text: Many mechanical aids to calculation and measurement were constructed for astronomical and navigation use. The planisphere was a star chart invented by Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī in the early 11th century. The astrolabe was invented in the Hellenistic world in either the 1st or 2nd centuries BC and is often attributed to Hipparchus. A combination of the planisphere and dioptra, the astrolabe was effectively an analog computer capable of working out several different kinds of problems in spherical astronomy. An astrolabe incorporating a mechanical calendar computer and gear-wheels was invented by Abi Bakr of Isfahan, Persia in 1235. Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī invented the first mechanical geared lunisolar calendar astrolabe, an early fixed-wired knowledge processing machine with a gear train and gear-wheels, circa 1000 AD.

title: Computer

title: Computer

text: Many

text: mechanical

text: aids

text: to

text: calculation

text: and

text: measurement

text: were

text: constructed

text: for

text: astronomical

text: and

text: navigation

text: use

text: The

text: planisphere

text: was

text: a

text: star

text: chart

text: invented

text: by

text: Abū

text: Rayhān

text: al

text: Bīrūnī

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: The

text: astrolabe

text: was

text: invented

text: in

text: the

text: Hellenistic

text: world

text: in

text: either

text: the

text: or

text: centuries

text: BC

text: and

text: is

text: often

text: attributed

text: to

text: Hipparchus

text: A

text: combination

text: of

text: the

text: planisphere

text: and

text: dioptra

text: the

text: astrolabe

text: was

text: effectively

text: an

text: analog

text: computer

text: capable

text: of

text: working

text: out

text: several

text: different

text: kinds

text: of

text: problems

text: in

text: spherical

text: astronomy

text: An

text: astrolabe

text: incorporating

text: a

text: mechanical

text: calendar

text: computer

text: and

text: gear

text: wheels

text: was

text: invented

text: by

text: Abi

text: Bakr

text: of

text: Isfahan

text: Persia

text: in

text: Abū

text: Rayhān

text: al

text: Bīrūnī

text: invented

text: the

text: first

text: mechanical

text: geared

text: lunisolar

text: calendar

text: astrolabe

text: an

text: early

text: fixed

text: wired

text: knowledge

text: processing

text: machine

text: with

text: a

text: gear

text: train

text: and

text: gear

text: wheels

text: circa

text: AD

question: Who invented the planisphere?

answer: Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī

text: Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī

question: Who is thought to have invented the astrolabe in history?

answer: Hipparchus

text: Hipparchus

question: The astrolabe was a combination of what two devices in history?

answer: the planisphere and dioptra

text: the planisphere and dioptra

question: The first astrolabe with gear-wheels was invented when?

answer: 1235

question: The first astrolabe with a mechanical calendar was invented where?

answer: Persia

text: Persia


text: Migration in birds is highly labile and is believed to have developed independently in many avian lineages. While it is agreed that the behavioral and physiological adaptations necessary for migration are under genetic control, some authors have argued that no genetic change is necessary for migratory behavior to develop in a sedentary species because the genetic framework for migratory behavior exists in nearly all avian lineages. This explains the rapid appearance of migratory behavior after the most recent glacial maximum.

title: Bird_migration

title: Bird_migration

text: Migration

text: in

text: birds

text: is

text: highly

text: labile

text: and

text: is

text: believed

text: to

text: have

text: developed

text: independently

text: in

text: many

text: avian

text: lineages

text: While

text: it

text: is

text: agreed

text: that

text: the

text: behavioral

text: and

text: physiological

text: adaptations

text: necessary

text: for

text: migration

text: are

text: under

text: genetic

text: control

text: some

text: authors

text: have

text: argued

text: that

text: no

text: genetic

text: change

text: is

text: necessary

text: for

text: migratory

text: behavior

text: to

text: develop

text: in

text: a

text: sedentary

text: species

text: because

text: the

text: genetic

text: framework

text: for

text: migratory

text: behavior

text: exists

text: in

text: nearly

text: all

text: avian

text: lineages

text: This

text: explains

text: the

text: rapid

text: appearance

text: of

text: migratory

text: behavior

text: after

text: the

text: most

text: recent

text: glacial

text: maximum

question: How was migration developed?

answer: independently

text: independently

question: What is highly labile?

answer: Migration in birds

text: Migration in birds

question: What causes the behavioral adaptations necessary for migration?

answer: genetic control

text: genetic control

question: What exists in nearly all avian lineages?

answer: genetic framework for migratory behavior

text: genetic framework for migratory behavior


text: North Carolina became one of the English Thirteen Colonies and with the territory of South Carolina was originally known as the Province of Carolina. The northern and southern parts of the original province separated in 1729. Originally settled by small farmers, sometimes having a few slaves, who were oriented toward subsistence agriculture, the colony lacked cities or towns. Pirates menaced the coastal settlements, but by 1718 the pirates had been captured and killed. Growth was strong in the middle of the 18th century, as the economy attracted Scots-Irish, Quaker, English and German immigrants. The colonists generally supported the American Revolution, as the number of Loyalists was smaller than in some other colonies.

title: North_Carolina

title: North_Carolina

text: North

text: Carolina

text: became

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: English

text: Thirteen

text: Colonies

text: and

text: with

text: the

text: territory

text: of

text: South

text: Carolina

text: was

text: originally

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Province

text: of

text: Carolina

text: The

text: northern

text: and

text: southern

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: original

text: province

text: separated

text: in

text: Originally

text: settled

text: by

text: small

text: farmers

text: sometimes

text: having

text: a

text: few

text: slaves

text: who

text: were

text: oriented

text: toward

text: subsistence

text: agriculture

text: the

text: colony

text: lacked

text: cities

text: or

text: towns

text: Pirates

text: menaced

text: the

text: coastal

text: settlements

text: but

text: by

text: the

text: pirates

text: had

text: been

text: captured

text: and

text: killed

text: Growth

text: was

text: strong

text: in

text: the

text: middle

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: as

text: the

text: economy

text: attracted

text: Scots

text: Irish

text: Quaker

text: English

text: and

text: German

text: immigrants

text: The

text: colonists

text: generally

text: supported

text: the

text: American

text: Revolution

text: as

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: Loyalists

text: was

text: smaller

text: than

text: in

text: some

text: other

text: colonies

question: North carolina and Sounth Carolina together were known as what?

answer: the Province of Carolina

text: the Province of Carolina

question: What year were the northern and southern carolinas seperated?

answer: 1729

question: What was the profession of most of the settlers in the Province of Carolina?

answer: small farmers

text: small farmers

question: What people were a menace to the coastal areas of the Province of carolina?

answer: Pirates

text: Pirates

question: By what year had all of the pirates in the NC Province been captured or killed?

answer: 1718


text: Baptists have faced many controversies in their 400-year history, controversies of the level of crises. Baptist historian Walter Shurden says the word "crisis" comes from the Greek word meaning "to decide." Shurden writes that contrary to the presumed negative view of crises, some controversies that reach a crisis level may actually be "positive and highly productive." He claims that even schism, though never ideal, has often produced positive results. In his opinion crises among Baptists each have become decision-moments that shaped their future. Some controversies that have shaped Baptists include the "missions crisis", the "slavery crisis", the "landmark crisis", and the "modernist crisis".

title: Baptists

title: Baptists

text: Baptists

text: have

text: faced

text: many

text: controversies

text: in

text: their

text: history

text: controversies

text: of

text: the

text: level

text: of

text: crises

text: Baptist

text: historian

text: Walter

text: Shurden

text: says

text: the

text: word

text: crisis

text: comes

text: from

text: the

text: Greek

text: word

text: meaning

text: to

text: decide

text: Shurden

text: writes

text: that

text: contrary

text: to

text: the

text: presumed

text: negative

text: view

text: of

text: crises

text: some

text: controversies

text: that

text: reach

text: a

text: crisis

text: level

text: may

text: actually

text: be

text: positive

text: and

text: highly

text: productive

text: He

text: claims

text: that

text: even

text: schism

text: though

text: never

text: ideal

text: has

text: often

text: produced

text: positive

text: results

text: In

text: his

text: opinion

text: crises

text: among

text: Baptists

text: each

text: have

text: become

text: decision

text: moments

text: that

text: shaped

text: their

text: future

text: Some

text: controversies

text: that

text: have

text: shaped

text: Baptists

text: include

text: the

text: missions

text: crisis

text: the

text: slavery

text: crisis

text: the

text: landmark

text: crisis

text: and

text: the

text: modernist

text: crisis

question: "Crisis" comes from a Greek word meaning what?

answer: to decide

text: to decide

question: Who wrote that some controversies reach a crisis level may actually be "positive and highly productive?"

answer: Walter Shurden

text: Walter Shurden

question: What did Shurden claim was never ideal, has often produced positive results?

answer: controversies that have shaped Baptists

text: controversies that have shaped Baptists

question: What are some controversies that have shaped Baptists?

answer: "missions crisis", the "slavery crisis", the "landmark crisis", and the "modernist crisis"

text: "missions crisis", the "slavery crisis", the "landmark crisis", and the "modernist crisis"


text: Wang Mang initiated a series of major reforms that were ultimately unsuccessful. These reforms included outlawing slavery, nationalizing land to equally distribute between households, and introducing new currencies, a change which debased the value of coinage. Although these reforms provoked considerable opposition, Wang's regime met its ultimate downfall with the massive floods of c. 3 AD and 11 AD. Gradual silt buildup in the Yellow River had raised its water level and overwhelmed the flood control works. The Yellow River split into two new branches: one emptying to the north and the other to the south of the Shandong Peninsula, though Han engineers managed to dam the southern branch by 70 AD.

title: Han_dynasty

title: Han_dynasty

text: Wang

text: Mang

text: initiated

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: major

text: reforms

text: that

text: were

text: ultimately

text: unsuccessful

text: These

text: reforms

text: included

text: outlawing

text: slavery

text: nationalizing

text: land

text: to

text: equally

text: distribute

text: between

text: households

text: and

text: introducing

text: new

text: currencies

text: a

text: change

text: which

text: debased

text: the

text: value

text: of

text: coinage

text: Although

text: these

text: reforms

text: provoked

text: considerable

text: opposition

text: Wang

text: 's

text: regime

text: met

text: its

text: ultimate

text: downfall

text: with

text: the

text: massive

text: floods

text: of

text: c.

text: AD

text: and

text: AD

text: Gradual

text: silt

text: buildup

text: in

text: the

text: Yellow

text: River

text: had

text: raised

text: its

text: water

text: level

text: and

text: overwhelmed

text: the

text: flood

text: control

text: works

text: The

text: Yellow

text: River

text: split

text: into

text: two

text: new

text: branches

text: one

text: emptying

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: the

text: other

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: Shandong

text: Peninsula

text: though

text: Han

text: engineers

text: managed

text: to

text: dam

text: the

text: southern

text: branch

text: by

text: AD

question: Who tried to outlaw slavery?

answer: Wang Mang

text: Wang Mang

question: What caused the water level in the Yellow River to increase?

answer: Gradual silt buildup

text: Gradual silt buildup

question: Who created a dam in the southern branch of The Yellow River?

answer: Han engineers

text: Han engineers

question: What emptied out to the south of the Shandong Peninsula?

answer: The Yellow River

text: The Yellow River

question: What caused the end of Wang Mang's regime?

answer: massive floods

text: massive floods


text: The province's name derives from the Zhe River (浙江, Zhè Jiāng), the former name of the Qiantang River which flows past Hangzhou and whose mouth forms Hangzhou Bay. It is usually glossed as meaning "Crooked" or "Bent River", from the meaning of Chinese 折, but is more likely a phono-semantic compound formed from adding 氵 (the "water" radical used for river names) to phonetic 折 (pinyin zhé but reconstructed Old Chinese *tet), preserving a proto-Wu name of the local Yue, similar to Yuhang, Kuaiji, and Jiang.

title: Zhejiang

title: Zhejiang

text: The

text: province

text: 's

text: name

text: derives

text: from

text: the

text: Zhe

text: River

text: 浙江

text: Zhè

text: Jiāng

text: the

text: former

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: Qiantang

text: River

text: which

text: flows

text: past

text: Hangzhou

text: and

text: whose

text: mouth

text: forms

text: Hangzhou

text: Bay

text: It

text: is

text: usually

text: glossed

text: as

text: meaning

text: Crooked

text: or

text: Bent

text: River

text: from

text: the

text: meaning

text: of

text: Chinese

text: 折

text: but

text: is

text: more

text: likely

text: a

text: phono

text: semantic

text: compound

text: formed

text: from

text: adding

text: 氵

text: the

text: water

text: radical

text: used

text: for

text: river

text: names

text: to

text: phonetic

text: 折

text: pinyin

text: zhé

text: but

text: reconstructed

text: Old

text: Chinese

text: tet

text: preserving

text: a

text: proto

text: Wu

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: local

text: Yue

text: similar

text: to

text: Yuhang

text: Kuaiji

text: and

text: Jiang

question: What is the former name of the Qiantang River?

answer: Zhe River

text: Zhe River

question: What does the mouth of the Qiantang River form?

answer: Hangzhou Bay

text: Hangzhou Bay

question: What does Zhe mean in Chinese?

answer: Crooked

text: Crooked

question: Which river does the province of Zhejiang derive its name from?

answer: Zhe River

text: Zhe River

question: What does the Qiantang River flow past?

answer: Hangzhou

text: Hangzhou


text: The Ottoman bashi-bazouks brutally suppressed the Bulgarian uprising of 1876, massacring up to 100,000 people in the process. The Russo-Turkish War (1877–78) ended with a decisive victory for Russia. As a result, Ottoman holdings in Europe declined sharply; Bulgaria was established as an independent principality inside the Ottoman Empire, Romania achieved full independence. Serbia and Montenegro finally gained complete independence, but with smaller territories. In 1878, Austria-Hungary unilaterally occupied the Ottoman provinces of Bosnia-Herzegovina and Novi Pazar.

title: Ottoman_Empire

title: Ottoman_Empire

text: The

text: Ottoman

text: bashi

text: bazouks

text: brutally

text: suppressed

text: the

text: Bulgarian

text: uprising

text: of

text: massacring

text: up

text: to

text: people

text: in

text: the

text: process

text: The

text: Russo

text: Turkish

text: War

text: ended

text: with

text: a

text: decisive

text: victory

text: for

text: Russia

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: Ottoman

text: holdings

text: in

text: Europe

text: declined

text: sharply

text: Bulgaria

text: was

text: established

text: as

text: an

text: independent

text: principality

text: inside

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: Romania

text: achieved

text: full

text: independence

text: Serbia

text: and

text: Montenegro

text: finally

text: gained

text: complete

text: independence

text: but

text: with

text: smaller

text: territories

text: In

text: Austria

text: Hungary

text: unilaterally

text: occupied

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: provinces

text: of

text: Bosnia

text: Herzegovina

text: and

text: Novi

text: Pazar

question: Who held back the Bulgarian uprising in 1876?

answer: Ottoman bashi-bazouks

text: Ottoman bashi-bazouks

question: What war occurred from 1877 to 1878?

answer: Russo-Turkish War

text: Russo-Turkish War

question: Bulgaria became independent within the Empire as the result of what war?

answer: The Russo-Turkish War

text: The Russo-Turkish War

question: What nation attained full independence as a result of the Russo-Turkish war?

answer: Romania

text: Romania


text: Among the largest non-state-run research institutions in Portugal are the Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência and the Champalimaud Foundation, a neuroscience and oncology research centre, which in addition awards every year one of the highest monetary prizes of any science prize in the world. A number of both national and multinational high-tech and industrial companies, are also responsible for research and development projects. One of the oldest learned societies of Portugal is the Sciences Academy of Lisbon, founded in 1779.

title: Portugal

title: Portugal

text: Among

text: the

text: largest

text: non

text: state

text: run

text: research

text: institutions

text: in

text: Portugal

text: are

text: the

text: Instituto

text: Gulbenkian

text: de

text: Ciência

text: and

text: the

text: Champalimaud

text: Foundation

text: a

text: neuroscience

text: and

text: oncology

text: research

text: centre

text: which

text: in

text: addition

text: awards

text: every

text: year

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: highest

text: monetary

text: prizes

text: of

text: any

text: science

text: prize

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: A

text: number

text: of

text: both

text: national

text: and

text: multinational

text: high

text: tech

text: and

text: industrial

text: companies

text: are

text: also

text: responsible

text: for

text: research

text: and

text: development

text: projects

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: oldest

text: learned

text: societies

text: of

text: Portugal

text: is

text: the

text: Sciences

text: Academy

text: of

text: Lisbon

text: founded

text: in

question: What are two of the large non-state run research institutions in Portugal?

answer: Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência and the Champalimaud Foundation

text: Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência and the Champalimaud Foundation

question: What is the Champalimaud Foundation?

answer: neuroscience and oncology research centre

text: neuroscience and oncology research centre

question: What does the Champalimaud Foundation award every year?

answer: one of the highest monetary prizes of any science prize in the world

text: one of the highest monetary prizes of any science prize in the world

question: In what year was the Sciences Academy of Lisbon founded?

answer: 1779


text: The Prime Minister's executive office is usually called the Office of the Prime Minister in the case of the Canada and other Commonwealth countries, it is called Cabinet Office in United Kingdom. Some Prime Minister's office do include the role of Cabinet. In other countries, it is called the Prime Minister's Department or the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet as for Australia.

title: Prime_minister

title: Prime_minister

text: The

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: 's

text: executive

text: office

text: is

text: usually

text: called

text: the

text: Office

text: of

text: the

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: in

text: the

text: case

text: of

text: the

text: Canada

text: and

text: other

text: Commonwealth

text: countries

text: it

text: is

text: called

text: Cabinet

text: Office

text: in

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: Some

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: 's

text: office

text: do

text: include

text: the

text: role

text: of

text: Cabinet

text: In

text: other

text: countries

text: it

text: is

text: called

text: the

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: 's

text: Department

text: or

text: the

text: Department

text: of

text: the

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: and

text: Cabinet

text: as

text: for

text: Australia

question: What is the head of government's office called in Canada?

answer: Office of the Prime Minister

text: Office of the Prime Minister

question: What is the head of government's office called in the UK?

answer: Cabinet Office

text: Cabinet Office


text: A 2013 trans-genome study carried out by 30 geneticists, from 13 universities and academies, from 9 countries, assembling the largest data set available to date, for assessment of Ashkenazi Jewish genetic origins found no evidence of Khazar origin among Ashkenazi Jews. "Thus, analysis of Ashkenazi Jews together with a large sample from the region of the Khazar Khaganate corroborates the earlier results that Ashkenazi Jews derive their ancestry primarily from populations of the Middle East and Europe, that they possess considerable shared ancestry with other Jewish populations, and that there is no indication of a significant genetic contribution either from within or from north of the Caucasus region", the authors concluded.

title: Ashkenazi_Jews

title: Ashkenazi_Jews

text: A

text: trans

text: genome

text: study

text: carried

text: out

text: by

text: geneticists

text: from

text: universities

text: and

text: academies

text: from

text: countries

text: assembling

text: the

text: largest

text: data

text: set

text: available

text: to

text: date

text: for

text: assessment

text: of

text: Ashkenazi

text: Jewish

text: genetic

text: origins

text: found

text: no

text: evidence

text: of

text: Khazar

text: origin

text: among

text: Ashkenazi

text: Jews

text: Thus

text: analysis

text: of

text: Ashkenazi

text: Jews

text: together

text: with

text: a

text: large

text: sample

text: from

text: the

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: Khazar

text: Khaganate

text: corroborates

text: the

text: earlier

text: results

text: that

text: Ashkenazi

text: Jews

text: derive

text: their

text: ancestry

text: primarily

text: from

text: populations

text: of

text: the

text: Middle

text: East

text: and

text: Europe

text: that

text: they

text: possess

text: considerable

text: shared

text: ancestry

text: with

text: other

text: Jewish

text: populations

text: and

text: that

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: indication

text: of

text: a

text: significant

text: genetic

text: contribution

text: either

text: from

text: within

text: or

text: from

text: north

text: of

text: the

text: Caucasus

text: region

text: the

text: authors

text: concluded

question: How many geneticists carried out the 2013 trans-genome study?

answer: 30 geneticists

text: 30 geneticists

question: What did the 2013 trans-genome study find in regards to Ashkenazi Jews and Khazar origins?

answer: found no evidence of Khazar origin among Ashkenazi Jews

text: found no evidence of Khazar origin among Ashkenazi Jews

question: How many universities and academies participated in the 2013 trans-genome study?

answer: 13 universities and academies

text: 13 universities and academies


text: Stockton and Kearny went on to recover Los Angeles and force the capitulation of Alta California with the "Treaty of Cahuenga" on January 13, 1847. As a result of the Mexican–American War of 1846–48, the territory of Alta California, including San Diego, was ceded to the United States by Mexico, under the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848. The Mexican negotiators of that treaty tried to retain San Diego as part of Mexico, but the Americans insisted that San Diego was "for every commercial purpose of nearly equal importance to us with that of San Francisco," and the Mexican-American border was eventually established to be one league south of the southernmost point of San Diego Bay, so as to include the entire bay within the United States.

title: San_Diego

title: San_Diego

text: Stockton

text: and

text: Kearny

text: went

text: on

text: to

text: recover

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: and

text: force

text: the

text: capitulation

text: of

text: Alta

text: California

text: with

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Cahuenga

text: on

text: January

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: the

text: Mexican

text: American

text: War

text: of

text: the

text: territory

text: of

text: Alta

text: California

text: including

text: San

text: Diego

text: was

text: ceded

text: to

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: by

text: Mexico

text: under

text: the

text: terms

text: of

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Guadalupe

text: Hidalgo

text: in

text: The

text: Mexican

text: negotiators

text: of

text: that

text: treaty

text: tried

text: to

text: retain

text: San

text: Diego

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: Mexico

text: but

text: the

text: Americans

text: insisted

text: that

text: San

text: Diego

text: was

text: for

text: every

text: commercial

text: purpose

text: of

text: nearly

text: equal

text: importance

text: to

text: us

text: with

text: that

text: of

text: San

text: Francisco

text: and

text: the

text: Mexican

text: American

text: border

text: was

text: eventually

text: established

text: to

text: be

text: one

text: league

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: southernmost

text: point

text: of

text: San

text: Diego

text: Bay

text: so

text: as

text: to

text: include

text: the

text: entire

text: bay

text: within

text: the

text: United

text: States

question: What treaty was used by Stockton and Kearny on January 1, 1847?

answer: Treaty of Cahuenga

text: Treaty of Cahuenga

question: What was established after negotiations over San Diego between the Mexcians and Americans?

answer: Mexican-American border

text: Mexican-American border

question: Which war played a role in ceding San Diego to the United States?

answer: Mexican–American War of 1846–48

text: Mexican–American War of 1846–48

question: What was the name of the treaty developed between Mexico and the United States in 1848?

answer: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

text: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

question: Why was the border between Mexico and the United States established one league south of San Diego Bay's most southern tip?

answer: to include the entire bay within the United States

text: to include the entire bay within the United States


text: Many ancient civilizations alloyed metals for purely aesthetic purposes. In ancient Egypt and Mycenae, gold was often alloyed with copper to produce red-gold, or iron to produce a bright burgundy-gold. Gold was often found alloyed with silver or other metals to produce various types of colored gold. These metals were also used to strengthen each other, for more practical purposes. Copper was often added to silver to make sterling silver, increasing its strength for use in dishes, silverware, and other practical items. Quite often, precious metals were alloyed with less valuable substances as a means to deceive buyers. Around 250 BC, Archimedes was commissioned by the king to find a way to check the purity of the gold in a crown, leading to the famous bath-house shouting of "Eureka!" upon the discovery of Archimedes' principle.

title: Alloy

title: Alloy

text: Many

text: ancient

text: civilizations

text: alloyed

text: metals

text: for

text: purely

text: aesthetic

text: purposes

text: In

text: ancient

text: Egypt

text: and

text: Mycenae

text: gold

text: was

text: often

text: alloyed

text: with

text: copper

text: to

text: produce

text: red

text: gold

text: or

text: iron

text: to

text: produce

text: a

text: bright

text: burgundy

text: gold

text: Gold

text: was

text: often

text: found

text: alloyed

text: with

text: silver

text: or

text: other

text: metals

text: to

text: produce

text: various

text: types

text: of

text: colored

text: gold

text: These

text: metals

text: were

text: also

text: used

text: to

text: strengthen

text: each

text: other

text: for

text: more

text: practical

text: purposes

text: Copper

text: was

text: often

text: added

text: to

text: silver

text: to

text: make

text: sterling

text: silver

text: increasing

text: its

text: strength

text: for

text: use

text: in

text: dishes

text: silverware

text: and

text: other

text: practical

text: items

text: Quite

text: often

text: precious

text: metals

text: were

text: alloyed

text: with

text: less

text: valuable

text: substances

text: as

text: a

text: means

text: to

text: deceive

text: buyers

text: Around

text: BC

text: Archimedes

text: was

text: commissioned

text: by

text: the

text: king

text: to

text: find

text: a

text: way

text: to

text: check

text: the

text: purity

text: of

text: the

text: gold

text: in

text: a

text: crown

text: leading

text: to

text: the

text: famous

text: bath

text: house

text: shouting

text: of

text: Eureka

text: upon

text: the

text: discovery

text: of

text: Archimedes

text: principle

question: Ancient civilizations often alloyed metals for what reason?

answer: purely aesthetic purposes

text: purely aesthetic purposes

question: Red gold is made by combining gold with?

answer: copper

text: copper

question: Around what time was the Archimedes' principle discovered?

answer: 250 BC

text: 250 BC

question: Who shouted "Eureka!" while checking the purity of a crown?

answer: Archimedes

text: Archimedes

question: Buyers were often deceived when precious metals were mixed with?

answer: less valuable substances

text: less valuable substances


text: Arsenal's tally of 13 League Championships is the third highest in English football, after Manchester United (20) and Liverpool (18), and they were the first club to reach 8 League Championships. They hold the highest number of FA Cup trophies, 12. The club is one of only six clubs to have won the FA Cup twice in succession, in 2002 and 2003, and 2014 and 2015. Arsenal have achieved three League and FA Cup "Doubles" (in 1971, 1998 and 2002), a feat only previously achieved by Manchester United (in 1994, 1996 and 1999). They were the first side in English football to complete the FA Cup and League Cup double, in 1993. Arsenal were also the first London club to reach the final of the UEFA Champions League, in 2006, losing the final 2–1 to Barcelona.

title: Arsenal_F.C.

title: Arsenal_F.C.

text: Arsenal

text: 's

text: tally

text: of

text: League

text: Championships

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: highest

text: in

text: English

text: football

text: after

text: Manchester

text: United

text: and

text: Liverpool

text: and

text: they

text: were

text: the

text: first

text: club

text: to

text: reach

text: League

text: Championships

text: They

text: hold

text: the

text: highest

text: number

text: of

text: FA

text: Cup

text: trophies

text: The

text: club

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: only

text: six

text: clubs

text: to

text: have

text: won

text: the

text: FA

text: Cup

text: twice

text: in

text: succession

text: in

text: and

text: and

text: and

text: Arsenal

text: have

text: achieved

text: three

text: League

text: and

text: FA

text: Cup

text: Doubles

text: in

text: and

text: a

text: feat

text: only

text: previously

text: achieved

text: by

text: Manchester

text: United

text: in

text: and

text: They

text: were

text: the

text: first

text: side

text: in

text: English

text: football

text: to

text: complete

text: the

text: FA

text: Cup

text: and

text: League

text: Cup

text: double

text: in

text: Arsenal

text: were

text: also

text: the

text: first

text: London

text: club

text: to

text: reach

text: the

text: final

text: of

text: the

text: UEFA

text: Champions

text: League

text: in

text: losing

text: the

text: final

text: to

text: Barcelona

question: How many League Championships has Arsenal won?

answer: 13

question: Where does Arsenal's total League Championships place it as compared to other English teams?

answer: third highest

text: third highest

question: Of what type of trophies does Arsenal have the most?

answer: FA Cup trophies

text: FA Cup trophies

question: In what competition was Arsenal the first to enter the finals?

answer: UEFA Champions League

text: UEFA Champions League

question: What team beat Arsenal to win the 2006 UEFA Champions League?

answer: Barcelona

text: Barcelona


text: During the early 2000s, the USAF fumbled several high profile aircraft procurement projects, such as the missteps on the KC-X program. Winslow Wheeler has written that this pattern represents "failures of intellect and – much more importantly – ethics." As a result, the USAF fleet is setting new records for average aircraft age and needs to replace its fleets of fighters, bombers, airborne tankers, and airborne warning aircraft, in an age of restrictive defense budgets. Finally in the midst of scandal and failure in maintaining its nuclear arsenal, the civilian and military leaders of the air force were replaced in 2008.

title: United_States_Air_Force

title: United_States_Air_Force

text: During

text: the

text: early

text: the

text: USAF

text: fumbled

text: several

text: high

text: profile

text: aircraft

text: procurement

text: projects

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: missteps

text: on

text: the

text: KC

text: X

text: program

text: Winslow

text: Wheeler

text: has

text: written

text: that

text: this

text: pattern

text: represents

text: failures

text: of

text: intellect

text: and

text: much

text: more

text: importantly

text: ethics

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: the

text: USAF

text: fleet

text: is

text: setting

text: new

text: records

text: for

text: average

text: aircraft

text: age

text: and

text: needs

text: to

text: replace

text: its

text: fleets

text: of

text: fighters

text: bombers

text: airborne

text: tankers

text: and

text: airborne

text: warning

text: aircraft

text: in

text: an

text: age

text: of

text: restrictive

text: defense

text: budgets

text: Finally

text: in

text: the

text: midst

text: of

text: scandal

text: and

text: failure

text: in

text: maintaining

text: its

text: nuclear

text: arsenal

text: the

text: civilian

text: and

text: military

text: leaders

text: of

text: the

text: air

text: force

text: were

text: replaced

text: in

question: When did the USAF have several missteps of aircraft procurement projects?

answer: early 2000s

text: early 2000s

question: Who wrote that these aircraft procurement projects were a failure of intellect and ethics?

answer: Winslow Wheeler

text: Winslow Wheeler

question: When were the military leaders replaced after a scandal over failure to maintain its nuclear arsenal?

answer: 2008


text: In 2008, Houston received top ranking on Kiplinger's Personal Finance Best Cities of 2008 list, which ranks cities on their local economy, employment opportunities, reasonable living costs, and quality of life. The city ranked fourth for highest increase in the local technological innovation over the preceding 15 years, according to Forbes magazine. In the same year, the city ranked second on the annual Fortune 500 list of company headquarters, first for Forbes magazine's Best Cities for College Graduates, and first on their list of Best Cities to Buy a Home. In 2010, the city was rated the best city for shopping, according to Forbes.

title: Houston

title: Houston

text: In

text: Houston

text: received

text: top

text: ranking

text: on

text: Kiplinger

text: 's

text: Personal

text: Finance

text: Best

text: Cities

text: of

text: list

text: which

text: ranks

text: cities

text: on

text: their

text: local

text: economy

text: employment

text: opportunities

text: reasonable

text: living

text: costs

text: and

text: quality

text: of

text: life

text: The

text: city

text: ranked

text: fourth

text: for

text: highest

text: increase

text: in

text: the

text: local

text: technological

text: innovation

text: over

text: the

text: preceding

text: years

text: according

text: to

text: Forbes

text: magazine

text: In

text: the

text: same

text: year

text: the

text: city

text: ranked

text: second

text: on

text: the

text: annual

text: Fortune

text: list

text: of

text: company

text: headquarters

text: first

text: for

text: Forbes

text: magazine

text: 's

text: Best

text: Cities

text: for

text: College

text: Graduates

text: and

text: first

text: on

text: their

text: list

text: of

text: Best

text: Cities

text: to

text: Buy

text: a

text: Home

text: In

text: the

text: city

text: was

text: rated

text: the

text: best

text: city

text: for

text: shopping

text: according

text: to

text: Forbes

question: How did Kiplinger's Personal Finance Best Cities rate Houston?

answer: top ranking

text: top ranking

question: When did Houston receive a ranking in the top of Kiplinger's Best cities list?

answer: 2008

question: Where did Forbes magazine place Houston for technological innovation?

answer: fourth

text: fourth

question: Where did Houston place for Fortune 500 companies?

answer: second

text: second

question: When was Houston ranked the best city for shopping?

answer: 2010


text: From early 1944 until the days leading up to the invasion, Kuribayashi transformed the island into a massive network of bunkers, hidden guns, and 11 mi (18 km) of underground tunnels. The heavy American naval and air bombardment did little but drive the Japanese further underground, making their positions impervious to enemy fire. Their pillboxes and bunkers were all connected so that if one was knocked out, it could be reoccupied again. The network of bunkers and pillboxes greatly favored the defender.

title: Pacific_War

title: Pacific_War

text: From

text: early

text: until

text: the

text: days

text: leading

text: up

text: to

text: the

text: invasion

text: Kuribayashi

text: transformed

text: the

text: island

text: into

text: a

text: massive

text: network

text: of

text: bunkers

text: hidden

text: guns

text: and

text: mi

text: km

text: of

text: underground

text: tunnels

text: The

text: heavy

text: American

text: naval

text: and

text: air

text: bombardment

text: did

text: little

text: but

text: drive

text: the

text: Japanese

text: further

text: underground

text: making

text: their

text: positions

text: impervious

text: to

text: enemy

text: fire

text: Their

text: pillboxes

text: and

text: bunkers

text: were

text: all

text: connected

text: so

text: that

text: if

text: one

text: was

text: knocked

text: out

text: it

text: could

text: be

text: reoccupied

text: again

text: The

text: network

text: of

text: bunkers

text: and

text: pillboxes

text: greatly

text: favored

text: the

text: defender

question: How many miles of hidden tunnel were on the island?

answer: 11

question: What were the pillboxes and bunkers connected by?

answer: underground tunnels

text: underground tunnels

question: Who transformed the island into a fortress?

answer: Kuribayashi

text: Kuribayashi

question: Who did the network of fortifications on the island favor?

answer: the defender

text: the defender


text: Formal education occurs in a structured environment whose explicit purpose is teaching students. Usually, formal education takes place in a school environment with classrooms of multiple students learning together with a trained, certified teacher of the subject. Most school systems are designed around a set of values or ideals that govern all educational choices in that system. Such choices include curriculum, organizational models, design of the physical learning spaces (e.g. classrooms), student-teacher interactions, methods of assessment, class size, educational activities, and more.

title: Education

title: Education

text: Formal

text: education

text: occurs

text: in

text: a

text: structured

text: environment

text: whose

text: explicit

text: purpose

text: is

text: teaching

text: students

text: Usually

text: formal

text: education

text: takes

text: place

text: in

text: a

text: school

text: environment

text: with

text: classrooms

text: of

text: multiple

text: students

text: learning

text: together

text: with

text: a

text: trained

text: certified

text: teacher

text: of

text: the

text: subject

text: Most

text: school

text: systems

text: are

text: designed

text: around

text: a

text: set

text: of

text: values

text: or

text: ideals

text: that

text: govern

text: all

text: educational

text: choices

text: in

text: that

text: system

text: Such

text: choices

text: include

text: curriculum

text: organizational

text: models

text: design

text: of

text: the

text: physical

text: learning

text: spaces

text: e.g.

text: classrooms

text: student

text: teacher

text: interactions

text: methods

text: of

text: assessment

text: class

text: size

text: educational

text: activities

text: and

text: more

question: Where does formal education take place?

answer: school environment

text: school environment

question: What are some of the sets or ideals most school systems follow?

answer: student-teacher interactions, methods of assessment, class size,

text: student-teacher interactions, methods of assessment, class size,

question: Who guides the students in a formal environment?

answer: certified teacher

text: certified teacher


text: Anthrozoology (also known as "human–animal studies") is the study of interaction between living things. It is a burgeoning interdisciplinary field that overlaps with a number of other disciplines, including anthropology, ethology, medicine, psychology, veterinary medicine and zoology. A major focus of anthrozoologic research is the quantifying of the positive effects of human-animal relationships on either party and the study of their interactions. It includes scholars from a diverse range of fields, including anthropology, sociology, biology, and philosophy.[n 7]

title: Anthropology

title: Anthropology

text: Anthrozoology

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: human

text: animal

text: studies

text: is

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: interaction

text: between

text: living

text: things

text: It

text: is

text: a

text: burgeoning

text: interdisciplinary

text: field

text: that

text: overlaps

text: with

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: other

text: disciplines

text: including

text: anthropology

text: ethology

text: medicine

text: psychology

text: veterinary

text: medicine

text: and

text: zoology

text: A

text: major

text: focus

text: of

text: anthrozoologic

text: research

text: is

text: the

text: quantifying

text: of

text: the

text: positive

text: effects

text: of

text: human

text: animal

text: relationships

text: on

text: either

text: party

text: and

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: their

text: interactions

text: It

text: includes

text: scholars

text: from

text: a

text: diverse

text: range

text: of

text: fields

text: including

text: anthropology

text: sociology

text: biology

text: and

text: philosophy.[n

question: What is Anthrozoology also known as?

answer: human–animal studies

text: human–animal studies

question: What is the study of interaction between living things?

answer: Anthrozoology

text: Anthrozoology

question: What does the field of anthrozoology overlap with?

answer: number of other disciplines

text: number of other disciplines

question: What type of effects are a major focus of the anthrozoologic research?

answer: positive

text: positive

question: What are some of the diverse range of fields scholars come to Anthrozoology from?

answer: anthropology, sociology, biology, and philosophy

text: anthropology, sociology, biology, and philosophy


text: Modern electrification systems take AC energy from a power grid which is delivered to a locomotive and converted to a DC voltage to be used by traction motors. These motors may either be DC motors which directly use the DC or they may be 3-phase AC motors which require further conversion of the DC to 3-phase AC (using power electronics). Thus both systems are faced with the same task: converting and transporting high-voltage AC from the power grid to low-voltage DC in the locomotive. Where should this conversion take place and at what voltage and current (AC or DC) should the power flow to the locomotive? And how does all this relate to energy-efficiency? Both the transmission and conversion of electric energy involve losses: ohmic losses in wires and power electronics, magnetic field losses in transformers and smoothing reactors (inductors). Power conversion for a DC system takes place mainly in a railway substation where large, heavy, and more efficient hardware can be used as compared to an AC system where conversion takes place aboard the locomotive where space is limited and losses are significantly higher. Also, the energy used to blow air to cool transformers, power electronics (including rectifiers), and other conversion hardware must be accounted for.

title: Railway_electrification_system

title: Railway_electrification_system

text: Modern

text: electrification

text: systems

text: take

text: AC

text: energy

text: from

text: a

text: power

text: grid

text: which

text: is

text: delivered

text: to

text: a

text: locomotive

text: and

text: converted

text: to

text: a

text: DC

text: voltage

text: to

text: be

text: used

text: by

text: traction

text: motors

text: These

text: motors

text: may

text: either

text: be

text: DC

text: motors

text: which

text: directly

text: use

text: the

text: DC

text: or

text: they

text: may

text: be

text: AC

text: motors

text: which

text: require

text: further

text: conversion

text: of

text: the

text: DC

text: to

text: AC

text: using

text: power

text: electronics

text: Thus

text: both

text: systems

text: are

text: faced

text: with

text: the

text: same

text: task

text: converting

text: and

text: transporting

text: high

text: voltage

text: AC

text: from

text: the

text: power

text: grid

text: to

text: low

text: voltage

text: DC

text: in

text: the

text: locomotive

text: Where

text: should

text: this

text: conversion

text: take

text: place

text: and

text: at

text: what

text: voltage

text: and

text: current

text: AC

text: or

text: DC

text: should

text: the

text: power

text: flow

text: to

text: the

text: locomotive

text: And

text: how

text: does

text: all

text: this

text: relate

text: to

text: energy

text: efficiency

text: Both

text: the

text: transmission

text: and

text: conversion

text: of

text: electric

text: energy

text: involve

text: losses

text: ohmic

text: losses

text: in

text: wires

text: and

text: power

text: electronics

text: magnetic

text: field

text: losses

text: in

text: transformers

text: and

text: smoothing

text: reactors

text: inductors

text: Power

text: conversion

text: for

text: a

text: DC

text: system

text: takes

text: place

text: mainly

text: in

text: a

text: railway

text: substation

text: where

text: large

text: heavy

text: and

text: more

text: efficient

text: hardware

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: as

text: compared

text: to

text: an

text: AC

text: system

text: where

text: conversion

text: takes

text: place

text: aboard

text: the

text: locomotive

text: where

text: space

text: is

text: limited

text: and

text: losses

text: are

text: significantly

text: higher

text: Also

text: the

text: energy

text: used

text: to

text: blow

text: air

text: to

text: cool

text: transformers

text: power

text: electronics

text: including

text: rectifiers

text: and

text: other

text: conversion

text: hardware

text: must

text: be

text: accounted

text: for

question: What nowdays electrification systems can use?

answer: DC motors which directly use the DC or they may be 3-phase AC motors

text: DC motors which directly use the DC or they may be 3-phase AC motors

question: What is the main action AC and DC systems have to deal with?

answer: converting and transporting

text: converting and transporting

question: What type of losses happen during conversion and transmission in wires and electronics?

answer: ohmic losses

text: ohmic losses

question: What kind of losses take place in transformers and inductors during conversion/transmission process?

answer: magnetic field losses

text: magnetic field losses


text: The Candidate Conservation Agreement is closely related to the "Safe Harbor" agreement, the main difference is that the Candidate Conservation Agreements With Assurances(CCA) are meant to protect unlisted species by providing incentives to private landowners and land managing agencies to restore, enhance or maintain habitat of unlisted species which are declining and have the potential to become threatened or endangered if critical habitat is not protected. The FWS will then assure that if, in the future the unlisted species becomes listed, the landowner will not be required to do more than already agreed upon in the CCA.

title: Endangered_Species_Act

title: Endangered_Species_Act

text: The

text: Candidate

text: Conservation

text: Agreement

text: is

text: closely

text: related

text: to

text: the

text: Safe

text: Harbor

text: agreement

text: the

text: main

text: difference

text: is

text: that

text: the

text: Candidate

text: Conservation

text: Agreements

text: With

text: Assurances(CCA

text: are

text: meant

text: to

text: protect

text: unlisted

text: species

text: by

text: providing

text: incentives

text: to

text: private

text: landowners

text: and

text: land

text: managing

text: agencies

text: to

text: restore

text: enhance

text: or

text: maintain

text: habitat

text: of

text: unlisted

text: species

text: which

text: are

text: declining

text: and

text: have

text: the

text: potential

text: to

text: become

text: threatened

text: or

text: endangered

text: if

text: critical

text: habitat

text: is

text: not

text: protected

text: The

text: FWS

text: will

text: then

text: assure

text: that

text: if

text: in

text: the

text: future

text: the

text: unlisted

text: species

text: becomes

text: listed

text: the

text: landowner

text: will

text: not

text: be

text: required

text: to

text: do

text: more

text: than

text: already

text: agreed

text: upon

text: in

text: the

text: CCA

question: How do Candidate Conservation Agreements differ from Safe Harbor agreements?

answer: Candidate Conservation Agreements With Assurances(CCA) are meant to protect unlisted species

text: Candidate Conservation Agreements With Assurances(CCA) are meant to protect unlisted species

question: How does a CCA help protect a private landowner?

answer: if, in the future the unlisted species becomes listed, the landowner will not be required to do more than already agreed upon in the CCA.

text: if, in the future the unlisted species becomes listed, the landowner will not be required to do more than already agreed upon in the CCA.

question: How does a CCA impact unlisted species?

answer: enhance or maintain habitat of unlisted species which are declining and have the potential to become threatened or endangered

text: enhance or maintain habitat of unlisted species which are declining and have the potential to become threatened or endangered


text: The change in political structure led to the inevitable development of the peasant class or smerdy. The smerdy were free un-landed people that found work by labouring for wages on the manors which began to develop around 1031 as the verv' began to dominate socio-political structure. The smerdy were initially given equality in the Kievian law code, they were theoretically equal to the prince, so they enjoyed as much freedom as can be expected of manual labourers. However, in the 13th century they began to slowly lose their rights and became less equal in the eyes of the law.

title: Kievan_Rus%27

title: Kievan_Rus%27

text: The

text: change

text: in

text: political

text: structure

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: inevitable

text: development

text: of

text: the

text: peasant

text: class

text: or

text: smerdy

text: The

text: smerdy

text: were

text: free

text: un

text: landed

text: people

text: that

text: found

text: work

text: by

text: labouring

text: for

text: wages

text: on

text: the

text: manors

text: which

text: began

text: to

text: develop

text: around

text: as

text: the

text: verv

text: began

text: to

text: dominate

text: socio

text: political

text: structure

text: The

text: smerdy

text: were

text: initially

text: given

text: equality

text: in

text: the

text: Kievian

text: law

text: code

text: they

text: were

text: theoretically

text: equal

text: to

text: the

text: prince

text: so

text: they

text: enjoyed

text: as

text: much

text: freedom

text: as

text: can

text: be

text: expected

text: of

text: manual

text: labourers

text: However

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: they

text: began

text: to

text: slowly

text: lose

text: their

text: rights

text: and

text: became

text: less

text: equal

text: in

text: the

text: eyes

text: of

text: the

text: law

question: What eventually led to the creation of the peasant/smerdy class?

answer: change in political structure

text: change in political structure

question: When did wages on the manors develop?

answer: 1031

question: What were the smerdy initially given in the Kievian law code?

answer: given equality

text: given equality


text: The central part of the Sahara is hyperarid, with little to no vegetation. The northern and southern reaches of the desert, along with the highlands, have areas of sparse grassland and desert shrub, with trees and taller shrubs in wadis where moisture collects. In the central, hyperarid part, there are many subdivisions of the great desert such as the Tanezrouft, the Ténéré, the Libyan Desert, the Eastern Desert, the Nubian Desert and others. These absolute desert regions are characterized by their extreme aridity, and some years can pass without any rainfall.

title: Sahara

title: Sahara

text: The

text: central

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Sahara

text: is

text: hyperarid

text: with

text: little

text: to

text: no

text: vegetation

text: The

text: northern

text: and

text: southern

text: reaches

text: of

text: the

text: desert

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: highlands

text: have

text: areas

text: of

text: sparse

text: grassland

text: and

text: desert

text: shrub

text: with

text: trees

text: and

text: taller

text: shrubs

text: in

text: wadis

text: where

text: moisture

text: collects

text: In

text: the

text: central

text: hyperarid

text: part

text: there

text: are

text: many

text: subdivisions

text: of

text: the

text: great

text: desert

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Tanezrouft

text: the

text: Ténéré

text: the

text: Libyan

text: Desert

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Desert

text: the

text: Nubian

text: Desert

text: and

text: others

text: These

text: absolute

text: desert

text: regions

text: are

text: characterized

text: by

text: their

text: extreme

text: aridity

text: and

text: some

text: years

text: can

text: pass

text: without

text: any

text: rainfall

question: What is the central part of the Sahara Desert?

answer: hyperarid

text: hyperarid

question: What does the Sahara have little to none of?

answer: The northern and southern reaches of the desert

text: The northern and southern reaches of the desert

question: The northern and southern reaches of the desert are spare of what items?

answer: grassland and desert shrub

text: grassland and desert shrub

question: What does the Sahara have little of?

answer: The northern and southern reaches of the desert

text: The northern and southern reaches of the desert

question: How often does the Sahara go without rainfall?

answer: years

text: years


text: According to mtDNA studies by Holden (2005) and Richards et al. (2006), a significant proportion of the maternal lineages of Somalis consists of the M1 haplogroup. This mitochondrial clade is common among Ethiopians and North Africans, particularly Egyptians and Algerians. M1 is believed to have originated in Asia, where its parent M clade represents the majority of mtDNA lineages. This haplogroup is also thought to possibly correlate with the Afro-Asiatic language family:

title: Somalis

title: Somalis

text: According

text: to

text: mtDNA

text: studies

text: by

text: Holden

text: and

text: Richards

text: et

text: al

text: a

text: significant

text: proportion

text: of

text: the

text: maternal

text: lineages

text: of

text: Somalis

text: consists

text: of

text: the

text: haplogroup

text: This

text: mitochondrial

text: clade

text: is

text: common

text: among

text: Ethiopians

text: and

text: North

text: Africans

text: particularly

text: Egyptians

text: and

text: Algerians

text: is

text: believed

text: to

text: have

text: originated

text: in

text: Asia

text: where

text: its

text: parent

text: M

text: clade

text: represents

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: mtDNA

text: lineages

text: This

text: haplogroup

text: is

text: also

text: thought

text: to

text: possibly

text: correlate

text: with

text: the

text: Afro

text: Asiatic

text: language

text: family

question: When did Richards publish his mtDNA research?

answer: 2006

question: Along with Egyptians, Algerians and Somalis, what people commonly possess the M1 haplogroup?

answer: Ethiopians

text: Ethiopians

question: On what continent is the M1 haplogroup believed to have originated?

answer: Asia

text: Asia

question: Who authored an mtDNA study in 2005?

answer: Holden

text: Holden

question: What family of languages is the M1 haplogroup associated with?

answer: Afro-Asiatic

text: Afro-Asiatic


text: John was born to Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine on 24 December 1166. Henry had inherited significant territories along the Atlantic seaboard—Anjou, Normandy and England—and expanded his empire by conquering Brittany. Henry married the powerful Eleanor of Aquitaine, who reigned over the Duchy of Aquitaine and had a tenuous claim to Toulouse and Auvergne in southern France, in addition to being the former wife of Louis VII of France. The result was the Angevin Empire, named after Henry's paternal title as Count of Anjou and, more specifically, its seat in Angers.[nb 2] The Empire, however, was inherently fragile: although all the lands owed allegiance to Henry, the disparate parts each had their own histories, traditions and governance structures. As one moved south through Anjou and Aquitaine, the extent of Henry's power in the provinces diminished considerably, scarcely resembling the modern concept of an empire at all. Some of the traditional ties between parts of the empire such as Normandy and England were slowly dissolving over time. It was unclear what would happen to the empire on Henry's death. Although the custom of primogeniture, under which an eldest son would inherit all his father's lands, was slowly becoming more widespread across Europe, it was less popular amongst the Norman kings of England. Most believed that Henry would divide the empire, giving each son a substantial portion, and hoping that his children would continue to work together as allies after his death. To complicate matters, much of the Angevin empire was held by Henry only as a vassal of the King of France of the rival line of the House of Capet. Henry had often allied himself with the Holy Roman Emperor against France, making the feudal relationship even more challenging.

title: John,_King_of_England

title: John,_King_of_England

text: John

text: was

text: born

text: to

text: Henry

text: II

text: of

text: England

text: and

text: Eleanor

text: of

text: Aquitaine

text: on

text: December

text: Henry

text: had

text: inherited

text: significant

text: territories

text: along

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: seaboard

text: Anjou

text: Normandy

text: and

text: England

text: and

text: expanded

text: his

text: empire

text: by

text: conquering

text: Brittany

text: Henry

text: married

text: the

text: powerful

text: Eleanor

text: of

text: Aquitaine

text: who

text: reigned

text: over

text: the

text: Duchy

text: of

text: Aquitaine

text: and

text: had

text: a

text: tenuous

text: claim

text: to

text: Toulouse

text: and

text: Auvergne

text: in

text: southern

text: France

text: in

text: addition

text: to

text: being

text: the

text: former

text: wife

text: of

text: Louis

text: VII

text: of

text: France

text: The

text: result

text: was

text: the

text: Angevin

text: Empire

text: named

text: after

text: Henry

text: 's

text: paternal

text: title

text: as

text: Count

text: of

text: Anjou

text: and

text: more

text: specifically

text: its

text: seat

text: in

text: Angers.[nb

text: The

text: Empire

text: however

text: was

text: inherently

text: fragile

text: although

text: all

text: the

text: lands

text: owed

text: allegiance

text: to

text: Henry

text: the

text: disparate

text: parts

text: each

text: had

text: their

text: own

text: histories

text: traditions

text: and

text: governance

text: structures

text: As

text: one

text: moved

text: south

text: through

text: Anjou

text: and

text: Aquitaine

text: the

text: extent

text: of

text: Henry

text: 's

text: power

text: in

text: the

text: provinces

text: diminished

text: considerably

text: scarcely

text: resembling

text: the

text: modern

text: concept

text: of

text: an

text: empire

text: at

text: all

text: Some

text: of

text: the

text: traditional

text: ties

text: between

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: empire

text: such

text: as

text: Normandy

text: and

text: England

text: were

text: slowly

text: dissolving

text: over

text: time

text: It

text: was

text: unclear

text: what

text: would

text: happen

text: to

text: the

text: empire

text: on

text: Henry

text: 's

text: death

text: Although

text: the

text: custom

text: of

text: primogeniture

text: under

text: which

text: an

text: eldest

text: son

text: would

text: inherit

text: all

text: his

text: father

text: 's

text: lands

text: was

text: slowly

text: becoming

text: more

text: widespread

text: across

text: Europe

text: it

text: was

text: less

text: popular

text: amongst

text: the

text: Norman

text: kings

text: of

text: England

text: Most

text: believed

text: that

text: Henry

text: would

text: divide

text: the

text: empire

text: giving

text: each

text: son

text: a

text: substantial

text: portion

text: and

text: hoping

text: that

text: his

text: children

text: would

text: continue

text: to

text: work

text: together

text: as

text: allies

text: after

text: his

text: death

text: To

text: complicate

text: matters

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: Angevin

text: empire

text: was

text: held

text: by

text: Henry

text: only

text: as

text: a

text: vassal

text: of

text: the

text: King

text: of

text: France

text: of

text: the

text: rival

text: line

text: of

text: the

text: House

text: of

text: Capet

text: Henry

text: had

text: often

text: allied

text: himself

text: with

text: the

text: Holy

text: Roman

text: Emperor

text: against

text: France

text: making

text: the

text: feudal

text: relationship

text: even

text: more

text: challenging

question: When was John born?

answer: 24 December 1166

text: 24 December 1166

question: Who did Henry marry?

answer: Eleanor of Aquitaine

text: Eleanor of Aquitaine

question: Who was Henry's ally?

answer: Holy Roman Emperor

text: Holy Roman Emperor


text: Renaissance humanism was an intellectual movement in Europe of the later Middle Ages and the Early Modern period. The 19th-century German historian Georg Voigt (1827–91) identified Petrarch as the first Renaissance humanist. Paul Johnson agrees that Petrarch was "the first to put into words the notion that the centuries between the fall of Rome and the present had been the age of Darkness". According to Petrarch, what was needed to remedy this situation was the careful study and imitation of the great classical authors. For Petrarch and Boccaccio, the greatest master was Cicero, whose prose became the model for both learned (Latin) and vernacular (Italian) prose.

title: Humanism

title: Humanism

text: Renaissance

text: humanism

text: was

text: an

text: intellectual

text: movement

text: in

text: Europe

text: of

text: the

text: later

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: and

text: the

text: Early

text: Modern

text: period

text: The

text: century

text: German

text: historian

text: Georg

text: Voigt

text: identified

text: Petrarch

text: as

text: the

text: first

text: Renaissance

text: humanist

text: Paul

text: Johnson

text: agrees

text: that

text: Petrarch

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: to

text: put

text: into

text: words

text: the

text: notion

text: that

text: the

text: centuries

text: between

text: the

text: fall

text: of

text: Rome

text: and

text: the

text: present

text: had

text: been

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: Darkness

text: According

text: to

text: Petrarch

text: what

text: was

text: needed

text: to

text: remedy

text: this

text: situation

text: was

text: the

text: careful

text: study

text: and

text: imitation

text: of

text: the

text: great

text: classical

text: authors

text: For

text: Petrarch

text: and

text: Boccaccio

text: the

text: greatest

text: master

text: was

text: Cicero

text: whose

text: prose

text: became

text: the

text: model

text: for

text: both

text: learned

text: Latin

text: and

text: vernacular

text: Italian

text: prose

question: When did the first wave of Humanism reach Europe?

answer: Middle Ages and the Early Modern period

text: Middle Ages and the Early Modern period

question: Who was thought to be the original believer of humanism in of the Renaissance period?

answer: Petrarch

text: Petrarch

question: The study and following of classical writers was said to be a solution to what issue?

answer: Cicero

text: Cicero

question: The study and following of classical writers was said to be a solution to what issue?

answer: age of Darkness

text: age of Darkness


text: Geneva and the nearby French department of Ain co-host the world's largest laboratory, CERN, dedicated to particle physics research. Another important research center is the Paul Scherrer Institute. Notable inventions include lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), the scanning tunneling microscope (Nobel prize) and Velcro. Some technologies enabled the exploration of new worlds such as the pressurized balloon of Auguste Piccard and the Bathyscaphe which permitted Jacques Piccard to reach the deepest point of the world's oceans.

title: Switzerland

title: Switzerland

text: Geneva

text: and

text: the

text: nearby

text: French

text: department

text: of

text: Ain

text: co

text: host

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: laboratory

text: CERN

text: dedicated

text: to

text: particle

text: physics

text: research

text: Another

text: important

text: research

text: center

text: is

text: the

text: Paul

text: Scherrer

text: Institute

text: Notable

text: inventions

text: include

text: lysergic

text: acid

text: diethylamide

text: LSD

text: the

text: scanning

text: tunneling

text: microscope

text: Nobel

text: prize

text: and

text: Velcro

text: Some

text: technologies

text: enabled

text: the

text: exploration

text: of

text: new

text: worlds

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: pressurized

text: balloon

text: of

text: Auguste

text: Piccard

text: and

text: the

text: Bathyscaphe

text: which

text: permitted

text: Jacques

text: Piccard

text: to

text: reach

text: the

text: deepest

text: point

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: oceans

question: What is the world's largest laboratory?

answer: CERN

text: CERN

question: Who co-hosts CERN along with the French department of Ain?

answer: Geneva

text: Geneva

question: What research is CERN dedicated to?

answer: particle physics

text: particle physics

question: What notable Swiss invention won the nobel prize?

answer: scanning tunneling microscope

text: scanning tunneling microscope

question: Who invented the pressurized balloon?

answer: Auguste Piccard

text: Auguste Piccard


text: Federal law and treaties, so long as they are in accordance with the Constitution, preempt conflicting state and territorial laws in the 50 U.S. states and in the territories. However, the scope of federal preemption is limited because the scope of federal power is not universal. In the dual-sovereign system of American federalism (actually tripartite because of the presence of Indian reservations), states are the plenary sovereigns, each with their own constitution, while the federal sovereign possesses only the limited supreme authority enumerated in the Constitution. Indeed, states may grant their citizens broader rights than the federal Constitution as long as they do not infringe on any federal constitutional rights. Thus, most U.S. law (especially the actual "living law" of contract, tort, property, criminal, and family law experienced by the majority of citizens on a day-to-day basis) consists primarily of state law, which can and does vary greatly from one state to the next.

title: Law_of_the_United_States

title: Law_of_the_United_States

text: Federal

text: law

text: and

text: treaties

text: so

text: long

text: as

text: they

text: are

text: in

text: accordance

text: with

text: the

text: Constitution

text: preempt

text: conflicting

text: state

text: and

text: territorial

text: laws

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: states

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: territories

text: However

text: the

text: scope

text: of

text: federal

text: preemption

text: is

text: limited

text: because

text: the

text: scope

text: of

text: federal

text: power

text: is

text: not

text: universal

text: In

text: the

text: dual

text: sovereign

text: system

text: of

text: American

text: federalism

text: actually

text: tripartite

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: presence

text: of

text: Indian

text: reservations

text: states

text: are

text: the

text: plenary

text: sovereigns

text: each

text: with

text: their

text: own

text: constitution

text: while

text: the

text: federal

text: sovereign

text: possesses

text: only

text: the

text: limited

text: supreme

text: authority

text: enumerated

text: in

text: the

text: Constitution

text: Indeed

text: states

text: may

text: grant

text: their

text: citizens

text: broader

text: rights

text: than

text: the

text: federal

text: Constitution

text: as

text: long

text: as

text: they

text: do

text: not

text: infringe

text: on

text: any

text: federal

text: constitutional

text: rights

text: Thus

text: most

text: U.S.

text: law

text: especially

text: the

text: actual

text: living

text: law

text: of

text: contract

text: tort

text: property

text: criminal

text: and

text: family

text: law

text: experienced

text: by

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: citizens

text: on

text: a

text: day

text: to

text: day

text: basis

text: consists

text: primarily

text: of

text: state

text: law

text: which

text: can

text: and

text: does

text: vary

text: greatly

text: from

text: one

text: state

text: to

text: the

text: next

question: What comes before state and territorial laws in the 50 U.S states?

answer: Federal law and treaties

text: Federal law and treaties

question: Federal sovereign only possess authority if it is stated in what?

answer: the Constitution

text: the Constitution

question: States may grant their citizens border rights as long as they do not infringe on what?

answer: federal constitutional rights

text: federal constitutional rights

question: Most U.S law, the kind of law we live everyday, consists of what kind of law?

answer: state law

text: state law

question: Does every state have the same laws?

answer: vary greatly from one state to the next.

text: vary greatly from one state to the next.

question: Federal law overrides what laws?

answer: conflicting state and territorial laws

text: conflicting state and territorial laws

question: The scope of federal power is not what?

answer: universal

text: universal

question: What type of system is American Federalism?

answer: dual-sovereign system

text: dual-sovereign system

question: American Federalism can also be considered tripartite because of the presence of what?

answer: Indian reservations

text: Indian reservations

question: States can grant their people broader rights than those granted in what document?

answer: the federal Constitution

text: the federal Constitution

question: Is there anything that trumps state law?

answer: Federal law and treaties

text: Federal law and treaties

question: How many state make up the United States?

answer: 50

question: Can states grant rights to citizens that are not defined by the constitution?

answer: as long as they do not infringe on any federal constitutional rights

text: as long as they do not infringe on any federal constitutional rights

question: What is day-to-day, operational law considered?

answer: "living law"

text: "living law"

question: What is living law mostly made up of?

answer: state law

text: state law


text: In 530 BC Cyrus the Great, King of the Persian Achaemenid Empire crossed the Hindu-Kush mountains to seek tribute from the tribes of Kamboja, Gandhara and the trans-India region (modern Afghanistan and Pakistan). By 520 BC, during the reign of Darius I of Persia, much of the northwestern subcontinent (present-day eastern Afghanistan and Pakistan) came under the rule of the Persian Achaemenid Empire, as part of the far easternmost territories. The area remained under Persian control for two centuries. During this time India supplied mercenaries to the Persian army then fighting in Greece.

title: History_of_India

title: History_of_India

text: In

text: BC

text: Cyrus

text: the

text: Great

text: King

text: of

text: the

text: Persian

text: Achaemenid

text: Empire

text: crossed

text: the

text: Hindu

text: Kush

text: mountains

text: to

text: seek

text: tribute

text: from

text: the

text: tribes

text: of

text: Kamboja

text: Gandhara

text: and

text: the

text: trans

text: India

text: region

text: modern

text: Afghanistan

text: and

text: Pakistan

text: By

text: BC

text: during

text: the

text: reign

text: of

text: Darius

text: I

text: of

text: Persia

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: northwestern

text: subcontinent

text: present

text: day

text: eastern

text: Afghanistan

text: and

text: Pakistan

text: came

text: under

text: the

text: rule

text: of

text: the

text: Persian

text: Achaemenid

text: Empire

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: far

text: easternmost

text: territories

text: The

text: area

text: remained

text: under

text: Persian

text: control

text: for

text: two

text: centuries

text: During

text: this

text: time

text: India

text: supplied

text: mercenaries

text: to

text: the

text: Persian

text: army

text: then

text: fighting

text: in

text: Greece

question: What Persian king wanted tribute from the tribes of northern India?

answer: Cyrus the Great

text: Cyrus the Great

question: By 520 BC what empire ruled the northwestern Indian subcontinent?

answer: Persian Achaemenid Empire

text: Persian Achaemenid Empire

question: What king ruled Persia in 520 BC?

answer: Darius I of Persia

text: Darius I of Persia

question: How long did the Persian empire control the northern India subcontinent?

answer: two centuries

text: two centuries

question: What did India supply to the Persian war efforts against Greece?

answer: mercenaries

text: mercenaries


text: Armies typically have air defence in depth, from integral MANPADS such as the RBS 70, Stinger and Igla at smaller force levels up to army-level missile defence systems such as Angara and Patriot. Often, the high-altitude long-range missile systems force aircraft to fly at low level, where anti-aircraft guns can bring them down. As well as the small and large systems, for effective air defence there must be intermediate systems. These may be deployed at regiment-level and consist of platoons of self-propelled anti-aircraft platforms, whether they are self-propelled anti-aircraft guns (SPAAGs), integrated air-defence systems like Tunguska or all-in-one surface-to-air missile platforms like Roland or SA-8 Gecko.

title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

title: Anti

title: aircraft_warfare

text: Armies

text: typically

text: have

text: air

text: defence

text: in

text: depth

text: from

text: integral

text: MANPADS

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: RBS

text: Stinger

text: and

text: Igla

text: at

text: smaller

text: force

text: levels

text: up

text: to

text: army

text: level

text: missile

text: defence

text: systems

text: such

text: as

text: Angara

text: and

text: Patriot

text: Often

text: the

text: high

text: altitude

text: long

text: range

text: missile

text: systems

text: force

text: aircraft

text: to

text: fly

text: at

text: low

text: level

text: where

text: anti

text: aircraft

text: guns

text: can

text: bring

text: them

text: down

text: As

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: small

text: and

text: large

text: systems

text: for

text: effective

text: air

text: defence

text: there

text: must

text: be

text: intermediate

text: systems

text: These

text: may

text: be

text: deployed

text: at

text: regiment

text: level

text: and

text: consist

text: of

text: platoons

text: of

text: self

text: propelled

text: anti

text: aircraft

text: platforms

text: whether

text: they

text: are

text: self

text: propelled

text: anti

text: aircraft

text: guns

text: SPAAGs

text: integrated

text: air

text: defence

text: systems

text: like

text: Tunguska

text: or

text: all

text: in

text: one

text: surface

text: to

text: air

text: missile

text: platforms

text: like

text: Roland

text: or

text: Gecko

question: What do armies tend to have in depth?

answer: air defence

text: air defence

question: Angara and Patriot are two examples of what type of system?

answer: army-level missile defence systems

text: army-level missile defence systems

question: Stinger and Igla are two examples of what type of system?

answer: smaller force levels

text: smaller force levels

question: What does SPAAG stand for?

answer: self-propelled anti-aircraft guns

text: self-propelled anti-aircraft guns

question: What kind of platform are Roland and SA-8 Gecko?

answer: all-in-one surface-to-air missile platforms

text: all-in-one surface-to-air missile platforms


text: IndyMac often made loans without verification of the borrower’s income or assets, and to borrowers with poor credit histories. Appraisals obtained by IndyMac on underlying collateral were often questionable as well. As an Alt-A lender, IndyMac’s business model was to offer loan products to fit the borrower’s needs, using an extensive array of risky option-adjustable-rate-mortgages (option ARMs), subprime loans, 80/20 loans, and other nontraditional products. Ultimately, loans were made to many borrowers who simply could not afford to make their payments. The thrift remained profitable only as long as it was able to sell those loans in the secondary mortgage market. IndyMac resisted efforts to regulate its involvement in those loans or tighten their issuing criteria: see the comment by Ruthann Melbourne, Chief Risk Officer, to the regulating agencies.

title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

text: IndyMac

text: often

text: made

text: loans

text: without

text: verification

text: of

text: the

text: borrower

text: ’s

text: income

text: or

text: assets

text: and

text: to

text: borrowers

text: with

text: poor

text: credit

text: histories

text: Appraisals

text: obtained

text: by

text: IndyMac

text: on

text: underlying

text: collateral

text: were

text: often

text: questionable

text: as

text: well

text: As

text: an

text: Alt

text: A

text: lender

text: IndyMac

text: ’s

text: business

text: model

text: was

text: to

text: offer

text: loan

text: products

text: to

text: fit

text: the

text: borrower

text: ’s

text: needs

text: using

text: an

text: extensive

text: array

text: of

text: risky

text: option

text: adjustable

text: rate

text: mortgages

text: option

text: ARMs

text: subprime

text: loans

text: loans

text: and

text: other

text: nontraditional

text: products

text: Ultimately

text: loans

text: were

text: made

text: to

text: many

text: borrowers

text: who

text: simply

text: could

text: not

text: afford

text: to

text: make

text: their

text: payments

text: The

text: thrift

text: remained

text: profitable

text: only

text: as

text: long

text: as

text: it

text: was

text: able

text: to

text: sell

text: those

text: loans

text: in

text: the

text: secondary

text: mortgage

text: market

text: IndyMac

text: resisted

text: efforts

text: to

text: regulate

text: its

text: involvement

text: in

text: those

text: loans

text: or

text: tighten

text: their

text: issuing

text: criteria

text: see

text: the

text: comment

text: by

text: Ruthann

text: Melbourne

text: Chief

text: Risk

text: Officer

text: to

text: the

text: regulating

text: agencies

question: IndyMac often made loans without verifying what?

answer: the borrower’s income

text: the borrower’s income

question: What was questionable on IndyMac's underlying collateral?

answer: Appraisals

text: Appraisals

question: IndyMac gave loans to borrower's with what type credit histories?

answer: poor

text: poor

question: IndyMac offered this type of questionable loans to borrowers?

answer: risky

text: risky

question: IndyMac resisted efforts by regulators to tighten this criteria of their loans?

answer: issuing criteria

text: issuing criteria


text: Tajikistan (i/tɑːˈdʒiːkᵻstɑːn/, /təˈdʒiːkᵻstæn/, or /tæˈdʒiːkiːstæn/; Persian: تاجيكستان Тоҷикистон [tɔd͡ʒikɪsˈtɔn]), officially the Republic of Tajikistan (Persian: جمهورى تاجيكستان Tajik: Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон, Çumhuriji Toçikiston/Jumhuriyi Tojikiston; Russian: Респу́блика Таджикистан, Respublika Tadzhikistan), is a mountainous, landlocked country in Central Asia with an estimated 8 million people in 2013, and an area of 143,100 km2 (55,300 sq mi). It is bordered by Afghanistan to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and China to the east. Pakistan lies to the south, separated by the narrow Wakhan Corridor. Traditional homelands of Tajik people included present-day Tajikistan, Afghanistan and Uzbekistan.

title: Tajikistan

title: Tajikistan

text: Tajikistan

text: i

text: tɑːˈdʒiːkᵻstɑːn/

text: /təˈdʒiːkᵻstæn/

text: or

text: /tæˈdʒiːkiːstæn/

text: Persian

text: تاجيكستان

text: Тоҷикистон

text: tɔd͡ʒikɪsˈtɔn

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Tajikistan

text: Persian

text: جمهورى

text: تاجيكستان

text: Tajik

text: Ҷумҳурии

text: Тоҷикистон

text: Çumhuriji

text: Toçikiston

text: Jumhuriyi

text: Tojikiston

text: Russian

text: Респу́блика

text: Таджикистан

text: Respublika

text: Tadzhikistan

text: is

text: a

text: mountainous

text: landlocked

text: country

text: in

text: Central

text: Asia

text: with

text: an

text: estimated

text: million

text: people

text: in

text: and

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: sq

text: mi

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Afghanistan

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Uzbekistan

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Kyrgyzstan

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: China

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Pakistan

text: lies

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: separated

text: by

text: the

text: narrow

text: Wakhan

text: Corridor

text: Traditional

text: homelands

text: of

text: Tajik

text: people

text: included

text: present

text: day

text: Tajikistan

text: Afghanistan

text: and

text: Uzbekistan

question: Where is Tajikistan located?

answer: in Central Asia

text: in Central Asia

question: How many people are living in Tajikistan?

answer: 8 million people

text: 8 million people

question: What is the area of Tajikistan?

answer: area of 143,100 km2 (55,300 sq mi)

text: area of 143,100 km2 (55,300 sq mi)

question: What country lies to Tajikistans east?

answer: China

text: China

question: What seperates Tajikistan and Pakistan?

answer: Wakhan Corridor

text: Wakhan Corridor

question: What country borders Tajikistan to the east?

answer: China

text: China

question: How many people are estimated to live in Tajikistan?

answer: 8 million

text: 8 million

question: What is the area of Tajikistan?

answer: 143,100 km2

text: 143,100 km2

question: What country borders Tajikistan to the south?

answer: Afghanistan

text: Afghanistan

question: What country borders Tajikistan to the west?

answer: Uzbekistan

text: Uzbekistan


text: Hastings was entrusted with the power of peace and war. British judges and magistrates would also be sent to India to administer the legal system. The Governor General and the council would have complete legislative powers. The company was allowed to maintain its virtual monopoly over trade in exchange for the biennial sum and was obligated to export a minimum quantity of goods yearly to Britain. The costs of administration were to be met by the company. The Company initially welcomed these provisions, but the annual burden of the payment contributed to the steady decline of its finances.

title: East_India_Company

title: East_India_Company

text: Hastings

text: was

text: entrusted

text: with

text: the

text: power

text: of

text: peace

text: and

text: war

text: British

text: judges

text: and

text: magistrates

text: would

text: also

text: be

text: sent

text: to

text: India

text: to

text: administer

text: the

text: legal

text: system

text: The

text: Governor

text: General

text: and

text: the

text: council

text: would

text: have

text: complete

text: legislative

text: powers

text: The

text: company

text: was

text: allowed

text: to

text: maintain

text: its

text: virtual

text: monopoly

text: over

text: trade

text: in

text: exchange

text: for

text: the

text: biennial

text: sum

text: and

text: was

text: obligated

text: to

text: export

text: a

text: minimum

text: quantity

text: of

text: goods

text: yearly

text: to

text: Britain

text: The

text: costs

text: of

text: administration

text: were

text: to

text: be

text: met

text: by

text: the

text: company

text: The

text: Company

text: initially

text: welcomed

text: these

text: provisions

text: but

text: the

text: annual

text: burden

text: of

text: the

text: payment

text: contributed

text: to

text: the

text: steady

text: decline

text: of

text: its

text: finances

question: in British indian a jugde had to come from where to oversee the  legal system?

answer: British

text: British

question: The highest ranking persons title in British india is?

answer: The Governor General

text: The Governor General

question: The highest ranking person's title in British india is?

answer: Governor General

text: Governor General

question: Did EIC have a monopoly over the governement or trade in british india

answer: trade

text: trade

question: Other then money what did it cost the EIC to have the control in trade the had in British India

answer: export a minimum quantity of goods yearly to Britain

text: export a minimum quantity of goods yearly to Britain


text: Mikhail Gorbachev was elected General Secretary by the Politburo on March 11, 1985, three hours after predecessor Konstantin Chernenko's death at age 73. Gorbachev, aged 54, was the youngest member of the Politburo. His initial goal as general secretary was to revive the Soviet economy, and he realized that doing so would require reforming underlying political and social structures. The reforms began with personnel changes of senior Brezhnev-era officials who would impede political and economic change. On April 23, 1985, Gorbachev brought two protégés, Yegor Ligachev and Nikolai Ryzhkov, into the Politburo as full members. He kept the "power" ministries happy by promoting KGB Head Viktor Chebrikov from candidate to full member and appointing Minister of Defence Marshal Sergei Sokolov as a Politburo candidate.

title: Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

title: Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

text: Mikhail

text: Gorbachev

text: was

text: elected

text: General

text: Secretary

text: by

text: the

text: Politburo

text: on

text: March

text: three

text: hours

text: after

text: predecessor

text: Konstantin

text: Chernenko

text: 's

text: death

text: at

text: age

text: Gorbachev

text: aged

text: was

text: the

text: youngest

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Politburo

text: His

text: initial

text: goal

text: as

text: general

text: secretary

text: was

text: to

text: revive

text: the

text: Soviet

text: economy

text: and

text: he

text: realized

text: that

text: doing

text: so

text: would

text: require

text: reforming

text: underlying

text: political

text: and

text: social

text: structures

text: The

text: reforms

text: began

text: with

text: personnel

text: changes

text: of

text: senior

text: Brezhnev

text: era

text: officials

text: who

text: would

text: impede

text: political

text: and

text: economic

text: change

text: On

text: April

text: Gorbachev

text: brought

text: two

text: protégés

text: Yegor

text: Ligachev

text: and

text: Nikolai

text: Ryzhkov

text: into

text: the

text: Politburo

text: as

text: full

text: members

text: He

text: kept

text: the

text: power

text: ministries

text: happy

text: by

text: promoting

text: KGB

text: Head

text: Viktor

text: Chebrikov

text: from

text: candidate

text: to

text: full

text: member

text: and

text: appointing

text: Minister

text: of

text: Defence

text: Marshal

text: Sergei

text: Sokolov

text: as

text: a

text: Politburo

text: candidate

question: Who was General Secretary prior to Mikhail Gorbachev?

answer: Konstantin Chernenko

text: Konstantin Chernenko

question: What caused Chernenko to leave office?

answer: death

text: death

question: How old was Gorbachev when he was elected as the General Secretary?

answer: 54

question: What entity was responsible for Gorbachev's being elected?

answer: Politburo

text: Politburo

question: To which two people did Gorbachev grant membership into the Politburo for his own reasons?

answer: Yegor Ligachev and Nikolai Ryzhkov,

text: Yegor Ligachev and Nikolai Ryzhkov,


text: Chopin made his last public appearance on a concert platform at London's Guildhall on 16 November 1848, when, in a final patriotic gesture, he played for the benefit of Polish refugees. By this time he was very seriously ill, weighing under 99 pounds (i.e. less than 45 kg), and his doctors were aware that his sickness was at a terminal stage.

title: Frédéric_Chopin

title: Frédéric_Chopin

text: Chopin

text: made

text: his

text: last

text: public

text: appearance

text: on

text: a

text: concert

text: platform

text: at

text: London

text: 's

text: Guildhall

text: on

text: November

text: when

text: in

text: a

text: final

text: patriotic

text: gesture

text: he

text: played

text: for

text: the

text: benefit

text: of

text: Polish

text: refugees

text: By

text: this

text: time

text: he

text: was

text: very

text: seriously

text: ill

text: weighing

text: under

text: pounds

text: i.e.

text: less

text: than

text: kg

text: and

text: his

text: doctors

text: were

text: aware

text: that

text: his

text: sickness

text: was

text: at

text: a

text: terminal

text: stage

question: When did Chopin last appear in public?

answer: 16 November 1848

text: 16 November 1848

question: Where was Chopin's last public performance?

answer: Guildhall

text: Guildhall

question: Who were the beneficiaries of his last public concert?

answer: Polish refugees.

text: Polish refugees.

question: What was the diagnosis of Chopin's health condition at this time?

answer: terminal

text: terminal

question: Where was Chopin's last public performance?

answer: London's Guildhall

text: London's Guildhall


text: In 1896, Patrick and Gilbert observed that during a prolonged period of sleep deprivation, sleepiness increases and decreases with a period of approximately 24 hours. In 1918, J.S. Szymanski showed that animals are capable of maintaining 24-hour activity patterns in the absence of external cues such as light and changes in temperature. In the early 20th century, circadian rhythms were noticed in the rhythmic feeding times of bees. Extensive experiments were done by Auguste Forel, Ingeborg Beling, and Oskar Wahl to see whether this rhythm was due to an endogenous clock.[citation needed] Ron Konopka and Seymour Benzer isolated the first clock mutant in Drosophila in the early 1970s and mapped the "period" gene, the first discovered genetic determinant of behavioral rhythmicity. Joseph Takahashi discovered the first mammalian circadian clock mutation (clockΔ19) using mice in 1994. However, recent studies show that deletion of clock does not lead to a behavioral phenotype (the animals still have normal circadian rhythms), which questions its importance in rhythm generation.

title: Circadian_rhythm

title: Circadian_rhythm

text: In

text: Patrick

text: and

text: Gilbert

text: observed

text: that

text: during

text: a

text: prolonged

text: period

text: of

text: sleep

text: deprivation

text: sleepiness

text: increases

text: and

text: decreases

text: with

text: a

text: period

text: of

text: approximately

text: hours

text: In

text: J.S.

text: Szymanski

text: showed

text: that

text: animals

text: are

text: capable

text: of

text: maintaining

text: activity

text: patterns

text: in

text: the

text: absence

text: of

text: external

text: cues

text: such

text: as

text: light

text: and

text: changes

text: in

text: temperature

text: In

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: circadian

text: rhythms

text: were

text: noticed

text: in

text: the

text: rhythmic

text: feeding

text: times

text: of

text: bees

text: Extensive

text: experiments

text: were

text: done

text: by

text: Auguste

text: Forel

text: Ingeborg

text: Beling

text: and

text: Oskar

text: Wahl

text: to

text: see

text: whether

text: this

text: rhythm

text: was

text: due

text: to

text: an

text: endogenous

text: clock.[citation

text: needed

text: Ron

text: Konopka

text: and

text: Seymour

text: Benzer

text: isolated

text: the

text: first

text: clock

text: mutant

text: in

text: Drosophila

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: and

text: mapped

text: the

text: period

text: gene

text: the

text: first

text: discovered

text: genetic

text: determinant

text: of

text: behavioral

text: rhythmicity

text: Joseph

text: Takahashi

text: discovered

text: the

text: first

text: mammalian

text: circadian

text: clock

text: mutation

text: using

text: mice

text: in

text: However

text: recent

text: studies

text: show

text: that

text: deletion

text: of

text: clock

text: does

text: not

text: lead

text: to

text: a

text: behavioral

text: phenotype

text: the

text: animals

text: still

text: have

text: normal

text: circadian

text: rhythms

text: which

text: questions

text: its

text: importance

text: in

text: rhythm

text: generation

question: Who noticed that sleepiness increases and decreases in a 24 hour period?

answer: Patrick and Gilbert

text: Patrick and Gilbert

question: Who showed the animals could maintain activity in the absence of light and temperature changes?

answer: J.S. Szymanski

text: J.S. Szymanski

question: What animals rhythmic feeding times were studied in the early 20th century ?

answer: bees

text: bees

question: What gene did Konopka and Benzer map in the early 1970 s?

answer: "period"

text: "period"

question: What mutation did Takahashi discover in 1994?

answer: circadian clock

text: circadian clock