text: The other usage refers to a language that is socially subordinated to a regional or national standard language, often historically cognate or related to the standard language, but not actually derived from it. In this sense, unlike in the first usage, the standard language would not itself be considered a "dialect," as it is the dominant language in a particular state or region, whether in terms of social or political status, official status, predominance or prevalence, or all of the above. Meanwhile, the "dialects" subordinate to the standard language are generally not variations on the standard language but rather separate (but often related) languages in and of themselves. For example, most of the various regional Romance languages of Italy, often colloquially referred to as Italian "dialects," are, in fact, not actually derived from modern standard Italian, but rather evolved from Vulgar Latin separately and individually from one another and independently of standard Italian, long prior to the diffusion of a national standardized language throughout what is now Italy. These various Latin-derived regional languages are therefore, in a linguistic sense, not truly "dialects" of the standard Italian language, but are instead better defined as their own separate languages. Conversely, with the spread of standard Italian throughout Italy in the 20th century, various regional versions or varieties of standard Italian developed, generally as a mix of the national standard Italian with local regional languages and local accents. These variations on standard Italian, known as regional Italian, would more appropriately be called "dialects" in accordance with the first linguistic definition of "dialect," as they are in fact derived partially or mostly from standard Italian.

title: Dialect

title: Dialect

text: The

text: other

text: usage

text: refers

text: to

text: a

text: language

text: that

text: is

text: socially

text: subordinated

text: to

text: a

text: regional

text: or

text: national

text: standard

text: language

text: often

text: historically

text: cognate

text: or

text: related

text: to

text: the

text: standard

text: language

text: but

text: not

text: actually

text: derived

text: from

text: it

text: In

text: this

text: sense

text: unlike

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: usage

text: the

text: standard

text: language

text: would

text: not

text: itself

text: be

text: considered

text: a

text: dialect

text: as

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: dominant

text: language

text: in

text: a

text: particular

text: state

text: or

text: region

text: whether

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: social

text: or

text: political

text: status

text: official

text: status

text: predominance

text: or

text: prevalence

text: or

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: above

text: Meanwhile

text: the

text: dialects

text: subordinate

text: to

text: the

text: standard

text: language

text: are

text: generally

text: not

text: variations

text: on

text: the

text: standard

text: language

text: but

text: rather

text: separate

text: but

text: often

text: related

text: languages

text: in

text: and

text: of

text: themselves

text: For

text: example

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: various

text: regional

text: Romance

text: languages

text: of

text: Italy

text: often

text: colloquially

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Italian

text: dialects

text: are

text: in

text: fact

text: not

text: actually

text: derived

text: from

text: modern

text: standard

text: Italian

text: but

text: rather

text: evolved

text: from

text: Vulgar

text: Latin

text: separately

text: and

text: individually

text: from

text: one

text: another

text: and

text: independently

text: of

text: standard

text: Italian

text: long

text: prior

text: to

text: the

text: diffusion

text: of

text: a

text: national

text: standardized

text: language

text: throughout

text: what

text: is

text: now

text: Italy

text: These

text: various

text: Latin

text: derived

text: regional

text: languages

text: are

text: therefore

text: in

text: a

text: linguistic

text: sense

text: not

text: truly

text: dialects

text: of

text: the

text: standard

text: Italian

text: language

text: but

text: are

text: instead

text: better

text: defined

text: as

text: their

text: own

text: separate

text: languages

text: Conversely

text: with

text: the

text: spread

text: of

text: standard

text: Italian

text: throughout

text: Italy

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: various

text: regional

text: versions

text: or

text: varieties

text: of

text: standard

text: Italian

text: developed

text: generally

text: as

text: a

text: mix

text: of

text: the

text: national

text: standard

text: Italian

text: with

text: local

text: regional

text: languages

text: and

text: local

text: accents

text: These

text: variations

text: on

text: standard

text: Italian

text: known

text: as

text: regional

text: Italian

text: would

text: more

text: appropriately

text: be

text: called

text: dialects

text: in

text: accordance

text: with

text: the

text: first

text: linguistic

text: definition

text: of

text: dialect

text: as

text: they

text: are

text: in

text: fact

text: derived

text: partially

text: or

text: mostly

text: from

text: standard

text: Italian

question: What is the other definition of the term dialect?

answer: a language that is socially subordinated to a regional or national standard language

text: a language that is socially subordinated to a regional or national standard language

question: How does a dialect stand in relation to the standard language?

answer: subordinate to the standard language

text: subordinate to the standard language

question: The regional Romance languages in what country are sometimes referred to as dialects?

answer: Italy

text: Italy

question: What are 20th century variations on standard Italian called?

answer: regional Italian

text: regional Italian

question: From what language did the regional Romance languages of Italy derive?

answer: Latin

text: Latin


text: In 2002, Spielberg was one of eight flagbearers who carried the Olympic Flag into Rice-Eccles Stadium at the Opening Ceremonies of the 2002 Winter Olympic Games in Salt Lake City. In 2006, Premiere listed him as the most powerful and influential figure in the motion picture industry. Time listed him as one of the 100 Most Important People of the Century. At the end of the 20th century, Life named him the most influential person of his generation. In 2009, Boston University presented him an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree.

title: Steven_Spielberg

title: Steven_Spielberg

text: In

text: Spielberg

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: eight

text: flagbearers

text: who

text: carried

text: the

text: Olympic

text: Flag

text: into

text: Rice

text: Eccles

text: Stadium

text: at

text: the

text: Opening

text: Ceremonies

text: of

text: the

text: Winter

text: Olympic

text: Games

text: in

text: Salt

text: Lake

text: City

text: In

text: Premiere

text: listed

text: him

text: as

text: the

text: most

text: powerful

text: and

text: influential

text: figure

text: in

text: the

text: motion

text: picture

text: industry

text: Time

text: listed

text: him

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: Most

text: Important

text: People

text: of

text: the

text: Century

text: At

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: Life

text: named

text: him

text: the

text: most

text: influential

text: person

text: of

text: his

text: generation

text: In

text: Boston

text: University

text: presented

text: him

text: an

text: honorary

text: Doctor

text: of

text: Humane

text: Letters

text: degree

question: In which Olympics was Spielberg a flagbearer?

answer: 2002 Winter Olympic Games

text: 2002 Winter Olympic Games

question: Where was Spielberg an Olympic flagbearer?

answer: Salt Lake City

text: Salt Lake City

question: How did Time Magazine recognize Spielberg?

answer: one of the 100 Most Important People of the Century

text: one of the 100 Most Important People of the Century

question: What honorary degree did Spielberg receive from Boston University?

answer: Doctor of Humane Letters

text: Doctor of Humane Letters

question: How did Life Magazine recognize Spielberg?

answer: the most influential person of his generation

text: the most influential person of his generation


text: Catalan bears varying degrees of similarity to the linguistic varieties subsumed under the cover term Occitan language (see also differences between Occitan and Catalan and Gallo-Romance languages). Thus, as it should be expected from closely related languages, Catalan today shares many traits with other Romance languages.

title: Catalan_language

title: Catalan_language

text: Catalan

text: bears

text: varying

text: degrees

text: of

text: similarity

text: to

text: the

text: linguistic

text: varieties

text: subsumed

text: under

text: the

text: cover

text: term

text: Occitan

text: language

text: see

text: also

text: differences

text: between

text: Occitan

text: and

text: Catalan

text: and

text: Gallo

text: Romance

text: languages

text: Thus

text: as

text: it

text: should

text: be

text: expected

text: from

text: closely

text: related

text: languages

text: Catalan

text: today

text: shares

text: many

text: traits

text: with

text: other

text: Romance

text: languages

question: What is Catalan a variety of?

answer: Occitan language

text: Occitan language

question: What are the degrees of similarity with Occitan and Gallo-Romance languages?

answer: varying degrees

text: varying degrees

question: What are there besides degrees of similarity with Occitan?

answer: differences

text: differences

question: What does Catalan share with other Romance languages?

answer: many traits

text: many traits

question: Why does Catalan share many traits with other Romance languages?

answer: closely related

text: closely related


text: The Archivist of the United States is the chief official overseeing the operation of the National Archives and Records Administration. The Archivist not only maintains the official documentation of the passage of amendments to the U.S. Constitution by state legislatures, but has the authority to declare when the constitutional threshold for passage has been reached, and therefore when an act has become an amendment.

title: National_Archives_and_Records_Administration

text: The

text: Archivist

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: is

text: the

text: chief

text: official

text: overseeing

text: the

text: operation

text: of

text: the

text: National

text: Archives

text: and

text: Records

text: Administration

text: The

text: Archivist

text: not

text: only

text: maintains

text: the

text: official

text: documentation

text: of

text: the

text: passage

text: of

text: amendments

text: to

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Constitution

text: by

text: state

text: legislatures

text: but

text: has

text: the

text: authority

text: to

text: declare

text: when

text: the

text: constitutional

text: threshold

text: for

text: passage

text: has

text: been

text: reached

text: and

text: therefore

text: when

text: an

text: act

text: has

text: become

text: an

text: amendment

question: What is the official that oversees the operation of NARA?

answer: The Archivist

text: The Archivist

question: What member of NARA has the ability to declare when the constitutional threshold of passage has ocurred?

answer: The Archivist

text: The Archivist


text: Flower ontogeny uses a combination of genes normally responsible for forming new shoots. The most primitive flowers probably had a variable number of flower parts, often separate from (but in contact with) each other. The flowers tended to grow in a spiral pattern, to be bisexual (in plants, this means both male and female parts on the same flower), and to be dominated by the ovary (female part). As flowers evolved, some variations developed parts fused together, with a much more specific number and design, and with either specific sexes per flower or plant or at least "ovary-inferior".

title: Flowering_plant

title: Flowering_plant

text: Flower

text: ontogeny

text: uses

text: a

text: combination

text: of

text: genes

text: normally

text: responsible

text: for

text: forming

text: new

text: shoots

text: The

text: most

text: primitive

text: flowers

text: probably

text: had

text: a

text: variable

text: number

text: of

text: flower

text: parts

text: often

text: separate

text: from

text: but

text: in

text: contact

text: with

text: each

text: other

text: The

text: flowers

text: tended

text: to

text: grow

text: in

text: a

text: spiral

text: pattern

text: to

text: be

text: bisexual

text: in

text: plants

text: this

text: means

text: both

text: male

text: and

text: female

text: parts

text: on

text: the

text: same

text: flower

text: and

text: to

text: be

text: dominated

text: by

text: the

text: ovary

text: female

text: part

text: As

text: flowers

text: evolved

text: some

text: variations

text: developed

text: parts

text: fused

text: together

text: with

text: a

text: much

text: more

text: specific

text: number

text: and

text: design

text: and

text: with

text: either

text: specific

text: sexes

text: per

text: flower

text: or

text: plant

text: or

text: at

text: least

text: ovary

text: inferior

question: What uses a combination of genes to form new shoots?

answer: Flower ontogeny

text: Flower ontogeny

question: What were plant parts like in their primitive days?

answer: separate from (but in contact with) each other

text: separate from (but in contact with) each other

question: How did flowers become bixsexual?

answer: grow in a spiral pattern

text: grow in a spiral pattern

question: What did some plant parts do as they evolved?

answer: fused together

text: fused together

question: What is a term for a plant with a specific sex per flower?

answer: "ovary-inferior"

text: "ovary-inferior"


text: Tucson has one daily newspaper, the morning Arizona Daily Star. Wick Communications publishes the daily legal paper The Daily Territorial, while Boulder, Colo.-based 10/13 Communications publishes Tucson Weekly (an "alternative" publication), Inside Tucson Business and the Explorer. TucsonSentinel.com is a nonprofit independent online news organization. Tucson Lifestyle Magazine, Lovin' Life News, DesertLeaf, and Zócalo Magazine are monthly publications covering arts, architecture, decor, fashion, entertainment, business, history, and other events. The Arizona Daily Wildcat is the University of Arizona's student newspaper, and the Aztec News is the Pima Community College student newspaper. The New Vision is the newspaper for the Roman Catholic Diocese of Tucson, and the Arizona Jewish Post is the newspaper of the Jewish Federation of Southern Arizona.

title: Tucson,_Arizona

title: Tucson,_Arizona

text: Tucson

text: has

text: one

text: daily

text: newspaper

text: the

text: morning

text: Arizona

text: Daily

text: Star

text: Wick

text: Communications

text: publishes

text: the

text: daily

text: legal

text: paper

text: The

text: Daily

text: Territorial

text: while

text: Boulder

text: Colo

text: based

text: Communications

text: publishes

text: Tucson

text: Weekly

text: an

text: alternative

text: publication

text: Inside

text: Tucson

text: Business

text: and

text: the

text: Explorer

text: TucsonSentinel.com

text: is

text: a

text: nonprofit

text: independent

text: online

text: news

text: organization

text: Tucson

text: Lifestyle

text: Magazine

text: Lovin'

text: Life

text: News

text: DesertLeaf

text: and

text: Zócalo

text: Magazine

text: are

text: monthly

text: publications

text: covering

text: arts

text: architecture

text: decor

text: fashion

text: entertainment

text: business

text: history

text: and

text: other

text: events

text: The

text: Arizona

text: Daily

text: Wildcat

text: is

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Arizona

text: 's

text: student

text: newspaper

text: and

text: the

text: Aztec

text: News

text: is

text: the

text: Pima

text: Community

text: College

text: student

text: newspaper

text: The

text: New

text: Vision

text: is

text: the

text: newspaper

text: for

text: the

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: Diocese

text: of

text: Tucson

text: and

text: the

text: Arizona

text: Jewish

text: Post

text: is

text: the

text: newspaper

text: of

text: the

text: Jewish

text: Federation

text: of

text: Southern

text: Arizona

question: What is Tucson's daily general newspaper?

answer: Arizona Daily Star

text: Arizona Daily Star

question: What is Tucson's daily legal paper?

answer: The Daily Territorial

text: The Daily Territorial

question: Who publishes Tucson Weekly?

answer: 10/13 Communications

text: 10/13 Communications

question: Where is 10/13 based?

answer: Boulder, Colo.

text: Boulder, Colo.

question: What is the University of Arizona's student newspaper?

answer: The Arizona Daily Wildcat

text: The Arizona Daily Wildcat


text: Blair announced in September 2006 that he would quit as leader within the year, though he had been under pressure to quit earlier than May 2007 in order to get a new leader in place before the May elections which were expected to be disastrous for Labour. In the event, the party did lose power in Scotland to a minority Scottish National Party government at the 2007 elections and, shortly after this, Blair resigned as Prime Minister and was replaced by his Chancellor, Gordon Brown. Although the party experienced a brief rise in the polls after this, its popularity soon slumped to its lowest level since the days of Michael Foot. During May 2008, Labour suffered heavy defeats in the London mayoral election, local elections and the loss in the Crewe and Nantwich by-election, culminating in the party registering its worst ever opinion poll result since records began in 1943, of 23%, with many citing Brown's leadership as a key factor. Membership of the party also reached a low ebb, falling to 156,205 by the end of 2009: over 40 per cent of the 405,000 peak reached in 1997 and thought to be the lowest total since the party was founded.

title: Labour_Party_(UK)

title: Labour_Party_(UK

text: Blair

text: announced

text: in

text: September

text: that

text: he

text: would

text: quit

text: as

text: leader

text: within

text: the

text: year

text: though

text: he

text: had

text: been

text: under

text: pressure

text: to

text: quit

text: earlier

text: than

text: May

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: get

text: a

text: new

text: leader

text: in

text: place

text: before

text: the

text: May

text: elections

text: which

text: were

text: expected

text: to

text: be

text: disastrous

text: for

text: Labour

text: In

text: the

text: event

text: the

text: party

text: did

text: lose

text: power

text: in

text: Scotland

text: to

text: a

text: minority

text: Scottish

text: National

text: Party

text: government

text: at

text: the

text: elections

text: and

text: shortly

text: after

text: this

text: Blair

text: resigned

text: as

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: and

text: was

text: replaced

text: by

text: his

text: Chancellor

text: Gordon

text: Brown

text: Although

text: the

text: party

text: experienced

text: a

text: brief

text: rise

text: in

text: the

text: polls

text: after

text: this

text: its

text: popularity

text: soon

text: slumped

text: to

text: its

text: lowest

text: level

text: since

text: the

text: days

text: of

text: Michael

text: Foot

text: During

text: May

text: Labour

text: suffered

text: heavy

text: defeats

text: in

text: the

text: London

text: mayoral

text: election

text: local

text: elections

text: and

text: the

text: loss

text: in

text: the

text: Crewe

text: and

text: Nantwich

text: by

text: election

text: culminating

text: in

text: the

text: party

text: registering

text: its

text: worst

text: ever

text: opinion

text: poll

text: result

text: since

text: records

text: began

text: in

text: of

text: with

text: many

text: citing

text: Brown

text: 's

text: leadership

text: as

text: a

text: key

text: factor

text: Membership

text: of

text: the

text: party

text: also

text: reached

text: a

text: low

text: ebb

text: falling

text: to

text: by

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: over

text: per

text: cent

text: of

text: the

text: peak

text: reached

text: in

text: and

text: thought

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: lowest

text: total

text: since

text: the

text: party

text: was

text: founded

question: When did Blair announce he was quitting?

answer: September 2006

text: September 2006

question: When were the next elections?

answer: May 2007

text: May 2007

question: Who did Labour lose power in the election to?

answer: Scottish National Party

text: Scottish National Party

question: Who was Blair replaced by?

answer: his Chancellor, Gordon Brown

text: his Chancellor, Gordon Brown

question: What was the party membership at the end of 2009?

answer: 156,205


text: With the emergence of ISIL and its capture of large areas of Iraq and Syria, a number of crises resulted that sparked international attention. ISIL had perpetrated sectarian killings and war crimes in both Iraq and Syria. Gains made in the Iraq war were rolled back as Iraqi army units abandoned their posts. Cities were taken over by the terrorist group which enforced its brand of Sharia law. The kidnapping and decapitation of numerous Western journalists and aid-workers also garnered interest and outrage among Western powers. The US intervened with airstrikes in Iraq over ISIL held territories and assets in August, and in September a coalition of US and Middle Eastern powers initiated a bombing campaign in Syria aimed at degrading and destroying ISIL and Al-Nusra-held territory.

title: Military_history_of_the_United_States

title: Military_history_of_the_United_States

text: With

text: the

text: emergence

text: of

text: ISIL

text: and

text: its

text: capture

text: of

text: large

text: areas

text: of

text: Iraq

text: and

text: Syria

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: crises

text: resulted

text: that

text: sparked

text: international

text: attention

text: ISIL

text: had

text: perpetrated

text: sectarian

text: killings

text: and

text: war

text: crimes

text: in

text: both

text: Iraq

text: and

text: Syria

text: Gains

text: made

text: in

text: the

text: Iraq

text: war

text: were

text: rolled

text: back

text: as

text: Iraqi

text: army

text: units

text: abandoned

text: their

text: posts

text: Cities

text: were

text: taken

text: over

text: by

text: the

text: terrorist

text: group

text: which

text: enforced

text: its

text: brand

text: of

text: Sharia

text: law

text: The

text: kidnapping

text: and

text: decapitation

text: of

text: numerous

text: Western

text: journalists

text: and

text: aid

text: workers

text: also

text: garnered

text: interest

text: and

text: outrage

text: among

text: Western

text: powers

text: The

text: US

text: intervened

text: with

text: airstrikes

text: in

text: Iraq

text: over

text: ISIL

text: held

text: territories

text: and

text: assets

text: in

text: August

text: and

text: in

text: September

text: a

text: coalition

text: of

text: US

text: and

text: Middle

text: Eastern

text: powers

text: initiated

text: a

text: bombing

text: campaign

text: in

text: Syria

text: aimed

text: at

text: degrading

text: and

text: destroying

text: ISIL

text: and

text: Al

text: Nusra

text: held

text: territory

question: What organization captured significant segments of Iraq and Syria?

answer: ISIL

text: ISIL

question: What legal ethos does ISIL operate under?

answer: Sharia law

text: Sharia law

question: What actions did ISIL take against Western journalists and aid workers?

answer: kidnapping and decapitation

text: kidnapping and decapitation

question: How did the US intervene against ISIL?

answer: airstrikes in Iraq over ISIL held territories

text: airstrikes in Iraq over ISIL held territories

question: What was the goal of US and coalition airstrikes in Syria?

answer: degrading and destroying ISIL and Al-Nusra-held territory

text: degrading and destroying ISIL and Al-Nusra-held territory


text: Somerset has 11,500 listed buildings, 523 scheduled monuments, 192 conservation areas, 41 parks and gardens including those at Barrington Court, Holnicote Estate, Prior Park Landscape Garden and Tintinhull Garden, 36 English Heritage sites and 19 National Trust sites, including Clevedon Court, Fyne Court, Montacute House and Tyntesfield as well as Stembridge Tower Mill, the last remaining thatched windmill in England. Other historic houses in the county which have remained in private ownership or used for other purposes include Halswell House and Marston Bigot. A key contribution of Somerset architecture is its medieval church towers. Jenkins writes, "These structures, with their buttresses, bell-opening tracery and crowns, rank with Nottinghamshire alabaster as England's finest contribution to medieval art."

title: Somerset

title: Somerset

text: Somerset

text: has

text: listed

text: buildings

text: scheduled

text: monuments

text: conservation

text: areas

text: parks

text: and

text: gardens

text: including

text: those

text: at

text: Barrington

text: Court

text: Holnicote

text: Estate

text: Prior

text: Park

text: Landscape

text: Garden

text: and

text: Tintinhull

text: Garden

text: English

text: Heritage

text: sites

text: and

text: National

text: Trust

text: sites

text: including

text: Clevedon

text: Court

text: Fyne

text: Court

text: Montacute

text: House

text: and

text: Tyntesfield

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: Stembridge

text: Tower

text: Mill

text: the

text: last

text: remaining

text: thatched

text: windmill

text: in

text: England

text: Other

text: historic

text: houses

text: in

text: the

text: county

text: which

text: have

text: remained

text: in

text: private

text: ownership

text: or

text: used

text: for

text: other

text: purposes

text: include

text: Halswell

text: House

text: and

text: Marston

text: Bigot

text: A

text: key

text: contribution

text: of

text: Somerset

text: architecture

text: is

text: its

text: medieval

text: church

text: towers

text: Jenkins

text: writes

text: These

text: structures

text: with

text: their

text: buttresses

text: bell

text: opening

text: tracery

text: and

text: crowns

text: rank

text: with

text: Nottinghamshire

text: alabaster

text: as

text: England

text: 's

text: finest

text: contribution

text: to

text: medieval

text: art

question: How many listed buildings in Somerset

answer: Somerset has 11,500 listed buildings

text: Somerset has 11,500 listed buildings

question: How many monuments on Somerset

answer: 523 scheduled monuments

text: 523 scheduled monuments

question: What is a key type of Architecture in Somerset

answer: its medieval church towers

text: its medieval church towers

question: Name some historic private houses in the county

answer: Halswell House and Marston Bigot.

text: Halswell House and Marston Bigot.


text: During the period from 1993 to 2011, FBI agents fired their weapons on 289 occasions; FBI internal reviews found the shots justified in all but 5 cases, in none of the 5 cases were people wounded. Samuel Walker, a professor of criminal justice at the University of Nebraska Omaha said the number of shots found to be unjustified was "suspiciously low." In the same time period, the FBI wounded 150 people, 70 of whom died; the FBI found all 150 shootings to be justified. Likewise, during the period from 2011 to the present, all shootings by FBI agents have been found to be justified by internal investigation. In a 2002 case in Maryland, an innocent man was shot, and later paid $1.3 million by the FBI after agents mistook him for a bank robber; the internal investigation found that the shooting was justified, based on the man's actions.

title: Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation

title: Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation

text: During

text: the

text: period

text: from

text: to

text: FBI

text: agents

text: fired

text: their

text: weapons

text: on

text: occasions

text: FBI

text: internal

text: reviews

text: found

text: the

text: shots

text: justified

text: in

text: all

text: but

text: cases

text: in

text: of

text: the

text: cases

text: were

text: people

text: wounded

text: Samuel

text: Walker

text: a

text: professor

text: of

text: criminal

text: justice

text: at

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Nebraska

text: Omaha

text: said

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: shots

text: found

text: to

text: be

text: unjustified

text: was

text: suspiciously

text: low

text: In

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: period

text: the

text: FBI

text: wounded

text: people

text: of

text: whom

text: died

text: the

text: FBI

text: found

text: all

text: shootings

text: to

text: be

text: justified

text: Likewise

text: during

text: the

text: period

text: from

text: to

text: the

text: present

text: all

text: shootings

text: by

text: FBI

text: agents

text: have

text: been

text: found

text: to

text: be

text: justified

text: by

text: internal

text: investigation

text: In

text: a

text: case

text: in

text: Maryland

text: an

text: innocent

text: man

text: was

text: shot

text: and

text: later

text: paid

text: million

text: by

text: the

text: FBI

text: after

text: agents

text: mistook

text: him

text: for

text: a

text: bank

text: robber

text: the

text: internal

text: investigation

text: found

text: that

text: the

text: shooting

text: was

text: justified

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: man

text: 's

text: actions

question: How many times did FBI agents first their weapons from 1993 to 2011?

answer: 289

question: How many times were FBI shots not justified?

answer: 5 cases

text: 5 cases

question: How many people were wounded in the cases where FBI shooting was not justified?

answer: none

question: How did Samuel Walker describe the number of unjustified shots fired?

answer: suspiciously low

text: suspiciously low

question: On what was the shooting of an innocent Maryland man deemed justified?

answer: the man's actions

text: the man's actions


text: Broadcasters were faced with having to adapt daily to the varied recording characteristics of many sources: various makers of "home recordings" readily available to the public, European recordings, lateral-cut transcriptions, and vertical-cut transcriptions. Efforts were started in 1942 to standardize within the National Association of Broadcasters (NAB), later known as the National Association of Radio and Television Broadcasters (NARTB). The NAB, among other items, issued recording standards in 1949 for laterally and vertically cut records, principally transcriptions. A number of 78 rpm record producers as well as early LP makers also cut their records to the NAB/NARTB lateral standard.

title: Gramophone_record

title: Gramophone_record

text: Broadcasters

text: were

text: faced

text: with

text: having

text: to

text: adapt

text: daily

text: to

text: the

text: varied

text: recording

text: characteristics

text: of

text: many

text: sources

text: various

text: makers

text: of

text: home

text: recordings

text: readily

text: available

text: to

text: the

text: public

text: European

text: recordings

text: lateral

text: cut

text: transcriptions

text: and

text: vertical

text: cut

text: transcriptions

text: Efforts

text: were

text: started

text: in

text: to

text: standardize

text: within

text: the

text: National

text: Association

text: of

text: Broadcasters

text: NAB

text: later

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: National

text: Association

text: of

text: Radio

text: and

text: Television

text: Broadcasters

text: NARTB

text: The

text: NAB

text: among

text: other

text: items

text: issued

text: recording

text: standards

text: in

text: for

text: laterally

text: and

text: vertically

text: cut

text: records

text: principally

text: transcriptions

text: A

text: number

text: of

text: rpm

text: record

text: producers

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: early

text: LP

text: makers

text: also

text: cut

text: their

text: records

text: to

text: the

text: NAB

text: NARTB

text: lateral

text: standard

question: Who made the move to standardize recordings?

answer: National Association of Broadcasters

text: National Association of Broadcasters

question: When were recording standards officially released?

answer: 1949

question: Which recording types were effected by the imposed industry standards?

answer: laterally and vertically cut records, principally transcriptions.

text: laterally and vertically cut records, principally transcriptions.

question: What was one issue of a lack of industry standards?

answer: Broadcasters were faced with having to adapt daily to the varied recording

text: Broadcasters were faced with having to adapt daily to the varied recording

question: What is the NAB?

answer: National Association of Broadcasters

text: National Association of Broadcasters


text: In 2013 a lot of media coverage was given to unclassified NSA's study in Cryptologic Spectrum that concluded that Tito did not speak the language as a native, and had features of other Slavic languages (Russian and Polish). The hypothesis that "a non-Yugoslav, perhaps a Russian or a Pole" assumed Tito's identity was included. The report also notes Draža Mihailović's impressions of Tito's Russian origins.

title: Josip_Broz_Tito

title: Josip_Broz_Tito

text: In

text: a

text: lot

text: of

text: media

text: coverage

text: was

text: given

text: to

text: unclassified

text: NSA

text: 's

text: study

text: in

text: Cryptologic

text: Spectrum

text: that

text: concluded

text: that

text: Tito

text: did

text: not

text: speak

text: the

text: language

text: as

text: a

text: native

text: and

text: had

text: features

text: of

text: other

text: Slavic

text: languages

text: Russian

text: and

text: Polish

text: The

text: hypothesis

text: that

text: a

text: non

text: Yugoslav

text: perhaps

text: a

text: Russian

text: or

text: a

text: Pole

text: assumed

text: Tito

text: 's

text: identity

text: was

text: included

text: The

text: report

text: also

text: notes

text: Draža

text: Mihailović

text: 's

text: impressions

text: of

text: Tito

text: 's

text: Russian

text: origins

question: In what year did the study in Cryptologic Spectrum come out?

answer: 2013

question: What organization created the Cryptologic Spectrum?

answer: NSA

text: NSA

question: What other Slavic languages did the Cryptologic Spectrum conclude Tito spoke?

answer: Russian and Polish

text: Russian and Polish

question: The Cryptologic Spectrum also notes whose impressions of Tito's Russian origins?

answer: Draža Mihailović's

text: Draža Mihailović's


text: They formed, and identified with various religious groups advocating greater purity of worship and doctrine, as well as personal and group piety. Puritans adopted a Reformed theology, but they also took note of radical criticisms of Zwingli in Zurich and Calvin in Geneva. In church polity, some advocated for separation from all other Christians, in favor of autonomous gathered churches. These separatist and independent strands of Puritanism became prominent in the 1640s, when the supporters of a Presbyterian polity in the Westminster Assembly were unable to forge a new English national church.

title: Protestantism

title: Protestantism

text: They

text: formed

text: and

text: identified

text: with

text: various

text: religious

text: groups

text: advocating

text: greater

text: purity

text: of

text: worship

text: and

text: doctrine

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: personal

text: and

text: group

text: piety

text: Puritans

text: adopted

text: a

text: Reformed

text: theology

text: but

text: they

text: also

text: took

text: note

text: of

text: radical

text: criticisms

text: of

text: Zwingli

text: in

text: Zurich

text: and

text: Calvin

text: in

text: Geneva

text: In

text: church

text: polity

text: some

text: advocated

text: for

text: separation

text: from

text: all

text: other

text: Christians

text: in

text: favor

text: of

text: autonomous

text: gathered

text: churches

text: These

text: separatist

text: and

text: independent

text: strands

text: of

text: Puritanism

text: became

text: prominent

text: in

text: the

text: when

text: the

text: supporters

text: of

text: a

text: Presbyterian

text: polity

text: in

text: the

text: Westminster

text: Assembly

text: were

text: unable

text: to

text: forge

text: a

text: new

text: English

text: national

text: church

question: What type of theology did Puritans accept?

answer: Reformed

text: Reformed

question: When did separatists become powerful in Puritanism?

answer: the 1640s

text: the 1640s

question: What types of piety did the Puritans advocate?

answer: personal and group

text: personal and group

question: Where was Calvin criticized?

answer: Geneva

text: Geneva

question: At what gathering were supporters unsuccessful in establishing a new national church?

answer: the Westminster Assembly

text: the Westminster Assembly


text: Furthermore, despite the novel's thematic focus on racial injustice, its black characters are not fully examined. In its use of racial epithets, stereotyped depictions of superstitious blacks, and Calpurnia, who to some critics is an updated version of the "contented slave" motif and to others simply unexplored, the book is viewed as marginalizing black characters. One writer asserts that the use of Scout's narration serves as a convenient mechanism for readers to be innocent and detached from the racial conflict. Scout's voice "functions as the not-me which allows the rest of us—black and white, male and female—to find our relative position in society". A teaching guide for the novel published by The English Journal cautions, "what seems wonderful or powerful to one group of students may seem degrading to another". A Canadian language arts consultant found that the novel resonated well with white students, but that black students found it "demoralizing". Another criticism, articulated by Michael Lind, is that the novel indulges in classist stereotyping and demonization of poor rural "white trash".

title: To_Kill_a_Mockingbird

title: To_Kill_a_Mockingbird

text: Furthermore

text: despite

text: the

text: novel

text: 's

text: thematic

text: focus

text: on

text: racial

text: injustice

text: its

text: black

text: characters

text: are

text: not

text: fully

text: examined

text: In

text: its

text: use

text: of

text: racial

text: epithets

text: stereotyped

text: depictions

text: of

text: superstitious

text: blacks

text: and

text: Calpurnia

text: who

text: to

text: some

text: critics

text: is

text: an

text: updated

text: version

text: of

text: the

text: contented

text: slave

text: motif

text: and

text: to

text: others

text: simply

text: unexplored

text: the

text: book

text: is

text: viewed

text: as

text: marginalizing

text: black

text: characters

text: One

text: writer

text: asserts

text: that

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: Scout

text: 's

text: narration

text: serves

text: as

text: a

text: convenient

text: mechanism

text: for

text: readers

text: to

text: be

text: innocent

text: and

text: detached

text: from

text: the

text: racial

text: conflict

text: Scout

text: 's

text: voice

text: functions

text: as

text: the

text: not

text: me

text: which

text: allows

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: us

text: black

text: and

text: white

text: male

text: and

text: female

text: to

text: find

text: our

text: relative

text: position

text: in

text: society

text: A

text: teaching

text: guide

text: for

text: the

text: novel

text: published

text: by

text: The

text: English

text: Journal

text: cautions

text: what

text: seems

text: wonderful

text: or

text: powerful

text: to

text: one

text: group

text: of

text: students

text: may

text: seem

text: degrading

text: to

text: another

text: A

text: Canadian

text: language

text: arts

text: consultant

text: found

text: that

text: the

text: novel

text: resonated

text: well

text: with

text: white

text: students

text: but

text: that

text: black

text: students

text: found

text: it

text: demoralizing

text: Another

text: criticism

text: articulated

text: by

text: Michael

text: Lind

text: is

text: that

text: the

text: novel

text: indulges

text: in

text: classist

text: stereotyping

text: and

text: demonization

text: of

text: poor

text: rural

text: white

text: trash

question: Which character has some critics deemed a variation of a contented slave?

answer: Calpurnia

text: Calpurnia

question: According to one consultant, which group found the book demoralizing?

answer: black students

text: black students

question: Michael Lund criticized the novel for demonizing whom?

answer: poor rural "white trash"

text: poor rural "white trash"


text: During the Allied occupation of Germany after World War II, internal borders were redrawn by the Allied military governments. No single state comprised more than 30% of either population or territory; this was intended to prevent any one state from being as dominant within Germany as Prussia had been in the past. Initially, only seven of the pre-War states remained: Baden (in part), Bavaria (reduced in size), Bremen, Hamburg, Hesse (enlarged), Saxony, and Thuringia. The states with hyphenated names, such as Rhineland-Palatinate, North Rhine-Westphalia, and Saxony-Anhalt, owed their existence to the occupation powers and were created out of mergers of former Prussian provinces and smaller states. Former German territory that lie east of the Oder-Neisse Line fell under either Polish or Soviet administration but attempts were made at least symbolically not to abandon sovereignty well into the 1960s. However, no attempts were made to establish new states in these territories as they lay outside the jurisdiction of West Germany at that time.

title: States_of_Germany

title: States_of_Germany

text: During

text: the

text: Allied

text: occupation

text: of

text: Germany

text: after

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: internal

text: borders

text: were

text: redrawn

text: by

text: the

text: Allied

text: military

text: governments

text: No

text: single

text: state

text: comprised

text: more

text: than

text: of

text: either

text: population

text: or

text: territory

text: this

text: was

text: intended

text: to

text: prevent

text: any

text: one

text: state

text: from

text: being

text: as

text: dominant

text: within

text: Germany

text: as

text: Prussia

text: had

text: been

text: in

text: the

text: past

text: Initially

text: only

text: seven

text: of

text: the

text: pre

text: War

text: states

text: remained

text: Baden

text: in

text: part

text: Bavaria

text: reduced

text: in

text: size

text: Bremen

text: Hamburg

text: Hesse

text: enlarged

text: Saxony

text: and

text: Thuringia

text: The

text: states

text: with

text: hyphenated

text: names

text: such

text: as

text: Rhineland

text: Palatinate

text: North

text: Rhine

text: Westphalia

text: and

text: Saxony

text: Anhalt

text: owed

text: their

text: existence

text: to

text: the

text: occupation

text: powers

text: and

text: were

text: created

text: out

text: of

text: mergers

text: of

text: former

text: Prussian

text: provinces

text: and

text: smaller

text: states

text: Former

text: German

text: territory

text: that

text: lie

text: east

text: of

text: the

text: Oder

text: Neisse

text: Line

text: fell

text: under

text: either

text: Polish

text: or

text: Soviet

text: administration

text: but

text: attempts

text: were

text: made

text: at

text: least

text: symbolically

text: not

text: to

text: abandon

text: sovereignty

text: well

text: into

text: the

text: However

text: no

text: attempts

text: were

text: made

text: to

text: establish

text: new

text: states

text: in

text: these

text: territories

text: as

text: they

text: lay

text: outside

text: the

text: jurisdiction

text: of

text: West

text: Germany

text: at

text: that

text: time

question: Who redrew Germany's internal borders after World War II?

answer: Allied military governments

text: Allied military governments

question: No single state comprised of how much of the population after World War II?

answer: 30%

question: After WWII how many states initially remained in Germany?

answer: seven

text: seven

question: Former German territory that lie east of the Oder-Neisse Line went under which countries administration?

answer: Polish or Soviet administration

text: Polish or Soviet administration

question: How many made to establish new states in the territories  lying east of the Oder-Neisse Line?

answer: no attempts

text: no attempts


text: The history of Latin canon law can be divided into four periods: the jus antiquum, the jus novum, the jus novissimum and the Code of Canon Law. In relation to the Code, history can be divided into the jus vetus (all law before the Code) and the jus novum (the law of the Code, or jus codicis).

title: Canon_law

title: Canon_law

text: The

text: history

text: of

text: Latin

text: canon

text: law

text: can

text: be

text: divided

text: into

text: four

text: periods

text: the

text: jus

text: antiquum

text: the

text: jus

text: novum

text: the

text: jus

text: novissimum

text: and

text: the

text: Code

text: of

text: Canon

text: Law

text: In

text: relation

text: to

text: the

text: Code

text: history

text: can

text: be

text: divided

text: into

text: the

text: jus

text: vetus

text: all

text: law

text: before

text: the

text: Code

text: and

text: the

text: jus

text: novum

text: the

text: law

text: of

text: the

text: Code

text: or

text: jus

text: codicis

question: Which period followed the jus antiquum?

answer: the jus novum

text: the jus novum

question: What is the most recent era of Latin canon law?

answer: the Code of Canon Law

text: the Code of Canon Law

question: What is the name for the time preceding the Code of Canon Law?

answer: the jus vetus

text: the jus vetus


text: The three latest satellites will jointly undergo testing of a new system of navigation signaling and inter-satellite links, and start providing navigation services when ready.

title: BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System

title: BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System

text: The

text: three

text: latest

text: satellites

text: will

text: jointly

text: undergo

text: testing

text: of

text: a

text: new

text: system

text: of

text: navigation

text: signaling

text: and

text: inter

text: satellite

text: links

text: and

text: start

text: providing

text: navigation

text: services

text: when

text: ready

question: What will the three latest satellites provide after testing?

answer: navigation services

text: navigation services

question: What kind of testing will be performed on the three latest satellites?

answer: testing of a new system of navigation signaling and inter-satellite links

text: testing of a new system of navigation signaling and inter-satellite links

question: How many satellites will be used to test a new system of navigation signaling?

answer: three

text: three


text: The following day, the armies of four Arab countries—Egypt, Syria, Transjordan and Iraq—entered what had been British Mandatory Palestine, launching the 1948 Arab–Israeli War; Contingents from Yemen, Morocco, Saudi Arabia and Sudan joined the war. The apparent purpose of the invasion was to prevent the establishment of the Jewish state at inception, and some Arab leaders talked about driving the Jews into the sea. According to Benny Morris, Jews felt that the invading Arab armies aimed to slaughter the Jews. The Arab league stated that the invasion was to restore law and order and to prevent further bloodshed.

title: Israel

title: Israel

text: The

text: following

text: day

text: the

text: armies

text: of

text: four

text: Arab

text: countries

text: Egypt

text: Syria

text: Transjordan

text: and

text: Iraq

text: entered

text: what

text: had

text: been

text: British

text: Mandatory

text: Palestine

text: launching

text: the

text: Arab

text: Israeli

text: War

text: Contingents

text: from

text: Yemen

text: Morocco

text: Saudi

text: Arabia

text: and

text: Sudan

text: joined

text: the

text: war

text: The

text: apparent

text: purpose

text: of

text: the

text: invasion

text: was

text: to

text: prevent

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: the

text: Jewish

text: state

text: at

text: inception

text: and

text: some

text: Arab

text: leaders

text: talked

text: about

text: driving

text: the

text: Jews

text: into

text: the

text: sea

text: According

text: to

text: Benny

text: Morris

text: Jews

text: felt

text: that

text: the

text: invading

text: Arab

text: armies

text: aimed

text: to

text: slaughter

text: the

text: Jews

text: The

text: Arab

text: league

text: stated

text: that

text: the

text: invasion

text: was

text: to

text: restore

text: law

text: and

text: order

text: and

text: to

text: prevent

text: further

text: bloodshed

question: What four Arab countries entered British Mandatory Palestine?

answer: Egypt, Syria, Transjordan and Iraq

text: Egypt, Syria, Transjordan and Iraq

question: When was the Arab-Israeli War launched?

answer: 1948

question: What were the invading Arab armies aim?

answer: slaughter the Jews

text: slaughter the Jews


text: The Internet was developed as a network between government research laboratories and participating departments of universities. By the late 1980s, a process was set in place towards public, commercial use of the Internet. The remaining restrictions were removed by 1995, 4 years after the introduction of the World Wide Web.

title: Internet_service_provider

title: Internet_service_provider

text: The

text: Internet

text: was

text: developed

text: as

text: a

text: network

text: between

text: government

text: research

text: laboratories

text: and

text: participating

text: departments

text: of

text: universities

text: By

text: the

text: late

text: a

text: process

text: was

text: set

text: in

text: place

text: towards

text: public

text: commercial

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: Internet

text: The

text: remaining

text: restrictions

text: were

text: removed

text: by

text: years

text: after

text: the

text: introduction

text: of

text: the

text: World

text: Wide

text: Web

question: Why was the internet developed?

answer: a network between government research laboratories and participating departments of universities

text: a network between government research laboratories and participating departments of universities

question: when was the internet developed?

answer: 1980s

question: what happened to the internet in the late 1980s?

answer: a process was set in place towards public, commercial use of the Internet

text: a process was set in place towards public, commercial use of the Internet

question: When were remaining restrictions on the internet removed?

answer: 1995

question: how long after the introduction of the world wide web was 1995?

answer: 4 years

text: 4 years


text: A Japanese force was sent north to attack the Aleutian Islands. The next stage of the plan called for the capture of Midway, which would give him an opportunity to destroy Nimitz's remaining carriers. In May, Allied codebreakers discovered his intentions. Nagumo was again in tactical command but was focused on the invasion of Midway; Yamamoto's complex plan had no provision for intervention by Nimitz before the Japanese expected him. Planned surveillance of the U.S. fleet by long range seaplane did not happen (as a result of an abortive identical operation in March), so Fletcher's carriers were able to proceed to a flanking position without being detected. Nagumo had 272 planes operating from his four carriers, the U.S. 348 (115 land-based).

title: Pacific_War

title: Pacific_War

text: A

text: Japanese

text: force

text: was

text: sent

text: north

text: to

text: attack

text: the

text: Aleutian

text: Islands

text: The

text: next

text: stage

text: of

text: the

text: plan

text: called

text: for

text: the

text: capture

text: of

text: Midway

text: which

text: would

text: give

text: him

text: an

text: opportunity

text: to

text: destroy

text: Nimitz

text: 's

text: remaining

text: carriers

text: In

text: May

text: Allied

text: codebreakers

text: discovered

text: his

text: intentions

text: Nagumo

text: was

text: again

text: in

text: tactical

text: command

text: but

text: was

text: focused

text: on

text: the

text: invasion

text: of

text: Midway

text: Yamamoto

text: 's

text: complex

text: plan

text: had

text: no

text: provision

text: for

text: intervention

text: by

text: Nimitz

text: before

text: the

text: Japanese

text: expected

text: him

text: Planned

text: surveillance

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: fleet

text: by

text: long

text: range

text: seaplane

text: did

text: not

text: happen

text: as

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: an

text: abortive

text: identical

text: operation

text: in

text: March

text: so

text: Fletcher

text: 's

text: carriers

text: were

text: able

text: to

text: proceed

text: to

text: a

text: flanking

text: position

text: without

text: being

text: detected

text: Nagumo

text: had

text: planes

text: operating

text: from

text: his

text: four

text: carriers

text: the

text: U.S.

text: land

text: based

question: In Yamamoto's plan, what northern islands were to be attacked?

answer: Aleutian Islands

text: Aleutian Islands

question: What was the second stage objective of Yamaoto's plan?

answer: capture of Midway

text: capture of Midway

question: How many planes did Nagumo have for the Midway invasion?

answer: 272

question: How many planes did the United States have in the Battle of Midway?

answer: 348

question: How many U.S. planes were land-based?

answer: 115


text: On 21 December 1941, the Partisans created the First Proletarian Brigade (commanded by Koča Popović) and on 1 March 1942, Tito created the Second Proletarian Brigade. In liberated territories, the Partisans organised People's Committees to act as civilian government. The Anti-Fascist Council of National Liberation of Yugoslavia (AVNOJ) convened in Bihać on 26–27 November 1942 and in Jajce on 29 November 1943. In the two sessions, the resistance representatives established the basis for post-war organisation of the country, deciding on a federation of the Yugoslav nations. In Jajce, a 67-member "presidency" was elected and established a nine-member National Committee of Liberation (five communist members) as a de facto provisional government. Tito was named President of the National Committee of Liberation.

title: Josip_Broz_Tito

title: Josip_Broz_Tito

text: On

text: December

text: the

text: Partisans

text: created

text: the

text: First

text: Proletarian

text: Brigade

text: commanded

text: by

text: Koča

text: Popović

text: and

text: on

text: March

text: Tito

text: created

text: the

text: Second

text: Proletarian

text: Brigade

text: In

text: liberated

text: territories

text: the

text: Partisans

text: organised

text: People

text: 's

text: Committees

text: to

text: act

text: as

text: civilian

text: government

text: The

text: Anti

text: Fascist

text: Council

text: of

text: National

text: Liberation

text: of

text: Yugoslavia

text: AVNOJ

text: convened

text: in

text: Bihać

text: on

text: November

text: and

text: in

text: Jajce

text: on

text: November

text: In

text: the

text: two

text: sessions

text: the

text: resistance

text: representatives

text: established

text: the

text: basis

text: for

text: post

text: war

text: organisation

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: deciding

text: on

text: a

text: federation

text: of

text: the

text: Yugoslav

text: nations

text: In

text: Jajce

text: a

text: presidency

text: was

text: elected

text: and

text: established

text: a

text: nine

text: member

text: National

text: Committee

text: of

text: Liberation

text: five

text: communist

text: members

text: as

text: a

text: de

text: facto

text: provisional

text: government

text: Tito

text: was

text: named

text: President

text: of

text: the

text: National

text: Committee

text: of

text: Liberation

question: When did the Partisans create the First Proletarian Brigade?

answer: 1941

question: When did Tito create the Second Proletarian Brigade?

answer: 1942

question: What position was Tito named to for the National Committee of LIberation?

answer: President

text: President

question: Where was the 67-member "presidency" located?

answer: Jajce

text: Jajce

question: How many members were in the "presidency" in Jajce?

answer: 67


text: In Why F A Hayek is a Conservative, British policy analyst Madsen Pirie claims Hayek mistakes the nature of the conservative outlook. Conservatives, he says, are not averse to change – but like Hayek, they are highly averse to change being imposed on the social order by people in authority who think they know how to run things better. They wish to allow the market to function smoothly and give it the freedom to change and develop. It is an outlook, says Pirie, that Hayek and conservatives both share.

title: Friedrich_Hayek

title: Friedrich_Hayek

text: In

text: Why

text: F

text: A

text: Hayek

text: is

text: a

text: Conservative

text: British

text: policy

text: analyst

text: Madsen

text: Pirie

text: claims

text: Hayek

text: mistakes

text: the

text: nature

text: of

text: the

text: conservative

text: outlook

text: Conservatives

text: he

text: says

text: are

text: not

text: averse

text: to

text: change

text: but

text: like

text: Hayek

text: they

text: are

text: highly

text: averse

text: to

text: change

text: being

text: imposed

text: on

text: the

text: social

text: order

text: by

text: people

text: in

text: authority

text: who

text: think

text: they

text: know

text: how

text: to

text: run

text: things

text: better

text: They

text: wish

text: to

text: allow

text: the

text: market

text: to

text: function

text: smoothly

text: and

text: give

text: it

text: the

text: freedom

text: to

text: change

text: and

text: develop

text: It

text: is

text: an

text: outlook

text: says

text: Pirie

text: that

text: Hayek

text: and

text: conservatives

text: both

text: share

question: Who makes the claim that Hayek was actually a conservative?

answer: Madsen Pirie

text: Madsen Pirie

question: According to Pirie, conservatives dislike change only when its forced upon them by whom?

answer: people in authority who think they know how to run things better

text: people in authority who think they know how to run things better

question: Pirie believes Hayek to be a conservative for what reason?

answer: mistakes the nature of the conservative outlook

text: mistakes the nature of the conservative outlook

question: What does Pirie claim conservatives want for the free market?

answer: to function smoothly

text: to function smoothly


text: In the United States, two of the wealthiest nonprofit organizations are the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, which has an endowment of US$38 billion, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute originally funded by Hughes Aircraft prior to divestiture, which has an endowment of approximately $14.8 billion. Outside the United States, another large NPO is the British Wellcome Trust, which is a "charity" by British usage. See: List of wealthiest foundations. Note that this assessment excludes universities, at least a few of which have assets in the tens of billions of dollars. For example; List of U.S. colleges and universities by endowment.

title: Nonprofit_organization

title: Nonprofit_organization

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: two

text: of

text: the

text: wealthiest

text: nonprofit

text: organizations

text: are

text: the

text: Bill

text: and

text: Melinda

text: Gates

text: Foundation

text: which

text: has

text: an

text: endowment

text: of

text: US$

text: billion

text: and

text: the

text: Howard

text: Hughes

text: Medical

text: Institute

text: originally

text: funded

text: by

text: Hughes

text: Aircraft

text: prior

text: to

text: divestiture

text: which

text: has

text: an

text: endowment

text: of

text: approximately

text: billion

text: Outside

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: another

text: large

text: NPO

text: is

text: the

text: British

text: Wellcome

text: Trust

text: which

text: is

text: a

text: charity

text: by

text: British

text: usage

text: See

text: List

text: of

text: wealthiest

text: foundations

text: Note

text: that

text: this

text: assessment

text: excludes

text: universities

text: at

text: least

text: a

text: few

text: of

text: which

text: have

text: assets

text: in

text: the

text: tens

text: of

text: billions

text: of

text: dollars

text: For

text: example

text: List

text: of

text: U.S.

text: colleges

text: and

text: universities

text: by

text: endowment

question: What is one of the wealthiest nonprofit organizations in America?

answer: Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation

text: Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation

question: What NPO was origionally funded by Hughes Aircraft?

answer: Howard Hughes Medical Institute

text: Howard Hughes Medical Institute

question: How much is the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation worth?

answer: US$38 billion

text: US$38 billion

question: How much is the Howard Hughes Medical Institute worth?

answer: $14.8 billion

text: $14.8 billion

question: What is one of the largest NPOs outside of the United States?

answer: British Wellcome Trust

text: British Wellcome Trust


text: While slaveholding was slightly less concentrated than in some Southern states, according to the 1860 census, more than 330,000 people, or 33% of the population of 992,622, were enslaved African Americans. They lived and worked chiefly on plantations in the eastern Tidewater. In addition, 30,463 free people of color lived in the state. They were also concentrated in the eastern coastal plain, especially at port cities such as Wilmington and New Bern, where a variety of jobs were available. Free African Americans were allowed to vote until 1835, when the state revoked their suffrage in restrictions following the slave rebellion of 1831 led by Nat Turner. Southern slave codes criminalized willful killing of a slave in most cases.

title: North_Carolina

title: North_Carolina

text: While

text: slaveholding

text: was

text: slightly

text: less

text: concentrated

text: than

text: in

text: some

text: Southern

text: states

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: census

text: more

text: than

text: people

text: or

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: of

text: were

text: enslaved

text: African

text: Americans

text: They

text: lived

text: and

text: worked

text: chiefly

text: on

text: plantations

text: in

text: the

text: eastern

text: Tidewater

text: In

text: addition

text: free

text: people

text: of

text: color

text: lived

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: They

text: were

text: also

text: concentrated

text: in

text: the

text: eastern

text: coastal

text: plain

text: especially

text: at

text: port

text: cities

text: such

text: as

text: Wilmington

text: and

text: New

text: Bern

text: where

text: a

text: variety

text: of

text: jobs

text: were

text: available

text: Free

text: African

text: Americans

text: were

text: allowed

text: to

text: vote

text: until

text: when

text: the

text: state

text: revoked

text: their

text: suffrage

text: in

text: restrictions

text: following

text: the

text: slave

text: rebellion

text: of

text: led

text: by

text: Nat

text: Turner

text: Southern

text: slave

text: codes

text: criminalized

text: willful

text: killing

text: of

text: a

text: slave

text: in

text: most

text: cases

question: In 1860, what percent of the North Carolina population were slaves?

answer: 33

question: Where were most of the slaves in North Carolina located?

answer: eastern Tidewater

text: eastern Tidewater

question: What type of land did the slaves live on?

answer: plantations

text: plantations

question: How many free people of color lived in NC in 1860?

answer: 30,463

question: Where were the free people of color located in north carolina in 1860?

answer: eastern coastal plain

text: eastern coastal plain


text: Education in the Bronx is provided by a large number of public and private institutions, many of which draw students who live beyond the Bronx. The New York City Department of Education manages public noncharter schools in the borough. In 2000, public schools enrolled nearly 280,000 of the Bronx's residents over 3 years old (out of 333,100 enrolled in all pre-college schools). There are also several public charter schools. Private schools range from élite independent schools to religiously affiliated schools run by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York and Jewish organizations.

title: The_Bronx

title: The_Bronx

text: Education

text: in

text: the

text: Bronx

text: is

text: provided

text: by

text: a

text: large

text: number

text: of

text: public

text: and

text: private

text: institutions

text: many

text: of

text: which

text: draw

text: students

text: who

text: live

text: beyond

text: the

text: Bronx

text: The

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: Department

text: of

text: Education

text: manages

text: public

text: noncharter

text: schools

text: in

text: the

text: borough

text: In

text: public

text: schools

text: enrolled

text: nearly

text: of

text: the

text: Bronx

text: 's

text: residents

text: over

text: years

text: old

text: out

text: of

text: enrolled

text: in

text: all

text: pre

text: college

text: schools

text: There

text: are

text: also

text: several

text: public

text: charter

text: schools

text: Private

text: schools

text: range

text: from

text: élite

text: independent

text: schools

text: to

text: religiously

text: affiliated

text: schools

text: run

text: by

text: the

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: Archdiocese

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: and

text: Jewish

text: organizations

question: How many students attended the Bronx public noncharter schools as of 2000?

answer: nearly 280,000

text: nearly 280,000

question: How many students attended the Bronx public and private schools as of 2000?

answer: 333,100

question: Which religious organizations run private schools in the Bronx?

answer: the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York and Jewish organizations

text: the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York and Jewish organizations

question: Which entity runs the Bronx's public noncharter schools?

answer: The New York City Department of Education

text: The New York City Department of Education


text: Portugal (Portuguese: [puɾtuˈɣaɫ]), officially the Portuguese Republic (Portuguese: República Portuguesa), is a country on the Iberian Peninsula, in Southwestern Europe. It is the westernmost country of mainland Europe, being bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east. The Portugal–Spain border is 1,214 km (754 mi) long and considered the longest uninterrupted border within the European Union. The republic also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira, both autonomous regions with their own regional governments.

title: Portugal

title: Portugal

text: Portugal

text: Portuguese

text: puɾtuˈɣaɫ

text: officially

text: the

text: Portuguese

text: Republic

text: Portuguese

text: República

text: Portuguesa

text: is

text: a

text: country

text: on

text: the

text: Iberian

text: Peninsula

text: in

text: Southwestern

text: Europe

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: westernmost

text: country

text: of

text: mainland

text: Europe

text: being

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: south

text: and

text: by

text: Spain

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: east

text: The

text: Portugal

text: Spain

text: border

text: is

text: km

text: mi

text: long

text: and

text: considered

text: the

text: longest

text: uninterrupted

text: border

text: within

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: The

text: republic

text: also

text: includes

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: archipelagos

text: of

text: the

text: Azores

text: and

text: Madeira

text: both

text: autonomous

text: regions

text: with

text: their

text: own

text: regional

text: governments

question: What is the official name of Portugal?

answer: Portuguese Republic

text: Portuguese Republic

question: Where is Portugal located?

answer: Iberian Peninsula, in Southwestern Europe

text: Iberian Peninsula, in Southwestern Europe

question: Which ocean does Portugal border?

answer: Atlantic Ocean

text: Atlantic Ocean

question: How long is the Portugal-Spain border?

answer: 1,214 km (754 mi)

text: 1,214 km (754 mi)

question: What two autonomous regions have their own governments in Portugal?

answer: Azores and Madeira

text: Azores and Madeira

question: What is the official name of Portugal?

answer: Portuguese Republic

text: Portuguese Republic

question: Where is Portugal located?

answer: Iberian Peninsula, in Southwestern Europe

text: Iberian Peninsula, in Southwestern Europe

question: What other country does Portugal border?

answer: Spain

text: Spain

question: What ocean does Portugal border?

answer: Atlantic Ocean

text: Atlantic Ocean

question: What is the longest uninterrupted border within the European Union?

answer: Portugal–Spain

text: Portugal–Spain


text: Incandescent light bulbs consist of an air-tight glass enclosure (the envelope, or bulb) with a filament of tungsten wire inside the bulb, through which an electric current is passed. Contact wires and a base with two (or more) conductors provide electrical connections to the filament. Incandescent light bulbs usually contain a stem or glass mount anchored to the bulb's base that allows the electrical contacts to run through the envelope without air or gas leaks. Small wires embedded in the stem in turn support the filament and its lead wires.

title: Incandescent_light_bulb

title: Incandescent_light_bulb

text: Incandescent

text: light

text: bulbs

text: consist

text: of

text: an

text: air

text: tight

text: glass

text: enclosure

text: the

text: envelope

text: or

text: bulb

text: with

text: a

text: filament

text: of

text: tungsten

text: wire

text: inside

text: the

text: bulb

text: through

text: which

text: an

text: electric

text: current

text: is

text: passed

text: Contact

text: wires

text: and

text: a

text: base

text: with

text: two

text: or

text: more

text: conductors

text: provide

text: electrical

text: connections

text: to

text: the

text: filament

text: Incandescent

text: light

text: bulbs

text: usually

text: contain

text: a

text: stem

text: or

text: glass

text: mount

text: anchored

text: to

text: the

text: bulb

text: 's

text: base

text: that

text: allows

text: the

text: electrical

text: contacts

text: to

text: run

text: through

text: the

text: envelope

text: without

text: air

text: or

text: gas

text: leaks

text: Small

text: wires

text: embedded

text: in

text: the

text: stem

text: in

text: turn

text: support

text: the

text: filament

text: and

text: its

text: lead

text: wires

question: What is the name of the air-tight glass enclosure in an incandescent bulb?

answer: the envelope

text: the envelope

question: What is the filament made of?

answer: tungsten wire

text: tungsten wire

question: How many conductors are present in the bulb's base?

answer: two (or more)

text: two (or more)

question: What prevents air or gas leaks from a light bulb?

answer: a stem or glass mount anchored to the bulb's base

text: a stem or glass mount anchored to the bulb's base

question: What function do small wires in a light bulb's stem perform?

answer: Small wires embedded in the stem in turn support the filament and its lead wires

text: Small wires embedded in the stem in turn support the filament and its lead wires


text: Extraordinary circumstances called for extraordinary sacrifice: in one of the many crises of the Second Punic War, Jupiter Capitolinus was promised every animal born that spring (see ver sacrum), to be rendered after five more years of protection from Hannibal and his allies. The "contract" with Jupiter is exceptionally detailed. All due care would be taken of the animals. If any died or were stolen before the scheduled sacrifice, they would count as already sacrificed, since they had already been consecrated. Normally, if the gods failed to keep their side of the bargain, the offered sacrifice would be withheld. In the imperial period, sacrifice was withheld following Trajan's death because the gods had not kept the Emperor safe for the stipulated period. In Pompeii, the Genius of the living emperor was offered a bull: presumably a standard practise in Imperial cult, though minor offerings (incense and wine) were also made.

title: Religion_in_ancient_Rome

title: Religion_in_ancient_Rome

text: Extraordinary

text: circumstances

text: called

text: for

text: extraordinary

text: sacrifice

text: in

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: many

text: crises

text: of

text: the

text: Second

text: Punic

text: War

text: Jupiter

text: Capitolinus

text: was

text: promised

text: every

text: animal

text: born

text: that

text: spring

text: see

text: ver

text: sacrum

text: to

text: be

text: rendered

text: after

text: five

text: more

text: years

text: of

text: protection

text: from

text: Hannibal

text: and

text: his

text: allies

text: The

text: contract

text: with

text: Jupiter

text: is

text: exceptionally

text: detailed

text: All

text: due

text: care

text: would

text: be

text: taken

text: of

text: the

text: animals

text: If

text: any

text: died

text: or

text: were

text: stolen

text: before

text: the

text: scheduled

text: sacrifice

text: they

text: would

text: count

text: as

text: already

text: sacrificed

text: since

text: they

text: had

text: already

text: been

text: consecrated

text: Normally

text: if

text: the

text: gods

text: failed

text: to

text: keep

text: their

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: bargain

text: the

text: offered

text: sacrifice

text: would

text: be

text: withheld

text: In

text: the

text: imperial

text: period

text: sacrifice

text: was

text: withheld

text: following

text: Trajan

text: 's

text: death

text: because

text: the

text: gods

text: had

text: not

text: kept

text: the

text: Emperor

text: safe

text: for

text: the

text: stipulated

text: period

text: In

text: Pompeii

text: the

text: Genius

text: of

text: the

text: living

text: emperor

text: was

text: offered

text: a

text: bull

text: presumably

text: a

text: standard

text: practise

text: in

text: Imperial

text: cult

text: though

text: minor

text: offerings

text: incense

text: and

text: wine

text: were

text: also

text: made

question: What type of circumstances were called for in times of extreme difficulties?

answer: Extraordinary

text: Extraordinary

question: What offering was Jupiter promised during the Second Punic War?

answer: every animal born

text: every animal born

question: From whom was Rome asking for protection?

answer: Hannibal

text: Hannibal

question: What happened to the sacrifice if the god failed to uphold the agreement?

answer: withheld

text: withheld

question: What was the offering for the Emperor in Pompeii?

answer: bull

text: bull


text: A political party is typically led by a party leader (the most powerful member and spokesperson representing the party), a party secretary (who maintains the daily work and records of party meetings), party treasurer (who is responsible for membership dues) and party chair (who forms strategies for recruiting and retaining party members, and also chairs party meetings). Most of the above positions are also members of the party executive, the leading organization which sets policy for the entire party at the national level. The structure is far more decentralized in the United States because of the separation of powers, federalism and the multiplicity of economic interests and religious sects. Even state parties are decentralized as county and other local committees are largely independent of state central committees. The national party leader in the U.S. will be the president, if the party holds that office, or a prominent member of Congress in opposition (although a big-state governor may aspire to that role). Officially, each party has a chairman for its national committee who is a prominent spokesman, organizer and fund-raiser, but without the status of prominent elected office holders.

title: Political_party

title: Political_party

text: A

text: political

text: party

text: is

text: typically

text: led

text: by

text: a

text: party

text: leader

text: the

text: most

text: powerful

text: member

text: and

text: spokesperson

text: representing

text: the

text: party

text: a

text: party

text: secretary

text: who

text: maintains

text: the

text: daily

text: work

text: and

text: records

text: of

text: party

text: meetings

text: party

text: treasurer

text: who

text: is

text: responsible

text: for

text: membership

text: dues

text: and

text: party

text: chair

text: who

text: forms

text: strategies

text: for

text: recruiting

text: and

text: retaining

text: party

text: members

text: and

text: also

text: chairs

text: party

text: meetings

text: Most

text: of

text: the

text: above

text: positions

text: are

text: also

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: party

text: executive

text: the

text: leading

text: organization

text: which

text: sets

text: policy

text: for

text: the

text: entire

text: party

text: at

text: the

text: national

text: level

text: The

text: structure

text: is

text: far

text: more

text: decentralized

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: separation

text: of

text: powers

text: federalism

text: and

text: the

text: multiplicity

text: of

text: economic

text: interests

text: and

text: religious

text: sects

text: Even

text: state

text: parties

text: are

text: decentralized

text: as

text: county

text: and

text: other

text: local

text: committees

text: are

text: largely

text: independent

text: of

text: state

text: central

text: committees

text: The

text: national

text: party

text: leader

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: will

text: be

text: the

text: president

text: if

text: the

text: party

text: holds

text: that

text: office

text: or

text: a

text: prominent

text: member

text: of

text: Congress

text: in

text: opposition

text: although

text: a

text: big

text: state

text: governor

text: may

text: aspire

text: to

text: that

text: role

text: Officially

text: each

text: party

text: has

text: a

text: chairman

text: for

text: its

text: national

text: committee

text: who

text: is

text: a

text: prominent

text: spokesman

text: organizer

text: and

text: fund

text: raiser

text: but

text: without

text: the

text: status

text: of

text: prominent

text: elected

text: office

text: holders

question: Do political parties have a Party leader?

answer: A political party is typically led by a party leader

text: A political party is typically led by a party leader

question: Who maintains the daily work and records of party meetings?

answer: party secretary

text: party secretary

question: Who is responsible for the membership fees and expenses?

answer: party treasurer

text: party treasurer

question: Who is responsible for recruiting and maintaining party members?

answer: party chair

text: party chair


text: Several governments maintain permanent manned research stations on the continent. The number of people conducting and supporting scientific research and other work on the continent and its nearby islands varies from about 1,000 in winter to about 5,000 in the summer, giving it a population density between 70 and 350 inhabitants per million square kilometres (180 and 900 per million square miles) at these times. Many of the stations are staffed year-round, the winter-over personnel typically arriving from their home countries for a one-year assignment. An Orthodox church—Trinity Church, opened in 2004 at the Russian Bellingshausen Station—is manned year-round by one or two priests, who are similarly rotated every year.

title: Antarctica

title: Antarctica

text: Several

text: governments

text: maintain

text: permanent

text: manned

text: research

text: stations

text: on

text: the

text: continent

text: The

text: number

text: of

text: people

text: conducting

text: and

text: supporting

text: scientific

text: research

text: and

text: other

text: work

text: on

text: the

text: continent

text: and

text: its

text: nearby

text: islands

text: varies

text: from

text: about

text: in

text: winter

text: to

text: about

text: in

text: the

text: summer

text: giving

text: it

text: a

text: population

text: density

text: between

text: and

text: inhabitants

text: per

text: million

text: square

text: kilometres

text: and

text: per

text: million

text: square

text: miles

text: at

text: these

text: times

text: Many

text: of

text: the

text: stations

text: are

text: staffed

text: year

text: round

text: the

text: winter

text: over

text: personnel

text: typically

text: arriving

text: from

text: their

text: home

text: countries

text: for

text: a

text: one

text: year

text: assignment

text: An

text: Orthodox

text: church

text: Trinity

text: Church

text: opened

text: in

text: at

text: the

text: Russian

text: Bellingshausen

text: Station

text: is

text: manned

text: year

text: round

text: by

text: one

text: or

text: two

text: priests

text: who

text: are

text: similarly

text: rotated

text: every

text: year

question: Who has research stations in Antarctica?

answer: Several governments

text: Several governments

question: What is the span of population density per million square kilometers of researchers in Antarctica?

answer: between 70 and 350

text: between 70 and 350

question: About long long do researchers stay when researching in Antarctica?

answer: one-year

text: one-year

question: What station has an Orthodox church representative?

answer: Bellingshausen Station

text: Bellingshausen Station

question: When did the Trinity Church begin its posting at Bellinshausen station?

answer: 2004


text: Daphne was a nymph, daughter of the river god Peneus, who had scorned Apollo. The myth explains the connection of Apollo with δάφνη (daphnē), the laurel whose leaves his priestess employed at Delphi. In Ovid's Metamorphoses, Phoebus Apollo chaffs Cupid for toying with a weapon more suited to a man, whereupon Cupid wounds him with a golden dart; simultaneously, however, Cupid shoots a leaden arrow into Daphne, causing her to be repulsed by Apollo. Following a spirited chase by Apollo, Daphne prays to her father, Peneus, for help, and he changes her into the laurel tree, sacred to Apollo.

title: Apollo

title: Apollo

text: Daphne

text: was

text: a

text: nymph

text: daughter

text: of

text: the

text: river

text: god

text: Peneus

text: who

text: had

text: scorned

text: Apollo

text: The

text: myth

text: explains

text: the

text: connection

text: of

text: Apollo

text: with

text: δάφνη

text: daphnē

text: the

text: laurel

text: whose

text: leaves

text: his

text: priestess

text: employed

text: at

text: Delphi

text: In

text: Ovid

text: 's

text: Metamorphoses

text: Phoebus

text: Apollo

text: chaffs

text: Cupid

text: for

text: toying

text: with

text: a

text: weapon

text: more

text: suited

text: to

text: a

text: man

text: whereupon

text: Cupid

text: wounds

text: him

text: with

text: a

text: golden

text: dart

text: simultaneously

text: however

text: Cupid

text: shoots

text: a

text: leaden

text: arrow

text: into

text: Daphne

text: causing

text: her

text: to

text: be

text: repulsed

text: by

text: Apollo

text: Following

text: a

text: spirited

text: chase

text: by

text: Apollo

text: Daphne

text: prays

text: to

text: her

text: father

text: Peneus

text: for

text: help

text: and

text: he

text: changes

text: her

text: into

text: the

text: laurel

text: tree

text: sacred

text: to

text: Apollo

question: Who was the daughter of Peneus?

answer: Daphne

text: Daphne

question: Who is Daphne's father?

answer: Peneus

text: Peneus

question: Who shot Daphne with a leaden arrow?

answer: Cupid

text: Cupid


text: The Lobund Institute grew out of pioneering research in germ-free-life which began in 1928. This area of research originated in a question posed by Pasteur as to whether animal life was possible without bacteria. Though others had taken up this idea, their research was short lived and inconclusive. Lobund was the first research organization to answer definitively, that such life is possible and that it can be prolonged through generations. But the objective was not merely to answer Pasteur's question but also to produce the germ free animal as a new tool for biological and medical research. This objective was reached and for years Lobund was a unique center for the study and production of germ free animals and for their use in biological and medical investigations. Today the work has spread to other universities. In the beginning it was under the Department of Biology and a program leading to the master's degree accompanied the research program. In the 1940s Lobund achieved independent status as a purely research organization and in 1950 was raised to the status of an Institute. In 1958 it was brought back into the Department of Biology as integral part of that department, but with its own program leading to the degree of PhD in Gnotobiotics.

title: University_of_Notre_Dame

title: University_of_Notre_Dame

text: The

text: Lobund

text: Institute

text: grew

text: out

text: of

text: pioneering

text: research

text: in

text: germ

text: free

text: life

text: which

text: began

text: in

text: This

text: area

text: of

text: research

text: originated

text: in

text: a

text: question

text: posed

text: by

text: Pasteur

text: as

text: to

text: whether

text: animal

text: life

text: was

text: possible

text: without

text: bacteria

text: Though

text: others

text: had

text: taken

text: up

text: this

text: idea

text: their

text: research

text: was

text: short

text: lived

text: and

text: inconclusive

text: Lobund

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: research

text: organization

text: to

text: answer

text: definitively

text: that

text: such

text: life

text: is

text: possible

text: and

text: that

text: it

text: can

text: be

text: prolonged

text: through

text: generations

text: But

text: the

text: objective

text: was

text: not

text: merely

text: to

text: answer

text: Pasteur

text: 's

text: question

text: but

text: also

text: to

text: produce

text: the

text: germ

text: free

text: animal

text: as

text: a

text: new

text: tool

text: for

text: biological

text: and

text: medical

text: research

text: This

text: objective

text: was

text: reached

text: and

text: for

text: years

text: Lobund

text: was

text: a

text: unique

text: center

text: for

text: the

text: study

text: and

text: production

text: of

text: germ

text: free

text: animals

text: and

text: for

text: their

text: use

text: in

text: biological

text: and

text: medical

text: investigations

text: Today

text: the

text: work

text: has

text: spread

text: to

text: other

text: universities

text: In

text: the

text: beginning

text: it

text: was

text: under

text: the

text: Department

text: of

text: Biology

text: and

text: a

text: program

text: leading

text: to

text: the

text: master

text: 's

text: degree

text: accompanied

text: the

text: research

text: program

text: In

text: the

text: Lobund

text: achieved

text: independent

text: status

text: as

text: a

text: purely

text: research

text: organization

text: and

text: in

text: was

text: raised

text: to

text: the

text: status

text: of

text: an

text: Institute

text: In

text: it

text: was

text: brought

text: back

text: into

text: the

text: Department

text: of

text: Biology

text: as

text: integral

text: part

text: of

text: that

text: department

text: but

text: with

text: its

text: own

text: program

text: leading

text: to

text: the

text: degree

text: of

text: PhD

text: in

text: Gnotobiotics

question: Work on a germ-free-life ended up in the creation of which Notre Dame institute?

answer: The Lobund Institute

text: The Lobund Institute

question: Around what time did Lobund of Notre Dame become independent?

answer: the 1940s

text: the 1940s

question: In what year did Lobund at Notre Dame become an Institute?

answer: 1950

question: The Lobund Institute was merged into the Department of Biology at Notre Dame in what year?

answer: 1958

question: When did study of a germ-free-life begin at Notre Dame?

answer: 1928


text: A collector of film memorabilia, Spielberg purchased a balsa Rosebud sled from Citizen Kane (1941) in 1982. He bought Orson Welles's own directorial copy of the script for the radio broadcast The War of the Worlds (1938) in 1994. Spielberg has purchased Academy Award statuettes being sold on the open market and donated them to the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, to prevent their further commercial exploitation. His donations include the Oscars that Bette Davis received for Dangerous (1935) and Jezebel (1938), and Clark Gable's Oscar for It Happened One Night (1934).

title: Steven_Spielberg

title: Steven_Spielberg

text: A

text: collector

text: of

text: film

text: memorabilia

text: Spielberg

text: purchased

text: a

text: balsa

text: Rosebud

text: sled

text: from

text: Citizen

text: Kane

text: in

text: He

text: bought

text: Orson

text: Welles

text: 's

text: own

text: directorial

text: copy

text: of

text: the

text: script

text: for

text: the

text: radio

text: broadcast

text: The

text: War

text: of

text: the

text: Worlds

text: in

text: Spielberg

text: has

text: purchased

text: Academy

text: Award

text: statuettes

text: being

text: sold

text: on

text: the

text: open

text: market

text: and

text: donated

text: them

text: to

text: the

text: Academy

text: of

text: Motion

text: Picture

text: Arts

text: and

text: Sciences

text: to

text: prevent

text: their

text: further

text: commercial

text: exploitation

text: His

text: donations

text: include

text: the

text: Oscars

text: that

text: Bette

text: Davis

text: received

text: for

text: Dangerous

text: and

text: Jezebel

text: and

text: Clark

text: Gable

text: 's

text: Oscar

text: for

text: It

text: Happened

text: One

text: Night

question: When was Citizen Kane released?

answer: 1941

question: When was 'The War of the Worlds' radio broadcast?

answer: 1938

question: When did Spielberg buy a sled from Citizen Kane?

answer: 1982

question: When did Spielberg buy Orson Welles' personal script copy from 'The War of the Worlds'?

answer: 1994

question: What does Spielberg do with Academy Awards he buys?

answer: donated them to the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, to prevent their further commercial exploitation

text: donated them to the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, to prevent their further commercial exploitation


text: Present-day Christian religious bodies known for conducting their worship services without musical accompaniment include some Presbyterian churches devoted to the regulative principle of worship, Old Regular Baptists, Primitive Baptists, Plymouth Brethren, Churches of Christ, the Old German Baptist Brethren, Doukhobors the Byzantine Rite and the Amish, Old Order Mennonites and Conservative Mennonites. Certain high church services and other musical events in liturgical churches (such as the Roman Catholic Mass and the Lutheran Divine Service) may be a cappella, a practice remaining from apostolic times. Many Mennonites also conduct some or all of their services without instruments. Sacred Harp, a type of folk music, is an a cappella style of religious singing with shape notes, usually sung at singing conventions.

title: A_cappella

title: A_cappella

text: Present

text: day

text: Christian

text: religious

text: bodies

text: known

text: for

text: conducting

text: their

text: worship

text: services

text: without

text: musical

text: accompaniment

text: include

text: some

text: Presbyterian

text: churches

text: devoted

text: to

text: the

text: regulative

text: principle

text: of

text: worship

text: Old

text: Regular

text: Baptists

text: Primitive

text: Baptists

text: Plymouth

text: Brethren

text: Churches

text: of

text: Christ

text: the

text: Old

text: German

text: Baptist

text: Brethren

text: Doukhobors

text: the

text: Byzantine

text: Rite

text: and

text: the

text: Amish

text: Old

text: Order

text: Mennonites

text: and

text: Conservative

text: Mennonites

text: Certain

text: high

text: church

text: services

text: and

text: other

text: musical

text: events

text: in

text: liturgical

text: churches

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: Mass

text: and

text: the

text: Lutheran

text: Divine

text: Service

text: may

text: be

text: a

text: cappella

text: a

text: practice

text: remaining

text: from

text: apostolic

text: times

text: Many

text: Mennonites

text: also

text: conduct

text: some

text: or

text: all

text: of

text: their

text: services

text: without

text: instruments

text: Sacred

text: Harp

text: a

text: type

text: of

text: folk

text: music

text: is

text: an

text: a

text: cappella

text: style

text: of

text: religious

text: singing

text: with

text: shape

text: notes

text: usually

text: sung

text: at

text: singing

text: conventions

question: What is the name of the religious a cappella style used with shape notes?

answer: Sacred Harp

text: Sacred Harp

question: A cappella exists in some liturgical churches as an influence from what era?

answer: apostolic times

text: apostolic times

question: In the modern day, what broad religious group is most known to implement a cappella?

answer: Christian religious bodies

text: Christian religious bodies


text: Asthma is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Environmental factors include exposure to air pollution and allergens. Other potential triggers include medications such as aspirin and beta blockers. Diagnosis is usually based on the pattern of symptoms, response to therapy over time, and spirometry. Asthma is classified according to the frequency of symptoms, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow rate. It may also be classified as atopic or non-atopic where atopy refers to a predisposition toward developing a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction.

title: Asthma

title: Asthma

text: Asthma

text: is

text: thought

text: to

text: be

text: caused

text: by

text: a

text: combination

text: of

text: genetic

text: and

text: environmental

text: factors

text: Environmental

text: factors

text: include

text: exposure

text: to

text: air

text: pollution

text: and

text: allergens

text: Other

text: potential

text: triggers

text: include

text: medications

text: such

text: as

text: aspirin

text: and

text: beta

text: blockers

text: Diagnosis

text: is

text: usually

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: pattern

text: of

text: symptoms

text: response

text: to

text: therapy

text: over

text: time

text: and

text: spirometry

text: Asthma

text: is

text: classified

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: frequency

text: of

text: symptoms

text: forced

text: expiratory

text: volume

text: in

text: one

text: second

text: and

text: peak

text: expiratory

text: flow

text: rate

text: It

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: classified

text: as

text: atopic

text: or

text: non

text: atopic

text: where

text: atopy

text: refers

text: to

text: a

text: predisposition

text: toward

text: developing

text: a

text: type

text: hypersensitivity

text: reaction

question: What two factors cause asthma?

answer: genetic and environmental factors

text: genetic and environmental factors

question: What are two enviromental factors?

answer: exposure to air pollution and allergens

text: exposure to air pollution and allergens

question: What medications can also trigger asthma?

answer: aspirin and beta blockers

text: aspirin and beta blockers

question: What patterns are used to diagnose asthma?

answer: the pattern of symptoms, response to therapy over time, and spirometry

text: the pattern of symptoms, response to therapy over time, and spirometry

question: How is asthma classified?

answer: according to the frequency of symptoms, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow rate

text: according to the frequency of symptoms, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow rate