text: From the 19th century, there was a revival in many ancient glass-making techniques including cameo glass, achieved for the first time since the Roman Empire and initially mostly used for pieces in a neo-classical style. The Art Nouveau movement made great use of glass, with René Lalique, Émile Gallé, and Daum of Nancy producing colored vases and similar pieces, often in cameo glass, and also using luster techniques. Louis Comfort Tiffany in America specialized in stained glass, both secular and religious, and his famous lamps. The early 20th-century saw the large-scale factory production of glass art by firms such as Waterford and Lalique. From about 1960 onwards there have been an increasing number of small studios hand-producing glass artworks, and glass artists began to class themselves as in effect sculptors working in glass, and their works as part fine arts.

title: Glass

title: Glass

text: From

text: the

text: century

text: there

text: was

text: a

text: revival

text: in

text: many

text: ancient

text: glass

text: making

text: techniques

text: including

text: cameo

text: glass

text: achieved

text: for

text: the

text: first

text: time

text: since

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: and

text: initially

text: mostly

text: used

text: for

text: pieces

text: in

text: a

text: neo

text: classical

text: style

text: The

text: Art

text: Nouveau

text: movement

text: made

text: great

text: use

text: of

text: glass

text: with

text: René

text: Lalique

text: Émile

text: Gallé

text: and

text: Daum

text: of

text: Nancy

text: producing

text: colored

text: vases

text: and

text: similar

text: pieces

text: often

text: in

text: cameo

text: glass

text: and

text: also

text: using

text: luster

text: techniques

text: Louis

text: Comfort

text: Tiffany

text: in

text: America

text: specialized

text: in

text: stained

text: glass

text: both

text: secular

text: and

text: religious

text: and

text: his

text: famous

text: lamps

text: The

text: early

text: century

text: saw

text: the

text: large

text: scale

text: factory

text: production

text: of

text: glass

text: art

text: by

text: firms

text: such

text: as

text: Waterford

text: and

text: Lalique

text: From

text: about

text: onwards

text: there

text: have

text: been

text: an

text: increasing

text: number

text: of

text: small

text: studios

text: hand

text: producing

text: glass

text: artworks

text: and

text: glass

text: artists

text: began

text: to

text: class

text: themselves

text: as

text: in

text: effect

text: sculptors

text: working

text: in

text: glass

text: and

text: their

text: works

text: as

text: part

text: fine

text: arts

question: What famous lampmaker used glass?

answer: Louis Comfort Tiffany

text: Louis Comfort Tiffany

question: When did glassworkers begin to consider their products fine art?

answer: 1960

question: What type of glass did many Art Nouveau artists use?

answer: cameo glass

text: cameo glass

question: When did mass production of glass art begin?

answer: early 20th-century

text: early 20th-century

question: What early civilization made cameo glass?

answer: Roman Empire

text: Roman Empire


text: The trends of Hellenization were therefore accompanied by Greeks adopting native ways over time, but this was widely varied by place and by social class. The farther away from the Mediterranean and the lower in social status, the more likely that a colonist was to adopt local ways, while the Greco-Macedonian elites and Royal families, usually remained thoroughly Greek and viewed most non-Greeks with disdain. It is only until Cleopatra VII, that a Ptolemaic ruler bothered to learn the Egyptian language of their subjects.

title: Hellenistic_period

title: Hellenistic_period

text: The

text: trends

text: of

text: Hellenization

text: were

text: therefore

text: accompanied

text: by

text: Greeks

text: adopting

text: native

text: ways

text: over

text: time

text: but

text: this

text: was

text: widely

text: varied

text: by

text: place

text: and

text: by

text: social

text: class

text: The

text: farther

text: away

text: from

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: and

text: the

text: lower

text: in

text: social

text: status

text: the

text: more

text: likely

text: that

text: a

text: colonist

text: was

text: to

text: adopt

text: local

text: ways

text: while

text: the

text: Greco

text: Macedonian

text: elites

text: and

text: Royal

text: families

text: usually

text: remained

text: thoroughly

text: Greek

text: and

text: viewed

text: most

text: non

text: Greeks

text: with

text: disdain

text: It

text: is

text: only

text: until

text: Cleopatra

text: VII

text: that

text: a

text: Ptolemaic

text: ruler

text: bothered

text: to

text: learn

text: the

text: Egyptian

text: language

text: of

text: their

text: subjects

question: A colonist far from the Mediterranean and low in social rank would be more likely to do what?

answer: adopt local ways

text: adopt local ways

question: Greco-Macedonian elites remained commited to what culture?

answer: Greek

text: Greek

question: Who did Greeks look down upon?

answer: non-Greeks

text: non-Greeks

question: Who was the first Ptolemaic ruler to learn the Egyptian language?

answer: Cleopatra VII

text: Cleopatra VII


text: Architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright developed Organic architecture, in which the form was defined by its environment and purpose, with an aim to promote harmony between human habitation and the natural world with prime examples being Robie House and Fallingwater.

title: Architecture

title: Architecture

text: Architects

text: such

text: as

text: Frank

text: Lloyd

text: Wright

text: developed

text: Organic

text: architecture

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: form

text: was

text: defined

text: by

text: its

text: environment

text: and

text: purpose

text: with

text: an

text: aim

text: to

text: promote

text: harmony

text: between

text: human

text: habitation

text: and

text: the

text: natural

text: world

text: with

text: prime

text: examples

text: being

text: Robie

text: House

text: and

text: Fallingwater

question: Who was instrumental in creating Organic architecture?

answer: Frank Lloyd Wright

text: Frank Lloyd Wright

question: What are two of Wright's designs?

answer: Robie House and Fallingwater

text: Robie House and Fallingwater

question: What was Wright's intention regarding humans and nature?

answer: to promote harmony

text: to promote harmony


text: In the 1920s, John Maynard Keynes prompted a division between microeconomics and macroeconomics. Under Keynesian economics macroeconomic trends can overwhelm economic choices made by individuals. Governments should promote aggregate demand for goods as a means to encourage economic expansion. Following World War II, Milton Friedman created the concept of monetarism. Monetarism focuses on using the supply and demand of money as a method for controlling economic activity. In the 1970s, monetarism has adapted into supply-side economics which advocates reducing taxes as a means to increase the amount of money available for economic expansion.

title: History_of_science

title: History_of_science

text: In

text: the

text: John

text: Maynard

text: Keynes

text: prompted

text: a

text: division

text: between

text: microeconomics

text: and

text: macroeconomics

text: Under

text: Keynesian

text: economics

text: macroeconomic

text: trends

text: can

text: overwhelm

text: economic

text: choices

text: made

text: by

text: individuals

text: Governments

text: should

text: promote

text: aggregate

text: demand

text: for

text: goods

text: as

text: a

text: means

text: to

text: encourage

text: economic

text: expansion

text: Following

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: Milton

text: Friedman

text: created

text: the

text: concept

text: of

text: monetarism

text: Monetarism

text: focuses

text: on

text: using

text: the

text: supply

text: and

text: demand

text: of

text: money

text: as

text: a

text: method

text: for

text: controlling

text: economic

text: activity

text: In

text: the

text: monetarism

text: has

text: adapted

text: into

text: supply

text: side

text: economics

text: which

text: advocates

text: reducing

text: taxes

text: as

text: a

text: means

text: to

text: increase

text: the

text: amount

text: of

text: money

text: available

text: for

text: economic

text: expansion

question: What did John Maynard Keynes want to separate?

answer: microeconomics and macroeconomics

text: microeconomics and macroeconomics

question: What concept did Milton Friedman propose after World War II?

answer: monetarism

text: monetarism

question: How did monaterism aim to control the economy?

answer: using the supply and demand of money

text: using the supply and demand of money

question: In the 1970s, what did monaterism turn into?

answer: supply-side economics

text: supply-side economics

question: How did supply-side economics try to increase the amount of money in the market?

answer: reducing taxes

text: reducing taxes


text: The CIA established its first training facility, the Office of Training and Education, in 1950. Following the end of the Cold War, the CIA's training budget was slashed, which had a negative effect on employee retention. In response, Director of Central Intelligence George Tenet established CIA University in 2002. CIA University holds between 200 and 300 courses each year, training both new hires and experienced intelligence officers, as well as CIA support staff. The facility works in partnership with the National Intelligence University, and includes the Sherman Kent School for Intelligence Analysis, the Directorate of Analysis' component of the university.

title: Central_Intelligence_Agency

title: Central_Intelligence_Agency

text: The

text: CIA

text: established

text: its

text: first

text: training

text: facility

text: the

text: Office

text: of

text: Training

text: and

text: Education

text: in

text: Following

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Cold

text: War

text: the

text: CIA

text: 's

text: training

text: budget

text: was

text: slashed

text: which

text: had

text: a

text: negative

text: effect

text: on

text: employee

text: retention

text: In

text: response

text: Director

text: of

text: Central

text: Intelligence

text: George

text: Tenet

text: established

text: CIA

text: University

text: in

text: CIA

text: University

text: holds

text: between

text: and

text: courses

text: each

text: year

text: training

text: both

text: new

text: hires

text: and

text: experienced

text: intelligence

text: officers

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: CIA

text: support

text: staff

text: The

text: facility

text: works

text: in

text: partnership

text: with

text: the

text: National

text: Intelligence

text: University

text: and

text: includes

text: the

text: Sherman

text: Kent

text: School

text: for

text: Intelligence

text: Analysis

text: the

text: Directorate

text: of

text: Analysis

text: component

text: of

text: the

text: university

question: In what year did the CIA establish its first training facility?

answer: 1950

question: What was the name of the first training facility that was established by the CIA?

answer: the Office of Training and Education

text: the Office of Training and Education

question: What event decreased the CIA's training budget?

answer: the Cold War

text: the Cold War

question: How many annual courses does the CIA University have?

answer: between 200 and 300

text: between 200 and 300

question: Who was the Director of Central Intelligence in 2002?

answer: George Tenet

text: George Tenet


text: Charles Shields, who has written the only book-length biography of Harper Lee to date, offers the reason for the novel's enduring popularity and impact is that "its lessons of human dignity and respect for others remain fundamental and universal". Atticus' lesson to Scout that "you never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view—until you climb around in his skin and walk around in it" exemplifies his compassion. She ponders the comment when listening to Mayella Ewell's testimony. When Mayella reacts with confusion to Atticus' question if she has any friends, Scout offers that she must be lonelier than Boo Radley. Having walked Boo home after he saves their lives, Scout stands on the Radley porch and considers the events of the previous three years from Boo's perspective. One writer remarks, "... [w]hile the novel concerns tragedy and injustice, heartache and loss, it also carries with it a strong sense [of] courage, compassion, and an awareness of history to be better human beings."

title: To_Kill_a_Mockingbird

title: To_Kill_a_Mockingbird

text: Charles

text: Shields

text: who

text: has

text: written

text: the

text: only

text: book

text: length

text: biography

text: of

text: Harper

text: Lee

text: to

text: date

text: offers

text: the

text: reason

text: for

text: the

text: novel

text: 's

text: enduring

text: popularity

text: and

text: impact

text: is

text: that

text: its

text: lessons

text: of

text: human

text: dignity

text: and

text: respect

text: for

text: others

text: remain

text: fundamental

text: and

text: universal

text: Atticus

text: lesson

text: to

text: Scout

text: that

text: you

text: never

text: really

text: understand

text: a

text: person

text: until

text: you

text: consider

text: things

text: from

text: his

text: point

text: of

text: view

text: until

text: you

text: climb

text: around

text: in

text: his

text: skin

text: and

text: walk

text: around

text: in

text: it

text: exemplifies

text: his

text: compassion

text: She

text: ponders

text: the

text: comment

text: when

text: listening

text: to

text: Mayella

text: Ewell

text: 's

text: testimony

text: When

text: Mayella

text: reacts

text: with

text: confusion

text: to

text: Atticus

text: question

text: if

text: she

text: has

text: any

text: friends

text: Scout

text: offers

text: that

text: she

text: must

text: be

text: lonelier

text: than

text: Boo

text: Radley

text: Having

text: walked

text: Boo

text: home

text: after

text: he

text: saves

text: their

text: lives

text: Scout

text: stands

text: on

text: the

text: Radley

text: porch

text: and

text: considers

text: the

text: events

text: of

text: the

text: previous

text: three

text: years

text: from

text: Boo

text: 's

text: perspective

text: One

text: writer

text: remarks

text: w]hile

text: the

text: novel

text: concerns

text: tragedy

text: and

text: injustice

text: heartache

text: and

text: loss

text: it

text: also

text: carries

text: with

text: it

text: a

text: strong

text: sense

text: of

text: courage

text: compassion

text: and

text: an

text: awareness

text: of

text: history

text: to

text: be

text: better

text: human

text: beings

question: Who has written the only biography of Harper Lee?

answer: Charles Shields

text: Charles Shields

question: Who wrote the only book length- biography of Harper Lee?

answer: Charles Shields

text: Charles Shields

question: According to Shields, which of the books lessons are fundamental and universal?

answer: human dignity and respect for others

text: human dignity and respect for others

question: Who does Scout think could be lonelier than Boo Radley?

answer: Mayella Ewell

text: Mayella Ewell


text: According to the Office for National Statistics, at the 2001 census there were over a million black people in the United Kingdom; 1% of the total population described themselves as "Black Caribbean", 0.8% as "Black African", and 0.2% as "Black other". Britain encouraged the immigration of workers from the Caribbean after World War II; the first symbolic movement was those who came on the ship the Empire Windrush. The preferred official umbrella term is "black and minority ethnic" (BME), but sometimes the term "black" is used on its own, to express unified opposition to racism, as in the Southall Black Sisters, which started with a mainly British Asian constituency, and the National Black Police Association, which has a membership of "African, African-Caribbean and Asian origin".

title: Black_people

title: Black_people

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: Office

text: for

text: National

text: Statistics

text: at

text: the

text: census

text: there

text: were

text: over

text: a

text: million

text: black

text: people

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: the

text: total

text: population

text: described

text: themselves

text: as

text: Black

text: Caribbean

text: as

text: Black

text: African

text: and

text: as

text: Black

text: other

text: Britain

text: encouraged

text: the

text: immigration

text: of

text: workers

text: from

text: the

text: Caribbean

text: after

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: the

text: first

text: symbolic

text: movement

text: was

text: those

text: who

text: came

text: on

text: the

text: ship

text: the

text: Empire

text: Windrush

text: The

text: preferred

text: official

text: umbrella

text: term

text: is

text: black

text: and

text: minority

text: ethnic

text: BME

text: but

text: sometimes

text: the

text: term

text: black

text: is

text: used

text: on

text: its

text: own

text: to

text: express

text: unified

text: opposition

text: to

text: racism

text: as

text: in

text: the

text: Southall

text: Black

text: Sisters

text: which

text: started

text: with

text: a

text: mainly

text: British

text: Asian

text: constituency

text: and

text: the

text: National

text: Black

text: Police

text: Association

text: which

text: has

text: a

text: membership

text: of

text: African

text: African

text: Caribbean

text: and

text: Asian

text: origin

question: In 2001 how many black people lived in the UK?

answer: over a million black

text: over a million black

question: What percentage of the population was "Black Caribbean"?

answer: 1%

question: What percentage of the population was "Black African"?

answer: 0.8%

question: What percentage of the population was "Black other"?

answer: 0.2%

question: When did Britain encourage immigration of workers?

answer: after World War II

text: after World War II


text: Reflection of the original signal also occurs when it hits an extended conductive surface, in a fashion similar to a mirror. This effect can also be used to increase signal through the use of a reflector, normally placed behind the active element and spaced so the reflected signal reaches the element in-phase. Generally the reflector will remain highly reflective even if it is not solid; gaps less than 1⁄10 generally have little effect on the outcome. For this reason, reflectors often take the form of wire meshes or rows of passive elements, which makes them lighter and less subject to wind. The parabolic reflector is perhaps the best known example of a reflector-based antenna, which has an effective area far greater than the active element alone.

title: Antenna_(radio)

title: Antenna_(radio

text: Reflection

text: of

text: the

text: original

text: signal

text: also

text: occurs

text: when

text: it

text: hits

text: an

text: extended

text: conductive

text: surface

text: in

text: a

text: fashion

text: similar

text: to

text: a

text: mirror

text: This

text: effect

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: increase

text: signal

text: through

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: a

text: reflector

text: normally

text: placed

text: behind

text: the

text: active

text: element

text: and

text: spaced

text: so

text: the

text: reflected

text: signal

text: reaches

text: the

text: element

text: in

text: phase

text: Generally

text: the

text: reflector

text: will

text: remain

text: highly

text: reflective

text: even

text: if

text: it

text: is

text: not

text: solid

text: gaps

text: less

text: than

text: generally

text: have

text: little

text: effect

text: on

text: the

text: outcome

text: For

text: this

text: reason

text: reflectors

text: often

text: take

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: wire

text: meshes

text: or

text: rows

text: of

text: passive

text: elements

text: which

text: makes

text: them

text: lighter

text: and

text: less

text: subject

text: to

text: wind

text: The

text: parabolic

text: reflector

text: is

text: perhaps

text: the

text: best

text: known

text: example

text: of

text: a

text: reflector

text: based

text: antenna

text: which

text: has

text: an

text: effective

text: area

text: far

text: greater

text: than

text: the

text: active

text: element

text: alone

question: If you wanted to somehow clone the original signal you could use?

answer: extended conductive surface

text: extended conductive surface

question: What effect would the use of a reflector have on a signal?

answer: increase

text: increase

question: What allowance can be made for gaps without loss of performance?

answer: less than 1⁄10

text: less than 1⁄10

question: What is the most recognized type of an antenna that has its basis in reflection?

answer: parabolic reflector

text: parabolic reflector


text: On 6 September 2007, Belgian-based International Polar Foundation unveiled the Princess Elisabeth station, the world's first zero-emissions polar science station in Antarctica to research climate change. Costing $16.3 million, the prefabricated station, which is part of the International Polar Year, was shipped to the South Pole from Belgium by the end of 2008 to monitor the health of the polar regions. Belgian polar explorer Alain Hubert stated: "This base will be the first of its kind to produce zero emissions, making it a unique model of how energy should be used in the Antarctic." Johan Berte is the leader of the station design team and manager of the project which conducts research in climatology, glaciology and microbiology.

title: Antarctica

title: Antarctica

text: On

text: September

text: Belgian

text: based

text: International

text: Polar

text: Foundation

text: unveiled

text: the

text: Princess

text: Elisabeth

text: station

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: first

text: zero

text: emissions

text: polar

text: science

text: station

text: in

text: Antarctica

text: to

text: research

text: climate

text: change

text: Costing

text: million

text: the

text: prefabricated

text: station

text: which

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: International

text: Polar

text: Year

text: was

text: shipped

text: to

text: the

text: South

text: Pole

text: from

text: Belgium

text: by

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: to

text: monitor

text: the

text: health

text: of

text: the

text: polar

text: regions

text: Belgian

text: polar

text: explorer

text: Alain

text: Hubert

text: stated

text: This

text: base

text: will

text: be

text: the

text: first

text: of

text: its

text: kind

text: to

text: produce

text: zero

text: emissions

text: making

text: it

text: a

text: unique

text: model

text: of

text: how

text: energy

text: should

text: be

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: Johan

text: Berte

text: is

text: the

text: leader

text: of

text: the

text: station

text: design

text: team

text: and

text: manager

text: of

text: the

text: project

text: which

text: conducts

text: research

text: in

text: climatology

text: glaciology

text: and

text: microbiology

question: What type of research was Princess Elizabeth station built to study?

answer: climate change

text: climate change

question: How much did the Princess Elizabeth station cost?

answer: $16.3 million

text: $16.3 million

question: What unique characteristic does the Princess Elizabeth station feature?

answer: zero-emissions

text: zero-emissions

question: From what country was the Princess Elizabeth station shipped?

answer: Belgium

text: Belgium

question: Who is the leader of the station design team?

answer: Johan Berte

text: Johan Berte


text: Hunting is primarily regulated by state law; additional regulations are imposed through United States environmental law in the case of migratory birds and endangered species. Regulations vary widely from state to state and govern the areas, time periods, techniques and methods by which specific game animals may be hunted. Some states make a distinction between protected species and unprotected species (often vermin or varmints for which there are no hunting regulations). Hunters of protected species require a hunting license in all states, for which completion of a hunting safety course is sometimes a prerequisite.

title: Hunting

title: Hunting

text: Hunting

text: is

text: primarily

text: regulated

text: by

text: state

text: law

text: additional

text: regulations

text: are

text: imposed

text: through

text: United

text: States

text: environmental

text: law

text: in

text: the

text: case

text: of

text: migratory

text: birds

text: and

text: endangered

text: species

text: Regulations

text: vary

text: widely

text: from

text: state

text: to

text: state

text: and

text: govern

text: the

text: areas

text: time

text: periods

text: techniques

text: and

text: methods

text: by

text: which

text: specific

text: game

text: animals

text: may

text: be

text: hunted

text: Some

text: states

text: make

text: a

text: distinction

text: between

text: protected

text: species

text: and

text: unprotected

text: species

text: often

text: vermin

text: or

text: varmints

text: for

text: which

text: there

text: are

text: no

text: hunting

text: regulations

text: Hunters

text: of

text: protected

text: species

text: require

text: a

text: hunting

text: license

text: in

text: all

text: states

text: for

text: which

text: completion

text: of

text: a

text: hunting

text: safety

text: course

text: is

text: sometimes

text: a

text: prerequisite

question: What law primarily regulates hunting?

answer: state

text: state

question: What additional type of law applies in the case of migratory birds and endangered species?

answer: environmental

text: environmental

question: What varies widely from state to state?

answer: Regulations

text: Regulations

question: What do some states make a distinction between?

answer: protected species and unprotected species

text: protected species and unprotected species

question: What do hunters of protected species require in all states?

answer: a hunting license

text: a hunting license

question: How is hunting regulated?

answer: by state law

text: by state law

question: Migratory birds and endangered species are protected by what law?

answer: United States environmental law

text: United States environmental law

question: What hunters require a hunting license in all states?

answer: Hunters of protected species

text: Hunters of protected species

question: What is sometimes a prerequisite of obtaining a hunting license?

answer: hunting safety course

text: hunting safety course


text: The popularization of the Jewish chant may be found in the writings of the Jewish philosopher Philo, born 20 BCE. Weaving together Jewish and Greek thought, Philo promoted praise without instruments, and taught that "silent singing" (without even vocal chords) was better still. This view parted with the Jewish scriptures, where Israel offered praise with instruments by God's own command (2 Chronicles 29:25). The shofar is the only temple instrument still being used today in the synagogue, and it is only used from Rosh Chodesh Elul through the end of Yom Kippur. The shofar is used by itself, without any vocal accompaniment, and is limited to a very strictly defined set of sounds and specific places in the synagogue service.

title: A_cappella

title: A_cappella

text: The

text: popularization

text: of

text: the

text: Jewish

text: chant

text: may

text: be

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: writings

text: of

text: the

text: Jewish

text: philosopher

text: Philo

text: born

text: BCE

text: Weaving

text: together

text: Jewish

text: and

text: Greek

text: thought

text: Philo

text: promoted

text: praise

text: without

text: instruments

text: and

text: taught

text: that

text: silent

text: singing

text: without

text: even

text: vocal

text: chords

text: was

text: better

text: still

text: This

text: view

text: parted

text: with

text: the

text: Jewish

text: scriptures

text: where

text: Israel

text: offered

text: praise

text: with

text: instruments

text: by

text: God

text: 's

text: own

text: command

text: Chronicles

text: The

text: shofar

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: temple

text: instrument

text: still

text: being

text: used

text: today

text: in

text: the

text: synagogue

text: and

text: it

text: is

text: only

text: used

text: from

text: Rosh

text: Chodesh

text: Elul

text: through

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: Yom

text: Kippur

text: The

text: shofar

text: is

text: used

text: by

text: itself

text: without

text: any

text: vocal

text: accompaniment

text: and

text: is

text: limited

text: to

text: a

text: very

text: strictly

text: defined

text: set

text: of

text: sounds

text: and

text: specific

text: places

text: in

text: the

text: synagogue

text: service

question: What is the name of the philosopher who praised music without instruments?

answer: Philo

text: Philo

question: What did Philo's views on the absence of instruments clash with?

answer: Jewish scriptures

text: Jewish scriptures

question: What is the one instrument still in use today by the synagogue?

answer: shofar

text: shofar

question: The shofar stops being used at the end of what Jewish event?

answer: Yom Kippur

text: Yom Kippur

question: How is the shofar used?

answer: by itself, without any vocal accompaniment

text: by itself, without any vocal accompaniment


text: Proponents of affirmative action recognize that the policy is inherently unequal; however, minding the inescapable fact that historic inequalities exist in America, they believe the policy is much more fair than one in which these circumstances are not taken into account. Furthermore, those in favor of affirmative action see it as an effort towards inclusion rather than a discriminatory practice. "Job discrimination is grounded in prejudice and exclusion, whereas affirmative action is an effort to overcome prejudicial treatment through inclusion. The most effective way to cure society of exclusionary practices is to make special efforts at inclusion, which is exactly what affirmative action does."

title: Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States

title: Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States

text: Proponents

text: of

text: affirmative

text: action

text: recognize

text: that

text: the

text: policy

text: is

text: inherently

text: unequal

text: however

text: minding

text: the

text: inescapable

text: fact

text: that

text: historic

text: inequalities

text: exist

text: in

text: America

text: they

text: believe

text: the

text: policy

text: is

text: much

text: more

text: fair

text: than

text: one

text: in

text: which

text: these

text: circumstances

text: are

text: not

text: taken

text: into

text: account

text: Furthermore

text: those

text: in

text: favor

text: of

text: affirmative

text: action

text: see

text: it

text: as

text: an

text: effort

text: towards

text: inclusion

text: rather

text: than

text: a

text: discriminatory

text: practice

text: Job

text: discrimination

text: is

text: grounded

text: in

text: prejudice

text: and

text: exclusion

text: whereas

text: affirmative

text: action

text: is

text: an

text: effort

text: to

text: overcome

text: prejudicial

text: treatment

text: through

text: inclusion

text: The

text: most

text: effective

text: way

text: to

text: cure

text: society

text: of

text: exclusionary

text: practices

text: is

text: to

text: make

text: special

text: efforts

text: at

text: inclusion

text: which

text: is

text: exactly

text: what

text: affirmative

text: action

text: does

question: What is one of the issues with affirmative action?

answer: inherently unequal

text: inherently unequal

question: How do people who are in favor of affirmative action view it?

answer: an effort towards inclusion rather than a discriminatory practice

text: an effort towards inclusion rather than a discriminatory practice

question: What does affirmative action supposedly aim to do?

answer: overcome prejudicial treatment through inclusion

text: overcome prejudicial treatment through inclusion

question: What do proponents of affirmative action believe is the best way to combat exclusionary practices?

answer: make special efforts at inclusion

text: make special efforts at inclusion


text: A new phase in neoclassical design was inaugurated by Robert and James Adam, who travelled in Italy and Dalmatia in the 1750s, observing the ruins of the classical world. On their return to Britain, they published a book entitled The Works in Architecture in installments between 1773 and 1779. This book of engraved designs made the Adam repertory available throughout Europe. The Adam brothers aimed to simplify the rococo and baroque styles which had been fashionable in the preceding decades, to bring what they felt to be a lighter and more elegant feel to Georgian houses. The Works in Architecture illustrated the main buildings the Adam brothers had worked on and crucially documented the interiors, furniture and fittings, designed by the Adams.

title: Neoclassical_architecture

title: Neoclassical_architecture

text: A

text: new

text: phase

text: in

text: neoclassical

text: design

text: was

text: inaugurated

text: by

text: Robert

text: and

text: James

text: Adam

text: who

text: travelled

text: in

text: Italy

text: and

text: Dalmatia

text: in

text: the

text: observing

text: the

text: ruins

text: of

text: the

text: classical

text: world

text: On

text: their

text: return

text: to

text: Britain

text: they

text: published

text: a

text: book

text: entitled

text: The

text: Works

text: in

text: Architecture

text: in

text: installments

text: between

text: and

text: This

text: book

text: of

text: engraved

text: designs

text: made

text: the

text: Adam

text: repertory

text: available

text: throughout

text: Europe

text: The

text: Adam

text: brothers

text: aimed

text: to

text: simplify

text: the

text: rococo

text: and

text: baroque

text: styles

text: which

text: had

text: been

text: fashionable

text: in

text: the

text: preceding

text: decades

text: to

text: bring

text: what

text: they

text: felt

text: to

text: be

text: a

text: lighter

text: and

text: more

text: elegant

text: feel

text: to

text: Georgian

text: houses

text: The

text: Works

text: in

text: Architecture

text: illustrated

text: the

text: main

text: buildings

text: the

text: Adam

text: brothers

text: had

text: worked

text: on

text: and

text: crucially

text: documented

text: the

text: interiors

text: furniture

text: and

text: fittings

text: designed

text: by

text: the

text: Adams

question: Who began the new phase of neoclassical design?

answer: Robert and James Adam

text: Robert and James Adam

question: Where were the inspirations for the new phase of neoclassicism centered?

answer: Italy and Dalmatia

text: Italy and Dalmatia

question: What book outlines the new trends of neoclassicism in this phase?

answer: The Works in Architecture

text: The Works in Architecture

question: During the later 18th century the trend of neoclassic design attempted to simplify what styles?

answer: rococo and baroque styles

text: rococo and baroque styles

question: This new style was an attempt to give what different feel to design?

answer: lighter and more elegant feel

text: lighter and more elegant feel


text: USB data is transmitted by toggling the data lines between the J state and the opposite K state. USB encodes data using the NRZI line coding; a 0 bit is transmitted by toggling the data lines from J to K or vice versa, while a 1 bit is transmitted by leaving the data lines as-is. To ensure a minimum density of signal transitions remains in the bitstream, USB uses bit stuffing; an extra 0 bit is inserted into the data stream after any appearance of six consecutive 1 bits. Seven consecutive received 1 bits is always an error. USB 3.0 has introduced additional data transmission encodings.

title: USB

title: USB

text: USB

text: data

text: is

text: transmitted

text: by

text: toggling

text: the

text: data

text: lines

text: between

text: the

text: J

text: state

text: and

text: the

text: opposite

text: K

text: state

text: USB

text: encodes

text: data

text: using

text: the

text: NRZI

text: line

text: coding

text: a

text: bit

text: is

text: transmitted

text: by

text: toggling

text: the

text: data

text: lines

text: from

text: J

text: to

text: K

text: or

text: vice

text: versa

text: while

text: a

text: bit

text: is

text: transmitted

text: by

text: leaving

text: the

text: data

text: lines

text: as

text: is

text: To

text: ensure

text: a

text: minimum

text: density

text: of

text: signal

text: transitions

text: remains

text: in

text: the

text: bitstream

text: USB

text: uses

text: bit

text: stuffing

text: an

text: extra

text: bit

text: is

text: inserted

text: into

text: the

text: data

text: stream

text: after

text: any

text: appearance

text: of

text: six

text: consecutive

text: bits

text: Seven

text: consecutive

text: received

text: bits

text: is

text: always

text: an

text: error

text: USB

text: has

text: introduced

text: additional

text: data

text: transmission

text: encodings

question: How is the USB data transmitted?

answer: by toggling the data lines between the J state and the opposite K state

text: by toggling the data lines between the J state and the opposite K state

question: What does USB use to encode data?

answer: the NRZI line coding

text: the NRZI line coding

question: To ensure a minimum density of signal transitions  remains in the bitsream, what does USB use?

answer: bit stuffing

text: bit stuffing


text: Periodically "clean slate" decrees were signed by rulers which cancelled all the rural (but not commercial) debt and allowed bondservants to return to their homes. Customarily rulers did it at the beginning of the first full year of their reign, but they could also be proclaimed at times of military conflict or crop failure. The first known ones were made by Enmetena and Urukagina of Lagash in 2400-2350 BC. According to Hudson, the purpose of these decrees was to prevent debts mounting to a degree that they threatened fighting force which could happen if peasants lost the subsistence land or became bondservants due to the inability to repay the debt.

title: Sumer

title: Sumer

text: Periodically

text: clean

text: slate

text: decrees

text: were

text: signed

text: by

text: rulers

text: which

text: cancelled

text: all

text: the

text: rural

text: but

text: not

text: commercial

text: debt

text: and

text: allowed

text: bondservants

text: to

text: return

text: to

text: their

text: homes

text: Customarily

text: rulers

text: did

text: it

text: at

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: full

text: year

text: of

text: their

text: reign

text: but

text: they

text: could

text: also

text: be

text: proclaimed

text: at

text: times

text: of

text: military

text: conflict

text: or

text: crop

text: failure

text: The

text: first

text: known

text: ones

text: were

text: made

text: by

text: Enmetena

text: and

text: Urukagina

text: of

text: Lagash

text: in

text: BC

text: According

text: to

text: Hudson

text: the

text: purpose

text: of

text: these

text: decrees

text: was

text: to

text: prevent

text: debts

text: mounting

text: to

text: a

text: degree

text: that

text: they

text: threatened

text: fighting

text: force

text: which

text: could

text: happen

text: if

text: peasants

text: lost

text: the

text: subsistence

text: land

text: or

text: became

text: bondservants

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: inability

text: to

text: repay

text: the

text: debt

question: What type of debt did "clean slate" decrees cancel?

answer: rural

text: rural

question: When did rulers typically proclaim "clean slate" decrees?

answer: the first full year of their reign

text: the first full year of their reign

question: Why were the clean slate decrees useful to the rulers of Sumer?

answer: to prevent debts mounting to a degree that they threatened fighting force

text: to prevent debts mounting to a degree that they threatened fighting force

question: What would happen if peasants couldn't repay their debts?

answer: lost the subsistence land or became bondservants

text: lost the subsistence land or became bondservants

question: Who made the first known clean slate decrees?

answer: Enmetena and Urukagina

text: Enmetena and Urukagina


text: The worship of dynastic ruler cults was also a feature of this period, most notably in Egypt, where the Ptolemies adopted earlier Pharaonic practice, and established themselves as god-kings. These cults were usually associated with a specific temple in honor of the ruler such as the Ptolemaieia at Alexandria and had their own festivals and theatrical performances. The setting up of ruler cults was more based on the systematized honors offered to the kings (sacrifice, proskynesis, statues, altars, hymns) which put them on par with the gods (isotheism) than on actual belief of their divine nature. According to Peter Green, these cults did not produce genuine belief of the divinity of rulers among the Greeks and Macedonians. The worship of Alexander was also popular, as in the long lived cult at Erythrae and of course, at Alexandria, where his tomb was located.

title: Hellenistic_period

title: Hellenistic_period

text: The

text: worship

text: of

text: dynastic

text: ruler

text: cults

text: was

text: also

text: a

text: feature

text: of

text: this

text: period

text: most

text: notably

text: in

text: Egypt

text: where

text: the

text: Ptolemies

text: adopted

text: earlier

text: Pharaonic

text: practice

text: and

text: established

text: themselves

text: as

text: god

text: kings

text: These

text: cults

text: were

text: usually

text: associated

text: with

text: a

text: specific

text: temple

text: in

text: honor

text: of

text: the

text: ruler

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Ptolemaieia

text: at

text: Alexandria

text: and

text: had

text: their

text: own

text: festivals

text: and

text: theatrical

text: performances

text: The

text: setting

text: up

text: of

text: ruler

text: cults

text: was

text: more

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: systematized

text: honors

text: offered

text: to

text: the

text: kings

text: sacrifice

text: proskynesis

text: statues

text: altars

text: hymns

text: which

text: put

text: them

text: on

text: par

text: with

text: the

text: gods

text: isotheism

text: than

text: on

text: actual

text: belief

text: of

text: their

text: divine

text: nature

text: According

text: to

text: Peter

text: Green

text: these

text: cults

text: did

text: not

text: produce

text: genuine

text: belief

text: of

text: the

text: divinity

text: of

text: rulers

text: among

text: the

text: Greeks

text: and

text: Macedonians

text: The

text: worship

text: of

text: Alexander

text: was

text: also

text: popular

text: as

text: in

text: the

text: long

text: lived

text: cult

text: at

text: Erythrae

text: and

text: of

text: course

text: at

text: Alexandria

text: where

text: his

text: tomb

text: was

text: located

question: What practice did the Ptolemies adopt in which they dubbed themselves god-kings?

answer: Pharaonic

text: Pharaonic

question: What theism is practice of putting your self on the level of gods?

answer: isotheism

text: isotheism

question: A long lived cult in Erythrae worshiped which dead leader?

answer: Alexander

text: Alexander

question: Where was Alexander's tomb located?

answer: Alexandria

text: Alexandria


text: The Kingdom of Prussia became the leading state of the German Empire after its creation in 1871. However, the Treaty of Versailles following World War I granted West Prussia to Poland and made East Prussia an exclave of Weimar Germany (the new Polish Corridor separating East Prussia from the rest of Germany), while the Memel Territory was detached and was annexed by Lithuania in 1923. Following Nazi Germany's defeat in World War II in 1945, war-torn East Prussia was divided at Joseph Stalin's insistence between the Soviet Union (the Kaliningrad Oblast in the Russian SFSR and the constituent counties of the Klaipėda Region in the Lithuanian SSR) and the People's Republic of Poland (the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship). The capital city Königsberg was renamed Kaliningrad in 1946. The German population of the province was largely evacuated during the war or expelled shortly thereafter in the expulsion of Germans after World War II. An estimated 300,000 (around one fifth of the population) died either in war time bombings raids or in the battles to defend the province.[citation needed]

title: East_Prussia

title: East_Prussia

text: The

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Prussia

text: became

text: the

text: leading

text: state

text: of

text: the

text: German

text: Empire

text: after

text: its

text: creation

text: in

text: However

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Versailles

text: following

text: World

text: War

text: I

text: granted

text: West

text: Prussia

text: to

text: Poland

text: and

text: made

text: East

text: Prussia

text: an

text: exclave

text: of

text: Weimar

text: Germany

text: the

text: new

text: Polish

text: Corridor

text: separating

text: East

text: Prussia

text: from

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: Germany

text: while

text: the

text: Memel

text: Territory

text: was

text: detached

text: and

text: was

text: annexed

text: by

text: Lithuania

text: in

text: Following

text: Nazi

text: Germany

text: 's

text: defeat

text: in

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: in

text: war

text: torn

text: East

text: Prussia

text: was

text: divided

text: at

text: Joseph

text: Stalin

text: 's

text: insistence

text: between

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: the

text: Kaliningrad

text: Oblast

text: in

text: the

text: Russian

text: SFSR

text: and

text: the

text: constituent

text: counties

text: of

text: the

text: Klaipėda

text: Region

text: in

text: the

text: Lithuanian

text: SSR

text: and

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: Poland

text: the

text: Warmian

text: Masurian

text: Voivodeship

text: The

text: capital

text: city

text: Königsberg

text: was

text: renamed

text: Kaliningrad

text: in

text: The

text: German

text: population

text: of

text: the

text: province

text: was

text: largely

text: evacuated

text: during

text: the

text: war

text: or

text: expelled

text: shortly

text: thereafter

text: in

text: the

text: expulsion

text: of

text: Germans

text: after

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: An

text: estimated

text: around

text: one

text: fifth

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: died

text: either

text: in

text: war

text: time

text: bombings

text: raids

text: or

text: in

text: the

text: battles

text: to

text: defend

text: the

text: province.[citation

text: needed

question: What year did the Kingdom of Prussia become the leading state of the German Empire?

answer: 1871

question: What well known treaty would eventually would grant West Prussia to Poland?

answer: Versailles

text: Versailles

question: What year did the Nazi's fall in World War II?

answer: 1945

question: How many died trying to defend the province in Kaliningrad?

answer: 300,000


text: GE's history of working with turbines in the power-generation field gave them the engineering know-how to move into the new field of aircraft turbosuperchargers.[citation needed] Led by Sanford Alexander Moss, GE introduced the first superchargers during World War I, and continued to develop them during the Interwar period. Superchargers became indispensable in the years immediately prior to World War II, and GE was the world leader in exhaust-driven supercharging when the war started. This experience, in turn, made GE a natural selection to develop the Whittle W.1 jet engine that was demonstrated in the United States in 1941. GE ranked ninth among United States corporations in the value of wartime production contracts. Although their early work with Whittle's designs was later handed to Allison Engine Company, GE Aviation emerged as one of the world's largest engine manufacturers, second only to the British company, Rolls-Royce plc.

title: General_Electric

title: General_Electric

text: GE

text: 's

text: history

text: of

text: working

text: with

text: turbines

text: in

text: the

text: power

text: generation

text: field

text: gave

text: them

text: the

text: engineering

text: know

text: how

text: to

text: move

text: into

text: the

text: new

text: field

text: of

text: aircraft

text: turbosuperchargers.[citation

text: needed

text: Led

text: by

text: Sanford

text: Alexander

text: Moss

text: GE

text: introduced

text: the

text: first

text: superchargers

text: during

text: World

text: War

text: I

text: and

text: continued

text: to

text: develop

text: them

text: during

text: the

text: Interwar

text: period

text: Superchargers

text: became

text: indispensable

text: in

text: the

text: years

text: immediately

text: prior

text: to

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: and

text: GE

text: was

text: the

text: world

text: leader

text: in

text: exhaust

text: driven

text: supercharging

text: when

text: the

text: war

text: started

text: This

text: experience

text: in

text: turn

text: made

text: GE

text: a

text: natural

text: selection

text: to

text: develop

text: the

text: Whittle

text: jet

text: engine

text: that

text: was

text: demonstrated

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: in

text: GE

text: ranked

text: ninth

text: among

text: United

text: States

text: corporations

text: in

text: the

text: value

text: of

text: wartime

text: production

text: contracts

text: Although

text: their

text: early

text: work

text: with

text: Whittle

text: 's

text: designs

text: was

text: later

text: handed

text: to

text: Allison

text: Engine

text: Company

text: GE

text: Aviation

text: emerged

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: engine

text: manufacturers

text: second

text: only

text: to

text: the

text: British

text: company

text: Rolls

text: Royce

text: plc

question: Who led GE's effort to build the first turbosupercharges during World War I?

answer: Sanford Alexander Moss

text: Sanford Alexander Moss

question: Which jet engine did GE introduce in 1941?

answer: Whittle W.1

text: Whittle W.1

question: What was GE's rank among US corporations in the value of wartime production contracts during World War II?

answer: ninth

text: ninth

question: To which company did GE hand off their work on Whittle's jet engines?

answer: Allison Engine Company

text: Allison Engine Company

question: Which company is ranked as the largest engine manufacturer in the world?

answer: Rolls-Royce plc

text: Rolls-Royce plc


text: From at least the late nineteenth century in Europe, there was speculation that the range of human sexual response looked more like a continuum than two or three discrete categories. Berlin sexologist Magnus Hirschfeld published a scheme in 1896 that measured the strength of an individual's sexual desire on two independent 10-point scales, A (homosexual) and B (heterosexual). A heterosexual individual may be A0, B5; a homosexual individual may be A5, B0; an asexual would be A0, B0; and someone with an intense attraction to both sexes would be A9, B9.

title: Sexual_orientation

title: Sexual_orientation

text: From

text: at

text: least

text: the

text: late

text: nineteenth

text: century

text: in

text: Europe

text: there

text: was

text: speculation

text: that

text: the

text: range

text: of

text: human

text: sexual

text: response

text: looked

text: more

text: like

text: a

text: continuum

text: than

text: two

text: or

text: three

text: discrete

text: categories

text: Berlin

text: sexologist

text: Magnus

text: Hirschfeld

text: published

text: a

text: scheme

text: in

text: that

text: measured

text: the

text: strength

text: of

text: an

text: individual

text: 's

text: sexual

text: desire

text: on

text: two

text: independent

text: scales

text: A

text: homosexual

text: and

text: B

text: heterosexual

text: A

text: heterosexual

text: individual

text: may

text: be

text: a

text: homosexual

text: individual

text: may

text: be

text: an

text: asexual

text: would

text: be

text: and

text: someone

text: with

text: an

text: intense

text: attraction

text: to

text: both

text: sexes

text: would

text: be

question: Who was the sexologist that published a scheme in 1896?

answer: Magnus Hirschfeld

text: Magnus Hirschfeld

question: What did the published scheme attempt to do?

answer: measured the strength of an individual's sexual desire

text: measured the strength of an individual's sexual desire

question: How did the scheme measure desire?

answer: on two independent 10-point scales

text: on two independent 10-point scales

question: What were the two scales defined as?

answer: A (homosexual) and B (heterosexual)

text: A (homosexual) and B (heterosexual)

question: How many points were on each scale?

answer: 10-point

question: When did the questioning of human sexual responses begin?

answer: From at least the late nineteenth century

text: From at least the late nineteenth century

question: Who created the ten point scale on a persons sexuals desire?

answer: Magnus Hirschfeld

text: Magnus Hirschfeld

question: What year did Magnus Hirschfeld create the ten point scale on a persons sexual desire.

answer: 1896

question: On Magnus's ten point scale what would a homosexual person be considered?

answer: a homosexual individual may be A5, B0

text: a homosexual individual may be A5, B0

question: On the ten point scale what would an asexual person be considered as?

answer: an asexual would be A0, B0

text: an asexual would be A0, B0


text: The early port settlement of Plymouth, called "Sutton", approximates to the area now referred to as the Barbican and has 100 listed buildings and the largest concentration of cobbled streets in Britain. The Pilgrim Fathers left for the New World in 1620 near the commemorative Mayflower Steps in Sutton Pool. Also on Sutton Pool is the National Marine Aquarium which displays 400 marine species and includes Britain's deepest aquarium tank.

title: Plymouth

title: Plymouth

text: The

text: early

text: port

text: settlement

text: of

text: Plymouth

text: called

text: Sutton

text: approximates

text: to

text: the

text: area

text: now

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Barbican

text: and

text: has

text: listed

text: buildings

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: concentration

text: of

text: cobbled

text: streets

text: in

text: Britain

text: The

text: Pilgrim

text: Fathers

text: left

text: for

text: the

text: New

text: World

text: in

text: near

text: the

text: commemorative

text: Mayflower

text: Steps

text: in

text: Sutton

text: Pool

text: Also

text: on

text: Sutton

text: Pool

text: is

text: the

text: National

text: Marine

text: Aquarium

text: which

text: displays

text: marine

text: species

text: and

text: includes

text: Britain

text: 's

text: deepest

text: aquarium

text: tank

question: What was the name of the port once situated on the land occupied by present day Plymouth?

answer: Sutton

text: Sutton

question: When did the Pilgrim Fathers depart Plymouth for the Americas?

answer: 1620

question: What monument commemorates the departure of the Pilgrim Fathers?

answer: Mayflower Steps

text: Mayflower Steps

question: How many marine species are present at the National Marine Aquarium?

answer: 400

question: How many listed buildings are present in the Barbican area?

answer: 100


text: An example of mutual symbiosis is the relationship between the ocellaris clownfish that dwell among the tentacles of Ritteri sea anemones. The territorial fish protects the anemone from anemone-eating fish, and in turn the stinging tentacles of the anemone protect the clownfish from its predators. A special mucus on the clownfish protects it from the stinging tentacles.

title: Symbiosis

title: Symbiosis

text: An

text: example

text: of

text: mutual

text: symbiosis

text: is

text: the

text: relationship

text: between

text: the

text: ocellaris

text: clownfish

text: that

text: dwell

text: among

text: the

text: tentacles

text: of

text: Ritteri

text: sea

text: anemones

text: The

text: territorial

text: fish

text: protects

text: the

text: anemone

text: from

text: anemone

text: eating

text: fish

text: and

text: in

text: turn

text: the

text: stinging

text: tentacles

text: of

text: the

text: anemone

text: protect

text: the

text: clownfish

text: from

text: its

text: predators

text: A

text: special

text: mucus

text: on

text: the

text: clownfish

text: protects

text: it

text: from

text: the

text: stinging

text: tentacles

question: What lives with Ritteri sea anemones?

answer: ocellaris clownfish

text: ocellaris clownfish

question: What prevents the clownfish from being stung?

answer: A special mucus

text: A special mucus

question: What type of relationship do the clownfish and anemone have?

answer: mutual symbiosis

text: mutual symbiosis


text: The first practical ICs were invented by Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor. Kilby recorded his initial ideas concerning the integrated circuit in July 1958, successfully demonstrating the first working integrated example on 12 September 1958. In his patent application of 6 February 1959, Kilby described his new device as "a body of semiconductor material ... wherein all the components of the electronic circuit are completely integrated". Noyce also came up with his own idea of an integrated circuit half a year later than Kilby. His chip solved many practical problems that Kilby's had not. Produced at Fairchild Semiconductor, it was made of silicon, whereas Kilby's chip was made of germanium.

title: Computer

title: Computer

text: The

text: first

text: practical

text: ICs

text: were

text: invented

text: by

text: Jack

text: Kilby

text: at

text: Texas

text: Instruments

text: and

text: Robert

text: Noyce

text: at

text: Fairchild

text: Semiconductor

text: Kilby

text: recorded

text: his

text: initial

text: ideas

text: concerning

text: the

text: integrated

text: circuit

text: in

text: July

text: successfully

text: demonstrating

text: the

text: first

text: working

text: integrated

text: example

text: on

text: September

text: In

text: his

text: patent

text: application

text: of

text: February

text: Kilby

text: described

text: his

text: new

text: device

text: as

text: a

text: body

text: of

text: semiconductor

text: material

text: wherein

text: all

text: the

text: components

text: of

text: the

text: electronic

text: circuit

text: are

text: completely

text: integrated

text: Noyce

text: also

text: came

text: up

text: with

text: his

text: own

text: idea

text: of

text: an

text: integrated

text: circuit

text: half

text: a

text: year

text: later

text: than

text: Kilby

text: His

text: chip

text: solved

text: many

text: practical

text: problems

text: that

text: Kilby

text: 's

text: had

text: not

text: Produced

text: at

text: Fairchild

text: Semiconductor

text: it

text: was

text: made

text: of

text: silicon

text: whereas

text: Kilby

text: 's

text: chip

text: was

text: made

text: of

text: germanium

question: Where created the first practical integrated circuits?

answer: Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor.

text: Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor.

question: Where did Jack Kilby work at when he created the first IC?

answer: Texas Instruments

text: Texas Instruments

question: When was the first functional IC demonstrated?

answer: 12 September 1958.

text: 12 September 1958.

question: What was Kilby's IC made of?

answer: germanium

text: germanium

question: Noyce's IC was made up of what material?

answer: silicon

text: silicon


text: For five consecutive seasons, starting in season seven, the title was given to a white male who plays the guitar – a trend that Idol pundits call the "White guy with guitar" or "WGWG" factor. Just hours before the season eleven finale, where Phillip Phillips was named the winner, Richard Rushfield, author of the book American Idol: The Untold Story, said, "You have this alliance between young girls and grandmas and they see it, not necessarily as a contest to create a pop star competing on the contemporary radio, but as .... who's the nicest guy in a popularity contest," he says, "And that has led to this dynasty of four, and possibly now five, consecutive, affable, very nice, good-looking white boys."

title: American_Idol

title: American_Idol

text: For

text: five

text: consecutive

text: seasons

text: starting

text: in

text: season

text: seven

text: the

text: title

text: was

text: given

text: to

text: a

text: white

text: male

text: who

text: plays

text: the

text: guitar

text: a

text: trend

text: that

text: Idol

text: pundits

text: call

text: the

text: White

text: guy

text: with

text: guitar

text: or

text: WGWG

text: factor

text: Just

text: hours

text: before

text: the

text: season

text: eleven

text: finale

text: where

text: Phillip

text: Phillips

text: was

text: named

text: the

text: winner

text: Richard

text: Rushfield

text: author

text: of

text: the

text: book

text: American

text: Idol

text: The

text: Untold

text: Story

text: said

text: You

text: have

text: this

text: alliance

text: between

text: young

text: girls

text: and

text: grandmas

text: and

text: they

text: see

text: it

text: not

text: necessarily

text: as

text: a

text: contest

text: to

text: create

text: a

text: pop

text: star

text: competing

text: on

text: the

text: contemporary

text: radio

text: but

text: as

text: who

text: 's

text: the

text: nicest

text: guy

text: in

text: a

text: popularity

text: contest

text: he

text: says

text: And

text: that

text: has

text: led

text: to

text: this

text: dynasty

text: of

text: four

text: and

text: possibly

text: now

text: five

text: consecutive

text: affable

text: very

text: nice

text: good

text: looking

text: white

text: boys

question: What does the acronym WGWG stand for?

answer: White guy with guitar

text: White guy with guitar

question: Who won season eleven of American Idol?

answer: Phillip Phillips

text: Phillip Phillips

question: What is the name of the book written by Richard Rushfield about American Idol?

answer: American Idol: The Untold Story

text: American Idol: The Untold Story

question: How many seasons in a row were won by caucasian guitar playing males?

answer: five

text: five

question: What instrument did the winners for five seasons in a row play?

answer: guitar

text: guitar

question: What is the WGWG factor?

answer: White guy with guitar

text: White guy with guitar

question: Who wrote American Idol: The Untold Story?

answer: Richard Rushfield

text: Richard Rushfield

question: Who was named the winner of Season 11?

answer: Phillip Phillips

text: Phillip Phillips


text: In 1814, a secret organization called the Filiki Eteria (Society of Friends) was founded with the aim of liberating Greece. The Filiki Eteria planned to launch revolution in the Peloponnese, the Danubian Principalities and Constantinople. The first of these revolts began on 6 March 1821 in the Danubian Principalities under the leadership of Alexandros Ypsilantis, but it was soon put down by the Ottomans. The events in the north spurred the Greeks of the Peloponnese into action and on 17 March 1821 the Maniots declared war on the Ottomans.

title: Greece

title: Greece

text: In

text: a

text: secret

text: organization

text: called

text: the

text: Filiki

text: Eteria

text: Society

text: of

text: Friends

text: was

text: founded

text: with

text: the

text: aim

text: of

text: liberating

text: Greece

text: The

text: Filiki

text: Eteria

text: planned

text: to

text: launch

text: revolution

text: in

text: the

text: Peloponnese

text: the

text: Danubian

text: Principalities

text: and

text: Constantinople

text: The

text: first

text: of

text: these

text: revolts

text: began

text: on

text: March

text: in

text: the

text: Danubian

text: Principalities

text: under

text: the

text: leadership

text: of

text: Alexandros

text: Ypsilantis

text: but

text: it

text: was

text: soon

text: put

text: down

text: by

text: the

text: Ottomans

text: The

text: events

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: spurred

text: the

text: Greeks

text: of

text: the

text: Peloponnese

text: into

text: action

text: and

text: on

text: March

text: the

text: Maniots

text: declared

text: war

text: on

text: the

text: Ottomans

question: In which year did the Society of Friends begin?

answer: 1814

question: The Society of Friends goal was what?

answer: liberating Greece

text: liberating Greece

question: The Society of Friends was also known by what name?

answer: Filiki Eteria

text: Filiki Eteria

question: The first of several revolutions began when?

answer: 6 March 1821

text: 6 March 1821

question: War was started with the Ottomans when?

answer: 17 March 1821

text: 17 March 1821


text: The 1469 marriage of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon and the 1479 death of John II of Aragon led to the creation of modern-day Spain. In 1492, Granada was captured from the Moors, thereby completing the Reconquista. Portugal had during the 15th century – particularly under Henry the Navigator – gradually explored the coast of Africa, and in 1498, Vasco da Gama found the sea route to India. The Spanish monarchs met the Portuguese challenge by financing the expedition of Christopher Columbus to find a western sea route to India, leading to the discovery of the Americas in 1492.

title: Late_Middle_Ages

title: Late_Middle_Ages

text: The

text: marriage

text: of

text: Isabella

text: I

text: of

text: Castile

text: and

text: Ferdinand

text: II

text: of

text: Aragon

text: and

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: John

text: II

text: of

text: Aragon

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: modern

text: day

text: Spain

text: In

text: Granada

text: was

text: captured

text: from

text: the

text: Moors

text: thereby

text: completing

text: the

text: Reconquista

text: Portugal

text: had

text: during

text: the

text: century

text: particularly

text: under

text: Henry

text: the

text: Navigator

text: gradually

text: explored

text: the

text: coast

text: of

text: Africa

text: and

text: in

text: Vasco

text: da

text: Gama

text: found

text: the

text: sea

text: route

text: to

text: India

text: The

text: Spanish

text: monarchs

text: met

text: the

text: Portuguese

text: challenge

text: by

text: financing

text: the

text: expedition

text: of

text: Christopher

text: Columbus

text: to

text: find

text: a

text: western

text: sea

text: route

text: to

text: India

text: leading

text: to

text: the

text: discovery

text: of

text: the

text: Americas

text: in

question: In what year were Isabel I and Ferdinand II married?

answer: 1469

question: When was modern-day Spain created?

answer: 1492

question: The capture of which city finalized the Reconquista?

answer: Granada

text: Granada

question: Which explorer discovered a sea-route to India?

answer: Vasco da Gama

text: Vasco da Gama

question: In what year did Christopher Columbus discover the Americas?

answer: 1492


text: Because the electron mobility is higher than the hole mobility for all semiconductor materials, a given bipolar n–p–n transistor tends to be swifter than an equivalent p–n–p transistor. GaAs has the highest electron mobility of the three semiconductors. It is for this reason that GaAs is used in high-frequency applications. A relatively recent FET development, the high-electron-mobility transistor (HEMT), has a heterostructure (junction between different semiconductor materials) of aluminium gallium arsenide (AlGaAs)-gallium arsenide (GaAs) which has twice the electron mobility of a GaAs-metal barrier junction. Because of their high speed and low noise, HEMTs are used in satellite receivers working at frequencies around 12 GHz. HEMTs based on gallium nitride and aluminium gallium nitride (AlGaN/GaN HEMTs) provide a still higher electron mobility and are being developed for various applications.

title: Transistor

title: Transistor

text: Because

text: the

text: electron

text: mobility

text: is

text: higher

text: than

text: the

text: hole

text: mobility

text: for

text: all

text: semiconductor

text: materials

text: a

text: given

text: bipolar

text: n

text: p

text: n

text: transistor

text: tends

text: to

text: be

text: swifter

text: than

text: an

text: equivalent

text: p

text: n

text: p

text: transistor

text: GaAs

text: has

text: the

text: highest

text: electron

text: mobility

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: semiconductors

text: It

text: is

text: for

text: this

text: reason

text: that

text: GaAs

text: is

text: used

text: in

text: high

text: frequency

text: applications

text: A

text: relatively

text: recent

text: FET

text: development

text: the

text: high

text: electron

text: mobility

text: transistor

text: HEMT

text: has

text: a

text: heterostructure

text: junction

text: between

text: different

text: semiconductor

text: materials

text: of

text: aluminium

text: gallium

text: arsenide

text: AlGaAs)-gallium

text: arsenide

text: GaAs

text: which

text: has

text: twice

text: the

text: electron

text: mobility

text: of

text: a

text: GaAs

text: metal

text: barrier

text: junction

text: Because

text: of

text: their

text: high

text: speed

text: and

text: low

text: noise

text: HEMTs

text: are

text: used

text: in

text: satellite

text: receivers

text: working

text: at

text: frequencies

text: around

text: GHz

text: HEMTs

text: based

text: on

text: gallium

text: nitride

text: and

text: aluminium

text: gallium

text: nitride

text: AlGaN

text: GaN

text: HEMTs

text: provide

text: a

text: still

text: higher

text: electron

text: mobility

text: and

text: are

text: being

text: developed

text: for

text: various

text: applications

question: What semiconductor has the highest electron mobility?

answer: GaAs

text: GaAs

question: What is quicker, a bipolar n-p-n transistor or a p-n-p transistor?

answer: a given bipolar n–p–n transistor

text: a given bipolar n–p–n transistor

question: What is the common application of GaAs?

answer: high-frequency applications

text: high-frequency applications

question: What does HEMT stand for?

answer: high-electron-mobility transistor

text: high-electron-mobility transistor

question: What are common applications of HEMT?

answer: satellite receivers

text: satellite receivers


text: Slavs are the largest Indo-European ethno-linguistic group in Europe. They inhabit Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Southeast Europe, North Asia and Central Asia. Slavs speak Indo-European Slavic languages and share, to varying degrees, some cultural traits and historical backgrounds. From the early 6th century they spread to inhabit most of Central and Eastern Europe and Southeast Europe, whilst Slavic mercenaries fighting for the Byzantines and Arabs settled Asia Minor and even as far as Syria. The East Slavs colonised Siberia and Central Asia.[better source needed] Presently over half of Europe's territory is inhabited by Slavic-speaking communities, but every Slavic ethnicity has emigrated to other continents.

title: Slavs

title: Slavs

text: Slavs

text: are

text: the

text: largest

text: Indo

text: European

text: ethno

text: linguistic

text: group

text: in

text: Europe

text: They

text: inhabit

text: Central

text: Europe

text: Eastern

text: Europe

text: Southeast

text: Europe

text: North

text: Asia

text: and

text: Central

text: Asia

text: Slavs

text: speak

text: Indo

text: European

text: Slavic

text: languages

text: and

text: share

text: to

text: varying

text: degrees

text: some

text: cultural

text: traits

text: and

text: historical

text: backgrounds

text: From

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: they

text: spread

text: to

text: inhabit

text: most

text: of

text: Central

text: and

text: Eastern

text: Europe

text: and

text: Southeast

text: Europe

text: whilst

text: Slavic

text: mercenaries

text: fighting

text: for

text: the

text: Byzantines

text: and

text: Arabs

text: settled

text: Asia

text: Minor

text: and

text: even

text: as

text: far

text: as

text: Syria

text: The

text: East

text: Slavs

text: colonised

text: Siberia

text: and

text: Central

text: Asia.[better

text: source

text: needed

text: Presently

text: over

text: half

text: of

text: Europe

text: 's

text: territory

text: is

text: inhabited

text: by

text: Slavic

text: speaking

text: communities

text: but

text: every

text: Slavic

text: ethnicity

text: has

text: emigrated

text: to

text: other

text: continents

question: What is the largest Indo-European ethno-linguistic group in Europe?

answer: Slavs are the largest Indo-European ethno-linguistic group in Europe.

text: Slavs are the largest Indo-European ethno-linguistic group in Europe.

question: What areas of the world do Slavs inhabit?

answer: They inhabit Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Southeast Europe, North Asia and Central Asia.

text: They inhabit Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Southeast Europe, North Asia and Central Asia.

question: What was colonised by the East Slavs?

answer: The East Slavs colonised Siberia and Central Asia.

text: The East Slavs colonised Siberia and Central Asia.

question: What portion of Europe's territory is inhabited by Slavic-speaking communities?

answer: Presently over half of Europe's territory is inhabited by Slavic-speaking communities

text: Presently over half of Europe's territory is inhabited by Slavic-speaking communities

question: Slavic mercenaries settled where?

answer: Slavic mercenaries fighting for the Byzantines and Arabs settled Asia Minor and even as far as Syria.

text: Slavic mercenaries fighting for the Byzantines and Arabs settled Asia Minor and even as far as Syria.


text: Prior to 1948, approximately 800,000 Jews were living in lands which now make up the Arab world (excluding Israel). Of these, just under two-thirds lived in the French-controlled Maghreb region, 15–20% in the Kingdom of Iraq, approximately 10% in the Kingdom of Egypt and approximately 7% in the Kingdom of Yemen. A further 200,000 lived in Pahlavi Iran and the Republic of Turkey. Today, around 26,000 Jews live in Arab countries and around 30,000 in Iran and Turkey. A small-scale exodus had begun in many countries in the early decades of the 20th century, although the only substantial aliyah came from Yemen and Syria. The exodus from Arab and Muslim countries took place primarily from 1948. The first large-scale exoduses took place in the late 1940s and early 1950s, primarily in Iraq, Yemen and Libya, with up to 90% of these communities leaving within a few years. The peak of the exodus from Egypt occurred in 1956. The exodus in the Maghreb countries peaked in the 1960s. Lebanon was the only Arab country to see a temporary increase in its Jewish population during this period, due to an influx of refugees from other Arab countries, although by the mid-1970s the Jewish community of Lebanon had also dwindled. In the aftermath of the exodus wave from Arab states, an additional migration of Iranian Jews peaked in the 1980s when around 80% of Iranian Jews left the country.[citation needed]

title: Jews

title: Jews

text: Prior

text: to

text: approximately

text: Jews

text: were

text: living

text: in

text: lands

text: which

text: now

text: make

text: up

text: the

text: Arab

text: world

text: excluding

text: Israel

text: Of

text: these

text: just

text: under

text: two

text: thirds

text: lived

text: in

text: the

text: French

text: controlled

text: Maghreb

text: region

text: in

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Iraq

text: approximately

text: in

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Egypt

text: and

text: approximately

text: in

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Yemen

text: A

text: further

text: lived

text: in

text: Pahlavi

text: Iran

text: and

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Turkey

text: Today

text: around

text: Jews

text: live

text: in

text: Arab

text: countries

text: and

text: around

text: in

text: Iran

text: and

text: Turkey

text: A

text: small

text: scale

text: exodus

text: had

text: begun

text: in

text: many

text: countries

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: decades

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: although

text: the

text: only

text: substantial

text: aliyah

text: came

text: from

text: Yemen

text: and

text: Syria

text: The

text: exodus

text: from

text: Arab

text: and

text: Muslim

text: countries

text: took

text: place

text: primarily

text: from

text: The

text: first

text: large

text: scale

text: exoduses

text: took

text: place

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: and

text: early

text: primarily

text: in

text: Iraq

text: Yemen

text: and

text: Libya

text: with

text: up

text: to

text: of

text: these

text: communities

text: leaving

text: within

text: a

text: few

text: years

text: The

text: peak

text: of

text: the

text: exodus

text: from

text: Egypt

text: occurred

text: in

text: The

text: exodus

text: in

text: the

text: Maghreb

text: countries

text: peaked

text: in

text: the

text: Lebanon

text: was

text: the

text: only

text: Arab

text: country

text: to

text: see

text: a

text: temporary

text: increase

text: in

text: its

text: Jewish

text: population

text: during

text: this

text: period

text: due

text: to

text: an

text: influx

text: of

text: refugees

text: from

text: other

text: Arab

text: countries

text: although

text: by

text: the

text: the

text: Jewish

text: community

text: of

text: Lebanon

text: had

text: also

text: dwindled

text: In

text: the

text: aftermath

text: of

text: the

text: exodus

text: wave

text: from

text: Arab

text: states

text: an

text: additional

text: migration

text: of

text: Iranian

text: Jews

text: peaked

text: in

text: the

text: when

text: around

text: of

text: Iranian

text: Jews

text: left

text: the

text: country.[citation

text: needed

question: Prior to 1948, how many Jews were living in lands which now make up the Arab world (excluding Israel)?

answer: 800,000

question: The only substantial aliyah came from where?

answer: Yemen and Syria

text: Yemen and Syria

question: When did a small-scale exodus begin in many countries?

answer: early decades of the 20th century

text: early decades of the 20th century


text: On 11 April 1898 American Joshua Slocum, on his famous and epic solo round the world voyage arrived at Jamestown. He departed on 20 April 1898 for the final leg of his circumnavigation having been extended hospitality from the governor, his Excellency Sir R A Standale, presented two lectures on his voyage and been invited to Longwood by the French Consular agent.

title: Saint_Helena

title: Saint_Helena

text: On

text: April

text: American

text: Joshua

text: Slocum

text: on

text: his

text: famous

text: and

text: epic

text: solo

text: round

text: the

text: world

text: voyage

text: arrived

text: at

text: Jamestown

text: He

text: departed

text: on

text: April

text: for

text: the

text: final

text: leg

text: of

text: his

text: circumnavigation

text: having

text: been

text: extended

text: hospitality

text: from

text: the

text: governor

text: his

text: Excellency

text: Sir

text: R

text: A

text: Standale

text: presented

text: two

text: lectures

text: on

text: his

text: voyage

text: and

text: been

text: invited

text: to

text: Longwood

text: by

text: the

text: French

text: Consular

text: agent

question: Who arrived in Jamestown during their solo round the world voyage?

answer: Joshua Slocum

text: Joshua Slocum

question: When did Joshua Slocum arrive in Jamestown?

answer: 11 April 1898

text: 11 April 1898

question: When did Joshua Slocum depart from Jamestown to continue his trip?

answer: 20 April 1898

text: 20 April 1898

question: Who presented two lectures on their voyage?

answer: Sir R A Standale

text: Sir R A Standale


text: The Han-era family was patrilineal and typically had four to five nuclear family members living in one household. Multiple generations of extended family members did not occupy the same house, unlike families of later dynasties. According to Confucian family norms, various family members were treated with different levels of respect and intimacy. For example, there were different accepted time frames for mourning the death of a father versus a paternal uncle. Arranged marriages were normal, with the father's input on his offspring's spouse being considered more important than the mother's. Monogamous marriages were also normal, although nobles and high officials were wealthy enough to afford and support concubines as additional lovers. Under certain conditions dictated by custom, not law, both men and women were able to divorce their spouses and remarry.

title: Han_dynasty

title: Han_dynasty

text: The

text: Han

text: era

text: family

text: was

text: patrilineal

text: and

text: typically

text: had

text: four

text: to

text: five

text: nuclear

text: family

text: members

text: living

text: in

text: one

text: household

text: Multiple

text: generations

text: of

text: extended

text: family

text: members

text: did

text: not

text: occupy

text: the

text: same

text: house

text: unlike

text: families

text: of

text: later

text: dynasties

text: According

text: to

text: Confucian

text: family

text: norms

text: various

text: family

text: members

text: were

text: treated

text: with

text: different

text: levels

text: of

text: respect

text: and

text: intimacy

text: For

text: example

text: there

text: were

text: different

text: accepted

text: time

text: frames

text: for

text: mourning

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: a

text: father

text: versus

text: a

text: paternal

text: uncle

text: Arranged

text: marriages

text: were

text: normal

text: with

text: the

text: father

text: 's

text: input

text: on

text: his

text: offspring

text: 's

text: spouse

text: being

text: considered

text: more

text: important

text: than

text: the

text: mother

text: 's

text: Monogamous

text: marriages

text: were

text: also

text: normal

text: although

text: nobles

text: and

text: high

text: officials

text: were

text: wealthy

text: enough

text: to

text: afford

text: and

text: support

text: concubines

text: as

text: additional

text: lovers

text: Under

text: certain

text: conditions

text: dictated

text: by

text: custom

text: not

text: law

text: both

text: men

text: and

text: women

text: were

text: able

text: to

text: divorce

text: their

text: spouses

text: and

text: remarry

question: How many family members would commonly live in a single household during the Han era?

answer: four to five

text: four to five

question: Whose opinion on the spouse of an arranged marriage was considered to be more important?

answer: the father's

text: the father's

question: Who were rich enough to afford multiple lovers?

answer: nobles and high officials

text: nobles and high officials

question: What type of family was your typical Han era family considered to be?

answer: patrilineal

text: patrilineal

question: What type of marriage was thought of as a normal occurrence in this era?

answer: Arranged marriages

text: Arranged marriages


text: When a tree is very young it is covered with limbs almost, if not entirely, to the ground, but as it grows older some or all of them will eventually die and are either broken off or fall off. Subsequent growth of wood may completely conceal the stubs which will however remain as knots. No matter how smooth and clear a log is on the outside, it is more or less knotty near the middle. Consequently, the sapwood of an old tree, and particularly of a forest-grown tree, will be freer from knots than the inner heartwood. Since in most uses of wood, knots are defects that weaken the timber and interfere with its ease of working and other properties, it follows that a given piece of sapwood, because of its position in the tree, may well be stronger than a piece of heartwood from the same tree.

title: Wood

title: Wood

text: When

text: a

text: tree

text: is

text: very

text: young

text: it

text: is

text: covered

text: with

text: limbs

text: almost

text: if

text: not

text: entirely

text: to

text: the

text: ground

text: but

text: as

text: it

text: grows

text: older

text: some

text: or

text: all

text: of

text: them

text: will

text: eventually

text: die

text: and

text: are

text: either

text: broken

text: off

text: or

text: fall

text: off

text: Subsequent

text: growth

text: of

text: wood

text: may

text: completely

text: conceal

text: the

text: stubs

text: which

text: will

text: however

text: remain

text: as

text: knots

text: No

text: matter

text: how

text: smooth

text: and

text: clear

text: a

text: log

text: is

text: on

text: the

text: outside

text: it

text: is

text: more

text: or

text: less

text: knotty

text: near

text: the

text: middle

text: Consequently

text: the

text: sapwood

text: of

text: an

text: old

text: tree

text: and

text: particularly

text: of

text: a

text: forest

text: grown

text: tree

text: will

text: be

text: freer

text: from

text: knots

text: than

text: the

text: inner

text: heartwood

text: Since

text: in

text: most

text: uses

text: of

text: wood

text: knots

text: are

text: defects

text: that

text: weaken

text: the

text: timber

text: and

text: interfere

text: with

text: its

text: ease

text: of

text: working

text: and

text: other

text: properties

text: it

text: follows

text: that

text: a

text: given

text: piece

text: of

text: sapwood

text: because

text: of

text: its

text: position

text: in

text: the

text: tree

text: may

text: well

text: be

text: stronger

text: than

text: a

text: piece

text: of

text: heartwood

text: from

text: the

text: same

text: tree

question: What usually covers the whole trunk of a very young tree?

answer: limbs

text: limbs

question: What evidence of the stubs of the limbs a tree loses can always be seen in the wood?

answer: knots

text: knots

question: In a very old tree, are you more likely to find a lot of knots in the heartwood or the sapwood?

answer: heartwood

text: heartwood

question: What hides the stubs of a tree's lost limbs from being visible later in its life?

answer: Subsequent growth

text: Subsequent growth

question: Since knots are defects that weaken lumber, would the heartwood or the sapwood from the same tree be stronger?

answer: sapwood

text: sapwood


text: That year, Queen began The Works Tour, the first tour to feature keyboardist Spike Edney as an extra live musician. The tour featured nine sold-out dates in October in Bophuthatswana, South Africa, at the arena in Sun City. Upon returning to England, they were the subject of outrage, having played in South Africa during the height of apartheid and in violation of worldwide divestment efforts and a United Nations cultural boycott. The band responded to the critics by stating that they were playing music for fans in South Africa, and they also stressed that the concerts were played before integrated audiences. Queen donated to a school for the deaf and blind as a philanthropic gesture but were fined by the British Musicians' Union and placed on the United Nations' blacklisted artists.

title: Queen_(band)

title: Queen_(band

text: That

text: year

text: Queen

text: began

text: The

text: Works

text: Tour

text: the

text: first

text: tour

text: to

text: feature

text: keyboardist

text: Spike

text: Edney

text: as

text: an

text: extra

text: live

text: musician

text: The

text: tour

text: featured

text: nine

text: sold

text: out

text: dates

text: in

text: October

text: in

text: Bophuthatswana

text: South

text: Africa

text: at

text: the

text: arena

text: in

text: Sun

text: City

text: Upon

text: returning

text: to

text: England

text: they

text: were

text: the

text: subject

text: of

text: outrage

text: having

text: played

text: in

text: South

text: Africa

text: during

text: the

text: height

text: of

text: apartheid

text: and

text: in

text: violation

text: of

text: worldwide

text: divestment

text: efforts

text: and

text: a

text: United

text: Nations

text: cultural

text: boycott

text: The

text: band

text: responded

text: to

text: the

text: critics

text: by

text: stating

text: that

text: they

text: were

text: playing

text: music

text: for

text: fans

text: in

text: South

text: Africa

text: and

text: they

text: also

text: stressed

text: that

text: the

text: concerts

text: were

text: played

text: before

text: integrated

text: audiences

text: Queen

text: donated

text: to

text: a

text: school

text: for

text: the

text: deaf

text: and

text: blind

text: as

text: a

text: philanthropic

text: gesture

text: but

text: were

text: fined

text: by

text: the

text: British

text: Musicians

text: Union

text: and

text: placed

text: on

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: blacklisted

text: artists

question: Which Queen tour was the first to feature Spike Edney?

answer: Spike Edney

text: Spike Edney

question: Queen's Spike Edney plays what instrument?

answer: keyboardist

text: keyboardist

question: Who fined Queen for donating to a school for the deaf and blind?

answer: British Musicians' Union

text: British Musicians' Union

question: Where did Queen play during the height of Apartheid?

answer: South Africa

text: South Africa


text: In July 2013 Tuvalu signed the Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) to establish the Pacific Regional Trade and Development Facility, which Facility originated in 2006, in the context of negotiations for an Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) between Pacific ACP States and the European Union. The rationale for the creation of the Facility being to improve the delivery of aid to Pacific island countries in support of the Aid-for-Trade (AfT) requirements. The Pacific ACP States are the countries in the Pacific that are signatories to the Cotonou Agreement with the European Union.

title: Tuvalu

title: Tuvalu

text: In

text: July

text: Tuvalu

text: signed

text: the

text: Memorandum

text: of

text: Understanding

text: MOU

text: to

text: establish

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Regional

text: Trade

text: and

text: Development

text: Facility

text: which

text: Facility

text: originated

text: in

text: in

text: the

text: context

text: of

text: negotiations

text: for

text: an

text: Economic

text: Partnership

text: Agreement

text: EPA

text: between

text: Pacific

text: ACP

text: States

text: and

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: The

text: rationale

text: for

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: the

text: Facility

text: being

text: to

text: improve

text: the

text: delivery

text: of

text: aid

text: to

text: Pacific

text: island

text: countries

text: in

text: support

text: of

text: the

text: Aid

text: for

text: Trade

text: AfT

text: requirements

text: The

text: Pacific

text: ACP

text: States

text: are

text: the

text: countries

text: in

text: the

text: Pacific

text: that

text: are

text: signatories

text: to

text: the

text: Cotonou

text: Agreement

text: with

text: the

text: European

text: Union

question: What trade agreement did Tuvalu sign in 2013?

answer: Memorandum of Understanding

text: Memorandum of Understanding

question: What does the Memorandum concern?

answer: Pacific Regional Trade

text: Pacific Regional Trade

question: What does the trade agreement encompass?

answer: Economic Partnership Agreement

text: Economic Partnership Agreement

question: With what group does the  agreement form an alliance?

answer: European Union

text: European Union

question: To whom does the Facility seek to deliver aid?

answer: Pacific island countries

text: Pacific island countries


text: John was incensed about what he perceived as an abrogation of his customary right as monarch to influence the election. He complained both about the choice of Langton as an individual, as John felt he was overly influenced by the Capetian court in Paris, and about the process as a whole. He barred Langton from entering England and seized the lands of the archbishopric and other papal possessions. Innocent set a commission in place to try to convince John to change his mind, but to no avail. Innocent then placed an interdict on England in March 1208, prohibiting clergy from conducting religious services, with the exception of baptisms for the young, and confessions and absolutions for the dying.

title: John,_King_of_England

title: John,_King_of_England

text: John

text: was

text: incensed

text: about

text: what

text: he

text: perceived

text: as

text: an

text: abrogation

text: of

text: his

text: customary

text: right

text: as

text: monarch

text: to

text: influence

text: the

text: election

text: He

text: complained

text: both

text: about

text: the

text: choice

text: of

text: Langton

text: as

text: an

text: individual

text: as

text: John

text: felt

text: he

text: was

text: overly

text: influenced

text: by

text: the

text: Capetian

text: court

text: in

text: Paris

text: and

text: about

text: the

text: process

text: as

text: a

text: whole

text: He

text: barred

text: Langton

text: from

text: entering

text: England

text: and

text: seized

text: the

text: lands

text: of

text: the

text: archbishopric

text: and

text: other

text: papal

text: possessions

text: Innocent

text: set

text: a

text: commission

text: in

text: place

text: to

text: try

text: to

text: convince

text: John

text: to

text: change

text: his

text: mind

text: but

text: to

text: no

text: avail

text: Innocent

text: then

text: placed

text: an

text: interdict

text: on

text: England

text: in

text: March

text: prohibiting

text: clergy

text: from

text: conducting

text: religious

text: services

text: with

text: the

text: exception

text: of

text: baptisms

text: for

text: the

text: young

text: and

text: confessions

text: and

text: absolutions

text: for

text: the

text: dying

question: John felt Langton was overly influenced by what?

answer: the Capetian court in Paris

text: the Capetian court in Paris

question: Who was barred Langton from entering England?

answer: England

text: England

question: when did Innocent place an interdict on England?

answer: March 1208

text: March 1208