text: Addition of lead(II) oxide lowers melting point, lowers viscosity of the melt, and increases refractive index. Lead oxide also facilitates solubility of other metal oxides and is used in colored glasses. The viscosity decrease of lead glass melt is very significant (roughly 100 times in comparison with soda glasses); this allows easier removal of bubbles and working at lower temperatures, hence its frequent use as an additive in vitreous enamels and glass solders. The high ionic radius of the Pb2+ ion renders it highly immobile in the matrix and hinders the movement of other ions; lead glasses therefore have high electrical resistance, about two orders of magnitude higher than soda-lime glass (108.5 vs 106.5 Ohm·cm, DC at 250 °C). For more details, see lead glass.

title: Glass

title: Glass

text: Addition

text: of

text: lead(II

text: oxide

text: lowers

text: melting

text: point

text: lowers

text: viscosity

text: of

text: the

text: melt

text: and

text: increases

text: refractive

text: index

text: Lead

text: oxide

text: also

text: facilitates

text: solubility

text: of

text: other

text: metal

text: oxides

text: and

text: is

text: used

text: in

text: colored

text: glasses

text: The

text: viscosity

text: decrease

text: of

text: lead

text: glass

text: melt

text: is

text: very

text: significant

text: roughly

text: times

text: in

text: comparison

text: with

text: soda

text: glasses

text: this

text: allows

text: easier

text: removal

text: of

text: bubbles

text: and

text: working

text: at

text: lower

text: temperatures

text: hence

text: its

text: frequent

text: use

text: as

text: an

text: additive

text: in

text: vitreous

text: enamels

text: and

text: glass

text: solders

text: The

text: high

text: ionic

text: radius

text: of

text: the

text: ion

text: renders

text: it

text: highly

text: immobile

text: in

text: the

text: matrix

text: and

text: hinders

text: the

text: movement

text: of

text: other

text: ions

text: lead

text: glasses

text: therefore

text: have

text: high

text: electrical

text: resistance

text: about

text: two

text: orders

text: of

text: magnitude

text: higher

text: than

text: soda

text: lime

text: glass

text: vs

text: Ohm·cm

text: DC

text: at

text: C

text: For

text: more

text: details

text: see

text: lead

text: glass

question: What makes glass melt at a lower temperature?

answer: lead(II) oxide

text: lead(II) oxide

question: How much less viscous is lead glass compared with soda glass?

answer: 100 times

text: 100 times

question: Pb2+ causes lead glass to have what?

answer: high electrical resistance

text: high electrical resistance

question: Lead oxide makes it easier to dissolve what?

answer: other metal oxides

text: other metal oxides


text: In the early 1980s, rapidly rising oil revenues enabled the government to finance large-scale development projects with GDP growth averaging 5% annually, one of the highest rates in Africa. The government has mortgaged a substantial portion of its petroleum earnings, contributing to a shortage of revenues. January 12, 1994 devaluation of Franc Zone currencies by 50% resulted in inflation of 46% in 1994, but inflation has subsided since.

title: Republic_of_the_Congo

title: Republic_of_the_Congo

text: In

text: the

text: early

text: rapidly

text: rising

text: oil

text: revenues

text: enabled

text: the

text: government

text: to

text: finance

text: large

text: scale

text: development

text: projects

text: with

text: GDP

text: growth

text: averaging

text: annually

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: highest

text: rates

text: in

text: Africa

text: The

text: government

text: has

text: mortgaged

text: a

text: substantial

text: portion

text: of

text: its

text: petroleum

text: earnings

text: contributing

text: to

text: a

text: shortage

text: of

text: revenues

text: January

text: devaluation

text: of

text: Franc

text: Zone

text: currencies

text: by

text: resulted

text: in

text: inflation

text: of

text: in

text: but

text: inflation

text: has

text: subsided

text: since

question: What did income from petroleum allow the government to fund in the early '80s?

answer: large-scale development projects

text: large-scale development projects

question: What was the Congo's annual increase in gross domestic product in the early '80s?

answer: 5%

question: By how much were Franc Zone currencies devalued in January of 1994?

answer: 50%

question: How much inflation did the Congo experience as a result of the devaluation of the Franc?

answer: 46%


text: Despite the small land mass, place names are repeated; there are, for example, two islands named Long Island, three bays named Long Bay (on Somerset, Main, and Cooper's islands), two Horseshoe Bays (one in Southampton, on the Main Island, the other at Morgan's Point, formerly Tucker's Island), there are two roads through cuttings called Khyber Pass (one in Warwick, the other in St. George's Parish), and St George's Town is located on St George's Island within St George's Parish (each known as St George's). There is a Hamilton Parish in addition to the City of Hamilton (which is in Pembroke Parish).

title: Bermuda

title: Bermuda

text: Despite

text: the

text: small

text: land

text: mass

text: place

text: names

text: are

text: repeated

text: there

text: are

text: for

text: example

text: two

text: islands

text: named

text: Long

text: Island

text: three

text: bays

text: named

text: Long

text: Bay

text: on

text: Somerset

text: Main

text: and

text: Cooper

text: 's

text: islands

text: two

text: Horseshoe

text: Bays

text: one

text: in

text: Southampton

text: on

text: the

text: Main

text: Island

text: the

text: other

text: at

text: Morgan

text: 's

text: Point

text: formerly

text: Tucker

text: 's

text: Island

text: there

text: are

text: two

text: roads

text: through

text: cuttings

text: called

text: Khyber

text: Pass

text: one

text: in

text: Warwick

text: the

text: other

text: in

text: St.

text: George

text: 's

text: Parish

text: and

text: St

text: George

text: 's

text: Town

text: is

text: located

text: on

text: St

text: George

text: 's

text: Island

text: within

text: St

text: George

text: 's

text: Parish

text: each

text: known

text: as

text: St

text: George

text: 's

text: There

text: is

text: a

text: Hamilton

text: Parish

text: in

text: addition

text: to

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: Hamilton

text: which

text: is

text: in

text: Pembroke

text: Parish

question: In the Bermuda land mass, how many islands are named "Long Island"?

answer: two

text: two

question: In the Bermuda land mass, how many bays are named "Horseshoe Bay"?

answer: two

text: two

question: In the Bermuda land mass, how many bays are named "Long Bay"?

answer: three

text: three

question: Where can St. George's Town be found?

answer: St George's Island within St George's Parish

text: St George's Island within St George's Parish

question: What are three of the bays named?

answer: Long Bay

text: Long Bay

question: What name do the bays in Southampton and Morgan's Point share?

answer: Horseshoe

text: Horseshoe

question: St. George's Town, St. George's Island and St. George's Parish are all referred to as what?

answer: St George's

text: St George's

question: What is the name of the Parish located in the City of Hamilton?

answer: Hamilton Parish

text: Hamilton Parish


text: Jehovah's Witnesses believe that the Bible condemns the mixing of religions, on the basis that there can only be one truth from God, and therefore reject interfaith and ecumenical movements. They believe that only their religion represents true Christianity, and that other religions fail to meet all the requirements set by God and will soon be destroyed. Jehovah's Witnesses are taught that it is vital to remain "separate from the world." The Witnesses' literature defines the "world" as "the mass of mankind apart from Jehovah's approved servants" and teach that it is morally contaminated and ruled by Satan. Witnesses are taught that association with "worldly" people presents a "danger" to their faith, and are instructed to minimize social contact with non-members to better maintain their own standards of morality.

title: Jehovah%27s_Witnesses

title: Jehovah%27s_Witnesses

text: Jehovah

text: 's

text: Witnesses

text: believe

text: that

text: the

text: Bible

text: condemns

text: the

text: mixing

text: of

text: religions

text: on

text: the

text: basis

text: that

text: there

text: can

text: only

text: be

text: one

text: truth

text: from

text: God

text: and

text: therefore

text: reject

text: interfaith

text: and

text: ecumenical

text: movements

text: They

text: believe

text: that

text: only

text: their

text: religion

text: represents

text: true

text: Christianity

text: and

text: that

text: other

text: religions

text: fail

text: to

text: meet

text: all

text: the

text: requirements

text: set

text: by

text: God

text: and

text: will

text: soon

text: be

text: destroyed

text: Jehovah

text: 's

text: Witnesses

text: are

text: taught

text: that

text: it

text: is

text: vital

text: to

text: remain

text: separate

text: from

text: the

text: world

text: The

text: Witnesses

text: literature

text: defines

text: the

text: world

text: as

text: the

text: mass

text: of

text: mankind

text: apart

text: from

text: Jehovah

text: 's

text: approved

text: servants

text: and

text: teach

text: that

text: it

text: is

text: morally

text: contaminated

text: and

text: ruled

text: by

text: Satan

text: Witnesses

text: are

text: taught

text: that

text: association

text: with

text: worldly

text: people

text: presents

text: a

text: danger

text: to

text: their

text: faith

text: and

text: are

text: instructed

text: to

text: minimize

text: social

text: contact

text: with

text: non

text: members

text: to

text: better

text: maintain

text: their

text: own

text: standards

text: of

text: morality

question: Why do Jehovah Witnesses believe the Bible condemns mixing of religions?

answer: can only be one truth from God

text: can only be one truth from God

question: What are Jehovah Witnesses taught it's vital to remain?

answer: "separate from the world."

text: "separate from the world."

question: What do Jehovah Witnesses believe is true of their religion and their religion alone?

answer: represents true Christianity

text: represents true Christianity

question: What are Jehovah Witnesses taught association with worldly people presents to their faith?

answer: danger

text: danger

question: What does Jehovah Witnesses define the "world" to mean?

answer: "the mass of mankind apart from Jehovah's approved servants"

text: "the mass of mankind apart from Jehovah's approved servants"


text: Ethnic Egyptians are by far the largest ethnic group in the country, constituting 91% of the total population. Ethnic minorities include the Abazas, Turks, Greeks, Bedouin Arab tribes living in the eastern deserts and the Sinai Peninsula, the Berber-speaking Siwis (Amazigh) of the Siwa Oasis, and the Nubian communities clustered along the Nile. There are also tribal Beja communities concentrated in the south-eastern-most corner of the country, and a number of Dom clans mostly in the Nile Delta and Faiyum who are progressively becoming assimilated as urbanisation increases.

title: Egypt

title: Egypt

text: Ethnic

text: Egyptians

text: are

text: by

text: far

text: the

text: largest

text: ethnic

text: group

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: constituting

text: of

text: the

text: total

text: population

text: Ethnic

text: minorities

text: include

text: the

text: Abazas

text: Turks

text: Greeks

text: Bedouin

text: Arab

text: tribes

text: living

text: in

text: the

text: eastern

text: deserts

text: and

text: the

text: Sinai

text: Peninsula

text: the

text: Berber

text: speaking

text: Siwis

text: Amazigh

text: of

text: the

text: Siwa

text: Oasis

text: and

text: the

text: Nubian

text: communities

text: clustered

text: along

text: the

text: Nile

text: There

text: are

text: also

text: tribal

text: Beja

text: communities

text: concentrated

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: eastern

text: most

text: corner

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: and

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: Dom

text: clans

text: mostly

text: in

text: the

text: Nile

text: Delta

text: and

text: Faiyum

text: who

text: are

text: progressively

text: becoming

text: assimilated

text: as

text: urbanisation

text: increases

question: What is the largest ethnic group in Egypt?

answer: Ethnic Egyptians

text: Ethnic Egyptians

question: What are the minorities that live in eastern deserts of Egypt?

answer: Abazas, Turks, Greeks, Bedouin Arab tribes

text: Abazas, Turks, Greeks, Bedouin Arab tribes

question: Where are Dom clans mostly gathered?

answer: Nile Delta and Faiyum

text: Nile Delta and Faiyum


text: Nonverbal communication describes the process of conveying meaning in the form of non-word messages. Examples of nonverbal communication include haptic communication, chronemic communication, gestures, body language, facial expression, eye contact, and how one dresses. Nonverbal communication also relates to intent of a message. Examples of intent are voluntary, intentional movements like shaking a hand or winking, as well as involuntary, such as sweating. Speech also contains nonverbal elements known as paralanguage, e.g. rhythm, intonation, tempo, and stress. There may even be a pheromone component. Research has shown that up to 55% of human communication may occur through non-verbal facial expressions, and a further 38% through paralanguage. It affects communication most at the subconscious level and establishes trust. Likewise, written texts include nonverbal elements such as handwriting style, spatial arrangement of words and the use of emoticons to convey emotion.

title: Communication

title: Communication

text: Nonverbal

text: communication

text: describes

text: the

text: process

text: of

text: conveying

text: meaning

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: non

text: word

text: messages

text: Examples

text: of

text: nonverbal

text: communication

text: include

text: haptic

text: communication

text: chronemic

text: communication

text: gestures

text: body

text: language

text: facial

text: expression

text: eye

text: contact

text: and

text: how

text: one

text: dresses

text: Nonverbal

text: communication

text: also

text: relates

text: to

text: intent

text: of

text: a

text: message

text: Examples

text: of

text: intent

text: are

text: voluntary

text: intentional

text: movements

text: like

text: shaking

text: a

text: hand

text: or

text: winking

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: involuntary

text: such

text: as

text: sweating

text: Speech

text: also

text: contains

text: nonverbal

text: elements

text: known

text: as

text: paralanguage

text: e.g.

text: rhythm

text: intonation

text: tempo

text: and

text: stress

text: There

text: may

text: even

text: be

text: a

text: pheromone

text: component

text: Research

text: has

text: shown

text: that

text: up

text: to

text: of

text: human

text: communication

text: may

text: occur

text: through

text: non

text: verbal

text: facial

text: expressions

text: and

text: a

text: further

text: through

text: paralanguage

text: It

text: affects

text: communication

text: most

text: at

text: the

text: subconscious

text: level

text: and

text: establishes

text: trust

text: Likewise

text: written

text: texts

text: include

text: nonverbal

text: elements

text: such

text: as

text: handwriting

text: style

text: spatial

text: arrangement

text: of

text: words

text: and

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: emoticons

text: to

text: convey

text: emotion

question: What is nonverbal communication?

answer: conveying meaning in the form of non-word messages

text: conveying meaning in the form of non-word messages

question: What is one example of nonverbal communication?

answer: body language

text: body language

question: What is an example of a voluntary intent of a message related to nonverbal communication?

answer: shaking a hand

text: shaking a hand

question: What is an example of an involuntary intent of a message related to nonverbal communication?

answer: sweating

text: sweating

question: What percentage of human communication occurs through nonverbal facial expressions?

answer: 55%


text: In August 2007 Virgil Griffith, a Caltech computation and neural-systems graduate student, created a searchable database that linked changes made by anonymous Wikipedia editors to companies and organizations from which the changes were made. The database cross-referenced logs of Wikipedia edits with publicly available records pertaining to the internet IP addresses edits were made from. Griffith was motivated by the edits from the United States Congress, and wanted to see if others were similarly promoting themselves. The tool was designed to detect conflict of interest edits. Among his findings were that FBI computers were used to edit the FBI article in Wikipedia. Although the edits correlated with known FBI IP addresses, there was no proof that the changes actually came from a member or employee of the FBI, only that someone who had access to their network had edited the FBI article in Wikipedia. Wikipedia spokespersons received Griffith's "WikiScanner" positively, noting that it helped prevent conflicts of interest from influencing articles as well as increasing transparency and mitigating attempts to remove or distort relevant facts.

title: Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation

title: Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation

text: In

text: August

text: Virgil

text: Griffith

text: a

text: Caltech

text: computation

text: and

text: neural

text: systems

text: graduate

text: student

text: created

text: a

text: searchable

text: database

text: that

text: linked

text: changes

text: made

text: by

text: anonymous

text: Wikipedia

text: editors

text: to

text: companies

text: and

text: organizations

text: from

text: which

text: the

text: changes

text: were

text: made

text: The

text: database

text: cross

text: referenced

text: logs

text: of

text: Wikipedia

text: edits

text: with

text: publicly

text: available

text: records

text: pertaining

text: to

text: the

text: internet

text: IP

text: addresses

text: edits

text: were

text: made

text: from

text: Griffith

text: was

text: motivated

text: by

text: the

text: edits

text: from

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Congress

text: and

text: wanted

text: to

text: see

text: if

text: others

text: were

text: similarly

text: promoting

text: themselves

text: The

text: tool

text: was

text: designed

text: to

text: detect

text: conflict

text: of

text: interest

text: edits

text: Among

text: his

text: findings

text: were

text: that

text: FBI

text: computers

text: were

text: used

text: to

text: edit

text: the

text: FBI

text: article

text: in

text: Wikipedia

text: Although

text: the

text: edits

text: correlated

text: with

text: known

text: FBI

text: IP

text: addresses

text: there

text: was

text: no

text: proof

text: that

text: the

text: changes

text: actually

text: came

text: from

text: a

text: member

text: or

text: employee

text: of

text: the

text: FBI

text: only

text: that

text: someone

text: who

text: had

text: access

text: to

text: their

text: network

text: had

text: edited

text: the

text: FBI

text: article

text: in

text: Wikipedia

text: Wikipedia

text: spokespersons

text: received

text: Griffith

text: 's

text: WikiScanner

text: positively

text: noting

text: that

text: it

text: helped

text: prevent

text: conflicts

text: of

text: interest

text: from

text: influencing

text: articles

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: increasing

text: transparency

text: and

text: mitigating

text: attempts

text: to

text: remove

text: or

text: distort

text: relevant

text: facts

question: What was Virgil Griffith focused on?

answer: computation and neural-systems

text: computation and neural-systems

question: What part of the government was editing its own wikipedia page?

answer: United States Congress

text: United States Congress

question: What was Griffith's tool designed to detect?

answer: conflict of interest edits

text: conflict of interest edits

question: What did Griffith's tool help increase?

answer: transparency

text: transparency

question: How as Griffith's wikipedia scanner viewed by wikipedia?

answer: positively

text: positively


text: Although his support had been essential to Shunzhi's ascent, Dorgon had through the years centralised so much power in his hands as to become a direct threat to the throne. So much so that upon his death he was extraordinarily bestowed the posthumous title of Emperor Yi (Chinese: 義皇帝), the only instance in Qing history in which a Manchu "prince of the blood" (Chinese: 親王) was so honored. Two months into Shunzhi's personal rule, Dorgon was not only stripped of his titles, but his corpse was disinterred and mutilated.[b] to atone for multiple "crimes", one of which was persecuting to death Shunzhi’s agnate eldest brother, Hooge. More importantly, Dorgon's symbolic fall from grace also signaled a political purge of his family and associates at court, thus reverting power back to the person of the emperor. After a promising start, Shunzhi's reign was cut short by his early death in 1661 at the age of twenty-four from smallpox. He was succeeded by his third son Xuanye, who reigned as the Kangxi Emperor.

title: Qing_dynasty

title: Qing_dynasty

text: Although

text: his

text: support

text: had

text: been

text: essential

text: to

text: Shunzhi

text: 's

text: ascent

text: Dorgon

text: had

text: through

text: the

text: years

text: centralised

text: so

text: much

text: power

text: in

text: his

text: hands

text: as

text: to

text: become

text: a

text: direct

text: threat

text: to

text: the

text: throne

text: So

text: much

text: so

text: that

text: upon

text: his

text: death

text: he

text: was

text: extraordinarily

text: bestowed

text: the

text: posthumous

text: title

text: of

text: Emperor

text: Yi

text: Chinese

text: 義皇帝

text: the

text: only

text: instance

text: in

text: Qing

text: history

text: in

text: which

text: a

text: Manchu

text: prince

text: of

text: the

text: blood

text: Chinese

text: 親王

text: was

text: so

text: honored

text: Two

text: months

text: into

text: Shunzhi

text: 's

text: personal

text: rule

text: Dorgon

text: was

text: not

text: only

text: stripped

text: of

text: his

text: titles

text: but

text: his

text: corpse

text: was

text: disinterred

text: and

text: mutilated.[b

text: to

text: atone

text: for

text: multiple

text: crimes

text: one

text: of

text: which

text: was

text: persecuting

text: to

text: death

text: Shunzhi

text: ’s

text: agnate

text: eldest

text: brother

text: Hooge

text: More

text: importantly

text: Dorgon

text: 's

text: symbolic

text: fall

text: from

text: grace

text: also

text: signaled

text: a

text: political

text: purge

text: of

text: his

text: family

text: and

text: associates

text: at

text: court

text: thus

text: reverting

text: power

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: person

text: of

text: the

text: emperor

text: After

text: a

text: promising

text: start

text: Shunzhi

text: 's

text: reign

text: was

text: cut

text: short

text: by

text: his

text: early

text: death

text: in

text: at

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: twenty

text: four

text: from

text: smallpox

text: He

text: was

text: succeeded

text: by

text: his

text: third

text: son

text: Xuanye

text: who

text: reigned

text: as

text: the

text: Kangxi

text: Emperor

question: Who was a threat to Shunzhi's throne?

answer: Dorgon

text: Dorgon

question: What was Dorgon known as after death?

answer: Emperor Yi

text: Emperor Yi

question: When did Shunzhi's death?

answer: 1661

question: Who was Shunzhi's oldest brother?

answer: Hooge

text: Hooge

question: How old was Shunzhi at his death?

answer: twenty-four

text: twenty-four


text: The complete list of ten precepts may be observed by laypeople for short periods. For the complete list, the seventh precept is partitioned into two, and a tenth added:

title: Buddhism

title: Buddhism

text: The

text: complete

text: list

text: of

text: ten

text: precepts

text: may

text: be

text: observed

text: by

text: laypeople

text: for

text: short

text: periods

text: For

text: the

text: complete

text: list

text: the

text: seventh

text: precept

text: is

text: partitioned

text: into

text: two

text: and

text: a

text: tenth

text: added

question: How many precepts are on the list?

answer: ten

text: ten

question: In the complete list of precepts, which one is partitioned into two?

answer: seventh

text: seventh


text: Politics & Policy was founded at Northwestern and is dedicated to the analysis of current events and public policy. Begun in 2010 by students in the Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, School of Communication, and Medill School of Journalism, the organization reaches students on more than 250 college campuses around the world. Run entirely by undergraduates, Politics & Policy publishes several times a week with material ranging from short summaries of events to extended research pieces. The organization is funded in part by the Buffett Center.

title: Northwestern_University

title: Northwestern_University

text: Politics

text: Policy

text: was

text: founded

text: at

text: Northwestern

text: and

text: is

text: dedicated

text: to

text: the

text: analysis

text: of

text: current

text: events

text: and

text: public

text: policy

text: Begun

text: in

text: by

text: students

text: in

text: the

text: Weinberg

text: College

text: of

text: Arts

text: and

text: Sciences

text: School

text: of

text: Communication

text: and

text: Medill

text: School

text: of

text: Journalism

text: the

text: organization

text: reaches

text: students

text: on

text: more

text: than

text: college

text: campuses

text: around

text: the

text: world

text: Run

text: entirely

text: by

text: undergraduates

text: Politics

text: Policy

text: publishes

text: several

text: times

text: a

text: week

text: with

text: material

text: ranging

text: from

text: short

text: summaries

text: of

text: events

text: to

text: extended

text: research

text: pieces

text: The

text: organization

text: is

text: funded

text: in

text: part

text: by

text: the

text: Buffett

text: Center

question: What is the publication that is dedicated to the analysis of current events and public policy?

answer: Politics & Policy

text: Politics & Policy

question: How many college campuses does Politics & Policy reach worldwide?

answer: 250

question: Who completely runs Politics and Policy?

answer: undergraduates

text: undergraduates

question: Who partially funds Politics and Policy?

answer: the Buffett Center

text: the Buffett Center

question: How often is Politics & Policy published?

answer: several times a week

text: several times a week


text: Both Locke and Rousseau developed social contract theories in Two Treatises of Government and Discourse on Inequality, respectively. While quite different works, Locke, Hobbes, and Rousseau agreed that a social contract, in which the government's authority lies in the consent of the governed, is necessary for man to live in civil society. Locke defines the state of nature as a condition in which humans are rational and follow natural law; in which all men are born equal and with the right to life, liberty and property. However, when one citizen breaks the Law of Nature, both the transgressor and the victim enter into a state of war, from which it is virtually impossible to break free. Therefore, Locke said that individuals enter into civil society to protect their natural rights via an "unbiased judge" or common authority, such as courts, to appeal to. Contrastingly, Rousseau's conception relies on the supposition that "civil man" is corrupted, while "natural man" has no want he cannot fulfill himself. Natural man is only taken out of the state of nature when the inequality associated with private property is established. Rousseau said that people join into civil society via the social contract to achieve unity while preserving individual freedom. This is embodied in the sovereignty of the general will, the moral and collective legislative body constituted by citizens.

title: Age_of_Enlightenment

title: Age_of_Enlightenment

text: Both

text: Locke

text: and

text: Rousseau

text: developed

text: social

text: contract

text: theories

text: in

text: Two

text: Treatises

text: of

text: Government

text: and

text: Discourse

text: on

text: Inequality

text: respectively

text: While

text: quite

text: different

text: works

text: Locke

text: Hobbes

text: and

text: Rousseau

text: agreed

text: that

text: a

text: social

text: contract

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: government

text: 's

text: authority

text: lies

text: in

text: the

text: consent

text: of

text: the

text: governed

text: is

text: necessary

text: for

text: man

text: to

text: live

text: in

text: civil

text: society

text: Locke

text: defines

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: nature

text: as

text: a

text: condition

text: in

text: which

text: humans

text: are

text: rational

text: and

text: follow

text: natural

text: law

text: in

text: which

text: all

text: men

text: are

text: born

text: equal

text: and

text: with

text: the

text: right

text: to

text: life

text: liberty

text: and

text: property

text: However

text: when

text: one

text: citizen

text: breaks

text: the

text: Law

text: of

text: Nature

text: both

text: the

text: transgressor

text: and

text: the

text: victim

text: enter

text: into

text: a

text: state

text: of

text: war

text: from

text: which

text: it

text: is

text: virtually

text: impossible

text: to

text: break

text: free

text: Therefore

text: Locke

text: said

text: that

text: individuals

text: enter

text: into

text: civil

text: society

text: to

text: protect

text: their

text: natural

text: rights

text: via

text: an

text: unbiased

text: judge

text: or

text: common

text: authority

text: such

text: as

text: courts

text: to

text: appeal

text: to

text: Contrastingly

text: Rousseau

text: 's

text: conception

text: relies

text: on

text: the

text: supposition

text: that

text: civil

text: man

text: is

text: corrupted

text: while

text: natural

text: man

text: has

text: no

text: want

text: he

text: can

text: not

text: fulfill

text: himself

text: Natural

text: man

text: is

text: only

text: taken

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: nature

text: when

text: the

text: inequality

text: associated

text: with

text: private

text: property

text: is

text: established

text: Rousseau

text: said

text: that

text: people

text: join

text: into

text: civil

text: society

text: via

text: the

text: social

text: contract

text: to

text: achieve

text: unity

text: while

text: preserving

text: individual

text: freedom

text: This

text: is

text: embodied

text: in

text: the

text: sovereignty

text: of

text: the

text: general

text: will

text: the

text: moral

text: and

text: collective

text: legislative

text: body

text: constituted

text: by

text: citizens

question: What did Locke, Hobbes, and Rousseau agree was necessary for a man to live in civil society?

answer: social contract

text: social contract

question: Who wrote Discourse on Inequality?

answer: Rousseau

text: Rousseau

question: Which theorist wrote Two Treatises of Government?

answer: Locke

text: Locke

question: For what reason did Rousseau feel people joined into civil society?

answer: to achieve unity while preserving individual freedom

text: to achieve unity while preserving individual freedom

question: From which state does Locke believe it is virtually improssible to break free?

answer: state of war

text: state of war


text: Prior to Mendel's work, the dominant theory of heredity was one of blending inheritance, which suggested that each parent contributed fluids to the fertilisation process and that the traits of the parents blended and mixed to produce the offspring. Charles Darwin developed a theory of inheritance he termed pangenesis, which used the term gemmule to describe hypothetical particles that would mix during reproduction. Although Mendel's work was largely unrecognized after its first publication in 1866, it was 'rediscovered' in 1900 by three European scientists, Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns, and Erich von Tschermak, who claimed to have reached similar conclusions in their own research.

title: Gene

title: Gene

text: Prior

text: to

text: Mendel

text: 's

text: work

text: the

text: dominant

text: theory

text: of

text: heredity

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: blending

text: inheritance

text: which

text: suggested

text: that

text: each

text: parent

text: contributed

text: fluids

text: to

text: the

text: fertilisation

text: process

text: and

text: that

text: the

text: traits

text: of

text: the

text: parents

text: blended

text: and

text: mixed

text: to

text: produce

text: the

text: offspring

text: Charles

text: Darwin

text: developed

text: a

text: theory

text: of

text: inheritance

text: he

text: termed

text: pangenesis

text: which

text: used

text: the

text: term

text: gemmule

text: to

text: describe

text: hypothetical

text: particles

text: that

text: would

text: mix

text: during

text: reproduction

text: Although

text: Mendel

text: 's

text: work

text: was

text: largely

text: unrecognized

text: after

text: its

text: first

text: publication

text: in

text: it

text: was

text: rediscovered

text: in

text: by

text: three

text: European

text: scientists

text: Hugo

text: de

text: Vries

text: Carl

text: Correns

text: and

text: Erich

text: von

text: Tschermak

text: who

text: claimed

text: to

text: have

text: reached

text: similar

text: conclusions

text: in

text: their

text: own

text: research

question: What was the dominant theory of heredity prior to Mendel's work?

answer: one of blending inheritance

text: one of blending inheritance

question: Who developed the theory of inheritance known as pangenesis?

answer: Charles Darwin

text: Charles Darwin

question: What does the term gemmule describe?

answer: hypothetical particles that would mix during reproduction

text: hypothetical particles that would mix during reproduction

question: What year was Mendel's work first published?

answer: 1866

question: Who are the three scientists that claimed to have reached conclusions similar to Mendel's?

answer: Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns, and Erich von Tschermak

text: Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns, and Erich von Tschermak


text: The Korean War was a conflict between the United States and its United Nations allies and the communist powers under influence of the Soviet Union (also a UN member nation) and the People's Republic of China (which later also gained UN membership). The principal combatants were North and South Korea. Principal allies of South Korea included the United States, Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, although many other nations sent troops under the aegis of the United Nations. Allies of North Korea included the People's Republic of China, which supplied military forces, and the Soviet Union, which supplied combat advisors and aircraft pilots, as well as arms, for the Chinese and North Korean troops.

title: Military_history_of_the_United_States

title: Military_history_of_the_United_States

text: The

text: Korean

text: War

text: was

text: a

text: conflict

text: between

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: its

text: United

text: Nations

text: allies

text: and

text: the

text: communist

text: powers

text: under

text: influence

text: of

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: also

text: a

text: UN

text: member

text: nation

text: and

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: which

text: later

text: also

text: gained

text: UN

text: membership

text: The

text: principal

text: combatants

text: were

text: North

text: and

text: South

text: Korea

text: Principal

text: allies

text: of

text: South

text: Korea

text: included

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Canada

text: Australia

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: although

text: many

text: other

text: nations

text: sent

text: troops

text: under

text: the

text: aegis

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: Allies

text: of

text: North

text: Korea

text: included

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: which

text: supplied

text: military

text: forces

text: and

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: which

text: supplied

text: combat

text: advisors

text: and

text: aircraft

text: pilots

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: arms

text: for

text: the

text: Chinese

text: and

text: North

text: Korean

text: troops

question: What country supplied troops to North Korea during the Korean War?

answer: the People's Republic of China

text: the People's Republic of China

question: What country supplied advisors, pilots, and war materiel to North Korea?

answer: the Soviet Union

text: the Soviet Union

question: What country was the principal ally of South Korea during the war?

answer: the United States

text: the United States

question: What organization did all combatants on both sides of the war belong to?

answer: United Nations

text: United Nations

question: Which two countries were the primary fighters for territory in the Korean War?

answer: North and South Korea

text: North and South Korea


text: Iran's climate ranges from arid or semiarid, to subtropical along the Caspian coast and the northern forests. On the northern edge of the country (the Caspian coastal plain) temperatures rarely fall below freezing and the area remains humid for the rest of the year. Summer temperatures rarely exceed 29 °C (84.2 °F). Annual precipitation is 680 mm (26.8 in) in the eastern part of the plain and more than 1,700 mm (66.9 in) in the western part. United Nations Resident Coordinator for Iran Gary Lewis has said that "Water scarcity poses the most severe human security challenge in Iran today".

title: Iran

title: Iran

text: Iran

text: 's

text: climate

text: ranges

text: from

text: arid

text: or

text: semiarid

text: to

text: subtropical

text: along

text: the

text: Caspian

text: coast

text: and

text: the

text: northern

text: forests

text: On

text: the

text: northern

text: edge

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: the

text: Caspian

text: coastal

text: plain

text: temperatures

text: rarely

text: fall

text: below

text: freezing

text: and

text: the

text: area

text: remains

text: humid

text: for

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: the

text: year

text: Summer

text: temperatures

text: rarely

text: exceed

text: C

text: F

text: Annual

text: precipitation

text: is

text: mm

text: in

text: in

text: the

text: eastern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: plain

text: and

text: more

text: than

text: mm

text: in

text: in

text: the

text: western

text: part

text: United

text: Nations

text: Resident

text: Coordinator

text: for

text: Iran

text: Gary

text: Lewis

text: has

text: said

text: that

text: Water

text: scarcity

text: poses

text: the

text: most

text: severe

text: human

text: security

text: challenge

text: in

text: Iran

text: today

question: Iran's climate along its Capsian coast and northen forests is?

answer: subtropical

text: subtropical

question: During what season does Iran's northern region's temperatures never go higher than 29c?

answer: Summer

text: Summer

question: What is the annual precipitation in Iran's eastern plains?

answer: 680 mm (26.8 in)

text: 680 mm (26.8 in)

question: What is the annual precipitation in Iran's western plains?

answer: 1,700 mm (66.9 in)

text: 1,700 mm (66.9 in)

question: According to Gary Lewis of the UN, what is the most pressing human security challenge in Iran?

answer: Water scarcity

text: Water scarcity


text: EU member countries have shown support for ambitious renewable energy goals. In 2010, Eurobarometer polled the twenty-seven EU member states about the target "to increase the share of renewable energy in the EU by 20 percent by 2020". Most people in all twenty-seven countries either approved of the target or called for it to go further. Across the EU, 57 percent thought the proposed goal was "about right" and 16 percent thought it was "too modest." In comparison, 19 percent said it was "too ambitious".

title: Renewable_energy_commercialization

title: Renewable_energy_commercialization

text: EU

text: member

text: countries

text: have

text: shown

text: support

text: for

text: ambitious

text: renewable

text: energy

text: goals

text: In

text: Eurobarometer

text: polled

text: the

text: twenty

text: seven

text: EU

text: member

text: states

text: about

text: the

text: target

text: to

text: increase

text: the

text: share

text: of

text: renewable

text: energy

text: in

text: the

text: EU

text: by

text: percent

text: by

text: Most

text: people

text: in

text: all

text: twenty

text: seven

text: countries

text: either

text: approved

text: of

text: the

text: target

text: or

text: called

text: for

text: it

text: to

text: go

text: further

text: Across

text: the

text: EU

text: percent

text: thought

text: the

text: proposed

text: goal

text: was

text: about

text: right

text: and

text: percent

text: thought

text: it

text: was

text: too

text: modest

text: In

text: comparison

text: percent

text: said

text: it

text: was

text: too

text: ambitious

question: Who has shown support for ambitious renewable energy goals?

answer: EU member countries

text: EU member countries

question: What group polled the 27 EU member states in 2010?

answer: Eurobarometer

text: Eurobarometer

question: The goal was to increase the share of renewable energy in the EU by 20 percent in what year?

answer: 2020


text: Consequently, the population of Israel rose from 800,000 to two million between 1948 and 1958. Between 1948 and 1970, approximately 1,150,000 Jewish refugees relocated to Israel. The immigrants came to Israel for differing reasons. Some believed in a Zionist ideology, while others moved to escape persecution. There were others that did it for the promise of a better life in Israel and a small number that were expelled from their homelands, such as British and French Jews in Egypt after the Suez Crisis.

title: Israel

title: Israel

text: Consequently

text: the

text: population

text: of

text: Israel

text: rose

text: from

text: to

text: two

text: million

text: between

text: and

text: Between

text: and

text: approximately

text: Jewish

text: refugees

text: relocated

text: to

text: Israel

text: The

text: immigrants

text: came

text: to

text: Israel

text: for

text: differing

text: reasons

text: Some

text: believed

text: in

text: a

text: Zionist

text: ideology

text: while

text: others

text: moved

text: to

text: escape

text: persecution

text: There

text: were

text: others

text: that

text: did

text: it

text: for

text: the

text: promise

text: of

text: a

text: better

text: life

text: in

text: Israel

text: and

text: a

text: small

text: number

text: that

text: were

text: expelled

text: from

text: their

text: homelands

text: such

text: as

text: British

text: and

text: French

text: Jews

text: in

text: Egypt

text: after

text: the

text: Suez

text: Crisis

question: The population of Israel rose from 800,000 to what between 1948 and 1958?

answer: two million

text: two million

question: What ideology did some immigrants believe in?

answer: Zionist

text: Zionist

question: Between 1948 and 1970, how many Jewish refugees relocated to Israel?

answer: 1,150,000


text: The Romans are known for the great number of deities they honored, a capacity that earned the mockery of early Christian polemicists. The presence of Greeks on the Italian peninsula from the beginning of the historical period influenced Roman culture, introducing some religious practices that became as fundamental as the cult of Apollo. The Romans looked for common ground between their major gods and those of the Greeks (interpretatio graeca), adapting Greek myths and iconography for Latin literature and Roman art. Etruscan religion was also a major influence, particularly on the practice of augury.

title: Religion_in_ancient_Rome

title: Religion_in_ancient_Rome

text: The

text: Romans

text: are

text: known

text: for

text: the

text: great

text: number

text: of

text: deities

text: they

text: honored

text: a

text: capacity

text: that

text: earned

text: the

text: mockery

text: of

text: early

text: Christian

text: polemicists

text: The

text: presence

text: of

text: Greeks

text: on

text: the

text: Italian

text: peninsula

text: from

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: historical

text: period

text: influenced

text: Roman

text: culture

text: introducing

text: some

text: religious

text: practices

text: that

text: became

text: as

text: fundamental

text: as

text: the

text: cult

text: of

text: Apollo

text: The

text: Romans

text: looked

text: for

text: common

text: ground

text: between

text: their

text: major

text: gods

text: and

text: those

text: of

text: the

text: Greeks

text: interpretatio

text: graeca

text: adapting

text: Greek

text: myths

text: and

text: iconography

text: for

text: Latin

text: literature

text: and

text: Roman

text: art

text: Etruscan

text: religion

text: was

text: also

text: a

text: major

text: influence

text: particularly

text: on

text: the

text: practice

text: of

text: augury

question: How deities did the Romans have?

answer: great number

text: great number

question: What group was an influence to Roman culture?

answer: Greeks

text: Greeks

question: What sort  of practices did the Greeks offer to Rome's culture?

answer: religious

text: religious

question: What myths did the Romans adapt to their needs?

answer: Greek

text: Greek

question: What religion influenced augury for the Romans?

answer: Etruscan

text: Etruscan


text: The scientific revolution is a convenient boundary between ancient thought and classical physics. Nicolaus Copernicus revived the heliocentric model of the solar system described by Aristarchus of Samos. This was followed by the first known model of planetary motion given by Johannes Kepler in the early 17th century, which proposed that the planets follow elliptical orbits, with the Sun at one focus of the ellipse. Galileo ("Father of Modern Physics") also made use of experiments to validate physical theories, a key element of the scientific method.

title: History_of_science

title: History_of_science

text: The

text: scientific

text: revolution

text: is

text: a

text: convenient

text: boundary

text: between

text: ancient

text: thought

text: and

text: classical

text: physics

text: Nicolaus

text: Copernicus

text: revived

text: the

text: heliocentric

text: model

text: of

text: the

text: solar

text: system

text: described

text: by

text: Aristarchus

text: of

text: Samos

text: This

text: was

text: followed

text: by

text: the

text: first

text: known

text: model

text: of

text: planetary

text: motion

text: given

text: by

text: Johannes

text: Kepler

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: which

text: proposed

text: that

text: the

text: planets

text: follow

text: elliptical

text: orbits

text: with

text: the

text: Sun

text: at

text: one

text: focus

text: of

text: the

text: ellipse

text: Galileo

text: Father

text: of

text: Modern

text: Physics

text: also

text: made

text: use

text: of

text: experiments

text: to

text: validate

text: physical

text: theories

text: a

text: key

text: element

text: of

text: the

text: scientific

text: method

question: Which movement is considered to be a dividing line between ancient thought and classical physics?

answer: The scientific revolution

text: The scientific revolution

question: Who made the heliocentric model popular?

answer: Nicolaus Copernicus

text: Nicolaus Copernicus

question: Johannes Kepler created a model of what?

answer: planetary motion

text: planetary motion

question: What did Johannes Kepler's model suggest about the planets?

answer: the planets follow elliptical orbits

text: the planets follow elliptical orbits

question: What was Galileo's nickname?

answer: Father of Modern Physics

text: Father of Modern Physics


text: The average population density was 11,457 people per square mile (4,405.4/km²). The Census reported that 1,468,623 people (96.2% of the population) lived in households, 38,007 (2.5%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 19,376 (1.3%) were institutionalized. In 2013, the city reported having 668,247 total housing units, down slightly from 670,171 housing units in 2010. As of 2013[update], 87 percent of housing units were occupied, while 13 percent were vacant, a slight change from 2010 where 89.5 percent of units were occupied, or 599,736 and 10.5 percent were vacant, or 70,435. Of the city's residents, 32 percent reported having no vehicles available while 23 percent had two or more vehicles available, as of 2013[update].

title: Philadelphia

title: Philadelphia

text: The

text: average

text: population

text: density

text: was

text: people

text: per

text: square

text: mile

text: The

text: Census

text: reported

text: that

text: people

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: lived

text: in

text: households

text: lived

text: in

text: non

text: institutionalized

text: group

text: quarters

text: and

text: were

text: institutionalized

text: In

text: the

text: city

text: reported

text: having

text: total

text: housing

text: units

text: down

text: slightly

text: from

text: housing

text: units

text: in

text: As

text: of

text: percent

text: of

text: housing

text: units

text: were

text: occupied

text: while

text: percent

text: were

text: vacant

text: a

text: slight

text: change

text: from

text: where

text: percent

text: of

text: units

text: were

text: occupied

text: or

text: and

text: percent

text: were

text: vacant

text: or

text: Of

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: residents

text: percent

text: reported

text: having

text: no

text: vehicles

text: available

text: while

text: percent

text: had

text: two

text: or

text: more

text: vehicles

text: available

text: as

text: of

question: What is the density?

answer: 11,457 people per square mile

text: 11,457 people per square mile

question: How many houses or apartments were there in 2010?

answer: 670,171

question: What percent are vacant as of 2013?

answer: 13 percent

text: 13 percent

question: What percent don't own cars?

answer: 32

question: What percent own 2 or more cars?

answer: 23


text: Louis-Philippe was overthrown by a popular uprising in the streets of Paris in 1848. His successor, Napoleon III, and the newly appointed prefect of the Seine, Georges-Eugène Haussmann, launched a gigantic public works project to build wide new boulevards, a new opera house, a central market, new aqueducts, sewers, and parks, including the Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes. In 1860, Napoleon III also annexed the surrounding towns and created eight new arrondissements, expanding Paris to its current limits.

title: Paris

title: Paris

text: Louis

text: Philippe

text: was

text: overthrown

text: by

text: a

text: popular

text: uprising

text: in

text: the

text: streets

text: of

text: Paris

text: in

text: His

text: successor

text: Napoleon

text: III

text: and

text: the

text: newly

text: appointed

text: prefect

text: of

text: the

text: Seine

text: Georges

text: Eugène

text: Haussmann

text: launched

text: a

text: gigantic

text: public

text: works

text: project

text: to

text: build

text: wide

text: new

text: boulevards

text: a

text: new

text: opera

text: house

text: a

text: central

text: market

text: new

text: aqueducts

text: sewers

text: and

text: parks

text: including

text: the

text: Bois

text: de

text: Boulogne

text: and

text: Bois

text: de

text: Vincennes

text: In

text: Napoleon

text: III

text: also

text: annexed

text: the

text: surrounding

text: towns

text: and

text: created

text: eight

text: new

text: arrondissements

text: expanding

text: Paris

text: to

text: its

text: current

text: limits

question: In what year was Louis-Phillipe over thrown?

answer: 1848

question: In what year did Napoleon III create new arrondissements?

answer: 1860

question: Who was Napoleon III's prefect of the Siene?

answer: Georges-Eugène Haussmann

text: Georges-Eugène Haussmann


text: Though researchers generally believe that sexual orientation is not determined by any one factor but by a combination of genetic, hormonal, and environmental influences, with biological factors involving a complex interplay of genetic factors and the early uterine environment, they favor biological models for the cause. They believe that sexual orientation is not a choice, and some of them believe that it is established at conception. That is, individuals do not choose to be homosexual, heterosexual, bisexual, or asexual. While current scientific investigation usually seeks to find biological explanations for the adoption of a particular sexual orientation, there are yet no replicated scientific studies supporting any specific biological etiology for sexual orientation. However, scientific studies have found a number of statistical biological differences between gay people and heterosexuals, which may result from the same underlying cause as sexual orientation itself.

title: Sexual_orientation

title: Sexual_orientation

text: Though

text: researchers

text: generally

text: believe

text: that

text: sexual

text: orientation

text: is

text: not

text: determined

text: by

text: any

text: one

text: factor

text: but

text: by

text: a

text: combination

text: of

text: genetic

text: hormonal

text: and

text: environmental

text: influences

text: with

text: biological

text: factors

text: involving

text: a

text: complex

text: interplay

text: of

text: genetic

text: factors

text: and

text: the

text: early

text: uterine

text: environment

text: they

text: favor

text: biological

text: models

text: for

text: the

text: cause

text: They

text: believe

text: that

text: sexual

text: orientation

text: is

text: not

text: a

text: choice

text: and

text: some

text: of

text: them

text: believe

text: that

text: it

text: is

text: established

text: at

text: conception

text: That

text: is

text: individuals

text: do

text: not

text: choose

text: to

text: be

text: homosexual

text: heterosexual

text: bisexual

text: or

text: asexual

text: While

text: current

text: scientific

text: investigation

text: usually

text: seeks

text: to

text: find

text: biological

text: explanations

text: for

text: the

text: adoption

text: of

text: a

text: particular

text: sexual

text: orientation

text: there

text: are

text: yet

text: no

text: replicated

text: scientific

text: studies

text: supporting

text: any

text: specific

text: biological

text: etiology

text: for

text: sexual

text: orientation

text: However

text: scientific

text: studies

text: have

text: found

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: statistical

text: biological

text: differences

text: between

text: gay

text: people

text: and

text: heterosexuals

text: which

text: may

text: result

text: from

text: the

text: same

text: underlying

text: cause

text: as

text: sexual

text: orientation

text: itself

question: What do researchers generally believe causes sexual orientation?

answer: a combination of genetic, hormonal, and environmental influences

text: a combination of genetic, hormonal, and environmental influences

question: What biological factors do they believe plays a complicated part in sexual orientation?

answer: a complex interplay of genetic factors and the early uterine environment, they favor biological models for the cause

text: a complex interplay of genetic factors and the early uterine environment, they favor biological models for the cause

question: What do they believe about sexual orientation?

answer: not a choice, and some of them believe that it is established at conception.

text: not a choice, and some of them believe that it is established at conception.

question: What differences hace scientist found in certain studies?

answer: statistical biological differences between gay people and heterosexuals

text: statistical biological differences between gay people and heterosexuals

question: What can these results be caused from?

answer: the same underlying cause as sexual orientation itself

text: the same underlying cause as sexual orientation itself


text: In May 2014, the Government of China banned the internal purchase of Windows 8-based products under government contracts requiring "energy-efficient" devices. The Xinhua News Agency claimed that Windows 8 was being banned in protest of Microsoft's support lifecycle policy and the end of support for Windows XP (which, as of January 2014, had a market share of 49% in China), as the government "obviously cannot ignore the risks of running OS [sic] without guaranteed technical support." However, Ni Guangnan of the Chinese Academy of Sciences had also previously warned that Windows 8 could allegedly expose users to surveillance by the United States government due to its heavy use of internet-based services.

title: Windows_8

title: Windows_8

text: In

text: May

text: the

text: Government

text: of

text: China

text: banned

text: the

text: internal

text: purchase

text: of

text: Windows

text: products

text: under

text: government

text: contracts

text: requiring

text: energy

text: efficient

text: devices

text: The

text: Xinhua

text: News

text: Agency

text: claimed

text: that

text: Windows

text: was

text: being

text: banned

text: in

text: protest

text: of

text: Microsoft

text: 's

text: support

text: lifecycle

text: policy

text: and

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: support

text: for

text: Windows

text: XP

text: which

text: as

text: of

text: January

text: had

text: a

text: market

text: share

text: of

text: in

text: China

text: as

text: the

text: government

text: obviously

text: can

text: not

text: ignore

text: the

text: risks

text: of

text: running

text: OS

text: sic

text: without

text: guaranteed

text: technical

text: support

text: However

text: Ni

text: Guangnan

text: of

text: the

text: Chinese

text: Academy

text: of

text: Sciences

text: had

text: also

text: previously

text: warned

text: that

text: Windows

text: could

text: allegedly

text: expose

text: users

text: to

text: surveillance

text: by

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: government

text: due

text: to

text: its

text: heavy

text: use

text: of

text: internet

text: based

text: services

question: When did the Chinese government ban the purchase of Windows 8 products?

answer: May 2014

text: May 2014

question: Why did the Chinese government ban Windows 8 based products?

answer: in protest of Microsoft's support lifecycle policy and the end of support for Windows XP

text: in protest of Microsoft's support lifecycle policy and the end of support for Windows XP

question: What market share did Windows XP have in Chine?

answer: 49%

question: Who claimed that the Windows 8 would allow the US Government to spy on its users?

answer: Ni Guangnan

text: Ni Guangnan


text: Nasser appointed himself the additional roles of prime minister and supreme commander of the armed forces on 19 June 1967. Angry at the military court's perceived leniency with air force officers charged with negligence during the 1967 war, workers and students launched protests calling for major political reforms in late February 1968. Nasser responded to the demonstrations, the most significant public challenge to his rule since workers' protests in March 1954, by removing most military figures from his cabinet and appointing eight civilians in place of several high-ranking members of the Arab Socialist Union (ASU). By 3 March, Nasser directed Egypt's intelligence apparatus to focus on external rather than domestic espionage, and declared the "fall of the mukhabarat state".

title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

text: Nasser

text: appointed

text: himself

text: the

text: additional

text: roles

text: of

text: prime

text: minister

text: and

text: supreme

text: commander

text: of

text: the

text: armed

text: forces

text: on

text: June

text: Angry

text: at

text: the

text: military

text: court

text: 's

text: perceived

text: leniency

text: with

text: air

text: force

text: officers

text: charged

text: with

text: negligence

text: during

text: the

text: war

text: workers

text: and

text: students

text: launched

text: protests

text: calling

text: for

text: major

text: political

text: reforms

text: in

text: late

text: February

text: Nasser

text: responded

text: to

text: the

text: demonstrations

text: the

text: most

text: significant

text: public

text: challenge

text: to

text: his

text: rule

text: since

text: workers

text: protests

text: in

text: March

text: by

text: removing

text: most

text: military

text: figures

text: from

text: his

text: cabinet

text: and

text: appointing

text: eight

text: civilians

text: in

text: place

text: of

text: several

text: high

text: ranking

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: Arab

text: Socialist

text: Union

text: ASU

text: By

text: March

text: Nasser

text: directed

text: Egypt

text: 's

text: intelligence

text: apparatus

text: to

text: focus

text: on

text: external

text: rather

text: than

text: domestic

text: espionage

text: and

text: declared

text: the

text: fall

text: of

text: the

text: mukhabarat

text: state

question: What new positions did Nasser give himself ?

answer: prime minister and supreme commander of the armed forces

text: prime minister and supreme commander of the armed forces

question: When did students protest for political reforms?

answer: 1968

question: What type of people were ousted from Nasser's cabinet?

answer: Arab Socialist Union

text: Arab Socialist Union

question: What type of spying did Nasser want to concentrate on?

answer: external

text: external


text: By the Treaty of Paris (1763), France regained the five establishments captured by the British during the war (Pondichéry, Mahe, Karikal, Yanam and Chandernagar) but was prevented from erecting fortifications and keeping troops in Bengal (art. XI). Elsewhere in India, the French were to remain a military threat, particularly during the War of American Independence, and up to the capture of Pondichéry in 1793 at the outset of the French Revolutionary Wars without any military presence. Although these small outposts remained French possessions for the next two hundred years, French ambitions on Indian territories were effectively laid to rest, thus eliminating a major source of economic competition for the company.

title: East_India_Company

title: East_India_Company

text: By

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Paris

text: France

text: regained

text: the

text: five

text: establishments

text: captured

text: by

text: the

text: British

text: during

text: the

text: war

text: Pondichéry

text: Mahe

text: Karikal

text: Yanam

text: and

text: Chandernagar

text: but

text: was

text: prevented

text: from

text: erecting

text: fortifications

text: and

text: keeping

text: troops

text: in

text: Bengal

text: art

text: XI

text: Elsewhere

text: in

text: India

text: the

text: French

text: were

text: to

text: remain

text: a

text: military

text: threat

text: particularly

text: during

text: the

text: War

text: of

text: American

text: Independence

text: and

text: up

text: to

text: the

text: capture

text: of

text: Pondichéry

text: in

text: at

text: the

text: outset

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: Revolutionary

text: Wars

text: without

text: any

text: military

text: presence

text: Although

text: these

text: small

text: outposts

text: remained

text: French

text: possessions

text: for

text: the

text: next

text: two

text: hundred

text: years

text: French

text: ambitions

text: on

text: Indian

text: territories

text: were

text: effectively

text: laid

text: to

text: rest

text: thus

text: eliminating

text: a

text: major

text: source

text: of

text: economic

text: competition

text: for

text: the

text: company

question: what year was the Treaty of Paris agreed on?

answer: 1763

question: The treaty of Paris return how many esablishment captured by the British?

answer: five

text: five

question: The Treaty of Paris prevented France from keeping troops in what location?

answer: Bengal

text: Bengal

question: in 1793 what war was the french involded in even without a big  military presences?

answer: French Revolutionary Wars

text: French Revolutionary Wars


text: The HMWSSB regulates rainwater harvesting, sewerage services and water supply, which is sourced from several dams located in the suburbs. In 2005, the HMWSSB started operating a 116-kilometre-long (72 mi) water supply pipeline from Nagarjuna Sagar Dam to meet increasing demand. The Telangana Southern Power Distribution Company Limited manages electricity supply. As of October 2014, there were 15 fire stations in the city, operated by the Telangana State Disaster and Fire Response Department. The government-owned India Post has five head post offices and many sub-post offices in Hyderabad, which are complemented by private courier services.

title: Hyderabad

title: Hyderabad

text: The

text: HMWSSB

text: regulates

text: rainwater

text: harvesting

text: sewerage

text: services

text: and

text: water

text: supply

text: which

text: is

text: sourced

text: from

text: several

text: dams

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: suburbs

text: In

text: the

text: HMWSSB

text: started

text: operating

text: a

text: long

text: mi

text: water

text: supply

text: pipeline

text: from

text: Nagarjuna

text: Sagar

text: Dam

text: to

text: meet

text: increasing

text: demand

text: The

text: Telangana

text: Southern

text: Power

text: Distribution

text: Company

text: Limited

text: manages

text: electricity

text: supply

text: As

text: of

text: October

text: there

text: were

text: fire

text: stations

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: operated

text: by

text: the

text: Telangana

text: State

text: Disaster

text: and

text: Fire

text: Response

text: Department

text: The

text: government

text: owned

text: India

text: Post

text: has

text: five

text: head

text: post

text: offices

text: and

text: many

text: sub

text: post

text: offices

text: in

text: Hyderabad

text: which

text: are

text: complemented

text: by

text: private

text: courier

text: services

question: What dam began to provide water to Hyderabad in 2005?

answer: Nagarjuna Sagar Dam

text: Nagarjuna Sagar Dam

question: Along with dealing with sewerage and the water supply, what is one other thing the HMWSSB regulates?

answer: rainwater harvesting

text: rainwater harvesting

question: How long is the pipeline from the Nagarjuna Sagar Dam which the HMWSSB operates?

answer: 116-kilometre-long (72 mi)

text: 116-kilometre-long (72 mi)

question: Which company is responsible for electricity in Hyderabad?

answer: Telangana Southern Power Distribution Company Limited

text: Telangana Southern Power Distribution Company Limited

question: Which entity is responsible for the fire stations in Hyderabad?

answer: Telangana State Disaster and Fire Response Department

text: Telangana State Disaster and Fire Response Department


text: Xinjiang, China; Argentina; Chile; Iceland; Russia and other areas skew time zones westward, in effect observing DST year-round without complications from clock shifts. For example, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, is at 106°39′ W longitude, slightly west of center of the idealized Mountain Time Zone (105° W), but the time in Saskatchewan is Central Standard Time (90° W) year-round, so Saskatoon is always about 67 minutes ahead of mean solar time, thus effectively observing daylight saving time year-round. Conversely, northeast India and a few other areas skew time zones eastward, in effect observing negative DST. The United Kingdom and Ireland experimented with year-round DST from 1968 to 1971 but abandoned it because of its unpopularity, particularly in northern regions.

title: Daylight_saving_time

title: Daylight_saving_time

text: Xinjiang

text: China

text: Argentina

text: Chile

text: Iceland

text: Russia

text: and

text: other

text: areas

text: skew

text: time

text: zones

text: westward

text: in

text: effect

text: observing

text: DST

text: year

text: round

text: without

text: complications

text: from

text: clock

text: shifts

text: For

text: example

text: Saskatoon

text: Saskatchewan

text: is

text: at

text: W

text: longitude

text: slightly

text: west

text: of

text: center

text: of

text: the

text: idealized

text: Mountain

text: Time

text: Zone

text: W

text: but

text: the

text: time

text: in

text: Saskatchewan

text: is

text: Central

text: Standard

text: Time

text: W

text: year

text: round

text: so

text: Saskatoon

text: is

text: always

text: about

text: minutes

text: ahead

text: of

text: mean

text: solar

text: time

text: thus

text: effectively

text: observing

text: daylight

text: saving

text: time

text: year

text: round

text: Conversely

text: northeast

text: India

text: and

text: a

text: few

text: other

text: areas

text: skew

text: time

text: zones

text: eastward

text: in

text: effect

text: observing

text: negative

text: DST

text: The

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: Ireland

text: experimented

text: with

text: year

text: round

text: DST

text: from

text: to

text: but

text: abandoned

text: it

text: because

text: of

text: its

text: unpopularity

text: particularly

text: in

text: northern

text: regions

question: In which direction do countries like Russia and Argentina shift their time zones that could be considered all-year DST?

answer: westward

text: westward

question: About how many minutes does Saskatoon, Saskatchewan stay ahead of mean solar time?

answer: 67

question: What time does Saskatoon observe all year long?

answer: Central Standard Time

text: Central Standard Time

question: Places like northeast India that shift time zones to the east could be considered to be observing what kind of DST?

answer: negative DST

text: negative DST

question: What year did Ireland and the UK give up on their permanent DST experiment?

answer: 1971


text: The tourism industry began in the early 19th century when foreigners visited the Alps, traveled to the bases of the mountains to enjoy the scenery, and stayed at the spa-resorts. Large hotels were built during the Belle Époque; cog-railways, built early in the 20th century, brought tourists to ever higher elevations, with the Jungfraubahn terminating at the Jungfraujoch, well above the eternal snow-line, after going through a tunnel in Eiger. During this period winter sports were slowly introduced: in 1882 the first figure skating championship was held in St. Moritz, and downhill skiing became a popular sport with English visitors early in the 20th century, as the first ski-lift was installed in 1908 above Grindelwald.

title: Alps

title: Alps

text: The

text: tourism

text: industry

text: began

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: when

text: foreigners

text: visited

text: the

text: Alps

text: traveled

text: to

text: the

text: bases

text: of

text: the

text: mountains

text: to

text: enjoy

text: the

text: scenery

text: and

text: stayed

text: at

text: the

text: spa

text: resorts

text: Large

text: hotels

text: were

text: built

text: during

text: the

text: Belle

text: Époque

text: cog

text: railways

text: built

text: early

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: brought

text: tourists

text: to

text: ever

text: higher

text: elevations

text: with

text: the

text: Jungfraubahn

text: terminating

text: at

text: the

text: Jungfraujoch

text: well

text: above

text: the

text: eternal

text: snow

text: line

text: after

text: going

text: through

text: a

text: tunnel

text: in

text: Eiger

text: During

text: this

text: period

text: winter

text: sports

text: were

text: slowly

text: introduced

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: figure

text: skating

text: championship

text: was

text: held

text: in

text: St.

text: Moritz

text: and

text: downhill

text: skiing

text: became

text: a

text: popular

text: sport

text: with

text: English

text: visitors

text: early

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: as

text: the

text: first

text: ski

text: lift

text: was

text: installed

text: in

text: above

text: Grindelwald

question: When did the tourism industry begin?

answer: the early 19th century

text: the early 19th century

question: When were large hotels built in the Alps?

answer: during the Belle Époque

text: during the Belle Époque

question: When were cog-railways built in the Alps?

answer: early in the 20th century

text: early in the 20th century

question: When was the first figure skating championship held?

answer: 1882

question: Where was the first figure skating championship held?

answer: St. Moritz

text: St. Moritz


text: Conventional bleaching of wood pulp using elemental chlorine produces and releases into the environment large amounts of chlorinated organic compounds, including chlorinated dioxins. Dioxins are recognized as a persistent environmental pollutant, regulated internationally by the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. Dioxins are highly toxic, and health effects on humans include reproductive, developmental, immune and hormonal problems. They are known to be carcinogenic. Over 90% of human exposure is through food, primarily meat, dairy, fish and shellfish, as dioxins accumulate in the food chain in the fatty tissue of animals.

title: Paper

title: Paper

text: Conventional

text: bleaching

text: of

text: wood

text: pulp

text: using

text: elemental

text: chlorine

text: produces

text: and

text: releases

text: into

text: the

text: environment

text: large

text: amounts

text: of

text: chlorinated

text: organic

text: compounds

text: including

text: chlorinated

text: dioxins

text: Dioxins

text: are

text: recognized

text: as

text: a

text: persistent

text: environmental

text: pollutant

text: regulated

text: internationally

text: by

text: the

text: Stockholm

text: Convention

text: on

text: Persistent

text: Organic

text: Pollutants

text: Dioxins

text: are

text: highly

text: toxic

text: and

text: health

text: effects

text: on

text: humans

text: include

text: reproductive

text: developmental

text: immune

text: and

text: hormonal

text: problems

text: They

text: are

text: known

text: to

text: be

text: carcinogenic

text: Over

text: of

text: human

text: exposure

text: is

text: through

text: food

text: primarily

text: meat

text: dairy

text: fish

text: and

text: shellfish

text: as

text: dioxins

text: accumulate

text: in

text: the

text: food

text: chain

text: in

text: the

text: fatty

text: tissue

text: of

text: animals

question: What process of papermaking is most heavily linked to the pollution?

answer: bleaching

text: bleaching

question: How are humans commonly exposed to the byproducts of the bleaching process?

answer: through food

text: through food

question: Where are dioxins stored in our animal sources of food?

answer: fatty tissue

text: fatty tissue

question: What agency internationally regulates dioxins?

answer: the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants

text: the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants


text: The two systems were to run on a trial basis for six months; early television sets supported both resolutions. However, the Baird system, which used a mechanical camera for filmed programming and Farnsworth image dissector cameras for live programming, proved too cumbersome and visually inferior, and ended with closedown (at 22:00) on Saturday 13 February 1937.

title: BBC_Television

title: BBC_Television

text: The

text: two

text: systems

text: were

text: to

text: run

text: on

text: a

text: trial

text: basis

text: for

text: six

text: months

text: early

text: television

text: sets

text: supported

text: both

text: resolutions

text: However

text: the

text: Baird

text: system

text: which

text: used

text: a

text: mechanical

text: camera

text: for

text: filmed

text: programming

text: and

text: Farnsworth

text: image

text: dissector

text: cameras

text: for

text: live

text: programming

text: proved

text: too

text: cumbersome

text: and

text: visually

text: inferior

text: and

text: ended

text: with

text: closedown

text: at

text: on

text: Saturday

text: February

question: For how long did the BBC alternate different broadcasting systems?

answer: six months

text: six months

question: What kind of camera was used to broadcast live shows under the Baird system?

answer: Farnsworth image dissector

text: Farnsworth image dissector

question: When was the Baird system officially abandoned?

answer: 13 February 1937

text: 13 February 1937


text: Fungi communicate to coordinate and organize their growth and development such as the formation of Marcelia and fruiting bodies. Fungi communicate with their own and related species as well as with non fungal organisms in a great variety of symbiotic interactions, especially with bacteria, unicellular eukaryote, plants and insects through biochemicals of biotic origin. The biochemicals trigger the fungal organism to react in a specific manner, while if the same chemical molecules are not part of biotic messages, they do not trigger the fungal organism to react. This implies that fungal organisms can differentiate between molecules taking part in biotic messages and similar molecules being irrelevant in the situation. So far five different primary signalling molecules are known to coordinate different behavioral patterns such as filamentation, mating, growth, and pathogenicity. Behavioral coordination and production of signaling substances is achieved through interpretation processes that enables the organism to differ between self or non-self, a biotic indicator, biotic message from similar, related, or non-related species, and even filter out "noise", i.e. similar molecules without biotic content.

title: Communication

title: Communication

text: Fungi

text: communicate

text: to

text: coordinate

text: and

text: organize

text: their

text: growth

text: and

text: development

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: formation

text: of

text: Marcelia

text: and

text: fruiting

text: bodies

text: Fungi

text: communicate

text: with

text: their

text: own

text: and

text: related

text: species

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: with

text: non

text: fungal

text: organisms

text: in

text: a

text: great

text: variety

text: of

text: symbiotic

text: interactions

text: especially

text: with

text: bacteria

text: unicellular

text: eukaryote

text: plants

text: and

text: insects

text: through

text: biochemicals

text: of

text: biotic

text: origin

text: The

text: biochemicals

text: trigger

text: the

text: fungal

text: organism

text: to

text: react

text: in

text: a

text: specific

text: manner

text: while

text: if

text: the

text: same

text: chemical

text: molecules

text: are

text: not

text: part

text: of

text: biotic

text: messages

text: they

text: do

text: not

text: trigger

text: the

text: fungal

text: organism

text: to

text: react

text: This

text: implies

text: that

text: fungal

text: organisms

text: can

text: differentiate

text: between

text: molecules

text: taking

text: part

text: in

text: biotic

text: messages

text: and

text: similar

text: molecules

text: being

text: irrelevant

text: in

text: the

text: situation

text: So

text: far

text: five

text: different

text: primary

text: signalling

text: molecules

text: are

text: known

text: to

text: coordinate

text: different

text: behavioral

text: patterns

text: such

text: as

text: filamentation

text: mating

text: growth

text: and

text: pathogenicity

text: Behavioral

text: coordination

text: and

text: production

text: of

text: signaling

text: substances

text: is

text: achieved

text: through

text: interpretation

text: processes

text: that

text: enables

text: the

text: organism

text: to

text: differ

text: between

text: self

text: or

text: non

text: self

text: a

text: biotic

text: indicator

text: biotic

text: message

text: from

text: similar

text: related

text: or

text: non

text: related

text: species

text: and

text: even

text: filter

text: out

text: noise

text: i.e.

text: similar

text: molecules

text: without

text: biotic

text: content

question: Why do fungi communicate?

answer: to coordinate and organize their growth and development

text: to coordinate and organize their growth and development

question: How do fungi communicate with insects?

answer: through biochemicals of biotic origin

text: through biochemicals of biotic origin

question: How many primary signalling molecules are known to organize different behavioral patterns?

answer: five

text: five

question: What enables an organism to differentiate between self and other?

answer: interpretation processes

text: interpretation processes

question: What is an example of "noise" that is filtered out through the interpretation processes?

answer: similar molecules without biotic content

text: similar molecules without biotic content


text: Many other builds were released until the Japan's Developers Day conference, when Steven Sinofsky announced that Windows 8 Release Preview (build 8400) would be released during the first week of June. On May 28, 2012, Windows 8 Release Preview (Standard Simplified Chinese x64 edition, not China-specific version, build 8400) was leaked online on various Chinese and BitTorrent websites. On May 31, 2012, Windows 8 Release Preview was released to the public by Microsoft. Major items in the Release Preview included the addition of Sports, Travel, and News apps, along with an integrated version of Adobe Flash Player in Internet Explorer. Like the Developer Preview and the Consumer Preview, the release preview expired on January 15, 2013.

title: Windows_8

title: Windows_8

text: Many

text: other

text: builds

text: were

text: released

text: until

text: the

text: Japan

text: 's

text: Developers

text: Day

text: conference

text: when

text: Steven

text: Sinofsky

text: announced

text: that

text: Windows

text: Release

text: Preview

text: build

text: would

text: be

text: released

text: during

text: the

text: first

text: week

text: of

text: June

text: On

text: May

text: Windows

text: Release

text: Preview

text: Standard

text: Simplified

text: Chinese

text: edition

text: not

text: China

text: specific

text: version

text: build

text: was

text: leaked

text: online

text: on

text: various

text: Chinese

text: and

text: BitTorrent

text: websites

text: On

text: May

text: Windows

text: Release

text: Preview

text: was

text: released

text: to

text: the

text: public

text: by

text: Microsoft

text: Major

text: items

text: in

text: the

text: Release

text: Preview

text: included

text: the

text: addition

text: of

text: Sports

text: Travel

text: and

text: News

text: apps

text: along

text: with

text: an

text: integrated

text: version

text: of

text: Adobe

text: Flash

text: Player

text: in

text: Internet

text: Explorer

text: Like

text: the

text: Developer

text: Preview

text: and

text: the

text: Consumer

text: Preview

text: the

text: release

text: preview

text: expired

text: on

text: January

question: When was the Release Preview revealed to consumers?

answer: May 31, 2012

text: May 31, 2012

question: When was the release preview set to expire?

answer: January 15, 2013

text: January 15, 2013

question: What were the main components of the Release preview?

answer: addition of Sports, Travel, and News apps, along with an integrated version of Adobe Flash Player

text: addition of Sports, Travel, and News apps, along with an integrated version of Adobe Flash Player

question: What was the build number of the Windows 8 Release Preview?

answer: 8400

question: When was the Windows 8 Release Preview accidentally revealed?

answer: May 28, 2012

text: May 28, 2012


text: Ecuador, Colombia, Guyana, Peru, and Brazil were the top source countries from South America for legal immigrants to the New York City region in 2013; the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Haiti, and Trinidad and Tobago in the Caribbean; Egypt, Ghana, and Nigeria from Africa; and El Salvador, Honduras, and Guatemala in Central America. Amidst a resurgence of Puerto Rican migration to New York City, this population had increased to approximately 1.3 million in the metropolitan area as of 2013.

title: New_York_City

title: New_York_City

text: Ecuador

text: Colombia

text: Guyana

text: Peru

text: and

text: Brazil

text: were

text: the

text: top

text: source

text: countries

text: from

text: South

text: America

text: for

text: legal

text: immigrants

text: to

text: the

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: region

text: in

text: the

text: Dominican

text: Republic

text: Jamaica

text: Haiti

text: and

text: Trinidad

text: and

text: Tobago

text: in

text: the

text: Caribbean

text: Egypt

text: Ghana

text: and

text: Nigeria

text: from

text: Africa

text: and

text: El

text: Salvador

text: Honduras

text: and

text: Guatemala

text: in

text: Central

text: America

text: Amidst

text: a

text: resurgence

text: of

text: Puerto

text: Rican

text: migration

text: to

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: this

text: population

text: had

text: increased

text: to

text: approximately

text: million

text: in

text: the

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: as

text: of

question: In 2013, how many people of Puerto Rican ancestry lived in New York City?

answer: 1.3 million

text: 1.3 million

question: What nation provided the most legal immigrants to New York City in the Caribbean?

answer: the Dominican Republic

text: the Dominican Republic

question: Out of all African nations, which provided the most legal immigrants in 2013?

answer: Egypt

text: Egypt

question: Out of all nations in Central America, which provided the most legal immigrants in 2013?

answer: El Salvador

text: El Salvador

question: Of all the countries in South America, which provided the most legal immigrants in 2013?

answer: Ecuador

text: Ecuador


text: Estonia (i/ɛˈstoʊniə/; Estonian: Eesti [ˈeːsti]), officially the Republic of Estonia (Estonian: Eesti Vabariik), is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea, to the south by Latvia (343 km), and to the east by Lake Peipus and Russia (338.6 km). Across the Baltic Sea lies Sweden in the west and Finland in the north. The territory of Estonia consists of a mainland and 2,222 islands and islets in the Baltic Sea, covering 45,339 km2 (17,505 sq mi) of land, and is influenced by a humid continental climate.

title: Estonia

title: Estonia

text: Estonia

text: i

text: ɛˈstoʊniə/

text: Estonian

text: Eesti

text: ˈeːsti

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Estonia

text: Estonian

text: Eesti

text: Vabariik

text: is

text: a

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: Baltic

text: region

text: of

text: Northern

text: Europe

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: by

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Finland

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: by

text: the

text: Baltic

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: by

text: Latvia

text: km

text: and

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: by

text: Lake

text: Peipus

text: and

text: Russia

text: km

text: Across

text: the

text: Baltic

text: Sea

text: lies

text: Sweden

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: Finland

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: The

text: territory

text: of

text: Estonia

text: consists

text: of

text: a

text: mainland

text: and

text: islands

text: and

text: islets

text: in

text: the

text: Baltic

text: Sea

text: covering

text: sq

text: mi

text: of

text: land

text: and

text: is

text: influenced

text: by

text: a

text: humid

text: continental

text: climate

question: What is the official name for Estonia?

answer: the Republic of Estonia

text: the Republic of Estonia

question: Where is Estonia located in Northern Europe?

answer: the Baltic region

text: the Baltic region

question: What borders the north of Estonia?

answer: the Gulf of Finland

text: the Gulf of Finland

question: What body of water borders Estonia on the west?

answer: the Baltic Sea

text: the Baltic Sea

question: What country borders south Estonia?

answer: Latvia

text: Latvia


text: In 1797, Patrick Colquhoun was able to persuade the West Indies merchants who operated at the Pool of London on the River Thames, to establish a police force at the docks to prevent rampant theft that was causing annual estimated losses of £500,000 worth of cargo. The idea of a police, as it then existed in France, was considered as a potentially undesirable foreign import. In building the case for the police in the face of England's firm anti-police sentiment, Colquhoun framed the political rationale on economic indicators to show that a police dedicated to crime prevention was "perfectly congenial to the principle of the British constitution." Moreover, he went so far as to praise the French system, which had reached "the greatest degree of perfection" in his estimation.

title: Police

title: Police

text: In

text: Patrick

text: Colquhoun

text: was

text: able

text: to

text: persuade

text: the

text: West

text: Indies

text: merchants

text: who

text: operated

text: at

text: the

text: Pool

text: of

text: London

text: on

text: the

text: River

text: Thames

text: to

text: establish

text: a

text: police

text: force

text: at

text: the

text: docks

text: to

text: prevent

text: rampant

text: theft

text: that

text: was

text: causing

text: annual

text: estimated

text: losses

text: of

text: worth

text: of

text: cargo

text: The

text: idea

text: of

text: a

text: police

text: as

text: it

text: then

text: existed

text: in

text: France

text: was

text: considered

text: as

text: a

text: potentially

text: undesirable

text: foreign

text: import

text: In

text: building

text: the

text: case

text: for

text: the

text: police

text: in

text: the

text: face

text: of

text: England

text: 's

text: firm

text: anti

text: police

text: sentiment

text: Colquhoun

text: framed

text: the

text: political

text: rationale

text: on

text: economic

text: indicators

text: to

text: show

text: that

text: a

text: police

text: dedicated

text: to

text: crime

text: prevention

text: was

text: perfectly

text: congenial

text: to

text: the

text: principle

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: constitution

text: Moreover

text: he

text: went

text: so

text: far

text: as

text: to

text: praise

text: the

text: French

text: system

text: which

text: had

text: reached

text: the

text: greatest

text: degree

text: of

text: perfection

text: in

text: his

text: estimation

question: Who convinced the West Indies merchants in London to establish police?

answer: Patrick Colquhoun

text: Patrick Colquhoun

question: Where did the West Indies merchants in London create a police force?

answer: docks

text: docks

question: When did the West Indies merchants in London create a police force?

answer: 1797

question: How much cargo had been being stolen from West Indies merchants in London each year?

answer: £500,000

question: How did Colquhoun praise the French police?

answer: "the greatest degree of perfection"

text: "the greatest degree of perfection"


text: Yale has numerous athletic facilities, including the Yale Bowl (the nation's first natural "bowl" stadium, and prototype for such stadiums as the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and the Rose Bowl), located at The Walter Camp Field athletic complex, and the Payne Whitney Gymnasium, the second-largest indoor athletic complex in the world. October 21, 2000, marked the dedication of Yale's fourth new boathouse in 157 years of collegiate rowing. The Richard Gilder Boathouse is named to honor former Olympic rower Virginia Gilder '79 and her father Richard Gilder '54, who gave $4 million towards the $7.5 million project. Yale also maintains the Gales Ferry site where the heavyweight men's team trains for the Yale-Harvard Boat Race.

title: Yale_University

title: Yale_University

text: Yale

text: has

text: numerous

text: athletic

text: facilities

text: including

text: the

text: Yale

text: Bowl

text: the

text: nation

text: 's

text: first

text: natural

text: bowl

text: stadium

text: and

text: prototype

text: for

text: such

text: stadiums

text: as

text: the

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: Memorial

text: Coliseum

text: and

text: the

text: Rose

text: Bowl

text: located

text: at

text: The

text: Walter

text: Camp

text: Field

text: athletic

text: complex

text: and

text: the

text: Payne

text: Whitney

text: Gymnasium

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: indoor

text: athletic

text: complex

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: October

text: marked

text: the

text: dedication

text: of

text: Yale

text: 's

text: fourth

text: new

text: boathouse

text: in

text: years

text: of

text: collegiate

text: rowing

text: The

text: Richard

text: Gilder

text: Boathouse

text: is

text: named

text: to

text: honor

text: former

text: Olympic

text: rower

text: Virginia

text: Gilder

text: and

text: her

text: father

text: Richard

text: Gilder

text: who

text: gave

text: million

text: towards

text: the

text: million

text: project

text: Yale

text: also

text: maintains

text: the

text: Gales

text: Ferry

text: site

text: where

text: the

text: heavyweight

text: men

text: 's

text: team

text: trains

text: for

text: the

text: Yale

text: Harvard

text: Boat

text: Race

question: What is the name of the United States' first bowl stadium?

answer: Yale Bowl

text: Yale Bowl

question: What landmarks did the Yale Bowl influence?

answer: Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and the Rose Bowl

text: Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and the Rose Bowl

question: What is the name of the world's second largest indoor athletic building?

answer: Payne Whitney Gymnasium

text: Payne Whitney Gymnasium

question: On what day was the Richard Gilder Boathouse established?

answer: October 21, 2000

text: October 21, 2000

question: How much did the Richard Gilder Boathouse cost to construct?

answer: $7.5 million

text: $7.5 million


text: The phase of reflection of electromagnetic waves depends on the polarization of the incident wave. Given the larger refractive index of the ground (typically n=2) compared to air (n=1), the phase of horizontally polarized radiation is reversed upon reflection (a phase shift of  radians or 180°). On the other hand, the vertical component of the wave's electric field is reflected at grazing angles of incidence approximately in phase. These phase shifts apply as well to a ground modelled as a good electrical conductor.

title: Antenna_(radio)

title: Antenna_(radio

text: The

text: phase

text: of

text: reflection

text: of

text: electromagnetic

text: waves

text: depends

text: on

text: the

text: polarization

text: of

text: the

text: incident

text: wave

text: Given

text: the

text: larger

text: refractive

text: index

text: of

text: the

text: ground

text: typically

text: compared

text: to

text: air

text: the

text: phase

text: of

text: horizontally

text: polarized

text: radiation

text: is

text: reversed

text: upon

text: reflection

text: a

text: phase

text: shift

text: of

text: radians

text: or

text: On

text: the

text: other

text: hand

text: the

text: vertical

text: component

text: of

text: the

text: wave

text: 's

text: electric

text: field

text: is

text: reflected

text: at

text: grazing

text: angles

text: of

text: incidence

text: approximately

text: in

text: phase

text: These

text: phase

text: shifts

text: apply

text: as

text: well

text: to

text: a

text: ground

text: modelled

text: as

text: a

text: good

text: electrical

text: conductor

question: What is the refractive index of the ground?

answer: n=2

question: When is polarized radiation reversed?

answer: reflection

text: reflection

question: What is the refractive index of air?

answer: n=1

question: Besides a ground, what has these phases apply well to?

answer: electrical conductor

text: electrical conductor