text: The climate in the state depends mainly in the elevation of the terrain. According to Köppen climate classification the state has five major climate zones. The Sierra Madre Occidental dominates the western part of the state; there are two main climates in this area: Subtropical Highland (Cfb) and Humid Subtropical (Cwa). There are some microclimates in the state due to the varying topology mostly found in the western side of the state. The two best known microclimates are: Tropical savanna climate (Aw) in deep canyons located in the extreme southern part of the state; Continental Mediterranean climate (Dsb) in the extremely high elevations of the Sierra Madre Occidental. Satellite image to the right shows the vegetation is much greener in the west because of the cooler temperatures and larger amounts of precipitation as compared to the rest of the state.

title: Chihuahua_(state)

title: Chihuahua_(state

text: The

text: climate

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: depends

text: mainly

text: in

text: the

text: elevation

text: of

text: the

text: terrain

text: According

text: to

text: Köppen

text: climate

text: classification

text: the

text: state

text: has

text: five

text: major

text: climate

text: zones

text: The

text: Sierra

text: Madre

text: Occidental

text: dominates

text: the

text: western

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: there

text: are

text: two

text: main

text: climates

text: in

text: this

text: area

text: Subtropical

text: Highland

text: Cfb

text: and

text: Humid

text: Subtropical

text: Cwa

text: There

text: are

text: some

text: microclimates

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: varying

text: topology

text: mostly

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: western

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: The

text: two

text: best

text: known

text: microclimates

text: are

text: Tropical

text: savanna

text: climate

text: Aw

text: in

text: deep

text: canyons

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: extreme

text: southern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: Continental

text: Mediterranean

text: climate

text: Dsb

text: in

text: the

text: extremely

text: high

text: elevations

text: of

text: the

text: Sierra

text: Madre

text: Occidental

text: Satellite

text: image

text: to

text: the

text: right

text: shows

text: the

text: vegetation

text: is

text: much

text: greener

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: cooler

text: temperatures

text: and

text: larger

text: amounts

text: of

text: precipitation

text: as

text: compared

text: to

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: the

text: state

question: Climate in the state depends mainly on what?

answer: elevation of the terrain

text: elevation of the terrain

question: Which mountain range dominates the western part of the state?

answer: The Sierra Madre Occidental

text: The Sierra Madre Occidental

question: Vegetation is much greener in which side of the state, east or west?

answer: west

text: west

question: Which side of the state has more precipitation?

answer: west

text: west

question: Which part of the state has the most desert; north, south, east, or west?

answer: southern

text: southern


text: During the 19th century, it was not infrequent for the Foreign Office to approach The Times and ask for continental intelligence, which was often superior to that conveyed by official sources.[citation needed]

title: The_Times

title: The_Times

text: During

text: the

text: century

text: it

text: was

text: not

text: infrequent

text: for

text: the

text: Foreign

text: Office

text: to

text: approach

text: The

text: Times

text: and

text: ask

text: for

text: continental

text: intelligence

text: which

text: was

text: often

text: superior

text: to

text: that

text: conveyed

text: by

text: official

text: sources.[citation

text: needed

question: Which agency often used The Times for continental intelligence?

answer: the Foreign Office

text: the Foreign Office

question: Which century was The Times first often relied upon for continental intelligence?

answer: 19th century

text: 19th century

question: Continental intelligence conveyed by The Times was often superior to what?

answer: official sources

text: official sources


text: Notwithstanding these technical and commercial successes on the Macintosh platform, their systems remained fairly expensive, making them less competitive in light of the falling costs of components that made IBM PC compatibles cheaper and accelerated their adoption. In 1989, Jean-Louis Gassée had steadfastly refused to lower the profit margins on Mac computers, then there was a component shortage that rocked the exponentially-expanding PC industry that year, forcing Apple USA head Allan Loren to cut prices which dropped Apple's margins. Microsoft Windows 3.0 was released in May 1990, the first iteration of Windows which had a feature set and performance comparable to the significantly costlier Macintosh. Furthermore, Apple had created too many similar models that confused potential buyers; at one point the product lineup was subdivided into Classic, LC, II, Quadra, Performa, and Centris models, with essentially the same computer being sold under a number of different names.

title: Macintosh

title: Macintosh

text: Notwithstanding

text: these

text: technical

text: and

text: commercial

text: successes

text: on

text: the

text: Macintosh

text: platform

text: their

text: systems

text: remained

text: fairly

text: expensive

text: making

text: them

text: less

text: competitive

text: in

text: light

text: of

text: the

text: falling

text: costs

text: of

text: components

text: that

text: made

text: IBM

text: PC

text: compatibles

text: cheaper

text: and

text: accelerated

text: their

text: adoption

text: In

text: Jean

text: Louis

text: Gassée

text: had

text: steadfastly

text: refused

text: to

text: lower

text: the

text: profit

text: margins

text: on

text: Mac

text: computers

text: then

text: there

text: was

text: a

text: component

text: shortage

text: that

text: rocked

text: the

text: exponentially

text: expanding

text: PC

text: industry

text: that

text: year

text: forcing

text: Apple

text: USA

text: head

text: Allan

text: Loren

text: to

text: cut

text: prices

text: which

text: dropped

text: Apple

text: 's

text: margins

text: Microsoft

text: Windows

text: was

text: released

text: in

text: May

text: the

text: first

text: iteration

text: of

text: Windows

text: which

text: had

text: a

text: feature

text: set

text: and

text: performance

text: comparable

text: to

text: the

text: significantly

text: costlier

text: Macintosh

text: Furthermore

text: Apple

text: had

text: created

text: too

text: many

text: similar

text: models

text: that

text: confused

text: potential

text: buyers

text: at

text: one

text: point

text: the

text: product

text: lineup

text: was

text: subdivided

text: into

text: Classic

text: LC

text: II

text: Quadra

text: Performa

text: and

text: Centris

text: models

text: with

text: essentially

text: the

text: same

text: computer

text: being

text: sold

text: under

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: different

text: names

question: Who refused to lower the profit margins on Mac computers in 1989?

answer: Jean-Louis Gassée

text: Jean-Louis Gassée

question: What problem rocked the PC industry in 1989?

answer: a component shortage

text: a component shortage

question: What did the component shortage of 1989 force Allan Loren to do with Macs?

answer: cut prices

text: cut prices

question: Who was Allan Loren?

answer: Apple USA head

text: Apple USA head

question: When was Microsoft Windows 3.0 released?

answer: May 1990

text: May 1990


text: Because rebroadcast transmitters were not planned to be converted to digital, many markets stood to lose over-the-air coverage from CBC or Radio-Canada, or both. As a result, only seven of the markets subject to the August 31, 2011 transition deadline were planned to have both CBC and Radio-Canada in digital, and 13 other markets were planned to have either CBC or Radio-Canada in digital. In mid-August 2011, the CRTC granted the CBC an extension, until August 31, 2012, to continue operating its analogue transmitters in markets subject to the August 31, 2011 transition deadline. This CRTC decision prevented many markets subject to the transition deadline from losing signals for CBC or Radio-Canada, or both at the transition deadline. At the transition deadline, Barrie, Ontario lost both CBC and Radio-Canada signals as the CBC did not request that the CRTC allow these transmitters to continue operating.

title: CBC_Television

title: CBC_Television

text: Because

text: rebroadcast

text: transmitters

text: were

text: not

text: planned

text: to

text: be

text: converted

text: to

text: digital

text: many

text: markets

text: stood

text: to

text: lose

text: over

text: the

text: air

text: coverage

text: from

text: CBC

text: or

text: Radio

text: Canada

text: or

text: both

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: only

text: seven

text: of

text: the

text: markets

text: subject

text: to

text: the

text: August

text: transition

text: deadline

text: were

text: planned

text: to

text: have

text: both

text: CBC

text: and

text: Radio

text: Canada

text: in

text: digital

text: and

text: other

text: markets

text: were

text: planned

text: to

text: have

text: either

text: CBC

text: or

text: Radio

text: Canada

text: in

text: digital

text: In

text: mid

text: August

text: the

text: CRTC

text: granted

text: the

text: CBC

text: an

text: extension

text: until

text: August

text: to

text: continue

text: operating

text: its

text: analogue

text: transmitters

text: in

text: markets

text: subject

text: to

text: the

text: August

text: transition

text: deadline

text: This

text: CRTC

text: decision

text: prevented

text: many

text: markets

text: subject

text: to

text: the

text: transition

text: deadline

text: from

text: losing

text: signals

text: for

text: CBC

text: or

text: Radio

text: Canada

text: or

text: both

text: at

text: the

text: transition

text: deadline

text: At

text: the

text: transition

text: deadline

text: Barrie

text: Ontario

text: lost

text: both

text: CBC

text: and

text: Radio

text: Canada

text: signals

text: as

text: the

text: CBC

text: did

text: not

text: request

text: that

text: the

text: CRTC

text: allow

text: these

text: transmitters

text: to

text: continue

text: operating

question: When was CBC's anologue upgrade extension set to expire?

answer: August 31, 2012

text: August 31, 2012

question: At the deadline, which area lost broadcast entirely?

answer: Barrie, Ontario

text: Barrie, Ontario

question: Did Barrie, Ontario lose signal for CBC, Radio-Canada, or both?

answer: both

text: both


text: Software testing is a part of the software quality assurance (SQA) process.:347 In SQA, software process specialists and auditors are concerned for the software development process rather than just the artifacts such as documentation, code and systems. They examine and change the software engineering process itself to reduce the number of faults that end up in the delivered software: the so-called "defect rate". What constitutes an "acceptable defect rate" depends on the nature of the software; A flight simulator video game would have much higher defect tolerance than software for an actual airplane. Although there are close links with SQA, testing departments often exist independently, and there may be no SQA function in some companies.[citation needed]

title: Software_testing

title: Software_testing

text: Software

text: testing

text: is

text: a

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: software

text: quality

text: assurance

text: SQA

text: In

text: SQA

text: software

text: process

text: specialists

text: and

text: auditors

text: are

text: concerned

text: for

text: the

text: software

text: development

text: process

text: rather

text: than

text: just

text: the

text: artifacts

text: such

text: as

text: documentation

text: code

text: and

text: systems

text: They

text: examine

text: and

text: change

text: the

text: software

text: engineering

text: process

text: itself

text: to

text: reduce

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: faults

text: that

text: end

text: up

text: in

text: the

text: delivered

text: software

text: the

text: so

text: called

text: defect

text: rate

text: What

text: constitutes

text: an

text: acceptable

text: defect

text: rate

text: depends

text: on

text: the

text: nature

text: of

text: the

text: software

text: A

text: flight

text: simulator

text: video

text: game

text: would

text: have

text: much

text: higher

text: defect

text: tolerance

text: than

text: software

text: for

text: an

text: actual

text: airplane

text: Although

text: there

text: are

text: close

text: links

text: with

text: SQA

text: testing

text: departments

text: often

text: exist

text: independently

text: and

text: there

text: may

text: be

text: no

text: SQA

text: function

text: in

text: some

text: companies.[citation

text: needed

question: What makes up part of the SQA?

answer: Software testing

text: Software testing

question: What is the primary concern for the software specialist and auditors?

answer: software development process

text: software development process

question: What type of software would have a better defect tolerance?

answer: video game

text: video game


text: The Suez Canal, built in partnership with the French, was completed in 1869. Its construction led to enormous debt to European banks, and caused popular discontent because of the onerous taxation it required. In 1875 Ismail was forced to sell Egypt's share in the canal to the British Government. Within three years this led to the imposition of British and French controllers who sat in the Egyptian cabinet, and, "with the financial power of the bondholders behind them, were the real power in the Government."

title: Egypt

title: Egypt

text: The

text: Suez

text: Canal

text: built

text: in

text: partnership

text: with

text: the

text: French

text: was

text: completed

text: in

text: Its

text: construction

text: led

text: to

text: enormous

text: debt

text: to

text: European

text: banks

text: and

text: caused

text: popular

text: discontent

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: onerous

text: taxation

text: it

text: required

text: In

text: Ismail

text: was

text: forced

text: to

text: sell

text: Egypt

text: 's

text: share

text: in

text: the

text: canal

text: to

text: the

text: British

text: Government

text: Within

text: three

text: years

text: this

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: imposition

text: of

text: British

text: and

text: French

text: controllers

text: who

text: sat

text: in

text: the

text: Egyptian

text: cabinet

text: and

text: with

text: the

text: financial

text: power

text: of

text: the

text: bondholders

text: behind

text: them

text: were

text: the

text: real

text: power

text: in

text: the

text: Government

question: When was Suez canal completed?

answer: 1869

question: Who partnered with Egypt to build Suez Canal?

answer: French

text: French

question: In what year did Egypt sell its portion of Suez Canal?

answer: 1875

question: Who sold Egypt's portion of Suez?

answer: Ismail

text: Ismail

question: To whom did Egypt sell its interest in Suez Canal?

answer: British Government

text: British Government


text: Cossacks, although Slavic-speaking and Orthodox Christians, came from a mix of ethnic backgrounds, including Tatars and other Turks. Many early members of the Terek Cossacks were Ossetians.

title: Slavs

title: Slavs

text: Cossacks

text: although

text: Slavic

text: speaking

text: and

text: Orthodox

text: Christians

text: came

text: from

text: a

text: mix

text: of

text: ethnic

text: backgrounds

text: including

text: Tatars

text: and

text: other

text: Turks

text: Many

text: early

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: Terek

text: Cossacks

text: were

text: Ossetians

question: Cossacks came from what backgrounds?

answer: Tatars and other Turks

text: Tatars and other Turks

question: Many early members of the Terek Cossacks were what?

answer: Ossetians

text: Ossetians

question: What religious affiliation did the Cossacks have?

answer: Orthodox Christians

text: Orthodox Christians


text: It is considered that overeating and lack of muscle tone is the main cause of a beer belly, rather than beer consumption. A 2004 study, however, found a link between binge drinking and a beer belly. But with most overconsumption, it is more a problem of improper exercise and overconsumption of carbohydrates than the product itself. Several diet books quote beer as having an undesirably high glycemic index of 110, the same as maltose; however, the maltose in beer undergoes metabolism by yeast during fermentation so that beer consists mostly of water, hop oils and only trace amounts of sugars, including maltose.

title: Beer

title: Beer

text: It

text: is

text: considered

text: that

text: overeating

text: and

text: lack

text: of

text: muscle

text: tone

text: is

text: the

text: main

text: cause

text: of

text: a

text: beer

text: belly

text: rather

text: than

text: beer

text: consumption

text: A

text: study

text: however

text: found

text: a

text: link

text: between

text: binge

text: drinking

text: and

text: a

text: beer

text: belly

text: But

text: with

text: most

text: overconsumption

text: it

text: is

text: more

text: a

text: problem

text: of

text: improper

text: exercise

text: and

text: overconsumption

text: of

text: carbohydrates

text: than

text: the

text: product

text: itself

text: Several

text: diet

text: books

text: quote

text: beer

text: as

text: having

text: an

text: undesirably

text: high

text: glycemic

text: index

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: as

text: maltose

text: however

text: the

text: maltose

text: in

text: beer

text: undergoes

text: metabolism

text: by

text: yeast

text: during

text: fermentation

text: so

text: that

text: beer

text: consists

text: mostly

text: of

text: water

text: hop

text: oils

text: and

text: only

text: trace

text: amounts

text: of

text: sugars

text: including

text: maltose

question: In addition to a lack of muscle tone, what is believed to be the main cause of the beer belly?

answer: overeating

text: overeating

question: What condition was attributed to binge drinking in a 2004 study?

answer: beer belly

text: beer belly

question: What is believed to be the glycemic index in beer?

answer: 110

question: What is the glycemic index in maltose?

answer: 110


text: In 2014, the airport received 15 new boarding bridges, totalling 28 in all. This was the main requirement made by the federal government, which transferred the operation of the terminal to the Inframerica Group after an auction. The group invested R$750 million in the project. In the same year, the number of parking spaces doubled, reaching three thousand. The airport's entrance have a new rooftop cover and a new access road. Furthermore, a VIP room was created on Terminal 1's third floor. The investments resulted an increase the capacity of Brasília's airport from approximately 15 million passengers per year to 21 million by 2014. Brasília has direct flights to all states of Brazil and direct international flights to Atlanta, Buenos Aires, Lisbon, Miami, Panama City, and Paris.

title: Bras%C3%ADlia

title: Bras%C3%ADlia

text: In

text: the

text: airport

text: received

text: new

text: boarding

text: bridges

text: totalling

text: in

text: all

text: This

text: was

text: the

text: main

text: requirement

text: made

text: by

text: the

text: federal

text: government

text: which

text: transferred

text: the

text: operation

text: of

text: the

text: terminal

text: to

text: the

text: Inframerica

text: Group

text: after

text: an

text: auction

text: The

text: group

text: invested

text: million

text: in

text: the

text: project

text: In

text: the

text: same

text: year

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: parking

text: spaces

text: doubled

text: reaching

text: three

text: thousand

text: The

text: airport

text: 's

text: entrance

text: have

text: a

text: new

text: rooftop

text: cover

text: and

text: a

text: new

text: access

text: road

text: Furthermore

text: a

text: VIP

text: room

text: was

text: created

text: on

text: Terminal

text: 's

text: third

text: floor

text: The

text: investments

text: resulted

text: an

text: increase

text: the

text: capacity

text: of

text: Brasília

text: 's

text: airport

text: from

text: approximately

text: million

text: passengers

text: per

text: year

text: to

text: million

text: by

text: Brasília

text: has

text: direct

text: flights

text: to

text: all

text: states

text: of

text: Brazil

text: and

text: direct

text: international

text: flights

text: to

text: Atlanta

text: Buenos

text: Aires

text: Lisbon

text: Miami

text: Panama

text: City

text: and

text: Paris

question: How many boarding bridges does Brasilia's airport have?

answer: 28

question: When did the number of boarding bridges at Brasilia's airport nearly double?

answer: 2014

question: What company now runs Brasilia's airport?

answer: Inframerica Group

text: Inframerica Group

question: Besides boarding bridges, what also doubled in 2014 at Brasilia's airport?

answer: the number of parking spaces

text: the number of parking spaces

question: What is Brasilia's airport's annual passenger capacity after 2014's improvements?

answer: 21 million

text: 21 million


text: A study conducted in 1972 and 1981, documented by Robert Ulrich, surveyed 23 surgical patients assigned to rooms looking out on a natural scene. The study concluded that patients assigned to rooms with windows allowing lots of natural light had shorter postoperative hospital stays, received fewer negative evaluative comments in nurses’ notes, and took fewer potent analegesics than 23 matched patients in similar rooms with windows facing a brick wall. This study suggests that due to the nature of the scenery and daylight exposure was indeed healthier for patients as opposed to those exposed to little light from the brick wall. In addition to increased work performance, proper usage of windows and daylighting crosses the boundaries between pure aesthetics and overall health.

title: Lighting

title: Lighting

text: A

text: study

text: conducted

text: in

text: and

text: documented

text: by

text: Robert

text: Ulrich

text: surveyed

text: surgical

text: patients

text: assigned

text: to

text: rooms

text: looking

text: out

text: on

text: a

text: natural

text: scene

text: The

text: study

text: concluded

text: that

text: patients

text: assigned

text: to

text: rooms

text: with

text: windows

text: allowing

text: lots

text: of

text: natural

text: light

text: had

text: shorter

text: postoperative

text: hospital

text: stays

text: received

text: fewer

text: negative

text: evaluative

text: comments

text: in

text: nurses’

text: notes

text: and

text: took

text: fewer

text: potent

text: analegesics

text: than

text: matched

text: patients

text: in

text: similar

text: rooms

text: with

text: windows

text: facing

text: a

text: brick

text: wall

text: This

text: study

text: suggests

text: that

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: nature

text: of

text: the

text: scenery

text: and

text: daylight

text: exposure

text: was

text: indeed

text: healthier

text: for

text: patients

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: those

text: exposed

text: to

text: little

text: light

text: from

text: the

text: brick

text: wall

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: increased

text: work

text: performance

text: proper

text: usage

text: of

text: windows

text: and

text: daylighting

text: crosses

text: the

text: boundaries

text: between

text: pure

text: aesthetics

text: and

text: overall

text: health

question: Who documented 23 surgical patients assigned rooms looking out on a natural scene?

answer: Robert Ulrich

text: Robert Ulrich

question: Did the patients with natural scenes have longer postoperative hospital stays?

answer: no

text: no

question: Did patients that have natural scenes require more potent analgesics?

answer: no

text: no


text: Particularly since the mid-1960s there have been advances in understanding of the physics of plant physiological processes such as transpiration (the transport of water within plant tissues), the temperature dependence of rates of water evaporation from the leaf surface and the molecular diffusion of water vapour and carbon dioxide through stomatal apertures. These developments, coupled with new methods for measuring the size of stomatal apertures, and the rate of photosynthesis have enabled precise description of the rates of gas exchange between plants and the atmosphere. Innovations in statistical analysis by Ronald Fisher, Frank Yates and others at Rothamsted Experimental Station facilitated rational experimental design and data analysis in botanical research. The discovery and identification of the auxin plant hormones by Kenneth V. Thimann in 1948 enabled regulation of plant growth by externally applied chemicals. Frederick Campion Steward pioneered techniques of micropropagation and plant tissue culture controlled by plant hormones. The synthetic auxin 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid or 2,4-D was one of the first commercial synthetic herbicides.

title: Botany

title: Botany

text: Particularly

text: since

text: the

text: there

text: have

text: been

text: advances

text: in

text: understanding

text: of

text: the

text: physics

text: of

text: plant

text: physiological

text: processes

text: such

text: as

text: transpiration

text: the

text: transport

text: of

text: water

text: within

text: plant

text: tissues

text: the

text: temperature

text: dependence

text: of

text: rates

text: of

text: water

text: evaporation

text: from

text: the

text: leaf

text: surface

text: and

text: the

text: molecular

text: diffusion

text: of

text: water

text: vapour

text: and

text: carbon

text: dioxide

text: through

text: stomatal

text: apertures

text: These

text: developments

text: coupled

text: with

text: new

text: methods

text: for

text: measuring

text: the

text: size

text: of

text: stomatal

text: apertures

text: and

text: the

text: rate

text: of

text: photosynthesis

text: have

text: enabled

text: precise

text: description

text: of

text: the

text: rates

text: of

text: gas

text: exchange

text: between

text: plants

text: and

text: the

text: atmosphere

text: Innovations

text: in

text: statistical

text: analysis

text: by

text: Ronald

text: Fisher

text: Frank

text: Yates

text: and

text: others

text: at

text: Rothamsted

text: Experimental

text: Station

text: facilitated

text: rational

text: experimental

text: design

text: and

text: data

text: analysis

text: in

text: botanical

text: research

text: The

text: discovery

text: and

text: identification

text: of

text: the

text: auxin

text: plant

text: hormones

text: by

text: Kenneth

text: V.

text: Thimann

text: in

text: enabled

text: regulation

text: of

text: plant

text: growth

text: by

text: externally

text: applied

text: chemicals

text: Frederick

text: Campion

text: Steward

text: pioneered

text: techniques

text: of

text: micropropagation

text: and

text: plant

text: tissue

text: culture

text: controlled

text: by

text: plant

text: hormones

text: The

text: synthetic

text: auxin

text: acid

text: or

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: commercial

text: synthetic

text: herbicides

question: What is transpiration?

answer: the transport of water within plant tissues

text: the transport of water within plant tissues

question: What influences water evaporation on leaves?

answer: temperature

text: temperature

question: What influences the rate of gas produced by plants?

answer: rate of photosynthesis

text: rate of photosynthesis

question: What enables the regulation of plant growth?

answer: auxin plant hormones

text: auxin plant hormones

question: What can auxin plant hormones also be used as?

answer: herbicides

text: herbicides


text: In October 2009, the MoD was heavily criticized for withdrawing the bi-annual non-operational training £20m budget for the volunteer Territorial Army (TA), ending all non-operational training for 6 months until April 2010. The government eventually backed down and restored the funding. The TA provides a small percentage of the UK's operational troops. Its members train on weekly evenings and monthly weekends, as well as two-week exercises generally annually and occasionally bi-annually for troops doing other courses. The cuts would have meant a significant loss of personnel and would have had adverse effects on recruitment.

title: Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)

title: Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom

text: In

text: October

text: the

text: MoD

text: was

text: heavily

text: criticized

text: for

text: withdrawing

text: the

text: bi

text: annual

text: non

text: operational

text: training

text: m

text: budget

text: for

text: the

text: volunteer

text: Territorial

text: Army

text: TA

text: ending

text: all

text: non

text: operational

text: training

text: for

text: months

text: until

text: April

text: The

text: government

text: eventually

text: backed

text: down

text: and

text: restored

text: the

text: funding

text: The

text: TA

text: provides

text: a

text: small

text: percentage

text: of

text: the

text: UK

text: 's

text: operational

text: troops

text: Its

text: members

text: train

text: on

text: weekly

text: evenings

text: and

text: monthly

text: weekends

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: two

text: week

text: exercises

text: generally

text: annually

text: and

text: occasionally

text: bi

text: annually

text: for

text: troops

text: doing

text: other

text: courses

text: The

text: cuts

text: would

text: have

text: meant

text: a

text: significant

text: loss

text: of

text: personnel

text: and

text: would

text: have

text: had

text: adverse

text: effects

text: on

text: recruitment

question: When was the TA budget withdrawn?

answer: October 2009

text: October 2009

question: How much money was allocated to the volunteer Territorial Army?

answer: £20m

question: When was the training for the TA supposed to resume?

answer: April 2010

text: April 2010

question: How much of the UK's troops are provided by the TA?

answer: a small percentage

text: a small percentage

question: How often do the TA troops regularly train?

answer: weekly evenings and monthly weekends

text: weekly evenings and monthly weekends


text: Prayer plays a significant role among many believers. Muslims believe that the purpose of existence is to worship God. He is viewed as a personal God and there are no intermediaries, such as clergy, to contact God. Prayer often also includes supplication and asking forgiveness. God is often believed to be forgiving. For example, a hadith states God would replace a sinless people with one who sinned but still asked repentance. Christian theologian Alister McGrath writes that there are good reasons to suggest that a "personal god" is integral to the Christian outlook, but that one has to understand it is an analogy. "To say that God is like a person is to affirm the divine ability and willingness to relate to others. This does not imply that God is human, or located at a specific point in the universe."

title: God

title: God

text: Prayer

text: plays

text: a

text: significant

text: role

text: among

text: many

text: believers

text: Muslims

text: believe

text: that

text: the

text: purpose

text: of

text: existence

text: is

text: to

text: worship

text: God

text: He

text: is

text: viewed

text: as

text: a

text: personal

text: God

text: and

text: there

text: are

text: no

text: intermediaries

text: such

text: as

text: clergy

text: to

text: contact

text: God

text: Prayer

text: often

text: also

text: includes

text: supplication

text: and

text: asking

text: forgiveness

text: God

text: is

text: often

text: believed

text: to

text: be

text: forgiving

text: For

text: example

text: a

text: hadith

text: states

text: God

text: would

text: replace

text: a

text: sinless

text: people

text: with

text: one

text: who

text: sinned

text: but

text: still

text: asked

text: repentance

text: Christian

text: theologian

text: Alister

text: McGrath

text: writes

text: that

text: there

text: are

text: good

text: reasons

text: to

text: suggest

text: that

text: a

text: personal

text: god

text: is

text: integral

text: to

text: the

text: Christian

text: outlook

text: but

text: that

text: one

text: has

text: to

text: understand

text: it

text: is

text: an

text: analogy

text: To

text: say

text: that

text: God

text: is

text: like

text: a

text: person

text: is

text: to

text: affirm

text: the

text: divine

text: ability

text: and

text: willingness

text: to

text: relate

text: to

text: others

text: This

text: does

text: not

text: imply

text: that

text: God

text: is

text: human

text: or

text: located

text: at

text: a

text: specific

text: point

text: in

text: the

text: universe

question: What is a muslims life purpose?

answer: to worship God

text: to worship God

question: What type of God is the Muslim God?

answer: a personal God

text: a personal God

question: What aspect does Alister McGrath argue is important in Christianity?

answer: a "personal god"

text: a "personal god"

question: What does prayer usually include in Islam?

answer: forgiveness

text: forgiveness

question: What type of God is the Muslim God?

answer: forgiving

text: forgiving


text: The Japanese leadership was aware that a total military victory in a traditional sense against the USA was impossible; the alternative would be negotiating for peace after their initial victories, which would recognize Japanese hegemony in Asia. In fact, the Imperial GHQ noted, should acceptable negotiations be reached with the Americans, the attacks were to be canceled—even if the order to attack had already been given. The Japanese leadership looked to base the conduct of the war against America on the historical experiences of the successful wars against China (1894–95) and Russia (1904–05), in both of which a strong continental power was defeated by reaching limited military objectives, not by total conquest.

title: Pacific_War

title: Pacific_War

text: The

text: Japanese

text: leadership

text: was

text: aware

text: that

text: a

text: total

text: military

text: victory

text: in

text: a

text: traditional

text: sense

text: against

text: the

text: USA

text: was

text: impossible

text: the

text: alternative

text: would

text: be

text: negotiating

text: for

text: peace

text: after

text: their

text: initial

text: victories

text: which

text: would

text: recognize

text: Japanese

text: hegemony

text: in

text: Asia

text: In

text: fact

text: the

text: Imperial

text: GHQ

text: noted

text: should

text: acceptable

text: negotiations

text: be

text: reached

text: with

text: the

text: Americans

text: the

text: attacks

text: were

text: to

text: be

text: canceled

text: even

text: if

text: the

text: order

text: to

text: attack

text: had

text: already

text: been

text: given

text: The

text: Japanese

text: leadership

text: looked

text: to

text: base

text: the

text: conduct

text: of

text: the

text: war

text: against

text: America

text: on

text: the

text: historical

text: experiences

text: of

text: the

text: successful

text: wars

text: against

text: China

text: and

text: Russia

text: in

text: both

text: of

text: which

text: a

text: strong

text: continental

text: power

text: was

text: defeated

text: by

text: reaching

text: limited

text: military

text: objectives

text: not

text: by

text: total

text: conquest

question: What would Japan accomplish by peace after their early victories?

answer: recognize Japanese hegemony in Asia.

text: recognize Japanese hegemony in Asia.

question: Did The Japanese believe they could defeate the U.S.?

answer: impossible

text: impossible

question: What was Japan's strategic goal in attacking America?

answer: defeated by reaching limited military objectives, not by total conquest

text: defeated by reaching limited military objectives, not by total conquest

question: What did the Japanese military leadership think the chances were of complete military victory ove the United States?

answer: impossible

text: impossible

question: What did Japan want recognised in planned peace negotiations after their initial victories?

answer: Japanese hegemony in Asia

text: Japanese hegemony in Asia

question: If acceptable negotiations btween Japan and the United States were reached, what would be done regarding the attacks?

answer: canceled

text: canceled

question: What was the conduct of the war against the United States based on?

answer: historical experiences

text: historical experiences


text: The Battle of Long Island, the largest battle of the American Revolutionary War, was fought in August 1776 entirely within the modern-day borough of Brooklyn. After the battle, in which the Americans were defeated, leaving subsequent smaller armed engagements following in its wake, the city became the British military and political base of operations in North America. The city was a haven for Loyalist refugees, as well as escaped slaves who joined the British lines for freedom newly promised by the Crown for all fighters. As many as 10,000 escaped slaves crowded into the city during the British occupation. When the British forces evacuated at the close of the war in 1783, they transported 3,000 freedmen for resettlement in Nova Scotia. They resettled other freedmen in England and the Caribbean.

title: New_York_City

title: New_York_City

text: The

text: Battle

text: of

text: Long

text: Island

text: the

text: largest

text: battle

text: of

text: the

text: American

text: Revolutionary

text: War

text: was

text: fought

text: in

text: August

text: entirely

text: within

text: the

text: modern

text: day

text: borough

text: of

text: Brooklyn

text: After

text: the

text: battle

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: Americans

text: were

text: defeated

text: leaving

text: subsequent

text: smaller

text: armed

text: engagements

text: following

text: in

text: its

text: wake

text: the

text: city

text: became

text: the

text: British

text: military

text: and

text: political

text: base

text: of

text: operations

text: in

text: North

text: America

text: The

text: city

text: was

text: a

text: haven

text: for

text: Loyalist

text: refugees

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: escaped

text: slaves

text: who

text: joined

text: the

text: British

text: lines

text: for

text: freedom

text: newly

text: promised

text: by

text: the

text: Crown

text: for

text: all

text: fighters

text: As

text: many

text: as

text: escaped

text: slaves

text: crowded

text: into

text: the

text: city

text: during

text: the

text: British

text: occupation

text: When

text: the

text: British

text: forces

text: evacuated

text: at

text: the

text: close

text: of

text: the

text: war

text: in

text: they

text: transported

text: freedmen

text: for

text: resettlement

text: in

text: Nova

text: Scotia

text: They

text: resettled

text: other

text: freedmen

text: in

text: England

text: and

text: the

text: Caribbean

question: What was the biggest battle of the American Revolution?

answer: Battle of Long Island

text: Battle of Long Island

question: In what borough did the Battle of Long Island occur?

answer: Brooklyn

text: Brooklyn

question: In what month and year was the Battle of Long Island fought?

answer: August 1776

text: August 1776

question: About how many escaped slaves were in New York during the time the British occupied it?

answer: 10,000

question: In what year did the American Revolutionary War end?

answer: 1783

question: Which battle was the largest battle of the American Revolutionary war?

answer: The Battle of Long Island

text: The Battle of Long Island

question: Which borough of New York was the Battle of Long Island fought?

answer: Brooklyn

text: Brooklyn

question: When did the English army start to retreat and evacuate NYC during the Battle of Long Island?

answer: 1783


text: The senate's ultimate authority derived from the esteem and prestige of the senators. This esteem and prestige was based on both precedent and custom, as well as the caliber and reputation of the senators. The senate passed decrees, which were called senatus consulta. These were officially "advice" from the senate to a magistrate. In practice, however, they were usually followed by the magistrates. The focus of the Roman senate was usually directed towards foreign policy. Though it technically had no official role in the management of military conflict, the senate ultimately was the force that oversaw such affairs. The power of the senate expanded over time as the power of the legislative assemblies declined, and the senate took a greater role in ordinary law-making. Its members were usually appointed by Roman Censors, who ordinarily selected newly elected magistrates for membership in the senate, making the senate a partially elected body. During times of military emergency, such as the civil wars of the 1st century BC, this practice became less prevalent, as the Roman Dictator, Triumvir or the senate itself would select its members.

title: Roman_Republic

title: Roman_Republic

text: The

text: senate

text: 's

text: ultimate

text: authority

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: esteem

text: and

text: prestige

text: of

text: the

text: senators

text: This

text: esteem

text: and

text: prestige

text: was

text: based

text: on

text: both

text: precedent

text: and

text: custom

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: caliber

text: and

text: reputation

text: of

text: the

text: senators

text: The

text: senate

text: passed

text: decrees

text: which

text: were

text: called

text: senatus

text: consulta

text: These

text: were

text: officially

text: advice

text: from

text: the

text: senate

text: to

text: a

text: magistrate

text: In

text: practice

text: however

text: they

text: were

text: usually

text: followed

text: by

text: the

text: magistrates

text: The

text: focus

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: senate

text: was

text: usually

text: directed

text: towards

text: foreign

text: policy

text: Though

text: it

text: technically

text: had

text: no

text: official

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: management

text: of

text: military

text: conflict

text: the

text: senate

text: ultimately

text: was

text: the

text: force

text: that

text: oversaw

text: such

text: affairs

text: The

text: power

text: of

text: the

text: senate

text: expanded

text: over

text: time

text: as

text: the

text: power

text: of

text: the

text: legislative

text: assemblies

text: declined

text: and

text: the

text: senate

text: took

text: a

text: greater

text: role

text: in

text: ordinary

text: law

text: making

text: Its

text: members

text: were

text: usually

text: appointed

text: by

text: Roman

text: Censors

text: who

text: ordinarily

text: selected

text: newly

text: elected

text: magistrates

text: for

text: membership

text: in

text: the

text: senate

text: making

text: the

text: senate

text: a

text: partially

text: elected

text: body

text: During

text: times

text: of

text: military

text: emergency

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: civil

text: wars

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: BC

text: this

text: practice

text: became

text: less

text: prevalent

text: as

text: the

text: Roman

text: Dictator

text: Triumvir

text: or

text: the

text: senate

text: itself

text: would

text: select

text: its

text: members

question: What was the general source of the Roman senate's authority?

answer: the esteem and prestige of the senators

text: the esteem and prestige of the senators

question: Who was responsible for overseeing a military action?

answer: the senate

text: the senate

question: What was a motion that was enacted by the senate called?

answer: senatus consulta

text: senatus consulta

question: What area was the likely focal point of the Roman senate?

answer: foreign policy

text: foreign policy

question: What governing Roman body would self-select their own members during times of great distress?

answer: the senate itself would select its members

text: the senate itself would select its members


text: Following (or leading up to) the schisms, each Saṅgha started to accumulate an Abhidharma, a detailed scholastic reworking of doctrinal material appearing in the Suttas, according to schematic classifications. These Abhidharma texts do not contain systematic philosophical treatises, but summaries or numerical lists. Scholars generally date these texts to around the 3rd century BCE, 100 to 200 years after the death of the Buddha. Therefore the seven Abhidharma works are generally claimed not to represent the words of the Buddha himself, but those of disciples and great scholars.[note 38] Every school had its own version of the Abhidharma, with different theories and different texts. The different Abhidharmas of the various schools did not agree with each other. Scholars disagree on whether the Mahasanghika school had an Abhidhamma Pitaka or not.[note 38]

title: Buddhism

title: Buddhism

text: Following

text: or

text: leading

text: up

text: to

text: the

text: schisms

text: each

text: Saṅgha

text: started

text: to

text: accumulate

text: an

text: Abhidharma

text: a

text: detailed

text: scholastic

text: reworking

text: of

text: doctrinal

text: material

text: appearing

text: in

text: the

text: Suttas

text: according

text: to

text: schematic

text: classifications

text: These

text: Abhidharma

text: texts

text: do

text: not

text: contain

text: systematic

text: philosophical

text: treatises

text: but

text: summaries

text: or

text: numerical

text: lists

text: Scholars

text: generally

text: date

text: these

text: texts

text: to

text: around

text: the

text: century

text: BCE

text: to

text: years

text: after

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: the

text: Buddha

text: Therefore

text: the

text: seven

text: Abhidharma

text: works

text: are

text: generally

text: claimed

text: not

text: to

text: represent

text: the

text: words

text: of

text: the

text: Buddha

text: himself

text: but

text: those

text: of

text: disciples

text: and

text: great

text: scholars.[note

text: Every

text: school

text: had

text: its

text: own

text: version

text: of

text: the

text: Abhidharma

text: with

text: different

text: theories

text: and

text: different

text: texts

text: The

text: different

text: Abhidharmas

text: of

text: the

text: various

text: schools

text: did

text: not

text: agree

text: with

text: each

text: other

text: Scholars

text: disagree

text: on

text: whether

text: the

text: Mahasanghika

text: school

text: had

text: an

text: Abhidhamma

text: Pitaka

text: or

text: not.[note

question: What is a detailed scholastic reworking of doctrinal material called?

answer: Abhidharma

text: Abhidharma

question: The abhidharma texts do not contain treatises, but what?

answer: summaries or numerical lists

text: summaries or numerical lists

question: The Abhidharma texts are from what time?

answer: 3rd century BCE

text: 3rd century BCE

question: There is a disagreement on whether a school had an Abhidhamma or not, which school is it?

answer: Mahasanghika

text: Mahasanghika


text: The Hellenistic period covers the period of ancient Greek (Hellenic) history and Mediterranean history between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the emergence of the Roman Empire as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the subsequent conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year. At this time, Greek cultural influence and power was at its peak in Europe, Africa and Asia, experiencing prosperity and progress in the arts, exploration, literature, theatre, architecture, music, mathematics, philosophy, and science. For example, competitive public games took place, ideas in biology, and popular entertainment in theaters. It is often considered a period of transition, sometimes even of decadence or degeneration, compared to the enlightenment of the Greek Classical era. The Hellenistic period saw the rise of New Comedy, Alexandrian poetry, the Septuagint and the philosophies of Stoicism and Epicureanism. Greek Science was advanced by the works of the mathematician Euclid and the polymath Archimedes. The religious sphere expanded to include new gods such as the Greco-Egyptian Serapis, eastern deities such as Attis and Cybele and the Greek adoption of Buddhism.

title: Hellenistic_period

title: Hellenistic_period

text: The

text: Hellenistic

text: period

text: covers

text: the

text: period

text: of

text: ancient

text: Greek

text: Hellenic

text: history

text: and

text: Mediterranean

text: history

text: between

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: Alexander

text: the

text: Great

text: in

text: BC

text: and

text: the

text: emergence

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: as

text: signified

text: by

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Actium

text: in

text: BC

text: and

text: the

text: subsequent

text: conquest

text: of

text: Ptolemaic

text: Egypt

text: the

text: following

text: year

text: At

text: this

text: time

text: Greek

text: cultural

text: influence

text: and

text: power

text: was

text: at

text: its

text: peak

text: in

text: Europe

text: Africa

text: and

text: Asia

text: experiencing

text: prosperity

text: and

text: progress

text: in

text: the

text: arts

text: exploration

text: literature

text: theatre

text: architecture

text: music

text: mathematics

text: philosophy

text: and

text: science

text: For

text: example

text: competitive

text: public

text: games

text: took

text: place

text: ideas

text: in

text: biology

text: and

text: popular

text: entertainment

text: in

text: theaters

text: It

text: is

text: often

text: considered

text: a

text: period

text: of

text: transition

text: sometimes

text: even

text: of

text: decadence

text: or

text: degeneration

text: compared

text: to

text: the

text: enlightenment

text: of

text: the

text: Greek

text: Classical

text: era

text: The

text: Hellenistic

text: period

text: saw

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: New

text: Comedy

text: Alexandrian

text: poetry

text: the

text: Septuagint

text: and

text: the

text: philosophies

text: of

text: Stoicism

text: and

text: Epicureanism

text: Greek

text: Science

text: was

text: advanced

text: by

text: the

text: works

text: of

text: the

text: mathematician

text: Euclid

text: and

text: the

text: polymath

text: Archimedes

text: The

text: religious

text: sphere

text: expanded

text: to

text: include

text: new

text: gods

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Greco

text: Egyptian

text: Serapis

text: eastern

text: deities

text: such

text: as

text: Attis

text: and

text: Cybele

text: and

text: the

text: Greek

text: adoption

text: of

text: Buddhism

question: What mathematician advance Greek Science?

answer: Greek Science

text: Greek Science

question: What period saw the rise of New Comedy?

answer: Hellenistic

text: Hellenistic

question: When was the Battle of Actium?

answer: 31 BC

text: 31 BC

question: When did Alexander the Great die?

answer: 323 BC

text: 323 BC

question: What period saw the rise of the Septuagint?

answer: Hellenistic

text: Hellenistic

question: dd

answer: yptian Se

text: yptian Se

question: dd

answer: Buddh

text: Buddh

question: dd

answer: m and E

text: m and E

question: dd

answer: Buddhism

text: Buddhism

question: d

answer: the Gre

text: the Gre

question: What ruler's death in 323 BC marks the beginning of the Hellenistic period?

answer: Alexander the Great

text: Alexander the Great

question: In what year did the Battle of Actium take place?

answer: 31 BC

text: 31 BC

question: What kingdom did the Romans take over the year after the Battle of Actium?

answer: Ptolemaic Egypt

text: Ptolemaic Egypt

question: What type of poetry debuted in the Hellenistic period?

answer: Alexandrian poetry

text: Alexandrian poetry

question: What ancient religion did Greece embrace during the Hellenistic period?

answer: Buddhism

text: Buddhism

question: What signified the emergence of the Roman Empire?

answer: Battle of Actium

text: Battle of Actium

question: What event is the recognized beginning of the Hellenistic Period?

answer: death of Alexander the Great

text: death of Alexander the Great

question: Who advanced Greek Science?

answer: the mathematician Euclid and the polymath Archimedes

text: the mathematician Euclid and the polymath Archimedes


text: After the early 20th century revolutions, shifting alliances of China's regional warlords waged war for control of the Beijing government. Despite the fact that various warlords gained control of the government in Beijing during the warlord era, this did not constitute a new era of control or governance, because other warlords did not acknowledge the transitory governments in this period and were a law unto themselves. These military-dominated governments were collectively known as the Beiyang government. The warlord era ended around 1927.

title: Modern_history

title: Modern_history

text: After

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: revolutions

text: shifting

text: alliances

text: of

text: China

text: 's

text: regional

text: warlords

text: waged

text: war

text: for

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: Beijing

text: government

text: Despite

text: the

text: fact

text: that

text: various

text: warlords

text: gained

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: government

text: in

text: Beijing

text: during

text: the

text: warlord

text: era

text: this

text: did

text: not

text: constitute

text: a

text: new

text: era

text: of

text: control

text: or

text: governance

text: because

text: other

text: warlords

text: did

text: not

text: acknowledge

text: the

text: transitory

text: governments

text: in

text: this

text: period

text: and

text: were

text: a

text: law

text: unto

text: themselves

text: These

text: military

text: dominated

text: governments

text: were

text: collectively

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Beiyang

text: government

text: The

text: warlord

text: era

text: ended

text: around

question: What happened to China after the 20th century revolutions?

answer: shifting alliances of China's regional warlords waged war for control of the Beijing government.

text: shifting alliances of China's regional warlords waged war for control of the Beijing government.

question: Who ultimately gained control of the Beijing government?

answer: various warlords

text: various warlords

question: Why was there not a new era of governance in Beijing?

answer: because other warlords did not acknowledge the transitory governments in this period and were a law unto themselves.

text: because other warlords did not acknowledge the transitory governments in this period and were a law unto themselves.

question: What were the military dominated governments known as?

answer: the Beiyang government

text: the Beiyang government

question: When did the warlord era end?

answer: around 1927

text: around 1927


text: Some species of bacteria kill and then consume other microorganisms, these species are called predatory bacteria. These include organisms such as Myxococcus xanthus, which forms swarms of cells that kill and digest any bacteria they encounter. Other bacterial predators either attach to their prey in order to digest them and absorb nutrients, such as Vampirovibrio chlorellavorus, or invade another cell and multiply inside the cytosol, such as Daptobacter. These predatory bacteria are thought to have evolved from saprophages that consumed dead microorganisms, through adaptations that allowed them to entrap and kill other organisms.

title: Bacteria

title: Bacteria

text: Some

text: species

text: of

text: bacteria

text: kill

text: and

text: then

text: consume

text: other

text: microorganisms

text: these

text: species

text: are

text: called

text: predatory

text: bacteria

text: These

text: include

text: organisms

text: such

text: as

text: Myxococcus

text: xanthus

text: which

text: forms

text: swarms

text: of

text: cells

text: that

text: kill

text: and

text: digest

text: any

text: bacteria

text: they

text: encounter

text: Other

text: bacterial

text: predators

text: either

text: attach

text: to

text: their

text: prey

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: digest

text: them

text: and

text: absorb

text: nutrients

text: such

text: as

text: Vampirovibrio

text: chlorellavorus

text: or

text: invade

text: another

text: cell

text: and

text: multiply

text: inside

text: the

text: cytosol

text: such

text: as

text: Daptobacter

text: These

text: predatory

text: bacteria

text: are

text: thought

text: to

text: have

text: evolved

text: from

text: saprophages

text: that

text: consumed

text: dead

text: microorganisms

text: through

text: adaptations

text: that

text: allowed

text: them

text: to

text: entrap

text: and

text: kill

text: other

text: organisms

question: Why are certain bacteria called predatory?

answer: bacteria kill and then consume other microorganisms

text: bacteria kill and then consume other microorganisms

question: Which way do Vampirovibrio absorb nutrients of other microorganisms?

answer: attach to their prey in order to digest them

text: attach to their prey in order to digest them

question: What technique do Daptobacter use in order to kill other microorganism?

answer: invade another cell and multiply inside the cytosol

text: invade another cell and multiply inside the cytosol

question: Where do Daptobacter bacteria come from?

answer: saprophages

text: saprophages


text: Unfortunately, requiring two characters to mark the end of a line introduces unnecessary complexity and questions as to how to interpret each character when encountered alone. To simplify matters plain text data streams, including files, on Multics used line feed (LF) alone as a line terminator. Unix and Unix-like systems, and Amiga systems, adopted this convention from Multics. The original Macintosh OS, Apple DOS, and ProDOS, on the other hand, used carriage return (CR) alone as a line terminator; however, since Apple replaced these operating systems with the Unix-based OS X operating system, they now use line feed (LF) as well.

title: ASCII

title: ASCII

text: Unfortunately

text: requiring

text: two

text: characters

text: to

text: mark

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: a

text: line

text: introduces

text: unnecessary

text: complexity

text: and

text: questions

text: as

text: to

text: how

text: to

text: interpret

text: each

text: character

text: when

text: encountered

text: alone

text: To

text: simplify

text: matters

text: plain

text: text

text: data

text: streams

text: including

text: files

text: on

text: Multics

text: used

text: line

text: feed

text: LF

text: alone

text: as

text: a

text: line

text: terminator

text: Unix

text: and

text: Unix

text: like

text: systems

text: and

text: Amiga

text: systems

text: adopted

text: this

text: convention

text: from

text: Multics

text: The

text: original

text: Macintosh

text: OS

text: Apple

text: DOS

text: and

text: ProDOS

text: on

text: the

text: other

text: hand

text: used

text: carriage

text: return

text: CR

text: alone

text: as

text: a

text: line

text: terminator

text: however

text: since

text: Apple

text: replaced

text: these

text: operating

text: systems

text: with

text: the

text: Unix

text: based

text: OS

text: X

text: operating

text: system

text: they

text: now

text: use

text: line

text: feed

text: LF

text: as

text: well

question: Why is adding two characters at the ned of a line problemsome?

answer: introduces unnecessary complexity and questions as to how to interpret each character when encountered alone

text: introduces unnecessary complexity and questions as to how to interpret each character when encountered alone

question: What id Multics use to simplify plain text data?

answer: line feed (LF) alone as a line terminator

text: line feed (LF) alone as a line terminator

question: What used carriage return(CR) alone as a line terminator?

answer: Macintosh OS, Apple DOS, and ProDOS

text: Macintosh OS, Apple DOS, and ProDOS

question: Who adopted this practice from Multics?

answer: Unix and Unix-like systems, and Amiga systems

text: Unix and Unix-like systems, and Amiga systems

question: When did Apple replace their CR with line feed (LF)?

answer: since Apple replaced these operating systems with the Unix-based OS X operating system

text: since Apple replaced these operating systems with the Unix-based OS X operating system


text: Gherman Titov became the first Soviet cosmonaut to exercise manual control of his Vostok 2 craft on August 6, 1961. The Soviet Union demonstrated 24-hour launch pad turnaround and the capability to launch two piloted spacecraft, Vostok 3 and Vostok 4, in essentially identical orbits, on August 11 and 12, 1962. The two spacecraft came within approximately 6.5 kilometers (4.0 mi) of one another, close enough for radio communication. Vostok 4 also set a record of nearly four days in space. Though the two craft's orbits were as nearly identical as possible given the accuracy of the launch rocket's guidance system, slight variations still existed which drew the two craft at first as close to each other as 6.5 kilometers (3.5 nautical miles), then as far apart as 2,850 kilometers (1,540 nautical miles). There were no maneuvering rockets on the Vostok to permit space rendezvous, required to keep two spacecraft a controlled distance apart.

title: Space_Race

title: Space_Race

text: Gherman

text: Titov

text: became

text: the

text: first

text: Soviet

text: cosmonaut

text: to

text: exercise

text: manual

text: control

text: of

text: his

text: Vostok

text: craft

text: on

text: August

text: The

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: demonstrated

text: launch

text: pad

text: turnaround

text: and

text: the

text: capability

text: to

text: launch

text: two

text: piloted

text: spacecraft

text: Vostok

text: and

text: Vostok

text: in

text: essentially

text: identical

text: orbits

text: on

text: August

text: and

text: The

text: two

text: spacecraft

text: came

text: within

text: approximately

text: kilometers

text: mi

text: of

text: one

text: another

text: close

text: enough

text: for

text: radio

text: communication

text: Vostok

text: also

text: set

text: a

text: record

text: of

text: nearly

text: four

text: days

text: in

text: space

text: Though

text: the

text: two

text: craft

text: 's

text: orbits

text: were

text: as

text: nearly

text: identical

text: as

text: possible

text: given

text: the

text: accuracy

text: of

text: the

text: launch

text: rocket

text: 's

text: guidance

text: system

text: slight

text: variations

text: still

text: existed

text: which

text: drew

text: the

text: two

text: craft

text: at

text: first

text: as

text: close

text: to

text: each

text: other

text: as

text: kilometers

text: nautical

text: miles

text: then

text: as

text: far

text: apart

text: as

text: kilometers

text: nautical

text: miles

text: There

text: were

text: no

text: maneuvering

text: rockets

text: on

text: the

text: Vostok

text: to

text: permit

text: space

text: rendezvous

text: required

text: to

text: keep

text: two

text: spacecraft

text: a

text: controlled

text: distance

text: apart

question: What first person from the USSR controlled their own spacecraft?

answer: Gherman Titov

text: Gherman Titov

question: Gherman Titov from the USSR drove his own spacecraft on what date?

answer: August 6, 1961

text: August 6, 1961

question: Radio communication was possible between which two spacecrafts in August 11 and 12, 1962?

answer: Vostok 3 and Vostok 4

text: Vostok 3 and Vostok 4


text: Animals are generally considered to have evolved from a flagellated eukaryote. Their closest known living relatives are the choanoflagellates, collared flagellates that have a morphology similar to the choanocytes of certain sponges. Molecular studies place animals in a supergroup called the opisthokonts, which also include the choanoflagellates, fungi and a few small parasitic protists. The name comes from the posterior location of the flagellum in motile cells, such as most animal spermatozoa, whereas other eukaryotes tend to have anterior flagella.

title: Animal

title: Animal

text: Animals

text: are

text: generally

text: considered

text: to

text: have

text: evolved

text: from

text: a

text: flagellated

text: eukaryote

text: Their

text: closest

text: known

text: living

text: relatives

text: are

text: the

text: choanoflagellates

text: collared

text: flagellates

text: that

text: have

text: a

text: morphology

text: similar

text: to

text: the

text: choanocytes

text: of

text: certain

text: sponges

text: Molecular

text: studies

text: place

text: animals

text: in

text: a

text: supergroup

text: called

text: the

text: opisthokonts

text: which

text: also

text: include

text: the

text: choanoflagellates

text: fungi

text: and

text: a

text: few

text: small

text: parasitic

text: protists

text: The

text: name

text: comes

text: from

text: the

text: posterior

text: location

text: of

text: the

text: flagellum

text: in

text: motile

text: cells

text: such

text: as

text: most

text: animal

text: spermatozoa

text: whereas

text: other

text: eukaryotes

text: tend

text: to

text: have

text: anterior

text: flagella

question: It is believed that animals evolved from what?

answer: a flagellated eukaryote

text: a flagellated eukaryote

question: What are the closest known living relatives of animals?

answer: choanoflagellates

text: choanoflagellates

question: What is the name of the supergroup that animals have been placed in by molecular studies?

answer: opisthokonts

text: opisthokonts

question: The opisthokonts also include what other organisms?

answer: choanoflagellates, fungi and a few small parasitic protists

text: choanoflagellates, fungi and a few small parasitic protists

question: Where does the name opisthokonts come from?

answer: the posterior location of the flagellum in motile cells

text: the posterior location of the flagellum in motile cells


text: Dietary minerals are inorganic chemical elements required by living organisms, other than the four elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen that are present in nearly all organic molecules. The term "mineral" is archaic, since the intent is to describe simply the less common elements in the diet. Some are heavier than the four just mentioned, including several metals, which often occur as ions in the body. Some dietitians recommend that these be supplied from foods in which they occur naturally, or at least as complex compounds, or sometimes even from natural inorganic sources (such as calcium carbonate from ground oyster shells). Some minerals are absorbed much more readily in the ionic forms found in such sources. On the other hand, minerals are often artificially added to the diet as supplements; the most famous is likely iodine in iodized salt which prevents goiter.

title: Nutrition

title: Nutrition

text: Dietary

text: minerals

text: are

text: inorganic

text: chemical

text: elements

text: required

text: by

text: living

text: organisms

text: other

text: than

text: the

text: four

text: elements

text: carbon

text: hydrogen

text: nitrogen

text: and

text: oxygen

text: that

text: are

text: present

text: in

text: nearly

text: all

text: organic

text: molecules

text: The

text: term

text: mineral

text: is

text: archaic

text: since

text: the

text: intent

text: is

text: to

text: describe

text: simply

text: the

text: less

text: common

text: elements

text: in

text: the

text: diet

text: Some

text: are

text: heavier

text: than

text: the

text: four

text: just

text: mentioned

text: including

text: several

text: metals

text: which

text: often

text: occur

text: as

text: ions

text: in

text: the

text: body

text: Some

text: dietitians

text: recommend

text: that

text: these

text: be

text: supplied

text: from

text: foods

text: in

text: which

text: they

text: occur

text: naturally

text: or

text: at

text: least

text: as

text: complex

text: compounds

text: or

text: sometimes

text: even

text: from

text: natural

text: inorganic

text: sources

text: such

text: as

text: calcium

text: carbonate

text: from

text: ground

text: oyster

text: shells

text: Some

text: minerals

text: are

text: absorbed

text: much

text: more

text: readily

text: in

text: the

text: ionic

text: forms

text: found

text: in

text: such

text: sources

text: On

text: the

text: other

text: hand

text: minerals

text: are

text: often

text: artificially

text: added

text: to

text: the

text: diet

text: as

text: supplements

text: the

text: most

text: famous

text: is

text: likely

text: iodine

text: in

text: iodized

text: salt

text: which

text: prevents

text: goiter

question: What kind of element are dietary minerals?

answer: inorganic chemical elements

text: inorganic chemical elements

question: What was the term "mineral" originally meant to describe?

answer: the less common elements in the diet

text: the less common elements in the diet

question: In what form are some metals commonly found in the body?

answer: ions

text: ions

question: In what form should minerals be to be absorbed easier?

answer: ionic forms

text: ionic forms

question: What is the most famous mineral that is artificially added that prevents goiter?

answer: iodine

text: iodine


text: As of 2013, the American Idol alumni in their post-Idol careers have amassed over 59 million albums and 120 million singles and digital track downloads in the United States alone.

title: American_Idol

title: American_Idol

text: As

text: of

text: the

text: American

text: Idol

text: alumni

text: in

text: their

text: post

text: Idol

text: careers

text: have

text: amassed

text: over

text: million

text: albums

text: and

text: million

text: singles

text: and

text: digital

text: track

text: downloads

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: alone

question: How many albums have been sold by American Idol contestants up until 2013?

answer: 59 million

text: 59 million

question: How many single have been sold by American Idol contestants up until 2013?

answer: 120 million

text: 120 million

question: How many albums have Idol contestants created as of 2013?

answer: 59 million

text: 59 million

question: How many singles and digital downloads have Idol contestants created as of 2013?

answer: 120 million

text: 120 million


text: Muslim scientists contributed to advances in the sciences. They placed far greater emphasis on experiment than had the Greeks. This led to an early scientific method being developed in the Muslim world, where progress in methodology was made, beginning with the experiments of Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) on optics from circa 1000, in his Book of Optics. The most important development of the scientific method was the use of experiments to distinguish between competing scientific theories set within a generally empirical orientation, which began among Muslim scientists. Ibn al-Haytham is also regarded as the father of optics, especially for his empirical proof of the intromission theory of light. Some have also described Ibn al-Haytham as the "first scientist." al-Khwarzimi's invented the log base systems that are being used today, he also contributed theorems in trigonometry as well as limits. Recent studies show that it is very likely that the Medieval Muslim artists were aware of advanced decagonal quasicrystal geometry (discovered half a millennium later in the 1970s and 1980s in the West) and used it in intricate decorative tilework in the architecture.

title: Muslim_world

title: Muslim_world

text: Muslim

text: scientists

text: contributed

text: to

text: advances

text: in

text: the

text: sciences

text: They

text: placed

text: far

text: greater

text: emphasis

text: on

text: experiment

text: than

text: had

text: the

text: Greeks

text: This

text: led

text: to

text: an

text: early

text: scientific

text: method

text: being

text: developed

text: in

text: the

text: Muslim

text: world

text: where

text: progress

text: in

text: methodology

text: was

text: made

text: beginning

text: with

text: the

text: experiments

text: of

text: Ibn

text: al

text: Haytham

text: Alhazen

text: on

text: optics

text: from

text: circa

text: in

text: his

text: Book

text: of

text: Optics

text: The

text: most

text: important

text: development

text: of

text: the

text: scientific

text: method

text: was

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: experiments

text: to

text: distinguish

text: between

text: competing

text: scientific

text: theories

text: set

text: within

text: a

text: generally

text: empirical

text: orientation

text: which

text: began

text: among

text: Muslim

text: scientists

text: Ibn

text: al

text: Haytham

text: is

text: also

text: regarded

text: as

text: the

text: father

text: of

text: optics

text: especially

text: for

text: his

text: empirical

text: proof

text: of

text: the

text: intromission

text: theory

text: of

text: light

text: Some

text: have

text: also

text: described

text: Ibn

text: al

text: Haytham

text: as

text: the

text: first

text: scientist

text: al

text: Khwarzimi

text: 's

text: invented

text: the

text: log

text: base

text: systems

text: that

text: are

text: being

text: used

text: today

text: he

text: also

text: contributed

text: theorems

text: in

text: trigonometry

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: limits

text: Recent

text: studies

text: show

text: that

text: it

text: is

text: very

text: likely

text: that

text: the

text: Medieval

text: Muslim

text: artists

text: were

text: aware

text: of

text: advanced

text: decagonal

text: quasicrystal

text: geometry

text: discovered

text: half

text: a

text: millennium

text: later

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: West

text: and

text: used

text: it

text: in

text: intricate

text: decorative

text: tilework

text: in

text: the

text: architecture

question: Ibn al-Haytham experimented with what around the year 1000?

answer: optics

text: optics

question: Ibn al-Haytham wrote about his work around the year 1000, what was it?

answer: Book of Optics

text: Book of Optics

question: Who is believed to have discovered decagonal quasicrystal geometry?

answer: Medieval Muslim artists

text: Medieval Muslim artists

question: Regarding the intromission theory of light, who showed the first proof?

answer: Ibn al-Haytham

text: Ibn al-Haytham

question: Which Muslim scientist worked on trigonometry?

answer: al-Khwarzimi

text: al-Khwarzimi


text: Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essential bacterial enzymes (rifamycins, lipiarmycins, quinolones, and sulfonamides) have bactericidal activities. Those that target protein synthesis (macrolides, lincosamides and tetracyclines) are usually bacteriostatic (with the exception of bactericidal aminoglycosides). Further categorization is based on their target specificity. "Narrow-spectrum" antibacterial antibiotics target specific types of bacteria, such as Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria, whereas broad-spectrum antibiotics affect a wide range of bacteria. Following a 40-year hiatus in discovering new classes of antibacterial compounds, four new classes of antibacterial antibiotics have been brought into clinical use in the late 2000s and early 2010s: cyclic lipopeptides (such as daptomycin), glycylcyclines (such as tigecycline), oxazolidinones (such as linezolid), and lipiarmycins (such as fidaxomicin).

title: Antibiotics

title: Antibiotics

text: Antibacterial

text: antibiotics

text: are

text: commonly

text: classified

text: based

text: on

text: their

text: mechanism

text: of

text: action

text: chemical

text: structure

text: or

text: spectrum

text: of

text: activity

text: Most

text: target

text: bacterial

text: functions

text: or

text: growth

text: processes

text: Those

text: that

text: target

text: the

text: bacterial

text: cell

text: wall

text: penicillins

text: and

text: cephalosporins

text: or

text: the

text: cell

text: membrane

text: polymyxins

text: or

text: interfere

text: with

text: essential

text: bacterial

text: enzymes

text: rifamycins

text: lipiarmycins

text: quinolones

text: and

text: sulfonamides

text: have

text: bactericidal

text: activities

text: Those

text: that

text: target

text: protein

text: synthesis

text: macrolides

text: lincosamides

text: and

text: tetracyclines

text: are

text: usually

text: bacteriostatic

text: with

text: the

text: exception

text: of

text: bactericidal

text: aminoglycosides

text: Further

text: categorization

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: their

text: target

text: specificity

text: Narrow

text: spectrum

text: antibacterial

text: antibiotics

text: target

text: specific

text: types

text: of

text: bacteria

text: such

text: as

text: Gram

text: negative

text: or

text: Gram

text: positive

text: bacteria

text: whereas

text: broad

text: spectrum

text: antibiotics

text: affect

text: a

text: wide

text: range

text: of

text: bacteria

text: Following

text: a

text: hiatus

text: in

text: discovering

text: new

text: classes

text: of

text: antibacterial

text: compounds

text: four

text: new

text: classes

text: of

text: antibacterial

text: antibiotics

text: have

text: been

text: brought

text: into

text: clinical

text: use

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: and

text: early

text: cyclic

text: lipopeptides

text: such

text: as

text: daptomycin

text: glycylcyclines

text: such

text: as

text: tigecycline

text: oxazolidinones

text: such

text: as

text: linezolid

text: and

text: lipiarmycins

text: such

text: as

text: fidaxomicin

question: What do anitibiotics mostly target?

answer: bacterial functions or growth processes

text: bacterial functions or growth processes

question: Which two types of antibiotics target the cell wall?

answer: penicillins and cephalosporins

text: penicillins and cephalosporins

question: Which type of antibiotic goes after the cell membrane?

answer: polymyxins

text: polymyxins

question: What 3 types go after protein synthesis?

answer: (macrolides, lincosamides and tetracyclines

text: (macrolides, lincosamides and tetracyclines

question: Besides sprectrum of activity and chemical structure, how can antibacterial antibiotics classified?

answer: mechanism of action

text: mechanism of action

question: What is another name used for bacterial cell wall?

answer: penicillins and cephalosporins

text: penicillins and cephalosporins

question: whats another word for cell membrane?

answer: polymyxins

text: polymyxins

question: How many new classes of antibacterial antibiotics was introduced in the late 2000's/

answer: four

text: four

question: What three ways are antibiotics classified?

answer: mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity

text: mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity


text: Many cultures define the transition into adultlike sexuality by specific biological or social milestones in an adolescent's life. For example, menarche (the first menstrual period of a female), or semenarche (the first ejaculation of a male) are frequent sexual defining points for many cultures. In addition to biological factors, an adolescent's sexual socialization is highly dependent upon whether their culture takes a restrictive or permissive attitude toward teen or premarital sexual activity. Restrictive cultures overtly discourage sexual activity in unmarried adolescents or until an adolescent undergoes a formal rite of passage. These cultures may attempt to restrict sexual activity by separating males and females throughout their development, or through public shaming and physical punishment when sexual activity does occur. In less restrictive cultures, there is more tolerance for displays of adolescent sexuality, or of the interaction between males and females in public and private spaces. Less restrictive cultures may tolerate some aspects of adolescent sexuality, while objecting to other aspects. For instance, some cultures find teenage sexual activity acceptable but teenage pregnancy highly undesirable. Other cultures do not object to teenage sexual activity or teenage pregnancy, as long as they occur after marriage. In permissive societies, overt sexual behavior among unmarried teens is perceived as acceptable, and is sometimes even encouraged. Regardless of whether a culture is restrictive or permissive, there are likely to be discrepancies in how females versus males are expected to express their sexuality. Cultures vary in how overt this double standard is—in some it is legally inscribed, while in others it is communicated through social convention. Lesbian, gay, bi-sexual and transsexual youth face much discrimination through bullying from those unlike them and may find telling others that they are gay to be a traumatic experience. The range of sexual attitudes that a culture embraces could thus be seen to affect the beliefs, lifestyles, and societal perceptions of its adolescents.

title: Adolescence

title: Adolescence

text: Many

text: cultures

text: define

text: the

text: transition

text: into

text: adultlike

text: sexuality

text: by

text: specific

text: biological

text: or

text: social

text: milestones

text: in

text: an

text: adolescent

text: 's

text: life

text: For

text: example

text: menarche

text: the

text: first

text: menstrual

text: period

text: of

text: a

text: female

text: or

text: semenarche

text: the

text: first

text: ejaculation

text: of

text: a

text: male

text: are

text: frequent

text: sexual

text: defining

text: points

text: for

text: many

text: cultures

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: biological

text: factors

text: an

text: adolescent

text: 's

text: sexual

text: socialization

text: is

text: highly

text: dependent

text: upon

text: whether

text: their

text: culture

text: takes

text: a

text: restrictive

text: or

text: permissive

text: attitude

text: toward

text: teen

text: or

text: premarital

text: sexual

text: activity

text: Restrictive

text: cultures

text: overtly

text: discourage

text: sexual

text: activity

text: in

text: unmarried

text: adolescents

text: or

text: until

text: an

text: adolescent

text: undergoes

text: a

text: formal

text: rite

text: of

text: passage

text: These

text: cultures

text: may

text: attempt

text: to

text: restrict

text: sexual

text: activity

text: by

text: separating

text: males

text: and

text: females

text: throughout

text: their

text: development

text: or

text: through

text: public

text: shaming

text: and

text: physical

text: punishment

text: when

text: sexual

text: activity

text: does

text: occur

text: In

text: less

text: restrictive

text: cultures

text: there

text: is

text: more

text: tolerance

text: for

text: displays

text: of

text: adolescent

text: sexuality

text: or

text: of

text: the

text: interaction

text: between

text: males

text: and

text: females

text: in

text: public

text: and

text: private

text: spaces

text: Less

text: restrictive

text: cultures

text: may

text: tolerate

text: some

text: aspects

text: of

text: adolescent

text: sexuality

text: while

text: objecting

text: to

text: other

text: aspects

text: For

text: instance

text: some

text: cultures

text: find

text: teenage

text: sexual

text: activity

text: acceptable

text: but

text: teenage

text: pregnancy

text: highly

text: undesirable

text: Other

text: cultures

text: do

text: not

text: object

text: to

text: teenage

text: sexual

text: activity

text: or

text: teenage

text: pregnancy

text: as

text: long

text: as

text: they

text: occur

text: after

text: marriage

text: In

text: permissive

text: societies

text: overt

text: sexual

text: behavior

text: among

text: unmarried

text: teens

text: is

text: perceived

text: as

text: acceptable

text: and

text: is

text: sometimes

text: even

text: encouraged

text: Regardless

text: of

text: whether

text: a

text: culture

text: is

text: restrictive

text: or

text: permissive

text: there

text: are

text: likely

text: to

text: be

text: discrepancies

text: in

text: how

text: females

text: versus

text: males

text: are

text: expected

text: to

text: express

text: their

text: sexuality

text: Cultures

text: vary

text: in

text: how

text: overt

text: this

text: double

text: standard

text: is

text: in

text: some

text: it

text: is

text: legally

text: inscribed

text: while

text: in

text: others

text: it

text: is

text: communicated

text: through

text: social

text: convention

text: Lesbian

text: gay

text: bi

text: sexual

text: and

text: transsexual

text: youth

text: face

text: much

text: discrimination

text: through

text: bullying

text: from

text: those

text: unlike

text: them

text: and

text: may

text: find

text: telling

text: others

text: that

text: they

text: are

text: gay

text: to

text: be

text: a

text: traumatic

text: experience

text: The

text: range

text: of

text: sexual

text: attitudes

text: that

text: a

text: culture

text: embraces

text: could

text: thus

text: be

text: seen

text: to

text: affect

text: the

text: beliefs

text: lifestyles

text: and

text: societal

text: perceptions

text: of

text: its

text: adolescents

question: What word refers to the first ejactulation of a male?

answer: semenarche

text: semenarche

question: What word refers to the first menstrual period in females?

answer: menarche

text: menarche

question: What is the term for a culture that discourages sexual activity in unmarried adolescents?

answer: Restrictive

text: Restrictive

question: What is the term for cultures that perceive sexual behavior among unmarried teens as acceptable or even encouraged?

answer: permissive

text: permissive

question: Are males and females expected to express their sexuality in the same ways or are there discrepancies between genders and cultures?

answer: discrepancies

text: discrepancies


text: The Austrian engineer Paul Eisler invented the printed circuit as part of a radio set while working in England around 1936. Around 1943 the USA began to use the technology on a large scale to make proximity fuses for use in World War II. After the war, in 1948, the USA released the invention for commercial use. Printed circuits did not become commonplace in consumer electronics until the mid-1950s, after the Auto-Sembly process was developed by the United States Army. At around the same time in Britain work along similar lines was carried out by Geoffrey Dummer, then at the RRDE.

title: Printed_circuit_board

title: Printed_circuit_board

text: The

text: Austrian

text: engineer

text: Paul

text: Eisler

text: invented

text: the

text: printed

text: circuit

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: a

text: radio

text: set

text: while

text: working

text: in

text: England

text: around

text: Around

text: the

text: USA

text: began

text: to

text: use

text: the

text: technology

text: on

text: a

text: large

text: scale

text: to

text: make

text: proximity

text: fuses

text: for

text: use

text: in

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: After

text: the

text: war

text: in

text: the

text: USA

text: released

text: the

text: invention

text: for

text: commercial

text: use

text: Printed

text: circuits

text: did

text: not

text: become

text: commonplace

text: in

text: consumer

text: electronics

text: until

text: the

text: after

text: the

text: Auto

text: Sembly

text: process

text: was

text: developed

text: by

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Army

text: At

text: around

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: in

text: Britain

text: work

text: along

text: similar

text: lines

text: was

text: carried

text: out

text: by

text: Geoffrey

text: Dummer

text: then

text: at

text: the

text: RRDE

question: What was Paul Eisler making when he came up with the printed circuit?

answer: a radio set

text: a radio set

question: What event prompted the United States to adopt the printed circuit to make proximity fuses?

answer: World War II

text: World War II

question: When was the printed circuit released for commercial use in the U.S.?

answer: 1948

question: Who was working on the same type of large-scale application of printed circuits as the U.S. in Britain in the mid-1950s?

answer: Geoffrey Dummer

text: Geoffrey Dummer

question: What process was created by the U.S. Army that led to innovation in consumer electronics?

answer: Auto-Sembly

text: Auto-Sembly


text: Reviews of the various editions of Windows 8 have been mixed. Tom Warren of The Verge said that although Windows 8's emphasis on touch computing was significant and risked alienating desktop users, a "tablet PC with Windows 8 makes an iPad feel immediately out of date" due to the capabilities of the operating system's hybrid model and increased focus on cloud services. David Pierce of The Verge described Windows 8 as "the first desktop operating system that understands what a computer is supposed to do in 2012" and praised Microsoft's "no compromise" approach and the operating system's emphasis on Internet connectivity and cloud services. Pierce also considered the Start Screen to be a "brilliant innovation for desktop computers" when compared with "folder-littered desktops on every other OS" because it allows users to interact with dynamic information. In contrast, an ExtremeTech article said it was Microsoft "flailing" and a review in PC Magazine condemned the Metro-style user interface. Some of the included apps in Windows 8 were considered to be basic and lacking in functionality, but the Xbox apps were praised for their promotion of a multi-platform entertainment experience. Other improvements and features (such as File History, Storage Spaces, and the updated Task Manager) were also regarded as positive changes. Peter Bright of Ars Technica wrote that while its user interface changes may overshadow them, Windows 8's improved performance, updated file manager, new storage functionality, expanded security features, and updated Task Manager were still positive improvements for the operating system. Bright also said that Windows 8's duality towards tablets and traditional PCs was an "extremely ambitious" aspect of the platform as well, but criticized Microsoft for emulating Apple's model of a closed distribution platform when implementing the Windows Store.

title: Windows_8

title: Windows_8

text: Reviews

text: of

text: the

text: various

text: editions

text: of

text: Windows

text: have

text: been

text: mixed

text: Tom

text: Warren

text: of

text: The

text: Verge

text: said

text: that

text: although

text: Windows

text: 's

text: emphasis

text: on

text: touch

text: computing

text: was

text: significant

text: and

text: risked

text: alienating

text: desktop

text: users

text: a

text: tablet

text: PC

text: with

text: Windows

text: makes

text: an

text: iPad

text: feel

text: immediately

text: out

text: of

text: date

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: capabilities

text: of

text: the

text: operating

text: system

text: 's

text: hybrid

text: model

text: and

text: increased

text: focus

text: on

text: cloud

text: services

text: David

text: Pierce

text: of

text: The

text: Verge

text: described

text: Windows

text: as

text: the

text: first

text: desktop

text: operating

text: system

text: that

text: understands

text: what

text: a

text: computer

text: is

text: supposed

text: to

text: do

text: in

text: and

text: praised

text: Microsoft

text: 's

text: no

text: compromise

text: approach

text: and

text: the

text: operating

text: system

text: 's

text: emphasis

text: on

text: Internet

text: connectivity

text: and

text: cloud

text: services

text: Pierce

text: also

text: considered

text: the

text: Start

text: Screen

text: to

text: be

text: a

text: brilliant

text: innovation

text: for

text: desktop

text: computers

text: when

text: compared

text: with

text: folder

text: littered

text: desktops

text: on

text: every

text: other

text: OS

text: because

text: it

text: allows

text: users

text: to

text: interact

text: with

text: dynamic

text: information

text: In

text: contrast

text: an

text: ExtremeTech

text: article

text: said

text: it

text: was

text: Microsoft

text: flailing

text: and

text: a

text: review

text: in

text: PC

text: Magazine

text: condemned

text: the

text: Metro

text: style

text: user

text: interface

text: Some

text: of

text: the

text: included

text: apps

text: in

text: Windows

text: were

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: basic

text: and

text: lacking

text: in

text: functionality

text: but

text: the

text: Xbox

text: apps

text: were

text: praised

text: for

text: their

text: promotion

text: of

text: a

text: multi

text: platform

text: entertainment

text: experience

text: Other

text: improvements

text: and

text: features

text: such

text: as

text: File

text: History

text: Storage

text: Spaces

text: and

text: the

text: updated

text: Task

text: Manager

text: were

text: also

text: regarded

text: as

text: positive

text: changes

text: Peter

text: Bright

text: of

text: Ars

text: Technica

text: wrote

text: that

text: while

text: its

text: user

text: interface

text: changes

text: may

text: overshadow

text: them

text: Windows

text: 's

text: improved

text: performance

text: updated

text: file

text: manager

text: new

text: storage

text: functionality

text: expanded

text: security

text: features

text: and

text: updated

text: Task

text: Manager

text: were

text: still

text: positive

text: improvements

text: for

text: the

text: operating

text: system

text: Bright

text: also

text: said

text: that

text: Windows

text: 's

text: duality

text: towards

text: tablets

text: and

text: traditional

text: PCs

text: was

text: an

text: extremely

text: ambitious

text: aspect

text: of

text: the

text: platform

text: as

text: well

text: but

text: criticized

text: Microsoft

text: for

text: emulating

text: Apple

text: 's

text: model

text: of

text: a

text: closed

text: distribution

text: platform

text: when

text: implementing

text: the

text: Windows

text: Store

question: Who equated windos 8 as the first desktop operating system that understand what a computer is supposed to do?

answer: David Pierce

text: David Pierce

question: Why did Pierce give the Start Screen such glowing reviews?

answer: because it allows users to interact with dynamic information

text: because it allows users to interact with dynamic information

question: Which improvements were most well regarded?

answer: File History, Storage Spaces, and the updated Task Manager

text: File History, Storage Spaces, and the updated Task Manager

question: Who else uses a closed distribution platform?

answer: Apple

text: Apple