text: To symbolize their bond with the papacy, the pope gives each newly appointed cardinal a gold ring, which is traditionally kissed by Catholics when greeting a cardinal (as with a bishop's episcopal ring). The pope chooses the image on the outside: under Pope Benedict XVI it was a modern depiction of the crucifixion of Jesus, with Mary and John to each side. The ring includes the pope's coat of arms on the inside.[citation needed]

title: Cardinal_(Catholicism)

title: Cardinal_(Catholicism

text: To

text: symbolize

text: their

text: bond

text: with

text: the

text: papacy

text: the

text: pope

text: gives

text: each

text: newly

text: appointed

text: cardinal

text: a

text: gold

text: ring

text: which

text: is

text: traditionally

text: kissed

text: by

text: Catholics

text: when

text: greeting

text: a

text: cardinal

text: as

text: with

text: a

text: bishop

text: 's

text: episcopal

text: ring

text: The

text: pope

text: chooses

text: the

text: image

text: on

text: the

text: outside

text: under

text: Pope

text: Benedict

text: XVI

text: it

text: was

text: a

text: modern

text: depiction

text: of

text: the

text: crucifixion

text: of

text: Jesus

text: with

text: Mary

text: and

text: John

text: to

text: each

text: side

text: The

text: ring

text: includes

text: the

text: pope

text: 's

text: coat

text: of

text: arms

text: on

text: the

text: inside.[citation

text: needed

question: What does the pope give to a new Cardinal?

answer: a gold ring

text: a gold ring

question: Who decides on the design of the item given to new Cardinals?

answer: the pope

text: the pope


text: The first fully attested complete translations of the Quran were done between the 10th and 12th centuries in Persian. The Samanid king, Mansur I (961-976), ordered a group of scholars from Khorasan to translate the Tafsir al-Tabari, originally in Arabic, into Persian. Later in the 11th century, one of the students of Abu Mansur Abdullah al-Ansari wrote a complete tafsir of the Quran in Persian. In the 12th century, Najm al-Din Abu Hafs al-Nasafi translated the Quran into Persian. The manuscripts of all three books have survived and have been published several times.[citation needed]

title: Quran

title: Quran

text: The

text: first

text: fully

text: attested

text: complete

text: translations

text: of

text: the

text: Quran

text: were

text: done

text: between

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

text: in

text: Persian

text: The

text: Samanid

text: king

text: Mansur

text: I

text: ordered

text: a

text: group

text: of

text: scholars

text: from

text: Khorasan

text: to

text: translate

text: the

text: Tafsir

text: al

text: Tabari

text: originally

text: in

text: Arabic

text: into

text: Persian

text: Later

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: students

text: of

text: Abu

text: Mansur

text: Abdullah

text: al

text: Ansari

text: wrote

text: a

text: complete

text: tafsir

text: of

text: the

text: Quran

text: in

text: Persian

text: In

text: the

text: century

text: Najm

text: al

text: Din

text: Abu

text: Hafs

text: al

text: Nasafi

text: translated

text: the

text: Quran

text: into

text: Persian

text: The

text: manuscripts

text: of

text: all

text: three

text: books

text: have

text: survived

text: and

text: have

text: been

text: published

text: several

text: times.[citation

text: needed

question: In which language was the Quran first translated?

answer: Persian

text: Persian

question: Which work did scribes from Khorasan translate in the 10th century?

answer: Tafsir al-Tabari

text: Tafsir al-Tabari

question: Whose student wrote a Persian tafsir of the Quran in the 11th century?

answer: Abu Mansur Abdullah al-Ansari

text: Abu Mansur Abdullah al-Ansari

question: Who wrote a Persian translation of the Quran in the 12th century?

answer: Najm al-Din Abu Hafs al-Nasafi

text: Najm al-Din Abu Hafs al-Nasafi

question: To which dynasty did the king who commissioned the first translation of Quranic texts belong?

answer: Samanid

text: Samanid


text: New York City also has an extensive web of expressways and parkways, which link the city's boroughs to each other as well as to northern New Jersey, Westchester County, Long Island, and southwestern Connecticut through various bridges and tunnels. Because these highways serve millions of outer borough and suburban residents who commute into Manhattan, it is quite common for motorists to be stranded for hours in traffic jams that are a daily occurrence, particularly during rush hour.

title: New_York_City

title: New_York_City

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: also

text: has

text: an

text: extensive

text: web

text: of

text: expressways

text: and

text: parkways

text: which

text: link

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: boroughs

text: to

text: each

text: other

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: to

text: northern

text: New

text: Jersey

text: Westchester

text: County

text: Long

text: Island

text: and

text: southwestern

text: Connecticut

text: through

text: various

text: bridges

text: and

text: tunnels

text: Because

text: these

text: highways

text: serve

text: millions

text: of

text: outer

text: borough

text: and

text: suburban

text: residents

text: who

text: commute

text: into

text: Manhattan

text: it

text: is

text: quite

text: common

text: for

text: motorists

text: to

text: be

text: stranded

text: for

text: hours

text: in

text: traffic

text: jams

text: that

text: are

text: a

text: daily

text: occurrence

text: particularly

text: during

text: rush

text: hour

question: At what time are drivers in New York most likely to experience traffic jams?

answer: rush hour

text: rush hour

question: What geographical portion of Connecticut is linked to New York via highway?

answer: southwestern

text: southwestern

question: What part of New Jersey can be reached from New York by taking the expressway?

answer: northern

text: northern


text: Several solid dielectrics are available, including paper, plastic, glass, mica and ceramic materials. Paper was used extensively in older devices and offers relatively high voltage performance. However, it is susceptible to water absorption, and has been largely replaced by plastic film capacitors. Plastics offer better stability and ageing performance, which makes them useful in timer circuits, although they may be limited to low operating temperatures and frequencies. Ceramic capacitors are generally small, cheap and useful for high frequency applications, although their capacitance varies strongly with voltage and they age poorly. They are broadly categorized as class 1 dielectrics, which have predictable variation of capacitance with temperature or class 2 dielectrics, which can operate at higher voltage. Glass and mica capacitors are extremely reliable, stable and tolerant to high temperatures and voltages, but are too expensive for most mainstream applications. Electrolytic capacitors and supercapacitors are used to store small and larger amounts of energy, respectively, ceramic capacitors are often used in resonators, and parasitic capacitance occurs in circuits wherever the simple conductor-insulator-conductor structure is formed unintentionally by the configuration of the circuit layout.

title: Capacitor

title: Capacitor

text: Several

text: solid

text: dielectrics

text: are

text: available

text: including

text: paper

text: plastic

text: glass

text: mica

text: and

text: ceramic

text: materials

text: Paper

text: was

text: used

text: extensively

text: in

text: older

text: devices

text: and

text: offers

text: relatively

text: high

text: voltage

text: performance

text: However

text: it

text: is

text: susceptible

text: to

text: water

text: absorption

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: largely

text: replaced

text: by

text: plastic

text: film

text: capacitors

text: Plastics

text: offer

text: better

text: stability

text: and

text: ageing

text: performance

text: which

text: makes

text: them

text: useful

text: in

text: timer

text: circuits

text: although

text: they

text: may

text: be

text: limited

text: to

text: low

text: operating

text: temperatures

text: and

text: frequencies

text: Ceramic

text: capacitors

text: are

text: generally

text: small

text: cheap

text: and

text: useful

text: for

text: high

text: frequency

text: applications

text: although

text: their

text: capacitance

text: varies

text: strongly

text: with

text: voltage

text: and

text: they

text: age

text: poorly

text: They

text: are

text: broadly

text: categorized

text: as

text: class

text: dielectrics

text: which

text: have

text: predictable

text: variation

text: of

text: capacitance

text: with

text: temperature

text: or

text: class

text: dielectrics

text: which

text: can

text: operate

text: at

text: higher

text: voltage

text: Glass

text: and

text: mica

text: capacitors

text: are

text: extremely

text: reliable

text: stable

text: and

text: tolerant

text: to

text: high

text: temperatures

text: and

text: voltages

text: but

text: are

text: too

text: expensive

text: for

text: most

text: mainstream

text: applications

text: Electrolytic

text: capacitors

text: and

text: supercapacitors

text: are

text: used

text: to

text: store

text: small

text: and

text: larger

text: amounts

text: of

text: energy

text: respectively

text: ceramic

text: capacitors

text: are

text: often

text: used

text: in

text: resonators

text: and

text: parasitic

text: capacitance

text: occurs

text: in

text: circuits

text: wherever

text: the

text: simple

text: conductor

text: insulator

text: conductor

text: structure

text: is

text: formed

text: unintentionally

text: by

text: the

text: configuration

text: of

text: the

text: circuit

text: layout

question: What benefit is offered by solid state paper capacitors?

answer: relatively high voltage performance

text: relatively high voltage performance

question: What type of capacitor has mostly replaced solid state paper capacitors?

answer: plastic film capacitors

text: plastic film capacitors

question: What sort of circuit are plastic capacitors especially useful for?

answer: timer circuits

text: timer circuits

question: What is one type of reliable capacitor that is resistant to temperature and voltage changes?

answer: Glass

text: Glass

question: What is another type of reliable capacitor that is resistant to temperature and voltage changes?

answer: mica capacitors

text: mica capacitors


text: The Foreign and Commonwealth Office of United Kingdom recognises a Middle East and North Africa region, but not a Near East. Their original Middle East consumed the Near East as far as the Red Sea, ceded India to the Asia and Oceania region, and went into partnership with North Africa as far as the Atlantic.

title: Near_East

title: Near_East

text: The

text: Foreign

text: and

text: Commonwealth

text: Office

text: of

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: recognises

text: a

text: Middle

text: East

text: and

text: North

text: Africa

text: region

text: but

text: not

text: a

text: Near

text: East

text: Their

text: original

text: Middle

text: East

text: consumed

text: the

text: Near

text: East

text: as

text: far

text: as

text: the

text: Red

text: Sea

text: ceded

text: India

text: to

text: the

text: Asia

text: and

text: Oceania

text: region

text: and

text: went

text: into

text: partnership

text: with

text: North

text: Africa

text: as

text: far

text: as

text: the

text: Atlantic

question: The Foreign and Commonwealth Office of United Kingdom recognizes what?

answer: a Middle East and North Africa region

text: a Middle East and North Africa region

question: What region does the Foreign and Commonwealth office of United Kingdom not recognize?

answer: Near East

text: Near East

question: What consumed the Near East as far as the Red Sea?

answer: Their original Middle East

text: Their original Middle East


text: The Netherlands regained independence from France in 1813. In the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 the names "United Provinces of the Netherlands" and "United Netherlands" were used. In 1815 it was rejoined with the Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Liège (the "Southern provinces") to become the Kingdom of the Netherlands, informally known as the Kingdom of the United Netherlands, to create a strong buffer state north of France. After Belgium and Luxembourg became independent, the state became unequivocally known as the Kingdom of the Netherlands, as it remains today.

title: Dutch_Republic

title: Dutch_Republic

text: The

text: Netherlands

text: regained

text: independence

text: from

text: France

text: in

text: In

text: the

text: Anglo

text: Dutch

text: Treaty

text: of

text: the

text: names

text: United

text: Provinces

text: of

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: and

text: United

text: Netherlands

text: were

text: used

text: In

text: it

text: was

text: rejoined

text: with

text: the

text: Austrian

text: Netherlands

text: Luxembourg

text: and

text: Liège

text: the

text: Southern

text: provinces

text: to

text: become

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: informally

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Netherlands

text: to

text: create

text: a

text: strong

text: buffer

text: state

text: north

text: of

text: France

text: After

text: Belgium

text: and

text: Luxembourg

text: became

text: independent

text: the

text: state

text: became

text: unequivocally

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: as

text: it

text: remains

text: today

question: In what year did the Netherlands gain independence from France?

answer: 1813

question: What names were used in the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814?

answer: "United Provinces of the Netherlands" and "United Netherlands"

text: "United Provinces of the Netherlands" and "United Netherlands"

question: The Kingdom of the Netherlands was formed by which countries?

answer: Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Liège

text: Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Liège


text: This is the passive, active, and dynamic employment of capabilities to respond to imminent or on-going actions against Air Force or Air Force-protected networks, the Air Force's portion of the Global Information Grid, or expeditionary communications assigned to the Air Force. Cyberspace defense incorporates CNE, computer network defense (CND), and CNA techniques and may be a contributor to influence operations. It is highly dependent upon ISR, fused all-source intelligence, automated indications and warning, sophisticated attribution/characterization, situational awareness, assessment, and responsive C2.

title: United_States_Air_Force

title: United_States_Air_Force

text: This

text: is

text: the

text: passive

text: active

text: and

text: dynamic

text: employment

text: of

text: capabilities

text: to

text: respond

text: to

text: imminent

text: or

text: on

text: going

text: actions

text: against

text: Air

text: Force

text: or

text: Air

text: Force

text: protected

text: networks

text: the

text: Air

text: Force

text: 's

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: Global

text: Information

text: Grid

text: or

text: expeditionary

text: communications

text: assigned

text: to

text: the

text: Air

text: Force

text: Cyberspace

text: defense

text: incorporates

text: CNE

text: computer

text: network

text: defense

text: CND

text: and

text: CNA

text: techniques

text: and

text: may

text: be

text: a

text: contributor

text: to

text: influence

text: operations

text: It

text: is

text: highly

text: dependent

text: upon

text: ISR

text: fused

text: all

text: source

text: intelligence

text: automated

text: indications

text: and

text: warning

text: sophisticated

text: attribution

text: characterization

text: situational

text: awareness

text: assessment

text: and

text: responsive

question: Who responds with the employment of capabilities where there is a threat?

answer: Air Force

text: Air Force

question: What is the definition of CND?

answer: computer network defense

text: computer network defense

question: What does Cyberspace defense include?

answer: CNE, computer network defense (CND), and CNA techniques

text: CNE, computer network defense (CND), and CNA techniques

question: What is one of the things that Cyberspace defense highly dependent on?

answer: fused all-source intelligence

text: fused all-source intelligence

question: What branch of the military is in charge of Cyberspace defense?

answer: Air Force

text: Air Force


text: In addition to a spoken standard and a closely related written standard, Czech has several regional dialects primarily used in rural areas by speakers less proficient in other dialects or standard Czech. During the second half of the twentieth century, Czech dialect use began to weaken. By the early 1990s dialect use was stigmatized, associated with the shrinking lower class and used in literature or other media for comedic effect. Increased travel and media availability to dialect-speaking populations has encouraged them to shift to (or add to their own dialect) standard Czech. Although Czech has received considerable scholarly interest for a Slavic language, this interest has focused primarily on modern standard Czech and ancient texts rather than dialects. Standard Czech is still the norm for politicians, businesspeople and other Czechs in formal situations, but Common Czech is gaining ground in journalism and the mass media.

title: Czech_language

title: Czech_language

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: a

text: spoken

text: standard

text: and

text: a

text: closely

text: related

text: written

text: standard

text: Czech

text: has

text: several

text: regional

text: dialects

text: primarily

text: used

text: in

text: rural

text: areas

text: by

text: speakers

text: less

text: proficient

text: in

text: other

text: dialects

text: or

text: standard

text: Czech

text: During

text: the

text: second

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: twentieth

text: century

text: Czech

text: dialect

text: use

text: began

text: to

text: weaken

text: By

text: the

text: early

text: dialect

text: use

text: was

text: stigmatized

text: associated

text: with

text: the

text: shrinking

text: lower

text: class

text: and

text: used

text: in

text: literature

text: or

text: other

text: media

text: for

text: comedic

text: effect

text: Increased

text: travel

text: and

text: media

text: availability

text: to

text: dialect

text: speaking

text: populations

text: has

text: encouraged

text: them

text: to

text: shift

text: to

text: or

text: add

text: to

text: their

text: own

text: dialect

text: standard

text: Czech

text: Although

text: Czech

text: has

text: received

text: considerable

text: scholarly

text: interest

text: for

text: a

text: Slavic

text: language

text: this

text: interest

text: has

text: focused

text: primarily

text: on

text: modern

text: standard

text: Czech

text: and

text: ancient

text: texts

text: rather

text: than

text: dialects

text: Standard

text: Czech

text: is

text: still

text: the

text: norm

text: for

text: politicians

text: businesspeople

text: and

text: other

text: Czechs

text: in

text: formal

text: situations

text: but

text: Common

text: Czech

text: is

text: gaining

text: ground

text: in

text: journalism

text: and

text: the

text: mass

text: media

question: How many regional dialects does Czech have?

answer: several

text: several

question: Where are dialects of Czech commonly found?

answer: rural areas

text: rural areas

question: What is dialect use associated with and thus stigmatized because of?

answer: lower class

text: lower class

question: What kind of scholarly interest has Czech received?

answer: considerable

text: considerable

question: What Czech dialect is gaining ground in journalism and the mass media?

answer: Common

text: Common


text: On May 16, rescue groups from South Korea, Japan, Singapore, Russia and Taiwan arrived to join the rescue effort. The United States shared some of its satellite images of the quake-stricken areas with Chinese authorities. During the weekend, the US sent into China two U.S. Air Force C-17's carrying supplies, which included tents and generators. Xinhua reported 135,000 Chinese troops and medics were involved in the rescue effort across 58 counties and cities.

title: 2008_Sichuan_earthquake

title: 2008_Sichuan_earthquake

text: On

text: May

text: rescue

text: groups

text: from

text: South

text: Korea

text: Japan

text: Singapore

text: Russia

text: and

text: Taiwan

text: arrived

text: to

text: join

text: the

text: rescue

text: effort

text: The

text: United

text: States

text: shared

text: some

text: of

text: its

text: satellite

text: images

text: of

text: the

text: quake

text: stricken

text: areas

text: with

text: Chinese

text: authorities

text: During

text: the

text: weekend

text: the

text: US

text: sent

text: into

text: China

text: two

text: U.S.

text: Air

text: Force

text: 's

text: carrying

text: supplies

text: which

text: included

text: tents

text: and

text: generators

text: Xinhua

text: reported

text: Chinese

text: troops

text: and

text: medics

text: were

text: involved

text: in

text: the

text: rescue

text: effort

text: across

text: counties

text: and

text: cities

question: What did the US share?

answer: satellite images of the quake-stricken areas

text: satellite images of the quake-stricken areas

question: Who did the US share the satellite images with?

answer: Chinese authorities

text: Chinese authorities

question: How many Chinese troops were involved in the rescue efforts?

answer: 135,000

question: When did groups from South Korea, Japan, and others arrive in China?

answer: May 16

text: May 16

question: What did the U.S. share with China?

answer: satellite images

text: satellite images

question: What was included in the the Air Force C-17 supplies?

answer: tents and generators

text: tents and generators

question: How many Chinese troops and medics were involved in the relief efforts?

answer: 135,000


text: In September 1993, Madonna embarked on The Girlie Show World Tour, in which she dressed as a whip-cracking dominatrix surrounded by topless dancers. In Puerto Rico she rubbed the island's flag between her legs on stage, resulting in outrage among the audience. In March 1994, she appeared as a guest on the Late Show with David Letterman, using profanity that required censorship on television, and handing Letterman a pair of her panties and asking him to smell it. The releases of her sexually explicit films, albums and book, and the aggressive appearance on Letterman all made critics question Madonna as a sexual renegade. Critics and fans reacted negatively, who commented that "she had gone too far" and that her career was over.

title: Madonna_(entertainer)

title: Madonna_(entertainer

text: In

text: September

text: Madonna

text: embarked

text: on

text: The

text: Girlie

text: Show

text: World

text: Tour

text: in

text: which

text: she

text: dressed

text: as

text: a

text: whip

text: cracking

text: dominatrix

text: surrounded

text: by

text: topless

text: dancers

text: In

text: Puerto

text: Rico

text: she

text: rubbed

text: the

text: island

text: 's

text: flag

text: between

text: her

text: legs

text: on

text: stage

text: resulting

text: in

text: outrage

text: among

text: the

text: audience

text: In

text: March

text: she

text: appeared

text: as

text: a

text: guest

text: on

text: the

text: Late

text: Show

text: with

text: David

text: Letterman

text: using

text: profanity

text: that

text: required

text: censorship

text: on

text: television

text: and

text: handing

text: Letterman

text: a

text: pair

text: of

text: her

text: panties

text: and

text: asking

text: him

text: to

text: smell

text: it

text: The

text: releases

text: of

text: her

text: sexually

text: explicit

text: films

text: albums

text: and

text: book

text: and

text: the

text: aggressive

text: appearance

text: on

text: Letterman

text: all

text: made

text: critics

text: question

text: Madonna

text: as

text: a

text: sexual

text: renegade

text: Critics

text: and

text: fans

text: reacted

text: negatively

text: who

text: commented

text: that

text: she

text: had

text: gone

text: too

text: far

text: and

text: that

text: her

text: career

text: was

text: over

question: When was The Girlie Show World Tour?

answer: September 1993

text: September 1993

question: What was Madonna dressed in for the tour?

answer: whip-cracking dominatrix

text: whip-cracking dominatrix

question: In which country did Madonna rubbed the country's flag between her thighs that anger the public?

answer: Puerto Rico

text: Puerto Rico

question: What did Madonna give to Letterman to smell in his late night show that created an uproar?

answer: a pair of her panties

text: a pair of her panties

question: What did the critics call Madonna after the Letterman show?

answer: a sexual renegade

text: a sexual renegade


text: An important part of traditional, pre-generative schools of phonology is studying which sounds can be grouped into distinctive units within a language; these units are known as phonemes. For example, in English, the "p" sound in pot is aspirated (pronounced [pʰ]) while that in spot is not aspirated (pronounced [p]). However, English speakers intuitively treat both sounds as variations (allophones) of the same phonological category, that is of the phoneme /p/. (Traditionally, it would be argued that if an aspirated [pʰ] were interchanged with the unaspirated [p] in spot, native speakers of English would still hear the same words; that is, the two sounds are perceived as "the same" /p/.) In some other languages, however, these two sounds are perceived as different, and they are consequently assigned to different phonemes. For example, in Thai, Hindi, and Quechua, there are minimal pairs of words for which aspiration is the only contrasting feature (two words can have different meanings but with the only difference in pronunciation being that one has an aspirated sound where the other has an unaspirated one).

title: Phonology

title: Phonology

text: An

text: important

text: part

text: of

text: traditional

text: pre

text: generative

text: schools

text: of

text: phonology

text: is

text: studying

text: which

text: sounds

text: can

text: be

text: grouped

text: into

text: distinctive

text: units

text: within

text: a

text: language

text: these

text: units

text: are

text: known

text: as

text: phonemes

text: For

text: example

text: in

text: English

text: the

text: p

text: sound

text: in

text: pot

text: is

text: aspirated

text: pronounced

text: pʰ

text: while

text: that

text: in

text: spot

text: is

text: not

text: aspirated

text: pronounced

text: p

text: However

text: English

text: speakers

text: intuitively

text: treat

text: both

text: sounds

text: as

text: variations

text: allophones

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: phonological

text: category

text: that

text: is

text: of

text: the

text: phoneme

text: /p/.

text: Traditionally

text: it

text: would

text: be

text: argued

text: that

text: if

text: an

text: aspirated

text: pʰ

text: were

text: interchanged

text: with

text: the

text: unaspirated

text: p

text: in

text: spot

text: native

text: speakers

text: of

text: English

text: would

text: still

text: hear

text: the

text: same

text: words

text: that

text: is

text: the

text: two

text: sounds

text: are

text: perceived

text: as

text: the

text: same

text: /p/.

text: In

text: some

text: other

text: languages

text: however

text: these

text: two

text: sounds

text: are

text: perceived

text: as

text: different

text: and

text: they

text: are

text: consequently

text: assigned

text: to

text: different

text: phonemes

text: For

text: example

text: in

text: Thai

text: Hindi

text: and

text: Quechua

text: there

text: are

text: minimal

text: pairs

text: of

text: words

text: for

text: which

text: aspiration

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: contrasting

text: feature

text: two

text: words

text: can

text: have

text: different

text: meanings

text: but

text: with

text: the

text: only

text: difference

text: in

text: pronunciation

text: being

text: that

text: one

text: has

text: an

text: aspirated

text: sound

text: where

text: the

text: other

text: has

text: an

text: unaspirated

text: one

question: What are the units called that traditional phonology studies?

answer: phonemes

text: phonemes

question: What is another word for variations?

answer: allophones

text: allophones

question: What is the opposite of aspirated?

answer: unaspirated

text: unaspirated


text: The earliest confirmed evidence of the Chinese script yet discovered is the body of inscriptions on oracle bones from the late Shang dynasty (c. 1200–1050 BC). These symbols, carved on pieces of bone and turtle shell being sold as "dragon bones" for medicinal purposes, were identified as Chinese writing by scholars in 1899. By 1928, the source of the oracle bones had been traced to a village near Anyang in Henan Province, which was excavated by the Academia Sinica between 1928 and 1937. Over 150,000 fragments have been found.

title: Chinese_characters

title: Chinese_characters

text: The

text: earliest

text: confirmed

text: evidence

text: of

text: the

text: Chinese

text: script

text: yet

text: discovered

text: is

text: the

text: body

text: of

text: inscriptions

text: on

text: oracle

text: bones

text: from

text: the

text: late

text: Shang

text: dynasty

text: c.

text: BC

text: These

text: symbols

text: carved

text: on

text: pieces

text: of

text: bone

text: and

text: turtle

text: shell

text: being

text: sold

text: as

text: dragon

text: bones

text: for

text: medicinal

text: purposes

text: were

text: identified

text: as

text: Chinese

text: writing

text: by

text: scholars

text: in

text: By

text: the

text: source

text: of

text: the

text: oracle

text: bones

text: had

text: been

text: traced

text: to

text: a

text: village

text: near

text: Anyang

text: in

text: Henan

text: Province

text: which

text: was

text: excavated

text: by

text: the

text: Academia

text: Sinica

text: between

text: and

text: Over

text: fragments

text: have

text: been

text: found

question: What was the earliest confirmed evidence of the Chinese script?

answer: oracle bones

text: oracle bones

question: Where were the symbols carved on?

answer: pieces of bone and turtle shell

text: pieces of bone and turtle shell

question: Where was the source of Oracle bones traced to?

answer: village near Anyang in Henan Province

text: village near Anyang in Henan Province


text: In 1997, the charity introduced a U.S. Libraries initiative with a goal of "ensuring that if you can get to a public library, you can reach the internet". Only 35% of the world's population has access to the Internet. The foundation has given grants, installed computers and software, and provided training and technical support in partnership with public libraries nationwide in an effort to increase access and knowledge. Helping provide access and training for these resources, this foundation helps move public libraries into the digital age.

title: Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation

title: Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation

text: In

text: the

text: charity

text: introduced

text: a

text: U.S.

text: Libraries

text: initiative

text: with

text: a

text: goal

text: of

text: ensuring

text: that

text: if

text: you

text: can

text: get

text: to

text: a

text: public

text: library

text: you

text: can

text: reach

text: the

text: internet

text: Only

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: population

text: has

text: access

text: to

text: the

text: Internet

text: The

text: foundation

text: has

text: given

text: grants

text: installed

text: computers

text: and

text: software

text: and

text: provided

text: training

text: and

text: technical

text: support

text: in

text: partnership

text: with

text: public

text: libraries

text: nationwide

text: in

text: an

text: effort

text: to

text: increase

text: access

text: and

text: knowledge

text: Helping

text: provide

text: access

text: and

text: training

text: for

text: these

text: resources

text: this

text: foundation

text: helps

text: move

text: public

text: libraries

text: into

text: the

text: digital

text: age

question: what is the US libraries initiative

answer: U.S. Libraries initiative with a goal of "ensuring that if you can get to a public library, you can reach the internet

text: U.S. Libraries initiative with a goal of "ensuring that if you can get to a public library, you can reach the internet

question: How much of the worlds population can reach the internet

answer: Only 35% of the world's population has access to the Internet

text: Only 35% of the world's population has access to the Internet

question: what have the grants provided public libraries

answer: The foundation has given grants, installed computers and software, and provided training and technical support in partnership with public libraries nationwide

text: The foundation has given grants, installed computers and software, and provided training and technical support in partnership with public libraries nationwide

question: What has the grant enabled

answer: this foundation helps move public libraries into the digital age.

text: this foundation helps move public libraries into the digital age.


text: In its 2014 Press Freedom Index, Reporters Without Borders ranked the media environment in Eritrea at the very bottom of a list of 178 countries, just below totalitarian North Korea. According to the BBC, "Eritrea is the only African country to have no privately owned news media", and Reporters Without Borders said of the public media, "[they] do nothing but relay the regime's belligerent and ultra-nationalist discourse. ... Not a single [foreign correspondent] now lives in Asmara." The state-owned news agency censors news about external events. Independent media have been banned since 2001. In 2015, The Guardian published an opinion piece claiming,

title: Eritrea

title: Eritrea

text: In

text: its

text: Press

text: Freedom

text: Index

text: Reporters

text: Without

text: Borders

text: ranked

text: the

text: media

text: environment

text: in

text: Eritrea

text: at

text: the

text: very

text: bottom

text: of

text: a

text: list

text: of

text: countries

text: just

text: below

text: totalitarian

text: North

text: Korea

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: BBC

text: Eritrea

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: African

text: country

text: to

text: have

text: no

text: privately

text: owned

text: news

text: media

text: and

text: Reporters

text: Without

text: Borders

text: said

text: of

text: the

text: public

text: media

text: they

text: do

text: nothing

text: but

text: relay

text: the

text: regime

text: 's

text: belligerent

text: and

text: ultra

text: nationalist

text: discourse

text: Not

text: a

text: single

text: foreign

text: correspondent

text: now

text: lives

text: in

text: Asmara

text: The

text: state

text: owned

text: news

text: agency

text: censors

text: news

text: about

text: external

text: events

text: Independent

text: media

text: have

text: been

text: banned

text: since

text: In

text: The

text: Guardian

text: published

text: an

text: opinion

text: piece

text: claiming

question: In the 2014 Press Freedom Index, what organization ranked the media environment in Eritrea as the worse of 178 countries?

answer: Reporters Without Borders

text: Reporters Without Borders

question: How did Reporters Without Borders rank the media environment of Eritrea compared to totalitarian North Korea?

answer: just below

text: just below

question: What type of media has been banned from Eritrea since 2001?

answer: Independent

text: Independent

question: According to the BBC, which African country is the only one that has no privately owned news media?

answer: Eritrea

text: Eritrea

question: According to Reporters Without Borders, where doesn't a single foreign news correspondent live?

answer: Asmara

text: Asmara


text: Many applications of silicate glasses derive from their optical transparency, which gives rise to one of silicate glasses' primary uses as window panes. Glass will transmit, reflect and refract light; these qualities can be enhanced by cutting and polishing to make optical lenses, prisms, fine glassware, and optical fibers for high speed data transmission by light. Glass can be colored by adding metallic salts, and can also be painted and printed with vitreous enamels. These qualities have led to the extensive use of glass in the manufacture of art objects and in particular, stained glass windows. Although brittle, silicate glass is extremely durable, and many examples of glass fragments exist from early glass-making cultures. Because glass can be formed or molded into any shape, and also because it is a sterile product, it has been traditionally used for vessels: bowls, vases, bottles, jars and drinking glasses. In its most solid forms it has also been used for paperweights, marbles, and beads. When extruded as glass fiber and matted as glass wool in a way to trap air, it becomes a thermal insulating material, and when these glass fibers are embedded into an organic polymer plastic, they are a key structural reinforcement part of the composite material fiberglass. Some objects historically were so commonly made of silicate glass that they are simply called by the name of the material, such as drinking glasses and reading glasses.

title: Glass

title: Glass

text: Many

text: applications

text: of

text: silicate

text: glasses

text: derive

text: from

text: their

text: optical

text: transparency

text: which

text: gives

text: rise

text: to

text: one

text: of

text: silicate

text: glasses

text: primary

text: uses

text: as

text: window

text: panes

text: Glass

text: will

text: transmit

text: reflect

text: and

text: refract

text: light

text: these

text: qualities

text: can

text: be

text: enhanced

text: by

text: cutting

text: and

text: polishing

text: to

text: make

text: optical

text: lenses

text: prisms

text: fine

text: glassware

text: and

text: optical

text: fibers

text: for

text: high

text: speed

text: data

text: transmission

text: by

text: light

text: Glass

text: can

text: be

text: colored

text: by

text: adding

text: metallic

text: salts

text: and

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: painted

text: and

text: printed

text: with

text: vitreous

text: enamels

text: These

text: qualities

text: have

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: extensive

text: use

text: of

text: glass

text: in

text: the

text: manufacture

text: of

text: art

text: objects

text: and

text: in

text: particular

text: stained

text: glass

text: windows

text: Although

text: brittle

text: silicate

text: glass

text: is

text: extremely

text: durable

text: and

text: many

text: examples

text: of

text: glass

text: fragments

text: exist

text: from

text: early

text: glass

text: making

text: cultures

text: Because

text: glass

text: can

text: be

text: formed

text: or

text: molded

text: into

text: any

text: shape

text: and

text: also

text: because

text: it

text: is

text: a

text: sterile

text: product

text: it

text: has

text: been

text: traditionally

text: used

text: for

text: vessels

text: bowls

text: vases

text: bottles

text: jars

text: and

text: drinking

text: glasses

text: In

text: its

text: most

text: solid

text: forms

text: it

text: has

text: also

text: been

text: used

text: for

text: paperweights

text: marbles

text: and

text: beads

text: When

text: extruded

text: as

text: glass

text: fiber

text: and

text: matted

text: as

text: glass

text: wool

text: in

text: a

text: way

text: to

text: trap

text: air

text: it

text: becomes

text: a

text: thermal

text: insulating

text: material

text: and

text: when

text: these

text: glass

text: fibers

text: are

text: embedded

text: into

text: an

text: organic

text: polymer

text: plastic

text: they

text: are

text: a

text: key

text: structural

text: reinforcement

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: composite

text: material

text: fiberglass

text: Some

text: objects

text: historically

text: were

text: so

text: commonly

text: made

text: of

text: silicate

text: glass

text: that

text: they

text: are

text: simply

text: called

text: by

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: material

text: such

text: as

text: drinking

text: glasses

text: and

text: reading

text: glasses

question: What ingredient makes glass colorful?

answer: metallic salts

text: metallic salts

question: What in combination with glass fibers is used to make fiberglass?

answer: organic polymer plastic

text: organic polymer plastic

question: What quality of silicate glass allows it to be used for windows?

answer: transparency

text: transparency

question: What type of glass products can be used for sending information?

answer: optical fibers

text: optical fibers

question: In what product are glass fibers used to hold dead air?

answer: thermal insulating material

text: thermal insulating material


text: His Book of Healing became available in Europe in partial Latin translation some fifty years after its composition, under the title Sufficientia, and some authors have identified a "Latin Avicennism" as flourishing for some time, paralleling the more influential Latin Averroism, but suppressed by the Parisian decrees of 1210 and 1215. Avicenna's psychology and theory of knowledge influenced William of Auvergne, Bishop of Paris and Albertus Magnus, while his metaphysics had an impact on the thought of Thomas Aquinas.

title: Avicenna

title: Avicenna

text: His

text: Book

text: of

text: Healing

text: became

text: available

text: in

text: Europe

text: in

text: partial

text: Latin

text: translation

text: some

text: fifty

text: years

text: after

text: its

text: composition

text: under

text: the

text: title

text: Sufficientia

text: and

text: some

text: authors

text: have

text: identified

text: a

text: Latin

text: Avicennism

text: as

text: flourishing

text: for

text: some

text: time

text: paralleling

text: the

text: more

text: influential

text: Latin

text: Averroism

text: but

text: suppressed

text: by

text: the

text: Parisian

text: decrees

text: of

text: and

text: Avicenna

text: 's

text: psychology

text: and

text: theory

text: of

text: knowledge

text: influenced

text: William

text: of

text: Auvergne

text: Bishop

text: of

text: Paris

text: and

text: Albertus

text: Magnus

text: while

text: his

text: metaphysics

text: had

text: an

text: impact

text: on

text: the

text: thought

text: of

text: Thomas

text: Aquinas

question: Ibn Sina's Book of Healing was partially available in what language?

answer: Latin

text: Latin

question: How many years did it take for Ibn Sina's Book of Healing to be available in Latin?

answer: fifty

text: fifty

question: On what continent was the Book of Healing finally available fifty years after its composition?

answer: Europe

text: Europe

question: What was the title of Ibn Sina's Book of Healing?

answer: Sufficientia

text: Sufficientia

question: Who did Avicenna's metaphysics works have an influence on?

answer: Thomas Aquinas

text: Thomas Aquinas


text: In 1870, republican sentiment in Britain, fed by the Queen's seclusion, was boosted after the establishment of the Third French Republic. A republican rally in Trafalgar Square demanded Victoria's removal, and Radical MPs spoke against her. In August and September 1871, she was seriously ill with an abscess in her arm, which Joseph Lister successfully lanced and treated with his new antiseptic carbolic acid spray. In late November 1871, at the height of the republican movement, the Prince of Wales contracted typhoid fever, the disease that was believed to have killed his father, and Victoria was fearful her son would die. As the tenth anniversary of her husband's death approached, her son's condition grew no better, and Victoria's distress continued. To general rejoicing, he pulled through. Mother and son attended a public parade through London and a grand service of thanksgiving in St Paul's Cathedral on 27 February 1872, and republican feeling subsided.

title: Queen_Victoria

title: Queen_Victoria

text: In

text: republican

text: sentiment

text: in

text: Britain

text: fed

text: by

text: the

text: Queen

text: 's

text: seclusion

text: was

text: boosted

text: after

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: the

text: Third

text: French

text: Republic

text: A

text: republican

text: rally

text: in

text: Trafalgar

text: Square

text: demanded

text: Victoria

text: 's

text: removal

text: and

text: Radical

text: MPs

text: spoke

text: against

text: her

text: In

text: August

text: and

text: September

text: she

text: was

text: seriously

text: ill

text: with

text: an

text: abscess

text: in

text: her

text: arm

text: which

text: Joseph

text: Lister

text: successfully

text: lanced

text: and

text: treated

text: with

text: his

text: new

text: antiseptic

text: carbolic

text: acid

text: spray

text: In

text: late

text: November

text: at

text: the

text: height

text: of

text: the

text: republican

text: movement

text: the

text: Prince

text: of

text: Wales

text: contracted

text: typhoid

text: fever

text: the

text: disease

text: that

text: was

text: believed

text: to

text: have

text: killed

text: his

text: father

text: and

text: Victoria

text: was

text: fearful

text: her

text: son

text: would

text: die

text: As

text: the

text: tenth

text: anniversary

text: of

text: her

text: husband

text: 's

text: death

text: approached

text: her

text: son

text: 's

text: condition

text: grew

text: no

text: better

text: and

text: Victoria

text: 's

text: distress

text: continued

text: To

text: general

text: rejoicing

text: he

text: pulled

text: through

text: Mother

text: and

text: son

text: attended

text: a

text: public

text: parade

text: through

text: London

text: and

text: a

text: grand

text: service

text: of

text: thanksgiving

text: in

text: St

text: Paul

text: 's

text: Cathedral

text: on

text: February

text: and

text: republican

text: feeling

text: subsided

question: What year was the Third French Republic established?

answer: 1870

question: Where was the republica rally held that called for Vuictorias removal?

answer: Trafalgar Square

text: Trafalgar Square

question: Who spoke against Victoria at the rally in Trafalgar Square?

answer: Radical MPs

text: Radical MPs

question: In 1871, Victoria became seriously ill with an abscess on what part of her body?

answer: arm

text: arm

question: Who lanced and treated the abscess on Queen Victorias arm?

answer: Joseph Lister

text: Joseph Lister

question: How was the republican sentiment in Britain changed?

answer: boosted after the establishment of the Third French Republic

text: boosted after the establishment of the Third French Republic

question: Where was a rally calling for Queen Victoria's removal held?

answer: Trafalgar Square

text: Trafalgar Square

question: What cutting edge treatment did Joseph Lister use to treat Queen Victoria's illness?

answer: new antiseptic carbolic acid spray

text: new antiseptic carbolic acid spray

question: What disease nearly took the Prince of Wales life?

answer: typhoid fever

text: typhoid fever

question: WHat was a new antiseptic being used to treat abcesses in the 1870's?

answer: acid spray

text: acid spray

question: What helped to boost the rebublicians in 1870?

answer: establishment of the Third French Republic

text: establishment of the Third French Republic

question: When did the Third French Republic come onto the scene?

answer: 1870

question: WHat was a new antiseptic being used to treat abcesses in the 1870's?

answer: carbolic acid spray

text: carbolic acid spray

question: What disease was contracted by the Prince of Wales that nearly ended his life?

answer: typhoid fever

text: typhoid fever

question: Who spoke against Victoria at Trafalgar Square?

answer: Radical MPs

text: Radical MPs

question: After what event did the Prince of Wales' health begin to improve?

answer: the tenth anniversary of her husband's death

text: the tenth anniversary of her husband's death


text: These years included what was called "spectacularly malicious coverage" of the Labour Party by The Sun and other newspapers. During the general election of 1983 The Sun ran a front page featuring an unflattering photograph of Michael Foot, then aged almost 70, claiming he was unfit to be Prime Minister on grounds of his age, appearance and policies, alongside the headline "Do You Really Want This Old Fool To Run Britain?" A year later, in 1984, The Sun made clear its enthusiastic support for the re-election of Ronald Reagan as president in the USA. Reagan was two weeks off his 74th birthday when he started his second term, in January 1985.

title: The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)

title: The_Sun_(United_Kingdom

text: These

text: years

text: included

text: what

text: was

text: called

text: spectacularly

text: malicious

text: coverage

text: of

text: the

text: Labour

text: Party

text: by

text: The

text: Sun

text: and

text: other

text: newspapers

text: During

text: the

text: general

text: election

text: of

text: The

text: Sun

text: ran

text: a

text: front

text: page

text: featuring

text: an

text: unflattering

text: photograph

text: of

text: Michael

text: Foot

text: then

text: aged

text: almost

text: claiming

text: he

text: was

text: unfit

text: to

text: be

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: on

text: grounds

text: of

text: his

text: age

text: appearance

text: and

text: policies

text: alongside

text: the

text: headline

text: Do

text: You

text: Really

text: Want

text: This

text: Old

text: Fool

text: To

text: Run

text: Britain

text: A

text: year

text: later

text: in

text: The

text: Sun

text: made

text: clear

text: its

text: enthusiastic

text: support

text: for

text: the

text: re

text: election

text: of

text: Ronald

text: Reagan

text: as

text: president

text: in

text: the

text: USA

text: Reagan

text: was

text: two

text: weeks

text: off

text: his

text: birthday

text: when

text: he

text: started

text: his

text: second

text: term

text: in

text: January

question: Who did The Sun say was not fit to be Prime Minister in 1983?

answer: Michael Foot

text: Michael Foot

question: Which party was The Sun accused of covering maliciously?

answer: Labour Party

text: Labour Party

question: Who did The Sun support in the 1984 U.S. presidential election?

answer: Ronald Reagan

text: Ronald Reagan

question: How old would Ronald Reagan turn soon after he began his second term as U.S. president?

answer: 74

question: What did the headline read that was run with Michael Foot's photo?

answer: "Do You Really Want This Old Fool To Run Britain?"

text: "Do You Really Want This Old Fool To Run Britain?"


text: The show had originally planned on having four judges following the Pop Idol format; however, only three judges had been found by the time of the audition round in the first season, namely Randy Jackson, Paula Abdul and Simon Cowell. A fourth judge, radio DJ Stryker, was originally chosen but he dropped out citing "image concerns". In the second season, New York radio personality Angie Martinez had been hired as a fourth judge but withdrew only after a few days of auditions due to not being comfortable with giving out criticism. The show decided to continue with the three judges format until season eight. All three original judges stayed on the judging panel for eight seasons.

title: American_Idol

title: American_Idol

text: The

text: show

text: had

text: originally

text: planned

text: on

text: having

text: four

text: judges

text: following

text: the

text: Pop

text: Idol

text: format

text: however

text: only

text: three

text: judges

text: had

text: been

text: found

text: by

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: the

text: audition

text: round

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: season

text: namely

text: Randy

text: Jackson

text: Paula

text: Abdul

text: and

text: Simon

text: Cowell

text: A

text: fourth

text: judge

text: radio

text: DJ

text: Stryker

text: was

text: originally

text: chosen

text: but

text: he

text: dropped

text: out

text: citing

text: image

text: concerns

text: In

text: the

text: second

text: season

text: New

text: York

text: radio

text: personality

text: Angie

text: Martinez

text: had

text: been

text: hired

text: as

text: a

text: fourth

text: judge

text: but

text: withdrew

text: only

text: after

text: a

text: few

text: days

text: of

text: auditions

text: due

text: to

text: not

text: being

text: comfortable

text: with

text: giving

text: out

text: criticism

text: The

text: show

text: decided

text: to

text: continue

text: with

text: the

text: three

text: judges

text: format

text: until

text: season

text: eight

text: All

text: three

text: original

text: judges

text: stayed

text: on

text: the

text: judging

text: panel

text: for

text: eight

text: seasons

question: For how many seasons were the three original judges on American Idol?

answer: eight

text: eight

question: How many judges were originally planned for American Idol?

answer: four

text: four

question: What New York radio personalty was hired as a judge for American Idol in season two but declined?

answer: Angie Martinez

text: Angie Martinez

question: What radio DJ was originally hired as a judge in season one but declined?

answer: Stryker

text: Stryker

question: How many judges were originally intended for the show?

answer: four

text: four

question: Which judge quit before the premiere, citing image concerns?

answer: DJ Stryker

text: DJ Stryker

question: During Season two, which judge quit after a few days?

answer: Angie Martinez

text: Angie Martinez

question: When did American Idol change to a four-judge panel?

answer: season eight

text: season eight


text: The idea of self-concept is known as the ability of a person to have opinions and beliefs that are defined confidently, consistent and stable. Early in adolescence, cognitive developments result in greater self-awareness, greater awareness of others and their thoughts and judgments, the ability to think about abstract, future possibilities, and the ability to consider multiple possibilities at once. As a result, adolescents experience a significant shift from the simple, concrete, and global self-descriptions typical of young children; as children, they defined themselves by physical traits whereas as adolescents, they define themselves based on their values, thoughts, and opinions.

title: Adolescence

title: Adolescence

text: The

text: idea

text: of

text: self

text: concept

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: ability

text: of

text: a

text: person

text: to

text: have

text: opinions

text: and

text: beliefs

text: that

text: are

text: defined

text: confidently

text: consistent

text: and

text: stable

text: Early

text: in

text: adolescence

text: cognitive

text: developments

text: result

text: in

text: greater

text: self

text: awareness

text: greater

text: awareness

text: of

text: others

text: and

text: their

text: thoughts

text: and

text: judgments

text: the

text: ability

text: to

text: think

text: about

text: abstract

text: future

text: possibilities

text: and

text: the

text: ability

text: to

text: consider

text: multiple

text: possibilities

text: at

text: once

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: adolescents

text: experience

text: a

text: significant

text: shift

text: from

text: the

text: simple

text: concrete

text: and

text: global

text: self

text: descriptions

text: typical

text: of

text: young

text: children

text: as

text: children

text: they

text: defined

text: themselves

text: by

text: physical

text: traits

text: whereas

text: as

text: adolescents

text: they

text: define

text: themselves

text: based

text: on

text: their

text: values

text: thoughts

text: and

text: opinions

question: Do children or adolescents define themselves based on values, thoughts, and opinions?

answer: adolescents

text: adolescents

question: Which idea is known as the ability of a person to have opinions and beliefs that are defined confidently, consistent, and stable?

answer: self-concept

text: self-concept

question: How do children tend to define themselves?

answer: by physical traits

text: by physical traits

question: Greater self-awareness, greater awareness of others, and the ability to consider multiple possiblities at once are examples of what kind of developments?

answer: cognitive

text: cognitive


text: Amensalism is an interaction where an organism inflicts harm to another organism without any costs or benefits received by the other. A clear case of amensalism is where sheep or cattle trample grass. Whilst the presence of the grass causes negligible detrimental effects to the animal's hoof, the grass suffers from being crushed. Amensalism is often used to describe strongly asymmetrical competitive interactions, such as has been observed between the Spanish ibex and weevils of the genus Timarcha which feed upon the same type of shrub. Whilst the presence of the weevil has almost no influence on food availability, the presence of ibex has an enormous detrimental effect on weevil numbers, as they consume significant quantities of plant matter and incidentally ingest the weevils upon it.

title: Symbiosis

title: Symbiosis

text: Amensalism

text: is

text: an

text: interaction

text: where

text: an

text: organism

text: inflicts

text: harm

text: to

text: another

text: organism

text: without

text: any

text: costs

text: or

text: benefits

text: received

text: by

text: the

text: other

text: A

text: clear

text: case

text: of

text: amensalism

text: is

text: where

text: sheep

text: or

text: cattle

text: trample

text: grass

text: Whilst

text: the

text: presence

text: of

text: the

text: grass

text: causes

text: negligible

text: detrimental

text: effects

text: to

text: the

text: animal

text: 's

text: hoof

text: the

text: grass

text: suffers

text: from

text: being

text: crushed

text: Amensalism

text: is

text: often

text: used

text: to

text: describe

text: strongly

text: asymmetrical

text: competitive

text: interactions

text: such

text: as

text: has

text: been

text: observed

text: between

text: the

text: Spanish

text: ibex

text: and

text: weevils

text: of

text: the

text: genus

text: Timarcha

text: which

text: feed

text: upon

text: the

text: same

text: type

text: of

text: shrub

text: Whilst

text: the

text: presence

text: of

text: the

text: weevil

text: has

text: almost

text: no

text: influence

text: on

text: food

text: availability

text: the

text: presence

text: of

text: ibex

text: has

text: an

text: enormous

text: detrimental

text: effect

text: on

text: weevil

text: numbers

text: as

text: they

text: consume

text: significant

text: quantities

text: of

text: plant

text: matter

text: and

text: incidentally

text: ingest

text: the

text: weevils

text: upon

text: it

question: What organisms is the ibex in an amensalistic relationship with?

answer: weevils

text: weevils

question: What does the Spanish ibex eat?

answer: shrub

text: shrub

question: What type of relationship is it when large animals crush small plants?

answer: Amensalism

text: Amensalism


text: As with other public schools, a scheme was devised towards the end of the 19th century to familiarize privileged schoolboys with social conditions in deprived areas. The project of establishing an 'Eton Mission' in the crowded district of Hackney Wick in east London was started at the beginning of 1880, and lasted until 1971 when it was decided that a more local project (at Dorney) would be more realistic. However over the years much money was raised for the Eton Mission, a fine church by G. F. Bodley was erected, many Etonians visited, and stimulated among other things the Eton Manor Boys' Club, a notable rowing club which has survived the Mission itself, and the 59 Club for motorcyclists.

title: Eton_College

title: Eton_College

text: As

text: with

text: other

text: public

text: schools

text: a

text: scheme

text: was

text: devised

text: towards

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: to

text: familiarize

text: privileged

text: schoolboys

text: with

text: social

text: conditions

text: in

text: deprived

text: areas

text: The

text: project

text: of

text: establishing

text: an

text: Eton

text: Mission

text: in

text: the

text: crowded

text: district

text: of

text: Hackney

text: Wick

text: in

text: east

text: London

text: was

text: started

text: at

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: and

text: lasted

text: until

text: when

text: it

text: was

text: decided

text: that

text: a

text: more

text: local

text: project

text: at

text: Dorney

text: would

text: be

text: more

text: realistic

text: However

text: over

text: the

text: years

text: much

text: money

text: was

text: raised

text: for

text: the

text: Eton

text: Mission

text: a

text: fine

text: church

text: by

text: G.

text: F.

text: Bodley

text: was

text: erected

text: many

text: Etonians

text: visited

text: and

text: stimulated

text: among

text: other

text: things

text: the

text: Eton

text: Manor

text: Boys

text: Club

text: a

text: notable

text: rowing

text: club

text: which

text: has

text: survived

text: the

text: Mission

text: itself

text: and

text: the

text: Club

text: for

text: motorcyclists

question: Which club at Eaton is for motorcyclists?

answer: 59 Club

text: 59 Club

question: What was the purpose for creating an Eton Mission?

answer: familiarize privileged schoolboys with social conditions in deprived areas

text: familiarize privileged schoolboys with social conditions in deprived areas

question: What is Eton's rowing club called?

answer: Eton Manor Boys' Club

text: Eton Manor Boys' Club

question: Why did construction of Eton Mission cease in 1971?

answer: it was decided that a more local project (at Dorney) would be more realistic

text: it was decided that a more local project (at Dorney) would be more realistic

question: Where was the Eton Mission originally to be located?

answer: district of Hackney Wick in east London

text: district of Hackney Wick in east London


text: A few special additions enhance the language-learning experience. For example, BYU's International Cinema, featuring films in several languages, is the largest and longest-running university-run foreign film program in the country. As already noted, BYU also offers an intensive foreign language living experience, the Foreign Language Student Residence. This is an on-campus apartment complex where students commit to speak only their chosen foreign language while in their apartments. Each apartment has at least one native speaker to ensure correct language usage.

title: Brigham_Young_University

title: Brigham_Young_University

text: A

text: few

text: special

text: additions

text: enhance

text: the

text: language

text: learning

text: experience

text: For

text: example

text: BYU

text: 's

text: International

text: Cinema

text: featuring

text: films

text: in

text: several

text: languages

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: and

text: longest

text: running

text: university

text: run

text: foreign

text: film

text: program

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: As

text: already

text: noted

text: BYU

text: also

text: offers

text: an

text: intensive

text: foreign

text: language

text: living

text: experience

text: the

text: Foreign

text: Language

text: Student

text: Residence

text: This

text: is

text: an

text: on

text: campus

text: apartment

text: complex

text: where

text: students

text: commit

text: to

text: speak

text: only

text: their

text: chosen

text: foreign

text: language

text: while

text: in

text: their

text: apartments

text: Each

text: apartment

text: has

text: at

text: least

text: one

text: native

text: speaker

text: to

text: ensure

text: correct

text: language

text: usage

question: What is the largest and longest-running university-run foreign film program in the U.S.?

answer: BYU's International Cinema

text: BYU's International Cinema

question: What is the name of BYU's foreign language living experience?

answer: Foreign Language Student Residence

text: Foreign Language Student Residence

question: As part of the Foreign Language Student Residence program, what do students commit to speak while in their apartments?

answer: only their chosen foreign language

text: only their chosen foreign language

question: How many native speakers are in each apartment building in the Foreign Language Student Residence program?

answer: at least one

text: at least one

question: Which BYU building features films in several languages?

answer: International Cinema

text: International Cinema


text: Tacitus wrote in his Germania: Germania 9.6: Ceterum nec cohibere parietibus deos neque in ullam humani oris speciem adsimulare ex magnitudine caelestium arbitrator – "The Germans, however, do not consider it consistent with the grandeur of celestial beings to confine the gods within walls, or to liken them to the form of any human countenance." Germania 40: mox vehiculum et vestis et, si credere velis, numen ipsum secreto lacu abluitur – "Afterwards the car, the vestments, and, if you like to believe it, the divinity herself, are purified in a secret lake."

title: Carnival

title: Carnival

text: Tacitus

text: wrote

text: in

text: his

text: Germania

text: Germania

text: Ceterum

text: nec

text: cohibere

text: parietibus

text: deos

text: neque

text: in

text: ullam

text: humani

text: oris

text: speciem

text: adsimulare

text: ex

text: magnitudine

text: caelestium

text: arbitrator

text: The

text: Germans

text: however

text: do

text: not

text: consider

text: it

text: consistent

text: with

text: the

text: grandeur

text: of

text: celestial

text: beings

text: to

text: confine

text: the

text: gods

text: within

text: walls

text: or

text: to

text: liken

text: them

text: to

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: any

text: human

text: countenance

text: Germania

text: mox

text: vehiculum

text: et

text: vestis

text: et

text: si

text: credere

text: velis

text: numen

text: ipsum

text: secreto

text: lacu

text: abluitur

text: Afterwards

text: the

text: car

text: the

text: vestments

text: and

text: if

text: you

text: like

text: to

text: believe

text: it

text: the

text: divinity

text: herself

text: are

text: purified

text: in

text: a

text: secret

text: lake

question: Who wrote the Germania?

answer: Tacitus

text: Tacitus

question: What do the Germans feel it inconsistent to confine gods within?

answer: walls

text: walls

question: Germans do not liken the gods to whose countenance?

answer: human

text: human

question: When is the car used in the ritual purified?

answer: Afterwards

text: Afterwards

question: Where is the divinity herself purified?

answer: a secret lake

text: a secret lake


text: Kathmandu is located in the northwestern part of the Kathmandu Valley to the north of the Bagmati River and covers an area of 50.67 km2 (19.56 sq mi). The average elevation is 1,400 metres (4,600 ft) above sea level. The city is directly bounded by several other municipalities of the Kathmandu valley: south of the Bagmati by Lalitpur Sub-Metropolitan City (Patan) with which it today forms one urban area surrounded by a ring road, to the southwest by Kirtipur Municipality and to the east by Madyapur Thimi Municipality. To the north the urban area extends into several Village Development Committees. However, the urban agglomeration extends well beyond the neighboring municipalities, e. g. to Bhaktapur and just about covers the entire Kathmandu valley.

title: Kathmandu

title: Kathmandu

text: Kathmandu

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: northwestern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Kathmandu

text: Valley

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: of

text: the

text: Bagmati

text: River

text: and

text: covers

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: sq

text: mi

text: The

text: average

text: elevation

text: is

text: metres

text: ft

text: above

text: sea

text: level

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: directly

text: bounded

text: by

text: several

text: other

text: municipalities

text: of

text: the

text: Kathmandu

text: valley

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: Bagmati

text: by

text: Lalitpur

text: Sub

text: Metropolitan

text: City

text: Patan

text: with

text: which

text: it

text: today

text: forms

text: one

text: urban

text: area

text: surrounded

text: by

text: a

text: ring

text: road

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: by

text: Kirtipur

text: Municipality

text: and

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: by

text: Madyapur

text: Thimi

text: Municipality

text: To

text: the

text: north

text: the

text: urban

text: area

text: extends

text: into

text: several

text: Village

text: Development

text: Committees

text: However

text: the

text: urban

text: agglomeration

text: extends

text: well

text: beyond

text: the

text: neighboring

text: municipalities

text: e.

text: g.

text: to

text: Bhaktapur

text: and

text: just

text: about

text: covers

text: the

text: entire

text: Kathmandu

text: valley

question: What river is south of Kathmandu?

answer: Bagmati

text: Bagmati

question: What geographic portion of the Kathmandu Valley houses Kathmandu?

answer: northwestern

text: northwestern

question: About how many feet above sea level is Kathmandu?

answer: 4,600

question: How large is Kathmandu in terms of square miles?

answer: 19.56

question: Where does the Lalitpur Sub-Metropolitan City stand in relation to the Bagmati River?

answer: south

text: south


text: During a 10-day run in Oklahoma City, the State Fair of Oklahoma attracts roughly one million people along with the annual Festival of the Arts. Large national pow-wows, various Latin and Asian heritage festivals, and cultural festivals such as the Juneteenth celebrations are held in Oklahoma City each year. The Tulsa State Fair attracts over one million people during its 10-day run, and the city's Mayfest festival entertained more than 375,000 people in four days during 2007. In 2006, Tulsa's Oktoberfest was named one of the top 10 in the world by USA Today and one of the top German food festivals in the nation by Bon Appetit magazine.

title: Oklahoma

title: Oklahoma

text: During

text: a

text: run

text: in

text: Oklahoma

text: City

text: the

text: State

text: Fair

text: of

text: Oklahoma

text: attracts

text: roughly

text: one

text: million

text: people

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: annual

text: Festival

text: of

text: the

text: Arts

text: Large

text: national

text: pow

text: wows

text: various

text: Latin

text: and

text: Asian

text: heritage

text: festivals

text: and

text: cultural

text: festivals

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Juneteenth

text: celebrations

text: are

text: held

text: in

text: Oklahoma

text: City

text: each

text: year

text: The

text: Tulsa

text: State

text: Fair

text: attracts

text: over

text: one

text: million

text: people

text: during

text: its

text: run

text: and

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: Mayfest

text: festival

text: entertained

text: more

text: than

text: people

text: in

text: four

text: days

text: during

text: In

text: Tulsa

text: 's

text: Oktoberfest

text: was

text: named

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: top

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: by

text: USA

text: Today

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: top

text: German

text: food

text: festivals

text: in

text: the

text: nation

text: by

text: Bon

text: Appetit

text: magazine

question: How long is the State Fair of Oklahoma?

answer: 10-day

question: Where is the State Fair of Oklahoma?

answer: Oklahoma City

text: Oklahoma City

question: How many people attend the State Fair of Oklahoma each year?

answer: roughly one million

text: roughly one million

question: How long is the Tulsa State Fair?

answer: 10-day

question: How many people attend the Tulsa State Fair each year?

answer: over one million

text: over one million


text: In 1999, a private company built a tuna loining plant with more than 400 employees, mostly women. But the plant closed in 2005 after a failed attempt to convert it to produce tuna steaks, a process that requires half as many employees. Operating costs exceeded revenue, and the plant's owners tried to partner with the government to prevent closure. But government officials personally interested in an economic stake in the plant refused to help. After the plant closed, it was taken over by the government, which had been the guarantor of a $2 million loan to the business.[citation needed]

title: Marshall_Islands

title: Marshall_Islands

text: In

text: a

text: private

text: company

text: built

text: a

text: tuna

text: loining

text: plant

text: with

text: more

text: than

text: employees

text: mostly

text: women

text: But

text: the

text: plant

text: closed

text: in

text: after

text: a

text: failed

text: attempt

text: to

text: convert

text: it

text: to

text: produce

text: tuna

text: steaks

text: a

text: process

text: that

text: requires

text: half

text: as

text: many

text: employees

text: Operating

text: costs

text: exceeded

text: revenue

text: and

text: the

text: plant

text: 's

text: owners

text: tried

text: to

text: partner

text: with

text: the

text: government

text: to

text: prevent

text: closure

text: But

text: government

text: officials

text: personally

text: interested

text: in

text: an

text: economic

text: stake

text: in

text: the

text: plant

text: refused

text: to

text: help

text: After

text: the

text: plant

text: closed

text: it

text: was

text: taken

text: over

text: by

text: the

text: government

text: which

text: had

text: been

text: the

text: guarantor

text: of

text: a

text: million

text: loan

text: to

text: the

text: business.[citation

text: needed

question: In what year was a tuna loining plant constructed?

answer: 1999

question: How many people worked at the tuna loining plant?

answer: 400

question: In what year did the tuna loining plant shut down?

answer: 2005

question: Before it shut down, what was the tuna loining plant attempting to produce?

answer: tuna steaks

text: tuna steaks

question: What was the amount of the loan to the tuna loining plant that the Marshall Islands government was responsible for?

answer: $2 million

text: $2 million


text: Napoleon instituted lasting reforms, including higher education, a tax code, road and sewer systems, and established the Banque de France, the first central bank in French history. He negotiated the Concordat of 1801 with the Catholic Church, which sought to reconcile the mostly Catholic population to his regime. It was presented alongside the Organic Articles, which regulated public worship in France. His dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire paved the way to German Unification later in the 19th century. The sale of the Louisiana Territory to the United States doubled the size of the country and was a major event in American history.

title: Napoleon

title: Napoleon

text: Napoleon

text: instituted

text: lasting

text: reforms

text: including

text: higher

text: education

text: a

text: tax

text: code

text: road

text: and

text: sewer

text: systems

text: and

text: established

text: the

text: Banque

text: de

text: France

text: the

text: first

text: central

text: bank

text: in

text: French

text: history

text: He

text: negotiated

text: the

text: Concordat

text: of

text: with

text: the

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: which

text: sought

text: to

text: reconcile

text: the

text: mostly

text: Catholic

text: population

text: to

text: his

text: regime

text: It

text: was

text: presented

text: alongside

text: the

text: Organic

text: Articles

text: which

text: regulated

text: public

text: worship

text: in

text: France

text: His

text: dissolution

text: of

text: the

text: Holy

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: paved

text: the

text: way

text: to

text: German

text: Unification

text: later

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: The

text: sale

text: of

text: the

text: Louisiana

text: Territory

text: to

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: doubled

text: the

text: size

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: and

text: was

text: a

text: major

text: event

text: in

text: American

text: history

question: What was the name of the first central bank in France, that Napoleon established?

answer: the Banque de France

text: the Banque de France

question: What was the name of the agreement that Napoleon arrived at with the Catholic Church?

answer: the Concordat of 1801

text: the Concordat of 1801

question: What other document was presented along with the Concordat of 1801?

answer: the Organic Articles

text: the Organic Articles

question: What did the Organic Articles regulate in France?

answer: public worship

text: public worship

question: What is the name of the empire Napoleon dissolved that later led to unification in Germany?

answer: the Holy Roman Empire

text: the Holy Roman Empire


text: The owner, tenant or manager (licensee) of a pub is properly known as the "pub landlord". The term publican (in historical Roman usage a public contractor or tax farmer) has come into use since Victorian times to designate the pub landlord. Known as "locals" to regulars, pubs are typically chosen for their proximity to home or work, the availability of a particular beer, as a place to smoke (or avoid it), hosting a darts team, having a pool or snooker table, or appealing to friends.

title: Pub

title: Pub

text: The

text: owner

text: tenant

text: or

text: manager

text: licensee

text: of

text: a

text: pub

text: is

text: properly

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: pub

text: landlord

text: The

text: term

text: publican

text: in

text: historical

text: Roman

text: usage

text: a

text: public

text: contractor

text: or

text: tax

text: farmer

text: has

text: come

text: into

text: use

text: since

text: Victorian

text: times

text: to

text: designate

text: the

text: pub

text: landlord

text: Known

text: as

text: locals

text: to

text: regulars

text: pubs

text: are

text: typically

text: chosen

text: for

text: their

text: proximity

text: to

text: home

text: or

text: work

text: the

text: availability

text: of

text: a

text: particular

text: beer

text: as

text: a

text: place

text: to

text: smoke

text: or

text: avoid

text: it

text: hosting

text: a

text: darts

text: team

text: having

text: a

text: pool

text: or

text: snooker

text: table

text: or

text: appealing

text: to

text: friends

question: What is the owner, tenant or manager of a pub known as?

answer: pub landlord

text: pub landlord

question: What term came into use in Victorian times to designate the pub landlord?

answer: publican

text: publican

question: Name one way  regulars choose their Pubs?

answer: for their proximity to home or work

text: for their proximity to home or work

question: What is a proper term for the licensee of the pub?

answer: pub landlord

text: pub landlord

question: What was the pub landlord often called in Victorian times?

answer: publican

text: publican

question: What are pubs called by those who regularly visit there?

answer: locals

text: locals

question: Teams for what sport can be found congregating at pubs?

answer: darts

text: darts

question: What gaming tables can often be found in pubs?

answer: pool or snooker

text: pool or snooker


text: A public genome sequencing effort of cotton was initiated in 2007 by a consortium of public researchers. They agreed on a strategy to sequence the genome of cultivated, tetraploid cotton. "Tetraploid" means that cultivated cotton actually has two separate genomes within its nucleus, referred to as the A and D genomes. The sequencing consortium first agreed to sequence the D-genome relative of cultivated cotton (G. raimondii, a wild Central American cotton species) because of its small size and limited number of repetitive elements. It is nearly one-third the number of bases of tetraploid cotton (AD), and each chromosome is only present once.[clarification needed] The A genome of G. arboreum would be sequenced next. Its genome is roughly twice the size of G. raimondii's. Part of the difference in size between the two genomes is the amplification of retrotransposons (GORGE). Once both diploid genomes are assembled, then research could begin sequencing the actual genomes of cultivated cotton varieties. This strategy is out of necessity; if one were to sequence the tetraploid genome without model diploid genomes, the euchromatic DNA sequences of the AD genomes would co-assemble and the repetitive elements of AD genomes would assembly independently into A and D sequences respectively. Then there would be no way to untangle the mess of AD sequences without comparing them to their diploid counterparts.

title: Cotton

title: Cotton

text: A

text: public

text: genome

text: sequencing

text: effort

text: of

text: cotton

text: was

text: initiated

text: in

text: by

text: a

text: consortium

text: of

text: public

text: researchers

text: They

text: agreed

text: on

text: a

text: strategy

text: to

text: sequence

text: the

text: genome

text: of

text: cultivated

text: tetraploid

text: cotton

text: Tetraploid

text: means

text: that

text: cultivated

text: cotton

text: actually

text: has

text: two

text: separate

text: genomes

text: within

text: its

text: nucleus

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: A

text: and

text: D

text: genomes

text: The

text: sequencing

text: consortium

text: first

text: agreed

text: to

text: sequence

text: the

text: D

text: genome

text: relative

text: of

text: cultivated

text: cotton

text: G.

text: raimondii

text: a

text: wild

text: Central

text: American

text: cotton

text: species

text: because

text: of

text: its

text: small

text: size

text: and

text: limited

text: number

text: of

text: repetitive

text: elements

text: It

text: is

text: nearly

text: one

text: third

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: bases

text: of

text: tetraploid

text: cotton

text: AD

text: and

text: each

text: chromosome

text: is

text: only

text: present

text: once.[clarification

text: needed

text: The

text: A

text: genome

text: of

text: G.

text: arboreum

text: would

text: be

text: sequenced

text: next

text: Its

text: genome

text: is

text: roughly

text: twice

text: the

text: size

text: of

text: G.

text: raimondii

text: 's

text: Part

text: of

text: the

text: difference

text: in

text: size

text: between

text: the

text: two

text: genomes

text: is

text: the

text: amplification

text: of

text: retrotransposons

text: GORGE

text: Once

text: both

text: diploid

text: genomes

text: are

text: assembled

text: then

text: research

text: could

text: begin

text: sequencing

text: the

text: actual

text: genomes

text: of

text: cultivated

text: cotton

text: varieties

text: This

text: strategy

text: is

text: out

text: of

text: necessity

text: if

text: one

text: were

text: to

text: sequence

text: the

text: tetraploid

text: genome

text: without

text: model

text: diploid

text: genomes

text: the

text: euchromatic

text: DNA

text: sequences

text: of

text: the

text: AD

text: genomes

text: would

text: co

text: assemble

text: and

text: the

text: repetitive

text: elements

text: of

text: AD

text: genomes

text: would

text: assembly

text: independently

text: into

text: A

text: and

text: D

text: sequences

text: respectively

text: Then

text: there

text: would

text: be

text: no

text: way

text: to

text: untangle

text: the

text: mess

text: of

text: AD

text: sequences

text: without

text: comparing

text: them

text: to

text: their

text: diploid

text: counterparts

question: What is the final sequencing goal of sequencing diploid cotton genomes first ?

answer: tetraploid cotton

text: tetraploid cotton

question: What type of cotton has two separate genomes within its nucleus?

answer: Tetraploid

text: Tetraploid

question: When did a group of researchers decide to sequence the genomic structure of tetraploid cotton?

answer: 2007

question: What type of genome must be sequenced first to prevent confusion before the tetraploid form?

answer: diploid

text: diploid

question: In order to understand the tetraploid forms, what must be used as a comparison in cotton gene sequencing?

answer: diploid counterparts

text: diploid counterparts


text: The Qing organization of provinces was based on the fifteen administrative units set up by the Ming dynasty, later made into eighteen provinces by splitting for example, Huguang into Hubei and Hunan provinces. The provincial bureaucracy continued the Yuan and Ming practice of three parallel lines, civil, military, and censorate, or surveillance. Each province was administered by a governor (巡撫, xunfu) and a provincial military commander (提督, tidu). Below the province were prefectures (府, fu) operating under a prefect (知府, zhīfǔ), followed by subprefectures under a subprefect. The lowest unit was the county, overseen by a county magistrate. The eighteen provinces are also known as "China proper". The position of viceroy or governor-general (總督, zongdu) was the highest rank in the provincial administration. There were eight regional viceroys in China proper, each usually took charge of two or three provinces. The Viceroy of Zhili, who was responsible for the area surrounding the capital Beijing, is usually considered as the most honorable and powerful viceroy among the eight.

title: Qing_dynasty

title: Qing_dynasty

text: The

text: Qing

text: organization

text: of

text: provinces

text: was

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: fifteen

text: administrative

text: units

text: set

text: up

text: by

text: the

text: Ming

text: dynasty

text: later

text: made

text: into

text: eighteen

text: provinces

text: by

text: splitting

text: for

text: example

text: Huguang

text: into

text: Hubei

text: and

text: Hunan

text: provinces

text: The

text: provincial

text: bureaucracy

text: continued

text: the

text: Yuan

text: and

text: Ming

text: practice

text: of

text: three

text: parallel

text: lines

text: civil

text: military

text: and

text: censorate

text: or

text: surveillance

text: Each

text: province

text: was

text: administered

text: by

text: a

text: governor

text: 巡撫

text: xunfu

text: and

text: a

text: provincial

text: military

text: commander

text: 提督

text: tidu

text: Below

text: the

text: province

text: were

text: prefectures

text: 府

text: fu

text: operating

text: under

text: a

text: prefect

text: 知府

text: zhīfǔ

text: followed

text: by

text: subprefectures

text: under

text: a

text: subprefect

text: The

text: lowest

text: unit

text: was

text: the

text: county

text: overseen

text: by

text: a

text: county

text: magistrate

text: The

text: eighteen

text: provinces

text: are

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: China

text: proper

text: The

text: position

text: of

text: viceroy

text: or

text: governor

text: general

text: 總督

text: zongdu

text: was

text: the

text: highest

text: rank

text: in

text: the

text: provincial

text: administration

text: There

text: were

text: eight

text: regional

text: viceroys

text: in

text: China

text: proper

text: each

text: usually

text: took

text: charge

text: of

text: two

text: or

text: three

text: provinces

text: The

text: Viceroy

text: of

text: Zhili

text: who

text: was

text: responsible

text: for

text: the

text: area

text: surrounding

text: the

text: capital

text: Beijing

text: is

text: usually

text: considered

text: as

text: the

text: most

text: honorable

text: and

text: powerful

text: viceroy

text: among

text: the

text: eight

question: What two provinces were formed from Huguang?

answer: Hubei and Hunan

text: Hubei and Hunan

question: What was the name of the highest ranking official in a province?

answer: governor

text: governor

question: What were provinces broken up into?

answer: prefectures

text: prefectures

question: What is another name for the main 18 provinces?

answer: China proper

text: China proper

question: How many viceroys were there in China Proper?

answer: eight

text: eight


text: Red was the color of the banner of the Byzantine emperors. In Western Europe, Emperor Charlemagne painted his palace red as a very visible symbol of his authority, and wore red shoes at his coronation. Kings, princes and, beginning in 1295, Roman Catholic cardinals began to wear red costumes. When Abbe Suger rebuilt Saint Denis Basilica outside Paris in the early 12th century, he added stained glass windows colored blue cobalt glass and red glass tinted with copper. Together they flooded the basilica with a mystical light. Soon stained glass windows were being added to cathedrals all across France, England and Germany. In Medieval painting red was used to attract attention to the most important figures; both Christ and the Virgin Mary were commonly painted wearing red mantles.

title: Red

title: Red

text: Red

text: was

text: the

text: color

text: of

text: the

text: banner

text: of

text: the

text: Byzantine

text: emperors

text: In

text: Western

text: Europe

text: Emperor

text: Charlemagne

text: painted

text: his

text: palace

text: red

text: as

text: a

text: very

text: visible

text: symbol

text: of

text: his

text: authority

text: and

text: wore

text: red

text: shoes

text: at

text: his

text: coronation

text: Kings

text: princes

text: and

text: beginning

text: in

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: cardinals

text: began

text: to

text: wear

text: red

text: costumes

text: When

text: Abbe

text: Suger

text: rebuilt

text: Saint

text: Denis

text: Basilica

text: outside

text: Paris

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: he

text: added

text: stained

text: glass

text: windows

text: colored

text: blue

text: cobalt

text: glass

text: and

text: red

text: glass

text: tinted

text: with

text: copper

text: Together

text: they

text: flooded

text: the

text: basilica

text: with

text: a

text: mystical

text: light

text: Soon

text: stained

text: glass

text: windows

text: were

text: being

text: added

text: to

text: cathedrals

text: all

text: across

text: France

text: England

text: and

text: Germany

text: In

text: Medieval

text: painting

text: red

text: was

text: used

text: to

text: attract

text: attention

text: to

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: figures

text: both

text: Christ

text: and

text: the

text: Virgin

text: Mary

text: were

text: commonly

text: painted

text: wearing

text: red

text: mantles

question: Which European emperor painted their palace red?

answer: Emperor Charlemagne

text: Emperor Charlemagne

question: In what year did cardinals in the Roman Catholic church start wearing red?

answer: 1295

question: When was Saint Denis Basilica rebuilt?

answer: 12th century

text: 12th century

question: Who rebuilt the basilica of Saint Denis?

answer: Abbe Suger

text: Abbe Suger

question: Christ and which other Christian figure were often painted red in medieval painting?

answer: Virgin Mary

text: Virgin Mary


text: Renaissance humanism took a close study of the Latin and Greek classical texts, and was antagonistic to the values of scholasticism with its emphasis on the accumulated commentaries; and humanists were involved in the sciences, philosophies, arts and poetry of classical antiquity. They self-consciously imitated classical Latin and deprecated the use of medieval Latin. By analogy with the perceived decline of Latin, they applied the principle of ad fontes, or back to the sources, across broad areas of learning.

title: Modern_history

title: Modern_history

text: Renaissance

text: humanism

text: took

text: a

text: close

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: Latin

text: and

text: Greek

text: classical

text: texts

text: and

text: was

text: antagonistic

text: to

text: the

text: values

text: of

text: scholasticism

text: with

text: its

text: emphasis

text: on

text: the

text: accumulated

text: commentaries

text: and

text: humanists

text: were

text: involved

text: in

text: the

text: sciences

text: philosophies

text: arts

text: and

text: poetry

text: of

text: classical

text: antiquity

text: They

text: self

text: consciously

text: imitated

text: classical

text: Latin

text: and

text: deprecated

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: medieval

text: Latin

text: By

text: analogy

text: with

text: the

text: perceived

text: decline

text: of

text: Latin

text: they

text: applied

text: the

text: principle

text: of

text: ad

text: fontes

text: or

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: sources

text: across

text: broad

text: areas

text: of

text: learning

question: What did renaissance humanism reference?

answer: Latin and Greek classical texts

text: Latin and Greek classical texts

question: renaissance humanism was antagonistic to what?

answer: scholasticism

text: scholasticism

question: What did renaissance humanism place an emphasis on?

answer: accumulated commentaries

text: accumulated commentaries


text: The machine was about a century ahead of its time. All the parts for his machine had to be made by hand — this was a major problem for a device with thousands of parts. Eventually, the project was dissolved with the decision of the British Government to cease funding. Babbage's failure to complete the analytical engine can be chiefly attributed to difficulties not only of politics and financing, but also to his desire to develop an increasingly sophisticated computer and to move ahead faster than anyone else could follow. Nevertheless, his son, Henry Babbage, completed a simplified version of the analytical engine's computing unit (the mill) in 1888. He gave a successful demonstration of its use in computing tables in 1906.

title: Computer

title: Computer

text: The

text: machine

text: was

text: about

text: a

text: century

text: ahead

text: of

text: its

text: time

text: All

text: the

text: parts

text: for

text: his

text: machine

text: had

text: to

text: be

text: made

text: by

text: hand

text: this

text: was

text: a

text: major

text: problem

text: for

text: a

text: device

text: with

text: thousands

text: of

text: parts

text: Eventually

text: the

text: project

text: was

text: dissolved

text: with

text: the

text: decision

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: Government

text: to

text: cease

text: funding

text: Babbage

text: 's

text: failure

text: to

text: complete

text: the

text: analytical

text: engine

text: can

text: be

text: chiefly

text: attributed

text: to

text: difficulties

text: not

text: only

text: of

text: politics

text: and

text: financing

text: but

text: also

text: to

text: his

text: desire

text: to

text: develop

text: an

text: increasingly

text: sophisticated

text: computer

text: and

text: to

text: move

text: ahead

text: faster

text: than

text: anyone

text: else

text: could

text: follow

text: Nevertheless

text: his

text: son

text: Henry

text: Babbage

text: completed

text: a

text: simplified

text: version

text: of

text: the

text: analytical

text: engine

text: 's

text: computing

text: unit

text: the

text: mill

text: in

text: He

text: gave

text: a

text: successful

text: demonstration

text: of

text: its

text: use

text: in

text: computing

text: tables

text: in

question: Who was Charles Babbage's son?

answer: Henry Babbage

text: Henry Babbage

question: Who created a simple version of the analytical engine's computing unit?

answer: Henry Babbage

text: Henry Babbage

question: When was the mill created by Henry Babbage?

answer: 1888

question: When was a demonstration by Henry Babbage of the mill given?

answer: 1906