text: Muammar Gaddafi was born in a tent near Qasr Abu Hadi, a rural area outside the town of Sirte in the deserts of western Libya. His family came from a small, relatively un-influential tribal group called the Qadhadhfa, who were Arabized Berber in heritage. His father, Mohammad Abdul Salam bin Hamed bin Mohammad, was known as Abu Meniar (died 1985), and his mother was named Aisha (died 1978); Abu Meniar earned a meager subsistence as a goat and camel herder. Nomadic Bedouins, they were illiterate and kept no birth records. As such, Gaddafi's date of birth is not known with certainty, and sources have set it in 1942 or in the spring of 1943, although biographers Blundy and Lycett noted that it could have been pre-1940. His parents' only surviving son, he had three older sisters. Gaddafi's upbringing in Bedouin culture influenced his personal tastes for the rest of his life. He repeatedly expressed a preference for the desert over the city and retreated to the desert to meditate.

title: Muammar_Gaddafi

title: Muammar_Gaddafi

text: Muammar

text: Gaddafi

text: was

text: born

text: in

text: a

text: tent

text: near

text: Qasr

text: Abu

text: Hadi

text: a

text: rural

text: area

text: outside

text: the

text: town

text: of

text: Sirte

text: in

text: the

text: deserts

text: of

text: western

text: Libya

text: His

text: family

text: came

text: from

text: a

text: small

text: relatively

text: un

text: influential

text: tribal

text: group

text: called

text: the

text: Qadhadhfa

text: who

text: were

text: Arabized

text: Berber

text: in

text: heritage

text: His

text: father

text: Mohammad

text: Abdul

text: Salam

text: bin

text: Hamed

text: bin

text: Mohammad

text: was

text: known

text: as

text: Abu

text: Meniar

text: died

text: and

text: his

text: mother

text: was

text: named

text: Aisha

text: died

text: Abu

text: Meniar

text: earned

text: a

text: meager

text: subsistence

text: as

text: a

text: goat

text: and

text: camel

text: herder

text: Nomadic

text: Bedouins

text: they

text: were

text: illiterate

text: and

text: kept

text: no

text: birth

text: records

text: As

text: such

text: Gaddafi

text: 's

text: date

text: of

text: birth

text: is

text: not

text: known

text: with

text: certainty

text: and

text: sources

text: have

text: set

text: it

text: in

text: or

text: in

text: the

text: spring

text: of

text: although

text: biographers

text: Blundy

text: and

text: Lycett

text: noted

text: that

text: it

text: could

text: have

text: been

text: His

text: parents

text: only

text: surviving

text: son

text: he

text: had

text: three

text: older

text: sisters

text: Gaddafi

text: 's

text: upbringing

text: in

text: Bedouin

text: culture

text: influenced

text: his

text: personal

text: tastes

text: for

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: his

text: life

text: He

text: repeatedly

text: expressed

text: a

text: preference

text: for

text: the

text: desert

text: over

text: the

text: city

text: and

text: retreated

text: to

text: the

text: desert

text: to

text: meditate

question: Describe Gaddafi's humble upbringing.

answer: was born in a tent near Qasr Abu Hadi, a rural area outside the town of Sirte in the deserts of western Libya

text: was born in a tent near Qasr Abu Hadi, a rural area outside the town of Sirte in the deserts of western Libya

question: How did Gaddafi's father earn a living?

answer: as a goat and camel herder

text: as a goat and camel herder

question: How did his upbringing impact his later life preferences?

answer: He repeatedly expressed a preference for the desert over the city and retreated to the desert to meditate.

text: He repeatedly expressed a preference for the desert over the city and retreated to the desert to meditate.

question: What culture did Gaddafi experience as a child?

answer: Bedouin

text: Bedouin

question: When was Gaddafi born?

answer: Gaddafi's date of birth is not known with certainty, and sources have set it in 1942 or in the spring of 1943

text: Gaddafi's date of birth is not known with certainty, and sources have set it in 1942 or in the spring of 1943

question: Describe Gaddafi's early childhood.

answer: Gaddafi was born in a tent near Qasr Abu Hadi, a rural area outside the town of Sirte in the deserts of western Libya

text: Gaddafi was born in a tent near Qasr Abu Hadi, a rural area outside the town of Sirte in the deserts of western Libya

question: How did Gaddafi's father earn a living?

answer: Abu Meniar earned a meager subsistence as a goat and camel herder

text: Abu Meniar earned a meager subsistence as a goat and camel herder

question: How come no one knows for sure when Gaddafi was born?

answer: Nomadic Bedouins, they were illiterate and kept no birth records

text: Nomadic Bedouins, they were illiterate and kept no birth records

question: How did his early childhood experiences impact his later life?

answer: He repeatedly expressed a preference for the desert over the city and retreated to the desert to meditate.

text: He repeatedly expressed a preference for the desert over the city and retreated to the desert to meditate.

question: When did Gaddafi's parents die?

answer: His father, Mohammad Abdul Salam bin Hamed bin Mohammad, was known as Abu Meniar (died 1985), and his mother was named Aisha (died 1978)

text: His father, Mohammad Abdul Salam bin Hamed bin Mohammad, was known as Abu Meniar (died 1985), and his mother was named Aisha (died 1978)

question: Other than Mohammad Abdul Salam bin Hamed bin Mohammad, what was Gaddafi's father called?

answer: Abu Meniar

text: Abu Meniar

question: When did Gaddafi's mother die?

answer: 1978

question: How many sisters did Gaddafi have?

answer: three

text: three

question: Near what town was Gaddafi's birthplace of Qasr Abu Hadi?

answer: Sirte

text: Sirte

question: What was the name of Gaddafi's tribe?

answer: Qadhadhfa

text: Qadhadhfa


text: By 1937, Japan controlled Manchuria and was ready to move deeper into China. The Marco Polo Bridge Incident on 7 July 1937 provoked full-scale war between China and Japan. The Nationalist and Communist Chinese suspended their civil war to form a nominal alliance against Japan, and the Soviet Union quickly lent support by providing large amount of materiel to Chinese troops. In August 1937, Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek deployed his best army to fight about 300,000 Japanese troops in Shanghai, but, after three months of fighting, Shanghai fell. The Japanese continued to push the Chinese forces back, capturing the capital Nanking in December 1937 and committed which was known as Nanking Massacre. In March 1938, Nationalist forces won their first victory at Taierzhuang. but then the city of Xuzhou was taken by Japanese in May. In June 1938, Japan deployed about 350,000 troops to invade Wuhan and captured it in October. The Japanese achieved major military victories, but world opinion—in particular in the United States—condemned Japan, especially after the Panay Incident.

title: Pacific_War

title: Pacific_War

text: By

text: Japan

text: controlled

text: Manchuria

text: and

text: was

text: ready

text: to

text: move

text: deeper

text: into

text: China

text: The

text: Marco

text: Polo

text: Bridge

text: Incident

text: on

text: July

text: provoked

text: full

text: scale

text: war

text: between

text: China

text: and

text: Japan

text: The

text: Nationalist

text: and

text: Communist

text: Chinese

text: suspended

text: their

text: civil

text: war

text: to

text: form

text: a

text: nominal

text: alliance

text: against

text: Japan

text: and

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: quickly

text: lent

text: support

text: by

text: providing

text: large

text: amount

text: of

text: materiel

text: to

text: Chinese

text: troops

text: In

text: August

text: Generalissimo

text: Chiang

text: Kai

text: shek

text: deployed

text: his

text: best

text: army

text: to

text: fight

text: about

text: Japanese

text: troops

text: in

text: Shanghai

text: but

text: after

text: three

text: months

text: of

text: fighting

text: Shanghai

text: fell

text: The

text: Japanese

text: continued

text: to

text: push

text: the

text: Chinese

text: forces

text: back

text: capturing

text: the

text: capital

text: Nanking

text: in

text: December

text: and

text: committed

text: which

text: was

text: known

text: as

text: Nanking

text: Massacre

text: In

text: March

text: Nationalist

text: forces

text: won

text: their

text: first

text: victory

text: at

text: Taierzhuang

text: but

text: then

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Xuzhou

text: was

text: taken

text: by

text: Japanese

text: in

text: May.

text: In

text: June

text: Japan

text: deployed

text: about

text: troops

text: to

text: invade

text: Wuhan

text: and

text: captured

text: it

text: in

text: October

text: The

text: Japanese

text: achieved

text: major

text: military

text: victories

text: but

text: world

text: opinion

text: in

text: particular

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: condemned

text: Japan

text: especially

text: after

text: the

text: Panay

text: Incident

question: What incident occured on July 7, 1937?

answer: Marco Polo Bridge Incident

text: Marco Polo Bridge Incident

question: Who supplied assistance to the Chinese military?

answer: Soviet Union

text: Soviet Union

question: When did the Nanking Massacre occur?

answer: December 1937

text: December 1937

question: Where was the first Nationalist victory?

answer: Taierzhuang

text: Taierzhuang

question: How did people around the world react to Japan's Panay Incident?

answer: condemned

text: condemned

question: When was the Marco Polo Bridge Incident?

answer: 7 July 1937

text: 7 July 1937

question: What incident started the war between China and Japan?

answer: Marco Polo Bridge Incident

text: Marco Polo Bridge Incident

question: What was the capital of China?

answer: Nanking

text: Nanking

question: When was Nanking captured?

answer: December 1937

text: December 1937

question: What nation provided material support to China?

answer: Soviet Union

text: Soviet Union


text: The rural Plains have lost a third of their population since 1920. Several hundred thousand square miles (several hundred thousand square kilometers) of the Great Plains have fewer than 6 inhabitants per square mile (2.3 inhabitants per square kilometer)—the density standard Frederick Jackson Turner used to declare the American frontier "closed" in 1893. Many have fewer than 2 inhabitants per square mile (0.77 inhabitants per square kilometer). There are more than 6,000 ghost towns in the state of Kansas alone, according to Kansas historian Daniel Fitzgerald. This problem is often exacerbated by the consolidation of farms and the difficulty of attracting modern industry to the region. In addition, the smaller school-age population has forced the consolidation of school districts and the closure of high schools in some communities. The continuing population loss has led some to suggest that the current use of the drier parts of the Great Plains is not sustainable, and there has been a proposal - the "Buffalo Commons" - to return approximately 139,000 square miles (360,000 km2) of these drier parts to native prairie land.

title: Great_Plains

title: Great_Plains

text: The

text: rural

text: Plains

text: have

text: lost

text: a

text: third

text: of

text: their

text: population

text: since

text: Several

text: hundred

text: thousand

text: square

text: miles

text: several

text: hundred

text: thousand

text: square

text: kilometers

text: of

text: the

text: Great

text: Plains

text: have

text: fewer

text: than

text: inhabitants

text: per

text: square

text: mile

text: inhabitants

text: per

text: square

text: kilometer)—the

text: density

text: standard

text: Frederick

text: Jackson

text: Turner

text: used

text: to

text: declare

text: the

text: American

text: frontier

text: closed

text: in

text: Many

text: have

text: fewer

text: than

text: inhabitants

text: per

text: square

text: mile

text: inhabitants

text: per

text: square

text: kilometer

text: There

text: are

text: more

text: than

text: ghost

text: towns

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Kansas

text: alone

text: according

text: to

text: Kansas

text: historian

text: Daniel

text: Fitzgerald

text: This

text: problem

text: is

text: often

text: exacerbated

text: by

text: the

text: consolidation

text: of

text: farms

text: and

text: the

text: difficulty

text: of

text: attracting

text: modern

text: industry

text: to

text: the

text: region

text: In

text: addition

text: the

text: smaller

text: school

text: age

text: population

text: has

text: forced

text: the

text: consolidation

text: of

text: school

text: districts

text: and

text: the

text: closure

text: of

text: high

text: schools

text: in

text: some

text: communities

text: The

text: continuing

text: population

text: loss

text: has

text: led

text: some

text: to

text: suggest

text: that

text: the

text: current

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: drier

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: Great

text: Plains

text: is

text: not

text: sustainable

text: and

text: there

text: has

text: been

text: a

text: proposal

text: the

text: Buffalo

text: Commons

text: to

text: return

text: approximately

text: square

text: miles

text: of

text: these

text: drier

text: parts

text: to

text: native

text: prairie

text: land

question: how much of the population have the rural plains lost since 1920?

answer: a third

text: a third

question: who declated the American frontier "closed" in 1893?

answer: Frederick Jackson Turner

text: Frederick Jackson Turner

question: how many ghost towns are in the state of Kansas?

answer: more than 6,000

text: more than 6,000

question: how much prarie land does the "Buffalo Commons" want to return?

answer: 139,000 square miles

text: 139,000 square miles


text: The American studies program reflected the worldwide anti-Communist ideological struggle. Norman Holmes Pearson, who worked for the Office of Strategic Studies in London during World War II, returned to Yale and headed the new American studies program, in which scholarship quickly became an instrument of promoting liberty. Popular among undergraduates, the program sought to instruct them in the fundamentals of American civilization and thereby instill a sense of nationalism and national purpose. Also during the 1940s and 1950s, Wyoming millionaire William Robertson Coe made large contributions to the American studies programs at Yale University and at the University of Wyoming. Coe was concerned to celebrate the 'values' of the Western United States in order to meet the "threat of communism."

title: Yale_University

title: Yale_University

text: The

text: American

text: studies

text: program

text: reflected

text: the

text: worldwide

text: anti

text: Communist

text: ideological

text: struggle

text: Norman

text: Holmes

text: Pearson

text: who

text: worked

text: for

text: the

text: Office

text: of

text: Strategic

text: Studies

text: in

text: London

text: during

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: returned

text: to

text: Yale

text: and

text: headed

text: the

text: new

text: American

text: studies

text: program

text: in

text: which

text: scholarship

text: quickly

text: became

text: an

text: instrument

text: of

text: promoting

text: liberty

text: Popular

text: among

text: undergraduates

text: the

text: program

text: sought

text: to

text: instruct

text: them

text: in

text: the

text: fundamentals

text: of

text: American

text: civilization

text: and

text: thereby

text: instill

text: a

text: sense

text: of

text: nationalism

text: and

text: national

text: purpose

text: Also

text: during

text: the

text: and

text: Wyoming

text: millionaire

text: William

text: Robertson

text: Coe

text: made

text: large

text: contributions

text: to

text: the

text: American

text: studies

text: programs

text: at

text: Yale

text: University

text: and

text: at

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Wyoming

text: Coe

text: was

text: concerned

text: to

text: celebrate

text: the

text: values

text: of

text: the

text: Western

text: United

text: States

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: meet

text: the

text: threat

text: of

text: communism

question: Who was the first professor for the American studies program?

answer: Norman Holmes Pearson

text: Norman Holmes Pearson

question: Where did Norman Holmes Pearson work before Yale?

answer: Office of Strategic Studies in London

text: Office of Strategic Studies in London

question: What did the American studies program hope to instruct?

answer: fundamentals of American civilization

text: fundamentals of American civilization

question: Who contributed to the American studies programs at Yale and University of Wyoming?

answer: William Robertson Coe

text: William Robertson Coe

question: Why did Coe donate to American studies programs?

answer: to celebrate the 'values' of the Western United States

text: to celebrate the 'values' of the Western United States


text: Under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin, the Bolsheviks established the Soviet state on 7 November [O.S. 25 October] 1917, immediately after the Russian Provisional Government, which governed the Russian Republic, was overthrown during the October Revolution. Initially, the state did not have an official name and wasn't recognized by neighboring countries for five months. Meanwhile, anti-Bolsheviks coined the mocking label "Sovdepia" for the nascent state of the "Soviets of Workers' and Peasants' Deputies".

title: Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic

text: Under

text: the

text: leadership

text: of

text: Vladimir

text: Lenin

text: the

text: Bolsheviks

text: established

text: the

text: Soviet

text: state

text: on

text: November

text: O.S.

text: October

text: immediately

text: after

text: the

text: Russian

text: Provisional

text: Government

text: which

text: governed

text: the

text: Russian

text: Republic

text: was

text: overthrown

text: during

text: the

text: October

text: Revolution

text: Initially

text: the

text: state

text: did

text: not

text: have

text: an

text: official

text: name

text: and

text: was

text: n't

text: recognized

text: by

text: neighboring

text: countries

text: for

text: five

text: months

text: Meanwhile

text: anti

text: Bolsheviks

text: coined

text: the

text: mocking

text: label

text: Sovdepia

text: for

text: the

text: nascent

text: state

text: of

text: the

text: Soviets

text: of

text: Workers

text: and

text: Peasants

text: Deputies

question: Which group originally created the Soviet state?

answer: the Bolsheviks

text: the Bolsheviks

question: Who led the group which created the Soviet state?

answer: Vladimir Lenin

text: Vladimir Lenin

question: Which government was overthrown during the October Revolution?

answer: the Russian Provisional Government

text: the Russian Provisional Government

question: How long did the new Russian Soviet state go unrecognized by other countries?

answer: five months

text: five months

question: What name did people opposed to the Bolsheviks use for the Soviet state?

answer: Sovdepia

text: Sovdepia

question: Who was the leader of the Bolsheviks in 1917?

answer: Vladimir Lenin

text: Vladimir Lenin

question: What body was overthrown by the October Revolution?

answer: Russian Provisional Government

text: Russian Provisional Government

question: For how long did the Soviet Union go unrecognized?

answer: five months

text: five months

question: What derisive label was given to the USSR by the enemies of the Bolsheviks?

answer: Sovdepia

text: Sovdepia


text: Adjacent to the palace is the Royal Mews, also designed by Nash, where the royal carriages, including the Gold State Coach, are housed. This rococo gilt coach, designed by Sir William Chambers in 1760, has painted panels by G. B. Cipriani. It was first used for the State Opening of Parliament by George III in 1762 and has been used by the monarch for every coronation since George IV. It was last used for the Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II. Also housed in the mews are the coach horses used at royal ceremonial processions.

title: Buckingham_Palace

title: Buckingham_Palace

text: Adjacent

text: to

text: the

text: palace

text: is

text: the

text: Royal

text: Mews

text: also

text: designed

text: by

text: Nash

text: where

text: the

text: royal

text: carriages

text: including

text: the

text: Gold

text: State

text: Coach

text: are

text: housed

text: This

text: rococo

text: gilt

text: coach

text: designed

text: by

text: Sir

text: William

text: Chambers

text: in

text: has

text: painted

text: panels

text: by

text: G.

text: B.

text: Cipriani

text: It

text: was

text: first

text: used

text: for

text: the

text: State

text: Opening

text: of

text: Parliament

text: by

text: George

text: III

text: in

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: used

text: by

text: the

text: monarch

text: for

text: every

text: coronation

text: since

text: George

text: IV

text: It

text: was

text: last

text: used

text: for

text: the

text: Golden

text: Jubilee

text: of

text: Elizabeth

text: II

text: Also

text: housed

text: in

text: the

text: mews

text: are

text: the

text: coach

text: horses

text: used

text: at

text: royal

text: ceremonial

text: processions

question: Who designed the Royal Mews?

answer: Nash

text: Nash

question: Where is the Gold State Coach housed?

answer: the Royal Mews

text: the Royal Mews

question: Who designed the Gold State Coach?

answer: Sir William Chambers

text: Sir William Chambers

question: When was the Gold State Coach first used?

answer: 1762

question: The Royal Mews houses which type of animal?

answer: horses

text: horses

question: Who designed the Royal Mews?

answer: Nash

text: Nash

question: Where is the Gold State Coach kept?

answer: the Royal Mews

text: the Royal Mews

question: Who designed the Gold State Coach?

answer: Sir William Chambers

text: Sir William Chambers

question: In what year was the Gold State Coach first used?

answer: 1762

question: What animals are kept in the mews?

answer: horses

text: horses


text: The Somali language is a member of the Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic family. Its nearest relatives are the Afar and Saho languages. Somali is the best documented of the Cushitic languages, with academic studies of it dating from before 1900.

title: Somalis

title: Somalis

text: The

text: Somali

text: language

text: is

text: a

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Cushitic

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: Afro

text: Asiatic

text: family

text: Its

text: nearest

text: relatives

text: are

text: the

text: Afar

text: and

text: Saho

text: languages

text: Somali

text: is

text: the

text: best

text: documented

text: of

text: the

text: Cushitic

text: languages

text: with

text: academic

text: studies

text: of

text: it

text: dating

text: from

text: before

question: What language family does the Somali language belong to?

answer: Afro-Asiatic

text: Afro-Asiatic

question: What branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family does the Somali language belong to?

answer: Cushitic

text: Cushitic

question: Along with Saho, what language is closely related to Somali?

answer: Afar

text: Afar

question: Among the Cushitic languages, which is the most well-documented?

answer: Somali

text: Somali

question: Before what year did studies on the Somali language exist?

answer: 1900


text: Following the 2013 emergencies, the Minister of Foreign Affairs Tony de Brum was encouraged by the Obama administration in the United States to turn the crises into an opportunity to promote action against climate change. De Brum demanded new commitment and international leadership to stave off further climate disasters from battering his country and other similarly vulnerable countries. In September 2013, the Marshall Islands hosted the 44th Pacific Islands Forum summit. De Brum proposed a Majuro Declaration for Climate Leadership to galvanize concrete action on climate change.

title: Marshall_Islands

title: Marshall_Islands

text: Following

text: the

text: emergencies

text: the

text: Minister

text: of

text: Foreign

text: Affairs

text: Tony

text: de

text: Brum

text: was

text: encouraged

text: by

text: the

text: Obama

text: administration

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: to

text: turn

text: the

text: crises

text: into

text: an

text: opportunity

text: to

text: promote

text: action

text: against

text: climate

text: change

text: De

text: Brum

text: demanded

text: new

text: commitment

text: and

text: international

text: leadership

text: to

text: stave

text: off

text: further

text: climate

text: disasters

text: from

text: battering

text: his

text: country

text: and

text: other

text: similarly

text: vulnerable

text: countries

text: In

text: September

text: the

text: Marshall

text: Islands

text: hosted

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Islands

text: Forum

text: summit

text: De

text: Brum

text: proposed

text: a

text: Majuro

text: Declaration

text: for

text: Climate

text: Leadership

text: to

text: galvanize

text: concrete

text: action

text: on

text: climate

text: change

question: As of 2013, who was the Marshall Islands Minister of Foreign Affairs?

answer: Tony de Brum

text: Tony de Brum

question: In what month and year did the 44th Pacific Islands Forum summit take place?

answer: September 2013

text: September 2013

question: What document did Foreign Minister de Brum present at the 44th Pacific Islands Forum summit?

answer: Majuro Declaration for Climate Leadership

text: Majuro Declaration for Climate Leadership

question: What environmental issue did the Majuro Declaration for Climate Leadership address?

answer: climate change

text: climate change

question: Who encouraged de Brum to address climate issues?

answer: the Obama administration

text: the Obama administration


text: Katō Kiyomasa was one of the most powerful and well-known lords of the Sengoku Era. He commanded most of Japan's major clans during the invasion of Korea (1592–1598). In a handbook he addressed to "all samurai, regardless of rank" he told his followers that a warrior's only duty in life was to "...grasp the long and the short swords and to die". He also ordered his followers to put forth great effort in studying the military classics, especially those related to loyalty and filial piety. He is best known for his quote: "If a man does not investigate into the matter of Bushido daily, it will be difficult for him to die a brave and manly death. Thus it is essential to engrave this business of the warrior into one's mind well."

title: Samurai

title: Samurai

text: Katō

text: Kiyomasa

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: powerful

text: and

text: well

text: known

text: lords

text: of

text: the

text: Sengoku

text: Era

text: He

text: commanded

text: most

text: of

text: Japan

text: 's

text: major

text: clans

text: during

text: the

text: invasion

text: of

text: Korea

text: In

text: a

text: handbook

text: he

text: addressed

text: to

text: all

text: samurai

text: regardless

text: of

text: rank

text: he

text: told

text: his

text: followers

text: that

text: a

text: warrior

text: 's

text: only

text: duty

text: in

text: life

text: was

text: to

text: grasp

text: the

text: long

text: and

text: the

text: short

text: swords

text: and

text: to

text: die

text: He

text: also

text: ordered

text: his

text: followers

text: to

text: put

text: forth

text: great

text: effort

text: in

text: studying

text: the

text: military

text: classics

text: especially

text: those

text: related

text: to

text: loyalty

text: and

text: filial

text: piety

text: He

text: is

text: best

text: known

text: for

text: his

text: quote

text: If

text: a

text: man

text: does

text: not

text: investigate

text: into

text: the

text: matter

text: of

text: Bushido

text: daily

text: it

text: will

text: be

text: difficult

text: for

text: him

text: to

text: die

text: a

text: brave

text: and

text: manly

text: death

text: Thus

text: it

text: is

text: essential

text: to

text: engrave

text: this

text: business

text: of

text: the

text: warrior

text: into

text: one

text: 's

text: mind

text: well

question: When was Kato Kiyomasa in power?

answer: the Sengoku Era

text: the Sengoku Era

question: When did Japan begin invading Korea?

answer: 1592

question: When did Japan finish invading Korea?

answer: 1598

question: What did Kato Kiyomasa think samurais' duty was?

answer: to "...grasp the long and the short swords and to die"

text: to "...grasp the long and the short swords and to die"

question: What concept did Kato Kiyomasa think should be studied every day?

answer: Bushido

text: Bushido


text: Fluidity of racial categories aside, the "biologification" of race in Brazil referred above would match contemporary concepts of race in the United States quite closely, though, if Brazilians are supposed to choose their race as one among, Asian and Indigenous apart, three IBGE's census categories. While assimilated Amerindians and people with very high quantities of Amerindian ancestry are usually grouped as caboclos, a subgroup of pardos which roughly translates as both mestizo and hillbilly, for those of lower quantity of Amerindian descent a higher European genetic contribution is expected to be grouped as a pardo. In several genetic tests, people with less than 60-65% of European descent and 5-10% of Amerindian descent usually cluster with Afro-Brazilians (as reported by the individuals), or 6.9% of the population, and those with about 45% or more of Subsaharan contribution most times do so (in average, Afro-Brazilian DNA was reported to be about 50% Subsaharan African, 37% European and 13% Amerindian).

title: Race_(human_categorization)

title: Race_(human_categorization

text: Fluidity

text: of

text: racial

text: categories

text: aside

text: the

text: biologification

text: of

text: race

text: in

text: Brazil

text: referred

text: above

text: would

text: match

text: contemporary

text: concepts

text: of

text: race

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: quite

text: closely

text: though

text: if

text: Brazilians

text: are

text: supposed

text: to

text: choose

text: their

text: race

text: as

text: one

text: among

text: Asian

text: and

text: Indigenous

text: apart

text: three

text: IBGE

text: 's

text: census

text: categories

text: While

text: assimilated

text: Amerindians

text: and

text: people

text: with

text: very

text: high

text: quantities

text: of

text: Amerindian

text: ancestry

text: are

text: usually

text: grouped

text: as

text: caboclos

text: a

text: subgroup

text: of

text: pardos

text: which

text: roughly

text: translates

text: as

text: both

text: mestizo

text: and

text: hillbilly

text: for

text: those

text: of

text: lower

text: quantity

text: of

text: Amerindian

text: descent

text: a

text: higher

text: European

text: genetic

text: contribution

text: is

text: expected

text: to

text: be

text: grouped

text: as

text: a

text: pardo

text: In

text: several

text: genetic

text: tests

text: people

text: with

text: less

text: than

text: of

text: European

text: descent

text: and

text: of

text: Amerindian

text: descent

text: usually

text: cluster

text: with

text: Afro

text: Brazilians

text: as

text: reported

text: by

text: the

text: individuals

text: or

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: and

text: those

text: with

text: about

text: or

text: more

text: of

text: Subsaharan

text: contribution

text: most

text: times

text: do

text: so

text: in

text: average

text: Afro

text: Brazilian

text: DNA

text: was

text: reported

text: to

text: be

text: about

text: Subsaharan

text: African

text: European

text: and

text: Amerindian

question: What categories have an aspect of fluidity?

answer: racial

text: racial

question: What are people with high quantities of Amerindian ancestry grouped as?

answer: caboclos

text: caboclos

question: What's a rough translation of "pardos"?

answer: hillbilly

text: hillbilly

question: What do people with less than 60-65% of European descent usually cluster with?

answer: Afro-Brazilians

text: Afro-Brazilians

question: What percentage of Afro-Brazillian DNA is reported to be Subsaharan African?

answer: 50%


text: Shortly after the unification of the region, the Western Jin dynasty collapsed. First the rebellions by eight Jin princes for the throne and later rebellions and invasion from Xiongnu and other nomadic peoples that destroyed the rule of the Jin dynasty in the north. In 317, remnants of the Jin court, as well as nobles and wealthy families, fled from the north to the south and reestablished the Jin court in Nanjing, which was then called Jiankang (建康), replacing Luoyang. It's the first time that the capital of the nation moved to southern part.

title: Nanjing

title: Nanjing

text: Shortly

text: after

text: the

text: unification

text: of

text: the

text: region

text: the

text: Western

text: Jin

text: dynasty

text: collapsed

text: First

text: the

text: rebellions

text: by

text: eight

text: Jin

text: princes

text: for

text: the

text: throne

text: and

text: later

text: rebellions

text: and

text: invasion

text: from

text: Xiongnu

text: and

text: other

text: nomadic

text: peoples

text: that

text: destroyed

text: the

text: rule

text: of

text: the

text: Jin

text: dynasty

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: In

text: remnants

text: of

text: the

text: Jin

text: court

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: nobles

text: and

text: wealthy

text: families

text: fled

text: from

text: the

text: north

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: reestablished

text: the

text: Jin

text: court

text: in

text: Nanjing

text: which

text: was

text: then

text: called

text: Jiankang

text: 建康

text: replacing

text: Luoyang

text: It

text: 's

text: the

text: first

text: time

text: that

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: nation

text: moved

text: to

text: southern

text: part

question: What happened prior to the collapse of the Western Jin dynasty?

answer: the unification of the region

text: the unification of the region

question: When did the Jin court head South?

answer: 317

question: Where did the Jin court re-establish itself, after fleeing?

answer: Nanjing

text: Nanjing

question: Who fled with the Jin court to the South?

answer: nobles and wealthy families

text: nobles and wealthy families


text: The practice of using dogs and other animals as a part of therapy dates back to the late 18th century, when animals were introduced into mental institutions to help socialize patients with mental disorders. Animal-assisted intervention research has shown that animal-assisted therapy with a dog can increase social behaviors, such as smiling and laughing, among people with Alzheimer's disease. One study demonstrated that children with ADHD and conduct disorders who participated in an education program with dogs and other animals showed increased attendance, increased knowledge and skill objectives, and decreased antisocial and violent behavior compared to those who were not in an animal-assisted program.

title: Dog

title: Dog

text: The

text: practice

text: of

text: using

text: dogs

text: and

text: other

text: animals

text: as

text: a

text: part

text: of

text: therapy

text: dates

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: when

text: animals

text: were

text: introduced

text: into

text: mental

text: institutions

text: to

text: help

text: socialize

text: patients

text: with

text: mental

text: disorders

text: Animal

text: assisted

text: intervention

text: research

text: has

text: shown

text: that

text: animal

text: assisted

text: therapy

text: with

text: a

text: dog

text: can

text: increase

text: social

text: behaviors

text: such

text: as

text: smiling

text: and

text: laughing

text: among

text: people

text: with

text: Alzheimer

text: 's

text: disease

text: One

text: study

text: demonstrated

text: that

text: children

text: with

text: ADHD

text: and

text: conduct

text: disorders

text: who

text: participated

text: in

text: an

text: education

text: program

text: with

text: dogs

text: and

text: other

text: animals

text: showed

text: increased

text: attendance

text: increased

text: knowledge

text: and

text: skill

text: objectives

text: and

text: decreased

text: antisocial

text: and

text: violent

text: behavior

text: compared

text: to

text: those

text: who

text: were

text: not

text: in

text: an

text: animal

text: assisted

text: program

question: Dogs were taken where to help people with mental disorders socialize?

answer: mental institutions

text: mental institutions

question: Therapy dogs can help increase what in people suffering with Alzheimer's?

answer: social behaviors

text: social behaviors

question: What was decreased in children with ADHD when they were exposed to therapy dogs?

answer: antisocial and violent behavior

text: antisocial and violent behavior

question: When did people start using dogs as therapy?

answer: the late 18th century

text: the late 18th century

question: Where were dogs introduced then to help people socialize people?

answer: mental institutions

text: mental institutions

question: Children who have ADHD or conduct disorders respond better when what is a part of their treatment plan?

answer: dogs

text: dogs

question: People with Alzheimer's smile and laugh more with what kind of therapy?

answer: animal-assisted therapy

text: animal-assisted therapy


text: Zen Buddhism (禅), pronounced Chán in Chinese, seon in Korean or zen in Japanese (derived from the Sanskrit term dhyāna, meaning "meditation") is a form of Buddhism that became popular in China, Korea and Japan and that lays special emphasis on meditation.[note 12] Zen places less emphasis on scriptures than some other forms of Buddhism and prefers to focus on direct spiritual breakthroughs to truth.

title: Buddhism

title: Buddhism

text: Zen

text: Buddhism

text: 禅

text: pronounced

text: Chán

text: in

text: Chinese

text: seon

text: in

text: Korean

text: or

text: zen

text: in

text: Japanese

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: Sanskrit

text: term

text: dhyāna

text: meaning

text: meditation

text: is

text: a

text: form

text: of

text: Buddhism

text: that

text: became

text: popular

text: in

text: China

text: Korea

text: and

text: Japan

text: and

text: that

text: lays

text: special

text: emphasis

text: on

text: meditation.[note

text: Zen

text: places

text: less

text: emphasis

text: on

text: scriptures

text: than

text: some

text: other

text: forms

text: of

text: Buddhism

text: and

text: prefers

text: to

text: focus

text: on

text: direct

text: spiritual

text: breakthroughs

text: to

text: truth

question: Zen Buddhism is known as what in Korea?

answer: seon

text: seon

question: What form of buddhism lays special emphasis on meditation?

answer: Zen

text: Zen

question: What form of Buddhism places less emphasis on scriptures?

answer: Zen

text: Zen

question: Zen focuses on what type of breakthroughs?

answer: spiritual

text: spiritual


text: The character of New York's large residential districts is often defined by the elegant brownstone rowhouses and townhouses and shabby tenements that were built during a period of rapid expansion from 1870 to 1930. In contrast, New York City also has neighborhoods that are less densely populated and feature free-standing dwellings. In neighborhoods such as Riverdale (in the Bronx), Ditmas Park (in Brooklyn), and Douglaston (in Queens), large single-family homes are common in various architectural styles such as Tudor Revival and Victorian.

title: New_York_City

title: New_York_City

text: The

text: character

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: 's

text: large

text: residential

text: districts

text: is

text: often

text: defined

text: by

text: the

text: elegant

text: brownstone

text: rowhouses

text: and

text: townhouses

text: and

text: shabby

text: tenements

text: that

text: were

text: built

text: during

text: a

text: period

text: of

text: rapid

text: expansion

text: from

text: to

text: In

text: contrast

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: also

text: has

text: neighborhoods

text: that

text: are

text: less

text: densely

text: populated

text: and

text: feature

text: free

text: standing

text: dwellings

text: In

text: neighborhoods

text: such

text: as

text: Riverdale

text: in

text: the

text: Bronx

text: Ditmas

text: Park

text: in

text: Brooklyn

text: and

text: Douglaston

text: in

text: Queens

text: large

text: single

text: family

text: homes

text: are

text: common

text: in

text: various

text: architectural

text: styles

text: such

text: as

text: Tudor

text: Revival

text: and

text: Victorian

question: In what borough is the Riverdale neighborhood located?

answer: the Bronx

text: the Bronx

question: In what borough is the Ditmas Park neighborhood located?

answer: Brooklyn

text: Brooklyn

question: In what borough is the Douglaston neighborhood located?

answer: Queens

text: Queens

question: Brownstone rowhouse construction is most often associated with the period beginning in 1870 and ending in what year?

answer: 1930

question: Along with Tudor Revival, what is a common architectural style of single-family houses in New York?

answer: Victorian

text: Victorian

question: What type of housing structure makes up most of the large residential districts of NYC?

answer: brownstone rowhouses

text: brownstone rowhouses


text: As part of this Popular Revolution, Gaddafi invited Libya's people to found General People's Committees as conduits for raising political consciousness. Although offering little guidance for how to set up these councils, Gaddafi claimed that they would offer a form of direct political participation that was more democratic than a traditional party-based representative system. He hoped that the councils would mobilize the people behind the RCC, erode the power of the traditional leaders and the bureaucracy, and allow for a new legal system chosen by the people.

title: Muammar_Gaddafi

title: Muammar_Gaddafi

text: As

text: part

text: of

text: this

text: Popular

text: Revolution

text: Gaddafi

text: invited

text: Libya

text: 's

text: people

text: to

text: found

text: General

text: People

text: 's

text: Committees

text: as

text: conduits

text: for

text: raising

text: political

text: consciousness

text: Although

text: offering

text: little

text: guidance

text: for

text: how

text: to

text: set

text: up

text: these

text: councils

text: Gaddafi

text: claimed

text: that

text: they

text: would

text: offer

text: a

text: form

text: of

text: direct

text: political

text: participation

text: that

text: was

text: more

text: democratic

text: than

text: a

text: traditional

text: party

text: based

text: representative

text: system

text: He

text: hoped

text: that

text: the

text: councils

text: would

text: mobilize

text: the

text: people

text: behind

text: the

text: RCC

text: erode

text: the

text: power

text: of

text: the

text: traditional

text: leaders

text: and

text: the

text: bureaucracy

text: and

text: allow

text: for

text: a

text: new

text: legal

text: system

text: chosen

text: by

text: the

text: people

question: What were the Libyan people instructed to create in conjunction with the Popular Revolution?

answer: General People's Committees

text: General People's Committees

question: Along with the bureaucracy, who were the General People's Committees directed at?

answer: traditional leaders

text: traditional leaders

question: What political system did Gaddafi claim was less democratic than the General People's Committees?

answer: traditional party-based representative

text: traditional party-based representative


text: "Baseball's Sad Lexicon," also known as "Tinker to Evers to Chance" after its refrain, is a 1910 baseball poem by Franklin Pierce Adams. The poem is presented as a single, rueful stanza from the point of view of a New York Giants fan seeing the talented Chicago Cubs infield of shortstop Joe Tinker, second baseman Johnny Evers, and first baseman Frank Chance complete a double play. The trio began playing together with the Cubs in 1902, and formed a double play combination that lasted through April 1912. The Cubs won the pennant four times between 1906 and 1910, often defeating the Giants en route to the World Series.

title: Chicago_Cubs

title: Chicago_Cubs

text: Baseball

text: 's

text: Sad

text: Lexicon

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Tinker

text: to

text: Evers

text: to

text: Chance

text: after

text: its

text: refrain

text: is

text: a

text: baseball

text: poem

text: by

text: Franklin

text: Pierce

text: Adams

text: The

text: poem

text: is

text: presented

text: as

text: a

text: single

text: rueful

text: stanza

text: from

text: the

text: point

text: of

text: view

text: of

text: a

text: New

text: York

text: Giants

text: fan

text: seeing

text: the

text: talented

text: Chicago

text: Cubs

text: infield

text: of

text: shortstop

text: Joe

text: Tinker

text: second

text: baseman

text: Johnny

text: Evers

text: and

text: first

text: baseman

text: Frank

text: Chance

text: complete

text: a

text: double

text: play

text: The

text: trio

text: began

text: playing

text: together

text: with

text: the

text: Cubs

text: in

text: and

text: formed

text: a

text: double

text: play

text: combination

text: that

text: lasted

text: through

text: April

text: The

text: Cubs

text: won

text: the

text: pennant

text: four

text: times

text: between

text: and

text: often

text: defeating

text: the

text: Giants

text: en

text: route

text: to

text: the

text: World

text: Series

question: What was "Baseball's Sad Lexicon" also known as?

answer: "Tinker to Evers to Chance"

text: "Tinker to Evers to Chance"

question: Who wrote "Baseball's Sad Lexicon"?

answer: Franklin Pierce Adams

text: Franklin Pierce Adams

question: What poem did Franklin Pierce Adams write?

answer: "Baseball's Sad Lexicon,

text: "Baseball's Sad Lexicon,


text: A new government was appointed on 31 March 2013, which consisted of members of Séléka and representatives of the opposition to Bozizé, one pro-Bozizé individual, and a number representatives of civil society. On 1 April, the former opposition parties declared that they would boycott the government. After African leaders in Chad refused to recognize Djotodia as President, proposing to form a transitional council and the holding of new elections, Djotodia signed a decree on 6 April for the formation of a council that would act as a transitional parliament. The council was tasked with electing a president to serve prior to elections in 18 months.

title: Central_African_Republic

title: Central_African_Republic

text: A

text: new

text: government

text: was

text: appointed

text: on

text: March

text: which

text: consisted

text: of

text: members

text: of

text: Séléka

text: and

text: representatives

text: of

text: the

text: opposition

text: to

text: Bozizé

text: one

text: pro

text: Bozizé

text: individual

text: and

text: a

text: number

text: representatives

text: of

text: civil

text: society

text: On

text: April

text: the

text: former

text: opposition

text: parties

text: declared

text: that

text: they

text: would

text: boycott

text: the

text: government

text: After

text: African

text: leaders

text: in

text: Chad

text: refused

text: to

text: recognize

text: Djotodia

text: as

text: President

text: proposing

text: to

text: form

text: a

text: transitional

text: council

text: and

text: the

text: holding

text: of

text: new

text: elections

text: Djotodia

text: signed

text: a

text: decree

text: on

text: April

text: for

text: the

text: formation

text: of

text: a

text: council

text: that

text: would

text: act

text: as

text: a

text: transitional

text: parliament

text: The

text: council

text: was

text: tasked

text: with

text: electing

text: a

text: president

text: to

text: serve

text: prior

text: to

text: elections

text: in

text: months

question: When was the new Government seated in CAR?

answer: 31 March 2013

text: 31 March 2013

question: What did the former opposition parties declare?

answer: boycott the government

text: boycott the government

question: Who was refused as new president?

answer: Djotodia

text: Djotodia

question: Who would rule the country temporarily?

answer: a transitional parliament

text: a transitional parliament

question: How long did the parliament have until the next election?

answer: 18 months

text: 18 months


text: The NES can be emulated on many other systems, most notably the PC. The first emulator was the Japanese-only Pasofami. It was soon followed by iNES, which was available in English and was cross-platform, in 1996. It was described as being the first NES emulation software that could be used by a non-expert. NESticle, a popular MS-DOS emulator, was released on April 3, 1997. There have since been many other emulators. The Virtual Console for the Wii, Nintendo 3DS and Wii U also offers emulation of many NES games.

title: Nintendo_Entertainment_System

title: Nintendo_Entertainment_System

text: The

text: NES

text: can

text: be

text: emulated

text: on

text: many

text: other

text: systems

text: most

text: notably

text: the

text: PC

text: The

text: first

text: emulator

text: was

text: the

text: Japanese

text: only

text: Pasofami

text: It

text: was

text: soon

text: followed

text: by

text: iNES

text: which

text: was

text: available

text: in

text: English

text: and

text: was

text: cross

text: platform

text: in

text: It

text: was

text: described

text: as

text: being

text: the

text: first

text: NES

text: emulation

text: software

text: that

text: could

text: be

text: used

text: by

text: a

text: non

text: expert

text: NESticle

text: a

text: popular

text: MS

text: DOS

text: emulator

text: was

text: released

text: on

text: April

text: There

text: have

text: since

text: been

text: many

text: other

text: emulators

text: The

text: Virtual

text: Console

text: for

text: the

text: Wii

text: Nintendo

text: and

text: Wii

text: U

text: also

text: offers

text: emulation

text: of

text: many

text: NES

text: games

question: What was the first NES emulator?

answer: Pasofami

text: Pasofami

question: What was the first English available emulator?

answer: iNES

text: iNES

question: What platform was NESticle available for use?

answer: MS-DOS

text: MS-DOS

question: When was NESticle released?

answer: April 3, 1997

text: April 3, 1997


text: The myth of a Trojan founding with Greek influence was reconciled through an elaborate genealogy (the Latin kings of Alba Longa) with the well-known legend of Rome's founding by Romulus and Remus. The most common version of the twins' story displays several aspects of hero myth. Their mother, Rhea Silvia, had been ordered by her uncle the king to remain a virgin, in order to preserve the throne he had usurped from her father. Through divine intervention, the rightful line was restored when Rhea Silvia was impregnated by the god Mars. She gave birth to twins, who were duly exposed by order of the king but saved through a series of miraculous events.

title: Religion_in_ancient_Rome

title: Religion_in_ancient_Rome

text: The

text: myth

text: of

text: a

text: Trojan

text: founding

text: with

text: Greek

text: influence

text: was

text: reconciled

text: through

text: an

text: elaborate

text: genealogy

text: the

text: Latin

text: kings

text: of

text: Alba

text: Longa

text: with

text: the

text: well

text: known

text: legend

text: of

text: Rome

text: 's

text: founding

text: by

text: Romulus

text: and

text: Remus

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: version

text: of

text: the

text: twins

text: story

text: displays

text: several

text: aspects

text: of

text: hero

text: myth

text: Their

text: mother

text: Rhea

text: Silvia

text: had

text: been

text: ordered

text: by

text: her

text: uncle

text: the

text: king

text: to

text: remain

text: a

text: virgin

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: preserve

text: the

text: throne

text: he

text: had

text: usurped

text: from

text: her

text: father

text: Through

text: divine

text: intervention

text: the

text: rightful

text: line

text: was

text: restored

text: when

text: Rhea

text: Silvia

text: was

text: impregnated

text: by

text: the

text: god

text: Mars

text: She

text: gave

text: birth

text: to

text: twins

text: who

text: were

text: duly

text: exposed

text: by

text: order

text: of

text: the

text: king

text: but

text: saved

text: through

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: miraculous

text: events

question: What mythical characters were involved in the founding of Rome?

answer: Romulus and Remus

text: Romulus and Remus

question: What type of story was the Romulus and Remus tale?

answer: hero myth

text: hero myth

question: Who was the mother of Romulus and Remus?

answer: Rhea Silvia

text: Rhea Silvia

question: What god was the father of Romulus and Remus?

answer: Mars

text: Mars

question: What type of events saved the twins of Roman myth?

answer: miraculous

text: miraculous


text: Although the Israelites were divided into Twelve Tribes, the Jews (being one offshoot of the Israelites, another being the Samaritans) are traditionally said to descend mostly from the Israelite tribes of Judah (from where the Jews derive their ethnonym) and Benjamin, and partially from the tribe of Levi, who had together formed the ancient Kingdom of Judah, and the remnants of the northern Kingdom of Israel who migrated to the Kingdom of Judah and assimilated after the 720s BCE, when the Kingdom of Israel was conquered by the Neo-Assyrian Empire.

title: Jews

title: Jews

text: Although

text: the

text: Israelites

text: were

text: divided

text: into

text: Twelve

text: Tribes

text: the

text: Jews

text: being

text: one

text: offshoot

text: of

text: the

text: Israelites

text: another

text: being

text: the

text: Samaritans

text: are

text: traditionally

text: said

text: to

text: descend

text: mostly

text: from

text: the

text: Israelite

text: tribes

text: of

text: Judah

text: from

text: where

text: the

text: Jews

text: derive

text: their

text: ethnonym

text: and

text: Benjamin

text: and

text: partially

text: from

text: the

text: tribe

text: of

text: Levi

text: who

text: had

text: together

text: formed

text: the

text: ancient

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Judah

text: and

text: the

text: remnants

text: of

text: the

text: northern

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Israel

text: who

text: migrated

text: to

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Judah

text: and

text: assimilated

text: after

text: the

text: BCE

text: when

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Israel

text: was

text: conquered

text: by

text: the

text: Neo

text: Assyrian

text: Empire

question: What group was divided into Twelve Tribes?

answer: Israelites

text: Israelites

question: When was the Kingdom of Israel conquered by the Neo-Assyrian Empire?

answer: after the 720s BCE

text: after the 720s BCE

question: From where do the Jews derive their ethonynm?

answer: Israelite tribes of Judah

text: Israelite tribes of Judah


text: The phrase "51st state" can be used in a positive sense, meaning that a region or territory is so aligned, supportive, and conducive with the United States, that it is like a U.S. state. It can also be used in a pejorative sense, meaning an area or region is perceived to be under excessive American cultural or military influence or control. In various countries around the world, people who believe their local or national culture has become too Americanized sometimes use the term "51st state" in reference to their own countries.

title: 51st_state

title: 51st_state

text: The

text: phrase

text: state

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: in

text: a

text: positive

text: sense

text: meaning

text: that

text: a

text: region

text: or

text: territory

text: is

text: so

text: aligned

text: supportive

text: and

text: conducive

text: with

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: that

text: it

text: is

text: like

text: a

text: U.S.

text: state

text: It

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: used

text: in

text: a

text: pejorative

text: sense

text: meaning

text: an

text: area

text: or

text: region

text: is

text: perceived

text: to

text: be

text: under

text: excessive

text: American

text: cultural

text: or

text: military

text: influence

text: or

text: control

text: In

text: various

text: countries

text: around

text: the

text: world

text: people

text: who

text: believe

text: their

text: local

text: or

text: national

text: culture

text: has

text: become

text: too

text: Americanized

text: sometimes

text: use

text: the

text: term

text: state

text: in

text: reference

text: to

text: their

text: own

text: countries

question: What types of control are considered when labeling a country with the perjorative "51st state" label?

answer: excessive American cultural or military influence or control

text: excessive American cultural or military influence or control

question: Sometimes, when a country refers to themselves as the 51st state, what has happened to their culture?

answer: their local or national culture has become too Americanized

text: their local or national culture has become too Americanized

question: What reasoning would cause a country to be referred to as the "51st state" in a positive way?

answer: a region or territory is so aligned, supportive, and conducive with the United States, that it is like a U.S. state

text: a region or territory is so aligned, supportive, and conducive with the United States, that it is like a U.S. state

question: What is a positive connotation of the label "51st state"?

answer: a region or territory is so aligned, supportive, and conducive with the United States

text: a region or territory is so aligned, supportive, and conducive with the United States

question: What is a reason for one negative connotation of the term?

answer: an area or region is perceived to be under excessive American cultural or military influence or control

text: an area or region is perceived to be under excessive American cultural or military influence or control

question: If a country refers to themselves as the "51st state" after cultural changes, what can we assume has changed?

answer: their local or national culture has become too Americanized

text: their local or national culture has become too Americanized


text: Einstein partially advocates Mach's principle in that distant stars explain inertia because they provide the gravitational field against which acceleration and inertia occur. But contrary to Leibniz's account, this warped space-time is as integral a part of an object as are its other defining characteristics, such as volume and mass. If one holds, contrary to idealist beliefs, that objects exist independently of the mind, it seems that relativistics commits them to also hold that space and temporality have exactly the same type of independent existence.

title: Philosophy_of_space_and_time

title: Philosophy_of_space_and_time

text: Einstein

text: partially

text: advocates

text: Mach

text: 's

text: principle

text: in

text: that

text: distant

text: stars

text: explain

text: inertia

text: because

text: they

text: provide

text: the

text: gravitational

text: field

text: against

text: which

text: acceleration

text: and

text: inertia

text: occur

text: But

text: contrary

text: to

text: Leibniz

text: 's

text: account

text: this

text: warped

text: space

text: time

text: is

text: as

text: integral

text: a

text: part

text: of

text: an

text: object

text: as

text: are

text: its

text: other

text: defining

text: characteristics

text: such

text: as

text: volume

text: and

text: mass

text: If

text: one

text: holds

text: contrary

text: to

text: idealist

text: beliefs

text: that

text: objects

text: exist

text: independently

text: of

text: the

text: mind

text: it

text: seems

text: that

text: relativistics

text: commits

text: them

text: to

text: also

text: hold

text: that

text: space

text: and

text: temporality

text: have

text: exactly

text: the

text: same

text: type

text: of

text: independent

text: existence

question: How does Einstein advocate Mach's principle?

answer: partially

text: partially

question: How Einstein's theory compared to Leibniz's?

answer: contrary

text: contrary

question: What is considered contrary to idealist beliefs in regards to space?

answer: objects exist independently of the mind

text: objects exist independently of the mind


text: In New Jersey and Illinois, all death row inmates had their sentences commuted to life in prison without parole when the death penalty repeal bills were signed into law. In Maryland, Governor Martin O'Malley commuted the state's four remaining death sentences to life in prison without parole in January 2015. While the bill repealing capital punishment in Connecticut was not retroactive, the Connecticut Supreme Court ruled in 2015 in State v. Santiago that the legislature's decision to prospectively abolish capital punishment rendered it an offense to "evolving standards of decency," thus commuting the sentences of the 11 men remaining on death row to life in prison without parole. New Mexico may yet execute two condemned inmates sentenced prior to abolition, and Nebraska has ten death row inmates who may still be executed despite abolition.

title: Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

title: Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

text: In

text: New

text: Jersey

text: and

text: Illinois

text: all

text: death

text: row

text: inmates

text: had

text: their

text: sentences

text: commuted

text: to

text: life

text: in

text: prison

text: without

text: parole

text: when

text: the

text: death

text: penalty

text: repeal

text: bills

text: were

text: signed

text: into

text: law

text: In

text: Maryland

text: Governor

text: Martin

text: O'Malley

text: commuted

text: the

text: state

text: 's

text: four

text: remaining

text: death

text: sentences

text: to

text: life

text: in

text: prison

text: without

text: parole

text: in

text: January

text: While

text: the

text: bill

text: repealing

text: capital

text: punishment

text: in

text: Connecticut

text: was

text: not

text: retroactive

text: the

text: Connecticut

text: Supreme

text: Court

text: ruled

text: in

text: in

text: State

text: v.

text: Santiago

text: that

text: the

text: legislature

text: 's

text: decision

text: to

text: prospectively

text: abolish

text: capital

text: punishment

text: rendered

text: it

text: an

text: offense

text: to

text: evolving

text: standards

text: of

text: decency

text: thus

text: commuting

text: the

text: sentences

text: of

text: the

text: men

text: remaining

text: on

text: death

text: row

text: to

text: life

text: in

text: prison

text: without

text: parole

text: New

text: Mexico

text: may

text: yet

text: execute

text: two

text: condemned

text: inmates

text: sentenced

text: prior

text: to

text: abolition

text: and

text: Nebraska

text: has

text: ten

text: death

text: row

text: inmates

text: who

text: may

text: still

text: be

text: executed

text: despite

text: abolition

question: Along with New Jersey, what state commuted all life sentences when bills to repeal the death penalty were passed?

answer: Illinois

text: Illinois

question: The governor of what state commuted four death sentences in January 2015?

answer: Maryland

text: Maryland

question: Who was governor of Maryland in January 2015?

answer: Martin O'Malley

text: Martin O'Malley

question: In what state's supreme court was State v. Santiago decided?

answer: Connecticut

text: Connecticut

question: How many people had their sentences commuted by State v. Santiago?

answer: 11


text: The year 1789 brought the French Revolution and with it the first division of Alsace into the départements of Haut- and Bas-Rhin. Alsatians played an active role in the French Revolution. On 21 July 1789, after receiving news of the Storming of the Bastille in Paris, a crowd of people stormed the Strasbourg city hall, forcing the city administrators to flee and putting symbolically an end to the feudal system in Alsace. In 1792, Rouget de Lisle composed in Strasbourg the Revolutionary marching song "La Marseillaise" (as Marching song for the Army of the Rhine), which later became the anthem of France. "La Marseillaise" was played for the first time in April of that year in front of the mayor of Strasbourg Philippe-Frédéric de Dietrich. Some of the most famous generals of the French Revolution also came from Alsace, notably Kellermann, the victor of Valmy, Kléber, who led the armies of the French Republic in Vendée and Westermann, who also fought in the Vendée.

title: Alsace

title: Alsace

text: The

text: year

text: brought

text: the

text: French

text: Revolution

text: and

text: with

text: it

text: the

text: first

text: division

text: of

text: Alsace

text: into

text: the

text: départements

text: of

text: Haut-

text: and

text: Bas

text: Rhin

text: Alsatians

text: played

text: an

text: active

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: French

text: Revolution

text: On

text: July

text: after

text: receiving

text: news

text: of

text: the

text: Storming

text: of

text: the

text: Bastille

text: in

text: Paris

text: a

text: crowd

text: of

text: people

text: stormed

text: the

text: Strasbourg

text: city

text: hall

text: forcing

text: the

text: city

text: administrators

text: to

text: flee

text: and

text: putting

text: symbolically

text: an

text: end

text: to

text: the

text: feudal

text: system

text: in

text: Alsace

text: In

text: Rouget

text: de

text: Lisle

text: composed

text: in

text: Strasbourg

text: the

text: Revolutionary

text: marching

text: song

text: La

text: Marseillaise

text: as

text: Marching

text: song

text: for

text: the

text: Army

text: of

text: the

text: Rhine

text: which

text: later

text: became

text: the

text: anthem

text: of

text: France

text: La

text: Marseillaise

text: was

text: played

text: for

text: the

text: first

text: time

text: in

text: April

text: of

text: that

text: year

text: in

text: front

text: of

text: the

text: mayor

text: of

text: Strasbourg

text: Philippe

text: Frédéric

text: de

text: Dietrich

text: Some

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: famous

text: generals

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: Revolution

text: also

text: came

text: from

text: Alsace

text: notably

text: Kellermann

text: the

text: victor

text: of

text: Valmy

text: Kléber

text: who

text: led

text: the

text: armies

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: Republic

text: in

text: Vendée

text: and

text: Westermann

text: who

text: also

text: fought

text: in

text: the

text: Vendée

question: In what year did the division of Alsace take place?

answer: 1789

question: Which song was played for the first time in Strasbourg that would later become the French national anthem?

answer: La Marseillaise

text: La Marseillaise

question: Who led the armies of the French Republic in Vendee and Westermann?

answer: Kellermann

text: Kellermann


text: Following the unveiling of Windows 8, Microsoft faced criticism (particularly from free software supporters) for mandating that devices receiving its optional certification for Windows 8 have secure boot enabled by default using a key provided by Microsoft. Concerns were raised that secure boot could prevent or hinder the use of alternate operating systems such as Linux. In a post discussing secure boot on the Building Windows 8 blog, Microsoft developer Tony Mangefeste indicated that vendors would provide means to customize secure boot, stating that "At the end of the day, the customer is in control of their PC. Microsoft's philosophy is to provide customers with the best experience first, and allow them to make decisions themselves." Microsoft's certification guidelines for Windows 8 ultimately revealed that vendors would be required to provide means for users to re-configure or disable secure boot in their device's UEFI firmware. It also revealed that ARM devices (Windows RT) would be required to have secure boot permanently enabled, with no way for users to disable it. However, Tom Warren of The Verge noted that other vendors have implemented similar hardware restrictions on their own ARM-based tablet and smartphone products (including those running Microsoft's own Windows Phone platform), but still argued that Microsoft should "keep a consistent approach across ARM and x86, though, not least because of the number of users who'd love to run Android alongside Windows 8 on their future tablets." No mandate is made regarding the installation of third-party certificates that would enable running alternative programs.

title: Windows_8

title: Windows_8

text: Following

text: the

text: unveiling

text: of

text: Windows

text: Microsoft

text: faced

text: criticism

text: particularly

text: from

text: free

text: software

text: supporters

text: for

text: mandating

text: that

text: devices

text: receiving

text: its

text: optional

text: certification

text: for

text: Windows

text: have

text: secure

text: boot

text: enabled

text: by

text: default

text: using

text: a

text: key

text: provided

text: by

text: Microsoft

text: Concerns

text: were

text: raised

text: that

text: secure

text: boot

text: could

text: prevent

text: or

text: hinder

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: alternate

text: operating

text: systems

text: such

text: as

text: Linux

text: In

text: a

text: post

text: discussing

text: secure

text: boot

text: on

text: the

text: Building

text: Windows

text: blog

text: Microsoft

text: developer

text: Tony

text: Mangefeste

text: indicated

text: that

text: vendors

text: would

text: provide

text: means

text: to

text: customize

text: secure

text: boot

text: stating

text: that

text: At

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: day

text: the

text: customer

text: is

text: in

text: control

text: of

text: their

text: PC

text: Microsoft

text: 's

text: philosophy

text: is

text: to

text: provide

text: customers

text: with

text: the

text: best

text: experience

text: first

text: and

text: allow

text: them

text: to

text: make

text: decisions

text: themselves

text: Microsoft

text: 's

text: certification

text: guidelines

text: for

text: Windows

text: ultimately

text: revealed

text: that

text: vendors

text: would

text: be

text: required

text: to

text: provide

text: means

text: for

text: users

text: to

text: re

text: configure

text: or

text: disable

text: secure

text: boot

text: in

text: their

text: device

text: 's

text: UEFI

text: firmware

text: It

text: also

text: revealed

text: that

text: ARM

text: devices

text: Windows

text: RT

text: would

text: be

text: required

text: to

text: have

text: secure

text: boot

text: permanently

text: enabled

text: with

text: no

text: way

text: for

text: users

text: to

text: disable

text: it

text: However

text: Tom

text: Warren

text: of

text: The

text: Verge

text: noted

text: that

text: other

text: vendors

text: have

text: implemented

text: similar

text: hardware

text: restrictions

text: on

text: their

text: own

text: ARM

text: based

text: tablet

text: and

text: smartphone

text: products

text: including

text: those

text: running

text: Microsoft

text: 's

text: own

text: Windows

text: Phone

text: platform

text: but

text: still

text: argued

text: that

text: Microsoft

text: should

text: keep

text: a

text: consistent

text: approach

text: across

text: ARM

text: and

text: though

text: not

text: least

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: users

text: who

text: 'd

text: love

text: to

text: run

text: Android

text: alongside

text: Windows

text: on

text: their

text: future

text: tablets

text: No

text: mandate

text: is

text: made

text: regarding

text: the

text: installation

text: of

text: third

text: party

text: certificates

text: that

text: would

text: enable

text: running

text: alternative

text: programs

question: Who condemned Microsoft for requiring devices to have secure boot enabled by default?

answer: free software supporters

text: free software supporters

question: What resolution did Microsoft come to in their certificiation guidelines?

answer: vendors would be required to provide means for users to re-configure or disable secure boot

text: vendors would be required to provide means for users to re-configure or disable secure boot

question: Who is Tony Mangefeste?

answer: Microsoft developer

text: Microsoft developer

question: What ideology does Microsoft follow?

answer: to provide customers with the best experience first, and allow them to make decisions themselves

text: to provide customers with the best experience first, and allow them to make decisions themselves


text: In 1847, Hungarian physician Ignác Fülöp Semmelweis dramatically reduced the occurrency of puerperal fever by simply requiring physicians to wash their hands before attending to women in childbirth. This discovery predated the germ theory of disease. However, Semmelweis' findings were not appreciated by his contemporaries and came into use only with discoveries by British surgeon Joseph Lister, who in 1865 proved the principles of antisepsis. Lister's work was based on the important findings by French biologist Louis Pasteur. Pasteur was able to link microorganisms with disease, revolutionizing medicine. He also devised one of the most important methods in preventive medicine, when in 1880 he produced a vaccine against rabies. Pasteur invented the process of pasteurization, to help prevent the spread of disease through milk and other foods.

title: History_of_science

title: History_of_science

text: In

text: Hungarian

text: physician

text: Ignác

text: Fülöp

text: Semmelweis

text: dramatically

text: reduced

text: the

text: occurrency

text: of

text: puerperal

text: fever

text: by

text: simply

text: requiring

text: physicians

text: to

text: wash

text: their

text: hands

text: before

text: attending

text: to

text: women

text: in

text: childbirth

text: This

text: discovery

text: predated

text: the

text: germ

text: theory

text: of

text: disease

text: However

text: Semmelweis

text: findings

text: were

text: not

text: appreciated

text: by

text: his

text: contemporaries

text: and

text: came

text: into

text: use

text: only

text: with

text: discoveries

text: by

text: British

text: surgeon

text: Joseph

text: Lister

text: who

text: in

text: proved

text: the

text: principles

text: of

text: antisepsis

text: Lister

text: 's

text: work

text: was

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: important

text: findings

text: by

text: French

text: biologist

text: Louis

text: Pasteur

text: Pasteur

text: was

text: able

text: to

text: link

text: microorganisms

text: with

text: disease

text: revolutionizing

text: medicine

text: He

text: also

text: devised

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: methods

text: in

text: preventive

text: medicine

text: when

text: in

text: he

text: produced

text: a

text: vaccine

text: against

text: rabies

text: Pasteur

text: invented

text: the

text: process

text: of

text: pasteurization

text: to

text: help

text: prevent

text: the

text: spread

text: of

text: disease

text: through

text: milk

text: and

text: other

text: foods

question: What was Ignac Fulop Semmelweis' profession?

answer: physician

text: physician

question: How did Semmelweis reduce puerperal fever?

answer: requiring physicians to wash their hands

text: requiring physicians to wash their hands

question: What came after the realization that physicians should was their hands before childbirth?

answer: the germ theory of disease

text: the germ theory of disease

question: What did Joseph Lister prove?

answer: antisepsis

text: antisepsis

question: Who did Joseph Lister base his work off of?

answer: Louis Pasteur

text: Louis Pasteur


text: In the 19th century, the Tsarist Government of the Russian Empire claimed that Ukrainian was merely a dialect of Russian and not a language on its own. The differences were few and caused by the conquest of western Ukraine by the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. However, the dialects in Ukraine eventually differed substantially from the dialects in Russia.

title: Dialect

title: Dialect

text: In

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: Tsarist

text: Government

text: of

text: the

text: Russian

text: Empire

text: claimed

text: that

text: Ukrainian

text: was

text: merely

text: a

text: dialect

text: of

text: Russian

text: and

text: not

text: a

text: language

text: on

text: its

text: own

text: The

text: differences

text: were

text: few

text: and

text: caused

text: by

text: the

text: conquest

text: of

text: western

text: Ukraine

text: by

text: the

text: Polish

text: Lithuanian

text: Commonwealth

text: However

text: the

text: dialects

text: in

text: Ukraine

text: eventually

text: differed

text: substantially

text: from

text: the

text: dialects

text: in

text: Russia

question: During what century did the Russian government claim that Ukrainian was a Russian dialect?

answer: 19th

question: What Russian government claimed that Ukrainian was not a distinct language?

answer: the Tsarist Government

text: the Tsarist Government

question: The conquest of western Ukraine by what country altered the language of Ukraine?

answer: Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

text: Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth


text: The New York metropolitan area is home to a self-identifying gay and bisexual community estimated at 568,903 individuals, the largest in the United States and one of the world's largest. Same-sex marriages in New York were legalized on June 24, 2011 and were authorized to take place beginning 30 days thereafter.

title: New_York_City

title: New_York_City

text: The

text: New

text: York

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: a

text: self

text: identifying

text: gay

text: and

text: bisexual

text: community

text: estimated

text: at

text: individuals

text: the

text: largest

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: Same

text: sex

text: marriages

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: were

text: legalized

text: on

text: June

text: and

text: were

text: authorized

text: to

text: take

text: place

text: beginning

text: days

text: thereafter

question: How many self-identified LGB people live in the New York metropolitan area?

answer: 568,903

question: On what date did New York legalize gay marriage?

answer: June 24, 2011

text: June 24, 2011

question: How many days after gay marriage was legalized were gay marriages allowed to take place?

answer: 30

question: How many people identify as gay or bisexual in NYC?

answer: 568,903

question: Same-sex marriage became legal on what date in New York?

answer: June 24, 2011

text: June 24, 2011

question: Since Gay marriage became legal, how many days did people have to wait to marry?

answer: 30


text: Three daily newspapers serve Melbourne: the Herald Sun (tabloid), The Age (formerly broadsheet, now compact) and The Australian (national broadsheet). Six free-to-air television stations service Greater Melbourne and Geelong: ABC Victoria, (ABV), SBS Victoria (SBS), Seven Melbourne (HSV), Nine Melbourne (GTV), Ten Melbourne (ATV), C31 Melbourne (MGV) – community television. Each station (excluding C31) broadcasts a primary channel and several multichannels. C31 is only broadcast from the transmitters at Mount Dandenong and South Yarra. Hybrid digital/print media companies such as Broadsheet and ThreeThousand are based in and primarily serve Melbourne.

title: Melbourne

title: Melbourne

text: Three

text: daily

text: newspapers

text: serve

text: Melbourne

text: the

text: Herald

text: Sun

text: tabloid

text: The

text: Age

text: formerly

text: broadsheet

text: now

text: compact

text: and

text: The

text: Australian

text: national

text: broadsheet

text: Six

text: free

text: to

text: air

text: television

text: stations

text: service

text: Greater

text: Melbourne

text: and

text: Geelong

text: ABC

text: Victoria

text: ABV

text: SBS

text: Victoria

text: SBS

text: Seven

text: Melbourne

text: HSV

text: Nine

text: Melbourne

text: GTV

text: Ten

text: Melbourne

text: ATV

text: Melbourne

text: MGV

text: community

text: television

text: Each

text: station

text: excluding

text: broadcasts

text: a

text: primary

text: channel

text: and

text: several

text: multichannels

text: is

text: only

text: broadcast

text: from

text: the

text: transmitters

text: at

text: Mount

text: Dandenong

text: and

text: South

text: Yarra

text: Hybrid

text: digital

text: print

text: media

text: companies

text: such

text: as

text: Broadsheet

text: and

text: ThreeThousand

text: are

text: based

text: in

text: and

text: primarily

text: serve

text: Melbourne

question: How many daily newspapers serve Melbourne?

answer: Three

text: Three

question: How many free-to-air television stations service Greater Melbourne and Geelong?

answer: Six

text: Six

question: From where is C31 broadcast?

answer: transmitters at Mount Dandenong and South Yarra

text: transmitters at Mount Dandenong and South Yarra

question: What type of companies are Broadsheet and ThreeThousand?

answer: Hybrid digital/print media

text: Hybrid digital/print media


text: During 2009, the federal government enacted new legislation repealing the Canada Corporations Act, Part II - the Canada Not-for-Profit Corporations Act. This Act was last amended on 10 October 2011 and the act was current till 4 March 2013. It allows for incorporation as of right, by Articles of Incorporation; does away with the ultra vires doctrine for nonprofits; establishes them as legal persons; and substantially updates the governance provisions for nonprofits. Ontario also overhauled its legislation, adopting the Ontario Not-for-Profit Corporations Act during 2010; pending the outcome of an anticipated election during October 2011,[dated info] the new Act is expected to be in effect as of 1 July 2013.

title: Nonprofit_organization

title: Nonprofit_organization

text: During

text: the

text: federal

text: government

text: enacted

text: new

text: legislation

text: repealing

text: the

text: Canada

text: Corporations

text: Act

text: Part

text: II

text: the

text: Canada

text: Not

text: for

text: Profit

text: Corporations

text: Act

text: This

text: Act

text: was

text: last

text: amended

text: on

text: October

text: and

text: the

text: act

text: was

text: current

text: till

text: March

text: It

text: allows

text: for

text: incorporation

text: as

text: of

text: right

text: by

text: Articles

text: of

text: Incorporation

text: does

text: away

text: with

text: the

text: ultra

text: vires

text: doctrine

text: for

text: nonprofits

text: establishes

text: them

text: as

text: legal

text: persons

text: and

text: substantially

text: updates

text: the

text: governance

text: provisions

text: for

text: nonprofits

text: Ontario

text: also

text: overhauled

text: its

text: legislation

text: adopting

text: the

text: Ontario

text: Not

text: for

text: Profit

text: Corporations

text: Act

text: during

text: pending

text: the

text: outcome

text: of

text: an

text: anticipated

text: election

text: during

text: October

text: info

text: the

text: new

text: Act

text: is

text: expected

text: to

text: be

text: in

text: effect

text: as

text: of

text: July

question: When was the Canada Corporations Act, Part II repealed?

answer: 2009

question: What did the creation of the Canada Not-for-Profit Corporations Act mean for NPOs?

answer: incorporation as of right, by Articles of Incorporation

text: incorporation as of right, by Articles of Incorporation

question: When did Ontario adopt the Canada Not-for-Profit Corporations Act?

answer: 2010

question: When does Ontario expect the Canada Not-for-Profits Corpaoations Act to go into effect?

answer: 1 July 2013

text: 1 July 2013

question: When was the Canada Not-for-Profit corporations Act last ammended?

answer: 10 October 2011

text: 10 October 2011


text: Other notable new vaccines of the period include those for measles (1962, John Franklin Enders of Children's Medical Center Boston, later refined by Maurice Hilleman at Merck), Rubella (1969, Hilleman, Merck) and mumps (1967, Hilleman, Merck) The United States incidences of rubella, congenital rubella syndrome, measles, and mumps all fell by >95% in the immediate aftermath of widespread vaccination. The first 20 years of licensed measles vaccination in the U.S. prevented an estimated 52 million cases of the disease, 17,400 cases of mental retardation, and 5,200 deaths.

title: Pharmaceutical_industry

title: Pharmaceutical_industry

text: Other

text: notable

text: new

text: vaccines

text: of

text: the

text: period

text: include

text: those

text: for

text: measles

text: John

text: Franklin

text: Enders

text: of

text: Children

text: 's

text: Medical

text: Center

text: Boston

text: later

text: refined

text: by

text: Maurice

text: Hilleman

text: at

text: Merck

text: Rubella

text: Hilleman

text: Merck

text: and

text: mumps

text: Hilleman

text: Merck

text: The

text: United

text: States

text: incidences

text: of

text: rubella

text: congenital

text: rubella

text: syndrome

text: measles

text: and

text: mumps

text: all

text: fell

text: by

text: in

text: the

text: immediate

text: aftermath

text: of

text: widespread

text: vaccination

text: The

text: first

text: years

text: of

text: licensed

text: measles

text: vaccination

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: prevented

text: an

text: estimated

text: million

text: cases

text: of

text: the

text: disease

text: cases

text: of

text: mental

text: retardation

text: and

text: deaths

question: What did the first measles prevent in it's first 20 years?

answer: an estimated 52 million cases of the disease, 17,400 cases of mental retardation, and 5,200 deaths

text: an estimated 52 million cases of the disease, 17,400 cases of mental retardation, and 5,200 deaths

question: Who originally created the measles vaccine?

answer: John Franklin Enders

text: John Franklin Enders

question: How much did the occurrence of serious diseases shortly after the release of the measles vaccine?

answer: >95%

question: When did the Rubella vaccine come out?

answer: 1969

question: Who recreated the measles vaccine?

answer: Maurice Hilleman

text: Maurice Hilleman

question: In what year was the measles vaccine made?

answer: 1962

question: Who helped refine the measles vaccine?

answer: Maurice Hilleman

text: Maurice Hilleman

question: In what year was the mumps vaccine made?

answer: 1967

question: How much did rubella, measles, and mumps infections drop after vaccination?

answer: >95%

question: Measles vaccinations helped prevent how many estimated cases of the illness?

answer: 52 million

text: 52 million


text: Patricia Ebrey writes that Tibet, like Joseon Korea and other neighboring states to the Ming, settled for its tributary status while there were no troops or governors of Ming China stationed in its territory. Laird writes that "after the Mongol troops left Tibet, no Ming troops replaced them." Wang and Nyima state that, despite the fact that the Ming refrained from sending troops to subdue Tibet and refrained from garrisoning Ming troops there, these measures were unnecessary so long as the Ming court upheld close ties with Tibetan vassals and their forces. However, there were instances in the 14th century when the Hongwu Emperor did use military force to quell unrest in Tibet. John D. Langlois writes that there was unrest in Tibet and western Sichuan, which the Marquis Mu Ying (沐英) was commissioned to quell in November 1378 after he established a Taozhou garrison in Gansu. Langlois notes that by October 1379, Mu Ying had allegedly captured 30,000 Tibetan prisoners and 200,000 domesticated animals. Yet invasion went both ways; the Ming general Qu Neng, under the command of Lan Yu, was ordered to repel a Tibetan assault into Sichuan in 1390.

title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty

title: Sino

text: Patricia

text: Ebrey

text: writes

text: that

text: Tibet

text: like

text: Joseon

text: Korea

text: and

text: other

text: neighboring

text: states

text: to

text: the

text: Ming

text: settled

text: for

text: its

text: tributary

text: status

text: while

text: there

text: were

text: no

text: troops

text: or

text: governors

text: of

text: Ming

text: China

text: stationed

text: in

text: its

text: territory

text: Laird

text: writes

text: that

text: after

text: the

text: Mongol

text: troops

text: left

text: Tibet

text: no

text: Ming

text: troops

text: replaced

text: them

text: Wang

text: and

text: Nyima

text: state

text: that

text: despite

text: the

text: fact

text: that

text: the

text: Ming

text: refrained

text: from

text: sending

text: troops

text: to

text: subdue

text: Tibet

text: and

text: refrained

text: from

text: garrisoning

text: Ming

text: troops

text: there

text: these

text: measures

text: were

text: unnecessary

text: so

text: long

text: as

text: the

text: Ming

text: court

text: upheld

text: close

text: ties

text: with

text: Tibetan

text: vassals

text: and

text: their

text: forces

text: However

text: there

text: were

text: instances

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: when

text: the

text: Hongwu

text: Emperor

text: did

text: use

text: military

text: force

text: to

text: quell

text: unrest

text: in

text: Tibet

text: John

text: D.

text: Langlois

text: writes

text: that

text: there

text: was

text: unrest

text: in

text: Tibet

text: and

text: western

text: Sichuan

text: which

text: the

text: Marquis

text: Mu

text: Ying

text: 沐英

text: was

text: commissioned

text: to

text: quell

text: in

text: November

text: after

text: he

text: established

text: a

text: Taozhou

text: garrison

text: in

text: Gansu

text: Langlois

text: notes

text: that

text: by

text: October

text: Mu

text: Ying

text: had

text: allegedly

text: captured

text: Tibetan

text: prisoners

text: and

text: domesticated

text: animals

text: Yet

text: invasion

text: went

text: both

text: ways

text: the

text: Ming

text: general

text: Qu

text: Neng

text: under

text: the

text: command

text: of

text: Lan

text: Yu

text: was

text: ordered

text: to

text: repel

text: a

text: Tibetan

text: assault

text: into

text: Sichuan

text: in

question: When did the Hongwu Emperor use military force in Tibet?

answer: the 14th century

text: the 14th century

question: When was the Marquis Mu Ying commissioned to quell?

answer: November 1378

text: November 1378

question: How many Tibetan prisoners did Mu Ying capture?

answer: 30,000

question: How many animals did Mu Ying capture?

answer: 200,000

question: Who was ordered to force a Tibetan assault into Sichuan?

answer: Ming general Qu Neng

text: Ming general Qu Neng


text: Believed to be a stowaway on a U.S. military transport near the end of World War II, the brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis) was accidentally introduced to Guam, that previously had no native species of snake. It nearly eliminated the native bird population. The problem was exacerbated because the reptile has no natural predators on the island. The brown tree snake, known locally as the kulebla, is native to northern and eastern coasts of Australia, Papua New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands. While slightly venomous, the snake is relatively harmless to human beings. Although some studies have suggested a high density of these serpents on Guam, residents rarely see the nocturnal creatures. The United States Department of Agriculture has trained detector dogs to keep the snakes out of the island's cargo flow. The United States Geological Survey also has dogs capable of detecting snakes in forested environments around the region's islands.

title: Guam

title: Guam

text: Believed

text: to

text: be

text: a

text: stowaway

text: on

text: a

text: U.S.

text: military

text: transport

text: near

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: the

text: brown

text: tree

text: snake

text: Boiga

text: irregularis

text: was

text: accidentally

text: introduced

text: to

text: Guam

text: that

text: previously

text: had

text: no

text: native

text: species

text: of

text: snake

text: It

text: nearly

text: eliminated

text: the

text: native

text: bird

text: population

text: The

text: problem

text: was

text: exacerbated

text: because

text: the

text: reptile

text: has

text: no

text: natural

text: predators

text: on

text: the

text: island

text: The

text: brown

text: tree

text: snake

text: known

text: locally

text: as

text: the

text: kulebla

text: is

text: native

text: to

text: northern

text: and

text: eastern

text: coasts

text: of

text: Australia

text: Papua

text: New

text: Guinea

text: and

text: the

text: Solomon

text: Islands

text: While

text: slightly

text: venomous

text: the

text: snake

text: is

text: relatively

text: harmless

text: to

text: human

text: beings

text: Although

text: some

text: studies

text: have

text: suggested

text: a

text: high

text: density

text: of

text: these

text: serpents

text: on

text: Guam

text: residents

text: rarely

text: see

text: the

text: nocturnal

text: creatures

text: The

text: United

text: States

text: Department

text: of

text: Agriculture

text: has

text: trained

text: detector

text: dogs

text: to

text: keep

text: the

text: snakes

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: 's

text: cargo

text: flow

text: The

text: United

text: States

text: Geological

text: Survey

text: also

text: has

text: dogs

text: capable

text: of

text: detecting

text: snakes

text: in

text: forested

text: environments

text: around

text: the

text: region

text: 's

text: islands

question: Which animal was accidentally introduced into Guam?

answer: brown tree snake

text: brown tree snake

question: What was accidentally introduced into Guam?

answer: brown tree snake

text: brown tree snake

question: With the introduction of a non native snake in the area of Guam what impact did it have the island?

answer: nearly eliminated the native bird population

text: nearly eliminated the native bird population

question: What has the U.S Department of Agriculture done to help watch for the snakes?

answer: has trained detector dogs to keep the snakes out of the island's cargo flow

text: has trained detector dogs to keep the snakes out of the island's cargo flow


text: The geographic features of Rajasthan are the Thar Desert and the Aravalli Range, which runs through the state from southwest to northeast, almost from one end to the other, for more than 850 kilometres (530 mi). Mount Abu lies at the southwestern end of the range, separated from the main ranges by the West Banas River, although a series of broken ridges continues into Haryana in the direction of Delhi where it can be seen as outcrops in the form of the Raisina Hill and the ridges farther north. About three-fifths of Rajasthan lies northwest of the Aravallis, leaving two-fifths on the east and south direction.

title: Rajasthan

title: Rajasthan

text: The

text: geographic

text: features

text: of

text: Rajasthan

text: are

text: the

text: Thar

text: Desert

text: and

text: the

text: Aravalli

text: Range

text: which

text: runs

text: through

text: the

text: state

text: from

text: southwest

text: to

text: northeast

text: almost

text: from

text: one

text: end

text: to

text: the

text: other

text: for

text: more

text: than

text: kilometres

text: mi

text: Mount

text: Abu

text: lies

text: at

text: the

text: southwestern

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: range

text: separated

text: from

text: the

text: main

text: ranges

text: by

text: the

text: West

text: Banas

text: River

text: although

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: broken

text: ridges

text: continues

text: into

text: Haryana

text: in

text: the

text: direction

text: of

text: Delhi

text: where

text: it

text: can

text: be

text: seen

text: as

text: outcrops

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: the

text: Raisina

text: Hill

text: and

text: the

text: ridges

text: farther

text: north

text: About

text: three

text: fifths

text: of

text: Rajasthan

text: lies

text: northwest

text: of

text: the

text: Aravallis

text: leaving

text: two

text: fifths

text: on

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: south

text: direction

question: Which mountain range goes through Rajasthan?

answer: the Aravalli Range

text: the Aravalli Range

question: What is the length in miles of the Aravalli Range?

answer: 530 mi

text: 530 mi

question: What peak is at the southwestern part of the Aravalli Range?

answer: Mount Abu

text: Mount Abu

question: What portion of Rajasthan is east and south of the Aravalli Range?

answer: two-fifths

text: two-fifths

question: Which river separates the main Aravelli ranges?

answer: West Banas River

text: West Banas River