text: From the 1970s onward, Stuart Hall's pioneering work, along with that of his colleagues Paul Willis, Dick Hebdige, Tony Jefferson, and Angela McRobbie, created an international intellectual movement. As the field developed it began to combine political economy, communication, sociology, social theory, literary theory, media theory, film/video studies, cultural anthropology, philosophy, museum studies and art history to study cultural phenomena or cultural texts. In this field researchers often concentrate on how particular phenomena relate to matters of ideology, nationality, ethnicity, social class, and/or gender.[citation needed] Cultural studies has a concern with the meaning and practices of everyday life. These practices comprise the ways people do particular things (such as watching television, or eating out) in a given culture. This field studies the meanings and uses people attribute to various objects and practices. Specifically, culture involves those meanings and practices held independently of reason. Watching television in order to view a public perspective on a historical event should not be thought of as culture, unless referring to the medium of television itself, which may have been selected culturally; however, schoolchildren watching television after school with their friends in order to "fit in" certainly qualifies, since there is no grounded reason for one's participation in this practice. Recently, as capitalism has spread throughout the world (a process called globalization), cultural studies has begun[when?] to analyze local and global forms of resistance to Western hegemony.[citation needed] Globalization in this context can be defined as western civilization in other ways, it undermines the cultural integrity of other culture and it is therefore repressive, exploitative and harmful to most people in different places.

title: Culture

title: Culture

text: From

text: the

text: onward

text: Stuart

text: Hall

text: 's

text: pioneering

text: work

text: along

text: with

text: that

text: of

text: his

text: colleagues

text: Paul

text: Willis

text: Dick

text: Hebdige

text: Tony

text: Jefferson

text: and

text: Angela

text: McRobbie

text: created

text: an

text: international

text: intellectual

text: movement

text: As

text: the

text: field

text: developed

text: it

text: began

text: to

text: combine

text: political

text: economy

text: communication

text: sociology

text: social

text: theory

text: literary

text: theory

text: media

text: theory

text: film

text: video

text: studies

text: cultural

text: anthropology

text: philosophy

text: museum

text: studies

text: and

text: art

text: history

text: to

text: study

text: cultural

text: phenomena

text: or

text: cultural

text: texts

text: In

text: this

text: field

text: researchers

text: often

text: concentrate

text: on

text: how

text: particular

text: phenomena

text: relate

text: to

text: matters

text: of

text: ideology

text: nationality

text: ethnicity

text: social

text: class

text: and/or

text: gender.[citation

text: needed

text: Cultural

text: studies

text: has

text: a

text: concern

text: with

text: the

text: meaning

text: and

text: practices

text: of

text: everyday

text: life

text: These

text: practices

text: comprise

text: the

text: ways

text: people

text: do

text: particular

text: things

text: such

text: as

text: watching

text: television

text: or

text: eating

text: out

text: in

text: a

text: given

text: culture

text: This

text: field

text: studies

text: the

text: meanings

text: and

text: uses

text: people

text: attribute

text: to

text: various

text: objects

text: and

text: practices

text: Specifically

text: culture

text: involves

text: those

text: meanings

text: and

text: practices

text: held

text: independently

text: of

text: reason

text: Watching

text: television

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: view

text: a

text: public

text: perspective

text: on

text: a

text: historical

text: event

text: should

text: not

text: be

text: thought

text: of

text: as

text: culture

text: unless

text: referring

text: to

text: the

text: medium

text: of

text: television

text: itself

text: which

text: may

text: have

text: been

text: selected

text: culturally

text: however

text: schoolchildren

text: watching

text: television

text: after

text: school

text: with

text: their

text: friends

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: fit

text: in

text: certainly

text: qualifies

text: since

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: grounded

text: reason

text: for

text: one

text: 's

text: participation

text: in

text: this

text: practice

text: Recently

text: as

text: capitalism

text: has

text: spread

text: throughout

text: the

text: world

text: a

text: process

text: called

text: globalization

text: cultural

text: studies

text: has

text: begun[when

text: to

text: analyze

text: local

text: and

text: global

text: forms

text: of

text: resistance

text: to

text: Western

text: hegemony.[citation

text: needed

text: Globalization

text: in

text: this

text: context

text: can

text: be

text: defined

text: as

text: western

text: civilization

text: in

text: other

text: ways

text: it

text: undermines

text: the

text: cultural

text: integrity

text: of

text: other

text: culture

text: and

text: it

text: is

text: therefore

text: repressive

text: exploitative

text: and

text: harmful

text: to

text: most

text: people

text: in

text: different

text: places

question: Who did Stuart Hall work along side with?

answer: Paul Willis, Dick Hebdige, Tony Jefferson, and Angela McRobbie

text: Paul Willis, Dick Hebdige, Tony Jefferson, and Angela McRobbie

question: What did Stuart and his colleagues create?

answer: international intellectual movement.

text: international intellectual movement.

question: In the field that Stuart was working, what did he and his colleagues often concentrate on?

answer: matters of ideology, nationality, ethnicity, social class, and/or gender

text: matters of ideology, nationality, ethnicity, social class, and/or gender

question: Capitalism can be referred to as what process?

answer: a process called globalization

text: a process called globalization


text: After conquering "China proper", the Manchus identified their state as "China" (中國, Zhōngguó; "Middle Kingdom"), and referred to it as Dulimbai Gurun in Manchu (Dulimbai means "central" or "middle," gurun means "nation" or "state"). The emperors equated the lands of the Qing state (including present day Northeast China, Xinjiang, Mongolia, Tibet and other areas) as "China" in both the Chinese and Manchu languages, defining China as a multi-ethnic state, and rejecting the idea that "China" only meant Han areas. The Qing emperors proclaimed that both Han and non-Han peoples were part of "China." They used both "China" and "Qing" to refer to their state in official documents, international treaties (as the Qing was known internationally as "China" or the "Chinese Empire") and foreign affairs, and "Chinese language" (Dulimbai gurun i bithe) included Chinese, Manchu, and Mongol languages, and "Chinese people" (中國之人 Zhōngguó zhī rén; Manchu: Dulimbai gurun i niyalma) referred to all subjects of the empire. In the Chinese-language versions of its treaties and its maps of the world, the Qing government used "Qing" and "China" interchangeably.

title: Qing_dynasty

title: Qing_dynasty

text: After

text: conquering

text: China

text: proper

text: the

text: Manchus

text: identified

text: their

text: state

text: as

text: China

text: 中國

text: Zhōngguó

text: Middle

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: referred

text: to

text: it

text: as

text: Dulimbai

text: Gurun

text: in

text: Manchu

text: Dulimbai

text: means

text: central

text: or

text: middle

text: gurun

text: means

text: nation

text: or

text: state

text: The

text: emperors

text: equated

text: the

text: lands

text: of

text: the

text: Qing

text: state

text: including

text: present

text: day

text: Northeast

text: China

text: Xinjiang

text: Mongolia

text: Tibet

text: and

text: other

text: areas

text: as

text: China

text: in

text: both

text: the

text: Chinese

text: and

text: Manchu

text: languages

text: defining

text: China

text: as

text: a

text: multi

text: ethnic

text: state

text: and

text: rejecting

text: the

text: idea

text: that

text: China

text: only

text: meant

text: Han

text: areas

text: The

text: Qing

text: emperors

text: proclaimed

text: that

text: both

text: Han

text: and

text: non

text: Han

text: peoples

text: were

text: part

text: of

text: China

text: They

text: used

text: both

text: China

text: and

text: Qing

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: their

text: state

text: in

text: official

text: documents

text: international

text: treaties

text: as

text: the

text: Qing

text: was

text: known

text: internationally

text: as

text: China

text: or

text: the

text: Chinese

text: Empire

text: and

text: foreign

text: affairs

text: and

text: Chinese

text: language

text: Dulimbai

text: gurun

text: i

text: bithe

text: included

text: Chinese

text: Manchu

text: and

text: Mongol

text: languages

text: and

text: Chinese

text: people

text: 中國之人

text: Zhōngguó

text: zhī

text: rén

text: Manchu

text: Dulimbai

text: gurun

text: i

text: niyalma

text: referred

text: to

text: all

text: subjects

text: of

text: the

text: empire

text: In

text: the

text: Chinese

text: language

text: versions

text: of

text: its

text: treaties

text: and

text: its

text: maps

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: the

text: Qing

text: government

text: used

text: Qing

text: and

text: China

text: interchangeably

question: After taking the bulk of China what did the Manchuse call their state?

answer: China

text: China

question: What does China mean?

answer: Middle Kingdom

text: Middle Kingdom

question: What ethnice groups did the Qing thin made up China?

answer: Han and non-Han peoples

text: Han and non-Han peoples


text: Kerry and his second wife, Mozambican-born businesswoman and philanthropist Maria Teresa Thierstein Simões Ferreira (known as Teresa), the widow of Kerry's late Pennsylvania Republican Senate colleague Henry John Heinz III, were introduced to each other by Heinz at an Earth Day rally in 1990. Early the following year, Senator Heinz was killed in a plane crash near Lower Merion. Teresa has three sons from her previous marriage to Heinz, Henry John Heinz IV, André Thierstein Heinz, and Christopher Drake Heinz. Heinz and Kerry were married on May 26, 1995, in Nantucket, Massachusetts.

title: John_Kerry

title: John_Kerry

text: Kerry

text: and

text: his

text: second

text: wife

text: Mozambican

text: born

text: businesswoman

text: and

text: philanthropist

text: Maria

text: Teresa

text: Thierstein

text: Simões

text: Ferreira

text: known

text: as

text: Teresa

text: the

text: widow

text: of

text: Kerry

text: 's

text: late

text: Pennsylvania

text: Republican

text: Senate

text: colleague

text: Henry

text: John

text: Heinz

text: III

text: were

text: introduced

text: to

text: each

text: other

text: by

text: Heinz

text: at

text: an

text: Earth

text: Day

text: rally

text: in

text: Early

text: the

text: following

text: year

text: Senator

text: Heinz

text: was

text: killed

text: in

text: a

text: plane

text: crash

text: near

text: Lower

text: Merion

text: Teresa

text: has

text: three

text: sons

text: from

text: her

text: previous

text: marriage

text: to

text: Heinz

text: Henry

text: John

text: Heinz

text: IV

text: André

text: Thierstein

text: Heinz

text: and

text: Christopher

text: Drake

text: Heinz

text: Heinz

text: and

text: Kerry

text: were

text: married

text: on

text: May

text: in

text: Nantucket

text: Massachusetts

question: Who is Kerry's 2nd wife?

answer: Maria Teresa Thierstein Simões Ferreira

text: Maria Teresa Thierstein Simões Ferreira

question: What is Kerry's 2nd wife's nationality?

answer: Mozambican

text: Mozambican

question: Who was Kerry's 2nd wife's previous husband?

answer: Henry John Heinz III

text: Henry John Heinz III

question: When did Kerry and Teresa meet?

answer: 1990

question: Where did Kerry and Teresa meet?

answer: at an Earth Day rally

text: at an Earth Day rally


text: Yazid died while the siege was still in progress, and the Umayyad army returned to Damascus, leaving Ibn al-Zubayr in control of Mecca. Yazid's son Muawiya II (683–84) initially succeeded him but seems to have never been recognized as caliph outside of Syria. Two factions developed within Syria: the Confederation of Qays, who supported Ibn al-Zubayr, and the Quda'a, who supported Marwan, a descendant of Umayya via Wa'il ibn Umayyah. The partisans of Marwan triumphed at a battle at Marj Rahit, near Damascus, in 684, and Marwan became caliph shortly thereafter.

title: Umayyad_Caliphate

title: Umayyad_Caliphate

text: Yazid

text: died

text: while

text: the

text: siege

text: was

text: still

text: in

text: progress

text: and

text: the

text: Umayyad

text: army

text: returned

text: to

text: Damascus

text: leaving

text: Ibn

text: al

text: Zubayr

text: in

text: control

text: of

text: Mecca

text: Yazid

text: 's

text: son

text: Muawiya

text: II

text: initially

text: succeeded

text: him

text: but

text: seems

text: to

text: have

text: never

text: been

text: recognized

text: as

text: caliph

text: outside

text: of

text: Syria

text: Two

text: factions

text: developed

text: within

text: Syria

text: the

text: Confederation

text: of

text: Qays

text: who

text: supported

text: Ibn

text: al

text: Zubayr

text: and

text: the

text: Quda'a

text: who

text: supported

text: Marwan

text: a

text: descendant

text: of

text: Umayya

text: via

text: Wa'il

text: ibn

text: Umayyah

text: The

text: partisans

text: of

text: Marwan

text: triumphed

text: at

text: a

text: battle

text: at

text: Marj

text: Rahit

text: near

text: Damascus

text: in

text: and

text: Marwan

text: became

text: caliph

text: shortly

text: thereafter

question: Who was the son of Yazid?

answer: Muawiya II

text: Muawiya II

question: When did Muawiya II's reign begin?

answer: 683

question: In what year did the battle of Marj Rahit occur?

answer: 684

question: Who had the support of the Confederation of Qays?

answer: Ibn al-Zubayr

text: Ibn al-Zubayr

question: From whom was Marwan descended?

answer: Umayya via Wa'il ibn Umayyah

text: Umayya via Wa'il ibn Umayyah


text: The translator's role as a bridge for "carrying across" values between cultures has been discussed at least since Terence, the 2nd-century-BCE Roman adapter of Greek comedies. The translator's role is, however, by no means a passive, mechanical one, and so has also been compared to that of an artist. The main ground seems to be the concept of parallel creation found in critics such as Cicero. Dryden observed that "Translation is a type of drawing after life..." Comparison of the translator with a musician or actor goes back at least to Samuel Johnson’s remark about Alexander Pope playing Homer on a flageolet, while Homer himself used a bassoon.

title: Translation

title: Translation

text: The

text: translator

text: 's

text: role

text: as

text: a

text: bridge

text: for

text: carrying

text: across

text: values

text: between

text: cultures

text: has

text: been

text: discussed

text: at

text: least

text: since

text: Terence

text: the

text: century

text: BCE

text: Roman

text: adapter

text: of

text: Greek

text: comedies

text: The

text: translator

text: 's

text: role

text: is

text: however

text: by

text: no

text: means

text: a

text: passive

text: mechanical

text: one

text: and

text: so

text: has

text: also

text: been

text: compared

text: to

text: that

text: of

text: an

text: artist

text: The

text: main

text: ground

text: seems

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: concept

text: of

text: parallel

text: creation

text: found

text: in

text: critics

text: such

text: as

text: Cicero

text: Dryden

text: observed

text: that

text: Translation

text: is

text: a

text: type

text: of

text: drawing

text: after

text: life

text: Comparison

text: of

text: the

text: translator

text: with

text: a

text: musician

text: or

text: actor

text: goes

text: back

text: at

text: least

text: to

text: Samuel

text: Johnson

text: ’s

text: remark

text: about

text: Alexander

text: Pope

text: playing

text: Homer

text: on

text: a

text: flageolet

text: while

text: Homer

text: himself

text: used

text: a

text: bassoon

question: How long has a translator's part in bridging values between cultures been discussed?

answer: at least since Terence

text: at least since Terence

question: What did Terence adapt from the Greek's?

answer: comedies

text: comedies

question: A translator's role is less like a robot and more like a what?

answer: artist

text: artist

question: Where was the concept of parallel creation found?

answer: Cicero

text: Cicero

question: Who remarked about Alexander Pope playing Homer on a flageolet?

answer: Samuel Johnson

text: Samuel Johnson


text: With its growing popularity, professional wrestling has attracted attention as a subject of serious academic study and journalistic criticism. Many courses, theses, essays, and dissertations have analyzed wrestling's conventions, content, and its role in modern society. It is often included as part of studies on theatre, sociology, performance, and media. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology developed a course of study on the cultural significance of professional wrestling, and anthropologist Heather Levi has written an ethnography about the culture of lucha libre in Mexico.

title: Professional_wrestling

title: Professional_wrestling

text: With

text: its

text: growing

text: popularity

text: professional

text: wrestling

text: has

text: attracted

text: attention

text: as

text: a

text: subject

text: of

text: serious

text: academic

text: study

text: and

text: journalistic

text: criticism

text: Many

text: courses

text: theses

text: essays

text: and

text: dissertations

text: have

text: analyzed

text: wrestling

text: 's

text: conventions

text: content

text: and

text: its

text: role

text: in

text: modern

text: society

text: It

text: is

text: often

text: included

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: studies

text: on

text: theatre

text: sociology

text: performance

text: and

text: media

text: The

text: Massachusetts

text: Institute

text: of

text: Technology

text: developed

text: a

text: course

text: of

text: study

text: on

text: the

text: cultural

text: significance

text: of

text: professional

text: wrestling

text: and

text: anthropologist

text: Heather

text: Levi

text: has

text: written

text: an

text: ethnography

text: about

text: the

text: culture

text: of

text: lucha

text: libre

text: in

text: Mexico

question: What other areas has wrestling garnered interest from?

answer: academic study and journalistic criticism

text: academic study and journalistic criticism

question: What areas of study is wrestling talked about in?

answer: theatre, sociology, performance, and media

text: theatre, sociology, performance, and media

question: What did Heather Levi write?

answer: an ethnography about the culture of lucha libre

text: an ethnography about the culture of lucha libre

question: What college has a course about the cultural impact of wrestling?

answer: Massachusetts Institute of Technology

text: Massachusetts Institute of Technology


text: Scientific readers were already aware of arguments that species changed through processes that were subject to laws of nature, but the transmutational ideas of Lamarck and the vague "law of development" of Vestiges had not found scientific favour. Darwin presented natural selection as a scientifically testable mechanism while accepting that other mechanisms such as inheritance of acquired characters were possible. His strategy established that evolution through natural laws was worthy of scientific study, and by 1875, most scientists accepted that evolution occurred but few thought natural selection was significant. Darwin's scientific method was also disputed, with his proponents favouring the empiricism of John Stuart Mill's A System of Logic, while opponents held to the idealist school of William Whewell's Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences, in which investigation could begin with the intuitive truth that species were fixed objects created by design. Early support for Darwin's ideas came from the findings of field naturalists studying biogeography and ecology, including Joseph Dalton Hooker in 1860, and Asa Gray in 1862. Henry Walter Bates presented research in 1861 that explained insect mimicry using natural selection. Alfred Russel Wallace discussed evidence from his Malay archipelago research, including an 1864 paper with an evolutionary explanation for the Wallace line.

title: On_the_Origin_of_Species

title: On_the_Origin_of_Species

text: Scientific

text: readers

text: were

text: already

text: aware

text: of

text: arguments

text: that

text: species

text: changed

text: through

text: processes

text: that

text: were

text: subject

text: to

text: laws

text: of

text: nature

text: but

text: the

text: transmutational

text: ideas

text: of

text: Lamarck

text: and

text: the

text: vague

text: law

text: of

text: development

text: of

text: Vestiges

text: had

text: not

text: found

text: scientific

text: favour

text: Darwin

text: presented

text: natural

text: selection

text: as

text: a

text: scientifically

text: testable

text: mechanism

text: while

text: accepting

text: that

text: other

text: mechanisms

text: such

text: as

text: inheritance

text: of

text: acquired

text: characters

text: were

text: possible

text: His

text: strategy

text: established

text: that

text: evolution

text: through

text: natural

text: laws

text: was

text: worthy

text: of

text: scientific

text: study

text: and

text: by

text: most

text: scientists

text: accepted

text: that

text: evolution

text: occurred

text: but

text: few

text: thought

text: natural

text: selection

text: was

text: significant

text: Darwin

text: 's

text: scientific

text: method

text: was

text: also

text: disputed

text: with

text: his

text: proponents

text: favouring

text: the

text: empiricism

text: of

text: John

text: Stuart

text: Mill

text: 's

text: A

text: System

text: of

text: Logic

text: while

text: opponents

text: held

text: to

text: the

text: idealist

text: school

text: of

text: William

text: Whewell

text: 's

text: Philosophy

text: of

text: the

text: Inductive

text: Sciences

text: in

text: which

text: investigation

text: could

text: begin

text: with

text: the

text: intuitive

text: truth

text: that

text: species

text: were

text: fixed

text: objects

text: created

text: by

text: design

text: Early

text: support

text: for

text: Darwin

text: 's

text: ideas

text: came

text: from

text: the

text: findings

text: of

text: field

text: naturalists

text: studying

text: biogeography

text: and

text: ecology

text: including

text: Joseph

text: Dalton

text: Hooker

text: in

text: and

text: Asa

text: Gray

text: in

text: Henry

text: Walter

text: Bates

text: presented

text: research

text: in

text: that

text: explained

text: insect

text: mimicry

text: using

text: natural

text: selection

text: Alfred

text: Russel

text: Wallace

text: discussed

text: evidence

text: from

text: his

text: Malay

text: archipelago

text: research

text: including

text: an

text: paper

text: with

text: an

text: evolutionary

text: explanation

text: for

text: the

text: Wallace

text: line

question: What was the general response from scientific readers to Lamarck's written work?

answer: the transmutational ideas of Lamarck and the vague "law of development" of Vestiges had not found scientific favour

text: the transmutational ideas of Lamarck and the vague "law of development" of Vestiges had not found scientific favour

question: What was the likely reason that Darwin's ideas were accepted more readily than Lamarck's?

answer: natural selection as a scientifically testable mechanism while accepting that other mechanisms such as inheritance of acquired characters were possible.

text: natural selection as a scientifically testable mechanism while accepting that other mechanisms such as inheritance of acquired characters were possible.

question: Which school did opponents to Darwin's method support?

answer: the idealist school of William Whewell's Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences

text: the idealist school of William Whewell's Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences

question: Where did early support for Darwin's findings come from?

answer: the findings of field naturalists studying biogeography and ecology, including Joseph Dalton Hooker in 1860, and Asa Gray in 1862

text: the findings of field naturalists studying biogeography and ecology, including Joseph Dalton Hooker in 1860, and Asa Gray in 1862

question: Who authored research supporting insect mimicry  using natural selection?

answer: Henry Walter Bates

text: Henry Walter Bates


text: The casualties were horrible, especially for the attacking Prussian forces. A grand total of 20,163 German troops were killed, wounded or missing in action during the August 18 battle. The French losses were 7,855 killed and wounded along with 4,420 prisoners of war (half of them were wounded) for a total of 12,275. While most of the Prussians fell under the French Chassepot rifles, most French fell under the Prussian Krupp shells. In a breakdown of the casualties, Frossard's II Corps of the Army of the Rhine suffered 621 casualties while inflicting 4,300 casualties on the Prussian First Army under Steinmetz before the Pointe du Jour. The Prussian Guards Infantry Divisions losses were even more staggering with 8,000 casualties out of 18,000 men. The Special Guards Jäger lost 19 officers, a surgeon and 431 men out of a total of 700. The 2nd Guards Infantry Brigade lost 39 officers and 1,076 men. The 3rd Guards Infantry Brigade lost 36 officers and 1,060 men. On the French side, the units holding St. Privat lost more than half their number in the village.

title: Franco-Prussian_War

title: Franco

title: Prussian_War

text: The

text: casualties

text: were

text: horrible

text: especially

text: for

text: the

text: attacking

text: Prussian

text: forces

text: A

text: grand

text: total

text: of

text: German

text: troops

text: were

text: killed

text: wounded

text: or

text: missing

text: in

text: action

text: during

text: the

text: August

text: battle

text: The

text: French

text: losses

text: were

text: killed

text: and

text: wounded

text: along

text: with

text: prisoners

text: of

text: war

text: half

text: of

text: them

text: were

text: wounded

text: for

text: a

text: total

text: of

text: While

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: Prussians

text: fell

text: under

text: the

text: French

text: Chassepot

text: rifles

text: most

text: French

text: fell

text: under

text: the

text: Prussian

text: Krupp

text: shells

text: In

text: a

text: breakdown

text: of

text: the

text: casualties

text: Frossard

text: 's

text: II

text: Corps

text: of

text: the

text: Army

text: of

text: the

text: Rhine

text: suffered

text: casualties

text: while

text: inflicting

text: casualties

text: on

text: the

text: Prussian

text: First

text: Army

text: under

text: Steinmetz

text: before

text: the

text: Pointe

text: du

text: Jour

text: The

text: Prussian

text: Guards

text: Infantry

text: Divisions

text: losses

text: were

text: even

text: more

text: staggering

text: with

text: casualties

text: out

text: of

text: men

text: The

text: Special

text: Guards

text: Jäger

text: lost

text: officers

text: a

text: surgeon

text: and

text: men

text: out

text: of

text: a

text: total

text: of

text: The

text: Guards

text: Infantry

text: Brigade

text: lost

text: officers

text: and

text: men

text: The

text: Guards

text: Infantry

text: Brigade

text: lost

text: officers

text: and

text: men

text: On

text: the

text: French

text: side

text: the

text: units

text: holding

text: St.

text: Privat

text: lost

text: more

text: than

text: half

text: their

text: number

text: in

text: the

text: village

question: Who were the casualties especially terrible for?

answer: the attacking Prussian forces

text: the attacking Prussian forces

question: What was the grand total of German casualties and those missing in action?

answer: 20,163

question: What were the number of French killed and wounded?

answer: 7,855

question: What was the number of French prisoners?

answer: 4,420

question: What did most Prussians fall under?

answer: French Chassepot rifles

text: French Chassepot rifles


text: The predominant educational psychology from the 1750s onward, especially in northern European countries was associationism, the notion that the mind associates or dissociates ideas through repeated routines. In addition to being conducive to Enlightenment ideologies of liberty, self-determination and personal responsibility, it offered a practical theory of the mind that allowed teachers to transform longstanding forms of print and manuscript culture into effective graphic tools of learning for the lower and middle orders of society. Children were taught to memorize facts through oral and graphic methods that originated during the Renaissance.

title: Age_of_Enlightenment

title: Age_of_Enlightenment

text: The

text: predominant

text: educational

text: psychology

text: from

text: the

text: onward

text: especially

text: in

text: northern

text: European

text: countries

text: was

text: associationism

text: the

text: notion

text: that

text: the

text: mind

text: associates

text: or

text: dissociates

text: ideas

text: through

text: repeated

text: routines

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: being

text: conducive

text: to

text: Enlightenment

text: ideologies

text: of

text: liberty

text: self

text: determination

text: and

text: personal

text: responsibility

text: it

text: offered

text: a

text: practical

text: theory

text: of

text: the

text: mind

text: that

text: allowed

text: teachers

text: to

text: transform

text: longstanding

text: forms

text: of

text: print

text: and

text: manuscript

text: culture

text: into

text: effective

text: graphic

text: tools

text: of

text: learning

text: for

text: the

text: lower

text: and

text: middle

text: orders

text: of

text: society

text: Children

text: were

text: taught

text: to

text: memorize

text: facts

text: through

text: oral

text: and

text: graphic

text: methods

text: that

text: originated

text: during

text: the

text: Renaissance

question: How can associationism be defined?

answer: the notion that the mind associates or dissociates ideas through repeated routines

text: the notion that the mind associates or dissociates ideas through repeated routines

question: What was the predominant educational psychology from the 1750s onward?

answer: associationism,

text: associationism,

question: Children were taught to memorize facts through methods that originated during which time period?

answer: the Renaissance

text: the Renaissance


text: Black labor played a crucial role in Miami's early development. During the beginning of the 20th century, migrants from the Bahamas and African-Americans constituted 40 percent of the city's population. Whatever their role in the city's growth, their community's growth was limited to a small space. When landlords began to rent homes to African-Americans in neighborhoods close to Avenue J (what would later become NW Fifth Avenue), a gang of white man with torches visited the renting families and warned them to move or be bombed.

title: Miami

title: Miami

text: Black

text: labor

text: played

text: a

text: crucial

text: role

text: in

text: Miami

text: 's

text: early

text: development

text: During

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: migrants

text: from

text: the

text: Bahamas

text: and

text: African

text: Americans

text: constituted

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: population

text: Whatever

text: their

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: growth

text: their

text: community

text: 's

text: growth

text: was

text: limited

text: to

text: a

text: small

text: space

text: When

text: landlords

text: began

text: to

text: rent

text: homes

text: to

text: African

text: Americans

text: in

text: neighborhoods

text: close

text: to

text: Avenue

text: J

text: what

text: would

text: later

text: become

text: NW

text: Fifth

text: Avenue

text: a

text: gang

text: of

text: white

text: man

text: with

text: torches

text: visited

text: the

text: renting

text: families

text: and

text: warned

text: them

text: to

text: move

text: or

text: be

text: bombed

question: In the early 1900s, what percentage of Miami's population was of African origin?

answer: 40

question: What was NW Fifth Avenue previously called?

answer: Avenue J

text: Avenue J

question: Where did a portion of Miami's black population migrate from in the early 1900s?

answer: Bahamas

text: Bahamas


text: The important legacy of this period included substantial advances in factual knowledge, especially in anatomy, zoology, botany, mineralogy, geography, mathematics and astronomy; an awareness of the importance of certain scientific problems, especially those related to the problem of change and its causes; and a recognition of the methodological importance of applying mathematics to natural phenomena and of undertaking empirical research. In the Hellenistic age scholars frequently employed the principles developed in earlier Greek thought: the application of mathematics and deliberate empirical research, in their scientific investigations. Thus, clear unbroken lines of influence lead from ancient Greek and Hellenistic philosophers, to medieval Muslim philosophers and scientists, to the European Renaissance and Enlightenment, to the secular sciences of the modern day. Neither reason nor inquiry began with the Ancient Greeks, but the Socratic method did, along with the idea of Forms, great advances in geometry, logic, and the natural sciences. According to Benjamin Farrington, former Professor of Classics at Swansea University:

title: History_of_science

title: History_of_science

text: The

text: important

text: legacy

text: of

text: this

text: period

text: included

text: substantial

text: advances

text: in

text: factual

text: knowledge

text: especially

text: in

text: anatomy

text: zoology

text: botany

text: mineralogy

text: geography

text: mathematics

text: and

text: astronomy

text: an

text: awareness

text: of

text: the

text: importance

text: of

text: certain

text: scientific

text: problems

text: especially

text: those

text: related

text: to

text: the

text: problem

text: of

text: change

text: and

text: its

text: causes

text: and

text: a

text: recognition

text: of

text: the

text: methodological

text: importance

text: of

text: applying

text: mathematics

text: to

text: natural

text: phenomena

text: and

text: of

text: undertaking

text: empirical

text: research

text: In

text: the

text: Hellenistic

text: age

text: scholars

text: frequently

text: employed

text: the

text: principles

text: developed

text: in

text: earlier

text: Greek

text: thought

text: the

text: application

text: of

text: mathematics

text: and

text: deliberate

text: empirical

text: research

text: in

text: their

text: scientific

text: investigations

text: Thus

text: clear

text: unbroken

text: lines

text: of

text: influence

text: lead

text: from

text: ancient

text: Greek

text: and

text: Hellenistic

text: philosophers

text: to

text: medieval

text: Muslim

text: philosophers

text: and

text: scientists

text: to

text: the

text: European

text: Renaissance

text: and

text: Enlightenment

text: to

text: the

text: secular

text: sciences

text: of

text: the

text: modern

text: day

text: Neither

text: reason

text: nor

text: inquiry

text: began

text: with

text: the

text: Ancient

text: Greeks

text: but

text: the

text: Socratic

text: method

text: did

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: idea

text: of

text: Forms

text: great

text: advances

text: in

text: geometry

text: logic

text: and

text: the

text: natural

text: sciences

text: According

text: to

text: Benjamin

text: Farrington

text: former

text: Professor

text: of

text: Classics

text: at

text: Swansea

text: University

question: Anatomy, zoology, geography, and studies like them are considered what?

answer: factual knowledge

text: factual knowledge

question: What era utilized Greek theories?

answer: the Hellenistic age

text: the Hellenistic age

question: What scientific theory was created by the Greeks?

answer: the Socratic method

text: the Socratic method

question: Who employed logic, geometry, and natural sciences?

answer: the Ancient Greeks

text: the Ancient Greeks

question: Greek thought is predominately applying mathematics and what other method?

answer: deliberate empirical research

text: deliberate empirical research


text: Birds need to alter their metabolism in order to meet the demands of migration. The storage of energy through the accumulation of fat and the control of sleep in nocturnal migrants require special physiological adaptations. In addition, the feathers of a bird suffer from wear-and-tear and require to be molted. The timing of this molt - usually once a year but sometimes twice - varies with some species molting prior to moving to their winter grounds and others molting prior to returning to their breeding grounds. Apart from physiological adaptations, migration sometimes requires behavioural changes such as flying in flocks to reduce the energy used in migration or the risk of predation.

title: Bird_migration

title: Bird_migration

text: Birds

text: need

text: to

text: alter

text: their

text: metabolism

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: meet

text: the

text: demands

text: of

text: migration

text: The

text: storage

text: of

text: energy

text: through

text: the

text: accumulation

text: of

text: fat

text: and

text: the

text: control

text: of

text: sleep

text: in

text: nocturnal

text: migrants

text: require

text: special

text: physiological

text: adaptations

text: In

text: addition

text: the

text: feathers

text: of

text: a

text: bird

text: suffer

text: from

text: wear

text: and

text: tear

text: and

text: require

text: to

text: be

text: molted

text: The

text: timing

text: of

text: this

text: molt

text: usually

text: once

text: a

text: year

text: but

text: sometimes

text: twice

text: varies

text: with

text: some

text: species

text: molting

text: prior

text: to

text: moving

text: to

text: their

text: winter

text: grounds

text: and

text: others

text: molting

text: prior

text: to

text: returning

text: to

text: their

text: breeding

text: grounds

text: Apart

text: from

text: physiological

text: adaptations

text: migration

text: sometimes

text: requires

text: behavioural

text: changes

text: such

text: as

text: flying

text: in

text: flocks

text: to

text: reduce

text: the

text: energy

text: used

text: in

text: migration

text: or

text: the

text: risk

text: of

text: predation

question: What do birds need to change to meet the demands of migration?

answer: their metabolism

text: their metabolism

question: How often do birds molt?

answer: usually once a year

text: usually once a year

question: How do birds store energy?

answer: through the accumulation of fat and the control of sleep

text: through the accumulation of fat and the control of sleep

question: Why do birds need to molt?

answer: feathers of a bird suffer from wear-and-tear

text: feathers of a bird suffer from wear-and-tear

question: When do birds molt?

answer: varies with some species

text: varies with some species


text: Sikhism is practiced primarily in Gurudwara at Kupundole. An earlier temple of Sikhism is also present in Kathmandu which is now defunct. Jainism is practiced by a small community. A Jain temple is present in Gyaneshwar, where Jains practice their faith. According to the records of the Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of Nepal, there are approximately 300 Baha'is in Kathmandu valley. They have a National Office located in Shantinagar, Baneshwor. The Baha'is also have classes for children at the National Centre and other localities in Kathmandu. Islam is practised in Kathmandu but Muslims are a minority, accounting for about 4.2% of the population of Nepal.[citation needed] It is said that in Kathmandu alone there are 170 Christian churches. Christian missionary hospitals, welfare organizations, and schools are also operating. Nepali citizens who served as soldiers in Indian and British armies, who had converted to Christianity while in service, on return to Nepal continue to practice their religion. They have contributed to the spread of Christianity and the building of churches in Nepal and in Kathmandu, in particular.

title: Kathmandu

title: Kathmandu

text: Sikhism

text: is

text: practiced

text: primarily

text: in

text: Gurudwara

text: at

text: Kupundole

text: An

text: earlier

text: temple

text: of

text: Sikhism

text: is

text: also

text: present

text: in

text: Kathmandu

text: which

text: is

text: now

text: defunct

text: Jainism

text: is

text: practiced

text: by

text: a

text: small

text: community

text: A

text: Jain

text: temple

text: is

text: present

text: in

text: Gyaneshwar

text: where

text: Jains

text: practice

text: their

text: faith

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: records

text: of

text: the

text: Spiritual

text: Assembly

text: of

text: the

text: Baha'is

text: of

text: Nepal

text: there

text: are

text: approximately

text: Baha'is

text: in

text: Kathmandu

text: valley

text: They

text: have

text: a

text: National

text: Office

text: located

text: in

text: Shantinagar

text: Baneshwor

text: The

text: Baha'is

text: also

text: have

text: classes

text: for

text: children

text: at

text: the

text: National

text: Centre

text: and

text: other

text: localities

text: in

text: Kathmandu

text: Islam

text: is

text: practised

text: in

text: Kathmandu

text: but

text: Muslims

text: are

text: a

text: minority

text: accounting

text: for

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: of

text: Nepal.[citation

text: needed

text: It

text: is

text: said

text: that

text: in

text: Kathmandu

text: alone

text: there

text: are

text: Christian

text: churches

text: Christian

text: missionary

text: hospitals

text: welfare

text: organizations

text: and

text: schools

text: are

text: also

text: operating

text: Nepali

text: citizens

text: who

text: served

text: as

text: soldiers

text: in

text: Indian

text: and

text: British

text: armies

text: who

text: had

text: converted

text: to

text: Christianity

text: while

text: in

text: service

text: on

text: return

text: to

text: Nepal

text: continue

text: to

text: practice

text: their

text: religion

text: They

text: have

text: contributed

text: to

text: the

text: spread

text: of

text: Christianity

text: and

text: the

text: building

text: of

text: churches

text: in

text: Nepal

text: and

text: in

text: Kathmandu

text: in

text: particular

question: Where can a temple of the Jain faith be found?

answer: Gyaneshwar

text: Gyaneshwar

question: Kathmandu valley is home to about how many Baha'i?

answer: 300

question: Where is the Baha'i national office located in Nepal?

answer: Shantinagar, Baneshwor

text: Shantinagar, Baneshwor

question: About what percentage of the Nepali population follows Islam?

answer: 4.2

question: About how many Christian houses of worship exist in Kathmandu?

answer: 170


text: However, it is important to understand that despite the presence of reception statutes, much of contemporary American common law has diverged significantly from English common law. The reason is that although the courts of the various Commonwealth nations are often influenced by each other's rulings, American courts rarely follow post-Revolution Commonwealth rulings unless there is no American ruling on point, the facts and law at issue are nearly identical, and the reasoning is strongly persuasive.

title: Law_of_the_United_States

title: Law_of_the_United_States

text: However

text: it

text: is

text: important

text: to

text: understand

text: that

text: despite

text: the

text: presence

text: of

text: reception

text: statutes

text: much

text: of

text: contemporary

text: American

text: common

text: law

text: has

text: diverged

text: significantly

text: from

text: English

text: common

text: law

text: The

text: reason

text: is

text: that

text: although

text: the

text: courts

text: of

text: the

text: various

text: Commonwealth

text: nations

text: are

text: often

text: influenced

text: by

text: each

text: other

text: 's

text: rulings

text: American

text: courts

text: rarely

text: follow

text: post

text: Revolution

text: Commonwealth

text: rulings

text: unless

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: American

text: ruling

text: on

text: point

text: the

text: facts

text: and

text: law

text: at

text: issue

text: are

text: nearly

text: identical

text: and

text: the

text: reasoning

text: is

text: strongly

text: persuasive

question: A lot of American common law diverged from where?

answer: English common law

text: English common law

question: When would American courts follow post-revolution commonwealth rulings?

answer: there is no American ruling on point

text: there is no American ruling on point

question: Courts in commonwealth nations are often influenced by what?

answer: by each other's rulings

text: by each other's rulings

question: Most modern American common law came from what kind of law?

answer: English common law

text: English common law

question: Couts of commonwealth nations are often influenced by who's rulings?

answer: each other's

text: each other's

question: What rulings do American courts rarely follow?

answer: post-Revolution Commonwealth rulings

text: post-Revolution Commonwealth rulings

question: What is one reason American courts may follow a post Revolutionary Commonwealth ruling under what circumstances?

answer: there is no American ruling on point

text: there is no American ruling on point

question: How close is current American law to English law?

answer: diverged significantly

text: diverged significantly

question: What differs about American and English law?

answer: American courts rarely follow post-Revolution Commonwealth rulings

text: American courts rarely follow post-Revolution Commonwealth rulings

question: When would American law be more likely to follow English law?

answer: no American ruling on point

text: no American ruling on point

question: How close do the issues have to be in order for an English law to be used?

answer: nearly identical

text: nearly identical


text: The original Cubist architecture is very rare. There is only one country in the world where Cubism was really applied to architecture – namely Bohemia (today Czech Republic) and especially its capital, Prague. Czech architects were the first and only ones in the world to ever design original Cubist buildings. Cubist architecture flourished for the most part between 1910–1914, but the Cubist or Cubism-influenced buildings were also built after the World War I. After the war, the architectural style called Rondo-Cubism was developed in Prague fusing the Cubist architecture with round shapes.

title: Cubism

title: Cubism

text: The

text: original

text: Cubist

text: architecture

text: is

text: very

text: rare

text: There

text: is

text: only

text: one

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: where

text: Cubism

text: was

text: really

text: applied

text: to

text: architecture

text: namely

text: Bohemia

text: today

text: Czech

text: Republic

text: and

text: especially

text: its

text: capital

text: Prague

text: Czech

text: architects

text: were

text: the

text: first

text: and

text: only

text: ones

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: to

text: ever

text: design

text: original

text: Cubist

text: buildings

text: Cubist

text: architecture

text: flourished

text: for

text: the

text: most

text: part

text: between

text: but

text: the

text: Cubist

text: or

text: Cubism

text: influenced

text: buildings

text: were

text: also

text: built

text: after

text: the

text: World

text: War

text: I.

text: After

text: the

text: war

text: the

text: architectural

text: style

text: called

text: Rondo

text: Cubism

text: was

text: developed

text: in

text: Prague

text: fusing

text: the

text: Cubist

text: architecture

text: with

text: round

text: shapes

question: Is original Cubist architecture rare?

answer: Cubist architecture is very rare

text: Cubist architecture is very rare

question: Which country applied Cubism to architecture the most?

answer: Bohemia (today Czech Republic

text: Bohemia (today Czech Republic

question: What was for the form of architectural Cubism in Prague called?

answer: Rondo-Cubism

text: Rondo-Cubism


text: In terms of total number of ships, the Greek Merchant Navy stands at 4th worldwide, with 3,150 ships (741 of which are registered in Greece whereas the rest 2,409 in other ports). In terms of ship categories, Greece ranks first in both tankers and dry bulk carriers, fourth in the number of containers, and fifth in other ships. However, today's fleet roster is smaller than an all-time high of 5,000 ships in the late 1970s. Additionally, the total number of ships flying a Greek flag (includes non-Greek fleets) is 1,517, or 5.3% of the world's dwt (ranked 5th).

title: Greece

title: Greece

text: In

text: terms

text: of

text: total

text: number

text: of

text: ships

text: the

text: Greek

text: Merchant

text: Navy

text: stands

text: at

text: worldwide

text: with

text: ships

text: of

text: which

text: are

text: registered

text: in

text: Greece

text: whereas

text: the

text: rest

text: in

text: other

text: ports

text: In

text: terms

text: of

text: ship

text: categories

text: Greece

text: ranks

text: first

text: in

text: both

text: tankers

text: and

text: dry

text: bulk

text: carriers

text: fourth

text: in

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: containers

text: and

text: fifth

text: in

text: other

text: ships

text: However

text: today

text: 's

text: fleet

text: roster

text: is

text: smaller

text: than

text: an

text: all

text: time

text: high

text: of

text: ships

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: Additionally

text: the

text: total

text: number

text: of

text: ships

text: flying

text: a

text: Greek

text: flag

text: includes

text: non

text: Greek

text: fleets

text: is

text: or

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: dwt

text: ranked

question: Where is the Greek Merchant Navy ranked?

answer: 4th worldwide

text: 4th worldwide

question: How many ships does the Greek Merchant Navy have?

answer: 3,150

question: Where does Greece rank in number of tankers?

answer: first

text: first


text: In 1964, the biologists Paul Ehrlich and Holm pointed out cases where two or more clines are distributed discordantly—for example, melanin is distributed in a decreasing pattern from the equator north and south; frequencies for the haplotype for beta-S hemoglobin, on the other hand, radiate out of specific geographical points in Africa. As the anthropologists Leonard Lieberman and Fatimah Linda Jackson observed, "Discordant patterns of heterogeneity falsify any description of a population as if it were genotypically or even phenotypically homogeneous".

title: Race_(human_categorization)

title: Race_(human_categorization

text: In

text: the

text: biologists

text: Paul

text: Ehrlich

text: and

text: Holm

text: pointed

text: out

text: cases

text: where

text: two

text: or

text: more

text: clines

text: are

text: distributed

text: discordantly

text: for

text: example

text: melanin

text: is

text: distributed

text: in

text: a

text: decreasing

text: pattern

text: from

text: the

text: equator

text: north

text: and

text: south

text: frequencies

text: for

text: the

text: haplotype

text: for

text: beta

text: S

text: hemoglobin

text: on

text: the

text: other

text: hand

text: radiate

text: out

text: of

text: specific

text: geographical

text: points

text: in

text: Africa

text: As

text: the

text: anthropologists

text: Leonard

text: Lieberman

text: and

text: Fatimah

text: Linda

text: Jackson

text: observed

text: Discordant

text: patterns

text: of

text: heterogeneity

text: falsify

text: any

text: description

text: of

text: a

text: population

text: as

text: if

text: it

text: were

text: genotypically

text: or

text: even

text: phenotypically

text: homogeneous

question: What did two biologists point out in 1964?

answer: cases where two or more clines are distributed discordantly

text: cases where two or more clines are distributed discordantly

question: What gene distribution decreases as you move away from the equator in either direction?

answer: melanin

text: melanin

question: What do the frequencies for the haplotype for beta-5 hemogoblin do from specific points in Africa?

answer: radiate

text: radiate

question: To what profession do both Leonard Lieberman and Fatimah Linda Jackson belong?

answer: anthropologists

text: anthropologists

question: What patterns of heterogeneity falsify any descriptions of population?

answer: Discordant

text: Discordant


text: In 2013, China led the world in renewable energy production, with a total capacity of 378 GW, mainly from hydroelectric and wind power. As of 2014, China leads the world in the production and use of wind power, solar photovoltaic power and smart grid technologies, generating almost as much water, wind and solar energy as all of France and Germany's power plants combined. China's renewable energy sector is growing faster than its fossil fuels and nuclear power capacity. Since 2005, production of solar cells in China has expanded 100-fold. As Chinese renewable manufacturing has grown, the costs of renewable energy technologies have dropped. Innovation has helped, but the main driver of reduced costs has been market expansion.

title: Renewable_energy_commercialization

title: Renewable_energy_commercialization

text: In

text: China

text: led

text: the

text: world

text: in

text: renewable

text: energy

text: production

text: with

text: a

text: total

text: capacity

text: of

text: GW

text: mainly

text: from

text: hydroelectric

text: and

text: wind

text: power

text: As

text: of

text: China

text: leads

text: the

text: world

text: in

text: the

text: production

text: and

text: use

text: of

text: wind

text: power

text: solar

text: photovoltaic

text: power

text: and

text: smart

text: grid

text: technologies

text: generating

text: almost

text: as

text: much

text: water

text: wind

text: and

text: solar

text: energy

text: as

text: all

text: of

text: France

text: and

text: Germany

text: 's

text: power

text: plants

text: combined

text: China

text: 's

text: renewable

text: energy

text: sector

text: is

text: growing

text: faster

text: than

text: its

text: fossil

text: fuels

text: and

text: nuclear

text: power

text: capacity

text: Since

text: production

text: of

text: solar

text: cells

text: in

text: China

text: has

text: expanded

text: As

text: Chinese

text: renewable

text: manufacturing

text: has

text: grown

text: the

text: costs

text: of

text: renewable

text: energy

text: technologies

text: have

text: dropped

text: Innovation

text: has

text: helped

text: but

text: the

text: main

text: driver

text: of

text: reduced

text: costs

text: has

text: been

text: market

text: expansion

question: Who led the world in renewable energy production in 2013?

answer: China

text: China

question: Since what year has production of solar cells in China expanded 100-fold?

answer: 2005

question: What is the main driver of reduced costs?

answer: market expansion

text: market expansion


text: Section 6 of the Endangered Species Act provided funding for development of programs for management of threatened and endangered species by state wildlife agencies. Subsequently, lists of endangered and threatened species within their boundaries have been prepared by each state. These state lists often include species which are considered endangered or threatened within a specific state but not within all states, and which therefore are not included on the national list of endangered and threatened species. Examples include Florida, Minnesota, Maine, and California.

title: Endangered_Species_Act

title: Endangered_Species_Act

text: Section

text: of

text: the

text: Endangered

text: Species

text: Act

text: provided

text: funding

text: for

text: development

text: of

text: programs

text: for

text: management

text: of

text: threatened

text: and

text: endangered

text: species

text: by

text: state

text: wildlife

text: agencies

text: Subsequently

text: lists

text: of

text: endangered

text: and

text: threatened

text: species

text: within

text: their

text: boundaries

text: have

text: been

text: prepared

text: by

text: each

text: state

text: These

text: state

text: lists

text: often

text: include

text: species

text: which

text: are

text: considered

text: endangered

text: or

text: threatened

text: within

text: a

text: specific

text: state

text: but

text: not

text: within

text: all

text: states

text: and

text: which

text: therefore

text: are

text: not

text: included

text: on

text: the

text: national

text: list

text: of

text: endangered

text: and

text: threatened

text: species

text: Examples

text: include

text: Florida

text: Minnesota

text: Maine

text: and

text: California

question: Section 6 of the Endangered Species Act provided funding for what purpose?

answer: development of programs for management of threatened and endangered species by state wildlife agencies

text: development of programs for management of threatened and endangered species by state wildlife agencies

question: What is one notable drawback with state wildlife agencies creating their own lists?

answer: These state lists often include species which are considered endangered or threatened within a specific state but not within all states

text: These state lists often include species which are considered endangered or threatened within a specific state but not within all states

question: What states are listing species that are endangered in their own state, but that are not endangered in all other states?

answer: Florida, Minnesota, Maine, and California

text: Florida, Minnesota, Maine, and California


text: In Commonwealth realms other than the UK, royal assent is granted or withheld either by the realm's sovereign or, more frequently, by the representative of the sovereign, the governor-general. In federated realms, assent in each state, province, or territory is granted or withheld by the representatives of the sovereign. In Australia, this is the governors of the states, administrators of the territories, or the governor-general in the Australian Capital Territory. For Canada, this is the lieutenant governors of the provinces. A lieutenant governor may defer assent to the governor general, and the governor general may defer assent to federal bills to the sovereign.

title: Royal_assent

title: Royal_assent

text: In

text: Commonwealth

text: realms

text: other

text: than

text: the

text: UK

text: royal

text: assent

text: is

text: granted

text: or

text: withheld

text: either

text: by

text: the

text: realm

text: 's

text: sovereign

text: or

text: more

text: frequently

text: by

text: the

text: representative

text: of

text: the

text: sovereign

text: the

text: governor

text: general

text: In

text: federated

text: realms

text: assent

text: in

text: each

text: state

text: province

text: or

text: territory

text: is

text: granted

text: or

text: withheld

text: by

text: the

text: representatives

text: of

text: the

text: sovereign

text: In

text: Australia

text: this

text: is

text: the

text: governors

text: of

text: the

text: states

text: administrators

text: of

text: the

text: territories

text: or

text: the

text: governor

text: general

text: in

text: the

text: Australian

text: Capital

text: Territory

text: For

text: Canada

text: this

text: is

text: the

text: lieutenant

text: governors

text: of

text: the

text: provinces

text: A

text: lieutenant

text: governor

text: may

text: defer

text: assent

text: to

text: the

text: governor

text: general

text: and

text: the

text: governor

text: general

text: may

text: defer

text: assent

text: to

text: federal

text: bills

text: to

text: the

text: sovereign

question: In Commonwealth realms, who is the representative of the sovereign?

answer: the governor-general

text: the governor-general

question: Who grants royal assent in Canada?

answer: lieutenant governors of the provinces

text: lieutenant governors of the provinces

question: In Canada, who is authorized to defer assent and to whom?

answer: A lieutenant governor may defer assent to the governor general, and the governor general may defer assent to federal bills to the sovereign.

text: A lieutenant governor may defer assent to the governor general, and the governor general may defer assent to federal bills to the sovereign.

question: Who grants the royal assent in Commonwealth nations other than the UK?

answer: by the realm's sovereign or, more frequently, by the representative of the sovereign

text: by the realm's sovereign or, more frequently, by the representative of the sovereign


text: Season six began on Tuesday, January 16, 2007. The premiere drew a massive audience of 37.3 million viewers, peaking in the last half hour with more than 41 million viewers.

title: American_Idol

title: American_Idol

text: Season

text: six

text: began

text: on

text: Tuesday

text: January

text: The

text: premiere

text: drew

text: a

text: massive

text: audience

text: of

text: million

text: viewers

text: peaking

text: in

text: the

text: last

text: half

text: hour

text: with

text: more

text: than

text: million

text: viewers

question: What year did the sixth season of American Idol first air?

answer: 2007

question: How many people watched the season premiere of American Idol in 2007?

answer: 37.3 million

text: 37.3 million

question: When did season six premiere?

answer: January 16, 2007

text: January 16, 2007

question: How many overall viewers did the first show of the season generate?

answer: 37.3 million

text: 37.3 million


text: China also began suffering from mounting overpopulation during this period. Population growth was stagnant for the first half of the 17th century due to civil wars and epidemics, but prosperity and internal stability gradually reversed this trend. The introduction of new crops from the Americas such as the potato and peanut allowed an improved food supply as well, so that the total population of China during the 18th century ballooned from 100 million to 300 million people. Soon all available farmland was used up, forcing peasants to work ever-smaller and more intensely worked plots. The Qianlong Emperor once bemoaned the country's situation by remarking "The population continues to grow, but the land does not." The only remaining part of the empire that had arable farmland was Manchuria, where the provinces of Jilin and Heilongjiang had been walled off as a Manchu homeland. The emperor decreed for the first time that Han Chinese civilians were forbidden to settle. Mongols were forbidden by the Qing from crossing the borders of their banners, even into other Mongol Banners and from crossing into neidi (the Han Chinese 18 provinces) and were given serious punishments if they did in order to keep the Mongols divided against each other to benefit the Qing.

title: Qing_dynasty

title: Qing_dynasty

text: China

text: also

text: began

text: suffering

text: from

text: mounting

text: overpopulation

text: during

text: this

text: period

text: Population

text: growth

text: was

text: stagnant

text: for

text: the

text: first

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: due

text: to

text: civil

text: wars

text: and

text: epidemics

text: but

text: prosperity

text: and

text: internal

text: stability

text: gradually

text: reversed

text: this

text: trend

text: The

text: introduction

text: of

text: new

text: crops

text: from

text: the

text: Americas

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: potato

text: and

text: peanut

text: allowed

text: an

text: improved

text: food

text: supply

text: as

text: well

text: so

text: that

text: the

text: total

text: population

text: of

text: China

text: during

text: the

text: century

text: ballooned

text: from

text: million

text: to

text: million

text: people

text: Soon

text: all

text: available

text: farmland

text: was

text: used

text: up

text: forcing

text: peasants

text: to

text: work

text: ever

text: smaller

text: and

text: more

text: intensely

text: worked

text: plots

text: The

text: Qianlong

text: Emperor

text: once

text: bemoaned

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: situation

text: by

text: remarking

text: The

text: population

text: continues

text: to

text: grow

text: but

text: the

text: land

text: does

text: not

text: The

text: only

text: remaining

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: empire

text: that

text: had

text: arable

text: farmland

text: was

text: Manchuria

text: where

text: the

text: provinces

text: of

text: Jilin

text: and

text: Heilongjiang

text: had

text: been

text: walled

text: off

text: as

text: a

text: Manchu

text: homeland

text: The

text: emperor

text: decreed

text: for

text: the

text: first

text: time

text: that

text: Han

text: Chinese

text: civilians

text: were

text: forbidden

text: to

text: settle

text: Mongols

text: were

text: forbidden

text: by

text: the

text: Qing

text: from

text: crossing

text: the

text: borders

text: of

text: their

text: banners

text: even

text: into

text: other

text: Mongol

text: Banners

text: and

text: from

text: crossing

text: into

text: neidi

text: the

text: Han

text: Chinese

text: provinces

text: and

text: were

text: given

text: serious

text: punishments

text: if

text: they

text: did

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: keep

text: the

text: Mongols

text: divided

text: against

text: each

text: other

text: to

text: benefit

text: the

text: Qing

question: What crops helped the Chinese?

answer: potato and peanut

text: potato and peanut

question: What led to overpopulation in China?

answer: prosperity and internal stability

text: prosperity and internal stability

question: How many people lived in China at the start of the 18th century?

answer: 100 million

text: 100 million

question: How many people lived in China at the end of the 20th century?

answer: 300 million

text: 300 million

question: What was the last part of China with farmland left?

answer: Manchuria

text: Manchuria


text: The low mechanical complexity of hydraulic elevators in comparison to traction elevators makes them ideal for low rise, low traffic installations. They are less energy efficient as the pump works against gravity to push the car and its passengers upwards; this energy is lost when the car descends on its own weight. The high current draw of the pump when starting up also places higher demands on a building’s electrical system. There are also environmental concerns should the lifting cylinder leak fluid into the ground.

title: Elevator

title: Elevator

text: The

text: low

text: mechanical

text: complexity

text: of

text: hydraulic

text: elevators

text: in

text: comparison

text: to

text: traction

text: elevators

text: makes

text: them

text: ideal

text: for

text: low

text: rise

text: low

text: traffic

text: installations

text: They

text: are

text: less

text: energy

text: efficient

text: as

text: the

text: pump

text: works

text: against

text: gravity

text: to

text: push

text: the

text: car

text: and

text: its

text: passengers

text: upwards

text: this

text: energy

text: is

text: lost

text: when

text: the

text: car

text: descends

text: on

text: its

text: own

text: weight

text: The

text: high

text: current

text: draw

text: of

text: the

text: pump

text: when

text: starting

text: up

text: also

text: places

text: higher

text: demands

text: on

text: a

text: building

text: ’s

text: electrical

text: system

text: There

text: are

text: also

text: environmental

text: concerns

text: should

text: the

text: lifting

text: cylinder

text: leak

text: fluid

text: into

text: the

text: ground

question: What type of installations are hydraulic elevators best suited for?

answer: low rise, low traffic installations

text: low rise, low traffic installations

question: Why do hydraulic elevators use more energy?

answer: the pump works against gravity to push the car and its passengers upwards; this energy is lost when the car descends on its own weight

text: the pump works against gravity to push the car and its passengers upwards; this energy is lost when the car descends on its own weight

question: What else contributes to a higher demand from the electrical system?

answer: The high current draw of the pump when starting up

text: The high current draw of the pump when starting up

question: What concerns arise when the lifting cylinder leaks fluid into the ground?

answer: environmental concerns

text: environmental concerns


text: It was principally the widespread introduction of a single feature, the pointed arch, which was to bring about the change that separates Gothic from Romanesque. The technological change permitted a stylistic change which broke the tradition of massive masonry and solid walls penetrated by small openings, replacing it with a style where light appears to triumph over substance. With its use came the development of many other architectural devices, previously put to the test in scattered buildings and then called into service to meet the structural, aesthetic and ideological needs of the new style. These include the flying buttresses, pinnacles and traceried windows which typify Gothic ecclesiastical architecture. But while pointed arch is so strongly associated with the Gothic style, it was first used in Western architecture in buildings that were in other ways clearly Romanesque, notably Durham Cathedral in the north of England, Monreale Cathedral and Cathedral of Cefalù in Sicily, Autun Cathedral in France.

title: Gothic_architecture

title: Gothic_architecture

text: It

text: was

text: principally

text: the

text: widespread

text: introduction

text: of

text: a

text: single

text: feature

text: the

text: pointed

text: arch

text: which

text: was

text: to

text: bring

text: about

text: the

text: change

text: that

text: separates

text: Gothic

text: from

text: Romanesque

text: The

text: technological

text: change

text: permitted

text: a

text: stylistic

text: change

text: which

text: broke

text: the

text: tradition

text: of

text: massive

text: masonry

text: and

text: solid

text: walls

text: penetrated

text: by

text: small

text: openings

text: replacing

text: it

text: with

text: a

text: style

text: where

text: light

text: appears

text: to

text: triumph

text: over

text: substance

text: With

text: its

text: use

text: came

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: many

text: other

text: architectural

text: devices

text: previously

text: put

text: to

text: the

text: test

text: in

text: scattered

text: buildings

text: and

text: then

text: called

text: into

text: service

text: to

text: meet

text: the

text: structural

text: aesthetic

text: and

text: ideological

text: needs

text: of

text: the

text: new

text: style

text: These

text: include

text: the

text: flying

text: buttresses

text: pinnacles

text: and

text: traceried

text: windows

text: which

text: typify

text: Gothic

text: ecclesiastical

text: architecture

text: But

text: while

text: pointed

text: arch

text: is

text: so

text: strongly

text: associated

text: with

text: the

text: Gothic

text: style

text: it

text: was

text: first

text: used

text: in

text: Western

text: architecture

text: in

text: buildings

text: that

text: were

text: in

text: other

text: ways

text: clearly

text: Romanesque

text: notably

text: Durham

text: Cathedral

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: of

text: England

text: Monreale

text: Cathedral

text: and

text: Cathedral

text: of

text: Cefalù

text: in

text: Sicily

text: Autun

text: Cathedral

text: in

text: France

question: What was the most important single design aspect that separated the Gothic style from the Romanesque?

answer: the pointed arch

text: the pointed arch

question: What is one example of a Gothic style element that was able to be incorporated because of technological innovation?

answer: the flying buttresses

text: the flying buttresses

question: What is another example of a Gothic style element that was able to be incorporated because of technological innovation?

answer: traceried windows

text: traceried windows

question: What is the name of the cathedral in Northern England that first displayed the use of the pointed arch?

answer: Durham Cathedral

text: Durham Cathedral

question: What is the name of the cathedral in Sicily that first displayed the use of the pointed arch?

answer: Cathedral of Cefalù

text: Cathedral of Cefalù


text: In 1999, ILO helped lead the Worst Forms Convention 182 (C182), which has so far been signed upon and domestically ratified by 151 countries including the United States. This international law prohibits worst forms of child labour, defined as all forms of slavery and slavery-like practices, such as child trafficking, debt bondage, and forced labour, including forced recruitment of children into armed conflict. The law also prohibits the use of a child for prostitution or the production of pornography, child labour in illicit activities such as drug production and trafficking; and in hazardous work. Both the Worst Forms Convention (C182) and the Minimum Age Convention (C138) are examples of international labour standards implemented through the ILO that deal with child labour.

title: Child_labour

title: Child_labour

text: In

text: ILO

text: helped

text: lead

text: the

text: Worst

text: Forms

text: Convention

text: which

text: has

text: so

text: far

text: been

text: signed

text: upon

text: and

text: domestically

text: ratified

text: by

text: countries

text: including

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: This

text: international

text: law

text: prohibits

text: worst

text: forms

text: of

text: child

text: labour

text: defined

text: as

text: all

text: forms

text: of

text: slavery

text: and

text: slavery

text: like

text: practices

text: such

text: as

text: child

text: trafficking

text: debt

text: bondage

text: and

text: forced

text: labour

text: including

text: forced

text: recruitment

text: of

text: children

text: into

text: armed

text: conflict

text: The

text: law

text: also

text: prohibits

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: a

text: child

text: for

text: prostitution

text: or

text: the

text: production

text: of

text: pornography

text: child

text: labour

text: in

text: illicit

text: activities

text: such

text: as

text: drug

text: production

text: and

text: trafficking

text: and

text: in

text: hazardous

text: work

text: Both

text: the

text: Worst

text: Forms

text: Convention

text: and

text: the

text: Minimum

text: Age

text: Convention

text: are

text: examples

text: of

text: international

text: labour

text: standards

text: implemented

text: through

text: the

text: ILO

text: that

text: deal

text: with

text: child

text: labour

question: How many countries have signed the Worst Forms Convention 183 (C182)?

answer: 151

question: What types of child labour does this prohibit?

answer: all forms of slavery

text: all forms of slavery

question: What other international laws deal with child labour?

answer: Minimum Age Convention (C138)

text: Minimum Age Convention (C138)


text: Translations of sung texts—whether of the above type meant to be sung or of a more or less literal type meant to be read—are also used as aids to audiences, singers and conductors, when a work is being sung in a language not known to them. The most familiar types are translations presented as subtitles or surtitles projected during opera performances, those inserted into concert programs, and those that accompany commercial audio CDs of vocal music. In addition, professional and amateur singers often sing works in languages they do not know (or do not know well), and translations are then used to enable them to understand the meaning of the words they are singing.

title: Translation

title: Translation

text: Translations

text: of

text: sung

text: texts

text: whether

text: of

text: the

text: above

text: type

text: meant

text: to

text: be

text: sung

text: or

text: of

text: a

text: more

text: or

text: less

text: literal

text: type

text: meant

text: to

text: be

text: read

text: are

text: also

text: used

text: as

text: aids

text: to

text: audiences

text: singers

text: and

text: conductors

text: when

text: a

text: work

text: is

text: being

text: sung

text: in

text: a

text: language

text: not

text: known

text: to

text: them

text: The

text: most

text: familiar

text: types

text: are

text: translations

text: presented

text: as

text: subtitles

text: or

text: surtitles

text: projected

text: during

text: opera

text: performances

text: those

text: inserted

text: into

text: concert

text: programs

text: and

text: those

text: that

text: accompany

text: commercial

text: audio

text: CDs

text: of

text: vocal

text: music

text: In

text: addition

text: professional

text: and

text: amateur

text: singers

text: often

text: sing

text: works

text: in

text: languages

text: they

text: do

text: not

text: know

text: or

text: do

text: not

text: know

text: well

text: and

text: translations

text: are

text: then

text: used

text: to

text: enable

text: them

text: to

text: understand

text: the

text: meaning

text: of

text: the

text: words

text: they

text: are

text: singing

question: Who can translations of a sung text aid?

answer: audiences, singers and conductors

text: audiences, singers and conductors

question: What type of familiar translation may be seen during an opera?

answer: subtitles or surtitles

text: subtitles or surtitles

question: What do professional and amateur singers often sing?

answer: works in languages they do not know

text: works in languages they do not know

question: Translations help singers unfamiliar with a language do what?

answer: understand the meaning of the words they are singing.

text: understand the meaning of the words they are singing.


text: The events of the summer of 1974 dominate the politics on the island, as well as Greco-Turkish relations. Around 150,000 settlers from Turkey are believed to be living in the north—many of whom were forced from Turkey by the Turkish government—in violation of the Geneva Convention and various UN resolutions. Following the invasion and the capture of its northern territory by Turkish troops, the Republic of Cyprus announced that all of its ports of entry in the north were closed, as they were effectively not under its control.[citation needed]

title: Cyprus

title: Cyprus

text: The

text: events

text: of

text: the

text: summer

text: of

text: dominate

text: the

text: politics

text: on

text: the

text: island

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: Greco

text: Turkish

text: relations

text: Around

text: settlers

text: from

text: Turkey

text: are

text: believed

text: to

text: be

text: living

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: many

text: of

text: whom

text: were

text: forced

text: from

text: Turkey

text: by

text: the

text: Turkish

text: government

text: in

text: violation

text: of

text: the

text: Geneva

text: Convention

text: and

text: various

text: UN

text: resolutions

text: Following

text: the

text: invasion

text: and

text: the

text: capture

text: of

text: its

text: northern

text: territory

text: by

text: Turkish

text: troops

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Cyprus

text: announced

text: that

text: all

text: of

text: its

text: ports

text: of

text: entry

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: were

text: closed

text: as

text: they

text: were

text: effectively

text: not

text: under

text: its

text: control.[citation

text: needed

question: How many settlers from Turkey were living in the north?

answer: 150,000

question: What terms did the Turkish government violate by sending people?

answer: Geneva Convention and various UN resolutions

text: Geneva Convention and various UN resolutions

question: What happened to ports on Cyprus after capture of its northern territory by Turkish troops?

answer: all of its ports of entry in the north were closed

text: all of its ports of entry in the north were closed


text: On 4 December 2007 an outbreak of an acute virus-induced flu was reported. This outbreak was compounded by Tristan's lack of suitable and sufficient medical supplies.

title: Tristan_da_Cunha

title: Tristan_da_Cunha

text: On

text: December

text: an

text: outbreak

text: of

text: an

text: acute

text: virus

text: induced

text: flu

text: was

text: reported

text: This

text: outbreak

text: was

text: compounded

text: by

text: Tristan

text: 's

text: lack

text: of

text: suitable

text: and

text: sufficient

text: medical

text: supplies

question: what year was a virus induced flu reported?

answer: 2007


text: Britain's fears of war with Germany were realised in 1914 with the outbreak of the First World War. Britain quickly invaded and occupied most of Germany's overseas colonies in Africa. In the Pacific, Australia and New Zealand occupied German New Guinea and Samoa respectively. Plans for a post-war division of the Ottoman Empire, which had joined the war on Germany's side, were secretly drawn up by Britain and France under the 1916 Sykes–Picot Agreement. This agreement was not divulged to the Sharif of Mecca, who the British had been encouraging to launch an Arab revolt against their Ottoman rulers, giving the impression that Britain was supporting the creation of an independent Arab state.

title: British_Empire

title: British_Empire

text: Britain

text: 's

text: fears

text: of

text: war

text: with

text: Germany

text: were

text: realised

text: in

text: with

text: the

text: outbreak

text: of

text: the

text: First

text: World

text: War

text: Britain

text: quickly

text: invaded

text: and

text: occupied

text: most

text: of

text: Germany

text: 's

text: overseas

text: colonies

text: in

text: Africa

text: In

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Australia

text: and

text: New

text: Zealand

text: occupied

text: German

text: New

text: Guinea

text: and

text: Samoa

text: respectively

text: Plans

text: for

text: a

text: post

text: war

text: division

text: of

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: which

text: had

text: joined

text: the

text: war

text: on

text: Germany

text: 's

text: side

text: were

text: secretly

text: drawn

text: up

text: by

text: Britain

text: and

text: France

text: under

text: the

text: Sykes

text: Picot

text: Agreement

text: This

text: agreement

text: was

text: not

text: divulged

text: to

text: the

text: Sharif

text: of

text: Mecca

text: who

text: the

text: British

text: had

text: been

text: encouraging

text: to

text: launch

text: an

text: Arab

text: revolt

text: against

text: their

text: Ottoman

text: rulers

text: giving

text: the

text: impression

text: that

text: Britain

text: was

text: supporting

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: an

text: independent

text: Arab

text: state

question: When did the First World War begin?

answer: 1914

question: When WW1 began, Britain took the opportunity to take over most of which country's colonies?

answer: Germany

text: Germany

question: Who took over German New Guinea?

answer: Australia

text: Australia

question: Who took over Samoa?

answer: Sykes–Picot Agreement

text: Sykes–Picot Agreement

question: The Sykes–Picot Agreement was signed in what year?

answer: 1916


text: It is on Absecon Island, on the Atlantic coast. Atlantic City was incorporated on May 1, 1854, from portions of Egg Harbor Township and Galloway Township. The city borders Absecon, Brigantine, Pleasantville, Ventnor City and West Atlantic City.

title: Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey

title: Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey

text: It

text: is

text: on

text: Absecon

text: Island

text: on

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: coast

text: Atlantic

text: City

text: was

text: incorporated

text: on

text: May

text: from

text: portions

text: of

text: Egg

text: Harbor

text: Township

text: and

text: Galloway

text: Township

text: The

text: city

text: borders

text: Absecon

text: Brigantine

text: Pleasantville

text: Ventnor

text: City

text: and

text: West

text: Atlantic

text: City

question: What is the name of the island on which Atlantic City is located?

answer: Absecon Island

text: Absecon Island

question: In what year was Atlantic City incorporated?

answer: 1854

question: What are the names of the two townships that became part of Atlantic City when it was incorporated?

answer: Egg Harbor Township and Galloway Township

text: Egg Harbor Township and Galloway Township

question: How many other towns share a border with Atlantic City?

answer: Absecon, Brigantine, Pleasantville, Ventnor City and West Atlantic City

text: Absecon, Brigantine, Pleasantville, Ventnor City and West Atlantic City

question: Which coast is Atlantic City located on?

answer: Atlantic

text: Atlantic


text: Swiss private-public managed road network is funded by road tolls and vehicle taxes. The Swiss autobahn/autoroute system requires the purchase of a vignette (toll sticker)—which costs 40 Swiss francs—for one calendar year in order to use its roadways, for both passenger cars and trucks. The Swiss autobahn/autoroute network has a total length of 1,638 km (1,018 mi) (as of 2000) and has, by an area of 41,290 km2 (15,940 sq mi), also one of the highest motorway densities in the world. Zürich Airport is Switzerland's largest international flight gateway, which handled 22.8 million passengers in 2012. The other international airports are Geneva Airport (13.9 million passengers in 2012), EuroAirport Basel-Mulhouse-Freiburg which is located in France, Bern Airport, Lugano Airport, St. Gallen-Altenrhein Airport and Sion Airport. Swiss International Air Lines is the flag carrier of Switzerland. Its main hub is Zürich.

title: Switzerland

title: Switzerland

text: Swiss

text: private

text: public

text: managed

text: road

text: network

text: is

text: funded

text: by

text: road

text: tolls

text: and

text: vehicle

text: taxes

text: The

text: Swiss

text: autobahn

text: autoroute

text: system

text: requires

text: the

text: purchase

text: of

text: a

text: vignette

text: toll

text: sticker)—which

text: costs

text: Swiss

text: francs

text: for

text: one

text: calendar

text: year

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: use

text: its

text: roadways

text: for

text: both

text: passenger

text: cars

text: and

text: trucks

text: The

text: Swiss

text: autobahn

text: autoroute

text: network

text: has

text: a

text: total

text: length

text: of

text: km

text: mi

text: as

text: of

text: and

text: has

text: by

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: sq

text: mi

text: also

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: highest

text: motorway

text: densities

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: Zürich

text: Airport

text: is

text: Switzerland

text: 's

text: largest

text: international

text: flight

text: gateway

text: which

text: handled

text: million

text: passengers

text: in

text: The

text: other

text: international

text: airports

text: are

text: Geneva

text: Airport

text: million

text: passengers

text: in

text: EuroAirport

text: Basel

text: Mulhouse

text: Freiburg

text: which

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: France

text: Bern

text: Airport

text: Lugano

text: Airport

text: St.

text: Gallen

text: Altenrhein

text: Airport

text: and

text: Sion

text: Airport

text: Swiss

text: International

text: Air

text: Lines

text: is

text: the

text: flag

text: carrier

text: of

text: Switzerland

text: Its

text: main

text: hub

text: is

text: Zürich

question: What is the Swiss private-public managed road network funded by?

answer: road tolls and vehicle taxes

text: road tolls and vehicle taxes

question: How much does the Swiss autoroute network charge for a toll sticker to use Swiss roadways for a year?

answer: 40 Swiss francs

text: 40 Swiss francs

question: Which airport is Switzerland's largest international flight gateway?

answer: Zürich

text: Zürich

question: What is the name of the flag airline carrier in Switzerland?

answer: Swiss International Air Lines

text: Swiss International Air Lines

question: How many passengers used the Zurich airport in 2012?

answer: 22.8 million

text: 22.8 million


text: Conversely, YouTube has also allowed government to more easily engage with citizens, the White House's official YouTube channel being the seventh top news organization producer on YouTube in 2012 and in 2013 a healthcare exchange commissioned Obama impersonator Iman Crosson's YouTube music video spoof to encourage young Americans to enroll in the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare)-compliant health insurance. In February 2014, U.S. President Obama held a meeting at the White House with leading YouTube content creators to not only promote awareness of Obamacare but more generally to develop ways for government to better connect with the "YouTube Generation". Whereas YouTube's inherent ability to allow presidents to directly connect with average citizens was noted, the YouTube content creators' new media savvy was perceived necessary to better cope with the website's distracting content and fickle audience.

title: YouTube

title: YouTube

text: Conversely

text: YouTube

text: has

text: also

text: allowed

text: government

text: to

text: more

text: easily

text: engage

text: with

text: citizens

text: the

text: White

text: House

text: 's

text: official

text: YouTube

text: channel

text: being

text: the

text: seventh

text: top

text: news

text: organization

text: producer

text: on

text: YouTube

text: in

text: and

text: in

text: a

text: healthcare

text: exchange

text: commissioned

text: Obama

text: impersonator

text: Iman

text: Crosson

text: 's

text: YouTube

text: music

text: video

text: spoof

text: to

text: encourage

text: young

text: Americans

text: to

text: enroll

text: in

text: the

text: Affordable

text: Care

text: Act

text: Obamacare)-compliant

text: health

text: insurance

text: In

text: February

text: U.S.

text: President

text: Obama

text: held

text: a

text: meeting

text: at

text: the

text: White

text: House

text: with

text: leading

text: YouTube

text: content

text: creators

text: to

text: not

text: only

text: promote

text: awareness

text: of

text: Obamacare

text: but

text: more

text: generally

text: to

text: develop

text: ways

text: for

text: government

text: to

text: better

text: connect

text: with

text: the

text: YouTube

text: Generation

text: Whereas

text: YouTube

text: 's

text: inherent

text: ability

text: to

text: allow

text: presidents

text: to

text: directly

text: connect

text: with

text: average

text: citizens

text: was

text: noted

text: the

text: YouTube

text: content

text: creators

text: new

text: media

text: savvy

text: was

text: perceived

text: necessary

text: to

text: better

text: cope

text: with

text: the

text: website

text: 's

text: distracting

text: content

text: and

text: fickle

text: audience

question: How has youtube helped the government?

answer: to more easily engage with citizens

text: to more easily engage with citizens

question: the white house's youtube channel was the what number ranked news channel on youtube in 2012?

answer: seventh

text: seventh

question: What was deemed necessary by the white house when creating youtube content?

answer: creators' new media savvy

text: creators' new media savvy

question: In 2013 who did the healthcare exchange commission to impersonate Obama and post it to youtube?

answer: Iman Crosson

text: Iman Crosson

question: What was the purpose of Iman Crosson's video?

answer: encourage young Americans to enroll

text: encourage young Americans to enroll


text: Several Americans, especially Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson, played a major role in bringing Enlightenment ideas to the New World and in influencing British and French thinkers. Franklin was influential for his political activism and for his advances in physics. The cultural exchange during the Age of Enlightenment ran in both directions across the Atlantic. Thinkers such as Paine, Locke, and Rousseau all take Native American cultural practices as examples of natural freedom. The Americans closely followed English and Scottish political ideas, as well as some French thinkers such as Montesquieu. As deists, they were influenced by ideas of John Toland (1670–1722) and Matthew Tindal (1656–1733). During the Enlightenment there was a great emphasis upon liberty, democracy, republicanism and religious tolerance. Attempts to reconcile science and religion resulted in a widespread rejection of prophecy, miracle and revealed religion in preference for Deism – especially by Thomas Paine in The Age of Reason and by Thomas Jefferson in his short Jefferson Bible – from which all supernatural aspects were removed.

title: Age_of_Enlightenment

title: Age_of_Enlightenment

text: Several

text: Americans

text: especially

text: Benjamin

text: Franklin

text: and

text: Thomas

text: Jefferson

text: played

text: a

text: major

text: role

text: in

text: bringing

text: Enlightenment

text: ideas

text: to

text: the

text: New

text: World

text: and

text: in

text: influencing

text: British

text: and

text: French

text: thinkers

text: Franklin

text: was

text: influential

text: for

text: his

text: political

text: activism

text: and

text: for

text: his

text: advances

text: in

text: physics

text: The

text: cultural

text: exchange

text: during

text: the

text: Age

text: of

text: Enlightenment

text: ran

text: in

text: both

text: directions

text: across

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Thinkers

text: such

text: as

text: Paine

text: Locke

text: and

text: Rousseau

text: all

text: take

text: Native

text: American

text: cultural

text: practices

text: as

text: examples

text: of

text: natural

text: freedom

text: The

text: Americans

text: closely

text: followed

text: English

text: and

text: Scottish

text: political

text: ideas

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: some

text: French

text: thinkers

text: such

text: as

text: Montesquieu

text: As

text: deists

text: they

text: were

text: influenced

text: by

text: ideas

text: of

text: John

text: Toland

text: and

text: Matthew

text: Tindal

text: During

text: the

text: Enlightenment

text: there

text: was

text: a

text: great

text: emphasis

text: upon

text: liberty

text: democracy

text: republicanism

text: and

text: religious

text: tolerance

text: Attempts

text: to

text: reconcile

text: science

text: and

text: religion

text: resulted

text: in

text: a

text: widespread

text: rejection

text: of

text: prophecy

text: miracle

text: and

text: revealed

text: religion

text: in

text: preference

text: for

text: Deism

text: especially

text: by

text: Thomas

text: Paine

text: in

text: The

text: Age

text: of

text: Reason

text: and

text: by

text: Thomas

text: Jefferson

text: in

text: his

text: short

text: Jefferson

text: Bible

text: from

text: which

text: all

text: supernatural

text: aspects

text: were

text: removed

question: Which American Enlightenment sympathiser was known for his political activism and advances in physics?

answer: Benjamin Franklin

text: Benjamin Franklin

question: Did the cultural exchange during the Age of Enlightenment travel exclusively to America or did information travel in both directions, back across the Atlantic to Europe?

answer: both directions

text: both directions

question: As diests, Americans were influenced by the ideas of which two Enlightenment followers?

answer: John Toland (1670–1722) and Matthew Tindal (1656–1733)

text: John Toland (1670–1722) and Matthew Tindal (1656–1733)

question: All supernatural aspects were removed from which Thomas Paine work?

answer: The Age of Reason

text: The Age of Reason

question: Attempts to reconcile which two fields resulted in a widespread rejection of prophecy?

answer: science and religion

text: science and religion