text: In May 1970, the Revolutionary Intellectuals Seminar was held to bring intellectuals in line with the revolution, while that year's Legislative Review and Amendment united secular and religious law codes, introducing sharia into the legal system. Ruling by decree, the RCC maintained the monarchy's ban on political parties, in May 1970 banned trade unions, and in 1972 outlawed workers' strikes and suspended newspapers. In September 1971, Gaddafi resigned, claiming to be dissatisfied with the pace of reform, but returned to his position within a month. In February 1973, he resigned again, once more returning the following month.

title: Muammar_Gaddafi

title: Muammar_Gaddafi

text: In

text: May

text: the

text: Revolutionary

text: Intellectuals

text: Seminar

text: was

text: held

text: to

text: bring

text: intellectuals

text: in

text: line

text: with

text: the

text: revolution

text: while

text: that

text: year

text: 's

text: Legislative

text: Review

text: and

text: Amendment

text: united

text: secular

text: and

text: religious

text: law

text: codes

text: introducing

text: sharia

text: into

text: the

text: legal

text: system

text: Ruling

text: by

text: decree

text: the

text: RCC

text: maintained

text: the

text: monarchy

text: 's

text: ban

text: on

text: political

text: parties

text: in

text: May

text: banned

text: trade

text: unions

text: and

text: in

text: outlawed

text: workers

text: strikes

text: and

text: suspended

text: newspapers

text: In

text: September

text: Gaddafi

text: resigned

text: claiming

text: to

text: be

text: dissatisfied

text: with

text: the

text: pace

text: of

text: reform

text: but

text: returned

text: to

text: his

text: position

text: within

text: a

text: month

text: In

text: February

text: he

text: resigned

text: again

text: once

text: more

text: returning

text: the

text: following

text: month

question: What was the RCC's view of political parties?

answer: Ruling by decree, the RCC maintained the monarchy's ban on political parties,

text: Ruling by decree, the RCC maintained the monarchy's ban on political parties,

question: What did Gaddafi do in 1971?

answer: In September 1971, Gaddafi resigned, claiming to be dissatisfied with the pace of reform, but returned to his position within a month.

text: In September 1971, Gaddafi resigned, claiming to be dissatisfied with the pace of reform, but returned to his position within a month.

question: What was the impact of incorporating the sharia into the legal system?

answer: united secular and religious law codes

text: united secular and religious law codes

question: What did Gaddafi do in 1973?

answer: In February 1973, he resigned again, once more returning the following month.

text: In February 1973, he resigned again, once more returning the following month.

question: In what year did the Revolutionary Intellectuals Seminar occur?

answer: 1970

question: In what month and year did Gaddafi first resign?

answer: September 1971

text: September 1971

question: What did the RCC outlaw in 1970?

answer: trade unions

text: trade unions

question: What publications were shut down 1972?

answer: newspapers

text: newspapers

question: In what year did Gaddafi's second resignation occur?

answer: 1973


text: Vinyl records can be warped by heat, improper storage, exposure to sunlight, or manufacturing defects such as excessively tight plastic shrinkwrap on the album cover. A small degree of warp was common, and allowing for it was part of the art of turntable and tonearm design. "wow" (once-per-revolution pitch variation) could result from warp, or from a spindle hole that was not precisely centered. Standard practice for LPs was to place the LP in a paper or plastic inner cover. This, if placed within the outer cardboard cover so that the opening was entirely within the outer cover, was said to reduce ingress of dust onto the record surface. Singles, with rare exceptions, had simple paper covers with no inner cover.

title: Gramophone_record

title: Gramophone_record

text: Vinyl

text: records

text: can

text: be

text: warped

text: by

text: heat

text: improper

text: storage

text: exposure

text: to

text: sunlight

text: or

text: manufacturing

text: defects

text: such

text: as

text: excessively

text: tight

text: plastic

text: shrinkwrap

text: on

text: the

text: album

text: cover

text: A

text: small

text: degree

text: of

text: warp

text: was

text: common

text: and

text: allowing

text: for

text: it

text: was

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: art

text: of

text: turntable

text: and

text: tonearm

text: design

text: wow

text: once

text: per

text: revolution

text: pitch

text: variation

text: could

text: result

text: from

text: warp

text: or

text: from

text: a

text: spindle

text: hole

text: that

text: was

text: not

text: precisely

text: centered

text: Standard

text: practice

text: for

text: LPs

text: was

text: to

text: place

text: the

text: LP

text: in

text: a

text: paper

text: or

text: plastic

text: inner

text: cover

text: This

text: if

text: placed

text: within

text: the

text: outer

text: cardboard

text: cover

text: so

text: that

text: the

text: opening

text: was

text: entirely

text: within

text: the

text: outer

text: cover

text: was

text: said

text: to

text: reduce

text: ingress

text: of

text: dust

text: onto

text: the

text: record

text: surface

text: Singles

text: with

text: rare

text: exceptions

text: had

text: simple

text: paper

text: covers

text: with

text: no

text: inner

text: cover

question: What causes warping in vinyl records?

answer: heat, improper storage, exposure to sunlight, or manufacturing defects

text: heat, improper storage, exposure to sunlight, or manufacturing defects

question: What is a cause of once per revolution pitch variation?

answer: warp, or from a spindle hole that was not precisely centered

text: warp, or from a spindle hole that was not precisely centered

question: What method was used to protect a vinyl record?

answer: place the LP in a paper or plastic inner cover

text: place the LP in a paper or plastic inner cover

question: What were often found with a paper outter cover and no inner cover?

answer: Singles

text: Singles

question: What happens if a vinyl comes with a bit of warp?

answer: A small degree of warp was common,

text: A small degree of warp was common,


text: In recent years, the nightclubs on West 27th Street have succumbed to stiff competition from Manhattan's Meatpacking District about fifteen blocks south, and other venues in downtown Manhattan.

title: List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan

title: List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan

text: In

text: recent

text: years

text: the

text: nightclubs

text: on

text: West

text: Street

text: have

text: succumbed

text: to

text: stiff

text: competition

text: from

text: Manhattan

text: 's

text: Meatpacking

text: District

text: about

text: fifteen

text: blocks

text: south

text: and

text: other

text: venues

text: in

text: downtown

text: Manhattan

question: How many blocks south of 27th Street is Manhattan's Meatpacking District?

answer: fifteen blocks

text: fifteen blocks

question: Which businesses on 27th Street face competition from other venues in dowtown Manhattan?

answer: nightclubs

text: nightclubs

question: What direction is Manhattan's Meatpacking District from West 27th Street?

answer: south

text: south


text: The responsibility for military command remained with the British Crown-in-Council, with a commander-in-chief for North America stationed at Halifax until the final withdrawal of British Army and Royal Navy units from that city in 1906. Thereafter, the Royal Canadian Navy was formed, and, with the advent of military aviation, the Royal Canadian Air Force. These forces were organised under the Department of Militia and Defence, and split into the Permanent and Non-Permanent Active Militias—frequently shortened to simply The Militia. By 1923, the department was merged into the Department of National Defence, but land forces in Canada were not referred to as the Canadian Army until November 1940.

title: Canadian_Armed_Forces

title: Canadian_Armed_Forces

text: The

text: responsibility

text: for

text: military

text: command

text: remained

text: with

text: the

text: British

text: Crown

text: in

text: Council

text: with

text: a

text: commander

text: in

text: chief

text: for

text: North

text: America

text: stationed

text: at

text: Halifax

text: until

text: the

text: final

text: withdrawal

text: of

text: British

text: Army

text: and

text: Royal

text: Navy

text: units

text: from

text: that

text: city

text: in

text: Thereafter

text: the

text: Royal

text: Canadian

text: Navy

text: was

text: formed

text: and

text: with

text: the

text: advent

text: of

text: military

text: aviation

text: the

text: Royal

text: Canadian

text: Air

text: Force

text: These

text: forces

text: were

text: organised

text: under

text: the

text: Department

text: of

text: Militia

text: and

text: Defence

text: and

text: split

text: into

text: the

text: Permanent

text: and

text: Non

text: Permanent

text: Active

text: Militias

text: frequently

text: shortened

text: to

text: simply

text: The

text: Militia

text: By

text: the

text: department

text: was

text: merged

text: into

text: the

text: Department

text: of

text: National

text: Defence

text: but

text: land

text: forces

text: in

text: Canada

text: were

text: not

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Canadian

text: Army

text: until

text: November

question: Who initially had military command?

answer: the British Crown-in-Council

text: the British Crown-in-Council

question: Where was the commander-in-chief stationed?

answer: Halifax

text: Halifax

question: When did the British Army and Royal Navy withdraw from Halifax?

answer: 1906

question: The Canadian Armed Forces were initially organized under what department?

answer: the Department of Militia and Defence

text: the Department of Militia and Defence

question: When did the unification complete of all the Canadian forces to be called the Canadian Army?

answer: November 1940

text: November 1940


text: The Seljuk Empire soon started to collapse. In the early 12th century, Armenian princes of the Zakarid noble family drove out the Seljuk Turks and established a semi-independent Armenian principality in Northern and Eastern Armenia, known as Zakarid Armenia, which lasted under the patronage of the Georgian Kingdom. The noble family of Orbelians shared control with the Zakarids in various parts of the country, especially in Syunik and Vayots Dzor, while the Armenian family of Hasan-Jalalians controlled provinces of Artsakh and Utik as the Kingdom of Artsakh.

title: Armenia

title: Armenia

text: The

text: Seljuk

text: Empire

text: soon

text: started

text: to

text: collapse

text: In

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: Armenian

text: princes

text: of

text: the

text: Zakarid

text: noble

text: family

text: drove

text: out

text: the

text: Seljuk

text: Turks

text: and

text: established

text: a

text: semi

text: independent

text: Armenian

text: principality

text: in

text: Northern

text: and

text: Eastern

text: Armenia

text: known

text: as

text: Zakarid

text: Armenia

text: which

text: lasted

text: under

text: the

text: patronage

text: of

text: the

text: Georgian

text: Kingdom

text: The

text: noble

text: family

text: of

text: Orbelians

text: shared

text: control

text: with

text: the

text: Zakarids

text: in

text: various

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: especially

text: in

text: Syunik

text: and

text: Vayots

text: Dzor

text: while

text: the

text: Armenian

text: family

text: of

text: Hasan

text: Jalalians

text: controlled

text: provinces

text: of

text: Artsakh

text: and

text: Utik

text: as

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Artsakh

question: Which family overthrew the Seljuk Turks?

answer: the Zakarid

text: the Zakarid

question: What principality did the Zakarid family form?

answer: Zakarid Armenia

text: Zakarid Armenia

question: What area did the Orbelians and Zakarids command together?

answer: Syunik and Vayots Dzor

text: Syunik and Vayots Dzor

question: What area did the Hasan-jalalians command?

answer: Artsakh and Utik

text: Artsakh and Utik

question: When did the Seljuk Empire experience it's decline?

answer: early 12th century

text: early 12th century


text: Situated on one of the world's largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, each of which is a separate county of New York State. The five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, the Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. With a census-estimated 2014 population of 8,491,079 distributed over a land area of just 305 square miles (790 km2), New York is the most densely populated major city in the United States. As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York, making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world. By 2014 census estimates, the New York City metropolitan region remains by a significant margin the most populous in the United States, as defined by both the Metropolitan Statistical Area (20.1 million residents) and the Combined Statistical Area (23.6 million residents). In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product (GMP) of nearly US$1.39 trillion, while in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion, both ranking first nationally by a wide margin and behind the GDP of only twelve and eleven countries, respectively.

title: New_York_City

title: New_York_City

text: Situated

text: on

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: natural

text: harbors

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: consists

text: of

text: five

text: boroughs

text: each

text: of

text: which

text: is

text: a

text: separate

text: county

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: State

text: The

text: five

text: boroughs

text: Brooklyn

text: Queens

text: Manhattan

text: the

text: Bronx

text: and

text: Staten

text: Island

text: were

text: consolidated

text: into

text: a

text: single

text: city

text: in

text: With

text: a

text: census

text: estimated

text: population

text: of

text: distributed

text: over

text: a

text: land

text: area

text: of

text: just

text: square

text: miles

text: New

text: York

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: densely

text: populated

text: major

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: As

text: many

text: as

text: languages

text: are

text: spoken

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: most

text: linguistically

text: diverse

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: By

text: census

text: estimates

text: the

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: metropolitan

text: region

text: remains

text: by

text: a

text: significant

text: margin

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: as

text: defined

text: by

text: both

text: the

text: Metropolitan

text: Statistical

text: Area

text: million

text: residents

text: and

text: the

text: Combined

text: Statistical

text: Area

text: million

text: residents

text: In

text: the

text: MSA

text: produced

text: a

text: gross

text: metropolitan

text: product

text: GMP

text: of

text: nearly

text: US$

text: trillion

text: while

text: in

text: the

text: CSA

text: generated

text: a

text: GMP

text: of

text: over

text: US$

text: trillion

text: both

text: ranking

text: first

text: nationally

text: by

text: a

text: wide

text: margin

text: and

text: behind

text: the

text: GDP

text: of

text: only

text: twelve

text: and

text: eleven

text: countries

text: respectively

question: How many boroughs comprise New York City?

answer: five

text: five

question: In what year were the five boroughs combined into one city?

answer: 1898

question: In 2014, what did the census estimate the population of New York City to be?

answer: 8,491,079

question: What is the size of New York City in square miles?

answer: 305

question: What is the population of New York's Combined Statistical Area?

answer: 23.6 million

text: 23.6 million

question: How man boroughs does New York City contain?

answer: five

text: five

question: The five boroughs of New York City are named what?

answer: Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, the Bronx, and Staten Island

text: Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, the Bronx, and Staten Island

question: All five boroughs of New York City formed into one city on what date?

answer: 1898

question: What is the population of New York City as of 2014?

answer: 8,491,079

question: How many languages are spoken by the people of New York City?

answer: 800


text: In Western Catalan, unstressed vowels reduce to five: /e ɛ/ > [e]; /o ɔ/ > [o]; /a u i/ remain distinct. This reduction pattern, inherited from Proto-Romance, is also found in Italian and Portuguese. Some Western dialects present further reduction or vowel harmony in some cases.

title: Catalan_language

title: Catalan_language

text: In

text: Western

text: Catalan

text: unstressed

text: vowels

text: reduce

text: to

text: five

text: /e

text: ɛ/

text: e

text: /o

text: ɔ/

text: o

text: /a

text: u

text: i/

text: remain

text: distinct

text: This

text: reduction

text: pattern

text: inherited

text: from

text: Proto

text: Romance

text: is

text: also

text: found

text: in

text: Italian

text: and

text: Portuguese

text: Some

text: Western

text: dialects

text: present

text: further

text: reduction

text: or

text: vowel

text: harmony

text: in

text: some

text: cases

question: What do unstressed vowels reduce to in Western Catalan?

answer: five

text: five

question: Which letters remain distinct?

answer: /a u i/

text: /a u i/

question: Where did this pattern come from?

answer: Proto-Romance

text: Proto-Romance

question: In what other languages is this pattern found?

answer: Italian and Portuguese

text: Italian and Portuguese

question: What do other Western dialects sometimes  offer?

answer: further reduction

text: further reduction


text:
Under anaerobic conditions, iron and steel alloys are slowly oxidized by the protons of water concomitantly reduced in molecular hydrogen (H
2). The anaerobic corrosion of iron leads first to the formation of ferrous hydroxide (green rust) and can be described by the following reaction:

title: Hydrogen

title: Hydrogen

text: Under

text: anaerobic

text: conditions

text: iron

text: and

text: steel

text: alloys

text: are

text: slowly

text: oxidized

text: by

text: the

text: protons

text: of

text: water

text: concomitantly

text: reduced

text: in

text: molecular

text: hydrogen

text: H

text: The

text: anaerobic

text: corrosion

text: of

text: iron

text: leads

text: first

text: to

text: the

text: formation

text: of

text: ferrous

text: hydroxide

text: green

text: rust

text: and

text: can

text: be

text: described

text: by

text: the

text: following

text: reaction

question: What condition is iron and steel alloys slowly oxidized?

answer: anaerobic

text: anaerobic

question: What does the anaerobic corrosion of iron lead to?

answer: formation of ferrous hydroxide

text: formation of ferrous hydroxide

question: What is another name for formation of ferrous hydroxide?

answer: green rust

text: green rust


text: After an initial loss to Labor at the 1946 election, Menzies led the Liberals to victory at the 1949 election, and the party stayed in office for a record 23 years—still the longest unbroken run in government at the federal level. Australia experienced prolonged economic growth during the post-war boom period of the Menzies Government (1949–1966) and Menzies fulfilled his promises at the 1949 election to end rationing of butter, tea and petrol and provided a five-shilling endowment for first-born children, as well as for others. While himself an unashamed anglophile, Menzies' government concluded a number of major defence and trade treaties that set Australia on its post-war trajectory out of Britain's orbit; opened Australia to multi-ethnic immigration; and instigated important legal reforms regarding Aboriginal Australians.

title: Liberal_Party_of_Australia

title: Liberal_Party_of_Australia

text: After

text: an

text: initial

text: loss

text: to

text: Labor

text: at

text: the

text: election

text: Menzies

text: led

text: the

text: Liberals

text: to

text: victory

text: at

text: the

text: election

text: and

text: the

text: party

text: stayed

text: in

text: office

text: for

text: a

text: record

text: years

text: still

text: the

text: longest

text: unbroken

text: run

text: in

text: government

text: at

text: the

text: federal

text: level

text: Australia

text: experienced

text: prolonged

text: economic

text: growth

text: during

text: the

text: post

text: war

text: boom

text: period

text: of

text: the

text: Menzies

text: Government

text: and

text: Menzies

text: fulfilled

text: his

text: promises

text: at

text: the

text: election

text: to

text: end

text: rationing

text: of

text: butter

text: tea

text: and

text: petrol

text: and

text: provided

text: a

text: five

text: shilling

text: endowment

text: for

text: first

text: born

text: children

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: for

text: others

text: While

text: himself

text: an

text: unashamed

text: anglophile

text: Menzies

text: government

text: concluded

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: major

text: defence

text: and

text: trade

text: treaties

text: that

text: set

text: Australia

text: on

text: its

text: post

text: war

text: trajectory

text: out

text: of

text: Britain

text: 's

text: orbit

text: opened

text: Australia

text: to

text: multi

text: ethnic

text: immigration

text: and

text: instigated

text: important

text: legal

text: reforms

text: regarding

text: Aboriginal

text: Australians

question: How many years did the Liberals stay in office after the 1949 election?

answer: a record 23 years

text: a record 23 years

question: What promises did Menzies make in the 1949 election?

answer: end rationing of butter, tea and petrol and provided a five-shilling endowment for first-born children

text: end rationing of butter, tea and petrol and provided a five-shilling endowment for first-born children

question: During what period did Australia experience long-term economic growth?

answer: the post-war boom period of the Menzies Government (1949–1966)

text: the post-war boom period of the Menzies Government (1949–1966)


text: Internet services typically provided by ISPs include Internet access, Internet transit, domain name registration, web hosting, Usenet service, and colocation.

title: Internet_service_provider

title: Internet_service_provider

text: Internet

text: services

text: typically

text: provided

text: by

text: ISPs

text: include

text: Internet

text: access

text: Internet

text: transit

text: domain

text: name

text: registration

text: web

text: hosting

text: Usenet

text: service

text: and

text: colocation

question: What type of organization provides internet access?

answer: ISPs

text: ISPs

question: What are some services provided by an isp?

answer: Internet access, Internet transit, domain name registration, web hosting, Usenet service, and colocation

text: Internet access, Internet transit, domain name registration, web hosting, Usenet service, and colocation


text: Baptist historian Bruce Gourley outlines four main views of Baptist origins: (1) The modern scholarly consensus that the movement traces its origin to the 17th century via the English Separatists, (2) the view that it was an outgrowth of Anabaptist traditions, (3) the perpetuity view which assumes that the Baptist faith and practice has existed since the time of Christ, and (4) the successionist view, or "Baptist successionism", which argues that Baptist churches actually existed in an unbroken chain since the time of Christ.

title: Baptists

title: Baptists

text: Baptist

text: historian

text: Bruce

text: Gourley

text: outlines

text: four

text: main

text: views

text: of

text: Baptist

text: origins

text: The

text: modern

text: scholarly

text: consensus

text: that

text: the

text: movement

text: traces

text: its

text: origin

text: to

text: the

text: century

text: via

text: the

text: English

text: Separatists

text: the

text: view

text: that

text: it

text: was

text: an

text: outgrowth

text: of

text: Anabaptist

text: traditions

text: the

text: perpetuity

text: view

text: which

text: assumes

text: that

text: the

text: Baptist

text: faith

text: and

text: practice

text: has

text: existed

text: since

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: Christ

text: and

text: the

text: successionist

text: view

text: or

text: Baptist

text: successionism

text: which

text: argues

text: that

text: Baptist

text: churches

text: actually

text: existed

text: in

text: an

text: unbroken

text: chain

text: since

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: Christ

question: Who outlined the four main views of Baptist origins?

answer: Bruce Gourley

text: Bruce Gourley

question: Baptist origins were viewed as an outgrowth of what?

answer: Anabaptist traditions

text: Anabaptist traditions

question: What does the perpetuity view assume?

answer: that the Baptist faith and practice has existed since the time of Christ

text: that the Baptist faith and practice has existed since the time of Christ

question: What does the successionist view assume?

answer: that Baptist churches actually existed in an unbroken chain since the time of Christ.

text: that Baptist churches actually existed in an unbroken chain since the time of Christ.


text: The Age of Enlightenment was preceded by and closely associated with the scientific revolution. Earlier philosophers whose work influenced the Enlightenment included Francis Bacon, Descartes, Locke, and Spinoza. The major figures of the Enlightenment included Cesare Beccaria, Voltaire, Denis Diderot, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, David Hume, Adam Smith, and Immanuel Kant. Some European rulers, including Catherine II of Russia, Joseph II of Austria and Frederick I of Prussia, tried to apply Enlightenment thought on religious and political tolerance, which became known as enlightened absolutism. The Americans Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson came to Europe during the period and contributed actively to the scientific and political debate, and the ideals of the Enlightenment were incorporated into the United States Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States.

title: Age_of_Enlightenment

title: Age_of_Enlightenment

text: The

text: Age

text: of

text: Enlightenment

text: was

text: preceded

text: by

text: and

text: closely

text: associated

text: with

text: the

text: scientific

text: revolution

text: Earlier

text: philosophers

text: whose

text: work

text: influenced

text: the

text: Enlightenment

text: included

text: Francis

text: Bacon

text: Descartes

text: Locke

text: and

text: Spinoza

text: The

text: major

text: figures

text: of

text: the

text: Enlightenment

text: included

text: Cesare

text: Beccaria

text: Voltaire

text: Denis

text: Diderot

text: Jean

text: Jacques

text: Rousseau

text: David

text: Hume

text: Adam

text: Smith

text: and

text: Immanuel

text: Kant

text: Some

text: European

text: rulers

text: including

text: Catherine

text: II

text: of

text: Russia

text: Joseph

text: II

text: of

text: Austria

text: and

text: Frederick

text: I

text: of

text: Prussia

text: tried

text: to

text: apply

text: Enlightenment

text: thought

text: on

text: religious

text: and

text: political

text: tolerance

text: which

text: became

text: known

text: as

text: enlightened

text: absolutism

text: The

text: Americans

text: Benjamin

text: Franklin

text: and

text: Thomas

text: Jefferson

text: came

text: to

text: Europe

text: during

text: the

text: period

text: and

text: contributed

text: actively

text: to

text: the

text: scientific

text: and

text: political

text: debate

text: and

text: the

text: ideals

text: of

text: the

text: Enlightenment

text: were

text: incorporated

text: into

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Declaration

text: of

text: Independence

text: and

text: the

text: Constitution

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

question: Trying to apply Enlightenment thought on religious and political tolerance became known as what?

answer: enlightened absolutism

text: enlightened absolutism

question: Which two Americans travelled to Europe during the Enlightenment and actively contributed to the scienific and political debate?

answer: Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson

text: Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson

question: The ideals of the Enlightenment were incorporated into which two United States documents?

answer: Declaration of Independence and the Constitution

text: Declaration of Independence and the Constitution

question: Did the scientific revolution precede or follow the Age of Enlightenment?

answer: preceded

text: preceded


text: New Delhi is governed through a municipal government, known as the New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC). Other urban areas of the metropolis of Delhi are administered by the Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD). However, the entire metropolis of Delhi is commonly known as New Delhi in contrast to Old Delhi.

title: New_Delhi

title: New_Delhi

text: New

text: Delhi

text: is

text: governed

text: through

text: a

text: municipal

text: government

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: New

text: Delhi

text: Municipal

text: Council

text: NDMC

text: Other

text: urban

text: areas

text: of

text: the

text: metropolis

text: of

text: Delhi

text: are

text: administered

text: by

text: the

text: Municipal

text: Corporation

text: of

text: Delhi

text: MCD

text: However

text: the

text: entire

text: metropolis

text: of

text: Delhi

text: is

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: New

text: Delhi

text: in

text: contrast

text: to

text: Old

text: Delhi

question: What is the name of the municipal government by which New Delhi is governed?

answer: New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC)

text: New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC)

question: What government body is responsible for administering other urban areas of the metropolis of Delhi?

answer: Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD)

text: Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD)

question: What is the name commonly used to refer to the entire metropolis of Delhi?

answer: New Delhi

text: New Delhi

question: The New Delhi Municipal Government oversees what large Indian city?

answer: New Delhi

text: New Delhi

question: What form of government is responsible for the municipality of New Delhi?

answer: a municipal government

text: a municipal government


text: Many of the crucial events of the American Revolution—the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, Paul Revere's midnight ride, the battles of Lexington and Concord and Bunker Hill, the Siege of Boston, and many others—occurred in or near Boston. After the Revolution, Boston's long seafaring tradition helped make it one of the world's wealthiest international ports, with rum, fish, salt, and tobacco being particularly important.

title: Boston

title: Boston

text: Many

text: of

text: the

text: crucial

text: events

text: of

text: the

text: American

text: Revolution

text: the

text: Boston

text: Massacre

text: the

text: Boston

text: Tea

text: Party

text: Paul

text: Revere

text: 's

text: midnight

text: ride

text: the

text: battles

text: of

text: Lexington

text: and

text: Concord

text: and

text: Bunker

text: Hill

text: the

text: Siege

text: of

text: Boston

text: and

text: many

text: others

text: occurred

text: in

text: or

text: near

text: Boston

text: After

text: the

text: Revolution

text: Boston

text: 's

text: long

text: seafaring

text: tradition

text: helped

text: make

text: it

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: wealthiest

text: international

text: ports

text: with

text: rum

text: fish

text: salt

text: and

text: tobacco

text: being

text: particularly

text: important

question: Boston became one of the wealthiest international ports after what war?

answer: the American Revolution

text: the American Revolution

question: What long held tradition helped make Boston a wealthy port?

answer: seafaring tradition

text: seafaring tradition

question: Boston was the location of many important events of what war?

answer: the American Revolution

text: the American Revolution


text: In the example above, the identity and the rotations constitute a subgroup R = {id, r1, r2, r3}, highlighted in red in the group table above: any two rotations composed are still a rotation, and a rotation can be undone by (i.e. is inverse to) the complementary rotations 270° for 90°, 180° for 180°, and 90° for 270° (note that rotation in the opposite direction is not defined). The subgroup test is a necessary and sufficient condition for a subset H of a group G to be a subgroup: it is sufficient to check that g−1h ∈ H for all elements g, h ∈ H. Knowing the subgroups is important in understanding the group as a whole.d[›]

title: Group_(mathematics)

title: Group_(mathematics

text: In

text: the

text: example

text: above

text: the

text: identity

text: and

text: the

text: rotations

text: constitute

text: a

text: subgroup

text: R

text: i

text: d

text: highlighted

text: in

text: red

text: in

text: the

text: group

text: table

text: above

text: any

text: two

text: rotations

text: composed

text: are

text: still

text: a

text: rotation

text: and

text: a

text: rotation

text: can

text: be

text: undone

text: by

text: i.e.

text: is

text: inverse

text: to

text: the

text: complementary

text: rotations

text: for

text: for

text: and

text: for

text: note

text: that

text: rotation

text: in

text: the

text: opposite

text: direction

text: is

text: not

text: defined

text: The

text: subgroup

text: test

text: is

text: a

text: necessary

text: and

text: sufficient

text: condition

text: for

text: a

text: subset

text: H

text: of

text: a

text: group

text: G

text: to

text: be

text: a

text: subgroup

text: it

text: is

text: sufficient

text: to

text: check

text: that

text: H

text: for

text: all

text: elements

text: g

text: h

text: H.

text: Knowing

text: the

text: subgroups

text: is

text: important

text: in

text: understanding

text: the

text: group

text: as

text: a

text: whole.d[›

question: What is composed of two rotations?

answer: a rotation

text: a rotation

question: What rotation can a rotation be reversed by?

answer: inverse

text: inverse

question: What essential condition must be met for a subset of a group to be a subgroup?

answer: The subgroup test

text: The subgroup test


text: Following Huan's death, Dou Wu and the Grand Tutor Chen Fan (陳蕃) (d. 168 AD) attempted a coup d'état against the eunuchs Hou Lan (d. 172 AD), Cao Jie (d. 181 AD), and Wang Fu (王甫). When the plot was uncovered, the eunuchs arrested Empress Dowager Dou (d. 172 AD) and Chen Fan. General Zhang Huan (張奐) favored the eunuchs. He and his troops confronted Dou Wu and his retainers at the palace gate where each side shouted accusations of treason against the other. When the retainers gradually deserted Dou Wu, he was forced to commit suicide.

title: Han_dynasty

title: Han_dynasty

text: Following

text: Huan

text: 's

text: death

text: Dou

text: Wu

text: and

text: the

text: Grand

text: Tutor

text: Chen

text: Fan

text: 陳蕃

text: d.

text: AD

text: attempted

text: a

text: coup

text: d'état

text: against

text: the

text: eunuchs

text: Hou

text: Lan

text: d.

text: AD

text: Cao

text: Jie

text: d.

text: AD

text: and

text: Wang

text: Fu

text: 王甫

text: When

text: the

text: plot

text: was

text: uncovered

text: the

text: eunuchs

text: arrested

text: Empress

text: Dowager

text: Dou

text: d.

text: AD

text: and

text: Chen

text: Fan

text: General

text: Zhang

text: Huan

text: 張奐

text: favored

text: the

text: eunuchs

text: He

text: and

text: his

text: troops

text: confronted

text: Dou

text: Wu

text: and

text: his

text: retainers

text: at

text: the

text: palace

text: gate

text: where

text: each

text: side

text: shouted

text: accusations

text: of

text: treason

text: against

text: the

text: other

text: When

text: the

text: retainers

text: gradually

text: deserted

text: Dou

text: Wu

text: he

text: was

text: forced

text: to

text: commit

text: suicide

question: Who arrested Chen Fan in a failed plot?

answer: the eunuchs

text: the eunuchs

question: How did Dou Wu pass away?

answer: he was forced to commit suicide

text: he was forced to commit suicide

question: Who made accusations of treason against Dou Wu?

answer: General Zhang Huan

text: General Zhang Huan

question: Which group was favorable to Zhang Huan?

answer: the eunuchs

text: the eunuchs

question: What type of action was attempted on the eunuchs?

answer: coup d'état

text: coup d'état


text: Trading companies became active in Tuvalu in the mid-19th century; the trading companies engaged palagi traders who lived on the islands. John (also known as Jack) O'Brien was the first European to settle in Tuvalu, he became a trader on Funafuti in the 1850s. He married Salai, the daughter of the paramount chief of Funafuti. Louis Becke, who later found success as a writer, was a trader on Nanumanga from April 1880 until the trading-station was destroyed later that year in a cyclone. He then became a trader on Nukufetau.

title: Tuvalu

title: Tuvalu

text: Trading

text: companies

text: became

text: active

text: in

text: Tuvalu

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: trading

text: companies

text: engaged

text: palagi

text: traders

text: who

text: lived

text: on

text: the

text: islands

text: John

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Jack

text: O'Brien

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: European

text: to

text: settle

text: in

text: Tuvalu

text: he

text: became

text: a

text: trader

text: on

text: Funafuti

text: in

text: the

text: He

text: married

text: Salai

text: the

text: daughter

text: of

text: the

text: paramount

text: chief

text: of

text: Funafuti

text: Louis

text: Becke

text: who

text: later

text: found

text: success

text: as

text: a

text: writer

text: was

text: a

text: trader

text: on

text: Nanumanga

text: from

text: April

text: until

text: the

text: trading

text: station

text: was

text: destroyed

text: later

text: that

text: year

text: in

text: a

text: cyclone

text: He

text: then

text: became

text: a

text: trader

text: on

text: Nukufetau

question: In what century did trading companies arrive in Tuvalu?

answer: mid-19th

question: What type of traders did the trading companies employ on Tuvalu?

answer: palagi traders

text: palagi traders

question: Who was the first European to permanently settle on Tuvalu?

answer: John (also known as Jack) O'Brien

text: John (also known as Jack) O'Brien

question: Which native did O'Brien marry?

answer: Salai

text: Salai

question: What trader turned author established a post on Tuvalu?

answer: Louis Becke

text: Louis Becke


text: Over the course of the 20th century, the world's per-capita gross domestic product grew by a factor of five, much more than all earlier centuries combined (including the 19th with its Industrial Revolution). Many economists make the case that this understates the magnitude of growth, as many of the goods and services consumed at the end of the 20th century, such as improved medicine (causing world life expectancy to increase by more than two decades) and communications technologies, were not available at any price at its beginning. However, the gulf between the world's rich and poor grew wider, and the majority of the global population remained in the poor side of the divide.

title: Modern_history

title: Modern_history

text: Over

text: the

text: course

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: per

text: capita

text: gross

text: domestic

text: product

text: grew

text: by

text: a

text: factor

text: of

text: five

text: much

text: more

text: than

text: all

text: earlier

text: centuries

text: combined

text: including

text: the

text: with

text: its

text: Industrial

text: Revolution

text: Many

text: economists

text: make

text: the

text: case

text: that

text: this

text: understates

text: the

text: magnitude

text: of

text: growth

text: as

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: goods

text: and

text: services

text: consumed

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: such

text: as

text: improved

text: medicine

text: causing

text: world

text: life

text: expectancy

text: to

text: increase

text: by

text: more

text: than

text: two

text: decades

text: and

text: communications

text: technologies

text: were

text: not

text: available

text: at

text: any

text: price

text: at

text: its

text: beginning

text: However

text: the

text: gulf

text: between

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: rich

text: and

text: poor

text: grew

text: wider

text: and

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: global

text: population

text: remained

text: in

text: the

text: poor

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: divide

question: By what percentage did the world's per-capita gross domestic product grow by during the 20th century?

answer: a factor of five

text: a factor of five

question: What has Modern medicine increased the average life expectancy by?

answer: two decades

text: two decades

question: What happened to the income gap between the rich and the poor?

answer: the gulf between the world's rich and poor grew wider

text: the gulf between the world's rich and poor grew wider


text: Hellenistic poets now sought patronage from kings, and wrote works in their honor. The scholars at the libraries in Alexandria and Pergamon focused on the collection, cataloging, and literary criticism of classical Athenian works and ancient Greek myths. The poet-critic Callimachus, a staunch elitist, wrote hymns equating Ptolemy II to Zeus and Apollo. He promoted short poetic forms such as the epigram, epyllion and the iambic and attacked epic as base and common ("big book, big evil" was his doctrine). He also wrote a massive catalog of the holdings of the library of Alexandria, the famous Pinakes. Callimachus was extremely influential in his time and also for the development of Augustan poetry. Another poet, Apollonius of Rhodes, attempted to revive the epic for the Hellenistic world with his Argonautica. He had been a student of Callimachus and later became chief librarian (prostates) of the library of Alexandria, Apollonius and Callimachus spent much of their careers feuding with each other. Pastoral poetry also thrived during the Hellenistic era, Theocritus was a major poet who popularized the genre.

title: Hellenistic_period

title: Hellenistic_period

text: Hellenistic

text: poets

text: now

text: sought

text: patronage

text: from

text: kings

text: and

text: wrote

text: works

text: in

text: their

text: honor

text: The

text: scholars

text: at

text: the

text: libraries

text: in

text: Alexandria

text: and

text: Pergamon

text: focused

text: on

text: the

text: collection

text: cataloging

text: and

text: literary

text: criticism

text: of

text: classical

text: Athenian

text: works

text: and

text: ancient

text: Greek

text: myths

text: The

text: poet

text: critic

text: Callimachus

text: a

text: staunch

text: elitist

text: wrote

text: hymns

text: equating

text: Ptolemy

text: II

text: to

text: Zeus

text: and

text: Apollo

text: He

text: promoted

text: short

text: poetic

text: forms

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: epigram

text: epyllion

text: and

text: the

text: iambic

text: and

text: attacked

text: epic

text: as

text: base

text: and

text: common

text: big

text: book

text: big

text: evil

text: was

text: his

text: doctrine

text: He

text: also

text: wrote

text: a

text: massive

text: catalog

text: of

text: the

text: holdings

text: of

text: the

text: library

text: of

text: Alexandria

text: the

text: famous

text: Pinakes

text: Callimachus

text: was

text: extremely

text: influential

text: in

text: his

text: time

text: and

text: also

text: for

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: Augustan

text: poetry

text: Another

text: poet

text: Apollonius

text: of

text: Rhodes

text: attempted

text: to

text: revive

text: the

text: epic

text: for

text: the

text: Hellenistic

text: world

text: with

text: his

text: Argonautica

text: He

text: had

text: been

text: a

text: student

text: of

text: Callimachus

text: and

text: later

text: became

text: chief

text: librarian

text: prostates

text: of

text: the

text: library

text: of

text: Alexandria

text: Apollonius

text: and

text: Callimachus

text: spent

text: much

text: of

text: their

text: careers

text: feuding

text: with

text: each

text: other

text: Pastoral

text: poetry

text: also

text: thrived

text: during

text: the

text: Hellenistic

text: era

text: Theocritus

text: was

text: a

text: major

text: poet

text: who

text: popularized

text: the

text: genre

question: Who did Hellenistic poets wish to court?

answer: kings

text: kings

question: Who wrote hymns equating Ptolemy II to Zeus and Apollo?

answer: Callimachus

text: Callimachus

question: Who said "Big book, big evil"?

answer: Callimachus

text: Callimachus

question: What was the name of Callimachus' catalog at the library of Alexandria?

answer: Pinakes

text: Pinakes

question: Who wrote Argonautica?

answer: Apollonius of Rhodes

text: Apollonius of Rhodes


text: There are special rules for certain rare diseases ("orphan diseases") in several major drug regulatory territories. For example, diseases involving fewer than 200,000 patients in the United States, or larger populations in certain circumstances are subject to the Orphan Drug Act.  Because medical research and development of drugs to treat such diseases is financially disadvantageous, companies that do so are rewarded with tax reductions, fee waivers, and market exclusivity on that drug for a limited time (seven years), regardless of whether the drug is protected by patents.

title: Pharmaceutical_industry

title: Pharmaceutical_industry

text: There

text: are

text: special

text: rules

text: for

text: certain

text: rare

text: diseases

text: orphan

text: diseases

text: in

text: several

text: major

text: drug

text: regulatory

text: territories

text: For

text: example

text: diseases

text: involving

text: fewer

text: than

text: patients

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: or

text: larger

text: populations

text: in

text: certain

text: circumstances

text: are

text: subject

text: to

text: the

text: Orphan

text: Drug

text: Act

text: Because

text: medical

text: research

text: and

text: development

text: of

text: drugs

text: to

text: treat

text: such

text: diseases

text: is

text: financially

text: disadvantageous

text: companies

text: that

text: do

text: so

text: are

text: rewarded

text: with

text: tax

text: reductions

text: fee

text: waivers

text: and

text: market

text: exclusivity

text: on

text: that

text: drug

text: for

text: a

text: limited

text: time

text: seven

text: years

text: regardless

text: of

text: whether

text: the

text: drug

text: is

text: protected

text: by

text: patents

question: What is subject to the Orphan Drug Act?

answer: diseases involving fewer than 200,000 patients in the United States, or larger populations in certain circumstances

text: diseases involving fewer than 200,000 patients in the United States, or larger populations in certain circumstances

question: What is given to companies who develop drugs for "orphan diseases"?

answer: tax reductions, fee waivers, and market exclusivity on that drug for a limited time (seven years), regardless of whether the drug is protected by patents

text: tax reductions, fee waivers, and market exclusivity on that drug for a limited time (seven years), regardless of whether the drug is protected by patents

question: Why are these companies rewarded?

answer: Because medical research and development of drugs to treat such diseases is financially disadvantageous

text: Because medical research and development of drugs to treat such diseases is financially disadvantageous

question: What size of disease populations are subject to the Orphan Drug Act?

answer: fewer than 200,000 patients

text: fewer than 200,000 patients

question: What is one financial benefit to researching orphan drugs?

answer: tax reductions

text: tax reductions

question: What is the length of time of market exclusivity of an orphan drug?

answer: seven years

text: seven years

question: What is a term for rare diseases in some territories?

answer: orphan diseases

text: orphan diseases


text: The first areas of the brain to be pruned are those involving primary functions, such as motor and sensory areas. The areas of the brain involved in more complex processes lose matter later in development. These include the lateral and prefrontal cortices, among other regions. Some of the most developmentally significant changes in the brain occur in the prefrontal cortex, which is involved in decision making and cognitive control, as well as other higher cognitive functions. During adolescence, myelination and synaptic pruning in the prefrontal cortex increases, improving the efficiency of information processing, and neural connections between the prefrontal cortex and other regions of the brain are strengthened. This leads to better evaluation of risks and rewards, as well as improved control over impulses. Specifically, developments in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex are important for controlling impulses and planning ahead, while development in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex is important for decision making. Changes in the orbitofrontal cortex are important for evaluating rewards and risks.

title: Adolescence

title: Adolescence

text: The

text: first

text: areas

text: of

text: the

text: brain

text: to

text: be

text: pruned

text: are

text: those

text: involving

text: primary

text: functions

text: such

text: as

text: motor

text: and

text: sensory

text: areas

text: The

text: areas

text: of

text: the

text: brain

text: involved

text: in

text: more

text: complex

text: processes

text: lose

text: matter

text: later

text: in

text: development

text: These

text: include

text: the

text: lateral

text: and

text: prefrontal

text: cortices

text: among

text: other

text: regions

text: Some

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: developmentally

text: significant

text: changes

text: in

text: the

text: brain

text: occur

text: in

text: the

text: prefrontal

text: cortex

text: which

text: is

text: involved

text: in

text: decision

text: making

text: and

text: cognitive

text: control

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: other

text: higher

text: cognitive

text: functions

text: During

text: adolescence

text: myelination

text: and

text: synaptic

text: pruning

text: in

text: the

text: prefrontal

text: cortex

text: increases

text: improving

text: the

text: efficiency

text: of

text: information

text: processing

text: and

text: neural

text: connections

text: between

text: the

text: prefrontal

text: cortex

text: and

text: other

text: regions

text: of

text: the

text: brain

text: are

text: strengthened

text: This

text: leads

text: to

text: better

text: evaluation

text: of

text: risks

text: and

text: rewards

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: improved

text: control

text: over

text: impulses

text: Specifically

text: developments

text: in

text: the

text: dorsolateral

text: prefrontal

text: cortex

text: are

text: important

text: for

text: controlling

text: impulses

text: and

text: planning

text: ahead

text: while

text: development

text: in

text: the

text: ventromedial

text: prefrontal

text: cortex

text: is

text: important

text: for

text: decision

text: making

text: Changes

text: in

text: the

text: orbitofrontal

text: cortex

text: are

text: important

text: for

text: evaluating

text: rewards

text: and

text: risks

question: Which part of the brain is involved in decision making and cognitive control?

answer: prefrontal cortex

text: prefrontal cortex

question: Which area of the brain is important for controlling impulses and planning ahead?

answer: dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

text: dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

question: Which part of the brain is important for evaluating rewards and risks?

answer: orbitofrontal cortex

text: orbitofrontal cortex

question: Which are the first areas to be pruned during puberty?

answer: those involving primary functions

text: those involving primary functions

question: Motor and sensory skills are examples of what kind of brain function?

answer: primary

text: primary


text: The origin of the word antenna relative to wireless apparatus is attributed to Italian radio pioneer Guglielmo Marconi. In the summer of 1895, Marconi began testing his wireless system outdoors on his father's estate near Bologna and soon began to experiment with long wire "aerials". Marconi discovered that by raising the "aerial" wire above the ground and connecting the other side of his transmitter to ground, the transmission range was increased. Soon he was able to transmit signals over a hill, a distance of approximately 2.4 kilometres (1.5 mi). In Italian a tent pole is known as l'antenna centrale, and the pole with the wire was simply called l'antenna. Until then wireless radiating transmitting and receiving elements were known simply as aerials or terminals.

title: Antenna_(radio)

title: Antenna_(radio

text: The

text: origin

text: of

text: the

text: word

text: antenna

text: relative

text: to

text: wireless

text: apparatus

text: is

text: attributed

text: to

text: Italian

text: radio

text: pioneer

text: Guglielmo

text: Marconi

text: In

text: the

text: summer

text: of

text: Marconi

text: began

text: testing

text: his

text: wireless

text: system

text: outdoors

text: on

text: his

text: father

text: 's

text: estate

text: near

text: Bologna

text: and

text: soon

text: began

text: to

text: experiment

text: with

text: long

text: wire

text: aerials

text: Marconi

text: discovered

text: that

text: by

text: raising

text: the

text: aerial

text: wire

text: above

text: the

text: ground

text: and

text: connecting

text: the

text: other

text: side

text: of

text: his

text: transmitter

text: to

text: ground

text: the

text: transmission

text: range

text: was

text: increased

text: Soon

text: he

text: was

text: able

text: to

text: transmit

text: signals

text: over

text: a

text: hill

text: a

text: distance

text: of

text: approximately

text: kilometres

text: mi

text: In

text: Italian

text: a

text: tent

text: pole

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: l'antenna

text: centrale

text: and

text: the

text: pole

text: with

text: the

text: wire

text: was

text: simply

text: called

text: l'antenna

text: Until

text: then

text: wireless

text: radiating

text: transmitting

text: and

text: receiving

text: elements

text: were

text: known

text: simply

text: as

text: aerials

text: or

text: terminals

question: Who is most associated with the emergence of the word antenna?

answer: Guglielmo Marconi

text: Guglielmo Marconi

question: When did experimentation with electromagnetic waves begin?

answer: 1895

question: What is a way to increase the strength of a radio transmission?

answer: raising the "aerial" wire

text: raising the "aerial" wire

question: How far was Marconi able to get his signal to go using this technique?

answer: 1.5 mi

text: 1.5 mi


text: The list of nutrients that people are known to require is, in the words of Marion Nestle, "almost certainly incomplete". As of 2014, nutrients are thought to be of two types: macro-nutrients which are needed in relatively large amounts, and micronutrients which are needed in smaller quantities. A type of carbohydrate, dietary fiber, i.e. non-digestible material such as cellulose, is required, for both mechanical and biochemical reasons, although the exact reasons remain unclear. Other micronutrients include antioxidants and phytochemicals, which are said to influence (or protect) some body systems. Their necessity is not as well established as in the case of, for instance, vitamins.

title: Nutrition

title: Nutrition

text: The

text: list

text: of

text: nutrients

text: that

text: people

text: are

text: known

text: to

text: require

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: words

text: of

text: Marion

text: Nestle

text: almost

text: certainly

text: incomplete

text: As

text: of

text: nutrients

text: are

text: thought

text: to

text: be

text: of

text: two

text: types

text: macro

text: nutrients

text: which

text: are

text: needed

text: in

text: relatively

text: large

text: amounts

text: and

text: micronutrients

text: which

text: are

text: needed

text: in

text: smaller

text: quantities

text: A

text: type

text: of

text: carbohydrate

text: dietary

text: fiber

text: i.e.

text: non

text: digestible

text: material

text: such

text: as

text: cellulose

text: is

text: required

text: for

text: both

text: mechanical

text: and

text: biochemical

text: reasons

text: although

text: the

text: exact

text: reasons

text: remain

text: unclear

text: Other

text: micronutrients

text: include

text: antioxidants

text: and

text: phytochemicals

text: which

text: are

text: said

text: to

text: influence

text: or

text: protect

text: some

text: body

text: systems

text: Their

text: necessity

text: is

text: not

text: as

text: well

text: established

text: as

text: in

text: the

text: case

text: of

text: for

text: instance

text: vitamins

question: Who claims that the list of nutrients that humans require is incomplete?

answer: Marion Nestle

text: Marion Nestle

question: What is the other category of nutrients that people require other than micronutrients?

answer: macro-nutrients

text: macro-nutrients

question: What is notable about cellulose in humans?

answer: non-digestible

text: non-digestible

question: What else, other than antioxidants, helps protect body systems?

answer: phytochemicals

text: phytochemicals

question: In which year were nutrients categorized into their two respective categories?

answer: 2014


text: The CD was planned to be the successor of the gramophone record for playing music, rather than primarily as a data storage medium. From its origins as a musical format, CDs have grown to encompass other applications. In 1983, following the CD's introduction, Immink and Braat presented the first experiments with erasable compact discs during the 73rd AES Convention. In June 1985, the computer-readable CD-ROM (read-only memory) and, in 1990, CD-Recordable were introduced, also developed by both Sony and Philips. Recordable CDs were a new alternative to tape for recording music and copying music albums without defects introduced in compression used in other digital recording methods. Other newer video formats such as DVD and Blu-ray use the same physical geometry as CD, and most DVD and Blu-ray players are backward compatible with audio CD.

title: Compact_disc

title: Compact_disc

text: The

text: CD

text: was

text: planned

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: successor

text: of

text: the

text: gramophone

text: record

text: for

text: playing

text: music

text: rather

text: than

text: primarily

text: as

text: a

text: data

text: storage

text: medium

text: From

text: its

text: origins

text: as

text: a

text: musical

text: format

text: CDs

text: have

text: grown

text: to

text: encompass

text: other

text: applications

text: In

text: following

text: the

text: CD

text: 's

text: introduction

text: Immink

text: and

text: Braat

text: presented

text: the

text: first

text: experiments

text: with

text: erasable

text: compact

text: discs

text: during

text: the

text: AES

text: Convention

text: In

text: June

text: the

text: computer

text: readable

text: CD

text: ROM

text: read

text: only

text: memory

text: and

text: in

text: CD

text: Recordable

text: were

text: introduced

text: also

text: developed

text: by

text: both

text: Sony

text: and

text: Philips

text: Recordable

text: CDs

text: were

text: a

text: new

text: alternative

text: to

text: tape

text: for

text: recording

text: music

text: and

text: copying

text: music

text: albums

text: without

text: defects

text: introduced

text: in

text: compression

text: used

text: in

text: other

text: digital

text: recording

text: methods

text: Other

text: newer

text: video

text: formats

text: such

text: as

text: DVD

text: and

text: Blu

text: ray

text: use

text: the

text: same

text: physical

text: geometry

text: as

text: CD

text: and

text: most

text: DVD

text: and

text: Blu

text: ray

text: players

text: are

text: backward

text: compatible

text: with

text: audio

text: CD

question: What does ROM stand for?

answer: read-only memory

text: read-only memory

question: What year did Sony and Philips release CD-Recordable?

answer: 1990

question: What was the original intended format for CDs?

answer: musical format

text: musical format

question: What year was the 73rd AES Convention?

answer: 1983

question: What was the CDs predecessor?

answer: the gramophone record

text: the gramophone record

question: What was the CDs predecessor?

answer: gramophone record

text: gramophone record


text: In 1972, the Presbyterian Church of England (PCofE) united with the Congregational Church in England and Wales to form the United Reformed Church (URC). Among the congregations the PCofE brought to the URC were Tunley (Lancashire), Aston Tirrold (Oxfordshire) and John Knox Presbyterian Church, Stepney, London (now part of Stepney Meeting House URC) – these are among the sole survivors today of the English Presbyterian churches of the 17th century. The URC also has a presence in Scotland, mostly of former Congregationalist Churches. Two former Presbyterian congregations, St Columba's, Cambridge (founded in 1879), and St Columba's, Oxford (founded as a chaplaincy by the PCofE and the Church of Scotland in 1908 and as a congregation of the PCofE in 1929), continue as congregations of the URC and university chaplaincies of the Church of Scotland.

title: Presbyterianism

title: Presbyterianism

text: In

text: the

text: Presbyterian

text: Church

text: of

text: England

text: PCofE

text: united

text: with

text: the

text: Congregational

text: Church

text: in

text: England

text: and

text: Wales

text: to

text: form

text: the

text: United

text: Reformed

text: Church

text: URC

text: Among

text: the

text: congregations

text: the

text: PCofE

text: brought

text: to

text: the

text: URC

text: were

text: Tunley

text: Lancashire

text: Aston

text: Tirrold

text: Oxfordshire

text: and

text: John

text: Knox

text: Presbyterian

text: Church

text: Stepney

text: London

text: now

text: part

text: of

text: Stepney

text: Meeting

text: House

text: URC

text: these

text: are

text: among

text: the

text: sole

text: survivors

text: today

text: of

text: the

text: English

text: Presbyterian

text: churches

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: The

text: URC

text: also

text: has

text: a

text: presence

text: in

text: Scotland

text: mostly

text: of

text: former

text: Congregationalist

text: Churches

text: Two

text: former

text: Presbyterian

text: congregations

text: St

text: Columba

text: 's

text: Cambridge

text: founded

text: in

text: and

text: St

text: Columba

text: 's

text: Oxford

text: founded

text: as

text: a

text: chaplaincy

text: by

text: the

text: PCofE

text: and

text: the

text: Church

text: of

text: Scotland

text: in

text: and

text: as

text: a

text: congregation

text: of

text: the

text: PCofE

text: in

text: continue

text: as

text: congregations

text: of

text: the

text: URC

text: and

text: university

text: chaplaincies

text: of

text: the

text: Church

text: of

text: Scotland

question: In what year did the Church of England and the Congregational Church in England  and Waled unite?

answer: 1972

question: What are the two former Presbyterian congregations in England?

answer: St Columba's, Cambridge (founded in 1879), and St Columba's, Oxford

text: St Columba's, Cambridge (founded in 1879), and St Columba's, Oxford

question: What was the name of the group that was created whenPresbyterian Church of England (PCofE) united with the Congregational Church in England and Wales were united?

answer: United Reformed Church

text: United Reformed Church


text: La Cueva De Las Ventanas (The Cave of Windows), a series of cliff dwellings along an important trade route, and Las Jarillas Cave scrambled along the canyons of the Sierra Madre in Northwestern Chihuahua date between AD 1205 and 1260 and belong to the Paquimé culture. Cuarenta Casas is thought to have been a branch settlement from Paquime to protect the trade route from attack. Archaeologists believe the civilization began to decline during the 13th century and by the 15th century the inhabitants of Paquime sought refuge in the Sierra Madre Occidental while others are thought to have emigrated north and joined the Ancestral Pueblo peoples. According to anthropologist current natives tribes (Yaqui, Mayo, Opata, and Tarahumara) are descendants of the Casas Grandes culture.

title: Chihuahua_(state)

title: Chihuahua_(state

text: La

text: Cueva

text: De

text: Las

text: Ventanas

text: The

text: Cave

text: of

text: Windows

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: cliff

text: dwellings

text: along

text: an

text: important

text: trade

text: route

text: and

text: Las

text: Jarillas

text: Cave

text: scrambled

text: along

text: the

text: canyons

text: of

text: the

text: Sierra

text: Madre

text: in

text: Northwestern

text: Chihuahua

text: date

text: between

text: AD

text: and

text: and

text: belong

text: to

text: the

text: Paquimé

text: culture

text: Cuarenta

text: Casas

text: is

text: thought

text: to

text: have

text: been

text: a

text: branch

text: settlement

text: from

text: Paquime

text: to

text: protect

text: the

text: trade

text: route

text: from

text: attack

text: Archaeologists

text: believe

text: the

text: civilization

text: began

text: to

text: decline

text: during

text: the

text: century

text: and

text: by

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: inhabitants

text: of

text: Paquime

text: sought

text: refuge

text: in

text: the

text: Sierra

text: Madre

text: Occidental

text: while

text: others

text: are

text: thought

text: to

text: have

text: emigrated

text: north

text: and

text: joined

text: the

text: Ancestral

text: Pueblo

text: peoples

text: According

text: to

text: anthropologist

text: current

text: natives

text: tribes

text: Yaqui

text: Mayo

text: Opata

text: and

text: Tarahumara

text: are

text: descendants

text: of

text: the

text: Casas

text: Grandes

text: culture

question: Along which mountain range does the Cave of Windows lie?

answer: Sierra Madre

text: Sierra Madre

question: Cuarenta Casas is thought to be a branch of which settlement?

answer: Paquime

text: Paquime

question: Where did the Paquime seek refuge?

answer: Sierra Madre Occidental

text: Sierra Madre Occidental

question: Which current native tribes are thought to be descendants of the Casas Grandes?

answer: Yaqui, Mayo, Opata, and Tarahumara

text: Yaqui, Mayo, Opata, and Tarahumara


text: Jidaigeki (literally historical drama) has always been a staple program on Japanese movies and television. The programs typically feature a samurai. Samurai films and westerns share a number of similarities and the two have influenced each other over the years. One of Japan’s most renowned directors, Akira Kurosawa, greatly influenced the samurai aspect in western film-making.[citation needed] George Lucas’ Star Wars series incorporated many aspects from the Seven Samurai film. One example is that in the Japanese film, seven samurai warriors are hired by local farmers to protect their land from being overrun by bandits; In George Lucas’ Star Wars: A New Hope, a similar situation arises. Kurosawa was inspired by the works of director John Ford and in turn Kurosawa's works have been remade into westerns such as The Seven Samurai into The Magnificent Seven and Yojimbo into A Fistful of Dollars. There is also a 26 episode anime adaptation (Samurai 7) of The Seven Samurai. Along with film, literature containing samurai influences are seen as well.

title: Samurai

title: Samurai

text: Jidaigeki

text: literally

text: historical

text: drama

text: has

text: always

text: been

text: a

text: staple

text: program

text: on

text: Japanese

text: movies

text: and

text: television

text: The

text: programs

text: typically

text: feature

text: a

text: samurai

text: Samurai

text: films

text: and

text: westerns

text: share

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: similarities

text: and

text: the

text: two

text: have

text: influenced

text: each

text: other

text: over

text: the

text: years

text: One

text: of

text: Japan

text: ’s

text: most

text: renowned

text: directors

text: Akira

text: Kurosawa

text: greatly

text: influenced

text: the

text: samurai

text: aspect

text: in

text: western

text: film

text: making.[citation

text: needed

text: George

text: Lucas’

text: Star

text: Wars

text: series

text: incorporated

text: many

text: aspects

text: from

text: the

text: Seven

text: Samurai

text: film

text: One

text: example

text: is

text: that

text: in

text: the

text: Japanese

text: film

text: seven

text: samurai

text: warriors

text: are

text: hired

text: by

text: local

text: farmers

text: to

text: protect

text: their

text: land

text: from

text: being

text: overrun

text: by

text: bandits

text: In

text: George

text: Lucas’

text: Star

text: Wars

text: A

text: New

text: Hope

text: a

text: similar

text: situation

text: arises

text: Kurosawa

text: was

text: inspired

text: by

text: the

text: works

text: of

text: director

text: John

text: Ford

text: and

text: in

text: turn

text: Kurosawa

text: 's

text: works

text: have

text: been

text: remade

text: into

text: westerns

text: such

text: as

text: The

text: Seven

text: Samurai

text: into

text: The

text: Magnificent

text: Seven

text: and

text: Yojimbo

text: into

text: A

text: Fistful

text: of

text: Dollars

text: There

text: is

text: also

text: a

text: episode

text: anime

text: adaptation

text: Samurai

text: of

text: The

text: Seven

text: Samurai

text: Along

text: with

text: film

text: literature

text: containing

text: samurai

text: influences

text: are

text: seen

text: as

text: well

question: What is Jidaigeki?

answer: historical drama

text: historical drama

question: Who is Akira Kurosawa?

answer: One of Japan’s most renowned directors

text: One of Japan’s most renowned directors

question: Who directed 'Seven Samurai'?

answer: Akira Kurosawa

text: Akira Kurosawa

question: What Japanese movie is 'Star Wars: A New Hope' said to be similar to?

answer: Seven Samurai

text: Seven Samurai

question: What western was inspired by 'Seven Samurai'?

answer: The Magnificent Seven

text: The Magnificent Seven


text: Napoléon Bonaparte (/nəˈpoʊliən, -ˈpoʊljən/; French: [napɔleɔ̃ bɔnapaʁt], born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the Revolutionary Wars. As Napoleon I, he was Emperor of the French from 1804 until 1814, and again in 1815. Napoleon dominated European and global affairs for more than a decade while leading France against a series of coalitions in the Napoleonic Wars. He won most of these wars and the vast majority of his battles, building a large empire that ruled over continental Europe before its final collapse in 1815. Often considered one of the greatest commanders in history, his wars and campaigns are studied at military schools worldwide. He also remains one of the most celebrated and controversial political figures in Western history. In civil affairs, Napoleon had a major long-term impact by bringing liberal reforms to the territories that he conquered, especially the Low Countries, Switzerland, and large parts of modern Italy and Germany. He implemented fundamental liberal policies in France and throughout Western Europe.[note 1] His lasting legal achievement, the Napoleonic Code, has been adopted in various forms by a quarter of the world's legal systems, from Japan to Quebec.

title: Napoleon

title: Napoleon

text: Napoléon

text: Bonaparte

text: /nəˈpoʊliən

text: -ˈpoʊljən/

text: French

text: napɔleɔ̃

text: bɔnapaʁt

text: born

text: Napoleone

text: di

text: Buonaparte

text: August

text: May

text: was

text: a

text: French

text: military

text: and

text: political

text: leader

text: who

text: rose

text: to

text: prominence

text: during

text: the

text: French

text: Revolution

text: and

text: led

text: several

text: successful

text: campaigns

text: during

text: the

text: Revolutionary

text: Wars

text: As

text: Napoleon

text: I

text: he

text: was

text: Emperor

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: from

text: until

text: and

text: again

text: in

text: Napoleon

text: dominated

text: European

text: and

text: global

text: affairs

text: for

text: more

text: than

text: a

text: decade

text: while

text: leading

text: France

text: against

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: coalitions

text: in

text: the

text: Napoleonic

text: Wars

text: He

text: won

text: most

text: of

text: these

text: wars

text: and

text: the

text: vast

text: majority

text: of

text: his

text: battles

text: building

text: a

text: large

text: empire

text: that

text: ruled

text: over

text: continental

text: Europe

text: before

text: its

text: final

text: collapse

text: in

text: Often

text: considered

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: greatest

text: commanders

text: in

text: history

text: his

text: wars

text: and

text: campaigns

text: are

text: studied

text: at

text: military

text: schools

text: worldwide

text: He

text: also

text: remains

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: celebrated

text: and

text: controversial

text: political

text: figures

text: in

text: Western

text: history

text: In

text: civil

text: affairs

text: Napoleon

text: had

text: a

text: major

text: long

text: term

text: impact

text: by

text: bringing

text: liberal

text: reforms

text: to

text: the

text: territories

text: that

text: he

text: conquered

text: especially

text: the

text: Low

text: Countries

text: Switzerland

text: and

text: large

text: parts

text: of

text: modern

text: Italy

text: and

text: Germany

text: He

text: implemented

text: fundamental

text: liberal

text: policies

text: in

text: France

text: and

text: throughout

text: Western

text: Europe.[note

text: His

text: lasting

text: legal

text: achievement

text: the

text: Napoleonic

text: Code

text: has

text: been

text: adopted

text: in

text: various

text: forms

text: by

text: a

text: quarter

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: legal

text: systems

text: from

text: Japan

text: to

text: Quebec

question: Napoleon spent ten years as emperor of what people?

answer: the French

text: the French

question: When did Napoleon's empire collapse?

answer: 1815

question: Where are Napoleon's campaigns still studied today?

answer: military schools

text: military schools

question: What did Napoleon bring civilly to his territories?

answer: liberal reforms

text: liberal reforms

question: What is Napoleon's legal achievement, still reaching a quarter of the world's legal systems?

answer: the Napoleonic Code

text: the Napoleonic Code

question: When was Napoleon Bonaparte born?

answer: 15 August 1769

text: 15 August 1769

question: When did Napoleon Bonaparte die?

answer: 5 May 1821

text: 5 May 1821

question: What was Napoleon Bonaparte's nationality?

answer: French

text: French

question: During what historical event did Napoleon rise to prominence?

answer: the French Revolution

text: the French Revolution

question: When did Napoleon Bonaparte's empire finally collapse?

answer: 1815

question: When did Napoleon Bonaparte die?

answer: 5 May 1821

text: 5 May 1821

question: During what historical event did Napoleon rise to prominence?

answer: the French Revolution

text: the French Revolution


text: Fog is fairly common, particularly in spring and early summer, and the occasional tropical storm or hurricane can threaten the region, especially in late summer and early autumn. Due to its situation along the North Atlantic, the city often receives sea breezes, especially in the late spring, when water temperatures are still quite cold and temperatures at the coast can be more than 20 °F (11 °C) colder than a few miles inland, sometimes dropping by that amount near midday. Thunderstorms occur from May to September, that are occasionally severe with large hail, damaging winds and heavy downpours. Although downtown Boston has never been struck by a violent tornado, the city itself has experienced many tornado warnings. Damaging storms are more common to areas north, west, and northwest of the city. Boston has a relatively sunny climate for a coastal city at its latitude, averaging over 2,600 hours of sunshine per annum.

title: Boston

title: Boston

text: Fog

text: is

text: fairly

text: common

text: particularly

text: in

text: spring

text: and

text: early

text: summer

text: and

text: the

text: occasional

text: tropical

text: storm

text: or

text: hurricane

text: can

text: threaten

text: the

text: region

text: especially

text: in

text: late

text: summer

text: and

text: early

text: autumn

text: Due

text: to

text: its

text: situation

text: along

text: the

text: North

text: Atlantic

text: the

text: city

text: often

text: receives

text: sea

text: breezes

text: especially

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: spring

text: when

text: water

text: temperatures

text: are

text: still

text: quite

text: cold

text: and

text: temperatures

text: at

text: the

text: coast

text: can

text: be

text: more

text: than

text: F

text: C

text: colder

text: than

text: a

text: few

text: miles

text: inland

text: sometimes

text: dropping

text: by

text: that

text: amount

text: near

text: midday

text: Thunderstorms

text: occur

text: from

text: May

text: to

text: September

text: that

text: are

text: occasionally

text: severe

text: with

text: large

text: hail

text: damaging

text: winds

text: and

text: heavy

text: downpours

text: Although

text: downtown

text: Boston

text: has

text: never

text: been

text: struck

text: by

text: a

text: violent

text: tornado

text: the

text: city

text: itself

text: has

text: experienced

text: many

text: tornado

text: warnings

text: Damaging

text: storms

text: are

text: more

text: common

text: to

text: areas

text: north

text: west

text: and

text: northwest

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: Boston

text: has

text: a

text: relatively

text: sunny

text: climate

text: for

text: a

text: coastal

text: city

text: at

text: its

text: latitude

text: averaging

text: over

text: hours

text: of

text: sunshine

text: per

text: annum

question: During what seasons is fog common in Boston?

answer: spring and early summer

text: spring and early summer

question: When can tropical storms and hurricanes threaten Boston?

answer: late summer and early autumn

text: late summer and early autumn

question: Sea breezes occur during what season?

answer: late spring

text: late spring

question: What months do thunderstorms occur in Boston?

answer: May to September

text: May to September

question: What is the average hours of sunshine per year in Boston?

answer: 2,600


text: Napoleon institutionalised plunder of conquered territories: French museums contain art stolen by Napoleon's forces from across Europe. Artefacts were brought to the Musée du Louvre for a grand central museum; his example would later serve as inspiration for more notorious imitators. He was compared to Adolf Hitler most famously by the historian Pieter Geyl in 1947 and Claude Ribbe in 2005. David G. Chandler, a foremost historian of Napoleonic warfare, wrote in 1973 that, "Nothing could be more degrading to the former [Napoleon] and more flattering to the latter [Hitler]. The comparison is odious. On the whole Napoleon was inspired by a noble dream, wholly dissimilar from Hitler's... Napoleon left great and lasting testimonies to his genius—in codes of law and national identities which survive to the present day. Adolf Hitler left nothing but destruction."

title: Napoleon

title: Napoleon

text: Napoleon

text: institutionalised

text: plunder

text: of

text: conquered

text: territories

text: French

text: museums

text: contain

text: art

text: stolen

text: by

text: Napoleon

text: 's

text: forces

text: from

text: across

text: Europe

text: Artefacts

text: were

text: brought

text: to

text: the

text: Musée

text: du

text: Louvre

text: for

text: a

text: grand

text: central

text: museum

text: his

text: example

text: would

text: later

text: serve

text: as

text: inspiration

text: for

text: more

text: notorious

text: imitators

text: He

text: was

text: compared

text: to

text: Adolf

text: Hitler

text: most

text: famously

text: by

text: the

text: historian

text: Pieter

text: Geyl

text: in

text: and

text: Claude

text: Ribbe

text: in

text: David

text: G.

text: Chandler

text: a

text: foremost

text: historian

text: of

text: Napoleonic

text: warfare

text: wrote

text: in

text: that

text: Nothing

text: could

text: be

text: more

text: degrading

text: to

text: the

text: former

text: Napoleon

text: and

text: more

text: flattering

text: to

text: the

text: latter

text: Hitler

text: The

text: comparison

text: is

text: odious

text: On

text: the

text: whole

text: Napoleon

text: was

text: inspired

text: by

text: a

text: noble

text: dream

text: wholly

text: dissimilar

text: from

text: Hitler

text: 's

text: Napoleon

text: left

text: great

text: and

text: lasting

text: testimonies

text: to

text: his

text: genius

text: in

text: codes

text: of

text: law

text: and

text: national

text: identities

text: which

text: survive

text: to

text: the

text: present

text: day

text: Adolf

text: Hitler

text: left

text: nothing

text: but

text: destruction

question: What practice in defeated territories became institutionalized under Napoleon?

answer: plunder

text: plunder

question: Where in France were plundered artifacts brought in an effort to create a great central museum?

answer: the Musée du Louvre

text: the Musée du Louvre

question: Who compared Napoleon to Hitler in 1947?

answer: Pieter Geyl

text: Pieter Geyl

question: Who compared Napoleon to Hitler in 2005?

answer: Claude Ribbe

text: Claude Ribbe

question: In 1973, which historian objected to comparisons between Napoleon and Hitler?

answer: David G. Chandler

text: David G. Chandler


text: Antarctica (US English i/æntˈɑːrktɪkə/, UK English /ænˈtɑːktɪkə/ or /ænˈtɑːtɪkə/ or /ænˈɑːtɪkə/)[Note 1] is Earth's southernmost continent, containing the geographic South Pole. It is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere, almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle, and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean. At 14,000,000 square kilometres (5,400,000 square miles), it is the fifth-largest continent in area after Asia, Africa, North America, and South America. For comparison, Antarctica is nearly twice the size of Australia. About 98% of Antarctica is covered by ice that averages 1.9 km (1.2 mi; 6,200 ft) in thickness, which extends to all but the northernmost reaches of the Antarctic Peninsula.

title: Antarctica

title: Antarctica

text: Antarctica

text: US

text: English

text: i

text: æntˈɑːrktɪkə/

text: UK

text: English

text: /ænˈtɑːktɪkə/

text: or

text: /ænˈtɑːtɪkə/

text: or

text: /ænˈɑːtɪkə/)[Note

text: is

text: Earth

text: 's

text: southernmost

text: continent

text: containing

text: the

text: geographic

text: South

text: Pole

text: It

text: is

text: situated

text: in

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: Southern

text: Hemisphere

text: almost

text: entirely

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: Circle

text: and

text: is

text: surrounded

text: by

text: the

text: Southern

text: Ocean

text: At

text: square

text: kilometres

text: square

text: miles

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: fifth

text: largest

text: continent

text: in

text: area

text: after

text: Asia

text: Africa

text: North

text: America

text: and

text: South

text: America

text: For

text: comparison

text: Antarctica

text: is

text: nearly

text: twice

text: the

text: size

text: of

text: Australia

text: About

text: of

text: Antarctica

text: is

text: covered

text: by

text: ice

text: that

text: averages

text: km

text: mi

text: ft

text: in

text: thickness

text: which

text: extends

text: to

text: all

text: but

text: the

text: northernmost

text: reaches

text: of

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: Peninsula

question: What is the Earth's most southern continent?

answer: Antarctica

text: Antarctica

question: Which pole is located in Antarctica?

answer: South Pole

text: South Pole

question: What ocean surrounds Antarctica?

answer: Southern Ocean

text: Southern Ocean

question: What is the size of Antarctica?

answer: 14,000,000 square kilometres

text: 14,000,000 square kilometres

question: How much of Antarctica is ice covered?

answer: 98%


text: The Daily Star had been launched in 1978 by Express Newspaper, and by 1981 had begun to affect sales of The Sun. Bingo was introduced as a marketing tool and a 2p drop in cover price removed the Daily Star's competitive advantage opening a new circulation battle which resulted in The Sun neutralising the threat of the new paper. The new editor of The Sun, Kelvin MacKenzie, took up his post in 1981 just after these developments, and "changed the British tabloid concept more profoundly than [Larry] Lamb did", according to Bruce Page, MacKenzie The paper became "more outrageous, opinionated and irreverent than anything ever produced in Britain".

title: The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)

title: The_Sun_(United_Kingdom

text: The

text: Daily

text: Star

text: had

text: been

text: launched

text: in

text: by

text: Express

text: Newspaper

text: and

text: by

text: had

text: begun

text: to

text: affect

text: sales

text: of

text: The

text: Sun

text: Bingo

text: was

text: introduced

text: as

text: a

text: marketing

text: tool

text: and

text: a

text: drop

text: in

text: cover

text: price

text: removed

text: the

text: Daily

text: Star

text: 's

text: competitive

text: advantage

text: opening

text: a

text: new

text: circulation

text: battle

text: which

text: resulted

text: in

text: The

text: Sun

text: neutralising

text: the

text: threat

text: of

text: the

text: new

text: paper

text: The

text: new

text: editor

text: of

text: The

text: Sun

text: Kelvin

text: MacKenzie

text: took

text: up

text: his

text: post

text: in

text: just

text: after

text: these

text: developments

text: and

text: changed

text: the

text: British

text: tabloid

text: concept

text: more

text: profoundly

text: than

text: Larry

text: Lamb

text: did

text: according

text: to

text: Bruce

text: Page

text: MacKenzie

text: The

text: paper

text: became

text: more

text: outrageous

text: opinionated

text: and

text: irreverent

text: than

text: anything

text: ever

text: produced

text: in

text: Britain

question: What newspaper was founded by Express Newspaper?

answer: The Daily Star

text: The Daily Star

question: By what year had The Daily Star started impacting The Sun's sales?

answer: 1981

question: What helped the Sun overcome the Daily Star's challenge?

answer: Bingo was introduced as a marketing tool and a 2p drop in cover price

text: Bingo was introduced as a marketing tool and a 2p drop in cover price

question: Who became editor of the Sun in 1981?

answer: Kelvin MacKenzie

text: Kelvin MacKenzie

question: What impact was Mackenzie said to have?

answer: changed the British tabloid concept more profoundly than [Larry] Lamb did"

text: changed the British tabloid concept more profoundly than [Larry] Lamb did"


text: The political structure of Western Europe changed with the end of the united Roman Empire. Although the movements of peoples during this period are usually described as "invasions", they were not just military expeditions but migrations of entire peoples into the empire. Such movements were aided by the refusal of the western Roman elites to support the army or pay the taxes that would have allowed the military to suppress the migration. The emperors of the 5th century were often controlled by military strongmen such as Stilicho (d. 408), Aspar (d. 471), Ricimer (d. 472), or Gundobad (d. 516), who were partly or fully of non-Roman background. When the line of western emperors ceased, many of the kings who replaced them were from the same background. Intermarriage between the new kings and the Roman elites was common. This led to a fusion of Roman culture with the customs of the invading tribes, including the popular assemblies that allowed free male tribal members more say in political matters than was common in the Roman state. Material artefacts left by the Romans and the invaders are often similar, and tribal items were often modelled on Roman objects. Much of the scholarly and written culture of the new kingdoms was also based on Roman intellectual traditions. An important difference was the gradual loss of tax revenue by the new polities. Many of the new political entities no longer supported their armies through taxes, instead relying on granting them land or rents. This meant there was less need for large tax revenues and so the taxation systems decayed. Warfare was common between and within the kingdoms. Slavery declined as the supply weakened, and society became more rural.[F]

title: Middle_Ages

title: Middle_Ages

text: The

text: political

text: structure

text: of

text: Western

text: Europe

text: changed

text: with

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: united

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: Although

text: the

text: movements

text: of

text: peoples

text: during

text: this

text: period

text: are

text: usually

text: described

text: as

text: invasions

text: they

text: were

text: not

text: just

text: military

text: expeditions

text: but

text: migrations

text: of

text: entire

text: peoples

text: into

text: the

text: empire

text: Such

text: movements

text: were

text: aided

text: by

text: the

text: refusal

text: of

text: the

text: western

text: Roman

text: elites

text: to

text: support

text: the

text: army

text: or

text: pay

text: the

text: taxes

text: that

text: would

text: have

text: allowed

text: the

text: military

text: to

text: suppress

text: the

text: migration

text: The

text: emperors

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: were

text: often

text: controlled

text: by

text: military

text: strongmen

text: such

text: as

text: Stilicho

text: d.

text: Aspar

text: d.

text: Ricimer

text: d.

text: or

text: Gundobad

text: d.

text: who

text: were

text: partly

text: or

text: fully

text: of

text: non

text: Roman

text: background

text: When

text: the

text: line

text: of

text: western

text: emperors

text: ceased

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: kings

text: who

text: replaced

text: them

text: were

text: from

text: the

text: same

text: background

text: Intermarriage

text: between

text: the

text: new

text: kings

text: and

text: the

text: Roman

text: elites

text: was

text: common

text: This

text: led

text: to

text: a

text: fusion

text: of

text: Roman

text: culture

text: with

text: the

text: customs

text: of

text: the

text: invading

text: tribes

text: including

text: the

text: popular

text: assemblies

text: that

text: allowed

text: free

text: male

text: tribal

text: members

text: more

text: say

text: in

text: political

text: matters

text: than

text: was

text: common

text: in

text: the

text: Roman

text: state

text: Material

text: artefacts

text: left

text: by

text: the

text: Romans

text: and

text: the

text: invaders

text: are

text: often

text: similar

text: and

text: tribal

text: items

text: were

text: often

text: modelled

text: on

text: Roman

text: objects

text: Much

text: of

text: the

text: scholarly

text: and

text: written

text: culture

text: of

text: the

text: new

text: kingdoms

text: was

text: also

text: based

text: on

text: Roman

text: intellectual

text: traditions

text: An

text: important

text: difference

text: was

text: the

text: gradual

text: loss

text: of

text: tax

text: revenue

text: by

text: the

text: new

text: polities

text: Many

text: of

text: the

text: new

text: political

text: entities

text: no

text: longer

text: supported

text: their

text: armies

text: through

text: taxes

text: instead

text: relying

text: on

text: granting

text: them

text: land

text: or

text: rents

text: This

text: meant

text: there

text: was

text: less

text: need

text: for

text: large

text: tax

text: revenues

text: and

text: so

text: the

text: taxation

text: systems

text: decayed

text: Warfare

text: was

text: common

text: between

text: and

text: within

text: the

text: kingdoms

text: Slavery

text: declined

text: as

text: the

text: supply

text: weakened

text: and

text: society

text: became

text: more

text: rural.[F

question: When did Aspar die?

answer: Aspar

text: Aspar

question: What year saw the death of Gundobad?

answer: 516

question: What notable Roman figure died in 408?

answer: Stilicho

text: Stilicho

question: The loss of what led to the differentiation between the Western Roman Empire and the new kingdoms?

answer: tax revenue

text: tax revenue

question: Rather than taxes, what did the new kingdoms use to support their armies?

answer: land or rents

text: land or rents


text: On 9 February 2014, Swiss voters narrowly approved by 50.3% a ballot initiative launched by the national conservative Swiss People's Party (SVP/UDC) to restrict immigration, and thus reintroducing a quota system on the influx of foreigners. This initiative was mostly backed by rural (57.6% approvals), suburban (51.2% approvals), and isolated cities (51.3% approvals) of Switzerland as well as by a strong majority (69.2% approval) in the canton of Ticino, while metropolitan centres (58.5% rejection) and the French-speaking part (58.5% rejection) of Switzerland rather rejected it. Some news commentators claim that this proposal de facto contradicts the bilateral agreements on the free movement of persons from these respective countries.

title: Switzerland

title: Switzerland

text: On

text: February

text: Swiss

text: voters

text: narrowly

text: approved

text: by

text: a

text: ballot

text: initiative

text: launched

text: by

text: the

text: national

text: conservative

text: Swiss

text: People

text: 's

text: Party

text: SVP

text: UDC

text: to

text: restrict

text: immigration

text: and

text: thus

text: reintroducing

text: a

text: quota

text: system

text: on

text: the

text: influx

text: of

text: foreigners

text: This

text: initiative

text: was

text: mostly

text: backed

text: by

text: rural

text: approvals

text: suburban

text: approvals

text: and

text: isolated

text: cities

text: approvals

text: of

text: Switzerland

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: by

text: a

text: strong

text: majority

text: approval

text: in

text: the

text: canton

text: of

text: Ticino

text: while

text: metropolitan

text: centres

text: rejection

text: and

text: the

text: French

text: speaking

text: part

text: rejection

text: of

text: Switzerland

text: rather

text: rejected

text: it

text: Some

text: news

text: commentators

text: claim

text: that

text: this

text: proposal

text: de

text: facto

text: contradicts

text: the

text: bilateral

text: agreements

text: on

text: the

text: free

text: movement

text: of

text: persons

text: from

text: these

text: respective

text: countries

question: In February of 2014, what did Swiss voters narrowly approve to restrict?

answer: immigration

text: immigration

question: What was reintroduced on the influx of foreigners in February of 2014?

answer: a quota system

text: a quota system

question: Which centres of Switzerland mostly rejected the quota system for foreigners?

answer: metropolitan

text: metropolitan

question: What was the rejection rate of the quota system by the French speaking part of Switzerland?

answer: 58.5%

question: What do some news commentators claim is violated by the restricted immigration proposal?

answer: bilateral agreements on the free movement of persons

text: bilateral agreements on the free movement of persons