text: In a famous paper of 1936 with Garrett Birkhoff, the first work ever to introduce quantum logics, von Neumann and Birkhoff first proved that quantum mechanics requires a propositional calculus substantially different from all classical logics and rigorously isolated a new algebraic structure for quantum logics. The concept of creating a propositional calculus for quantum logic was first outlined in a short section in von Neumann's 1932 work, but in 1936, the need for the new propositional calculus was demonstrated through several proofs. For example, photons cannot pass through two successive filters that are polarized perpendicularly (e.g., one horizontally and the other vertically), and therefore, a fortiori, it cannot pass if a third filter polarized diagonally is added to the other two, either before or after them in the succession, but if the third filter is added in between the other two, the photons will, indeed, pass through. This experimental fact is translatable into logic as the non-commutativity of conjunction . It was also demonstrated that the laws of distribution of classical logic,  and , are not valid for quantum theory.

title: John_von_Neumann

title: John_von_Neumann

text: In

text: a

text: famous

text: paper

text: of

text: with

text: Garrett

text: Birkhoff

text: the

text: first

text: work

text: ever

text: to

text: introduce

text: quantum

text: logics

text: von

text: Neumann

text: and

text: Birkhoff

text: first

text: proved

text: that

text: quantum

text: mechanics

text: requires

text: a

text: propositional

text: calculus

text: substantially

text: different

text: from

text: all

text: classical

text: logics

text: and

text: rigorously

text: isolated

text: a

text: new

text: algebraic

text: structure

text: for

text: quantum

text: logics

text: The

text: concept

text: of

text: creating

text: a

text: propositional

text: calculus

text: for

text: quantum

text: logic

text: was

text: first

text: outlined

text: in

text: a

text: short

text: section

text: in

text: von

text: Neumann

text: 's

text: work

text: but

text: in

text: the

text: need

text: for

text: the

text: new

text: propositional

text: calculus

text: was

text: demonstrated

text: through

text: several

text: proofs

text: For

text: example

text: photons

text: can

text: not

text: pass

text: through

text: two

text: successive

text: filters

text: that

text: are

text: polarized

text: perpendicularly

text: e.g.

text: one

text: horizontally

text: and

text: the

text: other

text: vertically

text: and

text: therefore

text: a

text: fortiori

text: it

text: can

text: not

text: pass

text: if

text: a

text: third

text: filter

text: polarized

text: diagonally

text: is

text: added

text: to

text: the

text: other

text: two

text: either

text: before

text: or

text: after

text: them

text: in

text: the

text: succession

text: but

text: if

text: the

text: third

text: filter

text: is

text: added

text: in

text: between

text: the

text: other

text: two

text: the

text: photons

text: will

text: indeed

text: pass

text: through

text: This

text: experimental

text: fact

text: is

text: translatable

text: into

text: logic

text: as

text: the

text: non

text: commutativity

text: of

text: conjunction

text: It

text: was

text: also

text: demonstrated

text: that

text: the

text: laws

text: of

text: distribution

text: of

text: classical

text: logic

text: and

text: are

text: not

text: valid

text: for

text: quantum

text: theory

question: With whom did von Neuman work on a paper in 1936 that introduce quantum logic?

answer: Garrett Birkhoff

text: Garrett Birkhoff

question: What concept was created for quatum logic?

answer: propositional calculus

text: propositional calculus

question: What is the difference of logic in quantum theory?

answer: laws of distribution of classical logic,  and , are not valid for quantum theory

text: laws of distribution of classical logic,  and , are not valid for quantum theory


text: The period saw the growth of a distinct and trained architectural profession; before the mid-century "the high-sounding title, 'architect' was adopted by anyone who could get away with it". But most buildings were still designed by builders and landlords together, and the wide spread of Georgian architecture, and the Georgian styles of design more generally, came from dissemination through pattern books and inexpensive suites of engravings. This contrasted with earlier styles, which were primarily disseminated among craftsmen through the direct experience of the apprenticeship system. Authors such as the prolific William Halfpenny (active 1723–1755) received editions in America as well as Britain. From the mid-18th century, Georgian styles were assimilated into an architectural vernacular that became part and parcel of the training of every architect, designer, builder, carpenter, mason and plasterer, from Edinburgh to Maryland.

title: Georgian_architecture

title: Georgian_architecture

text: The

text: period

text: saw

text: the

text: growth

text: of

text: a

text: distinct

text: and

text: trained

text: architectural

text: profession

text: before

text: the

text: mid

text: century

text: the

text: high

text: sounding

text: title

text: architect

text: was

text: adopted

text: by

text: anyone

text: who

text: could

text: get

text: away

text: with

text: it

text: But

text: most

text: buildings

text: were

text: still

text: designed

text: by

text: builders

text: and

text: landlords

text: together

text: and

text: the

text: wide

text: spread

text: of

text: Georgian

text: architecture

text: and

text: the

text: Georgian

text: styles

text: of

text: design

text: more

text: generally

text: came

text: from

text: dissemination

text: through

text: pattern

text: books

text: and

text: inexpensive

text: suites

text: of

text: engravings

text: This

text: contrasted

text: with

text: earlier

text: styles

text: which

text: were

text: primarily

text: disseminated

text: among

text: craftsmen

text: through

text: the

text: direct

text: experience

text: of

text: the

text: apprenticeship

text: system

text: Authors

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: prolific

text: William

text: Halfpenny

text: active

text: received

text: editions

text: in

text: America

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: Britain

text: From

text: the

text: century

text: Georgian

text: styles

text: were

text: assimilated

text: into

text: an

text: architectural

text: vernacular

text: that

text: became

text: part

text: and

text: parcel

text: of

text: the

text: training

text: of

text: every

text: architect

text: designer

text: builder

text: carpenter

text: mason

text: and

text: plasterer

text: from

text: Edinburgh

text: to

text: Maryland

question: What high sounding title was adopted by anyone who could get away with it?

answer: architect

text: architect

question: How did most Georgian design styles disseminate?

answer: pattern books and inexpensive suites of engravings

text: pattern books and inexpensive suites of engravings

question: How did styles disseminate before Georgian architecture?

answer: the apprenticeship system

text: the apprenticeship system

question: Which American author received editions of Georgian architecture?

answer: William Halfpenny

text: William Halfpenny

question: What years were William Halfpenny active?

answer: 1723–1755


text: A variation of the incandescent lamp did not use a hot wire filament, but instead used an arc struck on a spherical bead electrode to produce heat. The electrode then became incandescent, with the arc contributing little to the light produced. Such lamps were used for projection or illumination for scientific instruments such as microscopes. These arc lamps ran on relatively low voltages and incorporated tungsten filaments to start ionization within the envelope. They provided the intense concentrated light of an arc lamp but were easier to operate. Developed around 1915, these lamps were displaced by mercury and xenon arc lamps.

title: Incandescent_light_bulb

title: Incandescent_light_bulb

text: A

text: variation

text: of

text: the

text: incandescent

text: lamp

text: did

text: not

text: use

text: a

text: hot

text: wire

text: filament

text: but

text: instead

text: used

text: an

text: arc

text: struck

text: on

text: a

text: spherical

text: bead

text: electrode

text: to

text: produce

text: heat

text: The

text: electrode

text: then

text: became

text: incandescent

text: with

text: the

text: arc

text: contributing

text: little

text: to

text: the

text: light

text: produced

text: Such

text: lamps

text: were

text: used

text: for

text: projection

text: or

text: illumination

text: for

text: scientific

text: instruments

text: such

text: as

text: microscopes

text: These

text: arc

text: lamps

text: ran

text: on

text: relatively

text: low

text: voltages

text: and

text: incorporated

text: tungsten

text: filaments

text: to

text: start

text: ionization

text: within

text: the

text: envelope

text: They

text: provided

text: the

text: intense

text: concentrated

text: light

text: of

text: an

text: arc

text: lamp

text: but

text: were

text: easier

text: to

text: operate

text: Developed

text: around

text: these

text: lamps

text: were

text: displaced

text: by

text: mercury

text: and

text: xenon

text: arc

text: lamps

question: What did an alternate version of the incandescent lamp substitute for a wire filament?

answer: an arc struck on a spherical bead electrode

text: an arc struck on a spherical bead electrode

question: What was a common application for this type of bulb?

answer: scientific instruments such as microscopes

text: scientific instruments such as microscopes

question: When was this style of lamp developed?

answer: 1915

question: What displaced this style of lamp?

answer: mercury and xenon arc lamps

text: mercury and xenon arc lamps


text: Nigeria is a Federal Republic modelled after the United States, with executive power exercised by the president. It is influenced by the Westminster System model[citation needed] in the composition and management of the upper and lower houses of the bicameral legislature. The president presides as both Head of State and head of the national executive; the leader is elected by popular vote to a maximum of two 4-year terms. In the March 28, 2015 presidential election, General Muhammadu Buhari emerged victorious to become the Federal President of Nigeria, defeating then incumbent Goodluck Jonathan.

title: Nigeria

title: Nigeria

text: Nigeria

text: is

text: a

text: Federal

text: Republic

text: modelled

text: after

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: with

text: executive

text: power

text: exercised

text: by

text: the

text: president

text: It

text: is

text: influenced

text: by

text: the

text: Westminster

text: System

text: model[citation

text: needed

text: in

text: the

text: composition

text: and

text: management

text: of

text: the

text: upper

text: and

text: lower

text: houses

text: of

text: the

text: bicameral

text: legislature

text: The

text: president

text: presides

text: as

text: both

text: Head

text: of

text: State

text: and

text: head

text: of

text: the

text: national

text: executive

text: the

text: leader

text: is

text: elected

text: by

text: popular

text: vote

text: to

text: a

text: maximum

text: of

text: two

text: terms

text: In

text: the

text: March

text: presidential

text: election

text: General

text: Muhammadu

text: Buhari

text: emerged

text: victorious

text: to

text: become

text: the

text: Federal

text: President

text: of

text: Nigeria

text: defeating

text: then

text: incumbent

text: Goodluck

text: Jonathan

question: What is Nigeria's form of government?

answer: Federal Republic

text: Federal Republic

question: What houses does the Nigerian legislature have?

answer: upper and lower

text: upper and lower

question: How many times can a Nigerian president be elected?

answer: two 4-year terms

text: two 4-year terms

question: Who won the 2015 Nigerian presidential election?

answer: General Muhammadu Buhari

text: General Muhammadu Buhari

question: Who lost the 2015 Nigerian presidential election?

answer: Goodluck Jonathan

text: Goodluck Jonathan


text: Spielberg then revisited his Close Encounters project and, with financial backing from Columbia Pictures, released Close Encounters: The Special Edition in 1980. For this, Spielberg fixed some of the flaws he thought impeded the original 1977 version of the film and also, at the behest of Columbia, and as a condition of Spielberg revising the film, shot additional footage showing the audience the interior of the mothership seen at the end of the film (a decision Spielberg would later regret as he felt the interior of the mothership should have remained a mystery). Nevertheless, the re-release was a moderate success, while the 2001 DVD release of the film restored the original ending.

title: Steven_Spielberg

title: Steven_Spielberg

text: Spielberg

text: then

text: revisited

text: his

text: Close

text: Encounters

text: project

text: and

text: with

text: financial

text: backing

text: from

text: Columbia

text: Pictures

text: released

text: Close

text: Encounters

text: The

text: Special

text: Edition

text: in

text: For

text: this

text: Spielberg

text: fixed

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: flaws

text: he

text: thought

text: impeded

text: the

text: original

text: version

text: of

text: the

text: film

text: and

text: also

text: at

text: the

text: behest

text: of

text: Columbia

text: and

text: as

text: a

text: condition

text: of

text: Spielberg

text: revising

text: the

text: film

text: shot

text: additional

text: footage

text: showing

text: the

text: audience

text: the

text: interior

text: of

text: the

text: mothership

text: seen

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: film

text: a

text: decision

text: Spielberg

text: would

text: later

text: regret

text: as

text: he

text: felt

text: the

text: interior

text: of

text: the

text: mothership

text: should

text: have

text: remained

text: a

text: mystery

text: Nevertheless

text: the

text: re

text: release

text: was

text: a

text: moderate

text: success

text: while

text: the

text: DVD

text: release

text: of

text: the

text: film

text: restored

text: the

text: original

text: ending

question: When did Spielberg re-release Close Encounters?

answer: 1980

question: What new footage did Columbia require for a Close Encounters revisit?

answer: the interior of the mothership

text: the interior of the mothership

question: What was the Close Encounters revisit called?

answer: Close Encounters: The Special Edition

text: Close Encounters: The Special Edition

question: Which studio funded Close Encounters?

answer: Columbia Pictures

text: Columbia Pictures

question: When did a Close Encounters DVD come out?

answer: 2001


text: Traditional English ale was made solely from fermented malt. The practice of adding hops to produce beer was introduced from the Netherlands in the early 15th century. Alehouses would each brew their own distinctive ale, but independent breweries began to appear in the late 17th century. By the end of the century almost all beer was brewed by commercial breweries.

title: Pub

title: Pub

text: Traditional

text: English

text: ale

text: was

text: made

text: solely

text: from

text: fermented

text: malt

text: The

text: practice

text: of

text: adding

text: hops

text: to

text: produce

text: beer

text: was

text: introduced

text: from

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: Alehouses

text: would

text: each

text: brew

text: their

text: own

text: distinctive

text: ale

text: but

text: independent

text: breweries

text: began

text: to

text: appear

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: By

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: almost

text: all

text: beer

text: was

text: brewed

text: by

text: commercial

text: breweries

question: What was the one ingredient of traditional English ale?

answer: fermented malt

text: fermented malt

question: What country pioneered the introduction of hops for beer production?

answer: the Netherlands

text: the Netherlands

question: In what century was the process of using hops to produce beer introduced to England?

answer: 15th

question: In what century did the first independent breweries appear in England?

answer: 17th

question: What businesses were the dominant brewers of beer in England by the close of the 17th century?

answer: commercial breweries

text: commercial breweries


text: In Brazil, the Presbyterian Church of Brazil (Igreja Presbiteriana do Brasil) totals approximately 1,011,300 members; other Presbyterian churches (Independents, United, Conservatives, Renovated, etc.) in this nation have around 350,000 members. The Renewed Presbyterian Church in Brazil was influenced by the charismatic movement and has about 131 000 members as of 2011. The Conservative Presbyterian Church was founded in 1940 and has eight presbyteries. The Fundamentalist Presbyterian church in Brazil was influenced by Karl McIntosh and the Bible Presbyterian church USA and has around 1 800 members. The Independent Presbyterian Church in Brasil was founded in 1903 by pastor Pereira, has 500 congregations and 75 000 members. The United Presbyterian Church in Brazil has around 4 000 members. There are also ethnic Korean Presbyterian churches in the country. The Evangelical Reformed Church in Brazil has Dutch origin. The Reformed Churches in Brazil were recently founded by the Canadian Reformed Churches with the Reformed Church in the Netherlands (liberated).

title: Presbyterianism

title: Presbyterianism

text: In

text: Brazil

text: the

text: Presbyterian

text: Church

text: of

text: Brazil

text: Igreja

text: Presbiteriana

text: do

text: Brasil

text: totals

text: approximately

text: members

text: other

text: Presbyterian

text: churches

text: Independents

text: United

text: Conservatives

text: Renovated

text: etc

text: in

text: this

text: nation

text: have

text: around

text: members

text: The

text: Renewed

text: Presbyterian

text: Church

text: in

text: Brazil

text: was

text: influenced

text: by

text: the

text: charismatic

text: movement

text: and

text: has

text: about

text: members

text: as

text: of

text: The

text: Conservative

text: Presbyterian

text: Church

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: and

text: has

text: eight

text: presbyteries

text: The

text: Fundamentalist

text: Presbyterian

text: church

text: in

text: Brazil

text: was

text: influenced

text: by

text: Karl

text: McIntosh

text: and

text: the

text: Bible

text: Presbyterian

text: church

text: USA

text: and

text: has

text: around

text: members

text: The

text: Independent

text: Presbyterian

text: Church

text: in

text: Brasil

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: by

text: pastor

text: Pereira

text: has

text: congregations

text: and

text: members

text: The

text: United

text: Presbyterian

text: Church

text: in

text: Brazil

text: has

text: around

text: members

text: There

text: are

text: also

text: ethnic

text: Korean

text: Presbyterian

text: churches

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: The

text: Evangelical

text: Reformed

text: Church

text: in

text: Brazil

text: has

text: Dutch

text: origin

text: The

text: Reformed

text: Churches

text: in

text: Brazil

text: were

text: recently

text: founded

text: by

text: the

text: Canadian

text: Reformed

text: Churches

text: with

text: the

text: Reformed

text: Church

text: in

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: liberated

question: How many members are in the Presbyterian Church of Brazil?

answer: 1,011,300

question: As of 2011, how many members were in The Renewed Presbyterian Church in Brazil?

answer: 131 000

text: 131 000

question: When was Conservative Presbyterian Church formed?

answer: 1940

question: What is the name of the Presbyterian church in Brazil with Dutch origins?

answer: The Evangelical Reformed Church in Brazil

text: The Evangelical Reformed Church in Brazil


text: Increasingly, more modern games such as video games and slot machines are provided. Pubs hold special events, from tournaments of the aforementioned games to karaoke nights to pub quizzes. Some play pop music and hip-hop (dance bar), or show football and rugby union on big screen televisions (sports bar). Shove ha'penny and Bat and trap were also popular in pubs south of London.

title: Pub

title: Pub

text: Increasingly

text: more

text: modern

text: games

text: such

text: as

text: video

text: games

text: and

text: slot

text: machines

text: are

text: provided

text: Pubs

text: hold

text: special

text: events

text: from

text: tournaments

text: of

text: the

text: aforementioned

text: games

text: to

text: karaoke

text: nights

text: to

text: pub

text: quizzes

text: Some

text: play

text: pop

text: music

text: and

text: hip

text: hop

text: dance

text: bar

text: or

text: show

text: football

text: and

text: rugby

text: union

text: on

text: big

text: screen

text: televisions

text: sports

text: bar

text: Shove

text: ha'penny

text: and

text: Bat

text: and

text: trap

text: were

text: also

text: popular

text: in

text: pubs

text: south

text: of

text: London

question: Along with slot machines, what is a modern game that is increasingly present in pubs?

answer: video games

text: video games

question: What is a pub that plays pop and hip-hop music called?

answer: dance bar

text: dance bar

question: At what sort of pub can you watch rugby union on television?

answer: sports bar

text: sports bar

question: Along with Bat and trap, what game is popular in south London pubs?

answer: Shove ha'penny

text: Shove ha'penny


text: From April–July, Soviet and German officials made statements regarding the potential for the beginning of political negotiations, while no actual negotiations took place during that time period. The ensuing discussion of a potential political deal between Germany and the Soviet Union had to be channeled into the framework of economic negotiations between the two countries, because close military and diplomatic connections, as was the case before the mid-1930s, had afterward been largely severed. In May, Stalin replaced his Foreign Minister Maxim Litvinov, who was regarded as pro-western and who was also Jewish, with Vyacheslav Molotov, allowing the Soviet Union more latitude in discussions with more parties, not only with Britain and France.

title: Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact

title: Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact

text: From

text: April

text: July

text: Soviet

text: and

text: German

text: officials

text: made

text: statements

text: regarding

text: the

text: potential

text: for

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: political

text: negotiations

text: while

text: no

text: actual

text: negotiations

text: took

text: place

text: during

text: that

text: time

text: period

text: The

text: ensuing

text: discussion

text: of

text: a

text: potential

text: political

text: deal

text: between

text: Germany

text: and

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: had

text: to

text: be

text: channeled

text: into

text: the

text: framework

text: of

text: economic

text: negotiations

text: between

text: the

text: two

text: countries

text: because

text: close

text: military

text: and

text: diplomatic

text: connections

text: as

text: was

text: the

text: case

text: before

text: the

text: had

text: afterward

text: been

text: largely

text: severed

text: In

text: May

text: Stalin

text: replaced

text: his

text: Foreign

text: Minister

text: Maxim

text: Litvinov

text: who

text: was

text: regarded

text: as

text: pro

text: western

text: and

text: who

text: was

text: also

text: Jewish

text: with

text: Vyacheslav

text: Molotov

text: allowing

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: more

text: latitude

text: in

text: discussions

text: with

text: more

text: parties

text: not

text: only

text: with

text: Britain

text: and

text: France

question: Which Soviet Foreign Minister lost his job because of his favorable attitude towards the west?

answer: Maxim Litvinov

text: Maxim Litvinov

question: Which two countries positioned themselves to broker a deal returning to a pre-1930’s treaty with each other?

answer: Soviet and German

text: Soviet and German

question: Which two countries positioned themselves to broker an new trade agreement?

answer: Germany and the Soviet Union

text: Germany and the Soviet Union


text: Shortly after the end of the war in May 1945, Germans who had fled in early 1945 tried to return to their homes in East Prussia. An estimated number of 800,000 Germans were living in East Prussia during the summer of 1945. Many more were prevented from returning,[citation needed] and the German population of East Prussia was almost completely expelled by the communist regimes. During the war and for some time thereafter 45 camps were established for about 200,000-250,000 forced labourers, the vast majority of whom were deported to the Soviet Union, including the Gulag camp system. The largest camp with about 48,000 inmates was established at Deutsch Eylau (Iława). Orphaned children who were left behind in the zone occupied by the Soviet Union were referred to as Wolf children.

title: East_Prussia

title: East_Prussia

text: Shortly

text: after

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: war

text: in

text: May

text: Germans

text: who

text: had

text: fled

text: in

text: early

text: tried

text: to

text: return

text: to

text: their

text: homes

text: in

text: East

text: Prussia

text: An

text: estimated

text: number

text: of

text: Germans

text: were

text: living

text: in

text: East

text: Prussia

text: during

text: the

text: summer

text: of

text: Many

text: more

text: were

text: prevented

text: from

text: returning,[citation

text: needed

text: and

text: the

text: German

text: population

text: of

text: East

text: Prussia

text: was

text: almost

text: completely

text: expelled

text: by

text: the

text: communist

text: regimes

text: During

text: the

text: war

text: and

text: for

text: some

text: time

text: thereafter

text: camps

text: were

text: established

text: for

text: about

text: forced

text: labourers

text: the

text: vast

text: majority

text: of

text: whom

text: were

text: deported

text: to

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: including

text: the

text: Gulag

text: camp

text: system

text: The

text: largest

text: camp

text: with

text: about

text: inmates

text: was

text: established

text: at

text: Deutsch

text: Eylau

text: Iława

text: Orphaned

text: children

text: who

text: were

text: left

text: behind

text: in

text: the

text: zone

text: occupied

text: by

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: were

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Wolf

text: children

question: How many Germans were living in East Prussia in 1945?

answer: 800,000

question: Around how many camps were set up by the Germans during the way?

answer: 45 camps

text: 45 camps

question: How many forced labourers were in the largest camp?

answer: 48,000

question: What were the children that were left behind in East Prussia that was occupied by the Russians referred to as?

answer: Wolf children

text: Wolf children


text: Comcast was given an "F" for its corporate governance practices in 2010, by Corporate Library, an independent shareholder-research organization. According to Corporate Library, Comcast's board of directors ability to oversee and control management was severely compromised (at least in 2010) by the fact that several of the directors either worked for the company or had business ties to it (making them susceptible to management pressure), and a third of the directors were over 70 years of age. According to the Wall Street Journal nearly two-thirds of the flights of Comcast's $40 million corporate jet purchased for business travel related to the NBCU acquisition, were to CEO Brian Roberts' private homes or to resorts.

title: Comcast

title: Comcast

text: Comcast

text: was

text: given

text: an

text: F

text: for

text: its

text: corporate

text: governance

text: practices

text: in

text: by

text: Corporate

text: Library

text: an

text: independent

text: shareholder

text: research

text: organization

text: According

text: to

text: Corporate

text: Library

text: Comcast

text: 's

text: board

text: of

text: directors

text: ability

text: to

text: oversee

text: and

text: control

text: management

text: was

text: severely

text: compromised

text: at

text: least

text: in

text: by

text: the

text: fact

text: that

text: several

text: of

text: the

text: directors

text: either

text: worked

text: for

text: the

text: company

text: or

text: had

text: business

text: ties

text: to

text: it

text: making

text: them

text: susceptible

text: to

text: management

text: pressure

text: and

text: a

text: third

text: of

text: the

text: directors

text: were

text: over

text: years

text: of

text: age

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: Wall

text: Street

text: Journal

text: nearly

text: two

text: thirds

text: of

text: the

text: flights

text: of

text: Comcast

text: 's

text: million

text: corporate

text: jet

text: purchased

text: for

text: business

text: travel

text: related

text: to

text: the

text: NBCU

text: acquisition

text: were

text: to

text: CEO

text: Brian

text: Roberts

text: private

text: homes

text: or

text: to

text: resorts

question: What organization gave Comcast an "F" rating in 2010?

answer: Corporate Library

text: Corporate Library

question: In issuing the grade, the Corporate Library found that a third of Comcast's board was how old?

answer: over 70 years of age

text: over 70 years of age

question: How much did Comcast pay for flights of its company jet in 2010?

answer: $40 million

text: $40 million

question: What conflict did Corporate Library note with Comcast's Board?

answer: several of the directors either worked for the company or had business ties to it

text: several of the directors either worked for the company or had business ties to it


text: Counter-intuitively, the "micro" size is the most durable from the point of designed insertion lifetime. The standard and mini connectors were designed for less than daily connections, with a design lifetime of 1,500 insertion-removal cycles. (Improved mini-B connectors have reached 5,000-cycle lifetimes.) Micro connectors were designed with frequent charging of portable devices in mind; not only is design lifetime of the connector improved to 10,000 cycles, but it was also redesigned to place the flexible contacts, which wear out sooner, on the easily replaced cable, while the more durable rigid contacts are located in the micro-USB receptacles. Likewise, the springy part of the retention mechanism (parts that provide required gripping force) were also moved into plugs on the cable side.

title: USB

title: USB

text: Counter

text: intuitively

text: the

text: micro

text: size

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: durable

text: from

text: the

text: point

text: of

text: designed

text: insertion

text: lifetime

text: The

text: standard

text: and

text: mini

text: connectors

text: were

text: designed

text: for

text: less

text: than

text: daily

text: connections

text: with

text: a

text: design

text: lifetime

text: of

text: insertion

text: removal

text: cycles

text: Improved

text: mini

text: B

text: connectors

text: have

text: reached

text: lifetimes

text: Micro

text: connectors

text: were

text: designed

text: with

text: frequent

text: charging

text: of

text: portable

text: devices

text: in

text: mind

text: not

text: only

text: is

text: design

text: lifetime

text: of

text: the

text: connector

text: improved

text: to

text: cycles

text: but

text: it

text: was

text: also

text: redesigned

text: to

text: place

text: the

text: flexible

text: contacts

text: which

text: wear

text: out

text: sooner

text: on

text: the

text: easily

text: replaced

text: cable

text: while

text: the

text: more

text: durable

text: rigid

text: contacts

text: are

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: micro

text: USB

text: receptacles

text: Likewise

text: the

text: springy

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: retention

text: mechanism

text: parts

text: that

text: provide

text: required

text: gripping

text: force

text: were

text: also

text: moved

text: into

text: plugs

text: on

text: the

text: cable

text: side

question: What size is the most durable from the point of designed insertion lifetime?

answer: the "micro" size

text: the "micro" size

question: What was designed for less daily connections?

answer: The standard and mini connectors

text: The standard and mini connectors

question: What has reached 5,000-cycle lifetimes?

answer: Improved mini-B connectors

text: Improved mini-B connectors

question: What was designed with frequent charging of portable devices in mind?

answer: Micro connectors

text: Micro connectors


text: Glass has the ability to refract, reflect, and transmit light following geometrical optics, without scattering it. It is used in the manufacture of lenses and windows. Common glass has a refraction index around 1.5. This may be modified by adding low-density materials such as boron, which lowers the index of refraction (see crown glass), or increased (to as much as 1.8) with high-density materials such as (classically) lead oxide (see flint glass and lead glass), or in modern uses, less toxic oxides of zirconium, titanium, or barium. These high-index glasses (inaccurately known as "crystal" when used in glass vessels) cause more chromatic dispersion of light, and are prized for their diamond-like optical properties.

title: Glass

title: Glass

text: Glass

text: has

text: the

text: ability

text: to

text: refract

text: reflect

text: and

text: transmit

text: light

text: following

text: geometrical

text: optics

text: without

text: scattering

text: it

text: It

text: is

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: manufacture

text: of

text: lenses

text: and

text: windows

text: Common

text: glass

text: has

text: a

text: refraction

text: index

text: around

text: This

text: may

text: be

text: modified

text: by

text: adding

text: low

text: density

text: materials

text: such

text: as

text: boron

text: which

text: lowers

text: the

text: index

text: of

text: refraction

text: see

text: crown

text: glass

text: or

text: increased

text: to

text: as

text: much

text: as

text: with

text: high

text: density

text: materials

text: such

text: as

text: classically

text: lead

text: oxide

text: see

text: flint

text: glass

text: and

text: lead

text: glass

text: or

text: in

text: modern

text: uses

text: less

text: toxic

text: oxides

text: of

text: zirconium

text: titanium

text: or

text: barium

text: These

text: high

text: index

text: glasses

text: inaccurately

text: known

text: as

text: crystal

text: when

text: used

text: in

text: glass

text: vessels

text: cause

text: more

text: chromatic

text: dispersion

text: of

text: light

text: and

text: are

text: prized

text: for

text: their

text: diamond

text: like

text: optical

text: properties

question: What can be used to make glass less refractive?

answer: boron

text: boron

question: What is the refraction index of typical glass?

answer: 1.5

question: What is a toxic additive that increases refraction?

answer: lead oxide

text: lead oxide

question: What are high-index glasses erroneously called?

answer: crystal

text: crystal

question: Why are high-index glasses valued?

answer: for their diamond-like optical properties

text: for their diamond-like optical properties


text: There is active research to make computers out of many promising new types of technology, such as optical computers, DNA computers, neural computers, and quantum computers. Most computers are universal, and are able to calculate any computable function, and are limited only by their memory capacity and operating speed. However different designs of computers can give very different performance for particular problems; for example quantum computers can potentially break some modern encryption algorithms (by quantum factoring) very quickly.

title: Computer

title: Computer

text: There

text: is

text: active

text: research

text: to

text: make

text: computers

text: out

text: of

text: many

text: promising

text: new

text: types

text: of

text: technology

text: such

text: as

text: optical

text: computers

text: DNA

text: computers

text: neural

text: computers

text: and

text: quantum

text: computers

text: Most

text: computers

text: are

text: universal

text: and

text: are

text: able

text: to

text: calculate

text: any

text: computable

text: function

text: and

text: are

text: limited

text: only

text: by

text: their

text: memory

text: capacity

text: and

text: operating

text: speed

text: However

text: different

text: designs

text: of

text: computers

text: can

text: give

text: very

text: different

text: performance

text: for

text: particular

text: problems

text: for

text: example

text: quantum

text: computers

text: can

text: potentially

text: break

text: some

text: modern

text: encryption

text: algorithms

text: by

text: quantum

text: factoring

text: very

text: quickly

question: What type of computer can break encryption algorithms quickly?

answer: quantum computers

text: quantum computers

question: By what method do quantum computers solve encryption algorithms quickly?

answer: quantum factoring

text: quantum factoring


text: The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russian SFSR or RSFSR; Russian: Российская Советская Федеративная Социалистическая Республика, tr. Rossiyskaya Sovetskaya Federativnaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika  listen (help·info)) commonly referred to as Soviet Russia or simply as Russia, was a sovereign state in 1917–22, the largest, most populous, and most economically developed republic of the Soviet Union in 1922–91 and a sovereign part of the Soviet Union with its own legislation in 1990–91. The Republic comprised sixteen autonomous republics, five autonomous oblasts, ten autonomous okrugs, six krais, and forty oblasts. Russians formed the largest ethnic group. To the west it bordered Finland, Norway and Poland; and to the south, China, Mongolia and North Korea whilst bordering the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Pacific Ocean to the east and the Black sea and Caspian Sea to the south. Within the USSR, it bordered the Baltic republics (Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia), the Byelorussian SSR and the Ukrainian SSR to the west. To the south it bordered the Georgian, Azerbaijan and Kazakh SSRs.

title: Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic

text: The

text: Russian

text: Soviet

text: Federative

text: Socialist

text: Republic

text: Russian

text: SFSR

text: or

text: RSFSR

text: Russian

text: Российская

text: Советская

text: Федеративная

text: Социалистическая

text: Республика

text: tr

text: Rossiyskaya

text: Sovetskaya

text: Federativnaya

text: Sotsialisticheskaya

text: Respublika

text: listen

text: help·info

text: commonly

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Soviet

text: Russia

text: or

text: simply

text: as

text: Russia

text: was

text: a

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: largest

text: most

text: populous

text: and

text: most

text: economically

text: developed

text: republic

text: of

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: in

text: and

text: a

text: sovereign

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: with

text: its

text: own

text: legislation

text: in

text: The

text: Republic

text: comprised

text: sixteen

text: autonomous

text: republics

text: five

text: autonomous

text: oblasts

text: ten

text: autonomous

text: okrugs

text: six

text: krais

text: and

text: forty

text: oblasts

text: Russians

text: formed

text: the

text: largest

text: ethnic

text: group

text: To

text: the

text: west

text: it

text: bordered

text: Finland

text: Norway

text: and

text: Poland

text: and

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: China

text: Mongolia

text: and

text: North

text: Korea

text: whilst

text: bordering

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: the

text: Black

text: sea

text: and

text: Caspian

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Within

text: the

text: USSR

text: it

text: bordered

text: the

text: Baltic

text: republics

text: Lithuania

text: Latvia

text: and

text: Estonia

text: the

text: Byelorussian

text: SSR

text: and

text: the

text: Ukrainian

text: SSR

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: To

text: the

text: south

text: it

text: bordered

text: the

text: Georgian

text: Azerbaijan

text: and

text: Kazakh

text: SSRs

question: Which ocean is along eastern Russia?

answer: the Pacific Ocean

text: the Pacific Ocean

question: Which union did Russia belong to after 1922?

answer: the Soviet Union

text: the Soviet Union

question: When did the RSFSR cease to be a part of the Soviet Union?

answer: 91

question: How many autonomous republics make up the RSFSR?

answer: sixteen

text: sixteen

question: The RSFSR contains how many oblasts?

answer: forty

text: forty

question: How many autonomous oblasts were part of the RSFSR?

answer: five

text: five

question: How many krais were present in the RSFSR?

answer: six

text: six


text: An incandescent light bulb, incandescent lamp or incandescent light globe is an electric light with a wire filament heated to a high temperature, by passing an electric current through it, until it glows with visible light (incandescence). The hot filament is protected from oxidation with a glass or quartz bulb that is filled with inert gas or evacuated. In a halogen lamp, filament evaporation is prevented by a chemical process that redeposits metal vapor onto the filament, extending its life. The light bulb is supplied with electric current by feed-through terminals or wires embedded in the glass. Most bulbs are used in a socket which provides mechanical support and electrical connections.

title: Incandescent_light_bulb

title: Incandescent_light_bulb

text: An

text: incandescent

text: light

text: bulb

text: incandescent

text: lamp

text: or

text: incandescent

text: light

text: globe

text: is

text: an

text: electric

text: light

text: with

text: a

text: wire

text: filament

text: heated

text: to

text: a

text: high

text: temperature

text: by

text: passing

text: an

text: electric

text: current

text: through

text: it

text: until

text: it

text: glows

text: with

text: visible

text: light

text: incandescence

text: The

text: hot

text: filament

text: is

text: protected

text: from

text: oxidation

text: with

text: a

text: glass

text: or

text: quartz

text: bulb

text: that

text: is

text: filled

text: with

text: inert

text: gas

text: or

text: evacuated

text: In

text: a

text: halogen

text: lamp

text: filament

text: evaporation

text: is

text: prevented

text: by

text: a

text: chemical

text: process

text: that

text: redeposits

text: metal

text: vapor

text: onto

text: the

text: filament

text: extending

text: its

text: life

text: The

text: light

text: bulb

text: is

text: supplied

text: with

text: electric

text: current

text: by

text: feed

text: through

text: terminals

text: or

text: wires

text: embedded

text: in

text: the

text: glass

text: Most

text: bulbs

text: are

text: used

text: in

text: a

text: socket

text: which

text: provides

text: mechanical

text: support

text: and

text: electrical

text: connections

question: What type of energy makes an incandescent light bulb glow?

answer: electric current

text: electric current

question: Which part of the incandescent light bulb is heated?

answer: wire filament

text: wire filament

question: What part of a halogen light bulb supplies electric current?

answer: feed-through terminals or wires embedded in the glass

text: feed-through terminals or wires embedded in the glass

question: What provides the electricity to most light bulbs?

answer: a socket

text: a socket

question: Which type of light bulb uses inert gas?

answer: incandescent light bulb

text: incandescent light bulb


text: Advanced economies led global economic growth prior to the financial crisis with "emerging" and "developing" economies lagging behind. The crisis completely overturned this relationship. The International Monetary Fund found that "advanced" economies accounted for only 31% of global GDP while emerging and developing economies accounted for 69% of global GDP from 2007 to 2014. In the tables, the names of emergent economies are shown in boldface type, while the names of developed economies are in Roman (regular) type.

title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

text: Advanced

text: economies

text: led

text: global

text: economic

text: growth

text: prior

text: to

text: the

text: financial

text: crisis

text: with

text: emerging

text: and

text: developing

text: economies

text: lagging

text: behind

text: The

text: crisis

text: completely

text: overturned

text: this

text: relationship

text: The

text: International

text: Monetary

text: Fund

text: found

text: that

text: advanced

text: economies

text: accounted

text: for

text: only

text: of

text: global

text: GDP

text: while

text: emerging

text: and

text: developing

text: economies

text: accounted

text: for

text: of

text: global

text: GDP

text: from

text: to

text: In

text: the

text: tables

text: the

text: names

text: of

text: emergent

text: economies

text: are

text: shown

text: in

text: boldface

text: type

text: while

text: the

text: names

text: of

text: developed

text: economies

text: are

text: in

text: Roman

text: regular

text: type

question: Who led global economic growth after the financial crisis?

answer: "emerging" and "developing" economies

text: "emerging" and "developing" economies

question: How much global GDP did emerging and developing economies account for from 2007 to 2014?

answer: 69%

question: What relationship between advanced and emerging/developing was completely overturned by the financial crisis of 2007?

answer: global economic growth

text: global economic growth

question: How much global GDP did "advanced" economies account for from 2007 to 2014?

answer: 31%

question: What economies led global economic growth prior to the financial crisis?

answer: Advanced economies

text: Advanced economies


text: Around 1300, centuries of prosperity and growth in Europe came to a halt. A series of famines and plagues, including the Great Famine of 1315–1317 and the Black Death, reduced the population to around half of what it was before the calamities. Along with depopulation came social unrest and endemic warfare. France and England experienced serious peasant uprisings, such as the Jacquerie and the Peasants' Revolt, as well as over a century of intermittent conflict in the Hundred Years' War. To add to the many problems of the period, the unity of the Catholic Church was shattered by the Western Schism. Collectively these events are sometimes called the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages.

title: Late_Middle_Ages

title: Late_Middle_Ages

text: Around

text: centuries

text: of

text: prosperity

text: and

text: growth

text: in

text: Europe

text: came

text: to

text: a

text: halt

text: A

text: series

text: of

text: famines

text: and

text: plagues

text: including

text: the

text: Great

text: Famine

text: of

text: and

text: the

text: Black

text: Death

text: reduced

text: the

text: population

text: to

text: around

text: half

text: of

text: what

text: it

text: was

text: before

text: the

text: calamities

text: Along

text: with

text: depopulation

text: came

text: social

text: unrest

text: and

text: endemic

text: warfare

text: France

text: and

text: England

text: experienced

text: serious

text: peasant

text: uprisings

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Jacquerie

text: and

text: the

text: Peasants

text: Revolt

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: over

text: a

text: century

text: of

text: intermittent

text: conflict

text: in

text: the

text: Hundred

text: Years

text: War

text: To

text: add

text: to

text: the

text: many

text: problems

text: of

text: the

text: period

text: the

text: unity

text: of

text: the

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: was

text: shattered

text: by

text: the

text: Western

text: Schism

text: Collectively

text: these

text: events

text: are

text: sometimes

text: called

text: the

text: Crisis

text: of

text: the

text: Late

text: Middle

text: Ages

question: What shattered the unity of the Catholic Church?

answer: the Western Schism

text: the Western Schism

question: What are the series of events that ended centuries of prosperity in Europe, starting around 1300, known as?

answer: the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages

text: the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages

question: In what years was the Great Famine?

answer: 1315–1317

question: Which two countries experienced peasant uprisings?

answer: France and England

text: France and England

question: What major conflict occurred in Europe during the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages?

answer: Hundred Years' War

text: Hundred Years' War


text: Napoleon knew that the French fleet could not defeat the Royal Navy in a head-to-head battle, so he planned to lure it away from the English Channel through diversionary tactics. The main strategic idea involved the French Navy escaping from the British blockades of Toulon and Brest and threatening to attack the West Indies. In the face of this attack, it was hoped, the British would weaken their defense of the Western Approaches by sending ships to the Caribbean, allowing a combined Franco-Spanish fleet to take control of the channel long enough for French armies to cross and invade. However, the plan unraveled after the British victory at the Battle of Cape Finisterre in July 1805. French Admiral Villeneuve then retreated to Cádiz instead of linking up with French naval forces at Brest for an attack on the English Channel.

title: Napoleon

title: Napoleon

text: Napoleon

text: knew

text: that

text: the

text: French

text: fleet

text: could

text: not

text: defeat

text: the

text: Royal

text: Navy

text: in

text: a

text: head

text: to

text: head

text: battle

text: so

text: he

text: planned

text: to

text: lure

text: it

text: away

text: from

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: through

text: diversionary

text: tactics

text: The

text: main

text: strategic

text: idea

text: involved

text: the

text: French

text: Navy

text: escaping

text: from

text: the

text: British

text: blockades

text: of

text: Toulon

text: and

text: Brest

text: and

text: threatening

text: to

text: attack

text: the

text: West

text: Indies

text: In

text: the

text: face

text: of

text: this

text: attack

text: it

text: was

text: hoped

text: the

text: British

text: would

text: weaken

text: their

text: defense

text: of

text: the

text: Western

text: Approaches

text: by

text: sending

text: ships

text: to

text: the

text: Caribbean

text: allowing

text: a

text: combined

text: Franco

text: Spanish

text: fleet

text: to

text: take

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: channel

text: long

text: enough

text: for

text: French

text: armies

text: to

text: cross

text: and

text: invade

text: However

text: the

text: plan

text: unraveled

text: after

text: the

text: British

text: victory

text: at

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Cape

text: Finisterre

text: in

text: July

text: French

text: Admiral

text: Villeneuve

text: then

text: retreated

text: to

text: Cádiz

text: instead

text: of

text: linking

text: up

text: with

text: French

text: naval

text: forces

text: at

text: Brest

text: for

text: an

text: attack

text: on

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

question: Napoleon acknowledged that the fleet of France was no match for what rival fleet in direct combat?

answer: the Royal Navy

text: the Royal Navy

question: Napoleon's plan to divert the British involved a French Navy attack on what islands?

answer: the West Indies.

text: the West Indies.

question: Napoleon hoped an attack on the West Indies would cause the British to lessen their defenses where?

answer: the Western Approaches

text: the Western Approaches

question: Napoleon's naval plan came apart after British triumph at which Battle?

answer: the Battle of Cape Finisterre

text: the Battle of Cape Finisterre

question: When did the Battle of Cape Finisterre occur?

answer: July 1805

text: July 1805


text: The Crimean campaign opened in September 1854. 360 ships sailed in seven columns, each steamer towing two sailing ships.:422 Anchoring on 13 September in the bay of Eupatoria, the town surrendered and 500 Marines landed to occupy it. This town and bay would provide a fall back position in case of disaster.:201 The ships then sailed east to make the landing of the allied expeditionary force on the sandy beaches of Calamita Bay on the south west coast of the Crimean Peninsula. The landing surprised the Russians, as they had been expecting a landing at Katcha; the last minute change proving that Russia had known the original battle plan. There was no sign of the enemy and the men were all landed on 14 September. It took another four days to land all the stores, equipment, horses and artillery.

title: Crimean_War

title: Crimean_War

text: The

text: Crimean

text: campaign

text: opened

text: in

text: September

text: ships

text: sailed

text: in

text: seven

text: columns

text: each

text: steamer

text: towing

text: two

text: sailing

text: Anchoring

text: on

text: September

text: in

text: the

text: bay

text: of

text: Eupatoria

text: the

text: town

text: surrendered

text: and

text: Marines

text: landed

text: to

text: occupy

text: it

text: This

text: town

text: and

text: bay

text: would

text: provide

text: a

text: fall

text: back

text: position

text: in

text: case

text: of

text: The

text: ships

text: then

text: sailed

text: east

text: to

text: make

text: the

text: landing

text: of

text: the

text: allied

text: expeditionary

text: force

text: on

text: the

text: sandy

text: beaches

text: of

text: Calamita

text: Bay

text: on

text: the

text: south

text: west

text: coast

text: of

text: the

text: Crimean

text: Peninsula

text: The

text: landing

text: surprised

text: the

text: Russians

text: as

text: they

text: had

text: been

text: expecting

text: a

text: landing

text: at

text: Katcha

text: the

text: last

text: minute

text: change

text: proving

text: that

text: Russia

text: had

text: known

text: the

text: original

text: battle

text: plan

text: There

text: was

text: no

text: sign

text: of

text: the

text: enemy

text: and

text: the

text: men

text: were

text: all

text: landed

text: on

text: September

text: It

text: took

text: another

text: four

text: days

text: to

text: land

text: all

text: the

text: stores

text: equipment

text: horses

text: and

text: artillery

question: In what year did the Crimean campaign open?

answer: 1854

question: 360 ships landed in what bay?

answer: bay of Eupatoria

text: bay of Eupatoria

question: How many Marines cause Eupatoria to surrender?

answer: 500 Marines

text: 500 Marines

question: What is the name of the bay located at the south west coast of the Crimean Peninsula?

answer: Calamita Bay

text: Calamita Bay

question: The Russians were surprised because they were expecting the fleet to land where?

answer: Katcha

text: Katcha


text: In addition to the dead and wounded, government leaders feared mass psychological trauma from aerial attack and a resulting collapse of civil society. A committee of psychiatrists reported to the government in 1938 that there would be three times as many mental as physical casualties from aerial bombing, implying three to four million psychiatric patients. Winston Churchill told Parliament in 1934, "We must expect that, under the pressure of continuous attack upon London, at least three or four million people would be driven out into the open country around the metropolis." Panicked reactions during the Munich crisis, such as the migration by 150,000 to Wales, contributed to fear of societal chaos.

title: The_Blitz

title: The_Blitz

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: the

text: dead

text: and

text: wounded

text: government

text: leaders

text: feared

text: mass

text: psychological

text: trauma

text: from

text: aerial

text: attack

text: and

text: a

text: resulting

text: collapse

text: of

text: civil

text: society

text: A

text: committee

text: of

text: psychiatrists

text: reported

text: to

text: the

text: government

text: in

text: that

text: there

text: would

text: be

text: three

text: times

text: as

text: many

text: mental

text: as

text: physical

text: casualties

text: from

text: aerial

text: bombing

text: implying

text: three

text: to

text: four

text: million

text: psychiatric

text: patients

text: Winston

text: Churchill

text: told

text: Parliament

text: in

text: We

text: must

text: expect

text: that

text: under

text: the

text: pressure

text: of

text: continuous

text: attack

text: upon

text: London

text: at

text: least

text: three

text: or

text: four

text: million

text: people

text: would

text: be

text: driven

text: out

text: into

text: the

text: open

text: country

text: around

text: the

text: metropolis

text: Panicked

text: reactions

text: during

text: the

text: Munich

text: crisis

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: migration

text: by

text: to

text: Wales

text: contributed

text: to

text: fear

text: of

text: societal

text: chaos

question: What was the biggest fear aerial attacks would cause besides death and wounded?

answer: psychological trauma

text: psychological trauma

question: Psychiatrists believe in 1938  that mental trauma could reach how many millions?

answer: three to four

text: three to four

question: Where did 150,000 migrate during the Munich crisis?

answer: Wales

text: Wales

question: Who told Parliament that after long periods of attacks people would leave the cities for the country?

answer: Winston Churchill

text: Winston Churchill


text: Nevertheless, the ethno-geographic caste hierarchy favoring the Mongols and other ethnicities were accorded higher status than the Han Chinese majority. Although Han Chinese who were recruited as advisers were often actually more influential than high officials, their status was not as well defined. Kublai also abolished the imperial examinations of China's civil service legacy, which was not reinstated until Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan's reign (1311–1320). Rossabi writes that Kublai recognized that in order to rule China, "he had to employ Chinese advisors and officials, yet he could not rely totally on Chinese advisers because he had to maintain a delicate balancing act between ruling the sedentary civilization of China and preserving the cultural identity and values of the Mongols." And "in governing China, he was concerned with the interests of his Chinese subjects, but also with exploiting the resources of the empire for his own aggrandizement. His motivations and objectives alternated from one to the other throughout his reign," according to Rossabi. Van Praag writes in The Status of Tibet that the Tibetans and Mongols, on the other hand, upheld a dual system of rule and an interdependent relationship that legitimated the succession of Mongol khans as universal Buddhist rulers, or chakravartin. Van Praag writes that "Tibet remained a unique part of the Empire and was never fully integrated into it," citing examples such as a licensed border market that existed between China and Tibet during the Yuan.

title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty

title: Sino

text: Nevertheless

text: the

text: ethno

text: geographic

text: caste

text: hierarchy

text: favoring

text: the

text: Mongols

text: and

text: other

text: ethnicities

text: were

text: accorded

text: higher

text: status

text: than

text: the

text: Han

text: Chinese

text: majority

text: Although

text: Han

text: Chinese

text: who

text: were

text: recruited

text: as

text: advisers

text: were

text: often

text: actually

text: more

text: influential

text: than

text: high

text: officials

text: their

text: status

text: was

text: not

text: as

text: well

text: defined

text: Kublai

text: also

text: abolished

text: the

text: imperial

text: examinations

text: of

text: China

text: 's

text: civil

text: service

text: legacy

text: which

text: was

text: not

text: reinstated

text: until

text: Ayurbarwada

text: Buyantu

text: Khan

text: 's

text: reign

text: Rossabi

text: writes

text: that

text: Kublai

text: recognized

text: that

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: rule

text: China

text: he

text: had

text: to

text: employ

text: Chinese

text: advisors

text: and

text: officials

text: yet

text: he

text: could

text: not

text: rely

text: totally

text: on

text: Chinese

text: advisers

text: because

text: he

text: had

text: to

text: maintain

text: a

text: delicate

text: balancing

text: act

text: between

text: ruling

text: the

text: sedentary

text: civilization

text: of

text: China

text: and

text: preserving

text: the

text: cultural

text: identity

text: and

text: values

text: of

text: the

text: Mongols

text: And

text: in

text: governing

text: China

text: he

text: was

text: concerned

text: with

text: the

text: interests

text: of

text: his

text: Chinese

text: subjects

text: but

text: also

text: with

text: exploiting

text: the

text: resources

text: of

text: the

text: empire

text: for

text: his

text: own

text: aggrandizement

text: His

text: motivations

text: and

text: objectives

text: alternated

text: from

text: one

text: to

text: the

text: other

text: throughout

text: his

text: reign

text: according

text: to

text: Rossabi

text: Van

text: Praag

text: writes

text: in

text: The

text: Status

text: of

text: Tibet

text: that

text: the

text: Tibetans

text: and

text: Mongols

text: on

text: the

text: other

text: hand

text: upheld

text: a

text: dual

text: system

text: of

text: rule

text: and

text: an

text: interdependent

text: relationship

text: that

text: legitimated

text: the

text: succession

text: of

text: Mongol

text: khans

text: as

text: universal

text: Buddhist

text: rulers

text: or

text: chakravartin

text: Van

text: Praag

text: writes

text: that

text: Tibet

text: remained

text: a

text: unique

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Empire

text: and

text: was

text: never

text: fully

text: integrated

text: into

text: it

text: citing

text: examples

text: such

text: as

text: a

text: licensed

text: border

text: market

text: that

text: existed

text: between

text: China

text: and

text: Tibet

text: during

text: the

text: Yuan

question: When did Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan reign?

answer: 1311–1320

question: During the Yuan what existed between China and Tibet?

answer: a licensed border market

text: a licensed border market

question: Who was granted higher status than the Han Chinese majority?

answer: the Mongols and other ethnicities

text: the Mongols and other ethnicities


text: In September 2013, West was widely rebuked by human rights groups for performing in Kazakhstan at the wedding of authoritarian President Nursultan Nazarbayev's grandson. He traveled to Kazakhstan, which has one of the poorest human rights records in the world, as a personal guest of Nazarbayev. Other notable Western performers, including Sting, have previously cancelled performances in the country over human rights concerns. West was reportedly paid US$3 million for his performance. West had previously participated in cultural boycotts, joining Shakira and Rage Against The Machine in refusing to perform in Arizona after the 2010 implementation of stop and search laws directed against potential illegal aliens.

title: Kanye_West

title: Kanye_West

text: In

text: September

text: West

text: was

text: widely

text: rebuked

text: by

text: human

text: rights

text: groups

text: for

text: performing

text: in

text: Kazakhstan

text: at

text: the

text: wedding

text: of

text: authoritarian

text: President

text: Nursultan

text: Nazarbayev

text: 's

text: grandson

text: He

text: traveled

text: to

text: Kazakhstan

text: which

text: has

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: poorest

text: human

text: rights

text: records

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: as

text: a

text: personal

text: guest

text: of

text: Nazarbayev

text: Other

text: notable

text: Western

text: performers

text: including

text: Sting

text: have

text: previously

text: cancelled

text: performances

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: over

text: human

text: rights

text: concerns

text: West

text: was

text: reportedly

text: paid

text: US$

text: million

text: for

text: his

text: performance

text: West

text: had

text: previously

text: participated

text: in

text: cultural

text: boycotts

text: joining

text: Shakira

text: and

text: Rage

text: Against

text: The

text: Machine

text: in

text: refusing

text: to

text: perform

text: in

text: Arizona

text: after

text: the

text: implementation

text: of

text: stop

text: and

text: search

text: laws

text: directed

text: against

text: potential

text: illegal

text: aliens

question: Kanye was criticized by human rights groups for performing in what country?

answer: Kazakhstan

text: Kazakhstan

question: How much was Kanye paid to perform in Kazakhstan?

answer: $3 million

text: $3 million

question: How is Kazakhstan's human rights record compared to the rest of the world?

answer: one of the poorest

text: one of the poorest

question: What country's President paid Kanye West to perform at his grandson's wedding?

answer: Kazakhstan

text: Kazakhstan

question: Kanye, Shakira, and Rage Against the Machine refused to perform in what state due to a new law against illegal aliens?

answer: Arizona

text: Arizona

question: For what reason did Sting and other artists cancel their scheduled performances in Kazakhstan?

answer: human rights concerns

text: human rights concerns


text: If a party has materially violated or breached its treaty obligations, the other parties may invoke this breach as grounds for temporarily suspending their obligations to that party under the treaty. A material breach may also be invoked as grounds for permanently terminating the treaty itself.

title: Treaty

title: Treaty

text: If

text: a

text: party

text: has

text: materially

text: violated

text: or

text: breached

text: its

text: treaty

text: obligations

text: the

text: other

text: parties

text: may

text: invoke

text: this

text: breach

text: as

text: grounds

text: for

text: temporarily

text: suspending

text: their

text: obligations

text: to

text: that

text: party

text: under

text: the

text: treaty

text: A

text: material

text: breach

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: invoked

text: as

text: grounds

text: for

text: permanently

text: terminating

text: the

text: treaty

text: itself

question: What may be invoked as grounds for permanently terminating a treaty?

answer: A material breach

text: A material breach

question: In addition to terminating the treaty itself, what actions by the other parties might result from one party materially violating or beaching its obligations?

answer: temporarily suspending their obligations to that party

text: temporarily suspending their obligations to that party

question: In addition to suspending their obligations under a treaty to the violating party, what may result from a material breach of treaty obligations?

answer: terminating the treaty itself

text: terminating the treaty itself

question: Who may invoke a material breach committed by a party to a treaty to suspend their obligations to that party?

answer: the other parties

text: the other parties

question: What temporary actions can parties of a treaty take in response to a material violation of a party's obligations?

answer: suspending their obligations to that party

text: suspending their obligations to that party


text: Mu'awiyah introduced postal service, Abd al-Malik extended it throughout his empire, and Walid made full use of it. The Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik developed a regular postal service. Umar bin Abdul-Aziz developed it further by building caravanserais at stages along the Khurasan highway. Relays of horses were used for the conveyance of dispatches between the caliph and his agents and officials posted in the provinces. The main highways were divided into stages of 12 miles (19 km) each and each stage had horses, donkeys or camels ready to carry the post. Primarily the service met the needs of Government officials, but travellers and their important dispatches were also benefitted by the system. The postal carriages were also used for the swift transport of troops. They were able to carry fifty to a hundred men at a time. Under Governor Yusuf bin Umar, the postal department of Iraq cost 4,000,000 dirhams a year.

title: Umayyad_Caliphate

title: Umayyad_Caliphate

text: Mu'awiyah

text: introduced

text: postal

text: service

text: Abd

text: al

text: Malik

text: extended

text: it

text: throughout

text: his

text: empire

text: and

text: Walid

text: made

text: full

text: use

text: of

text: it

text: The

text: Umayyad

text: Caliph

text: Abd

text: al

text: Malik

text: developed

text: a

text: regular

text: postal

text: service

text: Umar

text: bin

text: Abdul

text: Aziz

text: developed

text: it

text: further

text: by

text: building

text: caravanserais

text: at

text: stages

text: along

text: the

text: Khurasan

text: highway

text: Relays

text: of

text: horses

text: were

text: used

text: for

text: the

text: conveyance

text: of

text: dispatches

text: between

text: the

text: caliph

text: and

text: his

text: agents

text: and

text: officials

text: posted

text: in

text: the

text: provinces

text: The

text: main

text: highways

text: were

text: divided

text: into

text: stages

text: of

text: miles

text: km

text: each

text: and

text: each

text: stage

text: had

text: horses

text: donkeys

text: or

text: camels

text: ready

text: to

text: carry

text: the

text: post

text: Primarily

text: the

text: service

text: met

text: the

text: needs

text: of

text: Government

text: officials

text: but

text: travellers

text: and

text: their

text: important

text: dispatches

text: were

text: also

text: benefitted

text: by

text: the

text: system

text: The

text: postal

text: carriages

text: were

text: also

text: used

text: for

text: the

text: swift

text: transport

text: of

text: troops

text: They

text: were

text: able

text: to

text: carry

text: fifty

text: to

text: a

text: hundred

text: men

text: at

text: a

text: time

text: Under

text: Governor

text: Yusuf

text: bin

text: Umar

text: the

text: postal

text: department

text: of

text: Iraq

text: cost

text: dirhams

text: a

text: year

question: Who first brought a postal service into Umayyad lands?

answer: Mu'awiyah

text: Mu'awiyah

question: Along what highway did Umar bin Abdul-Aziz build caravanserais?

answer: Khurasan

text: Khurasan

question: In dirhams, what was the yearly cost of the Iraqi postal service when Yusuf bin Umar was governor?

answer: 4,000,000

question: Along with horses and camels, what animals were used by the postal service?

answer: donkeys

text: donkeys

question: In kilometers, how far apart was each stage of the Umayyad highways?

answer: 19


text: The Licchavis from the Indo-Gangetic plain migrated north and defeated the Kiratas, establishing the Licchavi dynasty. During this era, following the genocide of Shakyas in Lumbini by Virudhaka, the survivors migrated north and entered the forest monastery in Sankhu masquerading as Koliyas. From Sankhu, they migrated to Yambu and Yengal (Lanjagwal and Manjupattan) and established the first permanent Buddhist monasteries of Kathmandu. This created the basis of Newar Buddhism, which is the only surviving Sanskrit-based Buddhist tradition in the world. With their migration, Yambu was called Koligram and Yengal was called Dakshin Koligram during most of the Licchavi era.

title: Kathmandu

title: Kathmandu

text: The

text: Licchavis

text: from

text: the

text: Indo

text: Gangetic

text: plain

text: migrated

text: north

text: and

text: defeated

text: the

text: Kiratas

text: establishing

text: the

text: Licchavi

text: dynasty

text: During

text: this

text: era

text: following

text: the

text: genocide

text: of

text: Shakyas

text: in

text: Lumbini

text: by

text: Virudhaka

text: the

text: survivors

text: migrated

text: north

text: and

text: entered

text: the

text: forest

text: monastery

text: in

text: Sankhu

text: masquerading

text: as

text: Koliyas

text: From

text: Sankhu

text: they

text: migrated

text: to

text: Yambu

text: and

text: Yengal

text: Lanjagwal

text: and

text: Manjupattan

text: and

text: established

text: the

text: first

text: permanent

text: Buddhist

text: monasteries

text: of

text: Kathmandu

text: This

text: created

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: Newar

text: Buddhism

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: surviving

text: Sanskrit

text: based

text: Buddhist

text: tradition

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: With

text: their

text: migration

text: Yambu

text: was

text: called

text: Koligram

text: and

text: Yengal

text: was

text: called

text: Dakshin

text: Koligram

text: during

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: Licchavi

text: era

question: Who won the war between the Licchavis and the Kiratas?

answer: Licchavis

text: Licchavis

question: Who did the migrating Shakyas pretend to be?

answer: Koliyas

text: Koliyas

question: What sect of Buddhism is the only remaining one based in Sanskrit?

answer: Newar

text: Newar

question: Who killed the Shakyas?

answer: Virudhaka

text: Virudhaka

question: Under the Licchavi dynasty, what name was typically used to refer to Yengal?

answer: Dakshin Koligram

text: Dakshin Koligram


text: The Israel Defense Forces is the sole military wing of the Israeli security forces, and is headed by its Chief of General Staff, the Ramatkal, subordinate to the Cabinet. The IDF consist of the army, air force and navy. It was founded during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War by consolidating paramilitary organizations—chiefly the Haganah—that preceded the establishment of the state. The IDF also draws upon the resources of the Military Intelligence Directorate (Aman), which works with Mossad and Shabak. The Israel Defense Forces have been involved in several major wars and border conflicts in its short history, making it one of the most battle-trained armed forces in the world.

title: Israel

title: Israel

text: The

text: Israel

text: Defense

text: Forces

text: is

text: the

text: sole

text: military

text: wing

text: of

text: the

text: Israeli

text: security

text: forces

text: and

text: is

text: headed

text: by

text: its

text: Chief

text: of

text: General

text: Staff

text: the

text: Ramatkal

text: subordinate

text: to

text: the

text: Cabinet

text: The

text: IDF

text: consist

text: of

text: the

text: army

text: air

text: force

text: and

text: navy

text: It

text: was

text: founded

text: during

text: the

text: Arab

text: Israeli

text: War

text: by

text: consolidating

text: paramilitary

text: organizations

text: chiefly

text: the

text: Haganah

text: that

text: preceded

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: The

text: IDF

text: also

text: draws

text: upon

text: the

text: resources

text: of

text: the

text: Military

text: Intelligence

text: Directorate

text: Aman

text: which

text: works

text: with

text: Mossad

text: and

text: Shabak

text: The

text: Israel

text: Defense

text: Forces

text: have

text: been

text: involved

text: in

text: several

text: major

text: wars

text: and

text: border

text: conflicts

text: in

text: its

text: short

text: history

text: making

text: it

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: battle

text: trained

text: armed

text: forces

text: in

text: the

text: world

question: What is the sole military wing of the Israeli security forces?

answer: Israel Defense Forces

text: Israel Defense Forces

question: Who is the head of the IDF?

answer: Ramatkal

text: Ramatkal

question: When was the IDF founded?

answer: 1948


text: Zhejiang's main manufacturing sectors are electromechanical industries, textiles, chemical industries, food, and construction materials. In recent years Zhejiang has followed its own development model, dubbed the "Zhejiang model", which is based on prioritizing and encouraging entrepreneurship, an emphasis on small businesses responsive to the whims of the market, large public investments into infrastructure, and the production of low-cost goods in bulk for both domestic consumption and export. As a result, Zhejiang has made itself one of the richest provinces, and the "Zhejiang spirit" has become something of a legend within China. However, some economists now worry that this model is not sustainable, in that it is inefficient and places unreasonable demands on raw materials and public utilities, and also a dead end, in that the myriad small businesses in Zhejiang producing cheap goods in bulk are unable to move to more sophisticated or technologically more advanced industries. The economic heart of Zhejiang is moving from North Zhejiang, centered on Hangzhou, southeastward to the region centered on Wenzhou and Taizhou. The per capita disposable income of urbanites in Zhejiang reached 24,611 yuan (US$3,603) in 2009, an annual real growth of 8.3%. The per capita pure income of rural residents stood at 10,007 yuan (US$1,465), a real growth of 8.1% year-on-year. Zhejiang's nominal GDP for 2011 was 3.20 trillion yuan (US$506 billion) with a per capita GDP of 44,335 yuan (US$6,490). In 2009, Zhejiang's primary, secondary, and tertiary industries were worth 116.2 billion yuan (US$17 billion), 1.1843 trillion yuan (US$173.4 billion), and 982.7 billion yuan (US$143.9 billion) respectively.

title: Zhejiang

title: Zhejiang

text: Zhejiang

text: 's

text: main

text: manufacturing

text: sectors

text: are

text: electromechanical

text: industries

text: textiles

text: chemical

text: industries

text: food

text: and

text: construction

text: materials

text: In

text: recent

text: years

text: Zhejiang

text: has

text: followed

text: its

text: own

text: development

text: model

text: dubbed

text: the

text: Zhejiang

text: model

text: which

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: prioritizing

text: and

text: encouraging

text: entrepreneurship

text: an

text: emphasis

text: on

text: small

text: businesses

text: responsive

text: to

text: the

text: whims

text: of

text: the

text: market

text: large

text: public

text: investments

text: into

text: infrastructure

text: and

text: the

text: production

text: of

text: low

text: cost

text: goods

text: in

text: bulk

text: for

text: both

text: domestic

text: consumption

text: and

text: export

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: Zhejiang

text: has

text: made

text: itself

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: richest

text: provinces

text: and

text: the

text: Zhejiang

text: spirit

text: has

text: become

text: something

text: of

text: a

text: legend

text: within

text: China

text: However

text: some

text: economists

text: now

text: worry

text: that

text: this

text: model

text: is

text: not

text: sustainable

text: in

text: that

text: it

text: is

text: inefficient

text: and

text: places

text: unreasonable

text: demands

text: on

text: raw

text: materials

text: and

text: public

text: utilities

text: and

text: also

text: a

text: dead

text: end

text: in

text: that

text: the

text: myriad

text: small

text: businesses

text: in

text: Zhejiang

text: producing

text: cheap

text: goods

text: in

text: bulk

text: are

text: unable

text: to

text: move

text: to

text: more

text: sophisticated

text: or

text: technologically

text: more

text: advanced

text: industries

text: The

text: economic

text: heart

text: of

text: Zhejiang

text: is

text: moving

text: from

text: North

text: Zhejiang

text: centered

text: on

text: Hangzhou

text: southeastward

text: to

text: the

text: region

text: centered

text: on

text: Wenzhou

text: and

text: Taizhou

text: The

text: per

text: capita

text: disposable

text: income

text: of

text: urbanites

text: in

text: Zhejiang

text: reached

text: yuan

text: US$

text: in

text: an

text: annual

text: real

text: growth

text: of

text: The

text: per

text: capita

text: pure

text: income

text: of

text: rural

text: residents

text: stood

text: at

text: yuan

text: US$

text: a

text: real

text: growth

text: of

text: year

text: on

text: year

text: Zhejiang

text: 's

text: nominal

text: GDP

text: for

text: was

text: trillion

text: yuan

text: US$

text: billion

text: with

text: a

text: per

text: capita

text: GDP

text: of

text: yuan

text: US$

text: In

text: Zhejiang

text: 's

text: primary

text: secondary

text: and

text: tertiary

text: industries

text: were

text: worth

text: billion

text: yuan

text: US$

text: billion

text: trillion

text: yuan

text: US$

text: billion

text: and

text: billion

text: yuan

text: US$

text: billion

text: respectively

question: What is Zhejiang's own development model dubbed?

answer: Zhejiang model

text: Zhejiang model

question: What is the Zhejiang model based on prioritizing and encouraging?

answer: entrepreneurship

text: entrepreneurship

question: What direction is the economic heart of Zhejiang moving toward?

answer: southeast

text: southeast

question: What was the annual real growth of urbanites in Zhejiang in 2009?

answer: 8.3%

question: What was Zhejiang's nominal GDP in yuan for 2011?

answer: 3.20 trillion

text: 3.20 trillion


text: Jerusalem with its many holy places probably had the highest concentration of mosaic-covered churches but very few of them survived the subsequent waves of destructions. The present remains do not do justice to the original richness of the city. The most important is the so-called "Armenian Mosaic" which was discovered in 1894 on the Street of the Prophets near Damascus Gate. It depicts a vine with many branches and grape clusters, which springs from a vase. Populating the vine's branches are peacocks, ducks, storks, pigeons, an eagle, a partridge, and a parrot in a cage. The inscription reads: "For the memory and salvation of all those Armenians whose name the Lord knows." Beneath a corner of the mosaic is a small, natural cave which contained human bones dating to the 5th or 6th centuries. The symbolism of the mosaic and the presence of the burial cave indicates that the room was used as a mortuary chapel.

title: Mosaic

title: Mosaic

text: Jerusalem

text: with

text: its

text: many

text: holy

text: places

text: probably

text: had

text: the

text: highest

text: concentration

text: of

text: mosaic

text: covered

text: churches

text: but

text: very

text: few

text: of

text: them

text: survived

text: the

text: subsequent

text: waves

text: of

text: destructions

text: The

text: present

text: remains

text: do

text: not

text: do

text: justice

text: to

text: the

text: original

text: richness

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: The

text: most

text: important

text: is

text: the

text: so

text: called

text: Armenian

text: Mosaic

text: which

text: was

text: discovered

text: in

text: on

text: the

text: Street

text: of

text: the

text: Prophets

text: near

text: Damascus

text: Gate

text: It

text: depicts

text: a

text: vine

text: with

text: many

text: branches

text: and

text: grape

text: clusters

text: which

text: springs

text: from

text: a

text: vase

text: Populating

text: the

text: vine

text: 's

text: branches

text: are

text: peacocks

text: ducks

text: storks

text: pigeons

text: an

text: eagle

text: a

text: partridge

text: and

text: a

text: parrot

text: in

text: a

text: cage

text: The

text: inscription

text: reads

text: For

text: the

text: memory

text: and

text: salvation

text: of

text: all

text: those

text: Armenians

text: whose

text: name

text: the

text: Lord

text: knows

text: Beneath

text: a

text: corner

text: of

text: the

text: mosaic

text: is

text: a

text: small

text: natural

text: cave

text: which

text: contained

text: human

text: bones

text: dating

text: to

text: the

text: or

text: centuries

text: The

text: symbolism

text: of

text: the

text: mosaic

text: and

text: the

text: presence

text: of

text: the

text: burial

text: cave

text: indicates

text: that

text: the

text: room

text: was

text: used

text: as

text: a

text: mortuary

text: chapel

question: Which city had the highest percentage of mosaic covered churches?

answer: Jerusalem

text: Jerusalem

question: Where was the Armenian Mosaic found in Jerusalem?

answer: near Damascus Gate

text: near Damascus Gate

question: What type of plant is depicted in the Armenian Mosaic?

answer: a vine with many branches

text: a vine with many branches

question: When was the Armenian Mosaic re-discovered?

answer: 1894

question: What was the room under the Armenian Mosaic used for?

answer: mortuary chapel

text: mortuary chapel


text: American Idol was nominated for the Emmy's Outstanding Reality Competition Program for nine years but never won. Director Bruce Gower won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing For A Variety, Music Or Comedy Series in 2009, and the show won a Creative Arts Emmys each in 2007 and 2008, three in 2009, and two in 2011, as well as a Governor's Award in 2007 for its Idol Gives Back edition. It won the People's Choice Award, which honors the popular culture of the previous year as voted by the public, for favorite competition/reality show in 2005, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2011 and 2012. It won the first Critics' Choice Television Award in 2011 for Best Reality Competition.

title: American_Idol

title: American_Idol

text: American

text: Idol

text: was

text: nominated

text: for

text: the

text: Emmy

text: 's

text: Outstanding

text: Reality

text: Competition

text: Program

text: for

text: nine

text: years

text: but

text: never

text: won

text: Director

text: Bruce

text: Gower

text: won

text: a

text: Primetime

text: Emmy

text: Award

text: for

text: Outstanding

text: Directing

text: For

text: A

text: Variety

text: Music

text: Or

text: Comedy

text: Series

text: in

text: and

text: the

text: show

text: won

text: a

text: Creative

text: Arts

text: Emmys

text: each

text: in

text: and

text: three

text: in

text: and

text: two

text: in

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: a

text: Governor

text: 's

text: Award

text: in

text: for

text: its

text: Idol

text: Gives

text: Back

text: edition

text: It

text: won

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Choice

text: Award

text: which

text: honors

text: the

text: popular

text: culture

text: of

text: the

text: previous

text: year

text: as

text: voted

text: by

text: the

text: public

text: for

text: favorite

text: competition

text: reality

text: show

text: in

text: and

text: It

text: won

text: the

text: first

text: Critics

text: Choice

text: Television

text: Award

text: in

text: for

text: Best

text: Reality

text: Competition

question: How many nominations has American Idol received for Outstanding Reality Competition Program?

answer: 9

question: What director win an Emmy Award for his work on American Idol?

answer: Bruce Gower

text: Bruce Gower

question: How many total Emmy Awards has American Idol won?

answer: 8

question: What American Idol special received a Governors Award in 2007?

answer: Idol Gives Back

text: Idol Gives Back

question: How many times was American Idol nominated for an Emmy?

answer: nine

text: nine

question: What award did American Idol win for its Idol Gives Back charity work?

answer: Governor's Award in 2007

text: Governor's Award in 2007


text: This large collection of meteorites allows a better understanding of the abundance of meteorite types in the solar system and how meteorites relate to asteroids and comets. New types of meteorites and rare meteorites have been found. Among these are pieces blasted off the Moon, and probably Mars, by impacts. These specimens, particularly ALH84001 discovered by ANSMET, are at the center of the controversy about possible evidence of microbial life on Mars. Because meteorites in space absorb and record cosmic radiation, the time elapsed since the meteorite hit the Earth can be determined from laboratory studies. The elapsed time since fall, or terrestrial residence age, of a meteorite represents more information that might be useful in environmental studies of Antarctic ice sheets.

title: Antarctica

title: Antarctica

text: This

text: large

text: collection

text: of

text: meteorites

text: allows

text: a

text: better

text: understanding

text: of

text: the

text: abundance

text: of

text: meteorite

text: types

text: in

text: the

text: solar

text: system

text: and

text: how

text: meteorites

text: relate

text: to

text: asteroids

text: and

text: comets

text: New

text: types

text: of

text: meteorites

text: and

text: rare

text: meteorites

text: have

text: been

text: found

text: Among

text: these

text: are

text: pieces

text: blasted

text: off

text: the

text: Moon

text: and

text: probably

text: Mars

text: by

text: impacts

text: These

text: specimens

text: particularly

text: discovered

text: by

text: ANSMET

text: are

text: at

text: the

text: center

text: of

text: the

text: controversy

text: about

text: possible

text: evidence

text: of

text: microbial

text: life

text: on

text: Mars

text: Because

text: meteorites

text: in

text: space

text: absorb

text: and

text: record

text: cosmic

text: radiation

text: the

text: time

text: elapsed

text: since

text: the

text: meteorite

text: hit

text: the

text: Earth

text: can

text: be

text: determined

text: from

text: laboratory

text: studies

text: The

text: elapsed

text: time

text: since

text: fall

text: or

text: terrestrial

text: residence

text: age

text: of

text: a

text: meteorite

text: represents

text: more

text: information

text: that

text: might

text: be

text: useful

text: in

text: environmental

text: studies

text: of

text: Antarctic

text: ice

text: sheets

question: How do the meteorites found in Antarctica add to knowledge about the solar system?

answer: better understanding

text: better understanding

question: From where in the solar system could the meteorites have come?

answer: Moon

text: Moon

question: Beside rare types of meteorites, what other types of meteorites have been found in Antarctica?

answer: New types

text: New types

question: About what nearby planet could the Antarctic meteorites hold data?

answer: Mars

text: Mars

question: What do meteorites absorb that can be used to understand how old the meteorite is?

answer: cosmic radiation

text: cosmic radiation


text: West's first six solo studio albums, all of which have gone platinum, have received numerous awards and critical acclaim. All of his albums have been commercially successful, with Yeezus, his sixth solo album, becoming his fifth consecutive No. 1 album in the U.S. upon release. West has had six songs exceed 3 million in digital sales as of December 2012, with "Gold Digger" selling 3,086,000, "Stronger" selling 4,402,000, "Heartless" selling 3,742,000, "E.T." selling over 4,000,000, "Love Lockdown" selling over 3,000,000, and "Niggas in Paris" selling over 3,000,000, placing him third in overall digital sales of the past decade. He has sold over 30 million digital songs in the United States making him one of the best-selling digital artists of all-time.

title: Kanye_West

title: Kanye_West

text: West

text: 's

text: first

text: six

text: solo

text: studio

text: albums

text: all

text: of

text: which

text: have

text: gone

text: platinum

text: have

text: received

text: numerous

text: awards

text: and

text: critical

text: acclaim

text: All

text: of

text: his

text: albums

text: have

text: been

text: commercially

text: successful

text: with

text: Yeezus

text: his

text: sixth

text: solo

text: album

text: becoming

text: his

text: fifth

text: consecutive

text: No

text: album

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: upon

text: release

text: West

text: has

text: had

text: six

text: songs

text: exceed

text: million

text: in

text: digital

text: sales

text: as

text: of

text: December

text: with

text: Gold

text: Digger

text: selling

text: Stronger

text: selling

text: Heartless

text: selling

text: E.T.

text: selling

text: over

text: Love

text: Lockdown

text: selling

text: over

text: and

text: Niggas

text: in

text: Paris

text: selling

text: over

text: placing

text: him

text: third

text: in

text: overall

text: digital

text: sales

text: of

text: the

text: past

text: decade

text: He

text: has

text: sold

text: over

text: million

text: digital

text: songs

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: making

text: him

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: best

text: selling

text: digital

text: artists

text: of

text: all

text: time

question: How many songs has Kanye had that have exceeded 3 million digital sales?

answer: 6

question: How many songs has Kanye sold digitally in his career?

answer: over 30 million

text: over 30 million

question: How many of West's six albums have gone platinum?

answer: 6

question: What was Kanye's fifth consecutive number one album?

answer: Yeezus

text: Yeezus

question: As of 2012, how many downloads have there been of "Golddigger"?

answer: 3,086,000

question: What rank is West in total sales for the last decade?

answer: third

text: third

question: How many total digital songs has Kanye West sold in the US?

answer: 30 million

text: 30 million


text: The UNFPA supports programs in more than 150 countries, territories and areas spread across four geographic regions: Arab States and Europe, Asia and the Pacific, Latin America and the Caribbean, and sub-Saharan Africa. Around three quarters of the staff work in the field. It is a member of the United Nations Development Group and part of its Executive Committee.

title: United_Nations_Population_Fund

title: United_Nations_Population_Fund

text: The

text: UNFPA

text: supports

text: programs

text: in

text: more

text: than

text: countries

text: territories

text: and

text: areas

text: spread

text: across

text: four

text: geographic

text: regions

text: Arab

text: States

text: and

text: Europe

text: Asia

text: and

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Latin

text: America

text: and

text: the

text: Caribbean

text: and

text: sub

text: Saharan

text: Africa

text: Around

text: three

text: quarters

text: of

text: the

text: staff

text: work

text: in

text: the

text: field

text: It

text: is

text: a

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: Development

text: Group

text: and

text: part

text: of

text: its

text: Executive

text: Committee

question: In how many geographic regions does UNFPA operate?

answer: four

text: four

question: About what fraction of UNFPA's staff do field work?

answer: three quarters

text: three quarters

question: UNFPA is part of what larger U.N. group?

answer: United Nations Development Group

text: United Nations Development Group

question: UNFPA groups what area in the same geographic region as the Arab States?

answer: Europe

text: Europe