

text: renewable

text: energy

text: initiatives

text: which

text: include

text: solar

text: power

text: wind

text: power

text: and

text: GE

text: Jenbacher

text: gas

text: engines

text: using

text: renewable

text: and

text: non

text: renewable

text: methane

text: based

text: gases

text: employ

text: more

text: than

text: people

text: globally

text: and

text: have

text: created

text: more

text: than

text: supporting

text: jobs

question: In what year did GE enter the renewable energy industry?

answer: 2002

question: How much money has GE invested in renewable energy commercialization?

answer: more than $850 million

text: more than $850 million

question: In what year did GE acquire Kelman Ltd.?

answer: 2008

question: As of 2009, how many people did GE employ in its renewable energy initiatives?

answer: more than 4,900

text: more than 4,900

question: When did GE announce an expansion of its business in Northern Ireland?

answer: May 2010

text: May 2010


text: General gymnastics enables people of all ages and abilities to participate in performance groups of 6 to more than 150 athletes. They perform synchronized, choreographed routines. Troupes may consist of both genders and are not separated into age divisions. The largest general gymnastics exhibition is the quadrennial World Gymnaestrada which was first held in 1939. In 1984 Gymnastics for All was officially recognized first as a Sport Program by the FIG (International Gymnastic Federation), and subsequently by national gymnastic federations worldwide with participants that now number 30 million.

title: Gymnastics

title: Gymnastics

text: General

text: gymnastics

text: enables

text: people

text: of

text: all

text: ages

text: and

text: abilities

text: to

text: participate

text: in

text: performance

text: groups

text: of

text: to

text: more

text: than

text: athletes

text: They

text: perform

text: synchronized

text: choreographed

text: routines

text: Troupes

text: may

text: consist

text: of

text: both

text: genders

text: and

text: are

text: not

text: separated

text: into

text: age

text: divisions

text: The

text: largest

text: general

text: gymnastics

text: exhibition

text: is

text: the

text: quadrennial

text: World

text: Gymnaestrada

text: which

text: was

text: first

text: held

text: in

text: In

text: Gymnastics

text: for

text: All

text: was

text: officially

text: recognized

text: first

text: as

text: a

text: Sport

text: Program

text: by

text: the

text: FIG

text: International

text: Gymnastic

text: Federation

text: and

text: subsequently

text: by

text: national

text: gymnastic

text: federations

text: worldwide

text: with

text: participants

text: that

text: now

text: number

text: million

question: What kind of routines do general gymnastic groups perform?

answer: synchronized, choreographed routines

text: synchronized, choreographed routines

question: What do the troupes consist of?

answer: of both genders and are not separated into age divisions

text: of both genders and are not separated into age divisions

question: When was the first World Gymnaestrada held?

answer: 1939

question: What was the first Sport Program recongized by FIG?

answer: Gymnastics for All

text: Gymnastics for All

question: How many participants are there?

answer: 30 million

text: 30 million


text: Under mounting political pressure, John finally negotiated terms for a reconciliation, and the papal terms for submission were accepted in the presence of the papal legate Pandulf Verraccio in May 1213 at the Templar Church at Dover. As part of the deal, John offered to surrender the Kingdom of England to the papacy for a feudal service of 1,000 marks (equivalent to £666 at the time) annually: 700 marks (£466) for England and 300 marks (£200) for Ireland, as well as recompensing the church for revenue lost during the crisis. The agreement was formalised in the Bulla Aurea, or Golden Bull. This resolution produced mixed responses. Although some chroniclers felt that John had been humiliated by the sequence of events, there was little public reaction. Innocent benefited from the resolution of his long-standing English problem, but John probably gained more, as Innocent became a firm supporter of John for the rest of his reign, backing him in both domestic and continental policy issues. Innocent immediately turned against Philip, calling upon him to reject plans to invade England and to sue for peace. John paid some of the compensation money he had promised the church, but he ceased making payments in late 1214, leaving two-thirds of the sum unpaid; Innocent appears to have conveniently forgotten this debt for the good of the wider relationship.

title: John,_King_of_England

title: John,_King_of_England

text: Under

text: mounting

text: political

text: pressure

text: John

text: finally

text: negotiated

text: terms

text: for

text: a

text: reconciliation

text: and

text: the

text: papal

text: terms

text: for

text: submission

text: were

text: accepted

text: in

text: the

text: presence

text: of

text: the

text: papal

text: legate

text: Pandulf

text: Verraccio

text: in

text: May

text: at

text: the

text: Templar

text: Church

text: at

text: Dover

text: As

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: deal

text: John

text: offered

text: to

text: surrender

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: England

text: to

text: the

text: papacy

text: for

text: a

text: feudal

text: service

text: of

text: marks

text: equivalent

text: to

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: annually

text: marks

text: for

text: England

text: and

text: marks

text: for

text: Ireland

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: recompensing

text: the

text: church

text: for

text: revenue

text: lost

text: during

text: the

text: crisis

text: The

text: agreement

text: was

text: formalised

text: in

text: the

text: Bulla

text: Aurea

text: or

text: Golden

text: Bull

text: This

text: resolution

text: produced

text: mixed

text: responses

text: Although

text: some

text: chroniclers

text: felt

text: that

text: John

text: had

text: been

text: humiliated

text: by

text: the

text: sequence

text: of

text: events

text: there

text: was

text: little

text: public

text: reaction

text: Innocent

text: benefited

text: from

text: the

text: resolution

text: of

text: his

text: long

text: standing

text: English

text: problem

text: but

text: John

text: probably

text: gained

text: more

text: as

text: Innocent

text: became

text: a

text: firm

text: supporter

text: of

text: John

text: for

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: his

text: reign

text: backing

text: him

text: in

text: both

text: domestic

text: and

text: continental

text: policy

text: issues

text: Innocent

text: immediately

text: turned

text: against

text: Philip

text: calling

text: upon

text: him

text: to

text: reject

text: plans

text: to

text: invade

text: England

text: and

text: to

text: sue

text: for

text: peace

text: John

text: paid

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: compensation

text: money

text: he

text: had

text: promised

text: the

text: church

text: but

text: he

text: ceased

text: making

text: payments

text: in

text: late

text: leaving

text: two

text: thirds

text: of

text: the

text: sum

text: unpaid

text: Innocent

text: appears

text: to

text: have

text: conveniently

text: forgotten

text: this

text: debt

text: for

text: the

text: good

text: of

text: the

text: wider

text: relationship

question: When were the papal terms for submission accepted?

answer: May 1213

text: May 1213

question: How many marks did John surrender?

answer: 1,000

question: Where was the agreement formalised?

answer: Bulla Aurea

text: Bulla Aurea


text: The hole walls for boards with two or more layers can be made conductive and then electroplated with copper to form plated-through holes.  These holes electrically connect the conducting layers of the PCB. For multi-layer boards, those with three layers or more, drilling typically produces a smear of the high temperature decomposition products of bonding agent in the laminate system. Before the holes can be plated through, this smear must be removed by a chemical de-smear process, or by plasma-etch. The de-smear process ensures that a good connection is made to the copper layers when the hole is plated through. On high reliability boards a process called etch-back is performed chemically with a potassium permanganate based etchant or plasma. The etch-back removes resin and the glass fibers so that the copper layers extend into the hole and as the hole is plated become integral with the deposited copper.

title: Printed_circuit_board

title: Printed_circuit_board

text: The

text: hole

text: walls

text: for

text: boards

text: with

text: two

text: or

text: more

text: layers

text: can

text: be

text: made

text: conductive

text: and

text: then

text: electroplated

text: with

text: copper

text: to

text: form

text: plated

text: through

text: holes

text: These

text: holes

text: electrically

text: connect

text: the

text: conducting

text: layers

text: of

text: the

text: PCB

text: For

text: multi

text: layer

text: boards

text: those

text: with

text: three

text: layers

text: or

text: more

text: drilling

text: typically

text: produces

text: a

text: smear

text: of

text: the

text: high

text: temperature

text: decomposition

text: products

text: of

text: bonding

text: agent

text: in

text: the

text: laminate

text: system

text: Before

text: the

text: holes

text: can

text: be

text: plated

text: through

text: this

text: smear

text: must

text: be

text: removed

text: by

text: a

text: chemical

text: de

text: smear

text: process

text: or

text: by

text: plasma

text: etch

text: The

text: de

text: smear

text: process

text: ensures

text: that

text: a

text: good

text: connection

text: is

text: made

text: to

text: the

text: copper

text: layers

text: when

text: the

text: hole

text: is

text: plated

text: through

text: On

text: high

text: reliability

text: boards

text: a

text: process

text: called

text: etch

text: back

text: is

text: performed

text: chemically

text: with

text: a

text: potassium

text: permanganate

text: based

text: etchant

text: or

text: plasma

text: The

text: etch

text: back

text: removes

text: resin

text: and

text: the

text: glass

text: fibers

text: so

text: that

text: the

text: copper

text: layers

text: extend

text: into

text: the

text: hole

text: and

text: as

text: the

text: hole

text: is

text: plated

text: become

text: integral

text: with

text: the

text: deposited

text: copper

question: What do the hole walls in two-layer PCBs have to be before they can be electroplated?

answer: conductive

text: conductive

question: What's the minimum number of layers a PCB can have to be considered "multi-layer"?

answer: three

text: three

question: What process does a multi-layer PCB usually undergo before plating to make sure the layers have good connectivity with each other?

answer: de-smear

text: de-smear

question: What type of boards undergo the etch-back process?

answer: high reliability

text: high reliability

question: Etch-back removes glass fibers and what other material?

answer: resin

text: resin


text: In 1955, with both the United States and the Soviet Union building ballistic missiles that could be utilized to launch objects into space, the "starting line" was drawn for the Space Race. In separate announcements, just four days apart, both nations publicly announced that they would launch artificial Earth satellites by 1957 or 1958. On July 29, 1955, James C. Hagerty, president Dwight D. Eisenhower's press secretary, announced that the United States intended to launch "small Earth circling satellites" between July 1, 1957, and December 31, 1958, as part of their contribution to the International Geophysical Year (IGY). Four days later, at the Sixth Congress of International Astronautical Federation in Copenhagen, scientist Leonid I. Sedov spoke to international reporters at the Soviet embassy, and announced his country's intention to launch a satellite as well, in the "near future". On August 30, 1955, Korolev managed to get the Soviet Academy of Sciences to create a commission whose purpose was to beat the Americans into Earth orbit: this was the de facto start date for the Space Race. The Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union began a policy of treating development of its space program as a classified state secret.

title: Space_Race

title: Space_Race

text: In

text: with

text: both

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: building

text: ballistic

text: missiles

text: that

text: could

text: be

text: utilized

text: to

text: launch

text: objects

text: into

text: space

text: the

text: starting

text: line

text: was

text: drawn

text: for

text: the

text: Space

text: Race

text: In

text: separate

text: announcements

text: just

text: four

text: days

text: apart

text: both

text: nations

text: publicly

text: announced

text: that

text: they

text: would

text: launch

text: artificial

text: Earth

text: satellites

text: by

text: or

text: On

text: July

text: James

text: C.

text: Hagerty

text: president

text: Dwight

text: D.

text: Eisenhower

text: 's

text: press

text: secretary

text: announced

text: that

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: intended

text: to

text: launch

text: small

text: Earth

text: circling

text: satellites

text: between

text: July

text: and

text: December

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: their

text: contribution

text: to

text: the

text: International

text: Geophysical

text: Year

text: IGY

text: Four

text: days

text: later

text: at

text: the

text: Sixth

text: Congress

text: of

text: International

text: Astronautical

text: Federation

text: in

text: Copenhagen

text: scientist

text: Leonid

text: I.

text: Sedov

text: spoke

text: to

text: international

text: reporters

text: at

text: the

text: Soviet

text: embassy

text: and

text: announced

text: his

text: country

text: 's

text: intention

text: to

text: launch

text: a

text: satellite

text: as

text: well

text: in

text: the

text: near

text: future

text: On

text: August

text: Korolev

text: managed

text: to

text: get

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Academy

text: of

text: Sciences

text: to

text: create

text: a

text: commission

text: whose

text: purpose

text: was

text: to

text: beat

text: the

text: Americans

text: into

text: Earth

text: orbit

text: this

text: was

text: the

text: de

text: facto

text: start

text: date

text: for

text: the

text: Space

text: Race

text: The

text: Council

text: of

text: Ministers

text: of

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: began

text: a

text: policy

text: of

text: treating

text: development

text: of

text: its

text: space

text: program

text: as

text: a

text: classified

text: state

text: secret

question: Who was president Dwight D. Eisenhower's press secretary?

answer: James C. Hagerty

text: James C. Hagerty

question: The starting date for the Space Race was which date?

answer: August 30, 1955

text: August 30, 1955


text: A number of pubs claim to be the oldest surviving establishment in the United Kingdom, although in several cases original buildings have been demolished and replaced on the same site. Others are ancient buildings that saw uses other than as a pub during their history. Ye Olde Fighting Cocks in St Albans, Hertfordshire, holds the Guinness World Record for the oldest pub in England, as it is an 11th-century structure on an 8th-century site. Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem in Nottingham is claimed to be the "oldest inn in England". It has a claimed date of 1189, based on the fact it is constructed on the site of the Nottingham Castle brewhouse; the present building dates from around 1650. Likewise, The Nags Head in Burntwood, Staffordshire only dates back to the 16th century, but there has been a pub on the site since at least 1086, as it is mentioned in the Domesday Book.

title: Pub

title: Pub

text: A

text: number

text: of

text: pubs

text: claim

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: oldest

text: surviving

text: establishment

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: although

text: in

text: several

text: cases

text: original

text: buildings

text: have

text: been

text: demolished

text: and

text: replaced

text: on

text: the

text: same

text: site

text: Others

text: are

text: ancient

text: buildings

text: that

text: saw

text: uses

text: other

text: than

text: as

text: a

text: pub

text: during

text: their

text: history

text: Ye

text: Olde

text: Fighting

text: Cocks

text: in

text: St

text: Albans

text: Hertfordshire

text: holds

text: the

text: Guinness

text: World

text: Record

text: for

text: the

text: oldest

text: pub

text: in

text: England

text: as

text: it

text: is

text: an

text: century

text: structure

text: on

text: an

text: century

text: site

text: Ye

text: Olde

text: Trip

text: to

text: Jerusalem

text: in

text: Nottingham

text: is

text: claimed

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: oldest

text: inn

text: in

text: England

text: It

text: has

text: a

text: claimed

text: date

text: of

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: fact

text: it

text: is

text: constructed

text: on

text: the

text: site

text: of

text: the

text: Nottingham

text: Castle

text: brewhouse

text: the

text: present

text: building

text: dates

text: from

text: around

text: Likewise

text: The

text: Nags

text: Head

text: in

text: Burntwood

text: Staffordshire

text: only

text: dates

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: century

text: but

text: there

text: has

text: been

text: a

text: pub

text: on

text: the

text: site

text: since

text: at

text: least

text: as

text: it

text: is

text: mentioned

text: in

text: the

text: Domesday

text: Book

question: What pub holds the Guinness World Record as the oldest in England?

answer: Ye Olde Fighting Cocks

text: Ye Olde Fighting Cocks

question: In what century was the building occupied by Ye Olde Fighting Cocks built?

answer: 11th

question: Where is Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem located?

answer: Nottingham

text: Nottingham

question: When does Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem claim to have been founded?

answer: 1189

question: When was a pub documented as existing on the current site of the Nags Head?

answer: 1086


text: Key personnel involved in the flight deck include the shooters, the handler, and the air boss. Shooters are naval aviators or Naval Flight Officers and are responsible for launching aircraft. The handler works just inside the island from the flight deck and is responsible for the movement of aircraft before launching and after recovery. The "air boss" (usually a commander) occupies the top bridge (Primary Flight Control, also called primary or the tower) and has the overall responsibility for controlling launch, recovery and "those aircraft in the air near the ship, and the movement of planes on the flight deck, which itself resembles a well-choreographed ballet." The captain of the ship spends most of his time one level below primary on the Navigation Bridge. Below this is the Flag Bridge, designated for the embarked admiral and his staff.

title: Aircraft_carrier

title: Aircraft_carrier

text: Key

text: personnel

text: involved

text: in

text: the

text: flight

text: deck

text: include

text: the

text: shooters

text: the

text: handler

text: and

text: the

text: air

text: boss

text: Shooters

text: are

text: naval

text: aviators

text: or

text: Naval

text: Flight

text: Officers

text: and

text: are

text: responsible

text: for

text: launching

text: aircraft

text: The

text: handler

text: works

text: just

text: inside

text: the

text: island

text: from

text: the

text: flight

text: deck

text: and

text: is

text: responsible

text: for

text: the

text: movement

text: of

text: aircraft

text: before

text: launching

text: and

text: after

text: recovery

text: The

text: air

text: boss

text: usually

text: a

text: commander

text: occupies

text: the

text: top

text: bridge

text: Primary

text: Flight

text: Control

text: also

text: called

text: primary

text: or

text: the

text: tower

text: and

text: has

text: the

text: overall

text: responsibility

text: for

text: controlling

text: launch

text: recovery

text: and

text: those

text: aircraft

text: in

text: the

text: air

text: near

text: the

text: ship

text: and

text: the

text: movement

text: of

text: planes

text: on

text: the

text: flight

text: deck

text: which

text: itself

text: resembles

text: a

text: well

text: choreographed

text: ballet

text: The

text: captain

text: of

text: the

text: ship

text: spends

text: most

text: of

text: his

text: time

text: one

text: level

text: below

text: primary

text: on

text: the

text: Navigation

text: Bridge

text: Below

text: this

text: is

text: the

text: Flag

text: Bridge

text: designated

text: for

text: the

text: embarked

text: admiral

text: and

text: his

text: staff

question: What are 3 key personnel involved in the flight deck?

answer: the shooters, the handler, and the air boss

text: the shooters, the handler, and the air boss

question: What are shooters responsible for?

answer: launching aircraft

text: launching aircraft

question: What is the handler responsible for?

answer: the movement of aircraft before launching and after recovery

text: the movement of aircraft before launching and after recovery

question: Where does the captain of the ship spend most of his time?

answer: on the Navigation Bridge

text: on the Navigation Bridge

question: Who is the Flag Bridge area of the ship designated for?

answer: the embarked admiral and his staff

text: the embarked admiral and his staff


text: In 1926 Joseph P. Maxwell and Henry C. Harrison from Bell Telephone Laboratories disclosed that the recording pattern of the Western Electric "rubber line" magnetic disc cutter had a constant velocity characteristic. This meant that as frequency increased in the treble, recording amplitude decreased. Conversely, in the bass as frequency decreased, recording amplitude increased. Therefore, it was necessary to attenuate the bass frequencies below about 250 Hz, the bass turnover point, in the amplified microphone signal fed to the recording head. Otherwise, bass modulation became excessive and overcutting took place into the next record groove. When played back electrically with a magnetic pickup having a smooth response in the bass region, a complementary boost in amplitude at the bass turnover point was necessary. G. H. Miller in 1934 reported that when complementary boost at the turnover point was used in radio broadcasts of records, the reproduction was more realistic and many of the musical instruments stood out in their true form.

title: Gramophone_record

title: Gramophone_record

text: In

text: Joseph

text: P.

text: Maxwell

text: and

text: Henry

text: C.

text: Harrison

text: from

text: Bell

text: Telephone

text: Laboratories

text: disclosed

text: that

text: the

text: recording

text: pattern

text: of

text: the

text: Western

text: Electric

text: rubber

text: line

text: magnetic

text: disc

text: cutter

text: had

text: a

text: constant

text: velocity

text: characteristic

text: This

text: meant

text: that

text: as

text: frequency

text: increased

text: in

text: the

text: treble

text: recording

text: amplitude

text: decreased

text: Conversely

text: in

text: the

text: bass

text: as

text: frequency

text: decreased

text: recording

text: amplitude

text: increased

text: Therefore

text: it

text: was

text: necessary

text: to

text: attenuate

text: the

text: bass

text: frequencies

text: below

text: about

text: Hz

text: the

text: bass

text: turnover

text: point

text: in

text: the

text: amplified

text: microphone

text: signal

text: fed

text: to

text: the

text: recording

text: head

text: Otherwise

text: bass

text: modulation

text: became

text: excessive

text: and

text: overcutting

text: took

text: place

text: into

text: the

text: next

text: record

text: groove

text: When

text: played

text: back

text: electrically

text: with

text: a

text: magnetic

text: pickup

text: having

text: a

text: smooth

text: response

text: in

text: the

text: bass

text: region

text: a

text: complementary

text: boost

text: in

text: amplitude

text: at

text: the

text: bass

text: turnover

text: point

text: was

text: necessary

text: G.

text: H.

text: Miller

text: in

text: reported

text: that

text: when

text: complementary

text: boost

text: at

text: the

text: turnover

text: point

text: was

text: used

text: in

text: radio

text: broadcasts

text: of

text: records

text: the

text: reproduction

text: was

text: more

text: realistic

text: and

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: musical

text: instruments

text: stood

text: out

text: in

text: their

text: true

text: form

question: Whom found that they can make musical instruments sound more natural with an amplifier boost at the turnover point?

answer: G. H. Miller

text: G. H. Miller

question: What is found when a complementary boost is used at the bass turnover point?

answer: reproduction was more realistic

text: reproduction was more realistic

question: When frequency in the treble increases what happens to the recording amplitude?

answer: recording amplitude decreased

text: recording amplitude decreased

question: What happens when frequency decreases in the bass?

answer: recording amplitude increased

text: recording amplitude increased


text: After Congress passed the Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA, 1994), the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA, 1996), and the Economic Espionage Act (EEA, 1996), the FBI followed suit and underwent a technological upgrade in 1998, just as it did with its CART team in 1991. Computer Investigations and Infrastructure Threat Assessment Center (CITAC) and the National Infrastructure Protection Center (NIPC) were created to deal with the increase in Internet-related problems, such as computer viruses, worms, and other malicious programs that threatened US operations. With these developments, the FBI increased its electronic surveillance in public safety and national security investigations, adapting to the telecommunications advancements that changed the nature of such problems.

title: Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation

title: Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation

text: After

text: Congress

text: passed

text: the

text: Communications

text: Assistance

text: for

text: Law

text: Enforcement

text: Act

text: CALEA

text: the

text: Health

text: Insurance

text: Portability

text: and

text: Accountability

text: Act

text: HIPAA

text: and

text: the

text: Economic

text: Espionage

text: Act

text: EEA

text: the

text: FBI

text: followed

text: suit

text: and

text: underwent

text: a

text: technological

text: upgrade

text: in

text: just

text: as

text: it

text: did

text: with

text: its

text: CART

text: team

text: in

text: Computer

text: Investigations

text: and

text: Infrastructure

text: Threat

text: Assessment

text: Center

text: CITAC

text: and

text: the

text: National

text: Infrastructure

text: Protection

text: Center

text: NIPC

text: were

text: created

text: to

text: deal

text: with

text: the

text: increase

text: in

text: Internet

text: related

text: problems

text: such

text: as

text: computer

text: viruses

text: worms

text: and

text: other

text: malicious

text: programs

text: that

text: threatened

text: US

text: operations

text: With

text: these

text: developments

text: the

text: FBI

text: increased

text: its

text: electronic

text: surveillance

text: in

text: public

text: safety

text: and

text: national

text: security

text: investigations

text: adapting

text: to

text: the

text: telecommunications

text: advancements

text: that

text: changed

text: the

text: nature

text: of

text: such

text: problems

question: What spurred the FBIs technological upgrade?

answer: CALEA

text: CALEA

question: What team underwent a technological upgrade in 1991?

answer: CART

text: CART

question: What were CITAC and NIPC created to deal with?

answer: Internet-related problems

text: Internet-related problems

question: What were computer viruses seen as a threat to?

answer: US operations

text: US operations

question: Did the FBI increase electronic surveillance?

answer: FBI increased its electronic surveillance

text: FBI increased its electronic surveillance


text: The final son of Abd al-Malik to become caliph was Hisham (724–43), whose long and eventful reign was above all marked by the curtailment of military expansion. Hisham established his court at Resafa in northern Syria, which was closer to the Byzantine border than Damascus, and resumed hostilities against the Byzantines, which had lapsed following the failure of the last siege of Constantinople. The new campaigns resulted in a number of successful raids into Anatolia, but also in a major defeat (the Battle of Akroinon), and did not lead to any significant territorial expansion.

title: Umayyad_Caliphate

title: Umayyad_Caliphate

text: The

text: final

text: son

text: of

text: Abd

text: al

text: Malik

text: to

text: become

text: caliph

text: was

text: Hisham

text: whose

text: long

text: and

text: eventful

text: reign

text: was

text: above

text: all

text: marked

text: by

text: the

text: curtailment

text: of

text: military

text: expansion

text: Hisham

text: established

text: his

text: court

text: at

text: Resafa

text: in

text: northern

text: Syria

text: which

text: was

text: closer

text: to

text: the

text: Byzantine

text: border

text: than

text: Damascus

text: and

text: resumed

text: hostilities

text: against

text: the

text: Byzantines

text: which

text: had

text: lapsed

text: following

text: the

text: failure

text: of

text: the

text: last

text: siege

text: of

text: Constantinople

text: The

text: new

text: campaigns

text: resulted

text: in

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: successful

text: raids

text: into

text: Anatolia

text: but

text: also

text: in

text: a

text: major

text: defeat

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Akroinon

text: and

text: did

text: not

text: lead

text: to

text: any

text: significant

text: territorial

text: expansion

question: Who was the father of Hisham?

answer: Abd al-Malik

text: Abd al-Malik

question: In what part of Syria was Resafa located?

answer: northern

text: northern

question: When did Hisham's reign start?

answer: 724

question: Where did Hisham base his court?

answer: Resafa

text: Resafa

question: What notable defeat was suffered by the Arabs under Hisham?

answer: Battle of Akroinon

text: Battle of Akroinon


text: Miami is partitioned into many different sections, roughly into North, South, West and Downtown. The heart of the city is Downtown Miami and is technically on the eastern side of the city. This area includes Brickell, Virginia Key, Watson Island, and PortMiami. Downtown is South Florida's central business district, and Florida's largest and most influential central business district. Downtown has the largest concentration of international banks in the U.S. along Brickell Avenue. Downtown is home to many major banks, courthouses, financial headquarters, cultural and tourist attractions, schools, parks and a large residential population. East of Downtown, across Biscayne Bay is South Beach. Just northwest of Downtown, is the Civic Center, which is Miami's center for hospitals, research institutes and biotechnology with hospitals such as Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami VA Hospital, and the University of Miami's Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine.

title: Miami

title: Miami

text: Miami

text: is

text: partitioned

text: into

text: many

text: different

text: sections

text: roughly

text: into

text: North

text: South

text: West

text: and

text: Downtown

text: The

text: heart

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: is

text: Downtown

text: Miami

text: and

text: is

text: technically

text: on

text: the

text: eastern

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: This

text: area

text: includes

text: Brickell

text: Virginia

text: Key

text: Watson

text: Island

text: and

text: PortMiami

text: Downtown

text: is

text: South

text: Florida

text: 's

text: central

text: business

text: district

text: and

text: Florida

text: 's

text: largest

text: and

text: most

text: influential

text: central

text: business

text: district

text: Downtown

text: has

text: the

text: largest

text: concentration

text: of

text: international

text: banks

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: along

text: Brickell

text: Avenue

text: Downtown

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: many

text: major

text: banks

text: courthouses

text: financial

text: headquarters

text: cultural

text: and

text: tourist

text: attractions

text: schools

text: parks

text: and

text: a

text: large

text: residential

text: population

text: East

text: of

text: Downtown

text: across

text: Biscayne

text: Bay

text: is

text: South

text: Beach

text: Just

text: northwest

text: of

text: Downtown

text: is

text: the

text: Civic

text: Center

text: which

text: is

text: Miami

text: 's

text: center

text: for

text: hospitals

text: research

text: institutes

text: and

text: biotechnology

text: with

text: hospitals

text: such

text: as

text: Jackson

text: Memorial

text: Hospital

text: Miami

text: VA

text: Hospital

text: and

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Miami

text: 's

text: Leonard

text: M.

text: Miller

text: School

text: of

text: Medicine

question: Along with West, Downtown and North, what is the other notable area of Miami?

answer: South

text: South

question: By cardinal direction, what part of the city is referred to as Downtown?

answer: eastern

text: eastern

question: Along with Port Miami, Watson Island and Brickell, what area is in Downtown Miami?

answer: Virginia Key

text: Virginia Key

question: On what street is the highest concentration of international banks in the US?

answer: Brickell Avenue

text: Brickell Avenue

question: Where is South Beach in relation to Downtown?

answer: East

text: East


text: Within London, both the City of London and the City of Westminster have city status and both the City of London and the remainder of Greater London are counties for the purposes of lieutenancies. The area of Greater London has incorporated areas that were once part of the historic counties of Middlesex, Kent, Surrey, Essex and Hertfordshire. London's status as the capital of England, and later the United Kingdom, has never been granted or confirmed officially—by statute or in written form.[note 6]

title: London

title: London

text: Within

text: London

text: both

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: London

text: and

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: Westminster

text: have

text: city

text: status

text: and

text: both

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: London

text: and

text: the

text: remainder

text: of

text: Greater

text: London

text: are

text: counties

text: for

text: the

text: purposes

text: of

text: lieutenancies

text: The

text: area

text: of

text: Greater

text: London

text: has

text: incorporated

text: areas

text: that

text: were

text: once

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: historic

text: counties

text: of

text: Middlesex

text: Kent

text: Surrey

text: Essex

text: and

text: Hertfordshire

text: London

text: 's

text: status

text: as

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: England

text: and

text: later

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: has

text: never

text: been

text: granted

text: or

text: confirmed

text: officially

text: by

text: statute

text: or

text: in

text: written

text: form.[note

question: What title regarding London has never been made official in law or by decree?

answer: London's status as the capital of England

text: London's status as the capital of England

question: What areas within Greater London have city status?

answer: the City of London and the City of Westminster

text: the City of London and the City of Westminster

question: For what reason are the City of London and Greater London considered to be counties?

answer: for the purposes of lieutenancies

text: for the purposes of lieutenancies


text: The importation of slaves was made illegal in 1792. Governor Robert Patton (1802–1807) recommended that the company import Chinese labour to supplement the rural workforce. The coolie labourers arrived in 1810, and their numbers reached 600 by 1818. Many were allowed to stay, and their descendents became integrated into the population. An 1814 census recorded 3,507 people on the island.

title: Saint_Helena

title: Saint_Helena

text: The

text: importation

text: of

text: slaves

text: was

text: made

text: illegal

text: in

text: Governor

text: Robert

text: Patton

text: recommended

text: that

text: the

text: company

text: import

text: Chinese

text: labour

text: to

text: supplement

text: the

text: rural

text: workforce

text: The

text: coolie

text: labourers

text: arrived

text: in

text: and

text: their

text: numbers

text: reached

text: by

text: Many

text: were

text: allowed

text: to

text: stay

text: and

text: their

text: descendents

text: became

text: integrated

text: into

text: the

text: population

text: An

text: census

text: recorded

text: people

text: on

text: the

text: island

question: What was made illegal in 1792?

answer: importation of slaves

text: importation of slaves

question: What year did Coolie labourers arrive?

answer: 1810

question: How many coolie labourers were on the island by 1818?

answer: 600

question: What was the population of the island in 1814?

answer: 3,507


text: Like the rest of France, Paris has been predominantly Roman Catholic since the early Middle Ages, though religious attendance is now low. A majority of Parisians are still nominally Roman Catholic. According to 2011 statistics, there are 106 parishes and curates in the city, plus separate parishes for Spanish, Polish and Portuguese Catholics. There are an additional 10 Eastern Orthodox parishes, and bishops for the Armenian and Ukrainian Orthodox Churches. In addition there are eighty male religious orders and 140 female religious orders in the city, as well as 110 Catholic schools with 75,000 students.

title: Paris

title: Paris

text: Like

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: France

text: Paris

text: has

text: been

text: predominantly

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: since

text: the

text: early

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: though

text: religious

text: attendance

text: is

text: now

text: low

text: A

text: majority

text: of

text: Parisians

text: are

text: still

text: nominally

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: According

text: to

text: statistics

text: there

text: are

text: parishes

text: and

text: curates

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: plus

text: separate

text: parishes

text: for

text: Spanish

text: Polish

text: and

text: Portuguese

text: Catholics

text: There

text: are

text: an

text: additional

text: Eastern

text: Orthodox

text: parishes

text: and

text: bishops

text: for

text: the

text: Armenian

text: and

text: Ukrainian

text: Orthodox

text: Churches

text: In

text: addition

text: there

text: are

text: eighty

text: male

text: religious

text: orders

text: and

text: female

text: religious

text: orders

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: Catholic

text: schools

text: with

text: students

question: What is the most predominant religion in France?

answer: Roman Catholic

text: Roman Catholic

question: How many parishes and curates were there in 2011?

answer: 106

question: How many catholic schools are in Paris?

answer: 110

question: How many students attend catholic schools?

answer: 75,000


text: Stepper motors can be rotated to a specific angle in discrete steps with ease, and hence stepper motors are used for read/write head positioning in computer floppy diskette drives. They were used for the same purpose in pre-gigabyte era computer disk drives, where the precision and speed they offered was adequate for the correct positioning of the read/write head of a hard disk drive. As drive density increased, the precision and speed limitations of stepper motors made them obsolete for hard drives—the precision limitation made them unusable, and the speed limitation made them uncompetitive—thus newer hard disk drives use voice coil-based head actuator systems. (The term "voice coil" in this connection is historic; it refers to the structure in a typical (cone type) loudspeaker. This structure was used for a while to position the heads. Modern drives have a pivoted coil mount; the coil swings back and forth, something like a blade of a rotating fan. Nevertheless, like a voice coil, modern actuator coil conductors (the magnet wire) move perpendicular to the magnetic lines of force.)

title: Electric_motor

title: Electric_motor

text: Stepper

text: motors

text: can

text: be

text: rotated

text: to

text: a

text: specific

text: angle

text: in

text: discrete

text: steps

text: with

text: ease

text: and

text: hence

text: stepper

text: motors

text: are

text: used

text: for

text: read

text: write

text: head

text: positioning

text: in

text: computer

text: floppy

text: diskette

text: drives

text: They

text: were

text: used

text: for

text: the

text: same

text: purpose

text: in

text: pre

text: gigabyte

text: era

text: computer

text: disk

text: drives

text: where

text: the

text: precision

text: and

text: speed

text: they

text: offered

text: was

text: adequate

text: for

text: the

text: correct

text: positioning

text: of

text: the

text: read

text: write

text: head

text: of

text: a

text: hard

text: disk

text: drive

text: As

text: drive

text: density

text: increased

text: the

text: precision

text: and

text: speed

text: limitations

text: of

text: stepper

text: motors

text: made

text: them

text: obsolete

text: for

text: hard

text: drives

text: the

text: precision

text: limitation

text: made

text: them

text: unusable

text: and

text: the

text: speed

text: limitation

text: made

text: them

text: uncompetitive

text: thus

text: newer

text: hard

text: disk

text: drives

text: use

text: voice

text: coil

text: based

text: head

text: actuator

text: systems

text: The

text: term

text: voice

text: coil

text: in

text: this

text: connection

text: is

text: historic

text: it

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: structure

text: in

text: a

text: typical

text: cone

text: type

text: loudspeaker

text: This

text: structure

text: was

text: used

text: for

text: a

text: while

text: to

text: position

text: the

text: heads

text: Modern

text: drives

text: have

text: a

text: pivoted

text: coil

text: mount

text: the

text: coil

text: swings

text: back

text: and

text: forth

text: something

text: like

text: a

text: blade

text: of

text: a

text: rotating

text: fan

text: Nevertheless

text: like

text: a

text: voice

text: coil

text: modern

text: actuator

text: coil

text: conductors

text: the

text: magnet

text: wire

text: move

text: perpendicular

text: to

text: the

text: magnetic

text: lines

text: of

text: force

question: Why were stepper motors abandoned in computer drive designs?

answer: precision and speed limitations

text: precision and speed limitations

question: What do newer computer drives use instead of stepper motors?

answer: voice coil-based head actuator systems

text: voice coil-based head actuator systems

question: In what direction do modern coil actuators move?

answer: perpendicular to the magnetic lines of force

text: perpendicular to the magnetic lines of force

question: To what device does the term, "voice coil" historically refer?

answer: the structure in a typical (cone type) loudspeaker

text: the structure in a typical (cone type) loudspeaker