text: Auto racing is also popular in the area. The Richmond International Raceway (RIR) has hosted NASCAR Sprint Cup races since 1953, as well as the Capital City 400 from 1962 − 1980. RIR also hosted IndyCar's Suntrust Indy Challenge from 2001 − 2009. Another track, Southside Speedway, has operated since 1959 and sits just southwest of Richmond in Chesterfield County. This .333-mile (0.536 km) oval short-track has become known as the "Toughest Track in the South" and "The Action Track", and features weekly stock car racing on Friday nights. Southside Speedway has acted as the breeding grounds for many past NASCAR legends including Richard Petty, Bobby Allison and Darrell Waltrip, and claims to be the home track of NASCAR superstar Denny Hamlin.

title: Richmond,_Virginia

title: Richmond,_Virginia

text: Auto

text: racing

text: is

text: also

text: popular

text: in

text: the

text: area

text: The

text: Richmond

text: International

text: Raceway

text: RIR

text: has

text: hosted

text: NASCAR

text: Sprint

text: Cup

text: races

text: since

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: Capital

text: City

text: from

text: RIR

text: also

text: hosted

text: IndyCar

text: 's

text: Suntrust

text: Indy

text: Challenge

text: from

text: Another

text: track

text: Southside

text: Speedway

text: has

text: operated

text: since

text: and

text: sits

text: just

text: southwest

text: of

text: Richmond

text: in

text: Chesterfield

text: County

text: This

text: km

text: oval

text: short

text: track

text: has

text: become

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Toughest

text: Track

text: in

text: the

text: South

text: and

text: The

text: Action

text: Track

text: and

text: features

text: weekly

text: stock

text: car

text: racing

text: on

text: Friday

text: nights

text: Southside

text: Speedway

text: has

text: acted

text: as

text: the

text: breeding

text: grounds

text: for

text: many

text: past

text: NASCAR

text: legends

text: including

text: Richard

text: Petty

text: Bobby

text: Allison

text: and

text: Darrell

text: Waltrip

text: and

text: claims

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: home

text: track

text: of

text: NASCAR

text: superstar

text: Denny

text: Hamlin

question: When did the RIR begin to host the Capital City 400?

answer: 1962

question: When did the Suntrust Indy Challenge stop being run at RIR?

answer: 2009

question: In what direction does one travel from Richmond to reach Southside Speedway?

answer: southwest

text: southwest

question: What is the shape of Southside Speedway?

answer: oval

text: oval

question: Along with "The Action Track," what is a nickname of Southside Speedway?

answer: Toughest Track in the South

text: Toughest Track in the South


text: The city also has the Southampton Sports Centre which is the focal point for the public's sporting and outdoor activities and includes an Alpine Centre, theme park and athletics centre which is used by professional athletes. With the addition of 11 other additional leisure venures which are currently operate by the Council leisure executives. However these have been sold the operating rights to "Park Wood Leisure."

title: Southampton

title: Southampton

text: The

text: city

text: also

text: has

text: the

text: Southampton

text: Sports

text: Centre

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: focal

text: point

text: for

text: the

text: public

text: 's

text: sporting

text: and

text: outdoor

text: activities

text: and

text: includes

text: an

text: Alpine

text: Centre

text: theme

text: park

text: and

text: athletics

text: centre

text: which

text: is

text: used

text: by

text: professional

text: athletes

text: With

text: the

text: addition

text: of

text: other

text: additional

text: leisure

text: venures

text: which

text: are

text: currently

text: operate

text: by

text: the

text: Council

text: leisure

text: executives

text: However

text: these

text: have

text: been

text: sold

text: the

text: operating

text: rights

text: to

text: Park

text: Wood

text: Leisure

question: What facility is the center of Southampton's public sports and outdoor activities?

answer: Southampton Sports Centre

text: Southampton Sports Centre

question: How many additional leisure venues are run by Council executives?

answer: 11

question: What company did the Council leisure executives sell operating rights to?

answer: Park Wood Leisure

text: Park Wood Leisure


text: The Qing emperors were generally adept at poetry and often skilled in painting, and offered their patronage to Confucian culture. The Kangxi and Qianlong Emperors, for instance, embraced Chinese traditions both to control them and to proclaim their own legitimacy. The Kangxi Emperor sponsored the Peiwen Yunfu, a rhyme dictionary published in 1711, and the Kangxi Dictionary published in 1716, which remains to this day an authoritative reference. The Qianlong Emperor sponsored the largest collection of writings in Chinese history, the Siku Quanshu, completed in 1782. Court painters made new versions of the Song masterpiece, Zhang Zeduan's Along the River During the Qingming Festival whose depiction of a prosperous and happy realm demonstrated the beneficence of the emperor. The emperors undertook tours of the south and commissioned monumental scrolls to depict the grandeur of the occasion. Imperial patronage also encouraged the industrial production of ceramics and Chinese export porcelain.

title: Qing_dynasty

title: Qing_dynasty

text: The

text: Qing

text: emperors

text: were

text: generally

text: adept

text: at

text: poetry

text: and

text: often

text: skilled

text: in

text: painting

text: and

text: offered

text: their

text: patronage

text: to

text: Confucian

text: culture

text: The

text: Kangxi

text: and

text: Qianlong

text: Emperors

text: for

text: instance

text: embraced

text: Chinese

text: traditions

text: both

text: to

text: control

text: them

text: and

text: to

text: proclaim

text: their

text: own

text: legitimacy

text: The

text: Kangxi

text: Emperor

text: sponsored

text: the

text: Peiwen

text: Yunfu

text: a

text: rhyme

text: dictionary

text: published

text: in

text: and

text: the

text: Kangxi

text: Dictionary

text: published

text: in

text: which

text: remains

text: to

text: this

text: day

text: an

text: authoritative

text: reference

text: The

text: Qianlong

text: Emperor

text: sponsored

text: the

text: largest

text: collection

text: of

text: writings

text: in

text: Chinese

text: history

text: the

text: Siku

text: Quanshu

text: completed

text: in

text: Court

text: painters

text: made

text: new

text: versions

text: of

text: the

text: Song

text: masterpiece

text: Zhang

text: Zeduan

text: 's

text: Along

text: the

text: River

text: During

text: the

text: Qingming

text: Festival

text: whose

text: depiction

text: of

text: a

text: prosperous

text: and

text: happy

text: realm

text: demonstrated

text: the

text: beneficence

text: of

text: the

text: emperor

text: The

text: emperors

text: undertook

text: tours

text: of

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: commissioned

text: monumental

text: scrolls

text: to

text: depict

text: the

text: grandeur

text: of

text: the

text: occasion

text: Imperial

text: patronage

text: also

text: encouraged

text: the

text: industrial

text: production

text: of

text: ceramics

text: and

text: Chinese

text: export

text: porcelain

question: What arts were the Qing emperors good at?

answer: poetry and often skilled in painting

text: poetry and often skilled in painting

question: What was the rhyme dictionary called that was published by Kangxi?

answer: Peiwen Yunfu

text: Peiwen Yunfu

question: When was the Kangxi Dictionary published?

answer: 1716

question: When was the Siku Quanshu finished?

answer: 1782


text: The Chicago White Stockings, (today's Chicago Cubs), began spring training in Hot Springs, Arkansas in 1886. President Albert Spalding (founder of Spalding Sporting Goods) and player/manager Cap Anson brought their players to Hot Springs and played at the Hot Springs Baseball Grounds. The concept was for the players to have training and fitness before the start of the regular season. After the White Stockings had a successful season in 1886, winning the National League Pennant, other teams began bringing their players to "spring training".  The Chicago Cubs, St. Louis Browns, New York Yankees, St. Louis Cardinals, Cleveland Spiders, Detroit Tigers, Pittsburgh Pirates, Cincinnati Reds, New York Highlanders, Brooklyn Dodgers and Boston Red Sox were among the early squads to arrive. Whittington Park (1894) and later Majestic Park (1909) and Fogel Field (1912) were all built in Hot Springs specifically to host Major League teams.

title: Chicago_Cubs

title: Chicago_Cubs

text: The

text: Chicago

text: White

text: Stockings

text: today

text: 's

text: Chicago

text: Cubs

text: began

text: spring

text: training

text: in

text: Hot

text: Springs

text: Arkansas

text: in

text: President

text: Albert

text: Spalding

text: founder

text: of

text: Spalding

text: Sporting

text: Goods

text: and

text: player

text: manager

text: Cap

text: Anson

text: brought

text: their

text: players

text: to

text: Hot

text: Springs

text: and

text: played

text: at

text: the

text: Hot

text: Springs

text: Baseball

text: Grounds

text: The

text: concept

text: was

text: for

text: the

text: players

text: to

text: have

text: training

text: and

text: fitness

text: before

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: the

text: regular

text: season

text: After

text: the

text: White

text: Stockings

text: had

text: a

text: successful

text: season

text: in

text: winning

text: the

text: National

text: League

text: Pennant

text: other

text: teams

text: began

text: bringing

text: their

text: players

text: to

text: spring

text: training

text: The

text: Chicago

text: Cubs

text: St.

text: Louis

text: Browns

text: New

text: York

text: Yankees

text: St.

text: Louis

text: Cardinals

text: Cleveland

text: Spiders

text: Detroit

text: Tigers

text: Pittsburgh

text: Pirates

text: Cincinnati

text: Reds

text: New

text: York

text: Highlanders

text: Brooklyn

text: Dodgers

text: and

text: Boston

text: Red

text: Sox

text: were

text: among

text: the

text: early

text: squads

text: to

text: arrive

text: Whittington

text: Park

text: and

text: later

text: Majestic

text: Park

text: and

text: Fogel

text: Field

text: were

text: all

text: built

text: in

text: Hot

text: Springs

text: specifically

text: to

text: host

text: Major

text: League

text: teams

question: Who began spring training in Hot Springs, Arkansas in 1886?

answer: Chicago White Stockings

text: Chicago White Stockings

question: Who is the founder of Spalding Sporting Goods?

answer: Albert Spalding

text: Albert Spalding

question: Whittington Park, Majestic Park, and Fogel Field were all built where?

answer: Hot Springs, Arkansas

text: Hot Springs, Arkansas


text: Antarctic explorers Robert Falcon Scott and Frank Bickerton both lived in the city. Artists include Beryl Cook whose paintings depict the culture of Plymouth and Robert Lenkiewicz, whose paintings investigated themes of vagrancy, sexual behaviour and suicide, lived in the city from the 1960s until his death in 2002. Illustrator and creator of children's series Mr Benn and King Rollo, David McKee, was born and brought up in South Devon and trained at Plymouth College of Art. Jazz musician John Surman, born in nearby Tavistock, has close connections to the area, evidenced by his 2012 album Saltash Bells. The avant garde prepared guitarist Keith Rowe was born in the city before establishing the jazz free improvisation band AMM in London in 1965 and MIMEO in 1997. The musician and film director Cosmo Jarvis has lived in several towns in South Devon and has filmed videos in and around Plymouth. In addition, actors Sir Donald Sinden and Judi Trott. George Passmore of Turner Prize winning duo Gilbert and George was born in the city, as was Labour politician Michael Foot whose family reside at nearby Trematon Castle.

title: Plymouth

title: Plymouth

text: Antarctic

text: explorers

text: Robert

text: Falcon

text: Scott

text: and

text: Frank

text: Bickerton

text: both

text: lived

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: Artists

text: include

text: Beryl

text: Cook

text: whose

text: paintings

text: depict

text: the

text: culture

text: of

text: Plymouth

text: and

text: Robert

text: Lenkiewicz

text: whose

text: paintings

text: investigated

text: themes

text: of

text: vagrancy

text: sexual

text: behaviour

text: and

text: suicide

text: lived

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: from

text: the

text: until

text: his

text: death

text: in

text: Illustrator

text: and

text: creator

text: of

text: children

text: 's

text: series

text: Mr

text: Benn

text: and

text: King

text: Rollo

text: David

text: McKee

text: was

text: born

text: and

text: brought

text: up

text: in

text: South

text: Devon

text: and

text: trained

text: at

text: Plymouth

text: College

text: of

text: Art

text: Jazz

text: musician

text: John

text: Surman

text: born

text: in

text: nearby

text: Tavistock

text: has

text: close

text: connections

text: to

text: the

text: area

text: evidenced

text: by

text: his

text: album

text: Saltash

text: Bells

text: The

text: avant

text: garde

text: prepared

text: guitarist

text: Keith

text: Rowe

text: was

text: born

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: before

text: establishing

text: the

text: jazz

text: free

text: improvisation

text: band

text: AMM

text: in

text: London

text: in

text: and

text: MIMEO

text: in

text: The

text: musician

text: and

text: film

text: director

text: Cosmo

text: Jarvis

text: has

text: lived

text: in

text: several

text: towns

text: in

text: South

text: Devon

text: and

text: has

text: filmed

text: videos

text: in

text: and

text: around

text: Plymouth

text: In

text: addition

text: actors

text: Sir

text: Donald

text: Sinden

text: and

text: Judi

text: Trott

text: George

text: Passmore

text: of

text: Turner

text: Prize

text: winning

text: duo

text: Gilbert

text: and

text: George

text: was

text: born

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: as

text: was

text: Labour

text: politician

text: Michael

text: Foot

text: whose

text: family

text: reside

text: at

text: nearby

text: Trematon

text: Castle

question: What artist died in Plymouth in 2002?

answer: Robert Lenkiewicz

text: Robert Lenkiewicz

question: Where did the creator of Mr Benn and King Rollo study?

answer: Plymouth College of Art

text: Plymouth College of Art

question: What genre of music does John Surman play?

answer: Jazz

text: Jazz

question: What local figure played in the bands AMM and MIMEO?

answer: Keith Rowe

text: Keith Rowe

question: Where do the family of Michael Foot live?

answer: Trematon Castle

text: Trematon Castle


text: Emperor Zhang's (r. 75–88 AD) reign came to be viewed by later Eastern Han scholars as the high point of the dynastic house. Subsequent reigns were increasingly marked by eunuch intervention in court politics and their involvement in the violent power struggles of the imperial consort clans. With the aid of the eunuch Zheng Zhong (d. 107 AD), Emperor He (r. 88–105 AD) had Empress Dowager Dou (d. 97 AD) put under house arrest and her clan stripped of power. This was in revenge for Dou's purging of the clan of his natural mother—Consort Liang—and then concealing her identity from him. After Emperor He's death, his wife Empress Deng Sui (d. 121 AD) managed state affairs as the regent empress dowager during a turbulent financial crisis and widespread Qiang rebellion that lasted from 107 to 118 AD.

title: Han_dynasty

title: Han_dynasty

text: Emperor

text: Zhang

text: 's

text: r.

text: AD

text: reign

text: came

text: to

text: be

text: viewed

text: by

text: later

text: Eastern

text: Han

text: scholars

text: as

text: the

text: high

text: point

text: of

text: the

text: dynastic

text: house

text: Subsequent

text: reigns

text: were

text: increasingly

text: marked

text: by

text: eunuch

text: intervention

text: in

text: court

text: politics

text: and

text: their

text: involvement

text: in

text: the

text: violent

text: power

text: struggles

text: of

text: the

text: imperial

text: consort

text: clans

text: With

text: the

text: aid

text: of

text: the

text: eunuch

text: Zheng

text: Zhong

text: d.

text: AD

text: Emperor

text: He

text: r.

text: AD

text: had

text: Empress

text: Dowager

text: Dou

text: d.

text: AD

text: put

text: under

text: house

text: arrest

text: and

text: her

text: clan

text: stripped

text: of

text: power

text: This

text: was

text: in

text: revenge

text: for

text: Dou

text: 's

text: purging

text: of

text: the

text: clan

text: of

text: his

text: natural

text: mother

text: Consort

text: Liang

text: and

text: then

text: concealing

text: her

text: identity

text: from

text: him

text: After

text: Emperor

text: He

text: 's

text: death

text: his

text: wife

text: Empress

text: Deng

text: Sui

text: d.

text: AD

text: managed

text: state

text: affairs

text: as

text: the

text: regent

text: empress

text: dowager

text: during

text: a

text: turbulent

text: financial

text: crisis

text: and

text: widespread

text: Qiang

text: rebellion

text: that

text: lasted

text: from

text: to

text: AD

question: Who was prevented from leaving their house?

answer: Empress Dowager Dou

text: Empress Dowager Dou

question: Who managed the state after the death of Emperor He?

answer: Empress Deng Sui

text: Empress Deng Sui

question: When did Emperor He's reign end?

answer: 105 AD

text: 105 AD

question: Who concealed the identity of Emperor He's mother?

answer: Empress Dowager Dou

text: Empress Dowager Dou

question: When did the Qiang rebellion end?

answer: 118 AD

text: 118 AD


text: Nearly two-thirds of all murders in Michigan in 2011 occurred in Detroit. Although the rate of violent crime dropped 11 percent in 2008, violent crime in Detroit has not declined as much as the national average from 2007 to 2011. The violent crime rate is one of the highest in the United States. Neighborhoodscout.com reported a crime rate of 62.18 per 1,000 residents for property crimes, and 16.73 per 1,000 for violent crimes (compared to national figures of 32 per 1,000 for property crimes and 5 per 1,000 for violent crime in 2008).

title: Detroit

title: Detroit

text: Nearly

text: two

text: thirds

text: of

text: all

text: murders

text: in

text: Michigan

text: in

text: occurred

text: in

text: Detroit

text: Although

text: the

text: rate

text: of

text: violent

text: crime

text: dropped

text: percent

text: in

text: violent

text: crime

text: in

text: Detroit

text: has

text: not

text: declined

text: as

text: much

text: as

text: the

text: national

text: average

text: from

text: to

text: The

text: violent

text: crime

text: rate

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: highest

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Neighborhoodscout.com

text: reported

text: a

text: crime

text: rate

text: of

text: per

text: residents

text: for

text: property

text: crimes

text: and

text: per

text: for

text: violent

text: crimes

text: compared

text: to

text: national

text: figures

text: of

text: per

text: for

text: property

text: crimes

text: and

text: per

text: for

text: violent

text: crime

text: in

question: What fraction of Michigan's homicides occurred in Detroit?

answer: two-thirds

text: two-thirds

question: What is Detroit's rate of property crime?

answer: 62.18 per 1,000

text: 62.18 per 1,000

question: What was the national rate of violent crimes in 2008?

answer: 5 per 1,000

text: 5 per 1,000

question: What was Detroit's rate of violent crimes in 2008?

answer: 16.73 per 1,000

text: 16.73 per 1,000


text: The genocide was implemented in two phases: the wholesale killing of the able-bodied male population through massacre and subjection of army conscripts to forced labour, followed by the deportation of women, children, the elderly and infirm on death marches leading to the Syrian desert. Driven forward by military escorts, the deportees were deprived of food and water and subjected to periodic robbery, rape, and massacre. There was local Armenian resistance in the region, developed against the activities of the Ottoman Empire. The events of 1915 to 1917 are regarded by Armenians and the vast majority of Western historians to have been state-sponsored mass killings, or genocide.

title: Armenia

title: Armenia

text: The

text: genocide

text: was

text: implemented

text: in

text: two

text: phases

text: the

text: wholesale

text: killing

text: of

text: the

text: able

text: bodied

text: male

text: population

text: through

text: massacre

text: and

text: subjection

text: of

text: army

text: conscripts

text: to

text: forced

text: labour

text: followed

text: by

text: the

text: deportation

text: of

text: women

text: children

text: the

text: elderly

text: and

text: infirm

text: on

text: death

text: marches

text: leading

text: to

text: the

text: Syrian

text: desert

text: Driven

text: forward

text: by

text: military

text: escorts

text: the

text: deportees

text: were

text: deprived

text: of

text: food

text: and

text: water

text: and

text: subjected

text: to

text: periodic

text: robbery

text: rape

text: and

text: massacre

text: There

text: was

text: local

text: Armenian

text: resistance

text: in

text: the

text: region

text: developed

text: against

text: the

text: activities

text: of

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: The

text: events

text: of

text: to

text: are

text: regarded

text: by

text: Armenians

text: and

text: the

text: vast

text: majority

text: of

text: Western

text: historians

text: to

text: have

text: been

text: state

text: sponsored

text: mass

text: killings

text: or

text: genocide

question: What do the Armenians see the events of 1915-1917 as?

answer: state-sponsored mass killings, or genocide

text: state-sponsored mass killings, or genocide

question: How many phases were there to the Armenian Genocide?

answer: two phases

text: two phases

question: What did the first phase of the Armenian Genocide involve?

answer: killing of the able-bodied male population

text: killing of the able-bodied male population

question: What did the second phase of the Armenian Genocide involve?

answer: deportation of women, children, the elderly and infirm

text: deportation of women, children, the elderly and infirm

question: Where did the Armenian Genocide death marches push the deportees to?

answer: Syrian desert

text: Syrian desert


text: People have used wood for millennia for many purposes, primarily as a fuel or as a construction material for making houses, tools, weapons, furniture, packaging, artworks, and paper. The year-to-year variation in tree-ring widths and isotopic abundances gives clues to the prevailing climate at that time.

title: Wood

title: Wood

text: People

text: have

text: used

text: wood

text: for

text: millennia

text: for

text: many

text: purposes

text: primarily

text: as

text: a

text: fuel

text: or

text: as

text: a

text: construction

text: material

text: for

text: making

text: houses

text: tools

text: weapons

text: furniture

text: packaging

text: artworks

text: and

text: paper

text: The

text: year

text: to

text: year

text: variation

text: in

text: tree

text: ring

text: widths

text: and

text: isotopic

text: abundances

text: gives

text: clues

text: to

text: the

text: prevailing

text: climate

text: at

text: that

text: time

question: What has been the primary purpose of wood for millennia other than fuel?

answer: construction material

text: construction material

question: What is often made of wood that provides shelter to people?

answer: houses

text: houses

question: For clues about the climate of a place, we can look at variation in isotopic abundances or what other thing?

answer: tree-ring widths

text: tree-ring widths

question: What could be made out of wood that could be used to fight off attackers?

answer: weapons

text: weapons

question: What category of items often constructed from wood does a chair belong to?

answer: furniture

text: furniture


text: The primary law is that players other than goalkeepers may not deliberately handle the ball with their hands or arms during play, though they do use their hands during a throw-in restart. Although players usually use their feet to move the ball around, they may use any part of their body (notably, "heading" with the forehead) other than their hands or arms. Within normal play, all players are free to play the ball in any direction and move throughout the pitch, though the ball cannot be received in an offside position.

title: Association_football

title: Association_football

text: The

text: primary

text: law

text: is

text: that

text: players

text: other

text: than

text: goalkeepers

text: may

text: not

text: deliberately

text: handle

text: the

text: ball

text: with

text: their

text: hands

text: or

text: arms

text: during

text: play

text: though

text: they

text: do

text: use

text: their

text: hands

text: during

text: a

text: throw

text: in

text: restart

text: Although

text: players

text: usually

text: use

text: their

text: feet

text: to

text: move

text: the

text: ball

text: around

text: they

text: may

text: use

text: any

text: part

text: of

text: their

text: body

text: notably

text: heading

text: with

text: the

text: forehead

text: other

text: than

text: their

text: hands

text: or

text: arms

text: Within

text: normal

text: play

text: all

text: players

text: are

text: free

text: to

text: play

text: the

text: ball

text: in

text: any

text: direction

text: and

text: move

text: throughout

text: the

text: pitch

text: though

text: the

text: ball

text: can

text: not

text: be

text: received

text: in

text: an

text: offside

text: position

question: When is it okay for regular players to use their hands?

answer: throw-in restart

text: throw-in restart

question: A ball cannot be received in what type of position?

answer: offside

text: offside

question: throughout when can players move the ball in any direction?

answer: the pitch

text: the pitch

question: Who can only handle the ball with their hands or arms during play?

answer: goalkeepers

text: goalkeepers


text: The Egyptian military has dozens of factories manufacturing weapons as well as consumer goods. The Armed Forces' inventory includes equipment from different countries around the world. Equipment from the former Soviet Union is being progressively replaced by more modern US, French, and British equipment, a significant portion of which is built under license in Egypt, such as the M1 Abrams tank.[citation needed] Relations with Russia have improved significantly following Mohamed Morsi's removal and both countries have worked since then to strengthen military and trade ties among other aspects of bilateral co-operation. Relations with China have also improved considerably. In 2014, Egypt and China have established a bilateral "comprehensive strategic partnership".

title: Egypt

title: Egypt

text: The

text: Egyptian

text: military

text: has

text: dozens

text: of

text: factories

text: manufacturing

text: weapons

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: consumer

text: goods

text: The

text: Armed

text: Forces

text: inventory

text: includes

text: equipment

text: from

text: different

text: countries

text: around

text: the

text: world

text: Equipment

text: from

text: the

text: former

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: is

text: being

text: progressively

text: replaced

text: by

text: more

text: modern

text: US

text: French

text: and

text: British

text: equipment

text: a

text: significant

text: portion

text: of

text: which

text: is

text: built

text: under

text: license

text: in

text: Egypt

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Abrams

text: tank.[citation

text: needed

text: Relations

text: with

text: Russia

text: have

text: improved

text: significantly

text: following

text: Mohamed

text: Morsi

text: 's

text: removal

text: and

text: both

text: countries

text: have

text: worked

text: since

text: then

text: to

text: strengthen

text: military

text: and

text: trade

text: ties

text: among

text: other

text: aspects

text: of

text: bilateral

text: co

text: operation

text: Relations

text: with

text: China

text: have

text: also

text: improved

text: considerably

text: In

text: Egypt

text: and

text: China

text: have

text: established

text: a

text: bilateral

text: comprehensive

text: strategic

text: partnership

question: Equipment from what country is being replaced?

answer: Soviet Union

text: Soviet Union

question: How many factories does Egyptian military have?

answer: dozens

text: dozens

question: After Morsi removal, what country has Egypt improved relations with?

answer: Russia

text: Russia

question: In 2014 what country did Egypt form partnership with?

answer: China

text: China


text: The University of Kansas (KU) is a public research university and the largest in the U.S. state of Kansas. KU branch campuses are located in the towns of Lawrence, Wichita, Overland Park, Salina, and Kansas City, Kansas, with the main campus located in Lawrence on Mount Oread, the highest location in Lawrence. Founded March 21, 1865, the university was opened in 1866, under a charter granted by the Kansas State Legislature in 1864 following enabling legislation passed in 1863 under the Kansas State Constitution, adopted two years after the 1861 admission of the former Kansas Territory as the 34th state into the Union following a very famous bloody internal civil war known as "Bleeding Kansas" during the 1850s.

title: University_of_Kansas

title: University_of_Kansas

text: The

text: University

text: of

text: Kansas

text: KU

text: is

text: a

text: public

text: research

text: university

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: state

text: of

text: Kansas

text: KU

text: branch

text: campuses

text: are

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: towns

text: of

text: Lawrence

text: Wichita

text: Overland

text: Park

text: Salina

text: and

text: Kansas

text: City

text: Kansas

text: with

text: the

text: main

text: campus

text: located

text: in

text: Lawrence

text: on

text: Mount

text: Oread

text: the

text: highest

text: location

text: in

text: Lawrence

text: Founded

text: March

text: the

text: university

text: was

text: opened

text: in

text: under

text: a

text: charter

text: granted

text: by

text: the

text: Kansas

text: State

text: Legislature

text: in

text: following

text: enabling

text: legislation

text: passed

text: in

text: under

text: the

text: Kansas

text: State

text: Constitution

text: adopted

text: two

text: years

text: after

text: the

text: admission

text: of

text: the

text: former

text: Kansas

text: Territory

text: as

text: the

text: state

text: into

text: the

text: Union

text: following

text: a

text: very

text: famous

text: bloody

text: internal

text: civil

text: war

text: known

text: as

text: Bleeding

text: Kansas

text: during

text: the

question: What is the abbreviation by which the University of Kansas is known?

answer: KU

text: KU

question: Where is the main branch of the University of Kansas located?

answer: Lawrence

text: Lawrence

question: What is the tallest point in Lawrence?

answer: Mount Oread

text: Mount Oread

question: Who authorized the opening of the University of Kansas?

answer: the Kansas State Legislature

text: the Kansas State Legislature

question: In what year was Kansas made a member of the United States?

answer: 1861


text: A number of theories have been proposed regarding Avicenna's madhab (school of thought within Islamic jurisprudence). Medieval historian Ẓahīr al-dīn al-Bayhaqī (d. 1169) considered Avicenna to be a follower of the Brethren of Purity. On the other hand, Dimitri Gutas along with Aisha Khan and Jules J. Janssens demonstrated that Avicenna was a Sunni Hanafi. However, the 14th cenutry Shia faqih Nurullah Shushtari according to Seyyed Hossein Nasr, maintained that he was most likely a Twelver Shia. Conversely, Sharaf Khorasani, citing a rejection of an invitation of the Sunni Governor Sultan Mahmoud Ghazanavi by Avicenna to his court, believes that Avicenna was an Ismaili. Similar disagreements exist on the background of Avicenna's family, whereas some writers considered them Sunni, some more recent writers contested that they were Shia.

title: Avicenna

title: Avicenna

text: A

text: number

text: of

text: theories

text: have

text: been

text: proposed

text: regarding

text: Avicenna

text: 's

text: madhab

text: school

text: of

text: thought

text: within

text: Islamic

text: jurisprudence

text: Medieval

text: historian

text: Ẓahīr

text: al

text: dīn

text: al

text: Bayhaqī

text: d.

text: considered

text: Avicenna

text: to

text: be

text: a

text: follower

text: of

text: the

text: Brethren

text: of

text: Purity

text: On

text: the

text: other

text: hand

text: Dimitri

text: Gutas

text: along

text: with

text: Aisha

text: Khan

text: and

text: Jules

text: J.

text: Janssens

text: demonstrated

text: that

text: Avicenna

text: was

text: a

text: Sunni

text: Hanafi

text: However

text: the

text: cenutry

text: Shia

text: faqih

text: Nurullah

text: Shushtari

text: according

text: to

text: Seyyed

text: Hossein

text: Nasr

text: maintained

text: that

text: he

text: was

text: most

text: likely

text: a

text: Twelver

text: Shia

text: Conversely

text: Sharaf

text: Khorasani

text: citing

text: a

text: rejection

text: of

text: an

text: invitation

text: of

text: the

text: Sunni

text: Governor

text: Sultan

text: Mahmoud

text: Ghazanavi

text: by

text: Avicenna

text: to

text: his

text: court

text: believes

text: that

text: Avicenna

text: was

text: an

text: Ismaili

text: Similar

text: disagreements

text: exist

text: on

text: the

text: background

text: of

text: Avicenna

text: 's

text: family

text: whereas

text: some

text: writers

text: considered

text: them

text: Sunni

text: some

text: more

text: recent

text: writers

text: contested

text: that

text: they

text: were

text: Shia

question: What secret society was Avicenna considered to be a follower of?

answer: the Brethren of Purity

text: the Brethren of Purity

question: Who thought that Avicenna was a Brethren of Purity follower?

answer: Medieval historian Ẓahīr al-dīn al-Bayhaqī

text: Medieval historian Ẓahīr al-dīn al-Bayhaqī

question: What Islamic denomination was Avicenna thought to be a member of?

answer: Sunni

text: Sunni

question: Who thought Avicenna was a Shia?

answer: Nurullah Shushtari

text: Nurullah Shushtari

question: What was the name of one man who thought Avicenna was Sunni?

answer: Jules J. Janssens

text: Jules J. Janssens


text: This contrasts with the presidential system, in which the president (or equivalent) is both the head of state and the head of the government. In some presidential or semi-presidential systems, such as those of France, Russia or South Korea, the prime minister is an official generally appointed by the president but usually approved by the legislature and responsible for carrying out the directives of the president and managing the civil service. The head of government of the People's Republic of China is referred to as the Premier of the State Council and the premier of the Republic of China (Taiwan) is also appointed by the president, but requires no approval by the legislature.

title: Prime_minister

title: Prime_minister

text: This

text: contrasts

text: with

text: the

text: presidential

text: system

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: president

text: or

text: equivalent

text: is

text: both

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: state

text: and

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: the

text: government

text: In

text: some

text: presidential

text: or

text: semi

text: presidential

text: systems

text: such

text: as

text: those

text: of

text: France

text: Russia

text: or

text: South

text: Korea

text: the

text: prime

text: minister

text: is

text: an

text: official

text: generally

text: appointed

text: by

text: the

text: president

text: but

text: usually

text: approved

text: by

text: the

text: legislature

text: and

text: responsible

text: for

text: carrying

text: out

text: the

text: directives

text: of

text: the

text: president

text: and

text: managing

text: the

text: civil

text: service

text: The

text: head

text: of

text: government

text: of

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: is

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Premier

text: of

text: the

text: State

text: Council

text: and

text: the

text: premier

text: of

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: Taiwan

text: is

text: also

text: appointed

text: by

text: the

text: president

text: but

text: requires

text: no

text: approval

text: by

text: the

text: legislature

question: What is the term for the head of China's government?

answer: Premier of the State Council

text: Premier of the State Council

question: What is another name for the Republic of China?

answer: Taiwan

text: Taiwan

question: Whose consent is not required for the Taiwanese premier to take office?

answer: legislature

text: legislature


text: The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) is a "measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account."

title: Human_Development_Index

title: Human_Development_Index

text: The

text: Inequality

text: adjusted

text: Human

text: Development

text: Index

text: IHDI

text: is

text: a

text: measure

text: of

text: the

text: average

text: level

text: of

text: human

text: development

text: of

text: people

text: in

text: a

text: society

text: once

text: inequality

text: is

text: taken

text: into

text: account

question: What does the IHDI specifically take into account?

answer: Inequality

text: Inequality

question: Does the IHDI measure the "average" or the "potential" level of human development?

answer: the average level

text: the average level


text: The Roman Catholic Church canon law also includes the main five rites (groups) of churches which are in full union with the Roman Catholic Church and the Supreme Pontiff:

title: Canon_law

title: Canon_law

text: The

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: canon

text: law

text: also

text: includes

text: the

text: main

text: five

text: rites

text: groups

text: of

text: churches

text: which

text: are

text: in

text: full

text: union

text: with

text: the

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: and

text: the

text: Supreme

text: Pontiff

question: What is another name for the collections of other Catholic churches led by the Supreme Pontiff?

answer: rites

text: rites

question: How many major rites exist?

answer: five

text: five

question: Who is the leader of the Roman Catholic Church?

answer: the Supreme Pontiff

text: the Supreme Pontiff

question: What term characterizes the intersection of the rites with the Roman Catholic Church?

answer: full union

text: full union

question: Which denomination is led by the Supreme Pontiff?

answer: Roman Catholic

text: Roman Catholic


text: The Richmond area has many major institutions of higher education, including Virginia Commonwealth University (public), University of Richmond (private), Virginia Union University (private), Virginia College (private), South University - Richmond (private, for-profit), Union Theological Seminary & Presbyterian School of Christian Education (private), and the Baptist Theological Seminary in Richmond (BTSR—private). Several community colleges are found in the metro area, including J. Sargeant Reynolds Community College and John Tyler Community College (Chesterfield County). In addition, there are several Technical Colleges in Richmond including ITT Technical Institute, ECPI College of Technology and Centura College. There are several vocational colleges also, such as Fortis College and Bryant Stratton College.

title: Richmond,_Virginia

title: Richmond,_Virginia

text: The

text: Richmond

text: area

text: has

text: many

text: major

text: institutions

text: of

text: higher

text: education

text: including

text: Virginia

text: Commonwealth

text: University

text: public

text: University

text: of

text: Richmond

text: private

text: Virginia

text: Union

text: University

text: private

text: Virginia

text: College

text: private

text: South

text: University

text: Richmond

text: private

text: for

text: profit

text: Union

text: Theological

text: Seminary

text: Presbyterian

text: School

text: of

text: Christian

text: Education

text: private

text: and

text: the

text: Baptist

text: Theological

text: Seminary

text: in

text: Richmond

text: BTSR

text: private

text: Several

text: community

text: colleges

text: are

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: metro

text: area

text: including

text: J.

text: Sargeant

text: Reynolds

text: Community

text: College

text: and

text: John

text: Tyler

text: Community

text: College

text: Chesterfield

text: County

text: In

text: addition

text: there

text: are

text: several

text: Technical

text: Colleges

text: in

text: Richmond

text: including

text: ITT

text: Technical

text: Institute

text: ECPI

text: College

text: of

text: Technology

text: and

text: Centura

text: College

text: There

text: are

text: several

text: vocational

text: colleges

text: also

text: such

text: as

text: Fortis

text: College

text: and

text: Bryant

text: Stratton

text: College

question: What type of university is the University of Richmond?

answer: private

text: private

question: What is a for-profit university in Richmond?

answer: South University - Richmond

text: South University - Richmond

question: What does BTSR stand for?

answer: Baptist Theological Seminary in Richmond

text: Baptist Theological Seminary in Richmond

question: Where is John Tyler Community College located?

answer: Chesterfield County

text: Chesterfield County

question: What is Richmond's public university?

answer: Virginia Commonwealth

text: Virginia Commonwealth


text: Carbon metabolism in bacteria is either heterotrophic, where organic carbon compounds are used as carbon sources, or autotrophic, meaning that cellular carbon is obtained by fixing carbon dioxide. Heterotrophic bacteria include parasitic types. Typical autotrophic bacteria are phototrophic cyanobacteria, green sulfur-bacteria and some purple bacteria, but also many chemolithotrophic species, such as nitrifying or sulfur-oxidising bacteria. Energy metabolism of bacteria is either based on phototrophy, the use of light through photosynthesis, or based on chemotrophy, the use of chemical substances for energy, which are mostly oxidised at the expense of oxygen or alternative electron acceptors (aerobic/anaerobic respiration).

title: Bacteria

title: Bacteria

text: Carbon

text: metabolism

text: in

text: bacteria

text: is

text: either

text: heterotrophic

text: where

text: organic

text: carbon

text: compounds

text: are

text: used

text: as

text: carbon

text: sources

text: or

text: autotrophic

text: meaning

text: that

text: cellular

text: carbon

text: is

text: obtained

text: by

text: fixing

text: carbon

text: dioxide

text: Heterotrophic

text: bacteria

text: include

text: parasitic

text: types

text: Typical

text: autotrophic

text: bacteria

text: are

text: phototrophic

text: cyanobacteria

text: green

text: sulfur

text: bacteria

text: and

text: some

text: purple

text: bacteria

text: but

text: also

text: many

text: chemolithotrophic

text: species

text: such

text: as

text: nitrifying

text: or

text: sulfur

text: oxidising

text: bacteria

text: Energy

text: metabolism

text: of

text: bacteria

text: is

text: either

text: based

text: on

text: phototrophy

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: light

text: through

text: photosynthesis

text: or

text: based

text: on

text: chemotrophy

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: chemical

text: substances

text: for

text: energy

text: which

text: are

text: mostly

text: oxidised

text: at

text: the

text: expense

text: of

text: oxygen

text: or

text: alternative

text: electron

text: acceptors

text: aerobic

text: anaerobic

text: respiration

question: How does heterotrophic carbon metabolism occur?

answer: organic carbon compounds are used as carbon sources

text: organic carbon compounds are used as carbon sources

question: When carbon metabolism is called autotrophic?

answer: cellular carbon is obtained by fixing carbon dioxide

text: cellular carbon is obtained by fixing carbon dioxide

question: What category do parasitic bacteria fall into?

answer: Heterotrophic bacteria

text: Heterotrophic bacteria

question: Green sulfur-bacteria is typical representative of what type of bacteria?

answer: autotrophic bacteria

text: autotrophic bacteria

question: What is chemotrophy ?

answer: the use of chemical substances for energy

text: the use of chemical substances for energy


text: Elsewhere, remnants of the medieval water supply system devised by the friars can still be seen today. Constructed in 1290, the system carried water from Conduit Head (remnants of which survive near Hill Lane, Shirley) some 1.7 kilometres to the site of the friary inside the town walls. The friars granted use of the water to the town in 1310 and passed on ownership of the water supply system itself in 1420. Further remains can be observed at Conduit House on Commercial Road.

title: Southampton

title: Southampton

text: Elsewhere

text: remnants

text: of

text: the

text: medieval

text: water

text: supply

text: system

text: devised

text: by

text: the

text: friars

text: can

text: still

text: be

text: seen

text: today

text: Constructed

text: in

text: the

text: system

text: carried

text: water

text: from

text: Conduit

text: Head

text: remnants

text: of

text: which

text: survive

text: near

text: Hill

text: Lane

text: Shirley

text: some

text: kilometres

text: to

text: the

text: site

text: of

text: the

text: friary

text: inside

text: the

text: town

text: walls

text: The

text: friars

text: granted

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: water

text: to

text: the

text: town

text: in

text: and

text: passed

text: on

text: ownership

text: of

text: the

text: water

text: supply

text: system

text: itself

text: in

text: Further

text: remains

text: can

text: be

text: observed

text: at

text: Conduit

text: House

text: on

text: Commercial

text: Road

question: In what year was the friars' water supply system built in Southampton?

answer: 1290

question: Where was the water brought from by the friars' supply system?

answer: Conduit Head

text: Conduit Head

question: What year did the friars start letting the rest of Southampton use the water from their system?

answer: 1310

question: When was ownership of the medieval water supply system given to the town of Southampton?

answer: 1420

question: What's the name of the landmark on Commercial Road where remains of the friars' water system can be seen?

answer: Conduit House

text: Conduit House


text: The structure of a mosque is simple and it expresses openness. Calligraphic inscriptions from the Quran decorate mosques and mausoleums in Punjab. The inscriptions on bricks and tiles of the mausoleum of Shah Rukn-e-Alam (1320 AD) at Multan are outstanding specimens of architectural calligraphy. The earliest existing building in South Asia with enamelled tile-work is the tomb of Shah Yusuf Gardezi (1150 AD) at Multan. A specimen of the sixteenth century tile-work at Lahore is the tomb of Sheikh Musa Ahangar, with its brilliant blue dome. The tile-work of Emperor Shah Jahan is of a richer and more elaborate nature. The pictured wall of Lahore Fort is the last line in the tile-work in the entire world.

title: Punjab,_Pakistan

title: Punjab,_Pakistan

text: The

text: structure

text: of

text: a

text: mosque

text: is

text: simple

text: and

text: it

text: expresses

text: openness

text: Calligraphic

text: inscriptions

text: from

text: the

text: Quran

text: decorate

text: mosques

text: and

text: mausoleums

text: in

text: Punjab

text: The

text: inscriptions

text: on

text: bricks

text: and

text: tiles

text: of

text: the

text: mausoleum

text: of

text: Shah

text: Rukn

text: e

text: Alam

text: AD

text: at

text: Multan

text: are

text: outstanding

text: specimens

text: of

text: architectural

text: calligraphy

text: The

text: earliest

text: existing

text: building

text: in

text: South

text: Asia

text: with

text: enamelled

text: tile

text: work

text: is

text: the

text: tomb

text: of

text: Shah

text: Yusuf

text: Gardezi

text: AD

text: at

text: Multan

text: A

text: specimen

text: of

text: the

text: sixteenth

text: century

text: tile

text: work

text: at

text: Lahore

text: is

text: the

text: tomb

text: of

text: Sheikh

text: Musa

text: Ahangar

text: with

text: its

text: brilliant

text: blue

text: dome

text: The

text: tile

text: work

text: of

text: Emperor

text: Shah

text: Jahan

text: is

text: of

text: a

text: richer

text: and

text: more

text: elaborate

text: nature

text: The

text: pictured

text: wall

text: of

text: Lahore

text: Fort

text: is

text: the

text: last

text: line

text: in

text: the

text: tile

text: work

text: in

text: the

text: entire

text: world

question: What kind of inscriptions decorate Punjab's burial places?

answer: Calligraphic inscriptions from the Quran

text: Calligraphic inscriptions from the Quran

question: When did Rukn-e-Alam die?

answer: 1320 AD

text: 1320 AD

question: When did Gardezi die?

answer: 1150 AD

text: 1150 AD

question: When was Ahangar's tomb built?

answer: sixteenth century

text: sixteenth century

question: What color tile was used in Ahangar's tomb?

answer: blue

text: blue


text: Green is common in nature, as many plants are green because of a complex chemical known as chlorophyll, which is involved in photosynthesis. Chlorophyll absorbs the long wavelengths of light (red) and short wavelengths of light (blue) much more efficiently than the wavelengths that appear green to the human eye, so light reflected by plants is enriched in green. Chlorophyll absorbs green light poorly because it first arose in organisms living in oceans where purple halobacteria were already exploiting photosynthesis. Their purple color arose because they extracted energy in the green portion of the spectrum using bacteriorhodopsin. The new organisms that then later came to dominate the extraction of light were selected to exploit those portions of the spectrum not used by the halobacteria.

title: Green

title: Green

text: Green

text: is

text: common

text: in

text: nature

text: as

text: many

text: plants

text: are

text: green

text: because

text: of

text: a

text: complex

text: chemical

text: known

text: as

text: chlorophyll

text: which

text: is

text: involved

text: in

text: photosynthesis

text: Chlorophyll

text: absorbs

text: the

text: long

text: wavelengths

text: of

text: light

text: red

text: and

text: short

text: wavelengths

text: of

text: light

text: blue

text: much

text: more

text: efficiently

text: than

text: the

text: wavelengths

text: that

text: appear

text: green

text: to

text: the

text: human

text: eye

text: so

text: light

text: reflected

text: by

text: plants

text: is

text: enriched

text: in

text: green

text: Chlorophyll

text: absorbs

text: green

text: light

text: poorly

text: because

text: it

text: first

text: arose

text: in

text: organisms

text: living

text: in

text: oceans

text: where

text: purple

text: halobacteria

text: were

text: already

text: exploiting

text: photosynthesis

text: Their

text: purple

text: color

text: arose

text: because

text: they

text: extracted

text: energy

text: in

text: the

text: green

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: spectrum

text: using

text: bacteriorhodopsin

text: The

text: new

text: organisms

text: that

text: then

text: later

text: came

text: to

text: dominate

text: the

text: extraction

text: of

text: light

text: were

text: selected

text: to

text: exploit

text: those

text: portions

text: of

text: the

text: spectrum

text: not

text: used

text: by

text: the

text: halobacteria

question: Why are many plants green?

answer: chlorophyll

text: chlorophyll

question: What does chlorophyll do with long (red) and short (blue) wavelengths of light?

answer: absorbs

text: absorbs

question: Where did chlorophyll first arise?

answer: organisms living in oceans

text: organisms living in oceans


text: BYU has been considered by some Latter-day Saints, as well as some university and church leaders, to be "The Lord's university". This phrase is used in reference to the school's mission as an "ambassador" to the world for the LDS Church and thus, for Jesus Christ. In the past, some students and faculty have expressed dissatisfaction with this nickname, stating that it gives students the idea that university authorities are always divinely inspired and never to be contradicted. Leaders of the school, however, acknowledge that the nickname represents more a goal that the university strives for and not its current state of being. Leaders encourage students and faculty to help fulfill the goal by following the teachings of their religion, adhering to the school's honor code, and serving others with the knowledge they gain while attending.

title: Brigham_Young_University

title: Brigham_Young_University

text: BYU

text: has

text: been

text: considered

text: by

text: some

text: Latter

text: day

text: Saints

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: some

text: university

text: and

text: church

text: leaders

text: to

text: be

text: The

text: Lord

text: 's

text: university

text: This

text: phrase

text: is

text: used

text: in

text: reference

text: to

text: the

text: school

text: 's

text: mission

text: as

text: an

text: ambassador

text: to

text: the

text: world

text: for

text: the

text: LDS

text: Church

text: and

text: thus

text: for

text: Jesus

text: Christ

text: In

text: the

text: past

text: some

text: students

text: and

text: faculty

text: have

text: expressed

text: dissatisfaction

text: with

text: this

text: nickname

text: stating

text: that

text: it

text: gives

text: students

text: the

text: idea

text: that

text: university

text: authorities

text: are

text: always

text: divinely

text: inspired

text: and

text: never

text: to

text: be

text: contradicted

text: Leaders

text: of

text: the

text: school

text: however

text: acknowledge

text: that

text: the

text: nickname

text: represents

text: more

text: a

text: goal

text: that

text: the

text: university

text: strives

text: for

text: and

text: not

text: its

text: current

text: state

text: of

text: being

text: Leaders

text: encourage

text: students

text: and

text: faculty

text: to

text: help

text: fulfill

text: the

text: goal

text: by

text: following

text: the

text: teachings

text: of

text: their

text: religion

text: adhering

text: to

text: the

text: school

text: 's

text: honor

text: code

text: and

text: serving

text: others

text: with

text: the

text: knowledge

text: they

text: gain

text: while

text: attending

question: What phrase have some Latter-day Saints used in reference to BYU's mission as ambassador to the world for the LDS Church?

answer: "The Lord's university"

text: "The Lord's university"

question: Who has expressed dissatisfaction with the nickname "The Lord's University" in the past?

answer: some students and faculty

text: some students and faculty

question: What perception do some feel that the nickname "The Lord's University" gives about university officials?

answer: always divinely inspired and never to be contradicted

text: always divinely inspired and never to be contradicted

question: What do the leaders of BYU say "The Lord's University" represents instead of being in reference to its current state of being?

answer: more a goal

text: more a goal


text: Another possible cause of diarrhea is irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), which usually presents with abdominal discomfort relieved by defecation and unusual stool (diarrhea or constipation) for at least 3 days a week over the previous 3 months. Symptoms of diarrhea-predominant IBS can be managed through a combination of dietary changes, soluble fiber supplements, and/or medications such as loperamide or codeine. About 30% of patients with diarrhea-predominant IBS have bile acid malabsorption diagnosed with an abnormal SeHCAT test.

title: Diarrhea

title: Diarrhea

text: Another

text: possible

text: cause

text: of

text: diarrhea

text: is

text: irritable

text: bowel

text: syndrome

text: IBS

text: which

text: usually

text: presents

text: with

text: abdominal

text: discomfort

text: relieved

text: by

text: defecation

text: and

text: unusual

text: stool

text: diarrhea

text: or

text: constipation

text: for

text: at

text: least

text: days

text: a

text: week

text: over

text: the

text: previous

text: months

text: Symptoms

text: of

text: diarrhea

text: predominant

text: IBS

text: can

text: be

text: managed

text: through

text: a

text: combination

text: of

text: dietary

text: changes

text: soluble

text: fiber

text: supplements

text: and/or

text: medications

text: such

text: as

text: loperamide

text: or

text: codeine

text: About

text: of

text: patients

text: with

text: diarrhea

text: predominant

text: IBS

text: have

text: bile

text: acid

text: malabsorption

text: diagnosed

text: with

text: an

text: abnormal

text: SeHCAT

text: test

question: What is IBS?

answer: irritable bowel syndrome

text: irritable bowel syndrome

question: What symptoms do you have with IBS?

answer: abdominal discomfort relieved by defecation and unusual stool (diarrhea or constipation) for at least 3 days a week over the previous 3 months

text: abdominal discomfort relieved by defecation and unusual stool (diarrhea or constipation) for at least 3 days a week over the previous 3 months

question: How can symptoms be managed with IBS?

answer: a combination of dietary changes, soluble fiber supplements, and/or medications

text: a combination of dietary changes, soluble fiber supplements, and/or medications


text: Diagnosis of infectious disease is nearly always initiated by medical history and physical examination. More detailed identification techniques involve the culture of infectious agents isolated from a patient. Culture allows identification of infectious organisms by examining their microscopic features, by detecting the presence of substances produced by pathogens, and by directly identifying an organism by its genotype. Other techniques (such as X-rays, CAT scans, PET scans or NMR) are used to produce images of internal abnormalities resulting from the growth of an infectious agent. The images are useful in detection of, for example, a bone abscess or a spongiform encephalopathy produced by a prion.

title: Infection

title: Infection

text: Diagnosis

text: of

text: infectious

text: disease

text: is

text: nearly

text: always

text: initiated

text: by

text: medical

text: history

text: and

text: physical

text: examination

text: More

text: detailed

text: identification

text: techniques

text: involve

text: the

text: culture

text: of

text: infectious

text: agents

text: isolated

text: from

text: a

text: patient

text: Culture

text: allows

text: identification

text: of

text: infectious

text: organisms

text: by

text: examining

text: their

text: microscopic

text: features

text: by

text: detecting

text: the

text: presence

text: of

text: substances

text: produced

text: by

text: pathogens

text: and

text: by

text: directly

text: identifying

text: an

text: organism

text: by

text: its

text: genotype

text: Other

text: techniques

text: such

text: as

text: X

text: rays

text: CAT

text: scans

text: PET

text: scans

text: or

text: NMR

text: are

text: used

text: to

text: produce

text: images

text: of

text: internal

text: abnormalities

text: resulting

text: from

text: the

text: growth

text: of

text: an

text: infectious

text: agent

text: The

text: images

text: are

text: useful

text: in

text: detection

text: of

text: for

text: example

text: a

text: bone

text: abscess

text: or

text: a

text: spongiform

text: encephalopathy

text: produced

text: by

text: a

text: prion

question: How is diagnosis of infectious disease almost always initiated?

answer: by medical history and physical examination

text: by medical history and physical examination

question: What does taking a culture of an infectious agent isolated from a patient allow?

answer: detailed identification

text: detailed identification

question: What features of an infectious organism does a culture allow examining?

answer: microscopic features

text: microscopic features

question: What can organisms be directly identified by?

answer: its genotype

text: its genotype

question: What technique can be used to produce images of internal abnormalities?

answer: X-rays, CAT scans, PET scans or NMR

text: X-rays, CAT scans, PET scans or NMR


text: Because of its limited land area, Bermuda has had difficulty with over-population. In the first two centuries of settlement, it relied on steady human emigration to keep the population manageable.[citation needed] Before the American Revolution more than ten thousand Bermudians (over half of the total population through the years) gradually emigrated, primarily to the Southern United States. As Great Britain displaced Spain as the dominant European imperial power, it opened up more land for colonial development. A steady trickle of outward migration continued. With seafaring the only real industry in the early decades, by the end of the 18th century, at least a third of the island's manpower was at sea at any one time.

title: Bermuda

title: Bermuda

text: Because

text: of

text: its

text: limited

text: land

text: area

text: Bermuda

text: has

text: had

text: difficulty

text: with

text: over

text: population

text: In

text: the

text: first

text: two

text: centuries

text: of

text: settlement

text: it

text: relied

text: on

text: steady

text: human

text: emigration

text: to

text: keep

text: the

text: population

text: manageable.[citation

text: needed

text: Before

text: the

text: American

text: Revolution

text: more

text: than

text: ten

text: thousand

text: Bermudians

text: over

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: total

text: population

text: through

text: the

text: years

text: gradually

text: emigrated

text: primarily

text: to

text: the

text: Southern

text: United

text: States

text: As

text: Great

text: Britain

text: displaced

text: Spain

text: as

text: the

text: dominant

text: European

text: imperial

text: power

text: it

text: opened

text: up

text: more

text: land

text: for

text: colonial

text: development

text: A

text: steady

text: trickle

text: of

text: outward

text: migration

text: continued

text: With

text: seafaring

text: the

text: only

text: real

text: industry

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: decades

text: by

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: at

text: least

text: a

text: third

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: 's

text: manpower

text: was

text: at

text: sea

text: at

text: any

text: one

text: time

question: What is a major reason that Bermuda has problems with overpopulation?

answer: limited land area,

text: limited land area,

question: What does Bermuda rely on to counteract overpopulation?

answer: steady human emigration

text: steady human emigration

question: Where did a large number of Bermudians emigrate to before the American Revolution?

answer: the Southern United States

text: the Southern United States

question: Why does a third of the population spend time at sea?

answer: seafaring the only real industry

text: seafaring the only real industry


text: Bell began a series of public demonstrations and lectures to introduce the new invention to the scientific community as well as the general public. A short time later, his demonstration of an early telephone prototype at the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia brought the telephone to international attention. Influential visitors to the exhibition included Emperor Pedro II of Brazil. Later Bell had the opportunity to demonstrate the invention personally to Sir William Thomson (later, Lord Kelvin), a renowned Scottish scientist, as well as to Queen Victoria, who had requested a private audience at Osborne House, her Isle of Wight home. She called the demonstration "most extraordinary". The enthusiasm surrounding Bell's public displays laid the groundwork for universal acceptance of the revolutionary device.

title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

text: Bell

text: began

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: public

text: demonstrations

text: and

text: lectures

text: to

text: introduce

text: the

text: new

text: invention

text: to

text: the

text: scientific

text: community

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: general

text: public

text: A

text: short

text: time

text: later

text: his

text: demonstration

text: of

text: an

text: early

text: telephone

text: prototype

text: at

text: the

text: Centennial

text: Exposition

text: in

text: Philadelphia

text: brought

text: the

text: telephone

text: to

text: international

text: attention

text: Influential

text: visitors

text: to

text: the

text: exhibition

text: included

text: Emperor

text: Pedro

text: II

text: of

text: Brazil

text: Later

text: Bell

text: had

text: the

text: opportunity

text: to

text: demonstrate

text: the

text: invention

text: personally

text: to

text: Sir

text: William

text: Thomson

text: later

text: Lord

text: Kelvin

text: a

text: renowned

text: Scottish

text: scientist

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: to

text: Queen

text: Victoria

text: who

text: had

text: requested

text: a

text: private

text: audience

text: at

text: Osborne

text: House

text: her

text: Isle

text: of

text: Wight

text: home

text: She

text: called

text: the

text: demonstration

text: most

text: extraordinary

text: The

text: enthusiasm

text: surrounding

text: Bell

text: 's

text: public

text: displays

text: laid

text: the

text: groundwork

text: for

text: universal

text: acceptance

text: of

text: the

text: revolutionary

text: device

question: In what city was the 1876 Centennial Exposition?

answer: Philadelphia

text: Philadelphia

question: What important person saw the telephone at the Centennial Exposition?

answer: Emperor Pedro II

text: Emperor Pedro II

question: Pedro II was the Emperor of what Country?

answer: Brazil

text: Brazil

question: Which Queen did Bell present his invention to?

answer: Victoria

text: Victoria


text: Acting on State Secretary Acheson's recommendation, President Truman ordered General MacArthur to transfer matériel to the Army of the Republic of Korea while giving air cover to the evacuation of U.S. nationals. The President disagreed with advisers who recommended unilateral U.S. bombing of the North Korean forces, and ordered the US Seventh Fleet to protect the Republic of China (Taiwan), whose government asked to fight in Korea. The United States denied ROC's request for combat, lest it provoke a communist Chinese retaliation. Because the United States had sent the Seventh Fleet to "neutralize" the Taiwan Strait, Chinese premier Zhou Enlai criticized both the UN and U.S. initiatives as "armed aggression on Chinese territory."

title: Korean_War

title: Korean_War

text: Acting

text: on

text: State

text: Secretary

text: Acheson

text: 's

text: recommendation

text: President

text: Truman

text: ordered

text: General

text: MacArthur

text: to

text: transfer

text: matériel

text: to

text: the

text: Army

text: of

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Korea

text: while

text: giving

text: air

text: cover

text: to

text: the

text: evacuation

text: of

text: U.S.

text: nationals

text: The

text: President

text: disagreed

text: with

text: advisers

text: who

text: recommended

text: unilateral

text: U.S.

text: bombing

text: of

text: the

text: North

text: Korean

text: forces

text: and

text: ordered

text: the

text: US

text: Seventh

text: Fleet

text: to

text: protect

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: Taiwan

text: whose

text: government

text: asked

text: to

text: fight

text: in

text: Korea

text: The

text: United

text: States

text: denied

text: ROC

text: 's

text: request

text: for

text: combat

text: lest

text: it

text: provoke

text: a

text: communist

text: Chinese

text: retaliation

text: Because

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: had

text: sent

text: the

text: Seventh

text: Fleet

text: to

text: neutralize

text: the

text: Taiwan

text: Strait

text: Chinese

text: premier

text: Zhou

text: Enlai

text: criticized

text: both

text: the

text: UN

text: and

text: U.S.

text: initiatives

text: as

text: armed

text: aggression

text: on

text: Chinese

text: territory

question: What general provided material to the Republic of Korea and evacuated US nationals?

answer: General MacArthur

text: General MacArthur

question: Who disagreed with the idea of unilaterally bombing the North Korean military?

answer: President Truman

text: President Truman

question: What fleet was sent to the Taiwan Strait?

answer: US Seventh Fleet

text: US Seventh Fleet

question: Fearing the provocation of Communist China, what country's request for combat troops did the US deny?

answer: Republic of China

text: Republic of China

question: Who is the Chinese premier that called the actions of the US and the United Nations an act of aggression?

answer: Zhou Enlai

text: Zhou Enlai


text: All Freemasons begin their journey in the "craft" by being progressively initiated, passed and raised into the three degrees of Craft, or Blue Lodge Masonry. During these three rituals, the candidate is progressively taught the meanings of the Lodge symbols, and entrusted with grips, signs and words to signify to other Masons that he has been so initiated. The initiations are part allegory and part lecture, and revolve around the construction of the Temple of Solomon, and the artistry and death of his chief architect, Hiram Abiff. The degrees are those of Entered apprentice, Fellowcraft and Master Mason. While many different versions of these rituals exist, with at least two different lodge layouts and versions of the Hiram myth, each version is recognisable to any Freemason from any jurisdiction.

title: Freemasonry

title: Freemasonry

text: All

text: Freemasons

text: begin

text: their

text: journey

text: in

text: the

text: craft

text: by

text: being

text: progressively

text: initiated

text: passed

text: and

text: raised

text: into

text: the

text: three

text: degrees

text: of

text: Craft

text: or

text: Blue

text: Lodge

text: Masonry

text: During

text: these

text: three

text: rituals

text: the

text: candidate

text: is

text: progressively

text: taught

text: the

text: meanings

text: of

text: the

text: Lodge

text: symbols

text: and

text: entrusted

text: with

text: grips

text: signs

text: and

text: words

text: to

text: signify

text: to

text: other

text: Masons

text: that

text: he

text: has

text: been

text: so

text: initiated

text: The

text: initiations

text: are

text: part

text: allegory

text: and

text: part

text: lecture

text: and

text: revolve

text: around

text: the

text: construction

text: of

text: the

text: Temple

text: of

text: Solomon

text: and

text: the

text: artistry

text: and

text: death

text: of

text: his

text: chief

text: architect

text: Hiram

text: Abiff

text: The

text: degrees

text: are

text: those

text: of

text: Entered

text: apprentice

text: Fellowcraft

text: and

text: Master

text: Mason

text: While

text: many

text: different

text: versions

text: of

text: these

text: rituals

text: exist

text: with

text: at

text: least

text: two

text: different

text: lodge

text: layouts

text: and

text: versions

text: of

text: the

text: Hiram

text: myth

text: each

text: version

text: is

text: recognisable

text: to

text: any

text: Freemason

text: from

text: any

text: jurisdiction

question: All Freemasons are progressively initiated, passed, and raised in three degrees of what?

answer: Craft, or Blue Lodge Masonry

text: Craft, or Blue Lodge Masonry

question: The initiations are part allegory and part what?

answer: lecture

text: lecture

question: What is the final of the three steps of Freemasonry?

answer: Master Mason

text: Master Mason

question: Who was the chief architect of the Temple of Solomon?

answer: Hiram Abiff

text: Hiram Abiff

question: How many versions of the Hiram myth are there?

answer: at least two

text: at least two


text: Isabelle Stengers wrote that "Whiteheadians are recruited among both philosophers and theologians, and the palette has been enriched by practitioners from the most diverse horizons, from ecology to feminism, practices that unite political struggle and spirituality with the sciences of education." Indeed, in recent decades attention to Whitehead's work has become more widespread, with interest extending to intellectuals in Europe and China, and coming from such diverse fields as ecology, physics, biology, education, economics, and psychology. One of the first theologians to attempt to interact with Whitehead's thought was the future Archbishop of Canterbury, William Temple. In Temple's Gifford Lectures of 1932-1934 (subsequently published as "Nature, Man and God"), Whitehead is one of a number of philosophers of the emergent evolution approach Temple interacts with. However, it was not until the 1970s and 1980s that Whitehead's thought drew much attention outside of a small group of philosophers and theologians, primarily Americans, and even today he is not considered especially influential outside of relatively specialized circles.

title: Alfred_North_Whitehead

title: Alfred_North_Whitehead

text: Isabelle

text: Stengers

text: wrote

text: that

text: Whiteheadians

text: are

text: recruited

text: among

text: both

text: philosophers

text: and

text: theologians

text: and

text: the

text: palette

text: has

text: been

text: enriched

text: by

text: practitioners

text: from

text: the

text: most

text: diverse

text: horizons

text: from

text: ecology

text: to

text: feminism

text: practices

text: that

text: unite

text: political

text: struggle

text: and

text: spirituality

text: with

text: the

text: sciences

text: of

text: education

text: Indeed

text: in

text: recent

text: decades

text: attention

text: to

text: Whitehead

text: 's

text: work

text: has

text: become

text: more

text: widespread

text: with

text: interest

text: extending

text: to

text: intellectuals

text: in

text: Europe

text: and

text: China

text: and

text: coming

text: from

text: such

text: diverse

text: fields

text: as

text: ecology

text: physics

text: biology

text: education

text: economics

text: and

text: psychology

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: theologians

text: to

text: attempt

text: to

text: interact

text: with

text: Whitehead

text: 's

text: thought

text: was

text: the

text: future

text: Archbishop

text: of

text: Canterbury

text: William

text: Temple

text: In

text: Temple

text: 's

text: Gifford

text: Lectures

text: of

text: subsequently

text: published

text: as

text: Nature

text: Man

text: and

text: God

text: Whitehead

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: philosophers

text: of

text: the

text: emergent

text: evolution

text: approach

text: Temple

text: interacts

text: with

text: However

text: it

text: was

text: not

text: until

text: the

text: and

text: that

text: Whitehead

text: 's

text: thought

text: drew

text: much

text: attention

text: outside

text: of

text: a

text: small

text: group

text: of

text: philosophers

text: and

text: theologians

text: primarily

text: Americans

text: and

text: even

text: today

text: he

text: is

text: not

text: considered

text: especially

text: influential

text: outside

text: of

text: relatively

text: specialized

text: circles

question: In what areas of the world has interest in Whitehead's work spread in recent decades?

answer: Europe and China

text: Europe and China

question: Who was one of the first theologians to try to interact with Whitehead's ideas?

answer: William Temple

text: William Temple

question: What was the basis for "Nature, Man and God"?

answer: Temple's Gifford Lectures of 1932-1934

text: Temple's Gifford Lectures of 1932-1934

question: According to Isabelle Stengers, what are unifying factors in diverse practices (like ecology and feminism) that have become interested in Whitehead's work?

answer: practices that unite political struggle and spirituality with the sciences of education

text: practices that unite political struggle and spirituality with the sciences of education

question: What other fields have shown more recent interest in Whitehead's work?

answer: ecology, physics, biology, education, economics, and psychology

text: ecology, physics, biology, education, economics, and psychology


text: Patent infringement typically is caused by using or selling a patented invention without permission from the patent holder. The scope of the patented invention or the extent of protection is defined in the claims of the granted patent. There is safe harbor in many jurisdictions to use a patented invention for research. This safe harbor does not exist in the US unless the research is done for purely philosophical purposes, or in order to gather data in order to prepare an application for regulatory approval of a drug. In general, patent infringement cases are handled under civil law (e.g., in the United States) but several jurisdictions incorporate infringement in criminal law also (for example, Argentina, China, France, Japan, Russia, South Korea).

title: Intellectual_property

title: Intellectual_property

text: Patent

text: infringement

text: typically

text: is

text: caused

text: by

text: using

text: or

text: selling

text: a

text: patented

text: invention

text: without

text: permission

text: from

text: the

text: patent

text: holder

text: The

text: scope

text: of

text: the

text: patented

text: invention

text: or

text: the

text: extent

text: of

text: protection

text: is

text: defined

text: in

text: the

text: claims

text: of

text: the

text: granted

text: patent

text: There

text: is

text: safe

text: harbor

text: in

text: many

text: jurisdictions

text: to

text: use

text: a

text: patented

text: invention

text: for

text: research

text: This

text: safe

text: harbor

text: does

text: not

text: exist

text: in

text: the

text: US

text: unless

text: the

text: research

text: is

text: done

text: for

text: purely

text: philosophical

text: purposes

text: or

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: gather

text: data

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: prepare

text: an

text: application

text: for

text: regulatory

text: approval

text: of

text: a

text: drug

text: In

text: general

text: patent

text: infringement

text: cases

text: are

text: handled

text: under

text: civil

text: law

text: e.g.

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: but

text: several

text: jurisdictions

text: incorporate

text: infringement

text: in

text: criminal

text: law

text: also

text: for

text: example

text: Argentina

text: China

text: France

text: Japan

text: Russia

text: South

text: Korea

question: What is caused by using or selling a patented invention without permission?

answer: Patent infringement

text: Patent infringement

question: Where does the safe harbor to use a patented invention for research generally not exist?

answer: in the US

text: in the US

question: What type of law handles patent infringement cases in the US?

answer: civil

text: civil

question: What type of law handles patent infringement cases in China?

answer: criminal

text: criminal

question: What type of law handles patent infringement cases in Russia?

answer: criminal

text: criminal


text: Over the years a variety of record equalization practices emerged and there was no industry standard. For example, in Europe recordings for years required playback with a bass turnover setting of 250–300 Hz and a treble roll-off at 10,000 Hz ranging from 0 to −5 dB or more. In the US there were more varied practices and a tendency to use higher bass turnover frequencies such as 500 Hz as well as a greater treble rolloff like −8.5 dB and even more to record generally higher modulation levels on the record.

title: Gramophone_record

title: Gramophone_record

text: Over

text: the

text: years

text: a

text: variety

text: of

text: record

text: equalization

text: practices

text: emerged

text: and

text: there

text: was

text: no

text: industry

text: standard

text: For

text: example

text: in

text: Europe

text: recordings

text: for

text: years

text: required

text: playback

text: with

text: a

text: bass

text: turnover

text: setting

text: of

text: Hz

text: and

text: a

text: treble

text: roll

text: off

text: at

text: Hz

text: ranging

text: from

text: to

text: −5

text: dB

text: or

text: more

text: In

text: the

text: US

text: there

text: were

text: more

text: varied

text: practices

text: and

text: a

text: tendency

text: to

text: use

text: higher

text: bass

text: turnover

text: frequencies

text: such

text: as

text: Hz

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: a

text: greater

text: treble

text: rolloff

text: like

text: dB

text: and

text: even

text: more

text: to

text: record

text: generally

text: higher

text: modulation

text: levels

text: on

text: the

text: record

question: What was the industry standard in Europe for record equalization?

answer: there was no industry standard

text: there was no industry standard

question: In which country was the treble roll off greater?

answer: US

text: US

question: Which country prefers a bass turnover setting of 250-300 Hz?

answer: Europe

text: Europe

question: What was the industry standard on equalization practices?

answer: there was no industry standard

text: there was no industry standard

question: Which country used the most varied equalization practices?

answer: US

text: US


text: More importantly, the contests were open to all, and the enforced anonymity of each submission guaranteed that neither gender nor social rank would determine the judging. Indeed, although the "vast majority" of participants belonged to the wealthier strata of society ("the liberal arts, the clergy, the judiciary, and the medical profession"), there were some cases of the popular classes submitting essays, and even winning. Similarly, a significant number of women participated – and won – the competitions. Of a total of 2300 prize competitions offered in France, women won 49 – perhaps a small number by modern standards, but very significant in an age in which most women did not have any academic training. Indeed, the majority of the winning entries were for poetry competitions, a genre commonly stressed in women's education.

title: Age_of_Enlightenment

title: Age_of_Enlightenment

text: More

text: importantly

text: the

text: contests

text: were

text: open

text: to

text: all

text: and

text: the

text: enforced

text: anonymity

text: of

text: each

text: submission

text: guaranteed

text: that

text: neither

text: gender

text: nor

text: social

text: rank

text: would

text: determine

text: the

text: judging

text: Indeed

text: although

text: the

text: vast

text: majority

text: of

text: participants

text: belonged

text: to

text: the

text: wealthier

text: strata

text: of

text: society

text: the

text: liberal

text: arts

text: the

text: clergy

text: the

text: judiciary

text: and

text: the

text: medical

text: profession

text: there

text: were

text: some

text: cases

text: of

text: the

text: popular

text: classes

text: submitting

text: essays

text: and

text: even

text: winning

text: Similarly

text: a

text: significant

text: number

text: of

text: women

text: participated

text: and

text: won

text: the

text: competitions

text: Of

text: a

text: total

text: of

text: prize

text: competitions

text: offered

text: in

text: France

text: women

text: won

text: perhaps

text: a

text: small

text: number

text: by

text: modern

text: standards

text: but

text: very

text: significant

text: in

text: an

text: age

text: in

text: which

text: most

text: women

text: did

text: not

text: have

text: any

text: academic

text: training

text: Indeed

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: winning

text: entries

text: were

text: for

text: poetry

text: competitions

text: a

text: genre

text: commonly

text: stressed

text: in

text: women

text: 's

text: education

question: What enforced contest rule guaranteed that neither gender nor social rank would determine the judging?

answer: anonymity

text: anonymity

question: Were the vast majority of contest participants from the wealthier strata of society or the popular classes?

answer: wealthier strata of society

text: wealthier strata of society

question: Women's education common stressed which literary genre?

answer: poetry

text: poetry

question: How many prize competitions did women win out of the 2300 in France?

answer: 49

question: What literary genre were the majority of female winning contest entries?

answer: poetry

text: poetry


text: The modern concept of an abstract group developed out of several fields of mathematics. The original motivation for group theory was the quest for solutions of polynomial equations of degree higher than 4. The 19th-century French mathematician Évariste Galois, extending prior work of Paolo Ruffini and Joseph-Louis Lagrange, gave a criterion for the solvability of a particular polynomial equation in terms of the symmetry group of its roots (solutions). The elements of such a Galois group correspond to certain permutations of the roots. At first, Galois' ideas were rejected by his contemporaries, and published only posthumously. More general permutation groups were investigated in particular by Augustin Louis Cauchy. Arthur Cayley's On the theory of groups, as depending on the symbolic equation θn = 1 (1854) gives the first abstract definition of a finite group.

title: Group_(mathematics)

title: Group_(mathematics

text: The

text: modern

text: concept

text: of

text: an

text: abstract

text: group

text: developed

text: out

text: of

text: several

text: fields

text: of

text: mathematics

text: The

text: original

text: motivation

text: for

text: group

text: theory

text: was

text: the

text: quest

text: for

text: solutions

text: of

text: polynomial

text: equations

text: of

text: degree

text: higher

text: than

text: The

text: century

text: French

text: mathematician

text: Évariste

text: Galois

text: extending

text: prior

text: work

text: of

text: Paolo

text: Ruffini

text: and

text: Joseph

text: Louis

text: Lagrange

text: gave

text: a

text: criterion

text: for

text: the

text: solvability

text: of

text: a

text: particular

text: polynomial

text: equation

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: the

text: symmetry

text: group

text: of

text: its

text: roots

text: solutions

text: The

text: elements

text: of

text: such

text: a

text: Galois

text: group

text: correspond

text: to

text: certain

text: permutations

text: of

text: the

text: roots

text: At

text: first

text: Galois

text: ideas

text: were

text: rejected

text: by

text: his

text: contemporaries

text: and

text: published

text: only

text: posthumously

text: More

text: general

text: permutation

text: groups

text: were

text: investigated

text: in

text: particular

text: by

text: Augustin

text: Louis

text: Cauchy

text: Arthur

text: Cayley

text: 's

text: On

text: the

text: theory

text: of

text: groups

text: as

text: depending

text: on

text: the

text: symbolic

text: equation

text: θn

text: gives

text: the

text: first

text: abstract

text: definition

text: of

text: a

text: finite

text: group

question: Which French mathematician expanded on earlier work of Paolo Ruffini and Joseph-Louis Lagrange?

answer: Évariste Galois

text: Évariste Galois

question: The journey for answers to polynomial equations of degree higher than 4 was the original motivation for what theory?

answer: group theory

text: group theory

question: Who developed a theory giving the first abstract definition of a finite group?

answer: Arthur Cayley

text: Arthur Cayley

question: What modern concept was created from many fields of mathematics?

answer: abstract group

text: abstract group


text: The solution was automation, in the form of a mechanical computer, the Kerrison Predictor. Operators kept it pointed at the target, and the Predictor then calculated the proper aim point automatically and displayed it as a pointer mounted on the gun. The gun operators simply followed the pointer and loaded the shells. The Kerrison was fairly simple, but it pointed the way to future generations that incorporated radar, first for ranging and later for tracking. Similar predictor systems were introduced by Germany during the war, also adding radar ranging as the war progressed.

title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

title: Anti

title: aircraft_warfare

text: The

text: solution

text: was

text: automation

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: a

text: mechanical

text: computer

text: the

text: Kerrison

text: Predictor

text: Operators

text: kept

text: it

text: pointed

text: at

text: the

text: target

text: and

text: the

text: Predictor

text: then

text: calculated

text: the

text: proper

text: aim

text: point

text: automatically

text: and

text: displayed

text: it

text: as

text: a

text: pointer

text: mounted

text: on

text: the

text: gun

text: The

text: gun

text: operators

text: simply

text: followed

text: the

text: pointer

text: and

text: loaded

text: the

text: shells

text: The

text: Kerrison

text: was

text: fairly

text: simple

text: but

text: it

text: pointed

text: the

text: way

text: to

text: future

text: generations

text: that

text: incorporated

text: radar

text: first

text: for

text: ranging

text: and

text: later

text: for

text: tracking

text: Similar

text: predictor

text: systems

text: were

text: introduced

text: by

text: Germany

text: during

text: the

text: war

text: also

text: adding

text: radar

text: ranging

text: as

text: the

text: war

text: progressed

question: What was the name of the mechanical computer that used automation?

answer: the Kerrison Predictor

text: the Kerrison Predictor

question: What did the Predictor calculate after it was pointed at a target?

answer: the proper aim point automatically

text: the proper aim point automatically

question: How did the Predictor display the information needed?

answer: as a pointer mounted on the gun

text: as a pointer mounted on the gun

question: What two things did the operators of the gun have to do?

answer: followed the pointer and loaded the shells

text: followed the pointer and loaded the shells

question: What other country designed similar systems to the Predictor?

answer: Germany

text: Germany


text: Cross-cultural study of comics is complicated by the great difference in meaning and scope of the words for "comics" in different languages. The French term for comics, bandes dessinées ("drawn strip") emphasizes the juxtaposition of drawn images as a defining factor, which can imply the exclusion of even photographic comics. The term manga is used in Japanese to indicate all forms of comics, cartooning, and caricature.

title: Comics

title: Comics

text: Cross

text: cultural

text: study

text: of

text: comics

text: is

text: complicated

text: by

text: the

text: great

text: difference

text: in

text: meaning

text: and

text: scope

text: of

text: the

text: words

text: for

text: comics

text: in

text: different

text: languages

text: The

text: French

text: term

text: for

text: comics

text: bandes

text: dessinées

text: drawn

text: strip

text: emphasizes

text: the

text: juxtaposition

text: of

text: drawn

text: images

text: as

text: a

text: defining

text: factor

text: which

text: can

text: imply

text: the

text: exclusion

text: of

text: even

text: photographic

text: comics

text: The

text: term

text: manga

text: is

text: used

text: in

text: Japanese

text: to

text: indicate

text: all

text: forms

text: of

text: comics

text: cartooning

text: and

text: caricature

question: What word is used in France for comics?

answer: bandes dessinées

text: bandes dessinées

question: What word is used in Japan for comics?

answer: manga

text: manga

question: What does bandes dessinées mean?

answer: drawn strip

text: drawn strip

question: What is the definitive factor of bandes dessinées?

answer: drawn images

text: drawn images


text: Starting in the coal mines, by the mid-19th century elevators were operated with steam power and were used for moving goods in bulk in mines and factories. These steam driven devices were soon being applied to a diverse set of purposes - in 1823, two architects working in London, Burton and Hormer, built and operated a novel tourist attraction, which they called the "ascending room". It elevated paying customers to a considerable height in the center of London, allowing them a magnificent panoramic view of downtown.

title: Elevator

title: Elevator

text: Starting

text: in

text: the

text: coal

text: mines

text: by

text: the

text: century

text: elevators

text: were

text: operated

text: with

text: steam

text: power

text: and

text: were

text: used

text: for

text: moving

text: goods

text: in

text: bulk

text: in

text: mines

text: and

text: factories

text: These

text: steam

text: driven

text: devices

text: were

text: soon

text: being

text: applied

text: to

text: a

text: diverse

text: set

text: of

text: purposes

text: in

text: two

text: architects

text: working

text: in

text: London

text: Burton

text: and

text: Hormer

text: built

text: and

text: operated

text: a

text: novel

text: tourist

text: attraction

text: which

text: they

text: called

text: the

text: ascending

text: room

text: It

text: elevated

text: paying

text: customers

text: to

text: a

text: considerable

text: height

text: in

text: the

text: center

text: of

text: London

text: allowing

text: them

text: a

text: magnificent

text: panoramic

text: view

text: of

text: downtown

question: For which industry were elevators first used?

answer: coal mines

text: coal mines

question: In the mid 1800s what were elevators fueled by?

answer: steam power

text: steam power

question: What were elevators originally built for?

answer: moving goods in bulk in mines and factories

text: moving goods in bulk in mines and factories

question: Who built the "ascending room", in 1823?

answer: Burton and Hormer

text: Burton and Hormer

question: The "ascending room" gave customers a view of what city's downtown?

answer: London

text: London