text: Ideas for affirmative action came as early as the Reconstruction Era (1865-1877) in which a former slave population lacked the skills and resources for sustainable living. In 1865, General William Tecumseh Sherman proposed to divide the land and goods from Georgia and grant it to families of color which became the "Forty acres and a mule" policy. The proposal was never widely adopted due to strong political opposition. Nearly a century later (1950s-1960s), policies to assist classes of individuals reemerged during the Civil Rights Movement. The civil rights guarantees came through the interpretation of the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. The decisions came to be known as affirmative action in which mandatory, as well as voluntary programs, affirmed the civil rights of people of color. Furthermore, these affirmative action programs protected people of color from the present effects stemming from past discrimination. In 1961, President John F. Kennedy became the first to utilize the term "affirmative action" in Executive Order 10925 to ensure that government contractors "take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed, and employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin." This executive order realized the government's intent to create equal opportunities for all qualified people. This executive order was eventually amended and superseded by Lyndon B. Johnson's Executive Order 11246 which prevented discrimination based on race, color, religion, and national origin by organizations which received federal contracts and subcontracts. In 1967, the order was amended to include sex as well. The Reagan administration was opposed to the affirmative action requirements of Executive Order 11246, but these contemplated changes[which?] faced bi-partisan opposition in Congress.

title: Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States

title: Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States

text: Ideas

text: for

text: affirmative

text: action

text: came

text: as

text: early

text: as

text: the

text: Reconstruction

text: Era

text: in

text: which

text: a

text: former

text: slave

text: population

text: lacked

text: the

text: skills

text: and

text: resources

text: for

text: sustainable

text: living

text: In

text: General

text: William

text: Tecumseh

text: Sherman

text: proposed

text: to

text: divide

text: the

text: land

text: and

text: goods

text: from

text: Georgia

text: and

text: grant

text: it

text: to

text: families

text: of

text: color

text: which

text: became

text: the

text: Forty

text: acres

text: and

text: a

text: mule

text: policy

text: The

text: proposal

text: was

text: never

text: widely

text: adopted

text: due

text: to

text: strong

text: political

text: opposition

text: Nearly

text: a

text: century

text: later

text: policies

text: to

text: assist

text: classes

text: of

text: individuals

text: reemerged

text: during

text: the

text: Civil

text: Rights

text: Movement

text: The

text: civil

text: rights

text: guarantees

text: came

text: through

text: the

text: interpretation

text: of

text: the

text: Equal

text: Protection

text: Clause

text: of

text: the

text: Amendment

text: The

text: decisions

text: came

text: to

text: be

text: known

text: as

text: affirmative

text: action

text: in

text: which

text: mandatory

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: voluntary

text: programs

text: affirmed

text: the

text: civil

text: rights

text: of

text: people

text: of

text: color

text: Furthermore

text: these

text: affirmative

text: action

text: programs

text: protected

text: people

text: of

text: color

text: from

text: the

text: present

text: effects

text: stemming

text: from

text: past

text: discrimination

text: In

text: President

text: John

text: F.

text: Kennedy

text: became

text: the

text: first

text: to

text: utilize

text: the

text: term

text: affirmative

text: action

text: in

text: Executive

text: Order

text: to

text: ensure

text: that

text: government

text: contractors

text: take

text: affirmative

text: action

text: to

text: ensure

text: that

text: applicants

text: are

text: employed

text: and

text: employees

text: are

text: treated

text: during

text: employment

text: without

text: regard

text: to

text: their

text: race

text: creed

text: color

text: or

text: national

text: origin

text: This

text: executive

text: order

text: realized

text: the

text: government

text: 's

text: intent

text: to

text: create

text: equal

text: opportunities

text: for

text: all

text: qualified

text: people

text: This

text: executive

text: order

text: was

text: eventually

text: amended

text: and

text: superseded

text: by

text: Lyndon

text: B.

text: Johnson

text: 's

text: Executive

text: Order

text: which

text: prevented

text: discrimination

text: based

text: on

text: race

text: color

text: religion

text: and

text: national

text: origin

text: by

text: organizations

text: which

text: received

text: federal

text: contracts

text: and

text: subcontracts

text: In

text: the

text: order

text: was

text: amended

text: to

text: include

text: sex

text: as

text: well

text: The

text: Reagan

text: administration

text: was

text: opposed

text: to

text: the

text: affirmative

text: action

text: requirements

text: of

text: Executive

text: Order

text: but

text: these

text: contemplated

text: changes[which

text: faced

text: bi

text: partisan

text: opposition

text: in

text: Congress

question: When did the Reconstruction Era end?

answer: 1877

question: Who proposed that land be divided and split up among families of color?

answer: General William Tecumseh Sherman

text: General William Tecumseh Sherman

question: What was the policy of dividing land among families of color referred to as?

answer: Forty acres and a mule

text: Forty acres and a mule

question: Which part of the constitution was the basis for policies that were developed during the Civil Rights Movement?

answer: Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment

text: Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment

question: Who was the first person to utilize the term "affirmative action"?

answer: President John F. Kennedy

text: President John F. Kennedy


text: Madonna entered mainstream films in February 1985, beginning with a brief appearance as a club singer in Vision Quest, a romantic drama film. Its soundtrack contained two new singles, her U.S. number-one single, "Crazy for You" and "Gambler". She also appeared in the comedy Desperately Seeking Susan in March 1985, a film which introduced the song "Into the Groove", her first number one single in the United Kingdom. Although Madonna was not the lead actress for the film, her profile was such that the movie widely became considered (and marketed) as a Madonna vehicle. The New York Times film critic Vincent Canby named it one of the ten best films of 1985.

title: Madonna_(entertainer)

title: Madonna_(entertainer

text: Madonna

text: entered

text: mainstream

text: films

text: in

text: February

text: beginning

text: with

text: a

text: brief

text: appearance

text: as

text: a

text: club

text: singer

text: in

text: Vision

text: Quest

text: a

text: romantic

text: drama

text: film

text: Its

text: soundtrack

text: contained

text: two

text: new

text: singles

text: her

text: U.S.

text: number

text: one

text: single

text: Crazy

text: for

text: You

text: and

text: Gambler

text: She

text: also

text: appeared

text: in

text: the

text: comedy

text: Desperately

text: Seeking

text: Susan

text: in

text: March

text: a

text: film

text: which

text: introduced

text: the

text: song

text: Into

text: the

text: Groove

text: her

text: first

text: number

text: one

text: single

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: Although

text: Madonna

text: was

text: not

text: the

text: lead

text: actress

text: for

text: the

text: film

text: her

text: profile

text: was

text: such

text: that

text: the

text: movie

text: widely

text: became

text: considered

text: and

text: marketed

text: as

text: a

text: Madonna

text: vehicle

text: The

text: New

text: York

text: Times

text: film

text: critic

text: Vincent

text: Canby

text: named

text: it

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: ten

text: best

text: films

text: of

question: When did Madonna enter mainstream films?

answer: February 1985

text: February 1985

question: What is the name of the romantic drama film that Madonna starred in?

answer: Vision Quest

text: Vision Quest

question: When did Madonna appear in the comedy Desperately Seeking Susan?

answer: March 1985

text: March 1985

question: What is the name of Madonna's two new singles?

answer: "Crazy for You" and "Gambler"

text: "Crazy for You" and "Gambler"

question: What song did the comedy Desperately Seeking Susan promote?

answer: "Into the Groove"

text: "Into the Groove"


text: Green shored up the 1984 roster with a series of transactions. In December, 1983 Scott Sanderson was acquired from Montreal in a three-team deal with San Diego for Carmelo Martínez. Pinch hitter Richie Hebner (.333 BA in 1984) was signed as a free-agent. In spring training, moves continued: LF Gary Matthews and CF Bobby Dernier came from Philadelphia on March 26, for Bill Campbell and a minor leaguer. Reliever Tim Stoddard (10–6 3.82, 7 saves) was acquired the same day for a minor leaguer; veteran pitcher Ferguson Jenkins was released.

title: Chicago_Cubs

title: Chicago_Cubs

text: Green

text: shored

text: up

text: the

text: roster

text: with

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: transactions

text: In

text: December

text: Scott

text: Sanderson

text: was

text: acquired

text: from

text: Montreal

text: in

text: a

text: three

text: team

text: deal

text: with

text: San

text: Diego

text: for

text: Carmelo

text: Martínez

text: Pinch

text: hitter

text: Richie

text: Hebner

text: BA

text: in

text: was

text: signed

text: as

text: a

text: free

text: agent

text: In

text: spring

text: training

text: moves

text: continued

text: LF

text: Gary

text: Matthews

text: and

text: CF

text: Bobby

text: Dernier

text: came

text: from

text: Philadelphia

text: on

text: March

text: for

text: Bill

text: Campbell

text: and

text: a

text: minor

text: leaguer

text: Reliever

text: Tim

text: Stoddard

text: saves

text: was

text: acquired

text: the

text: same

text: day

text: for

text: a

text: minor

text: leaguer

text: veteran

text: pitcher

text: Ferguson

text: Jenkins

text: was

text: released

question: Who shored up the 1984 roster with a series of transactions?

answer: Green

text: Green

question: When was Scott Sanderson acquired from Montreal?

answer: December, 1983

text: December, 1983

question: When did LF Gary Matthews and CF Bobby Dernier come from Philadelphia to the Cubs?

answer: March 26

text: March 26


text: Around 3.8 million people work in Switzerland; about 25% of employees belonged to a trade union in 2004. Switzerland has a more flexible job market than neighbouring countries and the unemployment rate is very low. The unemployment rate increased from a low of 1.7% in June 2000 to a peak of 4.4% in December 2009. The unemployment rate is 3.2% in 2014. Population growth from net immigration is quite high, at 0.52% of population in 2004. The foreign citizen population was 21.8% in 2004, about the same as in Australia. GDP per hour worked is the world's 16th highest, at 49.46 international dollars in 2012.

title: Switzerland

title: Switzerland

text: Around

text: million

text: people

text: work

text: in

text: Switzerland

text: about

text: of

text: employees

text: belonged

text: to

text: a

text: trade

text: union

text: in

text: Switzerland

text: has

text: a

text: more

text: flexible

text: job

text: market

text: than

text: neighbouring

text: countries

text: and

text: the

text: unemployment

text: rate

text: is

text: very

text: low

text: The

text: unemployment

text: rate

text: increased

text: from

text: a

text: low

text: of

text: in

text: June

text: to

text: a

text: peak

text: of

text: in

text: December

text: The

text: unemployment

text: rate

text: is

text: in

text: Population

text: growth

text: from

text: net

text: immigration

text: is

text: quite

text: high

text: at

text: of

text: population

text: in

text: The

text: foreign

text: citizen

text: population

text: was

text: in

text: about

text: the

text: same

text: as

text: in

text: Australia

text: GDP

text: per

text: hour

text: worked

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: highest

text: at

text: international

text: dollars

text: in

question: What percentage of employees belonged to a trade union in 2004?

answer: about 25%

text: about 25%

question: How many people work in Switzerland?

answer: Around 3.8 million

text: Around 3.8 million

question: What was the unemployment rate in Switzerland in 2014?

answer: 3.2%

question: What was the foreign citizen population percentage in Switzerland in 2014?

answer: 21.8%

question: What was the peak unemployment rate reached in December, 2009?

answer: 4.4%


text: In Turkey and the Ottoman Empire, the oldest technical university is Istanbul Technical University. Its graduates contributed to a wide variety of activities in scientific research and development. In 1950s, 2 technical universities were opened in Ankara and Trabzon. In recent years, Yildiz University is reorganized as Yildiz Technical University and 2 institutes of technology were founded in Kocaeli and Izmir. In 2010, another technical university named Bursa Technical University was founded in Bursa. Moreover, a sixth technical university is about to be opened in Konya named Konya Technical University.

title: Institute_of_technology

title: Institute_of_technology

text: In

text: Turkey

text: and

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: the

text: oldest

text: technical

text: university

text: is

text: Istanbul

text: Technical

text: University

text: Its

text: graduates

text: contributed

text: to

text: a

text: wide

text: variety

text: of

text: activities

text: in

text: scientific

text: research

text: and

text: development

text: In

text: technical

text: universities

text: were

text: opened

text: in

text: Ankara

text: and

text: Trabzon

text: In

text: recent

text: years

text: Yildiz

text: University

text: is

text: reorganized

text: as

text: Yildiz

text: Technical

text: University

text: and

text: institutes

text: of

text: technology

text: were

text: founded

text: in

text: Kocaeli

text: and

text: Izmir

text: In

text: another

text: technical

text: university

text: named

text: Bursa

text: Technical

text: University

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: Bursa

text: Moreover

text: a

text: sixth

text: technical

text: university

text: is

text: about

text: to

text: be

text: opened

text: in

text: Konya

text: named

text: Konya

text: Technical

text: University

question: What institute of technology opened in Bursa in 2010?

answer: Bursa Technical University

text: Bursa Technical University

question: When Konya Technical University opens, how many total institutes of technology will there be in Turkey and the Ottoman Empire?

answer: six

text: six

question: What two cities in Turkey acquired institutes of technology in the 1950s?

answer: Ankara and Trabzon

text: Ankara and Trabzon


text: Ancient Greek philosophers like Thales, Anaxagoras (ca. 500 BC – 428 BC), Epicurus and Democritus prefigure later materialists. The Latin poem De Rerum Natura by Lucretius (ca. 99 BC – ca. 55 BC) reflects the mechanistic philosophy of Democritus and Epicurus. According to this view, all that exists is matter and void, and all phenomena result from different motions and conglomerations of base material particles called "atoms" (literally: "indivisibles"). De Rerum Natura provides mechanistic explanations for phenomena such as erosion, evaporation, wind, and sound. Famous principles like "nothing can touch body but body" first appeared in the works of Lucretius. Democritus and Epicurus however did not hold to a monist ontology since they held to the ontological separation of matter and space i.e. space being "another kind" of being, indicating that the definition of "materialism" is wider than given scope for in this article.

title: Materialism

title: Materialism

text: Ancient

text: Greek

text: philosophers

text: like

text: Thales

text: Anaxagoras

text: ca

text: BC

text: BC

text: Epicurus

text: and

text: Democritus

text: prefigure

text: later

text: materialists

text: The

text: Latin

text: poem

text: De

text: Rerum

text: Natura

text: by

text: Lucretius

text: ca

text: BC

text: ca

text: BC

text: reflects

text: the

text: mechanistic

text: philosophy

text: of

text: Democritus

text: and

text: Epicurus

text: According

text: to

text: this

text: view

text: all

text: that

text: exists

text: is

text: matter

text: and

text: void

text: and

text: all

text: phenomena

text: result

text: from

text: different

text: motions

text: and

text: conglomerations

text: of

text: base

text: material

text: particles

text: called

text: atoms

text: literally

text: indivisibles

text: De

text: Rerum

text: Natura

text: provides

text: mechanistic

text: explanations

text: for

text: phenomena

text: such

text: as

text: erosion

text: evaporation

text: wind

text: and

text: sound

text: Famous

text: principles

text: like

text: nothing

text: can

text: touch

text: body

text: but

text: body

text: first

text: appeared

text: in

text: the

text: works

text: of

text: Lucretius

text: Democritus

text: and

text: Epicurus

text: however

text: did

text: not

text: hold

text: to

text: a

text: monist

text: ontology

text: since

text: they

text: held

text: to

text: the

text: ontological

text: separation

text: of

text: matter

text: and

text: space

text: i.e.

text: space

text: being

text: another

text: kind

text: of

text: being

text: indicating

text: that

text: the

text: definition

text: of

text: materialism

text: is

text: wider

text: than

text: given

text: scope

text: for

text: in

text: this

text: article

question: De Rerum Natura is a poem by who?

answer: Lucretius

text: Lucretius

question: What kinf of explanation does De Rerum Natura provide for phenomena?

answer: mechanistic explanations

text: mechanistic explanations


text: The standard PlayStation 3 version of the XrossMediaBar (pronounced Cross Media Bar, or abbreviated XMB) includes nine categories of options. These are: Users, Settings, Photo, Music, Video, TV/Video Services, Game, Network, PlayStation Network and Friends (similar to the PlayStation Portable media bar). TheTV/Video Services category is for services like Netflix and/or if PlayTV or torne is installed; the first category in this section is "My Channels", which lets users download various streaming services, including Sony's own streaming services Crackle and PlayStation Vue. By default, the What's New section of PlayStation Network is displayed when the system starts up. PS3 includes the ability to store various master and secondary user profiles, manage and explore photos with or without a musical slide show, play music and copy audio CD tracks to an attached data storage device, play movies and video files from the hard disk drive, an optical disc (Blu-ray Disc or DVD-Video) or an optional USB mass storage or Flash card, compatibility for a USB keyboard and mouse and a web browser supporting compatible-file download function. Additionally, UPnP media will appear in the respective audio/video/photo categories if a compatible media server or DLNA server is detected on the local network. The Friends menu allows mail with emoticon and attached picture features and video chat which requires an optional PlayStation Eye or EyeToy webcam. The Network menu allows online shopping through the PlayStation Store and connectivity to PlayStation Portable via Remote Play.

title: PlayStation_3

title: PlayStation_3

text: The

text: standard

text: PlayStation

text: version

text: of

text: the

text: XrossMediaBar

text: pronounced

text: Cross

text: Media

text: Bar

text: or

text: abbreviated

text: XMB

text: includes

text: nine

text: categories

text: of

text: options

text: These

text: are

text: Users

text: Settings

text: Photo

text: Music

text: Video

text: TV

text: Video

text: Services

text: Game

text: Network

text: PlayStation

text: Network

text: and

text: Friends

text: similar

text: to

text: the

text: PlayStation

text: Portable

text: media

text: bar

text: TheTV

text: Video

text: Services

text: category

text: is

text: for

text: services

text: like

text: Netflix

text: and/or

text: if

text: PlayTV

text: or

text: torne

text: is

text: installed

text: the

text: first

text: category

text: in

text: this

text: section

text: is

text: My

text: Channels

text: which

text: lets

text: users

text: download

text: various

text: streaming

text: services

text: including

text: Sony

text: 's

text: own

text: streaming

text: services

text: Crackle

text: and

text: PlayStation

text: Vue

text: By

text: default

text: the

text: What

text: 's

text: New

text: section

text: of

text: PlayStation

text: Network

text: is

text: displayed

text: when

text: the

text: system

text: starts

text: up

text: includes

text: the

text: ability

text: to

text: store

text: various

text: master

text: and

text: secondary

text: user

text: profiles

text: manage

text: and

text: explore

text: photos

text: with

text: or

text: without

text: a

text: musical

text: slide

text: show

text: play

text: music

text: and

text: copy

text: audio

text: CD

text: tracks

text: to

text: an

text: attached

text: data

text: storage

text: device

text: play

text: movies

text: and

text: video

text: files

text: from

text: the

text: hard

text: disk

text: drive

text: an

text: optical

text: disc

text: Blu

text: ray

text: Disc

text: or

text: DVD

text: Video

text: or

text: an

text: optional

text: USB

text: mass

text: storage

text: or

text: Flash

text: card

text: compatibility

text: for

text: a

text: USB

text: keyboard

text: and

text: mouse

text: and

text: a

text: web

text: browser

text: supporting

text: compatible

text: file

text: download

text: function

text: Additionally

text: UPnP

text: media

text: will

text: appear

text: in

text: the

text: respective

text: audio

text: video

text: photo

text: categories

text: if

text: a

text: compatible

text: media

text: server

text: or

text: DLNA

text: server

text: is

text: detected

text: on

text: the

text: local

text: network

text: The

text: Friends

text: menu

text: allows

text: mail

text: with

text: emoticon

text: and

text: attached

text: picture

text: features

text: and

text: video

text: chat

text: which

text: requires

text: an

text: optional

text: PlayStation

text: Eye

text: or

text: EyeToy

text: webcam

text: The

text: Network

text: menu

text: allows

text: online

text: shopping

text: through

text: the

text: PlayStation

text: Store

text: and

text: connectivity

text: to

text: PlayStation

text: Portable

text: via

text: Remote

text: Play

question: How is "XrossMediaBar" abbreviated?

answer: XMB

text: XMB

question: How many options categories display in the standard PS3 XrossMediaBar?

answer: nine

text: nine

question: One of Sony's streaming services is the PlayStation Vue; what's the other one called?

answer: Crackle

text: Crackle

question: When you start up your PS3, what's the first section of the PS Network you see?

answer: What's New

text: What's New

question: What menu would you use to set up a video chat?

answer: Friends

text: Friends


text: The political turmoil continued. John began to explore an alliance with the French king Philip II, freshly returned from the crusade. John hoped to acquire Normandy, Anjou and the other lands in France held by Richard in exchange for allying himself with Philip. John was persuaded not to pursue an alliance by his mother. Longchamp, who had left England after Walter's intervention, now returned, and argued that he had been wrongly removed as justiciar. John intervened, suppressing Longchamp's claims in return for promises of support from the royal administration, including a reaffirmation of his position as heir to the throne. When Richard still did not return from the crusade, John began to assert that his brother was dead or otherwise permanently lost. Richard had in fact been captured en route to England by the Duke of Austria and was handed over to Emperor Henry VI, who held him for ransom. John seized the opportunity and went to Paris, where he formed an alliance with Philip. He agreed to set aside his wife, Isabella of Gloucester, and marry Philip's sister, Alys, in exchange for Philip's support. Fighting broke out in England between forces loyal to Richard and those being gathered by John. John's military position was weak and he agreed to a truce; in early 1194 the king finally returned to England, and John's remaining forces surrendered. John retreated to Normandy, where Richard finally found him later that year. Richard declared that his younger brother – despite being 27 years old – was merely "a child who has had evil counsellors" and forgave him, but removed his lands with the exception of Ireland.

title: John,_King_of_England

title: John,_King_of_England

text: The

text: political

text: turmoil

text: continued

text: John

text: began

text: to

text: explore

text: an

text: alliance

text: with

text: the

text: French

text: king

text: Philip

text: II

text: freshly

text: returned

text: from

text: the

text: crusade

text: John

text: hoped

text: to

text: acquire

text: Normandy

text: Anjou

text: and

text: the

text: other

text: lands

text: in

text: France

text: held

text: by

text: Richard

text: in

text: exchange

text: for

text: allying

text: himself

text: with

text: Philip

text: John

text: was

text: persuaded

text: not

text: to

text: pursue

text: an

text: alliance

text: by

text: his

text: mother

text: Longchamp

text: who

text: had

text: left

text: England

text: after

text: Walter

text: 's

text: intervention

text: now

text: returned

text: and

text: argued

text: that

text: he

text: had

text: been

text: wrongly

text: removed

text: as

text: justiciar

text: John

text: intervened

text: suppressing

text: Longchamp

text: 's

text: claims

text: in

text: return

text: for

text: promises

text: of

text: support

text: from

text: the

text: royal

text: administration

text: including

text: a

text: reaffirmation

text: of

text: his

text: position

text: as

text: heir

text: to

text: the

text: throne

text: When

text: Richard

text: still

text: did

text: not

text: return

text: from

text: the

text: crusade

text: John

text: began

text: to

text: assert

text: that

text: his

text: brother

text: was

text: dead

text: or

text: otherwise

text: permanently

text: lost

text: Richard

text: had

text: in

text: fact

text: been

text: captured

text: en

text: route

text: to

text: England

text: by

text: the

text: Duke

text: of

text: Austria

text: and

text: was

text: handed

text: over

text: to

text: Emperor

text: Henry

text: VI

text: who

text: held

text: him

text: for

text: ransom

text: John

text: seized

text: the

text: opportunity

text: and

text: went

text: to

text: Paris

text: where

text: he

text: formed

text: an

text: alliance

text: with

text: Philip

text: He

text: agreed

text: to

text: set

text: aside

text: his

text: wife

text: Isabella

text: of

text: Gloucester

text: and

text: marry

text: Philip

text: 's

text: sister

text: Alys

text: in

text: exchange

text: for

text: Philip

text: 's

text: support

text: Fighting

text: broke

text: out

text: in

text: England

text: between

text: forces

text: loyal

text: to

text: Richard

text: and

text: those

text: being

text: gathered

text: by

text: John

text: John

text: 's

text: military

text: position

text: was

text: weak

text: and

text: he

text: agreed

text: to

text: a

text: truce

text: in

text: early

text: the

text: king

text: finally

text: returned

text: to

text: England

text: and

text: John

text: 's

text: remaining

text: forces

text: surrendered

text: John

text: retreated

text: to

text: Normandy

text: where

text: Richard

text: finally

text: found

text: him

text: later

text: that

text: year

text: Richard

text: declared

text: that

text: his

text: younger

text: brother

text: despite

text: being

text: years

text: old

text: was

text: merely

text: a

text: child

text: who

text: has

text: had

text: evil

text: counsellors

text: and

text: forgave

text: him

text: but

text: removed

text: his

text: lands

text: with

text: the

text: exception

text: of

text: Ireland

question: Who did John explore an alliance with?

answer: French king Philip II

text: French king Philip II

question: What did John do when Richard did not return from his crusade?

answer: assert that his brother was dead

text: assert that his brother was dead

question: Who captured Richard?

answer: Duke of Austria

text: Duke of Austria

question: When did the king return to England?

answer: 1194


text: In a nationally televised speech early in the morning of December 25, 1991, Gorbachev resigned as president of the USSR – or, as he put it, "I hereby discontinue my activities at the post of President of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics." He declared the office extinct, and all of its powers (such as control of the nuclear arsenal) were ceded to Yeltsin. A week earlier, Gorbachev had met with Yeltsin and accepted the fait accompli of the Soviet Union's dissolution. On the same day, the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR adopted a statute to change Russia's legal name from "Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" to "Russian Federation," showing that it was now a sovereign state.

title: Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

title: Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

text: In

text: a

text: nationally

text: televised

text: speech

text: early

text: in

text: the

text: morning

text: of

text: December

text: Gorbachev

text: resigned

text: as

text: president

text: of

text: the

text: USSR

text: or

text: as

text: he

text: put

text: it

text: I

text: hereby

text: discontinue

text: my

text: activities

text: at

text: the

text: post

text: of

text: President

text: of

text: the

text: Union

text: of

text: Soviet

text: Socialist

text: Republics

text: He

text: declared

text: the

text: office

text: extinct

text: and

text: all

text: of

text: its

text: powers

text: such

text: as

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: nuclear

text: arsenal

text: were

text: ceded

text: to

text: Yeltsin

text: A

text: week

text: earlier

text: Gorbachev

text: had

text: met

text: with

text: Yeltsin

text: and

text: accepted

text: the

text: fait

text: accompli

text: of

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: 's

text: dissolution

text: On

text: the

text: same

text: day

text: the

text: Supreme

text: Soviet

text: of

text: the

text: Russian

text: SFSR

text: adopted

text: a

text: statute

text: to

text: change

text: Russia

text: 's

text: legal

text: name

text: from

text: Russian

text: Soviet

text: Federative

text: Socialist

text: Republic

text: to

text: Russian

text: Federation

text: showing

text: that

text: it

text: was

text: now

text: a

text: sovereign

text: state

question: When did Gorbachev resign?

answer: December 25, 1991

text: December 25, 1991

question: Who was given control after Gorbachev left?

answer: Yeltsin

text: Yeltsin

question: What was Russia's new legal name?

answer: Russian Federation

text: Russian Federation

question: What was the Russian Federations previous legal name?

answer: Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic

text: Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic


text: Paris in its early history had only the Seine and Bièvre rivers for water. From 1809, the Canal de l'Ourcq provided Paris with water from less-polluted rivers to the north-east of the capital. From 1857, the civil engineer Eugène Belgrand, under Napoleon III, oversaw the construction of a series of new aqueducts that brought water from locations all around the city to several reservoirs built atop the Capital's highest points of elevation. From then on, the new reservoir system became Paris' principal source of drinking water, and the remains of the old system, pumped into lower levels of the same reservoirs, were from then on used for the cleaning of Paris' streets. This system is still a major part of Paris' modern water-supply network. Today Paris has more than 2,400 km (1,491 mi) of underground passageways dedicated to the evacuation of Paris' liquid wastes.

title: Paris

title: Paris

text: Paris

text: in

text: its

text: early

text: history

text: had

text: only

text: the

text: Seine

text: and

text: Bièvre

text: rivers

text: for

text: water

text: From

text: the

text: Canal

text: de

text: l'Ourcq

text: provided

text: Paris

text: with

text: water

text: from

text: less

text: polluted

text: rivers

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: east

text: of

text: the

text: capital

text: From

text: the

text: civil

text: engineer

text: Eugène

text: Belgrand

text: under

text: Napoleon

text: III

text: oversaw

text: the

text: construction

text: of

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: new

text: aqueducts

text: that

text: brought

text: water

text: from

text: locations

text: all

text: around

text: the

text: city

text: to

text: several

text: reservoirs

text: built

text: atop

text: the

text: Capital

text: 's

text: highest

text: points

text: of

text: elevation

text: From

text: then

text: on

text: the

text: new

text: reservoir

text: system

text: became

text: Paris

text: principal

text: source

text: of

text: drinking

text: water

text: and

text: the

text: remains

text: of

text: the

text: old

text: system

text: pumped

text: into

text: lower

text: levels

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: reservoirs

text: were

text: from

text: then

text: on

text: used

text: for

text: the

text: cleaning

text: of

text: Paris

text: streets

text: This

text: system

text: is

text: still

text: a

text: major

text: part

text: of

text: Paris

text: modern

text: water

text: supply

text: network

text: Today

text: Paris

text: has

text: more

text: than

text: km

text: mi

text: of

text: underground

text: passageways

text: dedicated

text: to

text: the

text: evacuation

text: of

text: Paris

text: liquid

text: wastes

question: WHen did the Canal de l'Ourcq start providing Paris with water?

answer: 1809

question: Who was Eugene Belgrand under?

answer: Napoleon III

text: Napoleon III

question: How many km of underground passageways are dedicated to teh evacuationof Paris' waste liquids?

answer: 2,400

question: Who created Paris' reservoir system?

answer: Eugène Belgrand

text: Eugène Belgrand


text: Two days after the marriage, Bonaparte left Paris to take command of the Army of Italy. He immediately went on the offensive, hoping to defeat the forces of Piedmont before their Austrian allies could intervene. In a series of rapid victories during the Montenotte Campaign, he knocked Piedmont out of the war in two weeks. The French then focused on the Austrians for the remainder of the war, the highlight of which became the protracted struggle for Mantua. The Austrians launched a series of offensives against the French to break the siege, but Napoleon defeated every relief effort, scoring notable victories at the battles of Castiglione, Bassano, Arcole, and Rivoli. The decisive French triumph at Rivoli in January 1797 led to the collapse of the Austrian position in Italy. At Rivoli, the Austrians lost up to 14,000 men while the French lost about 5,000.

title: Napoleon

title: Napoleon

text: Two

text: days

text: after

text: the

text: marriage

text: Bonaparte

text: left

text: Paris

text: to

text: take

text: command

text: of

text: the

text: Army

text: of

text: Italy

text: He

text: immediately

text: went

text: on

text: the

text: offensive

text: hoping

text: to

text: defeat

text: the

text: forces

text: of

text: Piedmont

text: before

text: their

text: Austrian

text: allies

text: could

text: intervene

text: In

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: rapid

text: victories

text: during

text: the

text: Montenotte

text: Campaign

text: he

text: knocked

text: Piedmont

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: war

text: in

text: two

text: weeks

text: The

text: French

text: then

text: focused

text: on

text: the

text: Austrians

text: for

text: the

text: remainder

text: of

text: the

text: war

text: the

text: highlight

text: of

text: which

text: became

text: the

text: protracted

text: struggle

text: for

text: Mantua

text: The

text: Austrians

text: launched

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: offensives

text: against

text: the

text: French

text: to

text: break

text: the

text: siege

text: but

text: Napoleon

text: defeated

text: every

text: relief

text: effort

text: scoring

text: notable

text: victories

text: at

text: the

text: battles

text: of

text: Castiglione

text: Bassano

text: Arcole

text: and

text: Rivoli

text: The

text: decisive

text: French

text: triumph

text: at

text: Rivoli

text: in

text: January

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: collapse

text: of

text: the

text: Austrian

text: position

text: in

text: Italy

text: At

text: Rivoli

text: the

text: Austrians

text: lost

text: up

text: to

text: men

text: while

text: the

text: French

text: lost

text: about

question: After his marriage, Napoleon left Paris to lead what army?

answer: the Army of Italy

text: the Army of Italy

question: In which series of battles did Napoleon eliminate the forces of Piedmont from the war?

answer: the Montenotte Campaign

text: the Montenotte Campaign

question: When did the French victory at Rivoli occur?

answer: January 1797

text: January 1797

question: Up to how many Austrian soldiers died at Rivoli?

answer: 14,000

question: Around how many casualties did the French suffer at Rivoli?

answer: 5,000


text: As the summit closed on 28 September 1970, hours after escorting the last Arab leader to leave, Nasser suffered a heart attack. He was immediately transported to his house, where his physicians tended to him. Nasser died several hours later, around 6:00 p.m. Heikal, Sadat, and Nasser's wife Tahia were at his deathbed. According to his doctor, al-Sawi Habibi, Nasser's likely cause of death was arteriosclerosis, varicose veins, and complications from long-standing diabetes. Nasser was a heavy smoker with a family history of heart disease—two of his brothers died in their fifties from the same condition. The state of Nasser's health was not known to the public prior to his death. He had previously suffered heart attacks in 1966 and September 1969.

title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

text: As

text: the

text: summit

text: closed

text: on

text: September

text: hours

text: after

text: escorting

text: the

text: last

text: Arab

text: leader

text: to

text: leave

text: Nasser

text: suffered

text: a

text: heart

text: attack

text: He

text: was

text: immediately

text: transported

text: to

text: his

text: house

text: where

text: his

text: physicians

text: tended

text: to

text: him

text: Nasser

text: died

text: several

text: hours

text: later

text: around

text: p.m.

text: Heikal

text: Sadat

text: and

text: Nasser

text: 's

text: wife

text: Tahia

text: were

text: at

text: his

text: deathbed

text: According

text: to

text: his

text: doctor

text: al

text: Sawi

text: Habibi

text: Nasser

text: 's

text: likely

text: cause

text: of

text: death

text: was

text: arteriosclerosis

text: varicose

text: veins

text: and

text: complications

text: from

text: long

text: standing

text: diabetes

text: Nasser

text: was

text: a

text: heavy

text: smoker

text: with

text: a

text: family

text: history

text: of

text: heart

text: disease

text: two

text: of

text: his

text: brothers

text: died

text: in

text: their

text: fifties

text: from

text: the

text: same

text: condition

text: The

text: state

text: of

text: Nasser

text: 's

text: health

text: was

text: not

text: known

text: to

text: the

text: public

text: prior

text: to

text: his

text: death

text: He

text: had

text: previously

text: suffered

text: heart

text: attacks

text: in

text: and

text: September

question: When did Nasser die?

answer: 28 September 1970

text: 28 September 1970

question: How did Nasser die?

answer: heart attack

text: heart attack

question: Who was with Nasser when he died?

answer: Heikal, Sadat, and Nasser's wife Tahia

text: Heikal, Sadat, and Nasser's wife Tahia

question: What health events had Nasser suffered in 1966 and 1969?

answer: heart attacks

text: heart attacks

question: How old were Nasser's brothers when they died?

answer: in their fifties

text: in their fifties


text: A diverse range of indigenous cultures exist in Myanmar, the majority culture is primarily Buddhist and Bamar. Bamar culture has been influenced by the cultures of neighbouring countries. This is manifested in its language, cuisine, music, dance and theatre. The arts, particularly literature, have historically been influenced by the local form of Theravada Buddhism. Considered the national epic of Myanmar, the Yama Zatdaw, an adaptation of India's Ramayana, has been influenced greatly by Thai, Mon, and Indian versions of the play. Buddhism is practised along with nat worship, which involves elaborate rituals to propitiate one from a pantheon of 37 nats.

title: Myanmar

title: Myanmar

text: A

text: diverse

text: range

text: of

text: indigenous

text: cultures

text: exist

text: in

text: Myanmar

text: the

text: majority

text: culture

text: is

text: primarily

text: Buddhist

text: and

text: Bamar

text: Bamar

text: culture

text: has

text: been

text: influenced

text: by

text: the

text: cultures

text: of

text: neighbouring

text: countries

text: This

text: is

text: manifested

text: in

text: its

text: language

text: cuisine

text: music

text: dance

text: and

text: theatre

text: The

text: arts

text: particularly

text: literature

text: have

text: historically

text: been

text: influenced

text: by

text: the

text: local

text: form

text: of

text: Theravada

text: Buddhism

text: Considered

text: the

text: national

text: epic

text: of

text: Myanmar

text: the

text: Yama

text: Zatdaw

text: an

text: adaptation

text: of

text: India

text: 's

text: Ramayana

text: has

text: been

text: influenced

text: greatly

text: by

text: Thai

text: Mon

text: and

text: Indian

text: versions

text: of

text: the

text: play

text: Buddhism

text: is

text: practised

text: along

text: with

text: nat

text: worship

text: which

text: involves

text: elaborate

text: rituals

text: to

text: propitiate

text: one

text: from

text: a

text: pantheon

text: of

text: nats

question: What are the pervasive culture that is sanctioned in Burma ?

answer: the majority culture is primarily Buddhist and Bamar.

text: the majority culture is primarily Buddhist and Bamar.

question: Have these cultures developed on there own over time ?

answer: Bamar culture has been influenced by the cultures of neighbouring countries

text: Bamar culture has been influenced by the cultures of neighbouring countries

question: What type of effect did Theravada Buddhism.have on Bamar?

answer: The arts, particularly literature, have historically been influenced by the local form of Theravada Buddhism

text: The arts, particularly literature, have historically been influenced by the local form of Theravada Buddhism

question: What is the connection between an insect that has devotional following and Buddhism ?

answer: Buddhism is practised along with nat worship, which involves elaborate rituals to propitiate one from a pantheon of 37 nats.

text: Buddhism is practised along with nat worship, which involves elaborate rituals to propitiate one from a pantheon of 37 nats.


text: Following the events in Olympia, there were reports that China requested permission to deploy People's Liberation Army personnel along the relay route to protect the flame in Canberra. Australian authorities stated that such a request, if it were to be made, would be refused. Chinese officials labeled it a rumor. Australian police have been given powers to search relay spectators, following a call by the Chinese Students and Scholars Association for Chinese Australian students to "go defend our sacred torch" against "ethnic degenerate scum and anti-China separatists". Tony Goh, chairman of the Australian Council of Chinese Organisations, has said the ACCO would be taking "thousands" of pro-Beijing demonstrators to Canberra by bus, to support the torch relay. Zhang Rongan, a Chinese Australian student organising pro-Beijing demonstrations, told the press that Chinese diplomats were assisting with the organization of buses, meals and accommodation for pro-Beijing demonstrators, and helping them organise a "peaceful show of strength". Foreign Minister Stephen Smith said Chinese officials were urging supporters to "turn up and put a point of view", but that he had no objection to it as long as they remained peaceful.

title: 2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay

title: 2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay

text: Following

text: the

text: events

text: in

text: Olympia

text: there

text: were

text: reports

text: that

text: China

text: requested

text: permission

text: to

text: deploy

text: People

text: 's

text: Liberation

text: Army

text: personnel

text: along

text: the

text: relay

text: route

text: to

text: protect

text: the

text: flame

text: in

text: Canberra

text: Australian

text: authorities

text: stated

text: that

text: such

text: a

text: request

text: if

text: it

text: were

text: to

text: be

text: made

text: would

text: be

text: refused

text: Chinese

text: officials

text: labeled

text: it

text: a

text: rumor

text: Australian

text: police

text: have

text: been

text: given

text: powers

text: to

text: search

text: relay

text: spectators

text: following

text: a

text: call

text: by

text: the

text: Chinese

text: Students

text: and

text: Scholars

text: Association

text: for

text: Chinese

text: Australian

text: students

text: to

text: go

text: defend

text: our

text: sacred

text: torch

text: against

text: ethnic

text: degenerate

text: scum

text: and

text: anti

text: China

text: separatists

text: Tony

text: Goh

text: chairman

text: of

text: the

text: Australian

text: Council

text: of

text: Chinese

text: Organisations

text: has

text: said

text: the

text: ACCO

text: would

text: be

text: taking

text: thousands

text: of

text: pro

text: Beijing

text: demonstrators

text: to

text: Canberra

text: by

text: bus

text: to

text: support

text: the

text: torch

text: relay

text: Zhang

text: Rongan

text: a

text: Chinese

text: Australian

text: student

text: organising

text: pro

text: Beijing

text: demonstrations

text: told

text: the

text: press

text: that

text: Chinese

text: diplomats

text: were

text: assisting

text: with

text: the

text: organization

text: of

text: buses

text: meals

text: and

text: accommodation

text: for

text: pro

text: Beijing

text: demonstrators

text: and

text: helping

text: them

text: organise

text: a

text: peaceful

text: show

text: of

text: strength

text: Foreign

text: Minister

text: Stephen

text: Smith

text: said

text: Chinese

text: officials

text: were

text: urging

text: supporters

text: to

text: turn

text: up

text: and

text: put

text: a

text: point

text: of

text: view

text: but

text: that

text: he

text: had

text: no

text: objection

text: to

text: it

text: as

text: long

text: as

text: they

text: remained

text: peaceful

question: Who did the Chinese want to deploy to Canberra to protect the flame?

answer: People's Liberation Army personnel

text: People's Liberation Army personnel

question: Chinese Australian students were told to defend what against scum and separatists?

answer: sacred torch

text: sacred torch

question: Who was the chairman of the Australian Council of Chinese Organisations?

answer: Tony Goh

text: Tony Goh

question: Who was the Foreign Minister who said he was okay with protests as long as they were peaceful?

answer: Stephen Smith

text: Stephen Smith

question: What group did China want along the relay route in Canberra?

answer: People's Liberation Army

text: People's Liberation Army

question: Who was given permission to search attendees of the relay?

answer: Australian police

text: Australian police

question: Who said that thousands of pro-Beijing supporters would be bused in?

answer: Tony Goh

text: Tony Goh

question: Who told the media that Chinese diplomats were arranging a "peaceful show of strength"?

answer: Zhang Rongan

text: Zhang Rongan

question: Who was the Foreign Minister who indicated Chinese officials wanted supporting demonstrators to show up and show their point of view?

answer: Stephen Smith

text: Stephen Smith


text: Medieval political philosophy in Europe was heavily influenced by Christian thinking. It had much in common with the Mutazalite Islamic thinking in that the Roman Catholics though subordinating philosophy to theology did not subject reason to revelation but in the case of contradictions, subordinated reason to faith as the Asharite of Islam. The Scholastics by combining the philosophy of Aristotle with the Christianity of St. Augustine emphasized the potential harmony inherent in reason and revelation. Perhaps the most influential political philosopher of medieval Europe was St. Thomas Aquinas who helped reintroduce Aristotle's works, which had only been transmitted to Catholic Europe through Muslim Spain, along with the commentaries of Averroes. Aquinas's use of them set the agenda, for scholastic political philosophy dominated European thought for centuries even unto the Renaissance.

title: Political_philosophy

title: Political_philosophy

text: Medieval

text: political

text: philosophy

text: in

text: Europe

text: was

text: heavily

text: influenced

text: by

text: Christian

text: thinking

text: It

text: had

text: much

text: in

text: common

text: with

text: the

text: Mutazalite

text: Islamic

text: thinking

text: in

text: that

text: the

text: Roman

text: Catholics

text: though

text: subordinating

text: philosophy

text: to

text: theology

text: did

text: not

text: subject

text: reason

text: to

text: revelation

text: but

text: in

text: the

text: case

text: of

text: contradictions

text: subordinated

text: reason

text: to

text: faith

text: as

text: the

text: Asharite

text: of

text: Islam

text: The

text: Scholastics

text: by

text: combining

text: the

text: philosophy

text: of

text: Aristotle

text: with

text: the

text: Christianity

text: of

text: St.

text: Augustine

text: emphasized

text: the

text: potential

text: harmony

text: inherent

text: in

text: reason

text: and

text: revelation

text: Perhaps

text: the

text: most

text: influential

text: political

text: philosopher

text: of

text: medieval

text: Europe

text: was

text: St.

text: Thomas

text: Aquinas

text: who

text: helped

text: reintroduce

text: Aristotle

text: 's

text: works

text: which

text: had

text: only

text: been

text: transmitted

text: to

text: Catholic

text: Europe

text: through

text: Muslim

text: Spain

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: commentaries

text: of

text: Averroes

text: Aquinas

text: 's

text: use

text: of

text: them

text: set

text: the

text: agenda

text: for

text: scholastic

text: political

text: philosophy

text: dominated

text: European

text: thought

text: for

text: centuries

text: even

text: unto

text: the

text: Renaissance

question: What was heavily influenced by Christian thinking?

answer: Medieval political philosophy in Europe

text: Medieval political philosophy in Europe

question: Medieval political philosophy had much in common with what type of thinking?

answer: Mutazalite Islamic thinking

text: Mutazalite Islamic thinking

question: Who was the most influential political philosopher of medieval Europe?

answer: St. Thomas Aquinas

text: St. Thomas Aquinas


text: Tiberius' brother Gaius was elected tribune in 123 BC. Gaius Gracchus' ultimate goal was to weaken the senate and to strengthen the democratic forces. In the past, for example, the senate would eliminate political rivals either by establishing special judicial commissions or by passing a senatus consultum ultimum ("ultimate decree of the senate"). Both devices would allow the Senate to bypass the ordinary due process rights that all citizens had. Gaius outlawed the judicial commissions, and declared the senatus consultum ultimum to be unconstitutional. Gaius then proposed a law which would grant citizenship rights to Rome's Italian allies. This last proposal was not popular with the plebeians and he lost much of his support. He stood for election to a third term in 121 BC, but was defeated and then murdered by representatives of the senate with 3,000 of his supporters on Capitoline Hill in Rome. Though the senate retained control, the Gracchi had strengthened the political influence of the plebeians.

title: Roman_Republic

title: Roman_Republic

text: Tiberius

text: brother

text: Gaius

text: was

text: elected

text: tribune

text: in

text: BC

text: Gaius

text: Gracchus

text: ultimate

text: goal

text: was

text: to

text: weaken

text: the

text: senate

text: and

text: to

text: strengthen

text: the

text: democratic

text: forces

text: In

text: the

text: past

text: for

text: example

text: the

text: senate

text: would

text: eliminate

text: political

text: rivals

text: either

text: by

text: establishing

text: special

text: judicial

text: commissions

text: or

text: by

text: passing

text: a

text: senatus

text: consultum

text: ultimum

text: ultimate

text: decree

text: of

text: the

text: senate

text: Both

text: devices

text: would

text: allow

text: the

text: Senate

text: to

text: bypass

text: the

text: ordinary

text: due

text: process

text: rights

text: that

text: all

text: citizens

text: had

text: Gaius

text: outlawed

text: the

text: judicial

text: commissions

text: and

text: declared

text: the

text: senatus

text: consultum

text: ultimum

text: to

text: be

text: unconstitutional

text: Gaius

text: then

text: proposed

text: a

text: law

text: which

text: would

text: grant

text: citizenship

text: rights

text: to

text: Rome

text: 's

text: Italian

text: allies

text: This

text: last

text: proposal

text: was

text: not

text: popular

text: with

text: the

text: plebeians

text: and

text: he

text: lost

text: much

text: of

text: his

text: support

text: He

text: stood

text: for

text: election

text: to

text: a

text: third

text: term

text: in

text: BC

text: but

text: was

text: defeated

text: and

text: then

text: murdered

text: by

text: representatives

text: of

text: the

text: senate

text: with

text: of

text: his

text: supporters

text: on

text: Capitoline

text: Hill

text: in

text: Rome

text: Though

text: the

text: senate

text: retained

text: control

text: the

text: Gracchi

text: had

text: strengthened

text: the

text: political

text: influence

text: of

text: the

text: plebeians

question: In what year was Gaius elected to office?

answer: 123 BC

text: 123 BC

question: Who brought forward a law that would given citizenship right to Italian allies of Rome?

answer: Gaius

text: Gaius

question: What is considered to be the end game of Gaius Gracchus?

answer: weaken the senate and to strengthen the democratic forces

text: weaken the senate and to strengthen the democratic forces

question: Which elected official lost the election in 121 BC?

answer: Gaius

text: Gaius

question: What was the location of the Gaius Gracchus murder?

answer: Capitoline Hill in Rome

text: Capitoline Hill in Rome


text: The modern petroleum industry started in 1846 with the discovery of the process of refining kerosene from coal by Nova Scotian Abraham Pineo Gesner. Ignacy Łukasiewicz improved Gesner's method to develop a means of refining kerosene from the more readily available "rock oil" ("petr-oleum") seeps in 1852 and the first rock oil mine was built in Bóbrka, near Krosno in Galicia in the following year. In 1854, Benjamin Silliman, a science professor at Yale University in New Haven, was the first to fractionate petroleum by distillation. These discoveries rapidly spread around the world.

title: Modern_history

title: Modern_history

text: The

text: modern

text: petroleum

text: industry

text: started

text: in

text: with

text: the

text: discovery

text: of

text: the

text: process

text: of

text: refining

text: kerosene

text: from

text: coal

text: by

text: Nova

text: Scotian

text: Abraham

text: Pineo

text: Gesner

text: Ignacy

text: Łukasiewicz

text: improved

text: Gesner

text: 's

text: method

text: to

text: develop

text: a

text: means

text: of

text: refining

text: kerosene

text: from

text: the

text: more

text: readily

text: available

text: rock

text: oil

text: petr

text: oleum

text: seeps

text: in

text: and

text: the

text: first

text: rock

text: oil

text: mine

text: was

text: built

text: in

text: Bóbrka

text: near

text: Krosno

text: in

text: Galicia

text: in

text: the

text: following

text: year

text: In

text: Benjamin

text: Silliman

text: a

text: science

text: professor

text: at

text: Yale

text: University

text: in

text: New

text: Haven

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: to

text: fractionate

text: petroleum

text: by

text: distillation

text: These

text: discoveries

text: rapidly

text: spread

text: around

text: the

text: world

question: When did the modern petroleum industry start?

answer: 1846

question: What started the modern petroleum industry ?

answer: the discovery of the process of refining kerosene from coal

text: the discovery of the process of refining kerosene from coal

question: Who discovered the process of refining kerosene from coal?

answer: Nova Scotian Abraham Pineo Gesner

text: Nova Scotian Abraham Pineo Gesner

question: Who improved Gesner's  of refining kerosene from coal?

answer: Ignacy Łukasiewicz

text: Ignacy Łukasiewicz

question: Where was the first Rock Oil mine built?

answer: Bóbrka

text: Bóbrka


text: Unlike his predecessors and successors, Paul VI refused to excommunicate the opponents. He admonished but did not punish those with other views. The new theological freedoms which he fostered resulted in a pluralism of opinions and uncertainties among the faithful. New demands were voiced, which were taboo at the Council, the reintegration of divorced Catholics, the sacramental character of the confession, and the role of women in the Church and its ministries. Conservatives complained, that "women wanted to be priests, priests wanted to get married, bishops became regional popes and theologians claimed absolute teaching authority. Protestants claimed equality, homosexuals and divorced called for full acceptance." Changes such as the reorientation of the liturgy, alterations to the ordinary of the Mass, alterations to the liturgical calendar in the motu proprio Mysterii Paschalis, and the relocation of the tabernacle were controversial among some Catholics.

title: Pope_Paul_VI

title: Pope_Paul_VI

text: Unlike

text: his

text: predecessors

text: and

text: successors

text: Paul

text: VI

text: refused

text: to

text: excommunicate

text: the

text: opponents

text: He

text: admonished

text: but

text: did

text: not

text: punish

text: those

text: with

text: other

text: views

text: The

text: new

text: theological

text: freedoms

text: which

text: he

text: fostered

text: resulted

text: in

text: a

text: pluralism

text: of

text: opinions

text: and

text: uncertainties

text: among

text: the

text: faithful

text: New

text: demands

text: were

text: voiced

text: which

text: were

text: taboo

text: at

text: the

text: Council

text: the

text: reintegration

text: of

text: divorced

text: Catholics

text: the

text: sacramental

text: character

text: of

text: the

text: confession

text: and

text: the

text: role

text: of

text: women

text: in

text: the

text: Church

text: and

text: its

text: ministries

text: Conservatives

text: complained

text: that

text: women

text: wanted

text: to

text: be

text: priests

text: priests

text: wanted

text: to

text: get

text: married

text: bishops

text: became

text: regional

text: popes

text: and

text: theologians

text: claimed

text: absolute

text: teaching

text: authority

text: Protestants

text: claimed

text: equality

text: homosexuals

text: and

text: divorced

text: called

text: for

text: full

text: acceptance

text: Changes

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: reorientation

text: of

text: the

text: liturgy

text: alterations

text: to

text: the

text: ordinary

text: of

text: the

text: Mass

text: alterations

text: to

text: the

text: liturgical

text: calendar

text: in

text: the

text: motu

text: proprio

text: Mysterii

text: Paschalis

text: and

text: the

text: relocation

text: of

text: the

text: tabernacle

text: were

text: controversial

text: among

text: some

text: Catholics

question: Who did Paul VI refuse to excommunicate?

answer: opponents

text: opponents

question: What did many other Catholics and Christians consider Paul VI reforms to be?

answer: controversial

text: controversial

question: To what can the dissent among Catholics be attributed to during Paul VI's papacy?

answer: theological freedoms

text: theological freedoms

question: What was the reintroduction of divorced Catholics into the church considered to be by the Council?

answer: taboo

text: taboo


text: According to the writer of Luke, Mary was a relative of Elizabeth, wife of the priest Zechariah of the priestly division of Abijah, who was herself part of the lineage of Aaron and so of the tribe of Levi.[Luke 1:5;1:36] Some of those who consider that the relationship with Elizabeth was on the maternal side, consider that Mary, like Joseph, to whom she was betrothed, was of the House of David and so of the Tribe of Judah, and that the genealogy of Jesus presented in Luke 3 from Nathan, third son of David and Bathsheba, is in fact the genealogy of Mary,[need quotation to verify] while the genealogy from Solomon given in Matthew 1 is that of Joseph. (Aaron's wife Elisheba was of the tribe of Judah, so all their descendants are from both Levi and Judah.)[Num.1:7 & Ex.6:23]

title: Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)

title: Mary_(mother_of_Jesus

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: writer

text: of

text: Luke

text: Mary

text: was

text: a

text: relative

text: of

text: Elizabeth

text: wife

text: of

text: the

text: priest

text: Zechariah

text: of

text: the

text: priestly

text: division

text: of

text: Abijah

text: who

text: was

text: herself

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: lineage

text: of

text: Aaron

text: and

text: so

text: of

text: the

text: tribe

text: of

text: Levi.[Luke

text: Some

text: of

text: those

text: who

text: consider

text: that

text: the

text: relationship

text: with

text: Elizabeth

text: was

text: on

text: the

text: maternal

text: side

text: consider

text: that

text: Mary

text: like

text: Joseph

text: to

text: whom

text: she

text: was

text: betrothed

text: was

text: of

text: the

text: House

text: of

text: David

text: and

text: so

text: of

text: the

text: Tribe

text: of

text: Judah

text: and

text: that

text: the

text: genealogy

text: of

text: Jesus

text: presented

text: in

text: Luke

text: from

text: Nathan

text: third

text: son

text: of

text: David

text: and

text: Bathsheba

text: is

text: in

text: fact

text: the

text: genealogy

text: of

text: Mary,[need

text: quotation

text: to

text: verify

text: while

text: the

text: genealogy

text: from

text: Solomon

text: given

text: in

text: Matthew

text: is

text: that

text: of

text: Joseph

text: Aaron

text: 's

text: wife

text: Elisheba

text: was

text: of

text: the

text: tribe

text: of

text: Judah

text: so

text: all

text: their

text: descendants

text: are

text: from

text: both

text: Levi

text: and

question: What was Zechariah's occupation?

answer: priest

text: priest

question: Which tribe did Elizabeth belong to?

answer: Levi

text: Levi

question: Who was Aaron's wife?

answer: Elisheba

text: Elisheba

question: Which tribe did Elisheba belong to?

answer: Judah

text: Judah

question: Who was the third son of David and Bathsheba?

answer: Nathan

text: Nathan


text: The rise of port cities saw the clustering of populations caused by the development of steamships and railroads. Urbanization increased from 1700 to 1922, with towns and cities growing. Improvements in health and sanitation made them more attractive to live and work in. Port cities like Salonica, in Greece, saw its population rise from 55,000 in 1800 to 160,000 in 1912 and İzmir which had a population of 150,000 in 1800 grew to 300,000 by 1914. Some regions conversely had population falls – Belgrade saw its population drop from 25,000 to 8,000 mainly due to political strife.

title: Ottoman_Empire

title: Ottoman_Empire

text: The

text: rise

text: of

text: port

text: cities

text: saw

text: the

text: clustering

text: of

text: populations

text: caused

text: by

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: steamships

text: and

text: railroads

text: Urbanization

text: increased

text: from

text: to

text: with

text: towns

text: and

text: cities

text: growing

text: Improvements

text: in

text: health

text: and

text: sanitation

text: made

text: them

text: more

text: attractive

text: to

text: live

text: and

text: work

text: in

text: Port

text: cities

text: like

text: Salonica

text: in

text: Greece

text: saw

text: its

text: population

text: rise

text: from

text: in

text: to

text: in

text: and

text: İzmir

text: which

text: had

text: a

text: population

text: of

text: in

text: grew

text: to

text: by

text: Some

text: regions

text: conversely

text: had

text: population

text: falls

text: Belgrade

text: saw

text: its

text: population

text: drop

text: from

text: to

text: mainly

text: due

text: to

text: political

text: strife

question: The rise of ports caused what in populations?

answer: the clustering of populations

text: the clustering of populations

question: Steamships and railroads rose with what else?

answer: The rise of port cities

text: The rise of port cities

question: In what year did urbanization in the Ottoman empire begin to increase?

answer: 1700

question: What were two improvements that made cities more desirable to live in?

answer: Improvements in health and sanitation

text: Improvements in health and sanitation

question: What was the population of Salonica in 1800?

answer: 55,000


text: North Carolina is also home to many well-known private colleges and universities, including Duke University, Wake Forest University, Pfeiffer University, Lees-McRae College, Davidson College, Barton College, North Carolina Wesleyan College, Elon University, Guilford College, Livingstone College, Salem College, Shaw University (the first historically black college or university in the South), Laurel University, Meredith College, Methodist University, Belmont Abbey College (the only Catholic college in the Carolinas), Campbell University, University of Mount Olive, Montreat College, High Point University, Lenoir-Rhyne University (the only Lutheran university in North Carolina) and Wingate University.

title: North_Carolina

title: North_Carolina

text: North

text: Carolina

text: is

text: also

text: home

text: to

text: many

text: well

text: known

text: private

text: colleges

text: and

text: universities

text: including

text: Duke

text: University

text: Wake

text: Forest

text: University

text: Pfeiffer

text: University

text: Lees

text: McRae

text: College

text: Davidson

text: College

text: Barton

text: College

text: North

text: Carolina

text: Wesleyan

text: College

text: Elon

text: University

text: Guilford

text: College

text: Livingstone

text: College

text: Salem

text: College

text: Shaw

text: University

text: the

text: first

text: historically

text: black

text: college

text: or

text: university

text: in

text: the

text: South

text: Laurel

text: University

text: Meredith

text: College

text: Methodist

text: University

text: Belmont

text: Abbey

text: College

text: the

text: only

text: Catholic

text: college

text: in

text: the

text: Carolinas

text: Campbell

text: University

text: University

text: of

text: Mount

text: Olive

text: Montreat

text: College

text: High

text: Point

text: University

text: Lenoir

text: Rhyne

text: University

text: the

text: only

text: Lutheran

text: university

text: in

text: North

text: Carolina

text: and

text: Wingate

text: University

question: Duke University and Shaw University are examples of what type of colleges that are in North Carolina?

answer: private

text: private

question: What was the first black college in the south?

answer: Shaw University

text: Shaw University

question: What is the name of the only Catholic college in the Carolinas?

answer: Belmont Abbey College

text: Belmont Abbey College

question: What is the name of the only Lutheran University in North Carolina?

answer: Lenoir-Rhyne University

text: Lenoir-Rhyne University


text: Harry Caray's stamp on the team is perhaps even deeper than that of Brickhouse, although his 17-year tenure, from 1982 to 1997, was half as long. First, Caray had already become a well-known Chicago figure by broadcasting White Sox games for a decade, after having been a St Louis Cardinals icon for 25 years. Caray also had the benefit of being in the booth during the NL East title run in 1984, which was widely seen due to WGN's status as a cable-TV superstation. His trademark call of "Holy Cow!" and his enthusiastic singing of "Take me out to the ballgame" during the 7th inning stretch (as he had done with the White Sox) made Caray a fan favorite both locally and nationally.

title: Chicago_Cubs

title: Chicago_Cubs

text: Harry

text: Caray

text: 's

text: stamp

text: on

text: the

text: team

text: is

text: perhaps

text: even

text: deeper

text: than

text: that

text: of

text: Brickhouse

text: although

text: his

text: tenure

text: from

text: to

text: was

text: half

text: as

text: long

text: First

text: Caray

text: had

text: already

text: become

text: a

text: well

text: known

text: Chicago

text: figure

text: by

text: broadcasting

text: White

text: Sox

text: games

text: for

text: a

text: decade

text: after

text: having

text: been

text: a

text: St

text: Louis

text: Cardinals

text: icon

text: for

text: years

text: Caray

text: also

text: had

text: the

text: benefit

text: of

text: being

text: in

text: the

text: booth

text: during

text: the

text: NL

text: East

text: title

text: run

text: in

text: which

text: was

text: widely

text: seen

text: due

text: to

text: WGN

text: 's

text: status

text: as

text: a

text: cable

text: TV

text: superstation

text: His

text: trademark

text: call

text: of

text: Holy

text: Cow

text: and

text: his

text: enthusiastic

text: singing

text: of

text: Take

text: me

text: out

text: to

text: the

text: ballgame

text: during

text: the

text: inning

text: stretch

text: as

text: he

text: had

text: done

text: with

text: the

text: White

text: Sox

text: made

text: Caray

text: a

text: fan

text: favorite

text: both

text: locally

text: and

text: nationally

question: How long was Harry Caray's tenure  with the Cubs?

answer: 17-year

question: How did Caray become a well-known Chicago figure?

answer: by broadcasting White Sox games for a decade

text: by broadcasting White Sox games for a decade

question: How long had Caray been a St Louis Cardinals icon?

answer: 25 years

text: 25 years


text: Another landmark is the old centre and the canal structure in the inner city. The Oudegracht is a curved canal, partly following the ancient main branch of the Rhine. It is lined with the unique wharf-basement structures that create a two-level street along the canals. The inner city has largely retained its Medieval structure, and the moat ringing the old town is largely intact. Because of the role of Utrecht as a fortified city, construction outside the medieval centre and its city walls was restricted until the 19th century. Surrounding the medieval core there is a ring of late 19th- and early 20th-century neighbourhoods, with newer neighbourhoods positioned farther out. The eastern part of Utrecht remains fairly open. The Dutch Water Line, moved east of the city in the early 19th century required open lines of fire, thus prohibiting all permanent constructions until the middle of the 20th century on the east side of the city.

title: Utrecht

title: Utrecht

text: Another

text: landmark

text: is

text: the

text: old

text: centre

text: and

text: the

text: canal

text: structure

text: in

text: the

text: inner

text: city

text: The

text: Oudegracht

text: is

text: a

text: curved

text: canal

text: partly

text: following

text: the

text: ancient

text: main

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: Rhine

text: It

text: is

text: lined

text: with

text: the

text: unique

text: wharf

text: basement

text: structures

text: that

text: create

text: a

text: two

text: level

text: street

text: along

text: the

text: canals

text: The

text: inner

text: city

text: has

text: largely

text: retained

text: its

text: Medieval

text: structure

text: and

text: the

text: moat

text: ringing

text: the

text: old

text: town

text: is

text: largely

text: intact

text: Because

text: of

text: the

text: role

text: of

text: Utrecht

text: as

text: a

text: fortified

text: city

text: construction

text: outside

text: the

text: medieval

text: centre

text: and

text: its

text: city

text: walls

text: was

text: restricted

text: until

text: the

text: century

text: Surrounding

text: the

text: medieval

text: core

text: there

text: is

text: a

text: ring

text: of

text: late

text: and

text: early

text: century

text: neighbourhoods

text: with

text: newer

text: neighbourhoods

text: positioned

text: farther

text: out

text: The

text: eastern

text: part

text: of

text: Utrecht

text: remains

text: fairly

text: open

text: The

text: Dutch

text: Water

text: Line

text: moved

text: east

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: required

text: open

text: lines

text: of

text: fire

text: thus

text: prohibiting

text: all

text: permanent

text: constructions

text: until

text: the

text: middle

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: on

text: the

text: east

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: city

question: What is a landmark in the city

answer: the old centre and the canal structure in the inner city

text: the old centre and the canal structure in the inner city

question: What does the inner city look like

answer: The inner city has largely retained its Medieval structure, and the moat ringing the old town is largely intact

text: The inner city has largely retained its Medieval structure, and the moat ringing the old town is largely intact

question: What surrounds the mid-evil inner city

answer: Surrounding the medieval core there is a ring of late 19th- and early 20th-century neighbourhoods, with newer neighbourhoods positioned farther out

text: Surrounding the medieval core there is a ring of late 19th- and early 20th-century neighbourhoods, with newer neighbourhoods positioned farther out

question: What part of the city remains open

answer: The eastern part of Utrecht remains fairly open

text: The eastern part of Utrecht remains fairly open


text: Space superiority is "the degree of dominance in space of one force over another that permits the conduct of operations by the former and its related land, sea, air, space, and special operations forces at a given time and place without prohibitive interference by the opposing force" (JP 1-02). Space superiority may be localized in time and space, or it may be broad and enduring. Space superiority provides freedom of action in space for friendly forces and, when directed, denies the same freedom to the adversary.

title: United_States_Air_Force

title: United_States_Air_Force

text: Space

text: superiority

text: is

text: the

text: degree

text: of

text: dominance

text: in

text: space

text: of

text: one

text: force

text: over

text: another

text: that

text: permits

text: the

text: conduct

text: of

text: operations

text: by

text: the

text: former

text: and

text: its

text: related

text: land

text: sea

text: air

text: space

text: and

text: special

text: operations

text: forces

text: at

text: a

text: given

text: time

text: and

text: place

text: without

text: prohibitive

text: interference

text: by

text: the

text: opposing

text: force

text: JP

text: Space

text: superiority

text: may

text: be

text: localized

text: in

text: time

text: and

text: space

text: or

text: it

text: may

text: be

text: broad

text: and

text: enduring

text: Space

text: superiority

text: provides

text: freedom

text: of

text: action

text: in

text: space

text: for

text: friendly

text: forces

text: and

text: when

text: directed

text: denies

text: the

text: same

text: freedom

text: to

text: the

text: adversary

question: What is the dominance in space of one force over another?

answer: Space superiority

text: Space superiority

question: What does Space Superiority encompass?

answer: localized in time and space, or it may be broad and enduring

text: localized in time and space, or it may be broad and enduring

question: Who does space superiority ensure freedom of action in space for?

answer: friendly forces

text: friendly forces

question: What areas does Space Superiority operate in?

answer: land, sea, air, space

text: land, sea, air, space


text: Symbiosis (from Greek σύν "together" and βίωσις "living") is close and often long-term interaction between two different biological species. In 1877 Albert Bernhard Frank used the word symbiosis (which previously had been used to depict people living together in community) to describe the mutualistic relationship in lichens. In 1879, the German mycologist Heinrich Anton de Bary defined it as "the living together of unlike organisms."

title: Symbiosis

title: Symbiosis

text: Symbiosis

text: from

text: Greek

text: σύν

text: together

text: and

text: βίωσις

text: living

text: is

text: close

text: and

text: often

text: long

text: term

text: interaction

text: between

text: two

text: different

text: biological

text: species

text: In

text: Albert

text: Bernhard

text: Frank

text: used

text: the

text: word

text: symbiosis

text: which

text: previously

text: had

text: been

text: used

text: to

text: depict

text: people

text: living

text: together

text: in

text: community

text: to

text: describe

text: the

text: mutualistic

text: relationship

text: in

text: lichens

text: In

text: the

text: German

text: mycologist

text: Heinrich

text: Anton

text: de

text: Bary

text: defined

text: it

text: as

text: the

text: living

text: together

text: of

text: unlike

text: organisms

question: What language does the word "symbiosis" come from?

answer: Greek

text: Greek

question: What type of organism did Frank apply the term "symbiosis" to?

answer: lichens

text: lichens

question: What nationality was Heinrich Anton de Bary?

answer: German

text: German


text: The inventor Nicéphore Niépce produced the first permanent photograph on a polished pewter plate in Paris in 1825, and then developed the process with Louis Daguerre. The work of Étienne-Jules Marey in the 1880s contributed considerably to the development of modern photography. Photography came to occupy a central role in Parisian Surrealist activity, in the works of Man Ray and Maurice Tabard. Numerous photographers achieved renown for their photography of Paris, including Eugène Atget, noted for his depictions of street scenes, Robert Doisneau, noted for his playful pictures of people and market scenes (among which Le baiser de l'hôtel de ville has became iconic of the romantic vision of Paris), Marcel Bovis, noted for his night scenes, and others such as Jacques-Henri Lartigue and Cartier-Bresson. Poster art also became an important art form in Paris in the late nineteenth century, through the work of Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Jules Chéret, Eugène Grasset, Adolphe Willette, Pierre Bonnard, Georges de Feure, Henri-Gabriel Ibels, Gavarni, and Alphonse Mucha.

title: Paris

title: Paris

text: The

text: inventor

text: Nicéphore

text: Niépce

text: produced

text: the

text: first

text: permanent

text: photograph

text: on

text: a

text: polished

text: pewter

text: plate

text: in

text: Paris

text: in

text: and

text: then

text: developed

text: the

text: process

text: with

text: Louis

text: Daguerre

text: The

text: work

text: of

text: Étienne

text: Jules

text: Marey

text: in

text: the

text: contributed

text: considerably

text: to

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: modern

text: photography

text: Photography

text: came

text: to

text: occupy

text: a

text: central

text: role

text: in

text: Parisian

text: Surrealist

text: activity

text: in

text: the

text: works

text: of

text: Man

text: Ray

text: and

text: Maurice

text: Tabard

text: Numerous

text: photographers

text: achieved

text: renown

text: for

text: their

text: photography

text: of

text: Paris

text: including

text: Eugène

text: Atget

text: noted

text: for

text: his

text: depictions

text: of

text: street

text: scenes

text: Robert

text: Doisneau

text: noted

text: for

text: his

text: playful

text: pictures

text: of

text: people

text: and

text: market

text: scenes

text: among

text: which

text: Le

text: baiser

text: de

text: l'hôtel

text: de

text: ville

text: has

text: became

text: iconic

text: of

text: the

text: romantic

text: vision

text: of

text: Paris

text: Marcel

text: Bovis

text: noted

text: for

text: his

text: night

text: scenes

text: and

text: others

text: such

text: as

text: Jacques

text: Henri

text: Lartigue

text: and

text: Cartier

text: Bresson

text: Poster

text: art

text: also

text: became

text: an

text: important

text: art

text: form

text: in

text: Paris

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: nineteenth

text: century

text: through

text: the

text: work

text: of

text: Henri

text: de

text: Toulouse

text: Lautrec

text: Jules

text: Chéret

text: Eugène

text: Grasset

text: Adolphe

text: Willette

text: Pierre

text: Bonnard

text: Georges

text: de

text: Feure

text: Henri

text: Gabriel

text: Ibels

text: Gavarni

text: and

text: Alphonse

text: Mucha

question: In what year was the first permanent photograph produced?

answer: 1825

question: Who invented the first permanent photograph?

answer: Nicéphore Niépce

text: Nicéphore Niépce

question: What was Eugene Atget known for photographing?

answer: street scenes

text: street scenes

question: Who was knows for photographing night scenes?

answer: Marcel Bovis

text: Marcel Bovis

question: When did poster art become an important art form?

answer: late nineteenth century

text: late nineteenth century


text: Bacteria, as asexual organisms, inherit identical copies of their parent's genes (i.e., they are clonal). However, all bacteria can evolve by selection on changes to their genetic material DNA caused by genetic recombination or mutations. Mutations come from errors made during the replication of DNA or from exposure to mutagens. Mutation rates vary widely among different species of bacteria and even among different clones of a single species of bacteria. Genetic changes in bacterial genomes come from either random mutation during replication or "stress-directed mutation", where genes involved in a particular growth-limiting process have an increased mutation rate.

title: Bacteria

title: Bacteria

text: Bacteria

text: as

text: asexual

text: organisms

text: inherit

text: identical

text: copies

text: of

text: their

text: parent

text: 's

text: genes

text: i.e.

text: they

text: are

text: clonal

text: However

text: all

text: bacteria

text: can

text: evolve

text: by

text: selection

text: on

text: changes

text: to

text: their

text: genetic

text: material

text: DNA

text: caused

text: by

text: genetic

text: recombination

text: or

text: mutations

text: Mutations

text: come

text: from

text: errors

text: made

text: during

text: the

text: replication

text: of

text: DNA

text: or

text: from

text: exposure

text: to

text: mutagens

text: Mutation

text: rates

text: vary

text: widely

text: among

text: different

text: species

text: of

text: bacteria

text: and

text: even

text: among

text: different

text: clones

text: of

text: a

text: single

text: species

text: of

text: bacteria

text: Genetic

text: changes

text: in

text: bacterial

text: genomes

text: come

text: from

text: either

text: random

text: mutation

text: during

text: replication

text: or

text: stress

text: directed

text: mutation

text: where

text: genes

text: involved

text: in

text: a

text: particular

text: growth

text: limiting

text: process

text: have

text: an

text: increased

text: mutation

text: rate

question: What makes bacteria an asexual organism?

answer: inherit identical copies of their parent's genes

text: inherit identical copies of their parent's genes

question: What can cause mutation in bacteria?

answer: changes to their genetic material DNA

text: changes to their genetic material DNA

question: What are two ways changes to DNA of bacteria can occur?

answer: random mutation during replication or "stress-directed mutation"

text: random mutation during replication or "stress-directed mutation"


text: Estonia won the Eurovision Song Contest in 2001 with the song "Everybody" performed by Tanel Padar and Dave Benton. In 2002, Estonia hosted the event. Maarja-Liis Ilus has competed for Estonia on two occasions (1996 and 1997), while Eda-Ines Etti, Koit Toome and Evelin Samuel owe their popularity partly to the Eurovision Song Contest. Lenna Kuurmaa is a very popular singer in Europe[citation needed], with her band Vanilla Ninja. "Rändajad" by Urban Symphony, was the first ever song in Estonian to chart in the UK, Belgium, and Switzerland.

title: Estonia

title: Estonia

text: Estonia

text: won

text: the

text: Eurovision

text: Song

text: Contest

text: in

text: with

text: the

text: song

text: Everybody

text: performed

text: by

text: Tanel

text: Padar

text: and

text: Dave

text: Benton

text: In

text: Estonia

text: hosted

text: the

text: event

text: Maarja

text: Liis

text: Ilus

text: has

text: competed

text: for

text: Estonia

text: on

text: two

text: occasions

text: and

text: while

text: Eda

text: Ines

text: Etti

text: Koit

text: Toome

text: and

text: Evelin

text: Samuel

text: owe

text: their

text: popularity

text: partly

text: to

text: the

text: Eurovision

text: Song

text: Contest

text: Lenna

text: Kuurmaa

text: is

text: a

text: very

text: popular

text: singer

text: in

text: Europe[citation

text: needed

text: with

text: her

text: band

text: Vanilla

text: Ninja

text: Rändajad

text: by

text: Urban

text: Symphony

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: ever

text: song

text: in

text: Estonian

text: to

text: chart

text: in

text: the

text: UK

text: Belgium

text: and

text: Switzerland

question: What year did Estonia win the Eurovision Song Contest?

answer: 2001

question: What year did Estonia host the Eurovision Song Contest?

answer: 2002

question: Who performed the song "Everybody"?

answer: Tanel Padar and Dave Benton

text: Tanel Padar and Dave Benton

question: What performer has represented Estonia two different times?

answer: Maarja-Liis Ilus

text: Maarja-Liis Ilus

question: What was the first ever Estonian song to hit the popular European charts?

answer: "Rändajad" by Urban Symphony

text: "Rändajad" by Urban Symphony


text: Chinese political philosophy dates back to the Spring and Autumn Period, specifically with Confucius in the 6th century BC. Chinese political philosophy was developed as a response to the social and political breakdown of the country characteristic of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States period. The major philosophies during the period, Confucianism, Legalism, Mohism, Agrarianism and Taoism, each had a political aspect to their philosophical schools. Philosophers such as Confucius, Mencius, and Mozi, focused on political unity and political stability as the basis of their political philosophies. Confucianism advocated a hierarchical, meritocratic government based on empathy, loyalty, and interpersonal relationships. Legalism advocated a highly authoritarian government based on draconian punishments and laws. Mohism advocated a communal, decentralized government centered on frugality and ascetism. The Agrarians advocated a peasant utopian communalism and egalitarianism. Taoism advocated a proto-anarchism. Legalism was the dominant political philosophy of the Qin Dynasty, but was replaced by State Confucianism in the Han Dynasty. Prior to China's adoption of communism, State Confucianism remained the dominant political philosophy of China up to the 20th century.

title: Political_philosophy

title: Political_philosophy

text: Chinese

text: political

text: philosophy

text: dates

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: Spring

text: and

text: Autumn

text: Period

text: specifically

text: with

text: Confucius

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: BC

text: Chinese

text: political

text: philosophy

text: was

text: developed

text: as

text: a

text: response

text: to

text: the

text: social

text: and

text: political

text: breakdown

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: characteristic

text: of

text: the

text: Spring

text: and

text: Autumn

text: Period

text: and

text: the

text: Warring

text: States

text: period

text: The

text: major

text: philosophies

text: during

text: the

text: period

text: Confucianism

text: Legalism

text: Mohism

text: Agrarianism

text: and

text: Taoism

text: each

text: had

text: a

text: political

text: aspect

text: to

text: their

text: philosophical

text: schools

text: Philosophers

text: such

text: as

text: Confucius

text: Mencius

text: and

text: Mozi

text: focused

text: on

text: political

text: unity

text: and

text: political

text: stability

text: as

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: their

text: political

text: philosophies

text: Confucianism

text: advocated

text: a

text: hierarchical

text: meritocratic

text: government

text: based

text: on

text: empathy

text: loyalty

text: and

text: interpersonal

text: relationships

text: Legalism

text: advocated

text: a

text: highly

text: authoritarian

text: government

text: based

text: on

text: draconian

text: punishments

text: and

text: laws

text: Mohism

text: advocated

text: a

text: communal

text: decentralized

text: government

text: centered

text: on

text: frugality

text: and

text: ascetism

text: The

text: Agrarians

text: advocated

text: a

text: peasant

text: utopian

text: communalism

text: and

text: egalitarianism

text: Taoism

text: advocated

text: a

text: proto

text: anarchism

text: Legalism

text: was

text: the

text: dominant

text: political

text: philosophy

text: of

text: the

text: Qin

text: Dynasty

text: but

text: was

text: replaced

text: by

text: State

text: Confucianism

text: in

text: the

text: Han

text: Dynasty

text: Prior

text: to

text: China

text: 's

text: adoption

text: of

text: communism

text: State

text: Confucianism

text: remained

text: the

text: dominant

text: political

text: philosophy

text: of

text: China

text: up

text: to

text: the

text: century

question: What specifically dates back with Confucius in the 6th century BC?

answer: Chinese political philosophy

text: Chinese political philosophy

question: Chinese political philosophy dates back to what century?

answer: 6th century BC

text: 6th century BC

question: Chinese political philosophy was developed as a response to what?

answer: the social and political breakdown of the country

text: the social and political breakdown of the country

question: What advocated a communal, decentralized government centered on frugality and ascetism?

answer: Mohism

text: Mohism


text: Birds are often important to island ecology. Birds have frequently reached islands that mammals have not; on those islands, birds may fulfill ecological roles typically played by larger animals. For example, in New Zealand the moas were important browsers, as are the kereru and kokako today. Today the plants of New Zealand retain the defensive adaptations evolved to protect them from the extinct moa. Nesting seabirds may also affect the ecology of islands and surrounding seas, principally through the concentration of large quantities of guano, which may enrich the local soil and the surrounding seas.

title: Bird

title: Bird

text: Birds

text: are

text: often

text: important

text: to

text: island

text: ecology

text: Birds

text: have

text: frequently

text: reached

text: islands

text: that

text: mammals

text: have

text: not

text: on

text: those

text: islands

text: birds

text: may

text: fulfill

text: ecological

text: roles

text: typically

text: played

text: by

text: larger

text: animals

text: For

text: example

text: in

text: New

text: Zealand

text: the

text: moas

text: were

text: important

text: browsers

text: as

text: are

text: the

text: kereru

text: and

text: kokako

text: today

text: Today

text: the

text: plants

text: of

text: New

text: Zealand

text: retain

text: the

text: defensive

text: adaptations

text: evolved

text: to

text: protect

text: them

text: from

text: the

text: extinct

text: moa

text: Nesting

text: seabirds

text: may

text: also

text: affect

text: the

text: ecology

text: of

text: islands

text: and

text: surrounding

text: seas

text: principally

text: through

text: the

text: concentration

text: of

text: large

text: quantities

text: of

text: guano

text: which

text: may

text: enrich

text: the

text: local

text: soil

text: and

text: the

text: surrounding

text: seas

question: What are often important to island ecology?

answer: Birds

text: Birds

question: In New Zealand, what were important browsers, as the kereru and kokako are today?

answer: moas

text: moas

question: What type of birds may also affect the ecology of islands and surrounding areas?

answer: Nesting seabirds

text: Nesting seabirds


text: In Puerto Rico, various department stores have operated, such as Sears, JC Penney, Macy's, Kmart, Wal-Mart, Marshalls, Burlington Coat Factory, T.J. Maxx, Costco, Sam's Club and others. La New York was a Puerto Rican department store. Topeka, Capri and Pitusa are competitors on the Puerto Rican market that also have hypermarkets operating under their names. Retailers Nordstrom and Saks Fifth Avenue also have plans to come to the Mall of San Juan, a new high-end retail project with over 100 tenants. The mall is set to open in March 2015.

title: Department_store

title: Department_store

text: In

text: Puerto

text: Rico

text: various

text: department

text: stores

text: have

text: operated

text: such

text: as

text: Sears

text: JC

text: Penney

text: Macy

text: 's

text: Kmart

text: Wal

text: Mart

text: Marshalls

text: Burlington

text: Coat

text: Factory

text: T.J.

text: Maxx

text: Costco

text: Sam

text: 's

text: Club

text: and

text: others

text: La

text: New

text: York

text: was

text: a

text: Puerto

text: Rican

text: department

text: store

text: Topeka

text: Capri

text: and

text: Pitusa

text: are

text: competitors

text: on

text: the

text: Puerto

text: Rican

text: market

text: that

text: also

text: have

text: hypermarkets

text: operating

text: under

text: their

text: names

text: Retailers

text: Nordstrom

text: and

text: Saks

text: Fifth

text: Avenue

text: also

text: have

text: plans

text: to

text: come

text: to

text: the

text: Mall

text: of

text: San

text: Juan

text: a

text: new

text: high

text: end

text: retail

text: project

text: with

text: over

text: tenants

text: The

text: mall

text: is

text: set

text: to

text: open

text: in

text: March

question: What department store in Puerto Rico is named after an American city?

answer: La New York

text: La New York

question: When is the Mall of San Juan expected to open?

answer: March 2015

text: March 2015

question: How many tenants are expected to set up shop in the Mall of San Juan?

answer: 100 tenants

text: 100 tenants

question: What two major retailers have plans to do business in the mall once it opens?

answer: Nordstrom and Saks Fifth Avenue

text: Nordstrom and Saks Fifth Avenue