text: The idea of building a tunnel under the Irish Sea has been raised since 1895, when it was first investigated. Several potential Irish Sea tunnel projects have been proposed, most recently the Tusker Tunnel between the ports of Rosslare and Fishguard proposed by The Institute of Engineers of Ireland in 2004. A rail tunnel was proposed in 1997 on a different route, between Dublin and Holyhead, by British engineering firm Symonds. Either tunnel, at 50 mi (80 km), would be by far the longest in the world, and would cost an estimated £15 billion or €20 billion. A proposal in 2007, estimated the cost of building a bridge from County Antrim in Northern Ireland to Galloway in Scotland at £3.5bn (€5bn).

title: British_Isles

title: British_Isles

text: The

text: idea

text: of

text: building

text: a

text: tunnel

text: under

text: the

text: Irish

text: Sea

text: has

text: been

text: raised

text: since

text: when

text: it

text: was

text: first

text: investigated

text: Several

text: potential

text: Irish

text: Sea

text: tunnel

text: projects

text: have

text: been

text: proposed

text: most

text: recently

text: the

text: Tusker

text: Tunnel

text: between

text: the

text: ports

text: of

text: Rosslare

text: and

text: Fishguard

text: proposed

text: by

text: The

text: Institute

text: of

text: Engineers

text: of

text: Ireland

text: in

text: A

text: rail

text: tunnel

text: was

text: proposed

text: in

text: on

text: a

text: different

text: route

text: between

text: Dublin

text: and

text: Holyhead

text: by

text: British

text: engineering

text: firm

text: Symonds

text: Either

text: tunnel

text: at

text: mi

text: km

text: would

text: be

text: by

text: far

text: the

text: longest

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: would

text: cost

text: an

text: estimated

text: billion

text: or

text: billion

text: A

text: proposal

text: in

text: estimated

text: the

text: cost

text: of

text: building

text: a

text: bridge

text: from

text: County

text: Antrim

text: in

text: Northern

text: Ireland

text: to

text: Galloway

text: in

text: Scotland

text: at

question: The Irish Sea tunnel was first purposed in what year?

answer: 1895

question: What is the name of the recent proposal of a tunnel between Rosslare and Fishguard ports?

answer: Tusker Tunnel

text: Tusker Tunnel

question: Who proposed the Tusker Tunnel?

answer: The Institute of Engineers of Ireland

text: The Institute of Engineers of Ireland

question: What is the estimated cost to build the Tusker Tunnel?

answer: £15 billion or €20 billion

text: £15 billion or €20 billion

question: In what year was a bridge proposed between County Antrim in Northern Ireland to Galloway, Scotland?

answer: 2007


text: Florey and Chain succeeded in purifying the first penicillin, penicillin G, in 1942, but it did not become widely available outside the Allied military before 1945. Later, Norman Heatley developed the back extraction technique for efficiently purifying penicillin in bulk. The chemical structure of penicillin was determined by Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin in 1945. Purified penicillin displayed potent antibacterial activity against a wide range of bacteria and had low toxicity in humans. Furthermore, its activity was not inhibited by biological constituents such as pus, unlike the synthetic sulfonamides. The discovery of such a powerful antibiotic was unprecedented, and the development of penicillin led to renewed interest in the search for antibiotic compounds with similar efficacy and safety. For their successful development of penicillin, which Fleming had accidentally discovered but could not develop himself, as a therapeutic drug, Ernst Chain and Howard Florey shared the 1945 Nobel Prize in Medicine with Fleming. Florey credited Dubos with pioneering the approach of deliberately and systematically searching for antibacterial compounds, which had led to the discovery of gramicidin and had revived Florey's research in penicillin.

title: Antibiotics

title: Antibiotics

text: Florey

text: and

text: Chain

text: succeeded

text: in

text: purifying

text: the

text: first

text: penicillin

text: penicillin

text: G

text: in

text: but

text: it

text: did

text: not

text: become

text: widely

text: available

text: outside

text: the

text: Allied

text: military

text: before

text: Later

text: Norman

text: Heatley

text: developed

text: the

text: back

text: extraction

text: technique

text: for

text: efficiently

text: purifying

text: penicillin

text: in

text: bulk

text: The

text: chemical

text: structure

text: of

text: penicillin

text: was

text: determined

text: by

text: Dorothy

text: Crowfoot

text: Hodgkin

text: in

text: Purified

text: penicillin

text: displayed

text: potent

text: antibacterial

text: activity

text: against

text: a

text: wide

text: range

text: of

text: bacteria

text: and

text: had

text: low

text: toxicity

text: in

text: humans

text: Furthermore

text: its

text: activity

text: was

text: not

text: inhibited

text: by

text: biological

text: constituents

text: such

text: as

text: pus

text: unlike

text: the

text: synthetic

text: sulfonamides

text: The

text: discovery

text: of

text: such

text: a

text: powerful

text: antibiotic

text: was

text: unprecedented

text: and

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: penicillin

text: led

text: to

text: renewed

text: interest

text: in

text: the

text: search

text: for

text: antibiotic

text: compounds

text: with

text: similar

text: efficacy

text: and

text: safety

text: For

text: their

text: successful

text: development

text: of

text: penicillin

text: which

text: Fleming

text: had

text: accidentally

text: discovered

text: but

text: could

text: not

text: develop

text: himself

text: as

text: a

text: therapeutic

text: drug

text: Ernst

text: Chain

text: and

text: Howard

text: Florey

text: shared

text: the

text: Nobel

text: Prize

text: in

text: Medicine

text: with

text: Fleming

text: Florey

text: credited

text: Dubos

text: with

text: pioneering

text: the

text: approach

text: of

text: deliberately

text: and

text: systematically

text: searching

text: for

text: antibacterial

text: compounds

text: which

text: had

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: discovery

text: of

text: gramicidin

text: and

text: had

text: revived

text: Florey

text: 's

text: research

text: in

text: penicillin

question: When was penicillin G first purified?

answer: 1942

question: When did penicillin G become available outside of military use?

answer: 1945

question: Who came up with a way to quickly produce penicillin?

answer: Norman Heatley

text: Norman Heatley

question: When was the chemical make-up of penicillin discovered?

answer: 1945

question: Who discovered the chemical structure of penicillin?

answer: Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin

text: Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin


text: Capitalisation in English, in terms of the general orthographic rules independent of context (e.g. title vs. heading vs. text), is universally standardized for formal writing. (Informal communication, such as texting, instant messaging or a handwritten sticky note, may not bother, but that is because its users usually do not expect it to be formal.) In English, capital letters are used as the first letter of a sentence, a proper noun, or a proper adjective. There are a few pairs of words of different meanings whose only difference is capitalisation of the first letter. The names of the days of the week and the names of the months are also capitalised, as are the first-person pronoun "I" and the interjection "O" (although the latter is uncommon in modern usage, with "oh" being preferred). Other words normally start with a lower-case letter. There are, however, situations where further capitalisation may be used to give added emphasis, for example in headings and titles (see below). In some traditional forms of poetry, capitalisation has conventionally been used as a marker to indicate the beginning of a line of verse independent of any grammatical feature.

title: Letter_case

title: Letter_case

text: Capitalisation

text: in

text: English

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: the

text: general

text: orthographic

text: rules

text: independent

text: of

text: context

text: e.g.

text: title

text: vs.

text: heading

text: vs.

text: text

text: is

text: universally

text: standardized

text: for

text: formal

text: writing

text: Informal

text: communication

text: such

text: as

text: texting

text: instant

text: messaging

text: or

text: a

text: handwritten

text: sticky

text: note

text: may

text: not

text: bother

text: but

text: that

text: is

text: because

text: its

text: users

text: usually

text: do

text: not

text: expect

text: it

text: to

text: be

text: formal

text: In

text: English

text: capital

text: letters

text: are

text: used

text: as

text: the

text: first

text: letter

text: of

text: a

text: sentence

text: a

text: proper

text: noun

text: or

text: a

text: proper

text: adjective

text: There

text: are

text: a

text: few

text: pairs

text: of

text: words

text: of

text: different

text: meanings

text: whose

text: only

text: difference

text: is

text: capitalisation

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: letter

text: The

text: names

text: of

text: the

text: days

text: of

text: the

text: week

text: and

text: the

text: names

text: of

text: the

text: months

text: are

text: also

text: capitalised

text: as

text: are

text: the

text: first

text: person

text: pronoun

text: I

text: and

text: the

text: interjection

text: O

text: although

text: the

text: latter

text: is

text: uncommon

text: in

text: modern

text: usage

text: with

text: oh

text: being

text: preferred

text: Other

text: words

text: normally

text: start

text: with

text: a

text: lower

text: case

text: letter

text: There

text: are

text: however

text: situations

text: where

text: further

text: capitalisation

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: give

text: added

text: emphasis

text: for

text: example

text: in

text: headings

text: and

text: titles

text: see

text: below

text: In

text: some

text: traditional

text: forms

text: of

text: poetry

text: capitalisation

text: has

text: conventionally

text: been

text: used

text: as

text: a

text: marker

text: to

text: indicate

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: a

text: line

text: of

text: verse

text: independent

text: of

text: any

text: grammatical

text: feature

question: Capitalization in English is universally standardized for which type of writing?

answer: formal

text: formal

question: In English the first letter of a sentence is which type of letter?

answer: capital

text: capital

question: What is capitalization commonly use to indicate in poetry independent of any grammatical feature?

answer: beginning of a line of verse

text: beginning of a line of verse

question: How is the first letter of a first-person pronoun handled mid sentence in English?

answer: capitalised

text: capitalised

question: The interjection "O" has been replaced by which more common and preferred word in English?

answer: oh

text: oh


text: For the popular taste however, light music, particularly Ghazals and folk songs, which have an appeal of their own, the names of Mehdi Hassan, Ghulam Ali, Nur Jehan, Malika Pukhraj, Farida Khanum, Roshen Ara Begum, and Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan are well-known. Folk songs and dances of the Punjab reflect a wide range of moods: the rains, sowing and harvesting seasons. Luddi, Bhangra and Sammi depict the joy of living. Love legends of Heer Ranjha, Mirza Sahiban, Sohni Mahenwal and Saiful Mulk are sung in different styles.

title: Punjab,_Pakistan

title: Punjab,_Pakistan

text: For

text: the

text: popular

text: taste

text: however

text: light

text: music

text: particularly

text: Ghazals

text: and

text: folk

text: songs

text: which

text: have

text: an

text: appeal

text: of

text: their

text: own

text: the

text: names

text: of

text: Mehdi

text: Hassan

text: Ghulam

text: Ali

text: Nur

text: Jehan

text: Malika

text: Pukhraj

text: Farida

text: Khanum

text: Roshen

text: Ara

text: Begum

text: and

text: Nusrat

text: Fateh

text: Ali

text: Khan

text: are

text: well

text: known

text: Folk

text: songs

text: and

text: dances

text: of

text: the

text: Punjab

text: reflect

text: a

text: wide

text: range

text: of

text: moods

text: the

text: rains

text: sowing

text: and

text: harvesting

text: seasons

text: Luddi

text: Bhangra

text: and

text: Sammi

text: depict

text: the

text: joy

text: of

text: living

text: Love

text: legends

text: of

text: Heer

text: Ranjha

text: Mirza

text: Sahiban

text: Sohni

text: Mahenwal

text: and

text: Saiful

text: Mulk

text: are

text: sung

text: in

text: different

text: styles

question: What kind of music does Malika Pukhraj perform?

answer: Ghazals and folk songs

text: Ghazals and folk songs

question: What do Punjab folk songs often reflect?

answer: the rains, sowing and harvesting seasons

text: the rains, sowing and harvesting seasons

question: Who sings about the joy of living?

answer: Luddi, Bhangra and Sammi

text: Luddi, Bhangra and Sammi

question: What does Heer Ranjha sing about?

answer: Love

text: Love

question: What kind of music does Roshen Ara Begum perform?

answer: Ghazals and folk songs

text: Ghazals and folk songs


text: Elizabeth was born at 02:40 (GMT) on 21 April 1926, during the reign of her paternal grandfather, King George V. Her father, Prince Albert, Duke of York (later King George VI), was the second son of the King. Her mother, Elizabeth, Duchess of York (later Queen Elizabeth), was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne. She was delivered by Caesarean section at her maternal grandfather's London house: 17 Bruton Street, Mayfair. She was baptised by the Anglican Archbishop of York, Cosmo Gordon Lang, in the private chapel of Buckingham Palace on 29 May,[c] and named Elizabeth after her mother, Alexandra after George V's mother, who had died six months earlier, and Mary after her paternal grandmother. Called "Lilibet" by her close family, based on what she called herself at first, she was cherished by her grandfather George V, and during his serious illness in 1929 her regular visits were credited in the popular press and by later biographers with raising his spirits and aiding his recovery.

title: Elizabeth_II

title: Elizabeth_II

text: Elizabeth

text: was

text: born

text: at

text: GMT

text: on

text: April

text: during

text: the

text: reign

text: of

text: her

text: paternal

text: grandfather

text: King

text: George

text: V.

text: Her

text: father

text: Prince

text: Albert

text: Duke

text: of

text: York

text: later

text: King

text: George

text: VI

text: was

text: the

text: second

text: son

text: of

text: the

text: King

text: Her

text: mother

text: Elizabeth

text: Duchess

text: of

text: York

text: later

text: Queen

text: Elizabeth

text: was

text: the

text: youngest

text: daughter

text: of

text: Scottish

text: aristocrat

text: Claude

text: Bowes

text: Lyon

text: Earl

text: of

text: Strathmore

text: and

text: Kinghorne

text: She

text: was

text: delivered

text: by

text: Caesarean

text: section

text: at

text: her

text: maternal

text: grandfather

text: 's

text: London

text: house

text: Bruton

text: Street

text: Mayfair

text: She

text: was

text: baptised

text: by

text: the

text: Anglican

text: Archbishop

text: of

text: York

text: Cosmo

text: Gordon

text: Lang

text: in

text: the

text: private

text: chapel

text: of

text: Buckingham

text: Palace

text: on

text: May,[c

text: and

text: named

text: Elizabeth

text: after

text: her

text: mother

text: Alexandra

text: after

text: George

text: V

text: 's

text: mother

text: who

text: had

text: died

text: six

text: months

text: earlier

text: and

text: Mary

text: after

text: her

text: paternal

text: grandmother

text: Called

text: Lilibet

text: by

text: her

text: close

text: family

text: based

text: on

text: what

text: she

text: called

text: herself

text: at

text: first

text: she

text: was

text: cherished

text: by

text: her

text: grandfather

text: George

text: V

text: and

text: during

text: his

text: serious

text: illness

text: in

text: her

text: regular

text: visits

text: were

text: credited

text: in

text: the

text: popular

text: press

text: and

text: by

text: later

text: biographers

text: with

text: raising

text: his

text: spirits

text: and

text: aiding

text: his

text: recovery

question: During whose reign was Elizabeth born?

answer: King George V

text: King George V

question: What was Elizabeth's fathers title at the time of her birth?

answer: Prince Albert, Duke of York

text: Prince Albert, Duke of York

question: What title and name did Elizabeth's father take upon becoming king?

answer: King George VI

text: King George VI

question: Which Bishop of York baptized Elizabeth?

answer: Cosmo Gordon Lang

text: Cosmo Gordon Lang

question: What was Elizabeth's nickname when she was young?

answer: Lilibet

text: Lilibet


text: Antennas more complex than the dipole or vertical designs are usually intended to increase the directivity and consequently the gain of the antenna. This can be accomplished in many different ways leading to a plethora of antenna designs. The vast majority of designs are fed with a balanced line (unlike a monopole antenna) and are based on the dipole antenna with additional components (or elements) which increase its directionality. Antenna "gain" in this instance describes the concentration of radiated power into a particular solid angle of space, as opposed to the spherically uniform radiation of the ideal radiator. The increased power in the desired direction is at the expense of that in the undesired directions. Power is conserved, and there is no net power increase over that delivered from the power source (the transmitter.)

title: Antenna_(radio)

title: Antenna_(radio

text: Antennas

text: more

text: complex

text: than

text: the

text: dipole

text: or

text: vertical

text: designs

text: are

text: usually

text: intended

text: to

text: increase

text: the

text: directivity

text: and

text: consequently

text: the

text: gain

text: of

text: the

text: antenna

text: This

text: can

text: be

text: accomplished

text: in

text: many

text: different

text: ways

text: leading

text: to

text: a

text: plethora

text: of

text: antenna

text: designs

text: The

text: vast

text: majority

text: of

text: designs

text: are

text: fed

text: with

text: a

text: balanced

text: line

text: unlike

text: a

text: monopole

text: antenna

text: and

text: are

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: dipole

text: antenna

text: with

text: additional

text: components

text: or

text: elements

text: which

text: increase

text: its

text: directionality

text: Antenna

text: gain

text: in

text: this

text: instance

text: describes

text: the

text: concentration

text: of

text: radiated

text: power

text: into

text: a

text: particular

text: solid

text: angle

text: of

text: space

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: the

text: spherically

text: uniform

text: radiation

text: of

text: the

text: ideal

text: radiator

text: The

text: increased

text: power

text: in

text: the

text: desired

text: direction

text: is

text: at

text: the

text: expense

text: of

text: that

text: in

text: the

text: undesired

text: directions

text: Power

text: is

text: conserved

text: and

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: net

text: power

text: increase

text: over

text: that

text: delivered

text: from

text: the

text: power

text: source

text: the

text: transmitter

question: What are different designs aimed at increasing?

answer: gain of the antenna

text: gain of the antenna

question: What is different from a monopole antenna with most other antenna types?

answer: balanced line

text: balanced line

question: Gain when referring to an antenna refers to what about radiated power?

answer: concentration

text: concentration

question: Where is the power that is distributed originating from?

answer: the transmitter

text: the transmitter


text: During the period from 2000–2005 it is estimated that 49,722 people left the state for the United States. Some 82,000 people are thought to have immigrated to the state from 2000–2005 mainly coming from Veracruz (17.6%), United States (16.2%), Durango (13.2%), Coahuila (8.0%) and Chiapas (4.5%). It is believed that there is a large number of undocumented immigrants in that state the come from Central and South America which mainly settle in Ciudad Juárez. According to the 2005 census, the population grew 1.06% from 2000 to 2005. The state has an uneven settlement of people and the lowest population density of any Mexican state; according to the 2005 census there were 12 people per km2. Of all the 3,241,444 people in the state, two-thirds (2,072,129) live in the cities of Ciudad Juárez and Chihuahua. Only three other cities have populations over 100,000: Parral 101,147, Cuauhtémoc 105,725, and Delicias 108,187.

title: Chihuahua_(state)

title: Chihuahua_(state

text: During

text: the

text: period

text: from

text: it

text: is

text: estimated

text: that

text: people

text: left

text: the

text: state

text: for

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Some

text: people

text: are

text: thought

text: to

text: have

text: immigrated

text: to

text: the

text: state

text: from

text: mainly

text: coming

text: from

text: Veracruz

text: United

text: States

text: Durango

text: Coahuila

text: and

text: Chiapas

text: It

text: is

text: believed

text: that

text: there

text: is

text: a

text: large

text: number

text: of

text: undocumented

text: immigrants

text: in

text: that

text: state

text: the

text: come

text: from

text: Central

text: and

text: South

text: America

text: which

text: mainly

text: settle

text: in

text: Ciudad

text: Juárez

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: census

text: the

text: population

text: grew

text: from

text: to

text: The

text: state

text: has

text: an

text: uneven

text: settlement

text: of

text: people

text: and

text: the

text: lowest

text: population

text: density

text: of

text: any

text: Mexican

text: state

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: census

text: there

text: were

text: people

text: per

text: Of

text: all

text: the

text: people

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: two

text: thirds

text: live

text: in

text: the

text: cities

text: of

text: Ciudad

text: Juárez

text: and

text: Chihuahua

text: Only

text: three

text: other

text: cities

text: have

text: populations

text: over

text: Parral

text: Cuauhtémoc

text: and

text: Delicias

question: How many people left the state for the U.S. between 2000-2005?

answer: 49,722

question: In which city is there a large number of undocumented immigrants?

answer: Ciudad Juárez

text: Ciudad Juárez

question: Is the population density the highest or lowest of any Mexican state?

answer: lowest

text: lowest

question: Which are the largest two cities in the state?

answer: Ciudad Juárez and Chihuahua

text: Ciudad Juárez and Chihuahua


text: At the 1966 "Man the Hunter" conference, anthropologists Richard Borshay Lee and Irven DeVore suggested that egalitarianism was one of several central characteristics of nomadic hunting and gathering societies because mobility requires minimization of material possessions throughout a population. Therefore, no surplus of resources can be accumulated by any single member. Other characteristics Lee and DeVore proposed were flux in territorial boundaries as well as in demographic composition.

title: Hunter-gatherer

title: Hunter

title: gatherer

text: At

text: the

text: Man

text: the

text: Hunter

text: conference

text: anthropologists

text: Richard

text: Borshay

text: Lee

text: and

text: Irven

text: DeVore

text: suggested

text: that

text: egalitarianism

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: several

text: central

text: characteristics

text: of

text: nomadic

text: hunting

text: and

text: gathering

text: societies

text: because

text: mobility

text: requires

text: minimization

text: of

text: material

text: possessions

text: throughout

text: a

text: population

text: Therefore

text: no

text: surplus

text: of

text: resources

text: can

text: be

text: accumulated

text: by

text: any

text: single

text: member

text: Other

text: characteristics

text: Lee

text: and

text: DeVore

text: proposed

text: were

text: flux

text: in

text: territorial

text: boundaries

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: in

text: demographic

text: composition

question: At what conference did Richard Borshay speak?

answer: Man the Hunter

text: Man the Hunter

question: When was the Man the Hunter conference?

answer: 1966

question: Why is there a lessening of material possessions in hunting and gathering groups?

answer: mobility

text: mobility

question: What can decreased material possessions produce in a hunter-gatherer society?

answer: egalitarianism

text: egalitarianism

question: What other characteristic is variable for these groups?

answer: territorial boundaries

text: territorial boundaries


text: The Grito de Dolores ("Cry of Dolores") also known as El Grito de la Independencia ("Cry of Independence"), uttered from the small town of Dolores near Guanajuato on September 16, 1810, is the event that marks the beginning of the Mexican War of Independence and is the most important national holiday observed in Mexico. The "Grito" was the battle cry of the Mexican War of Independence by Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a Roman Catholic priest. Hidalgo and several criollos were involved in a planned revolt against the Spanish colonial government, and the plotters were betrayed. Fearing his arrest, Hidalgo commanded his brother Mauricio as well as Ignacio Allende and Mariano Abasolo to go with a number of other armed men to make the sheriff release the pro-independence inmates there on the night of September 15. They managed to set eighty free. Around 6:00 am September 16, 1810, Hidalgo ordered the church bells to be rung and gathered his congregation. Flanked by Allende and Juan Aldama, he addressed the people in front of his church, encouraging them to revolt. The Battle of Guanajuato, the first major engagement of the insurgency, occurred four days later. Mexico's independence from Spain was effectively declared in the Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire on September 27, 1821, after a decade of war. Unrest followed for the next several decades, as different factions fought for control of Mexico.

title: Mexico_City

title: Mexico_City

text: The

text: Grito

text: de

text: Dolores

text: Cry

text: of

text: Dolores

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: El

text: Grito

text: de

text: la

text: Independencia

text: Cry

text: of

text: Independence

text: uttered

text: from

text: the

text: small

text: town

text: of

text: Dolores

text: near

text: Guanajuato

text: on

text: September

text: is

text: the

text: event

text: that

text: marks

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Mexican

text: War

text: of

text: Independence

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: national

text: holiday

text: observed

text: in

text: Mexico

text: The

text: Grito

text: was

text: the

text: battle

text: cry

text: of

text: the

text: Mexican

text: War

text: of

text: Independence

text: by

text: Miguel

text: Hidalgo

text: y

text: Costilla

text: a

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: priest

text: Hidalgo

text: and

text: several

text: criollos

text: were

text: involved

text: in

text: a

text: planned

text: revolt

text: against

text: the

text: Spanish

text: colonial

text: government

text: and

text: the

text: plotters

text: were

text: betrayed

text: Fearing

text: his

text: arrest

text: Hidalgo

text: commanded

text: his

text: brother

text: Mauricio

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: Ignacio

text: Allende

text: and

text: Mariano

text: Abasolo

text: to

text: go

text: with

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: other

text: armed

text: men

text: to

text: make

text: the

text: sheriff

text: release

text: the

text: pro

text: independence

text: inmates

text: there

text: on

text: the

text: night

text: of

text: September

text: They

text: managed

text: to

text: set

text: eighty

text: free

text: Around

text: am

text: September

text: Hidalgo

text: ordered

text: the

text: church

text: bells

text: to

text: be

text: rung

text: and

text: gathered

text: his

text: congregation

text: Flanked

text: by

text: Allende

text: and

text: Juan

text: Aldama

text: he

text: addressed

text: the

text: people

text: in

text: front

text: of

text: his

text: church

text: encouraging

text: them

text: to

text: revolt

text: The

text: Battle

text: of

text: Guanajuato

text: the

text: first

text: major

text: engagement

text: of

text: the

text: insurgency

text: occurred

text: four

text: days

text: later

text: Mexico

text: 's

text: independence

text: from

text: Spain

text: was

text: effectively

text: declared

text: in

text: the

text: Declaration

text: of

text: Independence

text: of

text: the

text: Mexican

text: Empire

text: on

text: September

text: after

text: a

text: decade

text: of

text: war

text: Unrest

text: followed

text: for

text: the

text: next

text: several

text: decades

text: as

text: different

text: factions

text: fought

text: for

text: control

text: of

text: Mexico

question: When did Mexico gain independence?

answer: September 27, 1821

text: September 27, 1821

question: How long was the war?

answer: a decade

text: a decade

question: What was the first battle of the Mexican Independence war called?

answer: The Battle of Guanajuato

text: The Battle of Guanajuato

question: What was the battle cry of the war?

answer: Grito

text: Grito

question: When did the war begin?

answer: September 16, 1810

text: September 16, 1810


text: Cubism formed an important link between early-20th-century art and architecture. The historical, theoretical, and socio-political relationships between avant-garde practices in painting, sculpture and architecture had early ramifications in France, Germany, the Netherlands and Czechoslovakia. Though there are many points of intersection between Cubism and architecture, only a few direct links between them can be drawn. Most often the connections are made by reference to shared formal characteristics: faceting of form, spatial ambiguity, transparency, and multiplicity.

title: Cubism

title: Cubism

text: Cubism

text: formed

text: an

text: important

text: link

text: between

text: century

text: art

text: and

text: architecture

text: The

text: historical

text: theoretical

text: and

text: socio

text: political

text: relationships

text: between

text: avant

text: garde

text: practices

text: in

text: painting

text: sculpture

text: and

text: architecture

text: had

text: early

text: ramifications

text: in

text: France

text: Germany

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: and

text: Czechoslovakia

text: Though

text: there

text: are

text: many

text: points

text: of

text: intersection

text: between

text: Cubism

text: and

text: architecture

text: only

text: a

text: few

text: direct

text: links

text: between

text: them

text: can

text: be

text: drawn

text: Most

text: often

text: the

text: connections

text: are

text: made

text: by

text: reference

text: to

text: shared

text: formal

text: characteristics

text: faceting

text: of

text: form

text: spatial

text: ambiguity

text: transparency

text: and

text: multiplicity

question: What two things did Cubism in the early 20th century form an important link between?

answer: art and architecture.

text: art and architecture.

question: What are the four formal characteristics that are usually connected with Cubism?

answer: faceting of form, spatial ambiguity, transparency, and multiplicity.

text: faceting of form, spatial ambiguity, transparency, and multiplicity.

question: In which four countries were the impacts of avant garde art particularly strong?

answer: France, Germany, the Netherlands and Czechoslovakia

text: France, Germany, the Netherlands and Czechoslovakia


text: The rapid expansion of the Rus' to the south led to conflict and volatile relationships with the Khazars and other neighbors on the Pontic steppe. The Khazars dominated the Black Sea steppe during the 8th century, trading and frequently allying with the Byzantine Empire against Persians and Arabs. In the late 8th century, the collapse of the Göktürk Khaganate led the Magyars and the Pechenegs, Ugric and Turkic peoples from Central Asia, to migrate west into the steppe region, leading to military conflict, disruption of trade, and instability within the Khazar Khaganate. The Rus' and Slavs had earlier allied with the Khazars against Arab raids on the Caucasus, but they increasingly worked against them to secure control of the trade routes.

title: Kievan_Rus%27

title: Kievan_Rus%27

text: The

text: rapid

text: expansion

text: of

text: the

text: Rus

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: led

text: to

text: conflict

text: and

text: volatile

text: relationships

text: with

text: the

text: Khazars

text: and

text: other

text: neighbors

text: on

text: the

text: Pontic

text: steppe

text: The

text: Khazars

text: dominated

text: the

text: Black

text: Sea

text: steppe

text: during

text: the

text: century

text: trading

text: and

text: frequently

text: allying

text: with

text: the

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: against

text: Persians

text: and

text: Arabs

text: In

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: the

text: collapse

text: of

text: the

text: Göktürk

text: Khaganate

text: led

text: the

text: Magyars

text: and

text: the

text: Pechenegs

text: Ugric

text: and

text: Turkic

text: peoples

text: from

text: Central

text: Asia

text: to

text: migrate

text: west

text: into

text: the

text: steppe

text: region

text: leading

text: to

text: military

text: conflict

text: disruption

text: of

text: trade

text: and

text: instability

text: within

text: the

text: Khazar

text: Khaganate

text: The

text: Rus

text: and

text: Slavs

text: had

text: earlier

text: allied

text: with

text: the

text: Khazars

text: against

text: Arab

text: raids

text: on

text: the

text: Caucasus

text: but

text: they

text: increasingly

text: worked

text: against

text: them

text: to

text: secure

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: trade

text: routes

question: What led to constant problems with the Khazars?

answer: rapid expansion of the Rus' to the south

text: rapid expansion of the Rus' to the south

question: Which area did the Khazars rule over?

answer: Black Sea steppe

text: Black Sea steppe

question: Who were allies with the Khazars?

answer: Byzantine Empire

text: Byzantine Empire

question: Who were common enimies to both the Khazars and Byzantine Empire?

answer: Persians and Arabs

text: Persians and Arabs


text: Birds fly at varying altitudes during migration. An expedition to Mt. Everest found skeletons of northern pintail Anas acuta and black-tailed godwit Limosa limosa at 5,000 m (16,000 ft) on the Khumbu Glacier. Bar-headed geese Anser indicus have been recorded by GPS flying at up to 6,540 metres (21,460 ft) while crossing the Himalayas, at the same time engaging in the highest rates of climb to altitude for any bird. Anecdotal reports of them flying much higher have yet to be corroborated with any direct evidence. Seabirds fly low over water but gain altitude when crossing land, and the reverse pattern is seen in landbirds. However most bird migration is in the range of 150 to 600 m (490 to 1,970 ft). Bird strike aviation records from the United States show most collisions occur below 600 m (2,000 ft) and almost none above 1,800 m (5,900 ft).

title: Bird_migration

title: Bird_migration

text: Birds

text: fly

text: at

text: varying

text: altitudes

text: during

text: migration

text: An

text: expedition

text: to

text: Mt.

text: Everest

text: found

text: skeletons

text: of

text: northern

text: pintail

text: Anas

text: acuta

text: and

text: black

text: tailed

text: godwit

text: Limosa

text: limosa

text: at

text: m

text: ft

text: on

text: the

text: Khumbu

text: Glacier

text: Bar

text: headed

text: geese

text: Anser

text: indicus

text: have

text: been

text: recorded

text: by

text: GPS

text: flying

text: at

text: up

text: to

text: metres

text: ft

text: while

text: crossing

text: the

text: Himalayas

text: at

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: engaging

text: in

text: the

text: highest

text: rates

text: of

text: climb

text: to

text: altitude

text: for

text: any

text: bird

text: Anecdotal

text: reports

text: of

text: them

text: flying

text: much

text: higher

text: have

text: yet

text: to

text: be

text: corroborated

text: with

text: any

text: direct

text: evidence

text: Seabirds

text: fly

text: low

text: over

text: water

text: but

text: gain

text: altitude

text: when

text: crossing

text: land

text: and

text: the

text: reverse

text: pattern

text: is

text: seen

text: in

text: landbirds

text: However

text: most

text: bird

text: migration

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: range

text: of

text: to

text: m

text: to

text: ft

text: Bird

text: strike

text: aviation

text: records

text: from

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: show

text: most

text: collisions

text: occur

text: below

text: m

text: ft

text: and

text: almost

text: above

text: m

text: ft

question: What part of birds was found on an expedition to Mt. Everest?

answer: skeletons

text: skeletons

question: Which birds have the highest rates of climb to altitude?

answer: Bar-headed geese Anser indicus

text: Bar-headed geese Anser indicus

question: What kind of birds fly low over water?

answer: Seabirds

text: Seabirds

question: What altitude range is most migration recorded?

answer: 150 to 600 m

text: 150 to 600 m

question: Where do most in air collisions occur?

answer: below 600 m

text: below 600 m


text: In 1939, the Bureau began compiling a custodial detention list with the names of those who would be taken into custody in the event of war with Axis nations. The majority of the names on the list belonged to Issei community leaders, as the FBI investigation built on an existing Naval Intelligence index that had focused on Japanese Americans in Hawaii and the West Coast, but many German and Italian nationals also found their way onto the secret list. Robert Shivers, head of the Honolulu office, obtained permission from Hoover to start detaining those on the list on December 7, 1941, while bombs were still falling over Pearl Harbor. Mass arrests and searches of homes (in most cases conducted without warrants) began a few hours after the attack, and over the next several weeks more than 5,500 Issei men were taken into FBI custody. On February 19, 1942, President Franklin Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066, authorizing the removal of Japanese Americans from the West Coast. FBI Director Hoover opposed the subsequent mass removal and confinement of Japanese Americans authorized under Executive Order 9066, but Roosevelt prevailed. The vast majority went along with the subsequent exclusion orders, but in a handful of cases where Japanese Americans refused to obey the new military regulations, FBI agents handled their arrests. The Bureau continued surveillance on Japanese Americans throughout the war, conducting background checks on applicants for resettlement outside camp, and entering the camps (usually without the permission of War Relocation Authority officials) and grooming informants in order to monitor dissidents and "troublemakers." After the war, the FBI was assigned to protect returning Japanese Americans from attacks by hostile white communities.

title: Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation

title: Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation

text: In

text: the

text: Bureau

text: began

text: compiling

text: a

text: custodial

text: detention

text: list

text: with

text: the

text: names

text: of

text: those

text: who

text: would

text: be

text: taken

text: into

text: custody

text: in

text: the

text: event

text: of

text: war

text: with

text: Axis

text: nations

text: The

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: names

text: on

text: the

text: list

text: belonged

text: to

text: Issei

text: community

text: leaders

text: as

text: the

text: FBI

text: investigation

text: built

text: on

text: an

text: existing

text: Naval

text: Intelligence

text: index

text: that

text: had

text: focused

text: on

text: Japanese

text: Americans

text: in

text: Hawaii

text: and

text: the

text: West

text: Coast

text: but

text: many

text: German

text: and

text: Italian

text: nationals

text: also

text: found

text: their

text: way

text: onto

text: the

text: secret

text: list

text: Robert

text: Shivers

text: head

text: of

text: the

text: Honolulu

text: office

text: obtained

text: permission

text: from

text: Hoover

text: to

text: start

text: detaining

text: those

text: on

text: the

text: list

text: on

text: December

text: while

text: bombs

text: were

text: still

text: falling

text: over

text: Pearl

text: Harbor

text: Mass

text: arrests

text: and

text: searches

text: of

text: homes

text: in

text: most

text: cases

text: conducted

text: without

text: warrants

text: began

text: a

text: few

text: hours

text: after

text: the

text: attack

text: and

text: over

text: the

text: next

text: several

text: weeks

text: more

text: than

text: Issei

text: men

text: were

text: taken

text: into

text: FBI

text: custody

text: On

text: February

text: President

text: Franklin

text: Roosevelt

text: issued

text: Executive

text: Order

text: authorizing

text: the

text: removal

text: of

text: Japanese

text: Americans

text: from

text: the

text: West

text: Coast

text: FBI

text: Director

text: Hoover

text: opposed

text: the

text: subsequent

text: mass

text: removal

text: and

text: confinement

text: of

text: Japanese

text: Americans

text: authorized

text: under

text: Executive

text: Order

text: but

text: Roosevelt

text: prevailed

text: The

text: vast

text: majority

text: went

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: subsequent

text: exclusion

text: orders

text: but

text: in

text: a

text: handful

text: of

text: cases

text: where

text: Japanese

text: Americans

text: refused

text: to

text: obey

text: the

text: new

text: military

text: regulations

text: FBI

text: agents

text: handled

text: their

text: arrests

text: The

text: Bureau

text: continued

text: surveillance

text: on

text: Japanese

text: Americans

text: throughout

text: the

text: war

text: conducting

text: background

text: checks

text: on

text: applicants

text: for

text: resettlement

text: outside

text: camp

text: and

text: entering

text: the

text: camps

text: usually

text: without

text: the

text: permission

text: of

text: War

text: Relocation

text: Authority

text: officials

text: and

text: grooming

text: informants

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: monitor

text: dissidents

text: and

text: troublemakers

text: After

text: the

text: war

text: the

text: FBI

text: was

text: assigned

text: to

text: protect

text: returning

text: Japanese

text: Americans

text: from

text: attacks

text: by

text: hostile

text: white

text: communities

question: When did the Bureau begin compiling a custodial detention list?

answer: 1939

question: When would the people on the custodial detention list be arrested?

answer: in the event of war with Axis

text: in the event of war with Axis

question: Who were the majority of names on the custodial detention list?

answer: Issei community leaders

text: Issei community leaders

question: When was Pearl Harbor bombed?

answer: December 7, 1941

text: December 7, 1941

question: What group did the FBI continue surveillance on?

answer: Japanese Americans

text: Japanese Americans


text: Raleigh is home to North Carolina State University and is part of the Research Triangle area, together with Durham (home of Duke University) and Chapel Hill (home of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill). The "Triangle" nickname originated after the 1959 creation of the Research Triangle Park, located in Durham & Wake Counties partway between the three cities and their universities. The Research Triangle region encompasses the U.S. Census Bureau's Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill Combined Statistical Area (CSA), which had an estimated population of 2,037,430 in 2013. The Raleigh Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) had an estimated population of 1,214,516 in 2013.

title: Raleigh,_North_Carolina

title: Raleigh,_North_Carolina

text: Raleigh

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: North

text: Carolina

text: State

text: University

text: and

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Research

text: Triangle

text: area

text: together

text: with

text: Durham

text: home

text: of

text: Duke

text: University

text: and

text: Chapel

text: Hill

text: home

text: of

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: North

text: Carolina

text: at

text: Chapel

text: Hill

text: The

text: Triangle

text: nickname

text: originated

text: after

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: the

text: Research

text: Triangle

text: Park

text: located

text: in

text: Durham

text: Wake

text: Counties

text: partway

text: between

text: the

text: three

text: cities

text: and

text: their

text: universities

text: The

text: Research

text: Triangle

text: region

text: encompasses

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Census

text: Bureau

text: 's

text: Raleigh

text: Durham

text: Chapel

text: Hill

text: Combined

text: Statistical

text: Area

text: CSA

text: which

text: had

text: an

text: estimated

text: population

text: of

text: in

text: The

text: Raleigh

text: Metropolitan

text: Statistical

text: Area

text: MSA

text: had

text: an

text: estimated

text: population

text: of

text: in

question: What university is in Raleigh?

answer: North Carolina State University

text: North Carolina State University

question: What is the MSA of Raleigh?

answer: 1,214,516

question: What is the Triangle?

answer: Research Triangle area

text: Research Triangle area

question: What is another university in the triangle?

answer: Duke

text: Duke

question: When was the Triangle created?

answer: 1959


text: There is controversy around the recognition of the Alsacian flag. The authentic historical flag is the Rot-un-Wiss ; Red and White are commonly found on the coat of arms of Alsacian cities (Strasbourg, Mulhouse, Sélestat...) and of many Swiss cites, especially in Basel's region. The German region Hesse uses a flag similar to the Rot-un-Wiss. As it underlines the Germanic roots of the region, it was replaced in 1949 by a new "Union jack-like" flag representing the union of the two déprtements. It has, however, no real historical relevance. It has been since replaced again by a slightly different one, also representing the two départements. With the purpose of "Frenchizing" the region, the Rot-un-Wiss has not been recognized by Paris. Some overzealous statesmen have called it a Nazi invention - while its origins date back to the XIth century and the Red and White banner of Gérard de Lorraine (aka. d'Alsace). The Rot-un-Wiss flag is still known as the real historical emblem of the region by most of the population and the departments' parliaments and has been widely used during protests against the creation of a new "super-region" gathering Champagne-Ardennes, Lorraine and Alsace, namely on Colmar's statue of liberty.

title: Alsace

title: Alsace

text: There

text: is

text: controversy

text: around

text: the

text: recognition

text: of

text: the

text: Alsacian

text: flag

text: The

text: authentic

text: historical

text: flag

text: is

text: the

text: Rot

text: un

text: Wiss

text: Red

text: and

text: White

text: are

text: commonly

text: found

text: on

text: the

text: coat

text: of

text: arms

text: of

text: Alsacian

text: cities

text: Strasbourg

text: Mulhouse

text: Sélestat

text: and

text: of

text: many

text: Swiss

text: cites

text: especially

text: in

text: Basel

text: 's

text: region

text: The

text: German

text: region

text: Hesse

text: uses

text: a

text: flag

text: similar

text: to

text: the

text: Rot

text: un

text: Wiss

text: As

text: it

text: underlines

text: the

text: Germanic

text: roots

text: of

text: the

text: region

text: it

text: was

text: replaced

text: in

text: by

text: a

text: new

text: Union

text: jack

text: like

text: flag

text: representing

text: the

text: union

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: déprtements

text: It

text: has

text: however

text: no

text: real

text: historical

text: relevance

text: It

text: has

text: been

text: since

text: replaced

text: again

text: by

text: a

text: slightly

text: different

text: one

text: also

text: representing

text: the

text: two

text: départements

text: With

text: the

text: purpose

text: of

text: Frenchizing

text: the

text: region

text: the

text: Rot

text: un

text: Wiss

text: has

text: not

text: been

text: recognized

text: by

text: Paris

text: Some

text: overzealous

text: statesmen

text: have

text: called

text: it

text: a

text: Nazi

text: invention

text: while

text: its

text: origins

text: date

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: XIth

text: century

text: and

text: the

text: Red

text: and

text: White

text: banner

text: of

text: Gérard

text: de

text: Lorraine

text: aka

text: d'Alsace

text: The

text: Rot

text: un

text: Wiss

text: flag

text: is

text: still

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: real

text: historical

text: emblem

text: of

text: the

text: region

text: by

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: and

text: the

text: departments

text: parliaments

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: widely

text: used

text: during

text: protests

text: against

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: a

text: new

text: super

text: region

text: gathering

text: Champagne

text: Ardennes

text: Lorraine

text: and

text: Alsace

text: namely

text: on

text: Colmar

text: 's

text: statue

text: of

text: liberty

question: What is the name of the historical flag of Alsace?

answer: Rot-un-Wiss

text: Rot-un-Wiss

question: What was the German flag that was similar to the Rot-un-Wiss replaced by?

answer: Union jack-like" flag

text: Union jack-like" flag

question: What does the "Union jack-like" flag represent?

answer: the union of the two déprtements

text: the union of the two déprtements

question: Which French city did not recognize the Rot-un-Wiss flag?

answer: Paris

text: Paris


text: Comcast has been criticized for multiple reasons. The company's customer satisfaction often ranks among the lowest in the cable industry. Comcast has violated net neutrality practices in the past; and, despite Comcast's commitment to a narrow definition of net neutrality, critics advocate a definition of which precludes distinction between Comcast's private network services and the rest of the Internet. Critics also point out a lack of competition in the vast majority of Comcast's service area; there is limited competition among cable providers. Given Comcast's negotiating power as a large ISP, some suspect that Comcast could leverage paid peering agreements to unfairly influence end-user connection speeds. Its ownership of both content production (in NBCUniversal) and content distribution (as an ISP) has raised antitrust concerns. These issues, in addition to others, led to Comcast being dubbed "The Worst Company in America" by The Consumerist in 2014 and 2010.

title: Comcast

title: Comcast

text: Comcast

text: has

text: been

text: criticized

text: for

text: multiple

text: reasons

text: The

text: company

text: 's

text: customer

text: satisfaction

text: often

text: ranks

text: among

text: the

text: lowest

text: in

text: the

text: cable

text: industry

text: Comcast

text: has

text: violated

text: net

text: neutrality

text: practices

text: in

text: the

text: past

text: and

text: despite

text: Comcast

text: 's

text: commitment

text: to

text: a

text: narrow

text: definition

text: of

text: net

text: neutrality

text: critics

text: advocate

text: a

text: definition

text: of

text: which

text: precludes

text: distinction

text: between

text: Comcast

text: 's

text: private

text: network

text: services

text: and

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: the

text: Internet

text: Critics

text: also

text: point

text: out

text: a

text: lack

text: of

text: competition

text: in

text: the

text: vast

text: majority

text: of

text: Comcast

text: 's

text: service

text: area

text: there

text: is

text: limited

text: competition

text: among

text: cable

text: providers

text: Given

text: Comcast

text: 's

text: negotiating

text: power

text: as

text: a

text: large

text: ISP

text: some

text: suspect

text: that

text: Comcast

text: could

text: leverage

text: paid

text: peering

text: agreements

text: to

text: unfairly

text: influence

text: end

text: user

text: connection

text: speeds

text: Its

text: ownership

text: of

text: both

text: content

text: production

text: in

text: NBCUniversal

text: and

text: content

text: distribution

text: as

text: an

text: ISP

text: has

text: raised

text: antitrust

text: concerns

text: These

text: issues

text: in

text: addition

text: to

text: others

text: led

text: to

text: Comcast

text: being

text: dubbed

text: The

text: Worst

text: Company

text: in

text: America

text: by

text: The

text: Consumerist

text: in

text: and

question: What is the largest criticism leveled by consumers against Comcast

answer: customer satisfaction

text: customer satisfaction

question: It has been alleged that Comcast's internet service has done what to customers?

answer: has violated net neutrality practices

text: has violated net neutrality practices

question: What monopolistic practice draws criticism of Comcast?

answer: a lack of competition in the vast majority of Comcast's service area

text: a lack of competition in the vast majority of Comcast's service area

question: What dubious distinction has Comcast earned twice from The Consumerist?

answer: "The Worst Company in America"

text: "The Worst Company in America"

question: How does Comcast's customer service stack up against its competition?

answer: often ranks among the lowest in the cable industry

text: often ranks among the lowest in the cable industry


text: Whitehead's most complete work on education is the 1929 book The Aims of Education and Other Essays, which collected numerous essays and addresses by Whitehead on the subject published between 1912 and 1927. The essay from which Aims of Education derived its name was delivered as an address in 1916 when Whitehead was president of the London Branch of the Mathematical Association. In it, he cautioned against the teaching of what he called "inert ideas" – ideas that are disconnected scraps of information, with no application to real life or culture. He opined that "education with inert ideas is not only useless: it is, above all things, harmful."

title: Alfred_North_Whitehead

title: Alfred_North_Whitehead

text: Whitehead

text: 's

text: most

text: complete

text: work

text: on

text: education

text: is

text: the

text: book

text: The

text: Aims

text: of

text: Education

text: and

text: Other

text: Essays

text: which

text: collected

text: numerous

text: essays

text: and

text: addresses

text: by

text: Whitehead

text: on

text: the

text: subject

text: published

text: between

text: and

text: The

text: essay

text: from

text: which

text: Aims

text: of

text: Education

text: derived

text: its

text: name

text: was

text: delivered

text: as

text: an

text: address

text: in

text: when

text: Whitehead

text: was

text: president

text: of

text: the

text: London

text: Branch

text: of

text: the

text: Mathematical

text: Association

text: In

text: it

text: he

text: cautioned

text: against

text: the

text: teaching

text: of

text: what

text: he

text: called

text: inert

text: ideas

text: ideas

text: that

text: are

text: disconnected

text: scraps

text: of

text: information

text: with

text: no

text: application

text: to

text: real

text: life

text: or

text: culture

text: He

text: opined

text: that

text: education

text: with

text: inert

text: ideas

text: is

text: not

text: only

text: useless

text: it

text: is

text: above

text: all

text: things

text: harmful

question: What is the origin of the title of the book?

answer: The essay from which Aims of Education derived its name was delivered as an address in 1916

text: The essay from which Aims of Education derived its name was delivered as an address in 1916

question: How did Whitehead define "inert ideas"?

answer: ideas that are disconnected scraps of information, with no application to real life or culture

text: ideas that are disconnected scraps of information, with no application to real life or culture

question: What was Whitehead's criticism of the use of inert ideas in education?

answer: "education with inert ideas is not only useless: it is, above all things, harmful."

text: "education with inert ideas is not only useless: it is, above all things, harmful."

question: When was "The Aims of Education and Other Essays" published?

answer: 1929

question: During what periods of time were the essays and address contained in "The Aims of Education and Other Essays" composed?

answer: between 1912 and 1927

text: between 1912 and 1927

question: What year was The Aims of Education and Other Essays published?

answer: 1929

question: What was the Aims of Education and Other Essays comprised of?

answer: numerous essays and addresses

text: numerous essays and addresses

question: What teaching did Whitehead caution against teaching?

answer: inert ideas

text: inert ideas


text: The Prussian army was controlled by the General Staff, under Field Marshal Helmuth von Moltke. The Prussian army was unique in Europe for having the only such organisation in existence, whose purpose in peacetime was to prepare the overall war strategy, and in wartime to direct operational movement and organise logistics and communications. The officers of the General Staff were hand-picked from the Prussian Kriegsakademie (War Academy). Moltke embraced new technology, particularly the railroad and telegraph, to coordinate and accelerate mobilisation of large forces.

title: Franco-Prussian_War

title: Franco

title: Prussian_War

text: The

text: Prussian

text: army

text: was

text: controlled

text: by

text: the

text: General

text: Staff

text: under

text: Field

text: Marshal

text: Helmuth

text: von

text: Moltke

text: The

text: Prussian

text: army

text: was

text: unique

text: in

text: Europe

text: for

text: having

text: the

text: only

text: such

text: organisation

text: in

text: existence

text: whose

text: purpose

text: in

text: peacetime

text: was

text: to

text: prepare

text: the

text: overall

text: war

text: strategy

text: and

text: in

text: wartime

text: to

text: direct

text: operational

text: movement

text: and

text: organise

text: logistics

text: and

text: communications

text: The

text: officers

text: of

text: the

text: General

text: Staff

text: were

text: hand

text: picked

text: from

text: the

text: Prussian

text: Kriegsakademie

text: War

text: Academy

text: Moltke

text: embraced

text: new

text: technology

text: particularly

text: the

text: railroad

text: and

text: telegraph

text: to

text: coordinate

text: and

text: accelerate

text: mobilisation

text: of

text: large

text: forces

question: What entity controlled the Prussian army?

answer: the General Staff

text: the General Staff

question: Who commanded the General Staff?

answer: Field Marshal Helmuth von Moltke

text: Field Marshal Helmuth von Moltke

question: What was the unique purpose of the Prussian Army during peacetime?

answer: to prepare the overall war strategy

text: to prepare the overall war strategy

question: The officers of the General Staff were hand-selected from which place?

answer: Prussian Kriegsakademie (War Academy)

text: Prussian Kriegsakademie (War Academy)

question: What new technologies in particular were courted by Moltke?

answer: the railroad and telegraph

text: the railroad and telegraph


text: Vaiśeṣika metaphysical premises are founded on a form of atomism, that the reality is composed of four substances (earth, water, air, fire). Each of these four are of two types: atomic (paramāṇu) and composite. An atom is, according to Vaiśeṣika scholars, that which is indestructible (anitya), indivisible, and has a special kind of dimension, called “small” (aṇu). A composite, in this philosophy, is defined to be anything which is divisible into atoms. Whatever human beings perceive is composite, while atoms are invisible. The Vaiśeṣikas stated that size, form, truths and everything that human beings experience as a whole is a function of atoms, their number and their spatial arrangements, their guṇa (quality), karma (activity), sāmānya (commonness), viśeṣa (particularity) and amavāya (inherence, inseparable connectedness of everything).

title: Hindu_philosophy

title: Hindu_philosophy

text: Vaiśeṣika

text: metaphysical

text: premises

text: are

text: founded

text: on

text: a

text: form

text: of

text: atomism

text: that

text: the

text: reality

text: is

text: composed

text: of

text: four

text: substances

text: earth

text: water

text: air

text: fire

text: Each

text: of

text: these

text: four

text: are

text: of

text: two

text: types

text: atomic

text: paramāṇu

text: and

text: composite

text: An

text: atom

text: is

text: according

text: to

text: Vaiśeṣika

text: scholars

text: that

text: which

text: is

text: indestructible

text: anitya

text: indivisible

text: and

text: has

text: a

text: special

text: kind

text: of

text: dimension

text: called

text: small

text: aṇu

text: A

text: composite

text: in

text: this

text: philosophy

text: is

text: defined

text: to

text: be

text: anything

text: which

text: is

text: divisible

text: into

text: atoms

text: Whatever

text: human

text: beings

text: perceive

text: is

text: composite

text: while

text: atoms

text: are

text: invisible

text: The

text: Vaiśeṣikas

text: stated

text: that

text: size

text: form

text: truths

text: and

text: everything

text: that

text: human

text: beings

text: experience

text: as

text: a

text: whole

text: is

text: a

text: function

text: of

text: atoms

text: their

text: number

text: and

text: their

text: spatial

text: arrangements

text: their

text: guṇa

text: quality

text: karma

text: activity

text: sāmānya

text: commonness

text: viśeṣa

text: particularity

text: and

text: amavāya

text: inherence

text: inseparable

text: connectedness

text: of

text: everything

question: According to Vaisesika philosophy, how many substances comprise reality?

answer: four

text: four

question: What are the substances of Vaisesika reality?

answer: earth, water, air, fire

text: earth, water, air, fire

question: Of what does Vaisesika philosophy say the things are made ?

answer: atoms

text: atoms

question: According to Vaisesika what is divisible into atoms?

answer: composite

text: composite

question: What form are atoms in Vaisesika?

answer: invisible

text: invisible


text: The baptism of Jesus and his crucifixion are considered to be two historically certain facts about Jesus. James Dunn states that these "two facts in the life of Jesus command almost universal assent" and "rank so high on the 'almost impossible to doubt or deny' scale of historical facts" that they are often the starting points for the study of the historical Jesus. Bart Ehrman states that the crucifixion of Jesus on the orders of Pontius Pilate is the most certain element about him. John Dominic Crossan states that the crucifixion of Jesus is as certain as any historical fact can be. Eddy and Boyd state that it is now "firmly established" that there is non-Christian confirmation of the crucifixion of Jesus. Craig Blomberg states that most scholars in the third quest for the historical Jesus consider the crucifixion indisputable. Christopher M. Tuckett states that, although the exact reasons for the death of Jesus are hard to determine, one of the indisputable facts about him is that he was crucified.

title: Crucifixion_of_Jesus

title: Crucifixion_of_Jesus

text: The

text: baptism

text: of

text: Jesus

text: and

text: his

text: crucifixion

text: are

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: two

text: historically

text: certain

text: facts

text: about

text: Jesus

text: James

text: Dunn

text: states

text: that

text: these

text: two

text: facts

text: in

text: the

text: life

text: of

text: Jesus

text: command

text: almost

text: universal

text: assent

text: and

text: rank

text: so

text: high

text: on

text: the

text: almost

text: impossible

text: to

text: doubt

text: or

text: deny

text: scale

text: of

text: historical

text: facts

text: that

text: they

text: are

text: often

text: the

text: starting

text: points

text: for

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: historical

text: Jesus

text: Bart

text: Ehrman

text: states

text: that

text: the

text: crucifixion

text: of

text: Jesus

text: on

text: the

text: orders

text: of

text: Pontius

text: Pilate

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: certain

text: element

text: about

text: him

text: John

text: Dominic

text: Crossan

text: states

text: that

text: the

text: crucifixion

text: of

text: Jesus

text: is

text: as

text: certain

text: as

text: any

text: historical

text: fact

text: can

text: be

text: Eddy

text: and

text: Boyd

text: state

text: that

text: it

text: is

text: now

text: firmly

text: established

text: that

text: there

text: is

text: non

text: Christian

text: confirmation

text: of

text: the

text: crucifixion

text: of

text: Jesus

text: Craig

text: Blomberg

text: states

text: that

text: most

text: scholars

text: in

text: the

text: third

text: quest

text: for

text: the

text: historical

text: Jesus

text: consider

text: the

text: crucifixion

text: indisputable

text: Christopher

text: M.

text: Tuckett

text: states

text: that

text: although

text: the

text: exact

text: reasons

text: for

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: Jesus

text: are

text: hard

text: to

text: determine

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: indisputable

text: facts

text: about

text: him

text: is

text: that

text: he

text: was

text: crucified

question: What is one of the historical certain facts about Jesus?

answer: baptism of Jesus

text: baptism of Jesus

question: Do non-Christians agree that the Crucifixion happened?

answer: the crucifixion of Jesus is as certain as any historical fact can be

text: the crucifixion of Jesus is as certain as any historical fact can be

question: Is the exact reason known that Jesus got Crucified for?

answer: the exact reasons for the death of Jesus are hard to determine

text: the exact reasons for the death of Jesus are hard to determine

question: Who said the Crucifixion of Jesus is firmly established.

answer: Eddy

text: Eddy

question: Who said the Baptism of Jesus was Univeral Assent?

answer: James Dunn

text: James Dunn


text: Comandante general Simón Elías González, was nominated governor and military command was given to Colonel J.J. Calvo, whose firmness had earned well-merited praise. The state was in the midst of a war with the Apaches, which became the focus of all their energy and resources. After a review of the situation, Simón Elías González declared that the interests of the territory would be best served by uniting the civil and military power, at least while the campaign lasted. He resigned under opposition, but was renominated in 1837.

title: Chihuahua_(state)

title: Chihuahua_(state

text: Comandante

text: general

text: Simón

text: Elías

text: González

text: was

text: nominated

text: governor

text: and

text: military

text: command

text: was

text: given

text: to

text: Colonel

text: J.J.

text: Calvo

text: whose

text: firmness

text: had

text: earned

text: well

text: merited

text: praise

text: The

text: state

text: was

text: in

text: the

text: midst

text: of

text: a

text: war

text: with

text: the

text: Apaches

text: which

text: became

text: the

text: focus

text: of

text: all

text: their

text: energy

text: and

text: resources

text: After

text: a

text: review

text: of

text: the

text: situation

text: Simón

text: Elías

text: González

text: declared

text: that

text: the

text: interests

text: of

text: the

text: territory

text: would

text: be

text: best

text: served

text: by

text: uniting

text: the

text: civil

text: and

text: military

text: power

text: at

text: least

text: while

text: the

text: campaign

text: lasted

text: He

text: resigned

text: under

text: opposition

text: but

text: was

text: renominated

text: in

question: Military command was given to whom based on his firmness?

answer: Colonel J.J. Calvo

text: Colonel J.J. Calvo

question: The state was in a war with what group?

answer: Apaches

text: Apaches

question: Who declared the state's civil and military forces should be combined during the campaign?

answer: Simón Elías González

text: Simón Elías González

question: In which year did Gonzalez receive renomination?

answer: 1837


text: Egyptian music is a rich mixture of indigenous, Mediterranean, African and Western elements. It has been an integral part of Egyptian culture since antiquity. The ancient Egyptians credited one of their gods Hathor with the invention of music, which Osiris in turn used as part of his effort to civilise the world. Egyptians used music instruments since then. Contemporary Egyptian music traces its beginnings to the creative work of people such as Abdu El Hamouli, Almaz and Mahmoud Osman, who influenced the later work of Sayed Darwish, Umm Kulthum, Mohammed Abdel Wahab and Abdel Halim Hafez whose age is considered the golden age of music in Egypt and the whole Middle East and North-Africa. Prominent contemporary Egyptian pop singers include Amr Diab and Mohamed Mounir.

title: Egypt

title: Egypt

text: Egyptian

text: music

text: is

text: a

text: rich

text: mixture

text: of

text: indigenous

text: Mediterranean

text: African

text: and

text: Western

text: elements

text: It

text: has

text: been

text: an

text: integral

text: part

text: of

text: Egyptian

text: culture

text: since

text: antiquity

text: The

text: ancient

text: Egyptians

text: credited

text: one

text: of

text: their

text: gods

text: Hathor

text: with

text: the

text: invention

text: of

text: music

text: which

text: Osiris

text: in

text: turn

text: used

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: his

text: effort

text: to

text: civilise

text: the

text: world

text: Egyptians

text: used

text: music

text: instruments

text: since

text: then

text: Contemporary

text: Egyptian

text: music

text: traces

text: its

text: beginnings

text: to

text: the

text: creative

text: work

text: of

text: people

text: such

text: as

text: Abdu

text: El

text: Hamouli

text: Almaz

text: and

text: Mahmoud

text: Osman

text: who

text: influenced

text: the

text: later

text: work

text: of

text: Sayed

text: Darwish

text: Umm

text: Kulthum

text: Mohammed

text: Abdel

text: Wahab

text: and

text: Abdel

text: Halim

text: Hafez

text: whose

text: age

text: is

text: considered

text: the

text: golden

text: age

text: of

text: music

text: in

text: Egypt

text: and

text: the

text: whole

text: Middle

text: East

text: and

text: North

text: Africa

text: Prominent

text: contemporary

text: Egyptian

text: pop

text: singers

text: include

text: Amr

text: Diab

text: and

text: Mohamed

text: Mounir

question: What elements mix for Egyptian music?

answer: indigenous, Mediterranean, African and Western

text: indigenous, Mediterranean, African and Western

question: Who is credited with invention of music by ancient Egyptians?

answer: Hathor

text: Hathor

question: What artist are considered the golden age of Egyptian music?

answer: Abdu El Hamouli, Almaz and Mahmoud Osman, who influenced the later work of Sayed Darwish, Umm Kulthum, Mohammed Abdel Wahab and Abdel Halim Hafez

text: Abdu El Hamouli, Almaz and Mahmoud Osman, who influenced the later work of Sayed Darwish, Umm Kulthum, Mohammed Abdel Wahab and Abdel Halim Hafez

question: What is more contemporary Egyptian Pop Singer?

answer: Amr Diab and Mohamed Mounir

text: Amr Diab and Mohamed Mounir


text: Gladstone returned to power after the 1892 general election; he was 82 years old. Victoria objected when Gladstone proposed appointing the Radical MP Henry Labouchere to the Cabinet, so Gladstone agreed not to appoint him. In 1894, Gladstone retired and, without consulting the outgoing prime minister, Victoria appointed Lord Rosebery as prime minister. His government was weak, and the following year Lord Salisbury replaced him. Salisbury remained prime minister for the remainder of Victoria's reign.

title: Queen_Victoria

title: Queen_Victoria

text: Gladstone

text: returned

text: to

text: power

text: after

text: the

text: general

text: election

text: he

text: was

text: years

text: old

text: Victoria

text: objected

text: when

text: Gladstone

text: proposed

text: appointing

text: the

text: Radical

text: MP

text: Henry

text: Labouchere

text: to

text: the

text: Cabinet

text: so

text: Gladstone

text: agreed

text: not

text: to

text: appoint

text: him

text: In

text: Gladstone

text: retired

text: and

text: without

text: consulting

text: the

text: outgoing

text: prime

text: minister

text: Victoria

text: appointed

text: Lord

text: Rosebery

text: as

text: prime

text: minister

text: His

text: government

text: was

text: weak

text: and

text: the

text: following

text: year

text: Lord

text: Salisbury

text: replaced

text: him

text: Salisbury

text: remained

text: prime

text: minister

text: for

text: the

text: remainder

text: of

text: Victoria

text: 's

text: reign

question: What year did Gladstone return to power?

answer: 1892

question: How old was Gladstone in 1892?

answer: 82

question: What year did Gladstone retire?

answer: 1894

question: What position did Victoria appoint Lord Rosebery?

answer: prime minister

text: prime minister

question: What year did Gadstone return to power?

answer: 1892

question: Who replaced Lord Rosebery the year following his appointment?

answer: Lord Salisbury

text: Lord Salisbury

question: How old was Gladstone when he returned to power?

answer: 82 years old

text: 82 years old

question: What year did Gladstone retire?

answer: 1894

question: Who did Victoria appoint to replace Gladstone?

answer: Lord Rosebery

text: Lord Rosebery

question: How old was Gladstone after the general election in 1892?

answer: 82 years old

text: 82 years old

question: What radical MP did Victoria object to being appointed to the cabinet by Gladstone?

answer: Henry Labouchere

text: Henry Labouchere

question: Who did Victoria appoint to Prime Minister after Gladstone retired in 1894?

answer: Lord Rosebery

text: Lord Rosebery

question: Who replaced Lord Rosenbery after only a year of government?

answer: Lord Salisbury

text: Lord Salisbury

question: How long did Lord Salisbury remain as Prime Minister?

answer: for the remainder of Victoria's reign

text: for the remainder of Victoria's reign

question: Who was returned to power in 1892?

answer: Gladstone

text: Gladstone

question: Who did Victoria appoint as Gladstone's succesor?

answer: Lord Rosebery

text: Lord Rosebery

question: How did Lord Roseberry fare as Prime Minister?

answer: His government was weak

text: His government was weak

question: Who replaced Lord Roseberry as Prime Minister?

answer: Lord Salisbury

text: Lord Salisbury

question: How long was Lord Sailsbury Prime Minister?

answer: the remainder of Victoria's reign

text: the remainder of Victoria's reign


text: The term "retro-metal" has been applied to such bands as Texas based The Sword, California's High on Fire, Sweden's Witchcraft and Australia's Wolfmother. Wolfmother's self-titled 2005 debut album combined elements of the sounds of Deep Purple and Led Zeppelin. Fellow Australians Airbourne's début album Runnin' Wild (2007) followed in the hard riffing tradition of AC/DC. England's The Darkness' Permission to Land (2003), described as an "eerily realistic simulation of '80s metal and '70s glam", topped the UK charts, going quintuple platinum. The follow-up, One Way Ticket to Hell... and Back (2005), reached number 11, before the band broke up in 2006. Los Angeles band Steel Panther managed to gain a following by sending up 80s glam metal. A more serious attempt to revive glam metal was made by bands of the sleaze metal movement in Sweden, including Vains of Jenna, Hardcore Superstar and Crashdïet.

title: Hard_rock

title: Hard_rock

text: The

text: term

text: retro

text: metal

text: has

text: been

text: applied

text: to

text: such

text: bands

text: as

text: Texas

text: based

text: The

text: Sword

text: California

text: 's

text: High

text: on

text: Fire

text: Sweden

text: 's

text: Witchcraft

text: and

text: Australia

text: 's

text: Wolfmother

text: Wolfmother

text: 's

text: self

text: titled

text: debut

text: album

text: combined

text: elements

text: of

text: the

text: sounds

text: of

text: Deep

text: Purple

text: and

text: Led

text: Zeppelin

text: Fellow

text: Australians

text: Airbourne

text: 's

text: début

text: album

text: Runnin

text: Wild

text: followed

text: in

text: the

text: hard

text: riffing

text: tradition

text: of

text: AC

text: DC

text: England

text: 's

text: The

text: Darkness

text: Permission

text: to

text: Land

text: described

text: as

text: an

text: eerily

text: realistic

text: simulation

text: of

text: metal

text: and

text: glam

text: topped

text: the

text: UK

text: charts

text: going

text: quintuple

text: platinum

text: The

text: follow

text: up

text: One

text: Way

text: Ticket

text: to

text: Hell

text: and

text: Back

text: reached

text: number

text: before

text: the

text: band

text: broke

text: up

text: in

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: band

text: Steel

text: Panther

text: managed

text: to

text: gain

text: a

text: following

text: by

text: sending

text: up

text: glam

text: metal

text: A

text: more

text: serious

text: attempt

text: to

text: revive

text: glam

text: metal

text: was

text: made

text: by

text: bands

text: of

text: the

text: sleaze

text: metal

text: movement

text: in

text: Sweden

text: including

text: Vains

text: of

text: Jenna

text: Hardcore

text: Superstar

text: and

text: Crashdïet

question: When did the band The Darkness break up?

answer: 2006

question: The Sword, High on Fire, Witchcraft and Wolfmother are all examples of what hard rock sub-genre?

answer: retro-metal

text: retro-metal

question: What is the title of Airbourne's debut lp?

answer: Runnin' Wild

text: Runnin' Wild

question: Glam metal band Steel Panther is from what city?

answer: Los Angeles

text: Los Angeles

question: What are some Swedish sleaze metal revivalist bands?

answer: Vains of Jenna, Hardcore Superstar and Crashdïet

text: Vains of Jenna, Hardcore Superstar and Crashdïet


text: A samurai could divorce his wife for a variety of reasons with approval from a superior, but divorce was, while not entirely nonexistent, a rare event. A wife's failure to produce a son was cause for divorce, but adoption of a male heir was considered an acceptable alternative to divorce. A samurai could divorce for personal reasons, even if he simply did not like his wife, but this was generally avoided as it would embarrass the person who had arranged the marriage. A woman could also arrange a divorce, although it would generally take the form of the samurai divorcing her. After a divorce samurai had to return the betrothal money, which often prevented divorces.

title: Samurai

title: Samurai

text: A

text: samurai

text: could

text: divorce

text: his

text: wife

text: for

text: a

text: variety

text: of

text: reasons

text: with

text: approval

text: from

text: a

text: superior

text: but

text: divorce

text: was

text: while

text: not

text: entirely

text: nonexistent

text: a

text: rare

text: event

text: A

text: wife

text: 's

text: failure

text: to

text: produce

text: a

text: son

text: was

text: cause

text: for

text: divorce

text: but

text: adoption

text: of

text: a

text: male

text: heir

text: was

text: considered

text: an

text: acceptable

text: alternative

text: to

text: divorce

text: A

text: samurai

text: could

text: divorce

text: for

text: personal

text: reasons

text: even

text: if

text: he

text: simply

text: did

text: not

text: like

text: his

text: wife

text: but

text: this

text: was

text: generally

text: avoided

text: as

text: it

text: would

text: embarrass

text: the

text: person

text: who

text: had

text: arranged

text: the

text: marriage

text: A

text: woman

text: could

text: also

text: arrange

text: a

text: divorce

text: although

text: it

text: would

text: generally

text: take

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: the

text: samurai

text: divorcing

text: her

text: After

text: a

text: divorce

text: samurai

text: had

text: to

text: return

text: the

text: betrothal

text: money

text: which

text: often

text: prevented

text: divorces

question: How common was divorce for samurai?

answer: rare

text: rare

question: What could samurai do instead of divorce if their wife couldn't produce a son?

answer: adoption of a male heir

text: adoption of a male heir

question: Why did samurai avoid divorcing for reasons of dislike?

answer: it would embarrass the person who had arranged the marriage

text: it would embarrass the person who had arranged the marriage

question: What financial concern prevented divorce?

answer: After a divorce samurai had to return the betrothal money

text: After a divorce samurai had to return the betrothal money


text: Relations between Grand Lodges are determined by the concept of Recognition. Each Grand Lodge maintains a list of other Grand Lodges that it recognises. When two Grand Lodges recognise and are in Masonic communication with each other, they are said to be in amity, and the brethren of each may visit each other's Lodges and interact Masonically. When two Grand Lodges are not in amity, inter-visitation is not allowed. There are many reasons why one Grand Lodge will withhold or withdraw recognition from another, but the two most common are Exclusive Jurisdiction and Regularity.

title: Freemasonry

title: Freemasonry

text: Relations

text: between

text: Grand

text: Lodges

text: are

text: determined

text: by

text: the

text: concept

text: of

text: Recognition

text: Each

text: Grand

text: Lodge

text: maintains

text: a

text: list

text: of

text: other

text: Grand

text: Lodges

text: that

text: it

text: recognises

text: When

text: two

text: Grand

text: Lodges

text: recognise

text: and

text: are

text: in

text: Masonic

text: communication

text: with

text: each

text: other

text: they

text: are

text: said

text: to

text: be

text: in

text: amity

text: and

text: the

text: brethren

text: of

text: each

text: may

text: visit

text: each

text: other

text: 's

text: Lodges

text: and

text: interact

text: Masonically

text: When

text: two

text: Grand

text: Lodges

text: are

text: not

text: in

text: amity

text: inter

text: visitation

text: is

text: not

text: allowed

text: There

text: are

text: many

text: reasons

text: why

text: one

text: Grand

text: Lodge

text: will

text: withhold

text: or

text: withdraw

text: recognition

text: from

text: another

text: but

text: the

text: two

text: most

text: common

text: are

text: Exclusive

text: Jurisdiction

text: and

text: Regularity

question: What concept determines relationships between Grand Lodges?

answer: Recognition

text: Recognition

question: What must two lodges be in, in order to inter-visit?

answer: amity

text: amity

question: What, besides Recognition, must happen between two Grand Lodges in order for them to be considered in amity?

answer: Masonic communication

text: Masonic communication

question: What can be causes of one Grand Lodge withdrawing Recognition from another?

answer: Exclusive Jurisdiction and Regularity

text: Exclusive Jurisdiction and Regularity

question: What are the members of a Grand Lodge called?

answer: brethren

text: brethren

question: Gran Lodges are in what when they are in Masonic Communication with each other?

answer: amity

text: amity

question: What concept is used to determine relations between Grand Lodges?

answer: Recognition

text: Recognition

question: What does each Grand Lodge maintain?

answer: a list

text: a list

question: What is not allowed when Grand Lodges are not in amity?

answer: inter-visitation

text: inter-visitation

question: What are the two most common reasons one Grand Lodge will withhold recognition from another?

answer: Exclusive Jurisdiction and Regularity

text: Exclusive Jurisdiction and Regularity


text: According to Taraborrelli, the defining moment of Madonna's childhood was the tragic and untimely death of her beloved mother. Psychiatrist Keith Ablow suggests her mother's death would have had an immeasurable impact on the young Madonna at a time when her personality was still forming. According to Ablow, the younger a child is at the time of a serious loss, the more profound the influence and the longer lasting the impact. He concludes that "some people never reconcile themselves to such a loss at an early age, Madonna is not different than them." Conversely, author Lucy O'Brien feels the impact of the rape she suffered is, in fact, the motivating factor behind everything Madonna has done, more important even than the death of her mother: "It's not so much grief at her mother's death that drives her, as the sense of abandonment that left her unprotected. She encountered her own worst possible scenario, becoming a victim of male violence, and thereafter turned that full-tilt into her work, reversing the equation at every opportunity."

title: Madonna_(entertainer)

title: Madonna_(entertainer

text: According

text: to

text: Taraborrelli

text: the

text: defining

text: moment

text: of

text: Madonna

text: 's

text: childhood

text: was

text: the

text: tragic

text: and

text: untimely

text: death

text: of

text: her

text: beloved

text: mother

text: Psychiatrist

text: Keith

text: Ablow

text: suggests

text: her

text: mother

text: 's

text: death

text: would

text: have

text: had

text: an

text: immeasurable

text: impact

text: on

text: the

text: young

text: Madonna

text: at

text: a

text: time

text: when

text: her

text: personality

text: was

text: still

text: forming

text: According

text: to

text: Ablow

text: the

text: younger

text: a

text: child

text: is

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: a

text: serious

text: loss

text: the

text: more

text: profound

text: the

text: influence

text: and

text: the

text: longer

text: lasting

text: the

text: impact

text: He

text: concludes

text: that

text: some

text: people

text: never

text: reconcile

text: themselves

text: to

text: such

text: a

text: loss

text: at

text: an

text: early

text: age

text: Madonna

text: is

text: not

text: different

text: than

text: them

text: Conversely

text: author

text: Lucy

text: O'Brien

text: feels

text: the

text: impact

text: of

text: the

text: rape

text: she

text: suffered

text: is

text: in

text: fact

text: the

text: motivating

text: factor

text: behind

text: everything

text: Madonna

text: has

text: done

text: more

text: important

text: even

text: than

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: her

text: mother

text: It

text: 's

text: not

text: so

text: much

text: grief

text: at

text: her

text: mother

text: 's

text: death

text: that

text: drives

text: her

text: as

text: the

text: sense

text: of

text: abandonment

text: that

text: left

text: her

text: unprotected

text: She

text: encountered

text: her

text: own

text: worst

text: possible

text: scenario

text: becoming

text: a

text: victim

text: of

text: male

text: violence

text: and

text: thereafter

text: turned

text: that

text: full

text: tilt

text: into

text: her

text: work

text: reversing

text: the

text: equation

text: at

text: every

text: opportunity

question: According to who was the defining moment of Madonna's childhood with her mother's death?

answer: Taraborrelli,

text: Taraborrelli,

question: Which psychiatrist said that when a parent dies when the child is young, it leaves a lasting impact?

answer: Keith Ablow

text: Keith Ablow

question: Who believes that the rape Madonna experienced is the driving force in life?

answer: Lucy O'Brien

text: Lucy O'Brien


text: In December 1547, Francis was in Malacca (Malaysia) waiting to return to Goa (India) when he met a low-ranked samurai named Anjiro (possibly spelled "Yajiro"). Anjiro was not an intellectual, but he impressed Xavier because he took careful notes of everything he said in church. Xavier made the decision to go to Japan in part because this low-ranking samurai convinced him in Portuguese that the Japanese people were highly educated and eager to learn. They were hard workers and respectful of authority. In their laws and customs they were led by reason, and, should the Christian faith convince them of its truth, they would accept it en masse.

title: Samurai

title: Samurai

text: In

text: December

text: Francis

text: was

text: in

text: Malacca

text: Malaysia

text: waiting

text: to

text: return

text: to

text: Goa

text: India

text: when

text: he

text: met

text: a

text: low

text: ranked

text: samurai

text: named

text: Anjiro

text: possibly

text: spelled

text: Yajiro

text: Anjiro

text: was

text: not

text: an

text: intellectual

text: but

text: he

text: impressed

text: Xavier

text: because

text: he

text: took

text: careful

text: notes

text: of

text: everything

text: he

text: said

text: in

text: church

text: Xavier

text: made

text: the

text: decision

text: to

text: go

text: to

text: Japan

text: in

text: part

text: because

text: this

text: low

text: ranking

text: samurai

text: convinced

text: him

text: in

text: Portuguese

text: that

text: the

text: Japanese

text: people

text: were

text: highly

text: educated

text: and

text: eager

text: to

text: learn

text: They

text: were

text: hard

text: workers

text: and

text: respectful

text: of

text: authority

text: In

text: their

text: laws

text: and

text: customs

text: they

text: were

text: led

text: by

text: reason

text: and

text: should

text: the

text: Christian

text: faith

text: convince

text: them

text: of

text: its

text: truth

text: they

text: would

text: accept

text: it

text: en

text: masse

question: Where was Malacca?

answer: Malaysia

text: Malaysia

question: Where was Goa?

answer: India

text: India

question: Who impressed Xavier by taking notes in church?

answer: Anjiro

text: Anjiro

question: In what language did Anjiro speak to Xavier?

answer: Portuguese

text: Portuguese

question: How did Anjiro think the Japanese would accept Christianity?

answer: en masse

text: en masse


text: During this period, the Russian Black Sea Fleet was operating against Ottoman coastal traffic between Constantinople (currently named Istanbul) and the Caucasus ports, while the Ottoman fleet sought to protect this supply line. The clash came on 30 November 1853 when a Russian fleet attacked an Ottoman force in the harbour at Sinop, and destroyed it at the Battle of Sinop. The battle outraged opinion in UK, which called for war. There was little additional naval action until March 1854 when on the declaration of war the British frigate Furious was fired on outside Odessa harbour. In response an Anglo-French fleet bombarded the port, causing much damage to the town. To show support for Turkey after the battle of Sinop, on the 22th of December 1853, the Anglo-French squadron entered the Black Sea and the steamship HMS Retribution approached the Port of Sevastopol, the commander of which received an ultimatum not to allow any ships in the Black Sea.

title: Crimean_War

title: Crimean_War

text: During

text: this

text: period

text: the

text: Russian

text: Black

text: Sea

text: Fleet

text: was

text: operating

text: against

text: Ottoman

text: coastal

text: traffic

text: between

text: Constantinople

text: currently

text: named

text: Istanbul

text: and

text: the

text: Caucasus

text: ports

text: while

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: fleet

text: sought

text: to

text: protect

text: this

text: supply

text: line

text: The

text: clash

text: came

text: on

text: November

text: when

text: a

text: Russian

text: fleet

text: attacked

text: an

text: Ottoman

text: force

text: in

text: the

text: harbour

text: at

text: Sinop

text: and

text: destroyed

text: it

text: at

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Sinop

text: The

text: battle

text: outraged

text: opinion

text: in

text: UK

text: which

text: called

text: for

text: war

text: There

text: was

text: little

text: additional

text: naval

text: action

text: until

text: March

text: when

text: on

text: the

text: declaration

text: of

text: war

text: the

text: British

text: frigate

text: Furious

text: was

text: fired

text: on

text: outside

text: Odessa

text: harbour

text: In

text: response

text: an

text: Anglo

text: French

text: fleet

text: bombarded

text: the

text: port

text: causing

text: much

text: damage

text: to

text: the

text: town

text: To

text: show

text: support

text: for

text: Turkey

text: after

text: the

text: battle

text: of

text: Sinop

text: on

text: the

text: of

text: December

text: the

text: Anglo

text: French

text: squadron

text: entered

text: the

text: Black

text: Sea

text: and

text: the

text: steamship

text: HMS

text: Retribution

text: approached

text: the

text: Port

text: of

text: Sevastopol

text: the

text: commander

text: of

text: which

text: received

text: an

text: ultimatum

text: not

text: to

text: allow

text: any

text: ships

text: in

text: the

text: Black

text: Sea

question: At what harbor did a Russian fleet attacked a Ottoman force?

answer: harbour at Sinop

text: harbour at Sinop

question: What was the name of the ship that was attacked outside of the Odessa harbor?

answer: Furious

text: Furious

question: Who attacked the port after the attack outside of Odessa harbor?

answer: an Anglo-French fleet

text: an Anglo-French fleet

question: After the battle of Sinop, what steamship approached the Port of Sevastopol to show support for Turkey?

answer: HMS Retribution

text: HMS Retribution