text: In 1968 Ronald Melzack and Kenneth Casey described pain in terms of its three dimensions: "sensory-discriminative" (sense of the intensity, location, quality and duration of the pain), "affective-motivational" (unpleasantness and urge to escape the unpleasantness), and "cognitive-evaluative" (cognitions such as appraisal, cultural values, distraction and hypnotic suggestion). They theorized that pain intensity (the sensory discriminative dimension) and unpleasantness (the affective-motivational dimension) are not simply determined by the magnitude of the painful stimulus, but "higher" cognitive activities can influence perceived intensity and unpleasantness. Cognitive activities "may affect both sensory and affective experience or they may modify primarily the affective-motivational dimension. Thus, excitement in games or war appears to block both dimensions of pain, while suggestion and placebos may modulate the affective-motivational dimension and leave the sensory-discriminative dimension relatively undisturbed." (p. 432) The paper ends with a call to action: "Pain can be treated not only by trying to cut down the sensory input by anesthetic block, surgical intervention and the like, but also by influencing the motivational-affective and cognitive factors as well." (p. 435)

title: Pain

title: Pain

text: In

text: Ronald

text: Melzack

text: and

text: Kenneth

text: Casey

text: described

text: pain

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: its

text: three

text: dimensions

text: sensory

text: discriminative

text: sense

text: of

text: the

text: intensity

text: location

text: quality

text: and

text: duration

text: of

text: the

text: pain

text: affective

text: motivational

text: unpleasantness

text: and

text: urge

text: to

text: escape

text: the

text: unpleasantness

text: and

text: cognitive

text: evaluative

text: cognitions

text: such

text: as

text: appraisal

text: cultural

text: values

text: distraction

text: and

text: hypnotic

text: suggestion

text: They

text: theorized

text: that

text: pain

text: intensity

text: the

text: sensory

text: discriminative

text: dimension

text: and

text: unpleasantness

text: the

text: affective

text: motivational

text: dimension

text: are

text: not

text: simply

text: determined

text: by

text: the

text: magnitude

text: of

text: the

text: painful

text: stimulus

text: but

text: higher

text: cognitive

text: activities

text: can

text: influence

text: perceived

text: intensity

text: and

text: unpleasantness

text: Cognitive

text: activities

text: may

text: affect

text: both

text: sensory

text: and

text: affective

text: experience

text: or

text: they

text: may

text: modify

text: primarily

text: the

text: affective

text: motivational

text: dimension

text: Thus

text: excitement

text: in

text: games

text: or

text: war

text: appears

text: to

text: block

text: both

text: dimensions

text: of

text: pain

text: while

text: suggestion

text: and

text: placebos

text: may

text: modulate

text: the

text: affective

text: motivational

text: dimension

text: and

text: leave

text: the

text: sensory

text: discriminative

text: dimension

text: relatively

text: undisturbed

text: p.

text: The

text: paper

text: ends

text: with

text: a

text: call

text: to

text: action

text: Pain

text: can

text: be

text: treated

text: not

text: only

text: by

text: trying

text: to

text: cut

text: down

text: the

text: sensory

text: input

text: by

text: anesthetic

text: block

text: surgical

text: intervention

text: and

text: the

text: like

text: but

text: also

text: by

text: influencing

text: the

text: motivational

text: affective

text: and

text: cognitive

text: factors

text: as

text: well

text: p.

question: How many dimensions did Melzack and Casey describe pain in terms of?

answer: three

text: three

question: The affective-motivational dimension of pain is characterized by what urge?

answer: urge to escape the unpleasantness

text: urge to escape the unpleasantness

question: What did Melzack and Casey theorize could influence the perception of the magnitude of pain?

answer: cognitive activities

text: cognitive activities

question: War game excitement appears to block what aspect of pain?

answer: dimensions

text: dimensions

question: What did Melack's and Casey's paper end with a call towards?

answer: action

text: action


text: Institute of technology (also: university of technology, polytechnic university, technikon, and technical college) is a designation employed for a wide range of learning institutions awarding different types of degrees and operating often at variable levels of the educational system. It may be an institution of higher education and advanced engineering and scientific research or professional vocational education, specializing in science, engineering, and technology or different sorts of technical subjects. It may also refer to a secondary education school focused in vocational training.[citation needed] The term institute of technology is often abbreviated IT and is not to be confused with information technology.

title: Institute_of_technology

title: Institute_of_technology

text: Institute

text: of

text: technology

text: also

text: university

text: of

text: technology

text: polytechnic

text: university

text: technikon

text: and

text: technical

text: college

text: is

text: a

text: designation

text: employed

text: for

text: a

text: wide

text: range

text: of

text: learning

text: institutions

text: awarding

text: different

text: types

text: of

text: degrees

text: and

text: operating

text: often

text: at

text: variable

text: levels

text: of

text: the

text: educational

text: system

text: It

text: may

text: be

text: an

text: institution

text: of

text: higher

text: education

text: and

text: advanced

text: engineering

text: and

text: scientific

text: research

text: or

text: professional

text: vocational

text: education

text: specializing

text: in

text: science

text: engineering

text: and

text: technology

text: or

text: different

text: sorts

text: of

text: technical

text: subjects

text: It

text: may

text: also

text: refer

text: to

text: a

text: secondary

text: education

text: school

text: focused

text: in

text: vocational

text: training.[citation

text: needed

text: The

text: term

text: institute

text: of

text: technology

text: is

text: often

text: abbreviated

text: IT

text: and

text: is

text: not

text: to

text: be

text: confused

text: with

text: information

text: technology

question: What's a common abbreviation for the term institute of technology?

answer: IT

text: IT


text: The Fund raises awareness of and supports efforts to meet these needs in developing countries, advocates close attention to population concerns, and helps developing nations formulate policies and strategies in support of sustainable development. Dr. Osotimehin assumed leadership in January 2011. The Fund is also represented by UNFPA Goodwill Ambassadors and a Patron.

title: United_Nations_Population_Fund

title: United_Nations_Population_Fund

text: The

text: Fund

text: raises

text: awareness

text: of

text: and

text: supports

text: efforts

text: to

text: meet

text: these

text: needs

text: in

text: developing

text: countries

text: advocates

text: close

text: attention

text: to

text: population

text: concerns

text: and

text: helps

text: developing

text: nations

text: formulate

text: policies

text: and

text: strategies

text: in

text: support

text: of

text: sustainable

text: development

text: Dr.

text: Osotimehin

text: assumed

text: leadership

text: in

text: January

text: The

text: Fund

text: is

text: also

text: represented

text: by

text: UNFPA

text: Goodwill

text: Ambassadors

text: and

text: a

text: Patron

question: Where does The Fund work to raise awareness and provide support?

answer: developing countries

text: developing countries

question: To what does The Fund advocate that close attention be paid?

answer: population concerns

text: population concerns

question: What two things does The Fund help developing nations formulate to support sustainable development?

answer: policies and strategies

text: policies and strategies

question: Who took up leadership of The Fund in January 2011?

answer: Dr. Osotimehin

text: Dr. Osotimehin

question: The Fund is represented by a Patron and who else?

answer: Goodwill Ambassadors

text: Goodwill Ambassadors


text: Larger SAMs may be deployed in fixed launchers, but can be towed/re-deployed at will. The SAMs launched by individuals are known in the United States as the Man-Portable Air Defence Systems (MANPADS). MANPADS of the former Soviet Union have been exported around the World, and can be found in use by many armed forces. Targets for non-ManPAD SAMs will usually be acquired by air-search radar, then tracked before/while a SAM is "locked-on" and then fired. Potential targets, if they are military aircraft, will be identified as friend or foe before being engaged. The developments in the latest and relatively cheap short-range missiles have begun to replace autocannons in this role.

title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

title: Anti

title: aircraft_warfare

text: Larger

text: SAMs

text: may

text: be

text: deployed

text: in

text: fixed

text: launchers

text: but

text: can

text: be

text: towed

text: re

text: deployed

text: at

text: will

text: The

text: SAMs

text: launched

text: by

text: individuals

text: are

text: known

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: as

text: the

text: Man

text: Portable

text: Air

text: Defence

text: Systems

text: MANPADS

text: MANPADS

text: of

text: the

text: former

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: have

text: been

text: exported

text: around

text: the

text: World

text: and

text: can

text: be

text: found

text: in

text: use

text: by

text: many

text: armed

text: forces

text: Targets

text: for

text: non

text: ManPAD

text: SAMs

text: will

text: usually

text: be

text: acquired

text: by

text: air

text: search

text: radar

text: then

text: tracked

text: before

text: while

text: a

text: SAM

text: is

text: locked

text: on

text: and

text: then

text: fired

text: Potential

text: targets

text: if

text: they

text: are

text: military

text: aircraft

text: will

text: be

text: identified

text: as

text: friend

text: or

text: foe

text: before

text: being

text: engaged

text: The

text: developments

text: in

text: the

text: latest

text: and

text: relatively

text: cheap

text: short

text: range

text: missiles

text: have

text: begun

text: to

text: replace

text: autocannons

text: in

text: this

text: role

question: What can be deployed in fixed launchers but re-deploy at will?

answer: Larger SAMs

text: Larger SAMs

question: What are the SAMs called that are launched by individuals in the US?

answer: MANPADS

text: MANPADS

question: What does MANPADS mean?

answer: Man-Portable Air Defence Systems

text: Man-Portable Air Defence Systems

question: How are targets aquired for non-ManPAD SAMs?

answer: air-search radar

text: air-search radar

question: Short range missiles are replacing what weapons?

answer: autocannons

text: autocannons


text: The relational model also allowed the content of the database to evolve without constant rewriting of links and pointers. The relational part comes from entities referencing other entities in what is known as one-to-many relationship, like a traditional hierarchical model, and many-to-many relationship, like a navigational (network) model. Thus, a relational model can express both hierarchical and navigational models, as well as its native tabular model, allowing for pure or combined modeling in terms of these three models, as the application requires.

title: Database

title: Database

text: The

text: relational

text: model

text: also

text: allowed

text: the

text: content

text: of

text: the

text: database

text: to

text: evolve

text: without

text: constant

text: rewriting

text: of

text: links

text: and

text: pointers

text: The

text: relational

text: part

text: comes

text: from

text: entities

text: referencing

text: other

text: entities

text: in

text: what

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: one

text: to

text: many

text: relationship

text: like

text: a

text: traditional

text: hierarchical

text: model

text: and

text: many

text: to

text: many

text: relationship

text: like

text: a

text: navigational

text: network

text: model

text: Thus

text: a

text: relational

text: model

text: can

text: express

text: both

text: hierarchical

text: and

text: navigational

text: models

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: its

text: native

text: tabular

text: model

text: allowing

text: for

text: pure

text: or

text: combined

text: modeling

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: these

text: three

text: models

text: as

text: the

text: application

text: requires

question: How was the relational model able to improve over time?

answer: without constant rewriting of links and pointers

text: without constant rewriting of links and pointers

question: What is the relationship called in a hierarchical model?

answer: one-to-many

text: one-to-many

question: What is the relationship called in a navigational model?

answer: many-to-many

text: many-to-many

question: What is a third type of model that can be combined with heirarchical and navigation models?

answer: tabular

text: tabular


text: During the 1970s to early 1990s, the term was used to describe state owned and funded technical schools that offered both vocational and higher education. They were part of the College of Advanced Education system. In the 1990s most of these merged with existing universities, or formed new ones of their own. These new universities often took the title University of Technology, for marketing rather than legal purposes. AVCC report The most prominent such university in each state founded the Australian Technology Network a few years later.

title: Institute_of_technology

title: Institute_of_technology

text: During

text: the

text: to

text: early

text: the

text: term

text: was

text: used

text: to

text: describe

text: state

text: owned

text: and

text: funded

text: technical

text: schools

text: that

text: offered

text: both

text: vocational

text: and

text: higher

text: education

text: They

text: were

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: College

text: of

text: Advanced

text: Education

text: system

text: In

text: the

text: most

text: of

text: these

text: merged

text: with

text: existing

text: universities

text: or

text: formed

text: new

text: ones

text: of

text: their

text: own

text: These

text: new

text: universities

text: often

text: took

text: the

text: title

text: University

text: of

text: Technology

text: for

text: marketing

text: rather

text: than

text: legal

text: purposes

text: AVCC

text: report

text: The

text: most

text: prominent

text: such

text: university

text: in

text: each

text: state

text: founded

text: the

text: Australian

text: Technology

text: Network

text: a

text: few

text: years

text: later

question: What name did some universities switch to in the 1990s for marketing purposes?

answer: University of Technology

text: University of Technology

question: What system were institutes of technology a part of during the seventies, eighties, and early nineties?

answer: College of Advanced Education system

text: College of Advanced Education system


text: Philips' preferred name for the format was "VLP", after the Dutch words Video Langspeel-Plaat ("Video long-play disc"), which in English-speaking countries stood for Video Long-Play. The first consumer player, the Magnavox VH-8000 even had the VLP logo on the player. For a while in the early and mid-1970s, Philips also discussed a compatible audio-only format they called "ALP", but that was soon dropped as the Compact Disc system became a non-compatible project in the Philips corporation. Until early 1980, the format had no "official" name. The LaserVision Association, made up of MCA, Universal-Pioneer, IBM, and Philips/Magnavox, was formed to standardize the technical specifications of the format (which had been causing problems for the consumer market) and finally named the system officially as "LaserVision".

title: LaserDisc

title: LaserDisc

text: Philips

text: preferred

text: name

text: for

text: the

text: format

text: was

text: VLP

text: after

text: the

text: Dutch

text: words

text: Video

text: Langspeel

text: Plaat

text: Video

text: long

text: play

text: disc

text: which

text: in

text: English

text: speaking

text: countries

text: stood

text: for

text: Video

text: Long

text: Play

text: The

text: first

text: consumer

text: player

text: the

text: Magnavox

text: even

text: had

text: the

text: VLP

text: logo

text: on

text: the

text: player

text: For

text: a

text: while

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: and

text: Philips

text: also

text: discussed

text: a

text: compatible

text: audio

text: only

text: format

text: they

text: called

text: ALP

text: but

text: that

text: was

text: soon

text: dropped

text: as

text: the

text: Compact

text: Disc

text: system

text: became

text: a

text: non

text: compatible

text: project

text: in

text: the

text: Philips

text: corporation

text: Until

text: early

text: the

text: format

text: had

text: no

text: official

text: name

text: The

text: LaserVision

text: Association

text: made

text: up

text: of

text: MCA

text: Universal

text: Pioneer

text: IBM

text: and

text: Philips

text: Magnavox

text: was

text: formed

text: to

text: standardize

text: the

text: technical

text: specifications

text: of

text: the

text: format

text: which

text: had

text: been

text: causing

text: problems

text: for

text: the

text: consumer

text: market

text: and

text: finally

text: named

text: the

text: system

text: officially

text: as

text: LaserVision

question: What did VLP stand for in English-speaking countries?

answer: Video Long-Play

text: Video Long-Play

question: What was the first consumer VLP player?

answer: Magnavox VH-8000

text: Magnavox VH-8000

question: Which group officially chose the name "Laservision"?

answer: The LaserVision Association

text: The LaserVision Association

question: The Laservision Association was comprised of which companies?

answer: MCA, Universal-Pioneer, IBM, and Philips/Magnavox

text: MCA, Universal-Pioneer, IBM, and Philips/Magnavox


text: Airlift is "operations to transport and deliver forces and materiel through the air in support of strategic, operational, or tactical objectives" (AFDD 3–17, Air Mobility Operations). The rapid and flexible options afforded by airlift allow military forces and national leaders the ability to respond and operate in a variety of situations and time frames. The global reach capability of airlift provides the ability to apply US power worldwide by delivering forces to crisis locations. It serves as a US presence that demonstrates resolve and compassion in humanitarian crisis.

title: United_States_Air_Force

title: United_States_Air_Force

text: Airlift

text: is

text: operations

text: to

text: transport

text: and

text: deliver

text: forces

text: and

text: materiel

text: through

text: the

text: air

text: in

text: support

text: of

text: strategic

text: operational

text: or

text: tactical

text: objectives

text: AFDD

text: Air

text: Mobility

text: Operations

text: The

text: rapid

text: and

text: flexible

text: options

text: afforded

text: by

text: airlift

text: allow

text: military

text: forces

text: and

text: national

text: leaders

text: the

text: ability

text: to

text: respond

text: and

text: operate

text: in

text: a

text: variety

text: of

text: situations

text: and

text: time

text: frames

text: The

text: global

text: reach

text: capability

text: of

text: airlift

text: provides

text: the

text: ability

text: to

text: apply

text: US

text: power

text: worldwide

text: by

text: delivering

text: forces

text: to

text: crisis

text: locations

text: It

text: serves

text: as

text: a

text: US

text: presence

text: that

text: demonstrates

text: resolve

text: and

text: compassion

text: in

text: humanitarian

text: crisis

question: What is the definition of Airlift according to the Air Mobility Operations?

answer: operations to transport and deliver forces and materiel through the air

text: operations to transport and deliver forces and materiel through the air

question: What objectives does Airlift support?

answer: strategic, operational, or tactical

text: strategic, operational, or tactical

question: What does this US presence represent during a humanitarian crisis?

answer: resolve and compassion

text: resolve and compassion

question: How does the US employ the global reach capability of airlift?

answer: delivering forces to crisis locations

text: delivering forces to crisis locations


text: As an initial response, Truman called for a naval blockade of North Korea, and was shocked to learn that such a blockade could be imposed only 'on paper', since the U.S. Navy no longer had the warships with which to carry out his request. In fact, because of the extensive defense cuts and the emphasis placed on building a nuclear bomber force, none of the services were in a position to make a robust response with conventional military strength. General Omar Bradley, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, was faced with re-organizing and deploying an American military force that was a shadow of its World War II counterpart. The impact of the Truman administration's defense budget cutbacks were now keenly felt, as American troops fought a series of costly rearguard actions. Lacking sufficient anti-tank weapons, artillery or armor, they were driven back down the Korean peninsula to Pusan. In a postwar analysis of the unpreparedness of U.S. Army forces deployed to Korea during the summer and fall of 1950, Army Major General Floyd L. Parks stated that "Many who never lived to tell the tale had to fight the full range of ground warfare from offensive to delaying action, unit by unit, man by man ... [T]hat we were able to snatch victory from the jaws of defeat ... does not relieve us from the blame of having placed our own flesh and blood in such a predicament."

title: Korean_War

title: Korean_War

text: As

text: an

text: initial

text: response

text: Truman

text: called

text: for

text: a

text: naval

text: blockade

text: of

text: North

text: Korea

text: and

text: was

text: shocked

text: to

text: learn

text: that

text: such

text: a

text: blockade

text: could

text: be

text: imposed

text: only

text: on

text: paper

text: since

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Navy

text: no

text: longer

text: had

text: the

text: warships

text: with

text: which

text: to

text: carry

text: out

text: his

text: request

text: In

text: fact

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: extensive

text: defense

text: cuts

text: and

text: the

text: emphasis

text: placed

text: on

text: building

text: a

text: nuclear

text: bomber

text: force

text: of

text: the

text: services

text: were

text: in

text: a

text: position

text: to

text: make

text: a

text: robust

text: response

text: with

text: conventional

text: military

text: strength

text: General

text: Omar

text: Bradley

text: Chairman

text: of

text: the

text: Joint

text: Chiefs

text: of

text: Staff

text: was

text: faced

text: with

text: re

text: organizing

text: and

text: deploying

text: an

text: American

text: military

text: force

text: that

text: was

text: a

text: shadow

text: of

text: its

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: counterpart

text: The

text: impact

text: of

text: the

text: Truman

text: administration

text: 's

text: defense

text: budget

text: cutbacks

text: were

text: now

text: keenly

text: felt

text: as

text: American

text: troops

text: fought

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: costly

text: rearguard

text: actions

text: Lacking

text: sufficient

text: anti

text: tank

text: weapons

text: artillery

text: or

text: armor

text: they

text: were

text: driven

text: back

text: down

text: the

text: Korean

text: peninsula

text: to

text: Pusan

text: In

text: a

text: postwar

text: analysis

text: of

text: the

text: unpreparedness

text: of

text: U.S.

text: Army

text: forces

text: deployed

text: to

text: Korea

text: during

text: the

text: summer

text: and

text: fall

text: of

text: Army

text: Major

text: General

text: Floyd

text: L.

text: Parks

text: stated

text: that

text: Many

text: who

text: never

text: lived

text: to

text: tell

text: the

text: tale

text: had

text: to

text: fight

text: the

text: full

text: range

text: of

text: ground

text: warfare

text: from

text: offensive

text: to

text: delaying

text: action

text: unit

text: by

text: unit

text: man

text: by

text: man

text: T]hat

text: we

text: were

text: able

text: to

text: snatch

text: victory

text: from

text: the

text: jaws

text: of

text: defeat

text: does

text: not

text: relieve

text: us

text: from

text: the

text: blame

text: of

text: having

text: placed

text: our

text: own

text: flesh

text: and

text: blood

text: in

text: such

text: a

text: predicament

question: Why was the US naval blockade not feasible?

answer: U.S. Navy no longer had the warships

text: U.S. Navy no longer had the warships

question: Why was the US not able to provide an adequate response to the Korean invasion?

answer: defense budget cutbacks

text: defense budget cutbacks

question: Who was tasked with reorganization and deploying of the US military?

answer: General Omar Bradley

text: General Omar Bradley

question: Who was forced to retreat back to the Pusan Peninsula due to unpreparedness?

answer: American troops

text: American troops

question: Who stated that winning the war does not excuse putting US troops into a bad situation?

answer: Major General Floyd L. Parks

text: Major General Floyd L. Parks


text: The denomination with the longest history of objection to Freemasonry is the Roman Catholic Church. The objections raised by the Roman Catholic Church are based on the allegation that Masonry teaches a naturalistic deistic religion which is in conflict with Church doctrine. A number of Papal pronouncements have been issued against Freemasonry. The first was Pope Clement XII's In eminenti apostolatus, 28 April 1738; the most recent was Pope Leo XIII's Ab apostolici, 15 October 1890. The 1917 Code of Canon Law explicitly declared that joining Freemasonry entailed automatic excommunication, and banned books favouring Freemasonry.

title: Freemasonry

title: Freemasonry

text: The

text: denomination

text: with

text: the

text: longest

text: history

text: of

text: objection

text: to

text: Freemasonry

text: is

text: the

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: The

text: objections

text: raised

text: by

text: the

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: are

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: allegation

text: that

text: Masonry

text: teaches

text: a

text: naturalistic

text: deistic

text: religion

text: which

text: is

text: in

text: conflict

text: with

text: Church

text: doctrine

text: A

text: number

text: of

text: Papal

text: pronouncements

text: have

text: been

text: issued

text: against

text: Freemasonry

text: The

text: first

text: was

text: Pope

text: Clement

text: XII

text: 's

text: In

text: eminenti

text: apostolatus

text: April

text: the

text: most

text: recent

text: was

text: Pope

text: Leo

text: XIII

text: 's

text: Ab

text: apostolici

text: October

text: The

text: Code

text: of

text: Canon

text: Law

text: explicitly

text: declared

text: that

text: joining

text: Freemasonry

text: entailed

text: automatic

text: excommunication

text: and

text: banned

text: books

text: favouring

text: Freemasonry

question: Whao has always opposed Freemasonry?

answer: the Roman Catholic Church

text: the Roman Catholic Church

question: Why does the Catholic Church oppose the Freemasons so strongly?

answer: teaches a naturalistic deistic religion

text: teaches a naturalistic deistic religion

question: Who issued the first Papal prounouncement against Freemasonry?

answer: Pope Clement XII

text: Pope Clement XII

question: When was the first Papal prounouncement against Freemasonry made?

answer: 28 April 1738

text: 28 April 1738

question: What was the most recent Papal prounouncement agasnst Freemasonry?

answer: Pope Leo XIII's Ab apostolici, 15 October 1890

text: Pope Leo XIII's Ab apostolici, 15 October 1890

question: Who has the longest history of objection to Freemasonry?

answer: the Roman Catholic Church

text: the Roman Catholic Church

question: What law banned books favoring Freemasonry?

answer: The 1917 Code of Canon Law

text: The 1917 Code of Canon Law

question: The Roman Catholic Church objection to Freemasons are based on what?

answer: Masonry teaches a naturalistic deistic religion

text: Masonry teaches a naturalistic deistic religion

question: What pope first issued Papal pronouncements against Freemasons?

answer: Pope Clement XII

text: Pope Clement XII

question: What pope most recently issued Papal pronouncements against Freemasons?

answer: Pope Leo XIII

text: Pope Leo XIII


text:
Although exotic on Earth, one of the most common ions in the universe is the H+
3 ion, known as protonated molecular hydrogen or the trihydrogen cation.

title: Hydrogen

title: Hydrogen

text: Although

text: exotic

text: on

text: Earth

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: ions

text: in

text: the

text: universe

text: is

text: the

text: H+

text: ion

text: known

text: as

text: protonated

text: molecular

text: hydrogen

text: or

text: the

text: trihydrogen

text: cation

question: What kind of molecular hydrogen is the H+3 knows as?

answer: protonated

text: protonated

question: What kind of cation is the H+3 knowns as?

answer: trihydrogen cation

text: trihydrogen cation


text: As regards knowledge of languages, Tito replied that he spoke Serbo-Croatian, German, Russian, and some English. A biographer also stated that he spoke "Serbo-Croatian ... Russian, Czech, Slovenian ... German (with a Viennese accent) ... understands and reads French and Italian ... [and] also speaks Kirghiz."

title: Josip_Broz_Tito

title: Josip_Broz_Tito

text: As

text: regards

text: knowledge

text: of

text: languages

text: Tito

text: replied

text: that

text: he

text: spoke

text: Serbo

text: Croatian

text: German

text: Russian

text: and

text: some

text: English

text: A

text: biographer

text: also

text: stated

text: that

text: he

text: spoke

text: Serbo

text: Croatian

text: Russian

text: Czech

text: Slovenian

text: German

text: with

text: a

text: Viennese

text: accent

text: understands

text: and

text: reads

text: French

text: and

text: Italian

text: and

text: also

text: speaks

text: Kirghiz

question: With what accent did Tito speak German according to a biographer?

answer: Viennese

text: Viennese

question: How much English did Tito speak?

answer: some

text: some

question: Other than Serbo-Croatian, German, Russian, Czech, Slovenian and English, French and Italian, what language does Tito speak?

answer: Kirghiz

text: Kirghiz


text: In 1865, when the Bell family moved to London, Bell returned to Weston House as an assistant master and, in his spare hours, continued experiments on sound using a minimum of laboratory equipment. Bell concentrated on experimenting with electricity to convey sound and later installed a telegraph wire from his room in Somerset College to that of a friend. Throughout late 1867, his health faltered mainly through exhaustion. His younger brother, Edward "Ted," was similarly bed-ridden, suffering from tuberculosis. While Bell recovered (by then referring to himself in correspondence as "A.G. Bell") and served the next year as an instructor at Somerset College, Bath, England, his brother's condition deteriorated. Edward would never recover. Upon his brother's death, Bell returned home in 1867. His older brother Melville had married and moved out. With aspirations to obtain a degree at University College London, Bell considered his next years as preparation for the degree examinations, devoting his spare time at his family's residence to studying.

title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

text: In

text: when

text: the

text: Bell

text: family

text: moved

text: to

text: London

text: Bell

text: returned

text: to

text: Weston

text: House

text: as

text: an

text: assistant

text: master

text: and

text: in

text: his

text: spare

text: hours

text: continued

text: experiments

text: on

text: sound

text: using

text: a

text: minimum

text: of

text: laboratory

text: equipment

text: Bell

text: concentrated

text: on

text: experimenting

text: with

text: electricity

text: to

text: convey

text: sound

text: and

text: later

text: installed

text: a

text: telegraph

text: wire

text: from

text: his

text: room

text: in

text: Somerset

text: College

text: to

text: that

text: of

text: a

text: friend

text: Throughout

text: late

text: his

text: health

text: faltered

text: mainly

text: through

text: exhaustion

text: His

text: younger

text: brother

text: Edward

text: Ted

text: was

text: similarly

text: bed

text: ridden

text: suffering

text: from

text: tuberculosis

text: While

text: Bell

text: recovered

text: by

text: then

text: referring

text: to

text: himself

text: in

text: correspondence

text: as

text: A.G.

text: Bell

text: and

text: served

text: the

text: next

text: year

text: as

text: an

text: instructor

text: at

text: Somerset

text: College

text: Bath

text: England

text: his

text: brother

text: 's

text: condition

text: deteriorated

text: Edward

text: would

text: never

text: recover

text: Upon

text: his

text: brother

text: 's

text: death

text: Bell

text: returned

text: home

text: in

text: His

text: older

text: brother

text: Melville

text: had

text: married

text: and

text: moved

text: out

text: With

text: aspirations

text: to

text: obtain

text: a

text: degree

text: at

text: University

text: College

text: London

text: Bell

text: considered

text: his

text: next

text: years

text: as

text: preparation

text: for

text: the

text: degree

text: examinations

text: devoting

text: his

text: spare

text: time

text: at

text: his

text: family

text: 's

text: residence

text: to

text: studying

question: In what year did the Bell's move to London?

answer: 1865

question: Where did Bell go in work in 1865?

answer: Weston House

text: Weston House

question: What building was Bell in?

answer: Somerset College

text: Somerset College

question: How did Bell sign his letters?

answer: A.G. Bell

text: A.G. Bell

question: In what year did Bell move home?

answer: 1867


text: Myanmar has received extensive military aid from China in the past Myanmar has been a member of ASEAN since 1997. Though it gave up its turn to hold the ASEAN chair and host the ASEAN Summit in 2006, it chaired the forum and hosted the summit in 2014. In November 2008, Myanmar's political situation with neighbouring Bangladesh became tense as they began searching for natural gas in a disputed block of the Bay of Bengal. Controversy surrounding the Rohingya population also remains an issue between Bangladesh and Myanmar.

title: Myanmar

title: Myanmar

text: Myanmar

text: has

text: received

text: extensive

text: military

text: aid

text: from

text: China

text: in

text: the

text: past

text: Myanmar

text: has

text: been

text: a

text: member

text: of

text: ASEAN

text: since

text: Though

text: it

text: gave

text: up

text: its

text: turn

text: to

text: hold

text: the

text: ASEAN

text: chair

text: and

text: host

text: the

text: ASEAN

text: Summit

text: in

text: it

text: chaired

text: the

text: forum

text: and

text: hosted

text: the

text: summit

text: in

text: In

text: November

text: Myanmar

text: 's

text: political

text: situation

text: with

text: neighbouring

text: Bangladesh

text: became

text: tense

text: as

text: they

text: began

text: searching

text: for

text: natural

text: gas

text: in

text: a

text: disputed

text: block

text: of

text: the

text: Bay

text: of

text: Bengal

text: Controversy

text: surrounding

text: the

text: Rohingya

text: population

text: also

text: remains

text: an

text: issue

text: between

text: Bangladesh

text: and

text: Myanmar

question: What country has provided Burma with the most military aid ?

answer: Myanmar has received extensive military aid from China

text: Myanmar has received extensive military aid from China

question: How long has Burma participated in the group ASEAN ?

answer: Myanmar has been a member of ASEAN since 1997

text: Myanmar has been a member of ASEAN since 1997

question: What year was Myanmar the host for the ASEAN conference?

answer: hosted the summit in 2014

text: hosted the summit in 2014

question: What event caused tension between Burma and Bangladesh in 2008 ?

answer: natural gas in a disputed block of the Bay of Bengal

text: natural gas in a disputed block of the Bay of Bengal


text: The formalist definition is that the history of "literature" foregrounds poetic effects; it is the "literariness" or "poeticity" of literature that distinguishes it from ordinary speech or other kinds of writing (e.g., journalism). Jim Meyer considers this a useful characteristic in explaining the use of the term to mean published material in a particular field (e.g., "scientific literature"), as such writing must use language according to particular standards. The problem with the formalist definition is that in order to say that literature deviates from ordinary uses of language, those uses must first be identified; this is difficult because "ordinary language" is an unstable category, differing according to social categories and across history.

title: Literature

title: Literature

text: The

text: formalist

text: definition

text: is

text: that

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: literature

text: foregrounds

text: poetic

text: effects

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: literariness

text: or

text: poeticity

text: of

text: literature

text: that

text: distinguishes

text: it

text: from

text: ordinary

text: speech

text: or

text: other

text: kinds

text: of

text: writing

text: e.g.

text: journalism

text: Jim

text: Meyer

text: considers

text: this

text: a

text: useful

text: characteristic

text: in

text: explaining

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: term

text: to

text: mean

text: published

text: material

text: in

text: a

text: particular

text: field

text: e.g.

text: scientific

text: literature

text: as

text: such

text: writing

text: must

text: use

text: language

text: according

text: to

text: particular

text: standards

text: The

text: problem

text: with

text: the

text: formalist

text: definition

text: is

text: that

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: say

text: that

text: literature

text: deviates

text: from

text: ordinary

text: uses

text: of

text: language

text: those

text: uses

text: must

text: first

text: be

text: identified

text: this

text: is

text: difficult

text: because

text: ordinary

text: language

text: is

text: an

text: unstable

text: category

text: differing

text: according

text: to

text: social

text: categories

text: and

text: across

text: history

question: A definition of literature that incorporates style and the poetic nature of prose is what?

answer: formalist

text: formalist

question: What is one example of writing that the formalist definition distinguishes literature from?

answer: journalism

text: journalism

question: What element of the formalist definition makes it difficult to apply?

answer: "ordinary language"

text: "ordinary language"

question: What part of ordinary language makes it difficult to apply the formalist definition?

answer: an unstable category, differing according to social categories and across history

text: an unstable category, differing according to social categories and across history

question: The formalist definition when applied to industry writing allows it to be called literature when it does what?

answer: must use language according to particular standards

text: must use language according to particular standards


text: In 1972, in a mosque in the city of Sana'a, Yemen, manuscripts were discovered that were later proved to be the most ancient Quranic text known to exist at the time. The Sana'a manuscripts contain palimpsests, a manuscript page from which the text has been washed off to make the parchment reusable again—a practice which was common in ancient times due to scarcity of writing material. However, the faint washed-off underlying text (scriptio inferior) is still barely visible and believed to be "pre-Uthmanic" Quranic content, while the text written on top (scriptio superior) is believed to belong to Uthmanic time. Studies using radiocarbon dating indicate that the parchments are dated to the period before 671 AD with a 99 percent probability.

title: Quran

title: Quran

text: In

text: in

text: a

text: mosque

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Sana'a

text: Yemen

text: manuscripts

text: were

text: discovered

text: that

text: were

text: later

text: proved

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: most

text: ancient

text: Quranic

text: text

text: known

text: to

text: exist

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: The

text: Sana'a

text: manuscripts

text: contain

text: palimpsests

text: a

text: manuscript

text: page

text: from

text: which

text: the

text: text

text: has

text: been

text: washed

text: off

text: to

text: make

text: the

text: parchment

text: reusable

text: again

text: a

text: practice

text: which

text: was

text: common

text: in

text: ancient

text: times

text: due

text: to

text: scarcity

text: of

text: writing

text: material

text: However

text: the

text: faint

text: washed

text: off

text: underlying

text: text

text: scriptio

text: inferior

text: is

text: still

text: barely

text: visible

text: and

text: believed

text: to

text: be

text: pre

text: Uthmanic

text: Quranic

text: content

text: while

text: the

text: text

text: written

text: on

text: top

text: scriptio

text: superior

text: is

text: believed

text: to

text: belong

text: to

text: Uthmanic

text: time

text: Studies

text: using

text: radiocarbon

text: dating

text: indicate

text: that

text: the

text: parchments

text: are

text: dated

text: to

text: the

text: period

text: before

text: AD

text: with

text: a

text: percent

text: probability

question: What is the term for recycled parchments used in ancient manuscripts?

answer: palimpsests

text: palimpsests

question: Before which year were the Sana'a manuscripts produced?

answer: 671 AD

text: 671 AD

question: What version of the Quran was the scriptio superior of the Sana'a manuscripts?

answer: Uthmanic

text: Uthmanic

question: In which city was evidence of pre-Uthmanic Quranic writing discovered in 1972?

answer: Sana'a, Yemen

text: Sana'a, Yemen


text: Two of Chopin's long-standing pupils, Karol Mikuli (1821–1897) and Georges Mathias, were themselves piano teachers and passed on details of his playing to their own students, some of whom (such as Raoul Koczalski) were to make recordings of his music. Other pianists and composers influenced by Chopin's style include Louis Moreau Gottschalk, Édouard Wolff (1816–1880) and Pierre Zimmermann. Debussy dedicated his own 1915 piano Études to the memory of Chopin; he frequently played Chopin's music during his studies at the Paris Conservatoire, and undertook the editing of Chopin's piano music for the publisher Jacques Durand.

title: Frédéric_Chopin

title: Frédéric_Chopin

text: Two

text: of

text: Chopin

text: 's

text: long

text: standing

text: pupils

text: Karol

text: Mikuli

text: and

text: Georges

text: Mathias

text: were

text: themselves

text: piano

text: teachers

text: and

text: passed

text: on

text: details

text: of

text: his

text: playing

text: to

text: their

text: own

text: students

text: some

text: of

text: whom

text: such

text: as

text: Raoul

text: Koczalski

text: were

text: to

text: make

text: recordings

text: of

text: his

text: music

text: Other

text: pianists

text: and

text: composers

text: influenced

text: by

text: Chopin

text: 's

text: style

text: include

text: Louis

text: Moreau

text: Gottschalk

text: Édouard

text: Wolff

text: and

text: Pierre

text: Zimmermann

text: Debussy

text: dedicated

text: his

text: own

text: piano

text: Études

text: to

text: the

text: memory

text: of

text: Chopin

text: he

text: frequently

text: played

text: Chopin

text: 's

text: music

text: during

text: his

text: studies

text: at

text: the

text: Paris

text: Conservatoire

text: and

text: undertook

text: the

text: editing

text: of

text: Chopin

text: 's

text: piano

text: music

text: for

text: the

text: publisher

text: Jacques

text: Durand

question: Who dedicated his 1915 piano Études to Chopin?

answer: Debussy

text: Debussy

question: For what publisher to Debussy edit Chopin's music for?

answer: Jacques Durand

text: Jacques Durand

question: Who was a student of Chopin's former students and actually recorded some Chopin music?

answer: Raoul Koczalski

text: Raoul Koczalski

question: What music did Debussy play a lot at the Paris Conservatoire?

answer: Chopin's

text: Chopin's


text: Except for a few primitive organisms such as sponges (which have no nervous system) and cnidarians (which have a nervous system consisting of a diffuse nerve net), all living multicellular animals are bilaterians, meaning animals with a bilaterally symmetric body shape (that is, left and right sides that are approximate mirror images of each other). All bilaterians are thought to have descended from a common ancestor that appeared early in the Cambrian period, 485-540 million years ago, and it has been hypothesized that this common ancestor had the shape of a simple tubeworm with a segmented body. At a schematic level, that basic worm-shape continues to be reflected in the body and nervous system architecture of all modern bilaterians, including vertebrates. The fundamental bilateral body form is a tube with a hollow gut cavity running from the mouth to the anus, and a nerve cord with an enlargement (a ganglion) for each body segment, with an especially large ganglion at the front, called the brain. The brain is small and simple in some species, such as nematode worms; in other species, including vertebrates, it is the most complex organ in the body. Some types of worms, such as leeches, also have an enlarged ganglion at the back end of the nerve cord, known as a "tail brain".

title: Brain

title: Brain

text: Except

text: for

text: a

text: few

text: primitive

text: organisms

text: such

text: as

text: sponges

text: which

text: have

text: no

text: nervous

text: system

text: and

text: cnidarians

text: which

text: have

text: a

text: nervous

text: system

text: consisting

text: of

text: a

text: diffuse

text: nerve

text: net

text: all

text: living

text: multicellular

text: animals

text: are

text: bilaterians

text: meaning

text: animals

text: with

text: a

text: bilaterally

text: symmetric

text: body

text: shape

text: that

text: is

text: left

text: and

text: right

text: sides

text: that

text: are

text: approximate

text: mirror

text: images

text: of

text: each

text: other

text: All

text: bilaterians

text: are

text: thought

text: to

text: have

text: descended

text: from

text: a

text: common

text: ancestor

text: that

text: appeared

text: early

text: in

text: the

text: Cambrian

text: period

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: and

text: it

text: has

text: been

text: hypothesized

text: that

text: this

text: common

text: ancestor

text: had

text: the

text: shape

text: of

text: a

text: simple

text: tubeworm

text: with

text: a

text: segmented

text: body

text: At

text: a

text: schematic

text: level

text: that

text: basic

text: worm

text: shape

text: continues

text: to

text: be

text: reflected

text: in

text: the

text: body

text: and

text: nervous

text: system

text: architecture

text: of

text: all

text: modern

text: bilaterians

text: including

text: vertebrates

text: The

text: fundamental

text: bilateral

text: body

text: form

text: is

text: a

text: tube

text: with

text: a

text: hollow

text: gut

text: cavity

text: running

text: from

text: the

text: mouth

text: to

text: the

text: anus

text: and

text: a

text: nerve

text: cord

text: with

text: an

text: enlargement

text: a

text: ganglion

text: for

text: each

text: body

text: segment

text: with

text: an

text: especially

text: large

text: ganglion

text: at

text: the

text: front

text: called

text: the

text: brain

text: The

text: brain

text: is

text: small

text: and

text: simple

text: in

text: some

text: species

text: such

text: as

text: nematode

text: worms

text: in

text: other

text: species

text: including

text: vertebrates

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: complex

text: organ

text: in

text: the

text: body

text: Some

text: types

text: of

text: worms

text: such

text: as

text: leeches

text: also

text: have

text: an

text: enlarged

text: ganglion

text: at

text: the

text: back

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: nerve

text: cord

text: known

text: as

text: a

text: tail

text: brain

question: Creatures that have a diffuse nerve net are called what?

answer: cnidarians

text: cnidarians

question: Bilaterians are animals that have what?

answer: symmetric body shape

text: symmetric body shape

question: The Cambrian period was how long ago?

answer: 485-540 million years ago

text: 485-540 million years ago

question: A nerve cord with an enlargement is called what?

answer: a ganglion

text: a ganglion

question: What type of creature has a ganglion at the back end of the nerve cord as well?

answer: leeches

text: leeches


text: Where every component state of a federation possesses the same powers, we are said to find 'symmetric federalism'. Asymmetric federalism exists where states are granted different powers, or some possess greater autonomy than others do. This is often done in recognition of the existence of a distinct culture in a particular region or regions. In Spain, the Basques and Catalans, as well as the Galicians, spearheaded a historic movement to have their national specificity recognized, crystallizing in the "historical communities" such as Navarre, Galicia, Catalonia, and the Basque Country. They have more powers than the later expanded arrangement for other Spanish regions, or the Spain of the autonomous communities (called also the "coffee for everyone" arrangement), partly to deal with their separate identity and to appease peripheral nationalist leanings, partly out of respect to specific rights they had held earlier in history. However, strictly speaking Spain is not a federalism, but a decentralized administrative organization of the state.

title: Federalism

title: Federalism

text: Where

text: every

text: component

text: state

text: of

text: a

text: federation

text: possesses

text: the

text: same

text: powers

text: we

text: are

text: said

text: to

text: find

text: symmetric

text: federalism

text: Asymmetric

text: federalism

text: exists

text: where

text: states

text: are

text: granted

text: different

text: powers

text: or

text: some

text: possess

text: greater

text: autonomy

text: than

text: others

text: do

text: This

text: is

text: often

text: done

text: in

text: recognition

text: of

text: the

text: existence

text: of

text: a

text: distinct

text: culture

text: in

text: a

text: particular

text: region

text: or

text: regions

text: In

text: Spain

text: the

text: Basques

text: and

text: Catalans

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: Galicians

text: spearheaded

text: a

text: historic

text: movement

text: to

text: have

text: their

text: national

text: specificity

text: recognized

text: crystallizing

text: in

text: the

text: historical

text: communities

text: such

text: as

text: Navarre

text: Galicia

text: Catalonia

text: and

text: the

text: Basque

text: Country

text: They

text: have

text: more

text: powers

text: than

text: the

text: later

text: expanded

text: arrangement

text: for

text: other

text: Spanish

text: regions

text: or

text: the

text: Spain

text: of

text: the

text: autonomous

text: communities

text: called

text: also

text: the

text: coffee

text: for

text: everyone

text: arrangement

text: partly

text: to

text: deal

text: with

text: their

text: separate

text: identity

text: and

text: to

text: appease

text: peripheral

text: nationalist

text: leanings

text: partly

text: out

text: of

text: respect

text: to

text: specific

text: rights

text: they

text: had

text: held

text: earlier

text: in

text: history

text: However

text: strictly

text: speaking

text: Spain

text: is

text: not

text: a

text: federalism

text: but

text: a

text: decentralized

text: administrative

text: organization

text: of

text: the

text: state

question: What does every component state of federation possess?

answer: the same powers

text: the same powers

question: Asymmetric federalism exist when?

answer: where states are granted different powers, or some possess greater autonomy than others do

text: where states are granted different powers, or some possess greater autonomy than others do

question: What cities in Spain are in the historic movement?

answer: Basques and Catalans, as well as the Galicians

text: Basques and Catalans, as well as the Galicians

question: Is Spain apart of federalism?

answer: Spain is not a federalism, but a decentralized administrative organization of the state.

text: Spain is not a federalism, but a decentralized administrative organization of the state.


text: Tito was notable for pursuing a foreign policy of neutrality during the Cold War and for establishing close ties with developing countries. Tito's strong belief in self-determination caused early rift with Stalin and consequently, the Eastern Bloc. His public speeches often reiterated that policy of neutrality and cooperation with all countries would be natural as long as these countries did not use their influence to pressure Yugoslavia to take sides. Relations with the United States and Western European nations were generally cordial.

title: Josip_Broz_Tito

title: Josip_Broz_Tito

text: Tito

text: was

text: notable

text: for

text: pursuing

text: a

text: foreign

text: policy

text: of

text: neutrality

text: during

text: the

text: Cold

text: War

text: and

text: for

text: establishing

text: close

text: ties

text: with

text: developing

text: countries

text: Tito

text: 's

text: strong

text: belief

text: in

text: self

text: determination

text: caused

text: early

text: rift

text: with

text: Stalin

text: and

text: consequently

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Bloc

text: His

text: public

text: speeches

text: often

text: reiterated

text: that

text: policy

text: of

text: neutrality

text: and

text: cooperation

text: with

text: all

text: countries

text: would

text: be

text: natural

text: as

text: long

text: as

text: these

text: countries

text: did

text: not

text: use

text: their

text: influence

text: to

text: pressure

text: Yugoslavia

text: to

text: take

text: sides

text: Relations

text: with

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: Western

text: European

text: nations

text: were

text: generally

text: cordial

question: During what period did Tito pursue a policy of neutrality?

answer: Cold War

text: Cold War

question: With whom did Tito's belief in self-determination cause a rift?

answer: Stalin

text: Stalin

question: What type of countries did Tito develop relations with?

answer: developing

text: developing

question: Who had a strong belief in self-determination and was opposed to Stalin because of this?

answer: Tito

text: Tito

question: Tito had cordial relations with the United States and what other Western area?

answer: Western European nations

text: Western European nations


text: In the early hours of 7 December (Hawaiian time), Japan launched a major surprise carrier-based air strike on Pearl Harbor without explicit warning, which crippled the U.S. Pacific Fleet, leaving eight American battleships out of action, 188 American aircraft destroyed, and 2,403 American citizens dead. At the time of the attack, the U.S. was not officially at war anywhere in the world, which means that the people killed or property destroyed at Pearl Harbor by the Japanese attack had a non-combatant status.[nb 11] The Japanese had gambled that the United States, when faced with such a sudden and massive blow, would agree to a negotiated settlement and allow Japan free rein in Asia. This gamble did not pay off. American losses were less serious than initially thought: The American aircraft carriers, which would prove to be more important than battleships, were at sea, and vital naval infrastructure (fuel oil tanks, shipyard facilities, and a power station), submarine base, and signals intelligence units were unscathed. Japan's fallback strategy, relying on a war of attrition to make the U.S. come to terms, was beyond the IJN's capabilities.

title: Pacific_War

title: Pacific_War

text: In

text: the

text: early

text: hours

text: of

text: December

text: Hawaiian

text: time

text: Japan

text: launched

text: a

text: major

text: surprise

text: carrier

text: based

text: air

text: strike

text: on

text: Pearl

text: Harbor

text: without

text: explicit

text: warning

text: which

text: crippled

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Pacific

text: Fleet

text: leaving

text: eight

text: American

text: battleships

text: out

text: of

text: action

text: American

text: aircraft

text: destroyed

text: and

text: American

text: citizens

text: dead

text: At

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: the

text: attack

text: the

text: U.S.

text: was

text: not

text: officially

text: at

text: war

text: anywhere

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: which

text: means

text: that

text: the

text: people

text: killed

text: or

text: property

text: destroyed

text: at

text: Pearl

text: Harbor

text: by

text: the

text: Japanese

text: attack

text: had

text: a

text: non

text: combatant

text: status.[nb

text: The

text: Japanese

text: had

text: gambled

text: that

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: when

text: faced

text: with

text: such

text: a

text: sudden

text: and

text: massive

text: blow

text: would

text: agree

text: to

text: a

text: negotiated

text: settlement

text: and

text: allow

text: Japan

text: free

text: rein

text: in

text: Asia

text: This

text: gamble

text: did

text: not

text: pay

text: off

text: American

text: losses

text: were

text: less

text: serious

text: than

text: initially

text: thought

text: The

text: American

text: aircraft

text: carriers

text: which

text: would

text: prove

text: to

text: be

text: more

text: important

text: than

text: battleships

text: were

text: at

text: sea

text: and

text: vital

text: naval

text: infrastructure

text: fuel

text: oil

text: tanks

text: shipyard

text: facilities

text: and

text: a

text: power

text: station

text: submarine

text: base

text: and

text: signals

text: intelligence

text: units

text: were

text: unscathed

text: Japan

text: 's

text: fallback

text: strategy

text: relying

text: on

text: a

text: war

text: of

text: attrition

text: to

text: make

text: the

text: U.S.

text: come

text: to

text: terms

text: was

text: beyond

text: the

text: IJN

text: 's

text: capabilities

question: How many U.S. battleships were incapacitated in the Pearl Harbor attacks?

answer: eight

text: eight

question: Was America at war when Japan attacked Pearl Harbor?

answer: not officially at war

text: not officially at war

question: How many Americans died in the Pearl Harbor attacks?

answer: 2,403

question: Why did Japan attack America?

answer: allow Japan free rein in Asia

text: allow Japan free rein in Asia

question: What were the most vital American ships at the time of the attack?

answer: aircraft carriers

text: aircraft carriers

question: When did Japan launch the aattack on Pearl Harbor?

answer: 7 December

text: 7 December

question: How many American battleships were put out of action in the attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan?

answer: eight

text: eight

question: How many US citizens were killed in the attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan?

answer: 2,403

question: How many aircraft did the United States lose in the attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan?

answer: 188

question: Where were the American aircraft carriers during the attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan?

answer: at sea

text: at sea


text: On 24 April 2014, it was reported in the Italian magazine Credere that the late pope could possibly be beatified on 19 October 2014. This report from the magazine further stated that several cardinals and bishops would meet on 5 May to confirm the miracle that had previously been approved, and then present it to Pope Francis who may sign the decree for beatification shortly after that. The Congregation for the Causes of Saints held that meeting and positively concluded that the healing was indeed a miracle that could be attributed to the late pope. The matter shall now soon be presented to the pope for approval.

title: Pope_Paul_VI

title: Pope_Paul_VI

text: On

text: April

text: it

text: was

text: reported

text: in

text: the

text: Italian

text: magazine

text: Credere

text: that

text: the

text: late

text: pope

text: could

text: possibly

text: be

text: beatified

text: on

text: October

text: This

text: report

text: from

text: the

text: magazine

text: further

text: stated

text: that

text: several

text: cardinals

text: and

text: bishops

text: would

text: meet

text: on

text: May

text: to

text: confirm

text: the

text: miracle

text: that

text: had

text: previously

text: been

text: approved

text: and

text: then

text: present

text: it

text: to

text: Pope

text: Francis

text: who

text: may

text: sign

text: the

text: decree

text: for

text: beatification

text: shortly

text: after

text: that

text: The

text: Congregation

text: for

text: the

text: Causes

text: of

text: Saints

text: held

text: that

text: meeting

text: and

text: positively

text: concluded

text: that

text: the

text: healing

text: was

text: indeed

text: a

text: miracle

text: that

text: could

text: be

text: attributed

text: to

text: the

text: late

text: pope

text: The

text: matter

text: shall

text: now

text: soon

text: be

text: presented

text: to

text: the

text: pope

text: for

text: approval

question: What magazine broke the story of Paul VI pending saint hood?

answer: Credere

text: Credere

question: What type of miracle was attributed to Pope Paul VI?

answer: healing

text: healing

question: What group declared the healing a miracle by Paul VI?

answer: The Congregation for the Causes of Saints

text: The Congregation for the Causes of Saints

question: Who needed to approve the Congregation for the Causes of Saints conclusion that Paul VI performed a miracle?

answer: pope

text: pope

question: Who was required to sign a decree declaring Paul VI a saint?

answer: Pope Francis

text: Pope Francis


text: At the end of the 1990s, Israel, under the leadership of Benjamin Netanyahu, withdrew from Hebron, and signed the Wye River Memorandum, giving greater control to the Palestinian National Authority. Ehud Barak, elected Prime Minister in 1999, began the new millennium by withdrawing forces from Southern Lebanon and conducting negotiations with Palestinian Authority Chairman Yasser Arafat and U.S. President Bill Clinton at the 2000 Camp David Summit. During the summit, Barak offered a plan for the establishment of a Palestinian state. The proposed state included the entirety of the Gaza Strip and over 90% of the West Bank with Jerusalem as a shared capital, although some argue that the plan was to annex areas which would lead to a cantonization of the West Bank into three blocs, which the Palestinian delegation likened to South African "bantustans", a loaded word that was disputed by the Israeli and American negotiators. Each side blamed the other for the failure of the talks.

title: Israel

title: Israel

text: At

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Israel

text: under

text: the

text: leadership

text: of

text: Benjamin

text: Netanyahu

text: withdrew

text: from

text: Hebron

text: and

text: signed

text: the

text: Wye

text: River

text: Memorandum

text: giving

text: greater

text: control

text: to

text: the

text: Palestinian

text: National

text: Authority

text: Ehud

text: Barak

text: elected

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: in

text: began

text: the

text: new

text: millennium

text: by

text: withdrawing

text: forces

text: from

text: Southern

text: Lebanon

text: and

text: conducting

text: negotiations

text: with

text: Palestinian

text: Authority

text: Chairman

text: Yasser

text: Arafat

text: and

text: U.S.

text: President

text: Bill

text: Clinton

text: at

text: the

text: Camp

text: David

text: Summit

text: During

text: the

text: summit

text: Barak

text: offered

text: a

text: plan

text: for

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: a

text: Palestinian

text: state

text: The

text: proposed

text: state

text: included

text: the

text: entirety

text: of

text: the

text: Gaza

text: Strip

text: and

text: over

text: of

text: the

text: West

text: Bank

text: with

text: Jerusalem

text: as

text: a

text: shared

text: capital

text: although

text: some

text: argue

text: that

text: the

text: plan

text: was

text: to

text: annex

text: areas

text: which

text: would

text: lead

text: to

text: a

text: cantonization

text: of

text: the

text: West

text: Bank

text: into

text: three

text: blocs

text: which

text: the

text: Palestinian

text: delegation

text: likened

text: to

text: South

text: African

text: bantustans

text: a

text: loaded

text: word

text: that

text: was

text: disputed

text: by

text: the

text: Israeli

text: and

text: American

text: negotiators

text: Each

text: side

text: blamed

text: the

text: other

text: for

text: the

text: failure

text: of

text: the

text: talks

question: Who led Israel in the 1990s?

answer: Benjamin Netanyahu

text: Benjamin Netanyahu

question: What did Benjamin Netanyahu sign?

answer: Wye River Memorandum

text: Wye River Memorandum

question: Who was elected Prime Minister in 1999?

answer: Ehud Barak

text: Ehud Barak


text: Examples of Ottoman architecture of the classical period, besides Istanbul and Edirne, can also be seen in Egypt, Eritrea, Tunisia, Algiers, the Balkans and Romania, where mosques, bridges, fountains and schools were built. The art of Ottoman decoration developed with a multitude of influences due to the wide ethnic range of the Ottoman Empire. The greatest of the court artists enriched the Ottoman Empire with many pluralistic artistic influences: such as mixing traditional Byzantine art with elements of Chinese art.

title: Ottoman_Empire

title: Ottoman_Empire

text: Examples

text: of

text: Ottoman

text: architecture

text: of

text: the

text: classical

text: period

text: besides

text: Istanbul

text: and

text: Edirne

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: seen

text: in

text: Egypt

text: Eritrea

text: Tunisia

text: Algiers

text: the

text: Balkans

text: and

text: Romania

text: where

text: mosques

text: bridges

text: fountains

text: and

text: schools

text: were

text: built

text: The

text: art

text: of

text: Ottoman

text: decoration

text: developed

text: with

text: a

text: multitude

text: of

text: influences

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: wide

text: ethnic

text: range

text: of

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: The

text: greatest

text: of

text: the

text: court

text: artists

text: enriched

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: with

text: many

text: pluralistic

text: artistic

text: influences

text: such

text: as

text: mixing

text: traditional

text: Byzantine

text: art

text: with

text: elements

text: of

text: Chinese

text: art

question: Ottoman artists mixed Chinese art with the art of what else?

answer: traditional Byzantine art

text: traditional Byzantine art

question: The ottoman empire built structures in Romania that included Mosques, and Bridges, what else was built?

answer: fountains and schools

text: fountains and schools

question: Why did the art of the Ottoman empire develop the way it did?

answer: the wide ethnic range of the Ottoman Empire

text: the wide ethnic range of the Ottoman Empire

question: Beside Edirne, Istanbul, and Egypt what other locations can one find the influence of the Ottoman classical period?

answer: Eritrea, Tunisia, Algiers, the Balkans and Romania

text: Eritrea, Tunisia, Algiers, the Balkans and Romania


text: With characteristic energy he set to work to re-establish the somewhat shattered fortunes of the orthodox party and to purge the theological atmosphere of uncertainty. To clear up the misunderstandings that had arisen in the course of the previous years, an attempt was made to determine still further the significance of the Nicene formularies. In the meanwhile, Julian, who seems to have become suddenly jealous of the influence that Athanasius was exercising at Alexandria, addressed an order to Ecdicius, the Prefect of Egypt, peremptorily commanding the expulsion of the restored primate, on the ground that he had never been included in the imperial act of clemency. The edict was communicated to the bishop by Pythicodorus Trico, who, though described in the "Chronicon Athanasianum" (XXXV) as a "philosopher", seems to have behaved with brutal insolence. On 23 October the people gathered about the proscribed bishop to protest against the emperor's decree; but Athanasius urged them to submit, consoling them with the promise that his absence would be of short duration.

title: Athanasius_of_Alexandria

title: Athanasius_of_Alexandria

text: With

text: characteristic

text: energy

text: he

text: set

text: to

text: work

text: to

text: re

text: establish

text: the

text: somewhat

text: shattered

text: fortunes

text: of

text: the

text: orthodox

text: party

text: and

text: to

text: purge

text: the

text: theological

text: atmosphere

text: of

text: uncertainty

text: To

text: clear

text: up

text: the

text: misunderstandings

text: that

text: had

text: arisen

text: in

text: the

text: course

text: of

text: the

text: previous

text: years

text: an

text: attempt

text: was

text: made

text: to

text: determine

text: still

text: further

text: the

text: significance

text: of

text: the

text: Nicene

text: formularies

text: In

text: the

text: meanwhile

text: Julian

text: who

text: seems

text: to

text: have

text: become

text: suddenly

text: jealous

text: of

text: the

text: influence

text: that

text: Athanasius

text: was

text: exercising

text: at

text: Alexandria

text: addressed

text: an

text: order

text: to

text: Ecdicius

text: the

text: Prefect

text: of

text: Egypt

text: peremptorily

text: commanding

text: the

text: expulsion

text: of

text: the

text: restored

text: primate

text: on

text: the

text: ground

text: that

text: he

text: had

text: never

text: been

text: included

text: in

text: the

text: imperial

text: act

text: of

text: clemency

text: The

text: edict

text: was

text: communicated

text: to

text: the

text: bishop

text: by

text: Pythicodorus

text: Trico

text: who

text: though

text: described

text: in

text: the

text: Chronicon

text: Athanasianum

text: XXXV

text: as

text: a

text: philosopher

text: seems

text: to

text: have

text: behaved

text: with

text: brutal

text: insolence

text: On

text: October

text: the

text: people

text: gathered

text: about

text: the

text: proscribed

text: bishop

text: to

text: protest

text: against

text: the

text: emperor

text: 's

text: decree

text: but

text: Athanasius

text: urged

text: them

text: to

text: submit

text: consoling

text: them

text: with

text: the

text: promise

text: that

text: his

text: absence

text: would

text: be

text: of

text: short

text: duration

question: What position did Ecdicius hold?

answer: Prefect of Egypt

text: Prefect of Egypt

question: Did he think he would be gone a long time?

answer: short duration

text: short duration

question: Who was jealous of Athanasius's influence?

answer: Julian

text: Julian

question: What did Julian try to do to Athanasius?

answer: expulsion

text: expulsion

question: Did Athanasius tell the people to protest?

answer: urged them to submit

text: urged them to submit


text: The last ruler from the Ptolemaic line was Cleopatra VII, who committed suicide following the burial of her lover Mark Antony who had died in her arms (from a self-inflicted stab wound), after Octavian had captured Alexandria and her mercenary forces had fled. The Ptolemies faced rebellions of native Egyptians often caused by an unwanted regime and were involved in foreign and civil wars that led to the decline of the kingdom and its annexation by Rome. Nevertheless, Hellenistic culture continued to thrive in Egypt well after the Muslim conquest.

title: Egypt

title: Egypt

text: The

text: last

text: ruler

text: from

text: the

text: Ptolemaic

text: line

text: was

text: Cleopatra

text: VII

text: who

text: committed

text: suicide

text: following

text: the

text: burial

text: of

text: her

text: lover

text: Mark

text: Antony

text: who

text: had

text: died

text: in

text: her

text: arms

text: from

text: a

text: self

text: inflicted

text: stab

text: wound

text: after

text: Octavian

text: had

text: captured

text: Alexandria

text: and

text: her

text: mercenary

text: forces

text: had

text: fled

text: The

text: Ptolemies

text: faced

text: rebellions

text: of

text: native

text: Egyptians

text: often

text: caused

text: by

text: an

text: unwanted

text: regime

text: and

text: were

text: involved

text: in

text: foreign

text: and

text: civil

text: wars

text: that

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: decline

text: of

text: the

text: kingdom

text: and

text: its

text: annexation

text: by

text: Rome

text: Nevertheless

text: Hellenistic

text: culture

text: continued

text: to

text: thrive

text: in

text: Egypt

text: well

text: after

text: the

text: Muslim

text: conquest

question: Who was last ruler of Ptolemaic Kingdom?

answer: Cleopatra VII

text: Cleopatra VII

question: Who captured Alexandria, ending Ptolemaic rule?

answer: Octavian

text: Octavian

question: How did Mark Anthony's love die?

answer: suicide

text: suicide

question: What culture annexed Egypt?

answer: Rome

text: Rome


text: The flower may consist only of these parts, as in willow, where each flower comprises only a few stamens or two carpels. Usually, other structures are present and serve to protect the sporophylls and to form an envelope attractive to pollinators. The individual members of these surrounding structures are known as sepals and petals (or tepals in flowers such as Magnolia where sepals and petals are not distinguishable from each other). The outer series (calyx of sepals) is usually green and leaf-like, and functions to protect the rest of the flower, especially the bud. The inner series (corolla of petals) is, in general, white or brightly colored, and is more delicate in structure. It functions to attract insect or bird pollinators. Attraction is effected by color, scent, and nectar, which may be secreted in some part of the flower. The characteristics that attract pollinators account for the popularity of flowers and flowering plants among humans.

title: Flowering_plant

title: Flowering_plant

text: The

text: flower

text: may

text: consist

text: only

text: of

text: these

text: parts

text: as

text: in

text: willow

text: where

text: each

text: flower

text: comprises

text: only

text: a

text: few

text: stamens

text: or

text: two

text: carpels

text: Usually

text: other

text: structures

text: are

text: present

text: and

text: serve

text: to

text: protect

text: the

text: sporophylls

text: and

text: to

text: form

text: an

text: envelope

text: attractive

text: to

text: pollinators

text: The

text: individual

text: members

text: of

text: these

text: surrounding

text: structures

text: are

text: known

text: as

text: sepals

text: and

text: petals

text: or

text: tepals

text: in

text: flowers

text: such

text: as

text: Magnolia

text: where

text: sepals

text: and

text: petals

text: are

text: not

text: distinguishable

text: from

text: each

text: other

text: The

text: outer

text: series

text: calyx

text: of

text: sepals

text: is

text: usually

text: green

text: and

text: leaf

text: like

text: and

text: functions

text: to

text: protect

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: the

text: flower

text: especially

text: the

text: bud

text: The

text: inner

text: series

text: corolla

text: of

text: petals

text: is

text: in

text: general

text: white

text: or

text: brightly

text: colored

text: and

text: is

text: more

text: delicate

text: in

text: structure

text: It

text: functions

text: to

text: attract

text: insect

text: or

text: bird

text: pollinators

text: Attraction

text: is

text: effected

text: by

text: color

text: scent

text: and

text: nectar

text: which

text: may

text: be

text: secreted

text: in

text: some

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: flower

text: The

text: characteristics

text: that

text: attract

text: pollinators

text: account

text: for

text: the

text: popularity

text: of

text: flowers

text: and

text: flowering

text: plants

text: among

text: humans

question: What is a willow's flower comprised of?

answer: only a few stamens or two carpels

text: only a few stamens or two carpels

question: What have some structures evolved to protect?

answer: the sporophylls

text: the sporophylls

question: What appearance are calyx of sepals typically?

answer: green and leaf-like

text: green and leaf-like

question: Individual members of enveloping structures are known by what terms?

answer: sepals and petals

text: sepals and petals

question: The features of flowers which attract pollinators also attract what other creature?

answer: humans

text: humans


text: The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Florida was 20,271,272 on July 1, 2015, a 7.82% increase since the 2010 United States Census. The population of Florida in the 2010 census was 18,801,310. Florida was the seventh fastest-growing state in the U.S. in the 12-month period ending July 1, 2012. In 2010, the center of population of Florida was located between Fort Meade and Frostproof. The center of population has moved less than 5 miles (8 km) to the east and approximately 1 mile (1.6 km) to the north between 1980 and 2010 and has been located in Polk County since the 1960 census. The population exceeded 19.7 million by December 2014, surpassing the population of the state of New York for the first time.

title: Florida

title: Florida

text: The

text: United

text: States

text: Census

text: Bureau

text: estimates

text: that

text: the

text: population

text: of

text: Florida

text: was

text: on

text: July

text: a

text: increase

text: since

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Census

text: The

text: population

text: of

text: Florida

text: in

text: the

text: census

text: was

text: Florida

text: was

text: the

text: seventh

text: fastest

text: growing

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: in

text: the

text: period

text: ending

text: July

text: In

text: the

text: center

text: of

text: population

text: of

text: Florida

text: was

text: located

text: between

text: Fort

text: Meade

text: and

text: Frostproof

text: The

text: center

text: of

text: population

text: has

text: moved

text: less

text: than

text: miles

text: km

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: approximately

text: mile

text: km

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: between

text: and

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: located

text: in

text: Polk

text: County

text: since

text: the

text: census

text: The

text: population

text: exceeded

text: million

text: by

text: December

text: surpassing

text: the

text: population

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: for

text: the

text: first

text: time

question: What is the population of Florida

answer: The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Florida was 20,271,272 on July 1, 2015

text: The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Florida was 20,271,272 on July 1, 2015

question: Where did florida rank in population growth

answer: Florida was the seventh fastest-growing state

text: Florida was the seventh fastest-growing state

question: What is the center of the Florida population

answer: Polk County since the 1960 census

text: Polk County since the 1960 census

question: What state did Florida pass in population recently

answer: surpassing the population of the state of New York

text: surpassing the population of the state of New York


text: Navigation is based on a variety of senses. Many birds have been shown to use a sun compass. Using the sun for direction involves the need for making compensation based on the time. Navigation has also been shown to be based on a combination of other abilities including the ability to detect magnetic fields (magnetoception), use visual landmarks as well as olfactory cues.

title: Bird_migration

title: Bird_migration

text: Navigation

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: a

text: variety

text: of

text: senses

text: Many

text: birds

text: have

text: been

text: shown

text: to

text: use

text: a

text: sun

text: compass

text: Using

text: the

text: sun

text: for

text: direction

text: involves

text: the

text: need

text: for

text: making

text: compensation

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: time

text: Navigation

text: has

text: also

text: been

text: shown

text: to

text: be

text: based

text: on

text: a

text: combination

text: of

text: other

text: abilities

text: including

text: the

text: ability

text: to

text: detect

text: magnetic

text: fields

text: magnetoception

text: use

text: visual

text: landmarks

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: olfactory

text: cues

question: What is navigation based on?

answer: a variety of senses

text: a variety of senses

question: What do many birds use as a compass?

answer: sun

text: sun

question: What does using the sun for direction involve?

answer: the need for making compensation based on the time

text: the need for making compensation based on the time

question: What else is navigation based on?

answer: use visual landmarks

text: use visual landmarks

question: What is magnetoception?

answer: the ability to detect magnetic fields

text: the ability to detect magnetic fields


text: The first post-Classical published classification of humans into distinct races seems to be François Bernier's Nouvelle division de la terre par les différents espèces ou races qui l'habitent ("New division of Earth by the different species or races which inhabit it"), published in 1684. In the 18th century the differences among human groups became a focus of scientific investigation. But the scientific classification of phenotypic variation was frequently coupled with racist ideas about innate predispositions of different groups, always attributing the most desirable features to the White, European race and arranging the other races along a continuum of progressively undesirable attributes. The 1735 classification of Carl Linnaeus, inventor of zoological taxonomy, divided the human race Homo sapiens into continental varieties of europaeus, asiaticus, americanus, and afer, each associated with a different humour: sanguine, melancholic, choleric, and phlegmatic, respectively. Homo sapiens europaeus was described as active, acute, and adventurous, whereas Homo sapiens afer was said to be crafty, lazy, and careless.

title: Race_(human_categorization)

title: Race_(human_categorization

text: The

text: first

text: post

text: Classical

text: published

text: classification

text: of

text: humans

text: into

text: distinct

text: races

text: seems

text: to

text: be

text: François

text: Bernier

text: 's

text: Nouvelle

text: division

text: de

text: la

text: terre

text: par

text: les

text: différents

text: espèces

text: ou

text: races

text: qui

text: l'habitent

text: New

text: division

text: of

text: Earth

text: by

text: the

text: different

text: species

text: or

text: races

text: which

text: inhabit

text: it

text: published

text: in

text: In

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: differences

text: among

text: human

text: groups

text: became

text: a

text: focus

text: of

text: scientific

text: investigation

text: But

text: the

text: scientific

text: classification

text: of

text: phenotypic

text: variation

text: was

text: frequently

text: coupled

text: with

text: racist

text: ideas

text: about

text: innate

text: predispositions

text: of

text: different

text: groups

text: always

text: attributing

text: the

text: most

text: desirable

text: features

text: to

text: the

text: White

text: European

text: race

text: and

text: arranging

text: the

text: other

text: races

text: along

text: a

text: continuum

text: of

text: progressively

text: undesirable

text: attributes

text: The

text: classification

text: of

text: Carl

text: Linnaeus

text: inventor

text: of

text: zoological

text: taxonomy

text: divided

text: the

text: human

text: race

text: Homo

text: sapiens

text: into

text: continental

text: varieties

text: of

text: europaeus

text: asiaticus

text: americanus

text: and

text: afer

text: each

text: associated

text: with

text: a

text: different

text: humour

text: sanguine

text: melancholic

text: choleric

text: and

text: phlegmatic

text: respectively

text: Homo

text: sapiens

text: europaeus

text: was

text: described

text: as

text: active

text: acute

text: and

text: adventurous

text: whereas

text: Homo

text: sapiens

text: afer

text: was

text: said

text: to

text: be

text: crafty

text: lazy

text: and

text: careless

question: Who was the author of the first published book classifying humans into distinct races?

answer: François Bernier

text: François Bernier

question: In what century did differences among human groups become a focus of science?

answer: 18th century

text: 18th century

question: What race was typically ascribed the most desirable features?

answer: White

text: White

question: How was Homo sapiens europaeus described as?

answer: active, acute, and adventurous

text: active, acute, and adventurous

question: What attributes were bestowed on homo spaiens afer?

answer: crafty, lazy, and careless

text: crafty, lazy, and careless


text: Mastic asphalt is a type of asphalt which differs from dense graded asphalt (asphalt concrete) in that it has a higher asphalt/bitumen (binder) content, usually around 7–10% of the whole aggregate mix, as opposed to rolled asphalt concrete, which has only around 5% added asphalt/bitumen. This thermoplastic substance is widely used in the building industry for waterproofing flat roofs and tanking underground. Mastic asphalt is heated to a temperature of 210 °C (410 °F) and is spread in layers to form an impervious barrier about 20 millimeters (0.79 inches) thick.

title: Asphalt

title: Asphalt

text: Mastic

text: asphalt

text: is

text: a

text: type

text: of

text: asphalt

text: which

text: differs

text: from

text: dense

text: graded

text: asphalt

text: asphalt

text: concrete

text: in

text: that

text: it

text: has

text: a

text: higher

text: asphalt

text: bitumen

text: binder

text: content

text: usually

text: around

text: of

text: the

text: whole

text: aggregate

text: mix

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: rolled

text: asphalt

text: concrete

text: which

text: has

text: only

text: around

text: added

text: asphalt

text: bitumen

text: This

text: thermoplastic

text: substance

text: is

text: widely

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: building

text: industry

text: for

text: waterproofing

text: flat

text: roofs

text: and

text: tanking

text: underground

text: Mastic

text: asphalt

text: is

text: heated

text: to

text: a

text: temperature

text: of

text: C

text: F

text: and

text: is

text: spread

text: in

text: layers

text: to

text: form

text: an

text: impervious

text: barrier

text: about

text: millimeters

text: inches

text: thick

question: How much additional binder does rolled asphalt concrete have?

answer: 5%

question: How is asphalt used in the construction industry?

answer: waterproofing

text: waterproofing

question: What is the percentage of binder in mastic asphalt?

answer: 7–10%

question: Prior to spreading, how hot is mastic asphalt heated?

answer: 210 °C

text: 210 °C

question: What is the usual thickness of the mastic spread on roofs?

answer: 20 millimeters

text: 20 millimeters


text: The only foreign diplomatic experience Montini underwent was his time in the nunciature in Warsaw, Poland in 1923. Like Achille Ratti before him,[a] he felt confronted with the huge problem, not limited to Poland, of excessive nationalism: "This form of nationalism treats foreigners as enemies, especially foreigners with whom one has common frontiers. Then one seeks the expansion of one's own country at the expense of the immediate neighbours. People grow up with a feeling of being hemmed in. Peace becomes a transient compromise between wars." When he was recalled to Rome he was happy to go, because "this concludes this episode of my life, which has provided useful, though not always joyful, experiences."

title: Pope_Paul_VI

title: Pope_Paul_VI

text: The

text: only

text: foreign

text: diplomatic

text: experience

text: Montini

text: underwent

text: was

text: his

text: time

text: in

text: the

text: nunciature

text: in

text: Warsaw

text: Poland

text: in

text: Like

text: Achille

text: Ratti

text: before

text: him,[a

text: he

text: felt

text: confronted

text: with

text: the

text: huge

text: problem

text: not

text: limited

text: to

text: Poland

text: of

text: excessive

text: nationalism

text: This

text: form

text: of

text: nationalism

text: treats

text: foreigners

text: as

text: enemies

text: especially

text: foreigners

text: with

text: whom

text: one

text: has

text: common

text: frontiers

text: Then

text: one

text: seeks

text: the

text: expansion

text: of

text: one

text: 's

text: own

text: country

text: at

text: the

text: expense

text: of

text: the

text: immediate

text: neighbours

text: People

text: grow

text: up

text: with

text: a

text: feeling

text: of

text: being

text: hemmed

text: in

text: Peace

text: becomes

text: a

text: transient

text: compromise

text: between

text: wars

text: When

text: he

text: was

text: recalled

text: to

text: Rome

text: he

text: was

text: happy

text: to

text: go

text: because

text: this

text: concludes

text: this

text: episode

text: of

text: my

text: life

text: which

text: has

text: provided

text: useful

text: though

text: not

text: always

text: joyful

text: experiences

question: What political problem did Montini feel he needed to address as a diplomat in Poland?

answer: excessive nationalism

text: excessive nationalism

question: How did Montini see the nationalism of Poland as a problem?

answer: treats foreigners as enemies

text: treats foreigners as enemies

question: What humanitarian concept did Montini see nationalism as violating?

answer: common frontiers

text: common frontiers

question: What type of political stability was compromised as a result of violent nationalism?

answer: Peace

text: Peace

question: Where was Montini happy to return to after his tenure in Poland?

answer: Rome

text: Rome


text: In the Middle Ages, several powerful Somali empires dominated the regional trade including the Ajuran Sultanate, which excelled in hydraulic engineering and fortress building, the Sultanate of Adal, whose general Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi (Ahmed Gurey) was the first commander to use cannon warfare on the continent during Adal's conquest of the Ethiopian Empire, and the Sultanate of the Geledi, whose military dominance forced governors of the Omani empire north of the city of Lamu to pay tribute to the Somali Sultan Ahmed Yusuf.

title: Somalis

title: Somalis

text: In

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: several

text: powerful

text: Somali

text: empires

text: dominated

text: the

text: regional

text: trade

text: including

text: the

text: Ajuran

text: Sultanate

text: which

text: excelled

text: in

text: hydraulic

text: engineering

text: and

text: fortress

text: building

text: the

text: Sultanate

text: of

text: Adal

text: whose

text: general

text: Ahmad

text: ibn

text: Ibrahim

text: al

text: Ghazi

text: Ahmed

text: Gurey

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: commander

text: to

text: use

text: cannon

text: warfare

text: on

text: the

text: continent

text: during

text: Adal

text: 's

text: conquest

text: of

text: the

text: Ethiopian

text: Empire

text: and

text: the

text: Sultanate

text: of

text: the

text: Geledi

text: whose

text: military

text: dominance

text: forced

text: governors

text: of

text: the

text: Omani

text: empire

text: north

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Lamu

text: to

text: pay

text: tribute

text: to

text: the

text: Somali

text: Sultan

text: Ahmed

text: Yusuf

question: What Somali polity of the Middle Ages was known for its fortresses?

answer: the Ajuran Sultanate

text: the Ajuran Sultanate

question: What state employed Abmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi?

answer: the Sultanate of Adal

text: the Sultanate of Adal

question: What was another name by which Abmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi was known?

answer: Ahmed Gurey

text: Ahmed Gurey

question: What state did Adal conquer?

answer: the Ethiopian Empire

text: the Ethiopian Empire

question: What Somali leader received tribute from the Omani empire?

answer: Sultan Ahmed Yusuf

text: Sultan Ahmed Yusuf


text: On 23 September 1946, an 8,000-strong railroad worker strike began in Pusan. Civil disorder spread throughout the country in what became known as the Autumn uprising. On 1 October 1946, Korean police killed three students in the Daegu Uprising; protesters counter-attacked, killing 38 policemen. On 3 October, some 10,000 people attacked the Yeongcheon police station, killing three policemen and injuring some 40 more; elsewhere, some 20 landlords and pro-Japanese South Korean officials were killed. The USAMGIK declared martial law.

title: Korean_War

title: Korean_War

text: On

text: September

text: an

text: railroad

text: worker

text: strike

text: began

text: in

text: Pusan

text: Civil

text: disorder

text: spread

text: throughout

text: the

text: country

text: in

text: what

text: became

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Autumn

text: uprising

text: On

text: October

text: Korean

text: police

text: killed

text: three

text: students

text: in

text: the

text: Daegu

text: Uprising

text: protesters

text: counter

text: attacked

text: killing

text: policemen

text: On

text: October

text: some

text: people

text: attacked

text: the

text: Yeongcheon

text: police

text: station

text: killing

text: three

text: policemen

text: and

text: injuring

text: some

text: more

text: elsewhere

text: some

text: landlords

text: and

text: pro

text: Japanese

text: South

text: Korean

text: officials

text: were

text: killed

text: The

text: USAMGIK

text: declared

text: martial

text: law

question: What is the civil disobedience caused by the railroad worker's strike called?

answer: the Autumn uprising

text: the Autumn uprising

question: When was the Daegu Uprising?

answer: 1946

question: How many people attacked the Yeongcheon police station?

answer: 10,000

question: When did the Pusasn railroad strike begin?

answer: 23 September 1946

text: 23 September 1946

question: How did the USAMGIK respond to the uprisings?

answer: declared martial law

text: declared martial law