text: However, although almost any scenario where one wrestler is covering another prone, back-first wrestler can be considered a pin attempt, there is one important exception to that rule: Pin attempts broken up by other wrestlers. In matches involving multiple wrestlers (such as triple threat matches or tag team matches), wrestlers who see a pin attempt that, if successful, would result in them losing the match are expected to run in and break the pin attempt by performing some sort of offensive maneuver on the wrestler attempting the pin. The most common attacks for breaking pins are a stomp to the back and an elbow to the back of the head, as they are simple to pull off in the spur of the moment. However, these moves, simple as they are, still leave the pinning wrestler on top of the pinned wrestler. Despite the pinning wrestler still technically being on top of the pinned wrestler, the referee will still consider the pin attempt to be broken.

title: Professional_wrestling

title: Professional_wrestling

text: However

text: although

text: almost

text: any

text: scenario

text: where

text: one

text: wrestler

text: is

text: covering

text: another

text: prone

text: back

text: first

text: wrestler

text: can

text: be

text: considered

text: a

text: pin

text: attempt

text: there

text: is

text: one

text: important

text: exception

text: to

text: that

text: rule

text: Pin

text: attempts

text: broken

text: up

text: by

text: other

text: wrestlers

text: In

text: matches

text: involving

text: multiple

text: wrestlers

text: such

text: as

text: triple

text: threat

text: matches

text: or

text: tag

text: team

text: matches

text: wrestlers

text: who

text: see

text: a

text: pin

text: attempt

text: that

text: if

text: successful

text: would

text: result

text: in

text: them

text: losing

text: the

text: match

text: are

text: expected

text: to

text: run

text: in

text: and

text: break

text: the

text: pin

text: attempt

text: by

text: performing

text: some

text: sort

text: of

text: offensive

text: maneuver

text: on

text: the

text: wrestler

text: attempting

text: the

text: pin

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: attacks

text: for

text: breaking

text: pins

text: are

text: a

text: stomp

text: to

text: the

text: back

text: and

text: an

text: elbow

text: to

text: the

text: back

text: of

text: the

text: head

text: as

text: they

text: are

text: simple

text: to

text: pull

text: off

text: in

text: the

text: spur

text: of

text: the

text: moment

text: However

text: these

text: moves

text: simple

text: as

text: they

text: are

text: still

text: leave

text: the

text: pinning

text: wrestler

text: on

text: top

text: of

text: the

text: pinned

text: wrestler

text: Despite

text: the

text: pinning

text: wrestler

text: still

text: technically

text: being

text: on

text: top

text: of

text: the

text: pinned

text: wrestler

text: the

text: referee

text: will

text: still

text: consider

text: the

text: pin

text: attempt

text: to

text: be

text: broken

question: What happens during a pin attempt?

answer: one wrestler is covering another prone, back-first wrestler can be considered a pin attempt

text: one wrestler is covering another prone, back-first wrestler can be considered a pin attempt

question: What is a common offensive move to break a pin attack?

answer: a stomp to the back and an elbow to the back of the head

text: a stomp to the back and an elbow to the back of the head

question: What can the referee consider a pin attempt to be, even if the attacker is still on top of the pinned wrester?

answer: broken

text: broken


text: It was not until 9 June 1982, with the Circulaire sur la langue et la culture régionales en Alsace (Memorandum on regional language and culture in Alsace) issued by the Vice-Chancellor of the Académie Pierre Deyon, that the teaching of German in primary schools in Alsace really began to be given more official status. The Ministerial Memorandum of 21 June 1982, known as the Circulaire Savary, introduced financial support, over three years, for the teaching of regional languages in schools and universities. This memorandum was, however, implemented in a fairly lax manner.

title: Alsace

title: Alsace

text: It

text: was

text: not

text: until

text: June

text: with

text: the

text: Circulaire

text: sur

text: la

text: langue

text: et

text: la

text: culture

text: régionales

text: en

text: Alsace

text: Memorandum

text: on

text: regional

text: language

text: and

text: culture

text: in

text: Alsace

text: issued

text: by

text: the

text: Vice

text: Chancellor

text: of

text: the

text: Académie

text: Pierre

text: Deyon

text: that

text: the

text: teaching

text: of

text: German

text: in

text: primary

text: schools

text: in

text: Alsace

text: really

text: began

text: to

text: be

text: given

text: more

text: official

text: status

text: The

text: Ministerial

text: Memorandum

text: of

text: June

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Circulaire

text: Savary

text: introduced

text: financial

text: support

text: over

text: three

text: years

text: for

text: the

text: teaching

text: of

text: regional

text: languages

text: in

text: schools

text: and

text: universities

text: This

text: memorandum

text: was

text: however

text: implemented

text: in

text: a

text: fairly

text: lax

text: manner

question: What was the name of the Memorandum that allowed German teaching in Alsace schools to become more official?

answer: Circulaire sur la langue et la culture régionales en Alsace

text: Circulaire sur la langue et la culture régionales en Alsace

question: What is the name of the memorandum that past on June 21, 1982?

answer: Circulaire Savary

text: Circulaire Savary

question: What did the Circulair Savary introduce?

answer: introduced financial support, over three years, for the teaching of regional languages in schools and universities

text: introduced financial support, over three years, for the teaching of regional languages in schools and universities


text: A widely publicised example of institutionalised sexual slavery are "comfort women", a euphemism for the 200,000 women, mostly from Korea and China, who served in the Japanese army's camps during World War II. Some 35 Dutch comfort women brought a successful case before the Batavia Military Tribunal in 1948. In 1993, Chief Cabinet Secretary Yohei Kono said that women were coerced into brothels run by Japan's wartime military. Other Japanese leaders have apologized, including former Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi in 2001. In 2007, then-Prime Minister Shinzō Abe claimed: "The fact is, there is no evidence to prove there was coercion."

title: Pacific_War

title: Pacific_War

text: A

text: widely

text: publicised

text: example

text: of

text: institutionalised

text: sexual

text: slavery

text: are

text: comfort

text: women

text: a

text: euphemism

text: for

text: the

text: women

text: mostly

text: from

text: Korea

text: and

text: China

text: who

text: served

text: in

text: the

text: Japanese

text: army

text: 's

text: camps

text: during

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: Some

text: Dutch

text: comfort

text: women

text: brought

text: a

text: successful

text: case

text: before

text: the

text: Batavia

text: Military

text: Tribunal

text: in

text: In

text: Chief

text: Cabinet

text: Secretary

text: Yohei

text: Kono

text: said

text: that

text: women

text: were

text: coerced

text: into

text: brothels

text: run

text: by

text: Japan

text: 's

text: wartime

text: military

text: Other

text: Japanese

text: leaders

text: have

text: apologized

text: including

text: former

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: Junichiro

text: Koizumi

text: in

text: In

text: then

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: Shinzō

text: Abe

text: claimed

text: The

text: fact

text: is

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: evidence

text: to

text: prove

text: there

text: was

text: coercion

question: How many women are believed to have been sexual slaves for the Japenese Army?

answer: 200,000

question: In 1948, how many Dutch women brought a case to the Batavia Military Tribunal?

answer: 35

question: In 2001 which Japanese Prime <Minister apologized for the brothels.

answer: Junichiro Koizumi

text: Junichiro Koizumi

question: In 2007 which Japenese Prime Minister said there was no proof of coercion of women to be sexual slaves?

answer: Shinzō Abe

text: Shinzō Abe

question: Where were the sexual slave women mostly from?

answer: Korea and China

text: Korea and China


text: From the 17th through 19th centuries, the merging of folk beliefs about group differences with scientific explanations of those differences produced what one scholar has called an "ideology of race". According to this ideology, races are primordial, natural, enduring and distinct. It was further argued that some groups may be the result of mixture between formerly distinct populations, but that careful study could distinguish the ancestral races that had combined to produce admixed groups. Subsequent influential classifications by Georges Buffon, Petrus Camper and Christoph Meiners all classified "Negros" as inferior to Europeans. In the United States the racial theories of Thomas Jefferson were influential. He saw Africans as inferior to Whites especially in regards to their intellect, and imbued with unnatural sexual appetites, but described Native Americans as equals to whites.

title: Race_(human_categorization)

title: Race_(human_categorization

text: From

text: the

text: through

text: centuries

text: the

text: merging

text: of

text: folk

text: beliefs

text: about

text: group

text: differences

text: with

text: scientific

text: explanations

text: of

text: those

text: differences

text: produced

text: what

text: one

text: scholar

text: has

text: called

text: an

text: ideology

text: of

text: race

text: According

text: to

text: this

text: ideology

text: races

text: are

text: primordial

text: natural

text: enduring

text: and

text: distinct

text: It

text: was

text: further

text: argued

text: that

text: some

text: groups

text: may

text: be

text: the

text: result

text: of

text: mixture

text: between

text: formerly

text: distinct

text: populations

text: but

text: that

text: careful

text: study

text: could

text: distinguish

text: the

text: ancestral

text: races

text: that

text: had

text: combined

text: to

text: produce

text: admixed

text: groups

text: Subsequent

text: influential

text: classifications

text: by

text: Georges

text: Buffon

text: Petrus

text: Camper

text: and

text: Christoph

text: Meiners

text: all

text: classified

text: Negros

text: as

text: inferior

text: to

text: Europeans

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: the

text: racial

text: theories

text: of

text: Thomas

text: Jefferson

text: were

text: influential

text: He

text: saw

text: Africans

text: as

text: inferior

text: to

text: Whites

text: especially

text: in

text: regards

text: to

text: their

text: intellect

text: and

text: imbued

text: with

text: unnatural

text: sexual

text: appetites

text: but

text: described

text: Native

text: Americans

text: as

text: equals

text: to

text: whites

question: What did the merging of superstitious beliefs and scientific ones regarding group differences produce?

answer: an "ideology of race"

text: an "ideology of race"

question: What were races considered to be, according to the ideology of race?

answer: primordial, natural, enduring and distinct

text: primordial, natural, enduring and distinct

question: How might some groups have resulted, according to the ideology?

answer: mixture between formerly distinct populations

text: mixture between formerly distinct populations

question: What group was identified as being inferior to Europeans?

answer: Negros

text: Negros

question: Who particularly noted the unnatural sexual appetites of Africans?

answer: Thomas Jefferson

text: Thomas Jefferson


text: Since the latewood of a growth ring is usually darker in color than the earlywood, this fact may be used in judging the density, and therefore the hardness and strength of the material. This is particularly the case with coniferous woods. In ring-porous woods the vessels of the early wood not infrequently appear on a finished surface as darker than the denser latewood, though on cross sections of heartwood the reverse is commonly true. Except in the manner just stated the color of wood is no indication of strength.

title: Wood

title: Wood

text: Since

text: the

text: latewood

text: of

text: a

text: growth

text: ring

text: is

text: usually

text: darker

text: in

text: color

text: than

text: the

text: earlywood

text: this

text: fact

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: in

text: judging

text: the

text: density

text: and

text: therefore

text: the

text: hardness

text: and

text: strength

text: of

text: the

text: material

text: This

text: is

text: particularly

text: the

text: case

text: with

text: coniferous

text: woods

text: In

text: ring

text: porous

text: woods

text: the

text: vessels

text: of

text: the

text: early

text: wood

text: not

text: infrequently

text: appear

text: on

text: a

text: finished

text: surface

text: as

text: darker

text: than

text: the

text: denser

text: latewood

text: though

text: on

text: cross

text: sections

text: of

text: heartwood

text: the

text: reverse

text: is

text: commonly

text: true

text: Except

text: in

text: the

text: manner

text: just

text: stated

text: the

text: color

text: of

text: wood

text: is

text: no

text: indication

text: of

text: strength

question: Which of the wood in a growth ring is usually darker?

answer: latewood

text: latewood

question: Which property of a tree's wood that gives clues about its strength and hardness can be judged by it's color?

answer: density

text: density

question: What category of trees show this difference greatly?

answer: coniferous

text: coniferous

question: What type of woods might sometimes appear to have darker earlywood on a finished surface?

answer: ring-porous

text: ring-porous

question: With the exception of earlywood/latewood difference in some types of trees, how much of an indication of strength is a wood's color?

answer: no indication

text: no indication


text: Like much of the southeastern United States, Raleigh has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa), with four distinct seasons. Winters are short and generally cool, with a January daily average of 41.0 °F (5.0 °C). On average, there are 69 nights per year that drop to or below freezing, and only 2.7 days that fail to rise above freezing. April is the driest month, with an average of 2.91 inches (73.9 mm) of precipitation. Precipitation is well distributed around the year, with a slight maximum between July and September; on average, July is the wettest month, owing to generally frequent, sometimes heavy, showers and thunderstorms. Summers are hot and humid, with a daily average in July of 80.0 °F (26.7 °C). There are 48 days per year with highs at or above 90 °F (32 °C). Autumn is similar to spring overall but has fewer days of rainfall. Extremes in temperature have ranged from −9 °F (−23 °C) on January 21, 1985 up to 105 °F (41 °C), most recently on July 8, 2012.

title: Raleigh,_North_Carolina

title: Raleigh,_North_Carolina

text: Like

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: southeastern

text: United

text: States

text: Raleigh

text: has

text: a

text: humid

text: subtropical

text: climate

text: Köppen

text: Cfa

text: with

text: four

text: distinct

text: seasons

text: Winters

text: are

text: short

text: and

text: generally

text: cool

text: with

text: a

text: January

text: daily

text: average

text: of

text: F

text: C

text: On

text: average

text: there

text: are

text: nights

text: per

text: year

text: that

text: drop

text: to

text: or

text: below

text: freezing

text: and

text: only

text: days

text: that

text: fail

text: to

text: rise

text: above

text: freezing

text: April

text: is

text: the

text: driest

text: month

text: with

text: an

text: average

text: of

text: inches

text: mm

text: of

text: precipitation

text: Precipitation

text: is

text: well

text: distributed

text: around

text: the

text: year

text: with

text: a

text: slight

text: maximum

text: between

text: July

text: and

text: September

text: on

text: average

text: July

text: is

text: the

text: wettest

text: month

text: owing

text: to

text: generally

text: frequent

text: sometimes

text: heavy

text: showers

text: and

text: thunderstorms

text: Summers

text: are

text: hot

text: and

text: humid

text: with

text: a

text: daily

text: average

text: in

text: July

text: of

text: F

text: C

text: There

text: are

text: days

text: per

text: year

text: with

text: highs

text: at

text: or

text: above

text: F

text: C

text: Autumn

text: is

text: similar

text: to

text: spring

text: overall

text: but

text: has

text: fewer

text: days

text: of

text: rainfall

text: Extremes

text: in

text: temperature

text: have

text: ranged

text: from

text: −9

text: F

text: C

text: on

text: January

text: up

text: to

text: F

text: C

text: most

text: recently

text: on

text: July

question: What is the climate of Raleigh?

answer: humid subtropical climate

text: humid subtropical climate

question: How many seasons are there in Raleigh?

answer: four

text: four

question: How many nights in a year are there in Raleigh that are freezing?

answer: 69 nights per year

text: 69 nights per year

question: What month has the most precipitation?

answer: July

text: July

question: What is the hottest temperature in Raleigh?

answer: 105


text: Japan conscripted many soldiers from its colonies of Korea and Formosa (Taiwan). To a small extent, some Vichy French, Indian National Army, and Burmese National Army forces were active in the area of the Pacific War. Collaborationist units from Hong Kong (reformed ex-colonial police), Philippines, Dutch East Indies (the PETA) and Dutch Guinea, British Malaya and British Borneo, Inner Mongolia and former French Indochina (after the overthrow of Vichy French regime) as well as Timorese militia also assisted Japanese war efforts.

title: Pacific_War

title: Pacific_War

text: Japan

text: conscripted

text: many

text: soldiers

text: from

text: its

text: colonies

text: of

text: Korea

text: and

text: Formosa

text: Taiwan

text: To

text: a

text: small

text: extent

text: some

text: Vichy

text: French

text: Indian

text: National

text: Army

text: and

text: Burmese

text: National

text: Army

text: forces

text: were

text: active

text: in

text: the

text: area

text: of

text: the

text: Pacific

text: War

text: Collaborationist

text: units

text: from

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: reformed

text: ex

text: colonial

text: police

text: Philippines

text: Dutch

text: East

text: Indies

text: the

text: PETA

text: and

text: Dutch

text: Guinea

text: British

text: Malaya

text: and

text: British

text: Borneo

text: Inner

text: Mongolia

text: and

text: former

text: French

text: Indochina

text: after

text: the

text: overthrow

text: of

text: Vichy

text: French

text: regime

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: Timorese

text: militia

text: also

text: assisted

text: Japanese

text: war

text: efforts

question: Where did many of Japan's soldiers come from?

answer: Korea and Formosa

text: Korea and Formosa

question: What type of soldiers came from Hong Kong?

answer: Collaborationist units

text: Collaborationist units

question: What other Asian country, a group of islands, helped the Japanese?

answer: Philippines

text: Philippines

question: What French forces assisted Japan?

answer: Vichy

text: Vichy

question: What colonies did Japan conscript soldiers from?

answer: Korea and Formosa

text: Korea and Formosa

question: Who were the collaborators assisting Japan in Hong King?

answer: ex-colonial police

text: ex-colonial police


text: The dynasty regrouped and defeated the Portuguese in 1613 and Siam in 1614. It restored a smaller, more manageable kingdom, encompassing Lower Myanmar, Upper Myanmar, Shan states, Lan Na and upper Tenasserim. The Restored Toungoo kings created a legal and political framework whose basic features would continue well into the 19th century. The crown completely replaced the hereditary chieftainships with appointed governorships in the entire Irrawaddy valley, and greatly reduced the hereditary rights of Shan chiefs. Its trade and secular administrative reforms built a prosperous economy for more than 80 years. From the 1720s onward, the kingdom was beset with repeated Meithei raids into Upper Myanmar and a nagging rebellion in Lan Na. In 1740, the Mon of Lower Myanmar founded the Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom. Hanthawaddy forces sacked Ava in 1752, ending the 266-year-old Toungoo Dynasty.

title: Myanmar

title: Myanmar

text: The

text: dynasty

text: regrouped

text: and

text: defeated

text: the

text: Portuguese

text: in

text: and

text: Siam

text: in

text: It

text: restored

text: a

text: smaller

text: more

text: manageable

text: kingdom

text: encompassing

text: Lower

text: Myanmar

text: Upper

text: Myanmar

text: Shan

text: states

text: Lan

text: and

text: upper

text: Tenasserim

text: The

text: Restored

text: Toungoo

text: kings

text: created

text: a

text: legal

text: and

text: political

text: framework

text: whose

text: basic

text: features

text: would

text: continue

text: well

text: into

text: the

text: century

text: The

text: crown

text: completely

text: replaced

text: the

text: hereditary

text: chieftainships

text: with

text: appointed

text: governorships

text: in

text: the

text: entire

text: Irrawaddy

text: valley

text: and

text: greatly

text: reduced

text: the

text: hereditary

text: rights

text: of

text: Shan

text: chiefs

text: Its

text: trade

text: and

text: secular

text: administrative

text: reforms

text: built

text: a

text: prosperous

text: economy

text: for

text: more

text: than

text: years

text: From

text: the

text: onward

text: the

text: kingdom

text: was

text: beset

text: with

text: repeated

text: Meithei

text: raids

text: into

text: Upper

text: Myanmar

text: and

text: a

text: nagging

text: rebellion

text: in

text: Lan

text: In

text: the

text: Mon

text: of

text: Lower

text: Myanmar

text: founded

text: the

text: Restored

text: Hanthawaddy

text: Kingdom

text: Hanthawaddy

text: forces

text: sacked

text: Ava

text: in

text: ending

text: the

text: old

text: Toungoo

text: Dynasty

question: How were the Portuguese expelled from Myanmar?

answer: The dynasty regrouped and defeated the Portuguese

text: The dynasty regrouped and defeated the Portuguese

question: Did the country have lasting monarchs?

answer: Toungoo kings created a legal and political framework whose basic features would continue well into the 19th century

text: Toungoo kings created a legal and political framework whose basic features would continue well into the 19th century

question: Did the original chieftains maintain power political power?

answer: The crown completely replaced the hereditary chieftainships with appointed governorships in the entire Irrawaddy valley

text: The crown completely replaced the hereditary chieftainships with appointed governorships in the entire Irrawaddy valley

question: In what year was one of the original Myanmar kingdoms restored?

answer: In 1740, the Mon of Lower Myanmar founded the Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom

text: In 1740, the Mon of Lower Myanmar founded the Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom


text: The first semi-permanent inhabitants of regions near Antarctica (areas situated south of the Antarctic Convergence) were British and American sealers who used to spend a year or more on South Georgia, from 1786 onward. During the whaling era, which lasted until 1966, the population of that island varied from over 1,000 in the summer (over 2,000 in some years) to some 200 in the winter. Most of the whalers were Norwegian, with an increasing proportion of Britons. The settlements included Grytviken, Leith Harbour, King Edward Point, Stromness, Husvik, Prince Olav Harbour, Ocean Harbour and Godthul. Managers and other senior officers of the whaling stations often lived together with their families. Among them was the founder of Grytviken, Captain Carl Anton Larsen, a prominent Norwegian whaler and explorer who, along with his family, adopted British citizenship in 1910.

title: Antarctica

title: Antarctica

text: The

text: first

text: semi

text: permanent

text: inhabitants

text: of

text: regions

text: near

text: Antarctica

text: areas

text: situated

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: Convergence

text: were

text: British

text: and

text: American

text: sealers

text: who

text: used

text: to

text: spend

text: a

text: year

text: or

text: more

text: on

text: South

text: Georgia

text: from

text: onward

text: During

text: the

text: whaling

text: era

text: which

text: lasted

text: until

text: the

text: population

text: of

text: that

text: island

text: varied

text: from

text: over

text: in

text: the

text: summer

text: over

text: in

text: some

text: years

text: to

text: some

text: in

text: the

text: winter

text: Most

text: of

text: the

text: whalers

text: were

text: Norwegian

text: with

text: an

text: increasing

text: proportion

text: of

text: Britons

text: The

text: settlements

text: included

text: Grytviken

text: Leith

text: Harbour

text: King

text: Edward

text: Point

text: Stromness

text: Husvik

text: Prince

text: Olav

text: Harbour

text: Ocean

text: Harbour

text: and

text: Godthul

text: Managers

text: and

text: other

text: senior

text: officers

text: of

text: the

text: whaling

text: stations

text: often

text: lived

text: together

text: with

text: their

text: families

text: Among

text: them

text: was

text: the

text: founder

text: of

text: Grytviken

text: Captain

text: Carl

text: Anton

text: Larsen

text: a

text: prominent

text: Norwegian

text: whaler

text: and

text: explorer

text: who

text: along

text: with

text: his

text: family

text: adopted

text: British

text: citizenship

text: in

question: Where did the first semi-permanent residents of the Antarctic area live?

answer: South Georgia

text: South Georgia

question: In what year did the sealers start staying on South Georgia?

answer: 1786

question: What was the profession of the residents of South Georgia?

answer: sealers

text: sealers

question: What was the nationality of most whalers?

answer: Norwegian

text: Norwegian

question: When did explorer Carl Anton Larsen become a British citizen?

answer: 1910


text: Within six years of the official criminalization of heresy by the Emperor, the first Christian heretic to be executed, Priscillian, was condemned in 386 by Roman secular officials for sorcery, and put to death with four or five followers. However, his accusers were excommunicated both by Ambrose of Milan and Pope Siricius, who opposed Priscillian's heresy, but "believed capital punishment to be inappropriate at best and usually unequivocally evil". For some years after the Reformation, Protestant churches were also known to execute those they considered heretics, including Catholics. The last known heretic executed by sentence of the Roman Catholic Church was Spanish schoolmaster Cayetano Ripoll in 1826. The number of people executed as heretics under the authority of the various "ecclesiastical authorities"[note 1] is not known.[note 2] One of the first examples of the word as translated from the Nag Hammadi's Apocalypse of Peter was" they will cleave to the name of a dead man thinking that they will become pure. But they will become greatly defiled and they will fall into the name of error and into the hands of an evil cunning man and a manifold dogma, and they will be ruled heretically".

title: Heresy

title: Heresy

text: Within

text: six

text: years

text: of

text: the

text: official

text: criminalization

text: of

text: heresy

text: by

text: the

text: Emperor

text: the

text: first

text: Christian

text: heretic

text: to

text: be

text: executed

text: Priscillian

text: was

text: condemned

text: in

text: by

text: Roman

text: secular

text: officials

text: for

text: sorcery

text: and

text: put

text: to

text: death

text: with

text: four

text: or

text: five

text: followers

text: However

text: his

text: accusers

text: were

text: excommunicated

text: both

text: by

text: Ambrose

text: of

text: Milan

text: and

text: Pope

text: Siricius

text: who

text: opposed

text: Priscillian

text: 's

text: heresy

text: but

text: believed

text: capital

text: punishment

text: to

text: be

text: inappropriate

text: at

text: best

text: and

text: usually

text: unequivocally

text: evil

text: For

text: some

text: years

text: after

text: the

text: Reformation

text: Protestant

text: churches

text: were

text: also

text: known

text: to

text: execute

text: those

text: they

text: considered

text: heretics

text: including

text: Catholics

text: The

text: last

text: known

text: heretic

text: executed

text: by

text: sentence

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: was

text: Spanish

text: schoolmaster

text: Cayetano

text: Ripoll

text: in

text: The

text: number

text: of

text: people

text: executed

text: as

text: heretics

text: under

text: the

text: authority

text: of

text: the

text: various

text: ecclesiastical

text: authorities"[note

text: is

text: not

text: known.[note

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: examples

text: of

text: the

text: word

text: as

text: translated

text: from

text: the

text: Nag

text: Hammadi

text: 's

text: Apocalypse

text: of

text: Peter

text: was

text: they

text: will

text: cleave

text: to

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: a

text: dead

text: man

text: thinking

text: that

text: they

text: will

text: become

text: pure

text: But

text: they

text: will

text: become

text: greatly

text: defiled

text: and

text: they

text: will

text: fall

text: into

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: error

text: and

text: into

text: the

text: hands

text: of

text: an

text: evil

text: cunning

text: man

text: and

text: a

text: manifold

text: dogma

text: and

text: they

text: will

text: be

text: ruled

text: heretically

question: Who was the first Christian individual to be sentenced to death by the church for heresy in Rome?

answer: Priscillian

text: Priscillian

question: What happened to the people that sentenced Priscillian to death?

answer: excommunicated

text: excommunicated

question: What religion is an example of Protestants killing for conviction of heresy after the Reformation?

answer: Catholics

text: Catholics

question: Who was the last known person to be sentenced to death for the crime of heresy by the Roman Catholic Church?

answer: Cayetano Ripoll

text: Cayetano Ripoll

question: From what passage is cited as being one of the first known examples of using the word heresy?

answer: Nag Hammadi's Apocalypse of Peter

text: Nag Hammadi's Apocalypse of Peter


text: From 1889, when Guangxu began to rule in his own right, to 1898, the Empress Dowager lived in semi-retirement, spending the majority of the year at the Summer Palace. On November 1, 1897, two German Roman Catholic missionaries were murdered in the southern part of Shandong Province (the Juye Incident). In response, Germany used the murders as a pretext for a naval occupation of Jiaozhou Bay. The occupation prompted a "scramble for concessions" in 1898, which included the German lease of Jiazhou Bay, the Russian acquisition of Liaodong, and the British lease of the New Territories of Hong Kong.

title: Qing_dynasty

title: Qing_dynasty

text: From

text: when

text: Guangxu

text: began

text: to

text: rule

text: in

text: his

text: own

text: right

text: to

text: the

text: Empress

text: Dowager

text: lived

text: in

text: semi

text: retirement

text: spending

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: year

text: at

text: the

text: Summer

text: Palace

text: On

text: November

text: two

text: German

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: missionaries

text: were

text: murdered

text: in

text: the

text: southern

text: part

text: of

text: Shandong

text: Province

text: the

text: Juye

text: Incident

text: In

text: response

text: Germany

text: used

text: the

text: murders

text: as

text: a

text: pretext

text: for

text: a

text: naval

text: occupation

text: of

text: Jiaozhou

text: Bay

text: The

text: occupation

text: prompted

text: a

text: scramble

text: for

text: concessions

text: in

text: which

text: included

text: the

text: German

text: lease

text: of

text: Jiazhou

text: Bay

text: the

text: Russian

text: acquisition

text: of

text: Liaodong

text: and

text: the

text: British

text: lease

text: of

text: the

text: New

text: Territories

text: of

text: Hong

text: Kong

question: Where did the Empress Dowager spend most of her time?

answer: Summer Palace

text: Summer Palace

question: When were two missionaries killed?

answer: November 1, 1897,

text: November 1, 1897,

question: Where were the missionaries killed?

answer: Shandong Province

text: Shandong Province

question: What was the murders of the missionaries called?

answer: Juye Incident

text: Juye Incident


text: Most residents belong to the Anglican Communion and are members of the Diocese of St Helena, which has its own bishop and includes Ascension Island. The 150th anniversary of the diocese was celebrated in June 2009.

title: Saint_Helena

title: Saint_Helena

text: Most

text: residents

text: belong

text: to

text: the

text: Anglican

text: Communion

text: and

text: are

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: Diocese

text: of

text: St

text: Helena

text: which

text: has

text: its

text: own

text: bishop

text: and

text: includes

text: Ascension

text: Island

text: The

text: anniversary

text: of

text: the

text: diocese

text: was

text: celebrated

text: in

text: June

question: What communion do most residents of the island belong to?

answer: Anglican

text: Anglican

question: When was the 150th anniversary of the diocese celebrated?

answer: June 2009

text: June 2009

question: Not only are most residents of the island members of the Anglican communion, but what else?

answer: the Diocese of St Helena

text: the Diocese of St Helena

question: The Diocese of Saint Helena has it's own what?

answer: bishop

text: bishop


text: Often, the migration route of a long-distance migrator bird doesn't follow a straight line between breeding and wintering grounds. Rather, it could follow an hooked or arched line, with detours around geographical barriers. For most land-birds, such barriers could consist in seas, large water bodies or high mountain ranges, because of the lack of stopover or feeding sites, or the lack of thermal columns for broad-winged birds.

title: Bird_migration

title: Bird_migration

text: Often

text: the

text: migration

text: route

text: of

text: a

text: long

text: distance

text: migrator

text: bird

text: does

text: n't

text: follow

text: a

text: straight

text: line

text: between

text: breeding

text: and

text: wintering

text: grounds

text: Rather

text: it

text: could

text: follow

text: an

text: hooked

text: or

text: arched

text: line

text: with

text: detours

text: around

text: geographical

text: barriers

text: For

text: most

text: land

text: birds

text: such

text: barriers

text: could

text: consist

text: in

text: seas

text: large

text: water

text: bodies

text: or

text: high

text: mountain

text: ranges

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: lack

text: of

text: stopover

text: or

text: feeding

text: sites

text: or

text: the

text: lack

text: of

text: thermal

text: columns

text: for

text: broad

text: winged

text: birds

question: What route does a migrating bird usually follow?

answer: an hooked or arched line

text: an hooked or arched line

question: What geographical barriers to land birds try to avoid?

answer: large water bodies or high mountain ranges

text: large water bodies or high mountain ranges

question: Why do migrating land birds avoid large water bodies or mountain ranges?

answer: the lack of stopover or feeding sites

text: the lack of stopover or feeding sites

question: Why do broad winged birds avoid geographical barriers?

answer: lack of thermal columns

text: lack of thermal columns


text: Britain had successful tested a new HAA gun, 3.6-inch, in 1918. In 1928 3.7-inch became the preferred solution, but it took 6 years to gain funding. Production of the QF 3.7-inch (94 mm) began in 1937; this gun was used both on mobile carriages with the field army and transportable guns on fixed mountings for static positions. At the same time the Royal Navy adopted a new 4.5-inch (114 mm) gun in a twin turret, which the army adopted in simplified single-gun mountings for static positions, mostly around ports where naval ammunition was available. However, the performance of both 3.7 and 4.5-in guns was limited by their standard fuse No 199, with a 30-second running time, although a new mechanical time fuse giving 43 seconds was nearing readiness. In 1939 a Machine Fuse Setter was introduced to eliminate manual fuse setting.

title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

title: Anti

title: aircraft_warfare

text: Britain

text: had

text: successful

text: tested

text: a

text: new

text: HAA

text: gun

text: in

text: In

text: became

text: the

text: preferred

text: solution

text: but

text: it

text: took

text: years

text: to

text: gain

text: funding

text: Production

text: of

text: the

text: QF

text: mm

text: began

text: in

text: this

text: gun

text: was

text: used

text: both

text: on

text: mobile

text: carriages

text: with

text: the

text: field

text: army

text: and

text: transportable

text: guns

text: on

text: fixed

text: mountings

text: for

text: static

text: positions

text: At

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: the

text: Royal

text: Navy

text: adopted

text: a

text: new

text: mm

text: gun

text: in

text: a

text: twin

text: turret

text: which

text: the

text: army

text: adopted

text: in

text: simplified

text: single

text: gun

text: mountings

text: for

text: static

text: positions

text: mostly

text: around

text: ports

text: where

text: naval

text: ammunition

text: was

text: available

text: However

text: the

text: performance

text: of

text: both

text: and

text: guns

text: was

text: limited

text: by

text: their

text: standard

text: fuse

text: No

text: with

text: a

text: running

text: time

text: although

text: a

text: new

text: mechanical

text: time

text: fuse

text: giving

text: seconds

text: was

text: nearing

text: readiness

text: In

text: a

text: Machine

text: Fuse

text: Setter

text: was

text: introduced

text: to

text: eliminate

text: manual

text: fuse

text: setting

question: When was the successful test of the 3.6-inch HAA gun?

answer: 1918

question: When did the 3.7-inch HAA gun become preferred?

answer: 1928

question: What gun did the Royal Navy start using?

answer: 4.5-inch (114 mm) gun in a twin turret

text: 4.5-inch (114 mm) gun in a twin turret

question: How long of a running time did the Number 199 fuse have?

answer: 30-second running time

text: 30-second running time

question: What was introduced in 1939?

answer: Machine Fuse Setter

text: Machine Fuse Setter


text: The ECB's first supplementary longer-term refinancing operation (LTRO) with a six-month maturity was announced March 2008. Previously the longest tender offered was three months. It announced two 3-month and one 6-month full allotment of Long Term Refinancing Operations (LTROs). The first tender was settled 3 April, and was more than four times oversubscribed. The €25 billion auction drew bids amounting to €103.1 billion, from 177 banks. Another six-month tender was allotted on 9 July, again to the amount of €25 billion. The first 12-month LTRO in June 2009 had close to 1100 bidders.

title: European_Central_Bank

title: European_Central_Bank

text: The

text: ECB

text: 's

text: first

text: supplementary

text: longer

text: term

text: refinancing

text: operation

text: LTRO

text: with

text: a

text: six

text: month

text: maturity

text: was

text: announced

text: March

text: Previously

text: the

text: longest

text: tender

text: offered

text: was

text: three

text: months

text: It

text: announced

text: two

text: and

text: one

text: full

text: allotment

text: of

text: Long

text: Term

text: Refinancing

text: Operations

text: LTROs

text: The

text: first

text: tender

text: was

text: settled

text: April

text: and

text: was

text: more

text: than

text: four

text: times

text: oversubscribed

text: The

text: billion

text: auction

text: drew

text: bids

text: amounting

text: to

text: billion

text: from

text: banks

text: Another

text: six

text: month

text: tender

text: was

text: allotted

text: on

text: July

text: again

text: to

text: the

text: amount

text: of

text: billion

text: The

text: first

text: LTRO

text: in

text: June

text: had

text: close

text: to

text: bidders

question: What is an LTRO?

answer: longer-term refinancing operation

text: longer-term refinancing operation

question: How long was the time to maturity on an LTRO?

answer: six-month

text: six-month

question: When were the first supplemental LTRO's offered?

answer: March 2008

text: March 2008

question: How long had the time to maturity been previously?

answer: three months

text: three months

question: How many bids were recorded at the auction for the first 12 month LRTO?

answer: close to 1100 bidders

text: close to 1100 bidders


text: J'ouvert, or "Dirty Mas", takes place before dawn on the Monday (known as Carnival Monday) before Ash Wednesday. It means ""opening of the day". Revelers dress in costumes embodying puns on current affairs, especially political and social events. "Clean Mud" (clay mud), oil paint and body paint are familiar during J'ouvert. A common character is "Jab-jabs" (devils, blue, black or red) complete with pitchfork, pointed horns and tails. A King and Queen of J'ouvert are chosen, based on their witty political/social messages.

title: Carnival

title: Carnival

text: J'ouvert

text: or

text: Dirty

text: Mas

text: takes

text: place

text: before

text: dawn

text: on

text: the

text: Monday

text: known

text: as

text: Carnival

text: Monday

text: before

text: Ash

text: Wednesday

text: It

text: means

text: opening

text: of

text: the

text: day

text: Revelers

text: dress

text: in

text: costumes

text: embodying

text: puns

text: on

text: current

text: affairs

text: especially

text: political

text: and

text: social

text: events

text: Clean

text: Mud

text: clay

text: mud

text: oil

text: paint

text: and

text: body

text: paint

text: are

text: familiar

text: during

text: J'ouvert

text: A

text: common

text: character

text: is

text: Jab

text: jabs

text: devils

text: blue

text: black

text: or

text: red

text: complete

text: with

text: pitchfork

text: pointed

text: horns

text: and

text: tails

text: A

text: King

text: and

text: Queen

text: of

text: J'ouvert

text: are

text: chosen

text: based

text: on

text: their

text: witty

text: political

text: social

text: messages

question: When does  Dirty Mas take place on the Monday before Ash Wednesday?

answer: before dawn

text: before dawn

question: What do the costumes worn by the revelers pun about?

answer: current affairs,

text: current affairs,

question: What is "Clean Mud"?

answer: clay

text: clay

question: What are "jab-jabs"?

answer: devils

text: devils

question: How are the King and Queen of J'ouvert chosen?

answer: based on their witty political/social messages

text: based on their witty political/social messages


text: In 1975 the US DOT conservatively identified a 0.7% reduction in traffic fatalities during DST, and estimated the real reduction at 1.5% to 2%, but the 1976 NBS review of the DOT study found no differences in traffic fatalities. In 1995 the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety estimated a reduction of 1.2%, including a 5% reduction in crashes fatal to pedestrians. Others have found similar reductions. Single/Double Summer Time (SDST), a variant where clocks are one hour ahead of the sun in winter and two in summer, has been projected to reduce traffic fatalities by 3% to 4% in the UK, compared to ordinary DST. However, accidents do increase by as much as 11% during the two weeks that follow the end of British Summer Time. It is not clear whether sleep disruption contributes to fatal accidents immediately after the spring clock shifts. A correlation between clock shifts and traffic accidents has been observed in North America and the UK but not in Finland or Sweden. If this effect exists, it is far smaller than the overall reduction in traffic fatalities. A 2009 US study found that on Mondays after the switch to DST, workers sleep an average of 40 minutes less, and are injured at work more often and more severely.

title: Daylight_saving_time

title: Daylight_saving_time

text: In

text: the

text: US

text: DOT

text: conservatively

text: identified

text: a

text: reduction

text: in

text: traffic

text: fatalities

text: during

text: DST

text: and

text: estimated

text: the

text: real

text: reduction

text: at

text: to

text: but

text: the

text: NBS

text: review

text: of

text: the

text: DOT

text: study

text: found

text: no

text: differences

text: in

text: traffic

text: fatalities

text: In

text: the

text: Insurance

text: Institute

text: for

text: Highway

text: Safety

text: estimated

text: a

text: reduction

text: of

text: including

text: a

text: reduction

text: in

text: crashes

text: fatal

text: to

text: pedestrians

text: Others

text: have

text: found

text: similar

text: reductions

text: Single

text: Double

text: Summer

text: Time

text: SDST

text: a

text: variant

text: where

text: clocks

text: are

text: one

text: hour

text: ahead

text: of

text: the

text: sun

text: in

text: winter

text: and

text: two

text: in

text: summer

text: has

text: been

text: projected

text: to

text: reduce

text: traffic

text: fatalities

text: by

text: to

text: in

text: the

text: UK

text: compared

text: to

text: ordinary

text: DST

text: However

text: accidents

text: do

text: increase

text: by

text: as

text: much

text: as

text: during

text: the

text: two

text: weeks

text: that

text: follow

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: British

text: Summer

text: Time

text: It

text: is

text: not

text: clear

text: whether

text: sleep

text: disruption

text: contributes

text: to

text: fatal

text: accidents

text: immediately

text: after

text: the

text: spring

text: clock

text: shifts

text: A

text: correlation

text: between

text: clock

text: shifts

text: and

text: traffic

text: accidents

text: has

text: been

text: observed

text: in

text: North

text: America

text: and

text: the

text: UK

text: but

text: not

text: in

text: Finland

text: or

text: Sweden

text: If

text: this

text: effect

text: exists

text: it

text: is

text: far

text: smaller

text: than

text: the

text: overall

text: reduction

text: in

text: traffic

text: fatalities

text: A

text: US

text: study

text: found

text: that

text: on

text: Mondays

text: after

text: the

text: switch

text: to

text: DST

text: workers

text: sleep

text: an

text: average

text: of

text: minutes

text: less

text: and

text: are

text: injured

text: at

text: work

text: more

text: often

text: and

text: more

text: severely

question: In what year did the NBS revisit the DOT's 1975 study and find traffic fatalities unaffected?

answer: 1976

question: What organization made their own estimation in 1995 of a drop in traffic deaths by 1.2%?

answer: the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety

text: the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety

question: What's the abbreviation for Single/Double Summer Time?

answer: SDST

text: SDST

question: In the two weeks following the time change ending British Summer Time, what percentage hike is there in traffic accidents?

answer: 11%

question: How much less, on average, do workers in the U.S. sleep on Mondays after switching to DST, according to the 2009 study?

answer: 40 minutes

text: 40 minutes


text: DNA transposons generally move by "cut and paste" in the genome, but duplication has also been observed. Class 2 TEs do not use RNA as intermediate and are popular in bacteria, in metazoan it has also been found.

title: Genome

title: Genome

text: DNA

text: transposons

text: generally

text: move

text: by

text: cut

text: and

text: paste

text: in

text: the

text: genome

text: but

text: duplication

text: has

text: also

text: been

text: observed

text: Class

text: TEs

text: do

text: not

text: use

text: RNA

text: as

text: intermediate

text: and

text: are

text: popular

text: in

text: bacteria

text: in

text: metazoan

text: it

text: has

text: also

text: been

text: found

question: What is a term that can describe how DNA transposons move?

answer: cut and paste

text: cut and paste

question: DNA transposons do not use which genetic material used by Class 1 TEs?

answer: RNA

text: RNA


text: Assistive listening devices in many theaters and similar spaces use arrays of infrared LEDs to send sound to listeners' receivers. Light-emitting diodes (as well as semiconductor lasers) are used to send data over many types of fiber optic cable, from digital audio over TOSLINK cables to the very high bandwidth fiber links that form the Internet backbone. For some time, computers were commonly equipped with IrDA interfaces, which allowed them to send and receive data to nearby machines via infrared.

title: Light-emitting_diode

title: Light

title: emitting_diode

text: Assistive

text: listening

text: devices

text: in

text: many

text: theaters

text: and

text: similar

text: spaces

text: use

text: arrays

text: of

text: infrared

text: LEDs

text: to

text: send

text: sound

text: to

text: listeners

text: receivers

text: Light

text: emitting

text: diodes

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: semiconductor

text: lasers

text: are

text: used

text: to

text: send

text: data

text: over

text: many

text: types

text: of

text: fiber

text: optic

text: cable

text: from

text: digital

text: audio

text: over

text: TOSLINK

text: cables

text: to

text: the

text: very

text: high

text: bandwidth

text: fiber

text: links

text: that

text: form

text: the

text: Internet

text: backbone

text: For

text: some

text: time

text: computers

text: were

text: commonly

text: equipped

text: with

text: IrDA

text: interfaces

text: which

text: allowed

text: them

text: to

text: send

text: and

text: receive

text: data

text: to

text: nearby

text: machines

text: via

text: infrared

question: Where are infrared LEDs used in everday life?

answer: theaters

text: theaters

question: How are LEDs used in theaters?

answer: to send sound to listeners' receivers

text: to send sound to listeners' receivers

question: LEDs can send data over what type of cable?

answer: fiber optic

text: fiber optic

question: What type of fiber forms the backbone of the internet?

answer: very high bandwidth

text: very high bandwidth


text: The Xbox 360 sold much better than its predecessor, and although not the best-selling console of the seventh-generation, it is regarded as a success since it strengthened Microsoft as a major force in the console market at the expense of well-established rivals. The inexpensive Nintendo Wii did sell the most console units but eventually saw a collapse of third-party software support in its later years, and it has been viewed by some as a fad since the succeeding Wii U had a poor debut in 2012. The PlayStation 3 struggled for a time due to being too expensive and initially lacking quality titles, making it far less dominant than its predecessor, the PlayStation 2, and it took until late in the PlayStation 3's lifespan for its sales and game titles to reach parity with the Xbox 360. TechRadar proclaimed that "Xbox 360 passes the baton as the king of the hill – a position that puts all the more pressure on its successor, Xbox One".

title: Xbox_360

title: Xbox_360

text: The

text: Xbox

text: sold

text: much

text: better

text: than

text: its

text: predecessor

text: and

text: although

text: not

text: the

text: best

text: selling

text: console

text: of

text: the

text: seventh

text: generation

text: it

text: is

text: regarded

text: as

text: a

text: success

text: since

text: it

text: strengthened

text: Microsoft

text: as

text: a

text: major

text: force

text: in

text: the

text: console

text: market

text: at

text: the

text: expense

text: of

text: well

text: established

text: rivals

text: The

text: inexpensive

text: Nintendo

text: Wii

text: did

text: sell

text: the

text: most

text: console

text: units

text: but

text: eventually

text: saw

text: a

text: collapse

text: of

text: third

text: party

text: software

text: support

text: in

text: its

text: later

text: years

text: and

text: it

text: has

text: been

text: viewed

text: by

text: some

text: as

text: a

text: fad

text: since

text: the

text: succeeding

text: Wii

text: U

text: had

text: a

text: poor

text: debut

text: in

text: The

text: PlayStation

text: struggled

text: for

text: a

text: time

text: due

text: to

text: being

text: too

text: expensive

text: and

text: initially

text: lacking

text: quality

text: titles

text: making

text: it

text: far

text: less

text: dominant

text: than

text: its

text: predecessor

text: the

text: PlayStation

text: and

text: it

text: took

text: until

text: late

text: in

text: the

text: PlayStation

text: 's

text: lifespan

text: for

text: its

text: sales

text: and

text: game

text: titles

text: to

text: reach

text: parity

text: with

text: the

text: Xbox

text: TechRadar

text: proclaimed

text: that

text: Xbox

text: passes

text: the

text: baton

text: as

text: the

text: king

text: of

text: the

text: hill

text: a

text: position

text: that

text: puts

text: all

text: the

text: more

text: pressure

text: on

text: its

text: successor

text: Xbox

text: One

question: What problem hurt Nintendo's Wii console?

answer: collapse of third-party software support in its later years

text: collapse of third-party software support in its later years

question: The Playstation 3 originally struggled for market share for what reasons?

answer: due to being too expensive and initially lacking quality titles

text: due to being too expensive and initially lacking quality titles

question: Why was the 360 considered a market success for Microsoft?

answer: it strengthened Microsoft as a major force in the console market

text: it strengthened Microsoft as a major force in the console market

question: What is the successor to the 360 called?

answer: Xbox One

text: Xbox One

question: Which console sold the most units in the seventh generation era?

answer: Nintendo Wii

text: Nintendo Wii


text: John von Neumann also consulted for the ENIAC project. The electronics of the new ENIAC ran at one-sixth the speed, but this in no way degraded the ENIAC's performance, since it was still entirely I/O bound. Complicated programs could be developed and debugged in days rather than the weeks required for plugboarding the old ENIAC. Some of von Neumann's early computer programs have been preserved. The next computer that von Neumann designed was the IAS machine at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. He arranged its financing, and the components were designed and built at the RCA Research Laboratory nearby. John von Neumann recommended that the IBM 701, nicknamed the defense computer include a magnetic drum. It was a faster version of the IAS machine and formed the basis for the commercially successful IBM 704.

title: John_von_Neumann

title: John_von_Neumann

text: John

text: von

text: Neumann

text: also

text: consulted

text: for

text: the

text: ENIAC

text: project

text: The

text: electronics

text: of

text: the

text: new

text: ENIAC

text: ran

text: at

text: one

text: sixth

text: the

text: speed

text: but

text: this

text: in

text: no

text: way

text: degraded

text: the

text: ENIAC

text: 's

text: performance

text: since

text: it

text: was

text: still

text: entirely

text: I

text: O

text: bound

text: Complicated

text: programs

text: could

text: be

text: developed

text: and

text: debugged

text: in

text: days

text: rather

text: than

text: the

text: weeks

text: required

text: for

text: plugboarding

text: the

text: old

text: ENIAC

text: Some

text: of

text: von

text: Neumann

text: 's

text: early

text: computer

text: programs

text: have

text: been

text: preserved

text: The

text: next

text: computer

text: that

text: von

text: Neumann

text: designed

text: was

text: the

text: IAS

text: machine

text: at

text: the

text: Institute

text: for

text: Advanced

text: Study

text: in

text: Princeton

text: New

text: Jersey

text: He

text: arranged

text: its

text: financing

text: and

text: the

text: components

text: were

text: designed

text: and

text: built

text: at

text: the

text: RCA

text: Research

text: Laboratory

text: nearby

text: John

text: von

text: Neumann

text: recommended

text: that

text: the

text: IBM

text: nicknamed

text: the

text: defense

text: computer

text: include

text: a

text: magnetic

text: drum

text: It

text: was

text: a

text: faster

text: version

text: of

text: the

text: IAS

text: machine

text: and

text: formed

text: the

text: basis

text: for

text: the

text: commercially

text: successful

text: IBM

question: What was the speed difference with new ENIAC?

answer: new ENIAC ran at one-sixth the speed

text: new ENIAC ran at one-sixth the speed

question: What were advantages for programming new ENIAC?

answer: programs could be developed and debugged in days rather than the weeks

text: programs could be developed and debugged in days rather than the weeks

question: After the design of IAS, who built the computer?

answer: RCA Research Laboratory

text: RCA Research Laboratory


text: Poland's successive kings granted privileges to the nobility at the time of their election to the throne (the privileges being specified in the king-elect's Pacta conventa) and at other times in exchange for ad hoc permission to raise an extraordinary tax or a pospolite ruszenie.

title: Szlachta

title: Szlachta

text: Poland

text: 's

text: successive

text: kings

text: granted

text: privileges

text: to

text: the

text: nobility

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: their

text: election

text: to

text: the

text: throne

text: the

text: privileges

text: being

text: specified

text: in

text: the

text: king

text: elect

text: 's

text: Pacta

text: conventa

text: and

text: at

text: other

text: times

text: in

text: exchange

text: for

text: ad

text: hoc

text: permission

text: to

text: raise

text: an

text: extraordinary

text: tax

text: or

text: a

text: pospolite

text: ruszenie

question: When did kings grant privileges to the nobles?

answer: at the time of their election to the throne

text: at the time of their election to the throne

question: What specified the kings privileges?

answer: king-elect's Pacta conventa

text: king-elect's Pacta conventa

question: What was also in exchange during he election of the throne?

answer: ad hoc permission to raise an extraordinary tax

text: ad hoc permission to raise an extraordinary tax

question: What did nobles get in from the king during election?

answer: privileges

text: privileges


text: Chapter I covers animal husbandry and plant breeding, going back to ancient Egypt. Darwin discusses contemporary opinions on the origins of different breeds under cultivation to argue that many have been produced from common ancestors by selective breeding. As an illustration of artificial selection, he describes fancy pigeon breeding, noting that "[t]he diversity of the breeds is something astonishing", yet all were descended from one species of rock pigeon. Darwin saw two distinct kinds of variation: (1) rare abrupt changes he called "sports" or "monstrosities" (example: ancon sheep with short legs), and (2) ubiquitous small differences (example: slightly shorter or longer bill of pigeons). Both types of hereditary changes can be used by breeders. However, for Darwin the small changes were most important in evolution.

title: On_the_Origin_of_Species

title: On_the_Origin_of_Species

text: Chapter

text: I

text: covers

text: animal

text: husbandry

text: and

text: plant

text: breeding

text: going

text: back

text: to

text: ancient

text: Egypt

text: Darwin

text: discusses

text: contemporary

text: opinions

text: on

text: the

text: origins

text: of

text: different

text: breeds

text: under

text: cultivation

text: to

text: argue

text: that

text: many

text: have

text: been

text: produced

text: from

text: common

text: ancestors

text: by

text: selective

text: breeding

text: As

text: an

text: illustration

text: of

text: artificial

text: selection

text: he

text: describes

text: fancy

text: pigeon

text: breeding

text: noting

text: that

text: t]he

text: diversity

text: of

text: the

text: breeds

text: is

text: something

text: astonishing

text: yet

text: all

text: were

text: descended

text: from

text: one

text: species

text: of

text: rock

text: pigeon

text: Darwin

text: saw

text: two

text: distinct

text: kinds

text: of

text: variation

text: rare

text: abrupt

text: changes

text: he

text: called

text: sports

text: or

text: monstrosities

text: example

text: ancon

text: sheep

text: with

text: short

text: legs

text: and

text: ubiquitous

text: small

text: differences

text: example

text: slightly

text: shorter

text: or

text: longer

text: bill

text: of

text: pigeons

text: Both

text: types

text: of

text: hereditary

text: changes

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: by

text: breeders

text: However

text: for

text: Darwin

text: the

text: small

text: changes

text: were

text: most

text: important

text: in

text: evolution

question: How far back does Chapter One of On the Origin of Species go in its coverage of animal and plant species?

answer: ancient Egypt

text: ancient Egypt

question: What does Darwin use to illustrate the effects of artificial selection?

answer: fancy pigeon breeding

text: fancy pigeon breeding

question: From what does Darwin assert all pigeons are descended?

answer: one species of rock pigeon

text: one species of rock pigeon

question: Which evolutionary changes were the most important to Darwin?

answer: the small changes

text: the small changes


text: Some researchers believe that the first Russian settlement in Alaska was established in the 17th century. According to this hypothesis, in 1648 several koches of Semyon Dezhnyov's expedition came ashore in Alaska by storm and founded this settlement. This hypothesis is based on the testimony of Chukchi geographer Nikolai Daurkin, who had visited Alaska in 1764–1765 and who had reported on a village on the Kheuveren River, populated by "bearded men" who "pray to the icons". Some modern researchers associate Kheuveren with Koyuk River.

title: Alaska

title: Alaska

text: Some

text: researchers

text: believe

text: that

text: the

text: first

text: Russian

text: settlement

text: in

text: Alaska

text: was

text: established

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: According

text: to

text: this

text: hypothesis

text: in

text: several

text: koches

text: of

text: Semyon

text: Dezhnyov

text: 's

text: expedition

text: came

text: ashore

text: in

text: Alaska

text: by

text: storm

text: and

text: founded

text: this

text: settlement

text: This

text: hypothesis

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: testimony

text: of

text: Chukchi

text: geographer

text: Nikolai

text: Daurkin

text: who

text: had

text: visited

text: Alaska

text: in

text: and

text: who

text: had

text: reported

text: on

text: a

text: village

text: on

text: the

text: Kheuveren

text: River

text: populated

text: by

text: bearded

text: men

text: who

text: pray

text: to

text: the

text: icons

text: Some

text: modern

text: researchers

text: associate

text: Kheuveren

text: with

text: Koyuk

text: River

question: During what time period do some researchers believe Russians settled in Alaska?

answer: 17th century

text: 17th century

question: Whose expedidion potentially landed in Alaska during a storm and founded a settlement in 1648?

answer: Semyon Dezhnyov

text: Semyon Dezhnyov

question: Whom did Nikolai Durkin say lived in a village on the Kheuveren River?

answer: "bearded men" who "pray to the icons"

text: "bearded men" who "pray to the icons"

question: During which years did Nikolai Durkin visit Alaska?

answer: 1764–1765


text: Paul VI did renounce many traditional symbols of the papacy and the Catholic Church; some of his changes to the papal dress were reversed by Pope Benedict XVI in the early 21st century. Refusing a Vatican army of colourful military uniforms from centuries, he got rid of them. He became the first pope to visit five continents. Paul VI systematically continued and completed the efforts of his predecessors, to turn the Euro-centric Church into a Church of the world, by integrating the bishops from all continents in its government and in the Synods which he convened. His 6 August 1967 motu proprio Pro Comperto Sane opened the Roman Curia to the bishops of the world. Until then, only Cardinals could be leading members of the Curia.

title: Pope_Paul_VI

title: Pope_Paul_VI

text: Paul

text: VI

text: did

text: renounce

text: many

text: traditional

text: symbols

text: of

text: the

text: papacy

text: and

text: the

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: some

text: of

text: his

text: changes

text: to

text: the

text: papal

text: dress

text: were

text: reversed

text: by

text: Pope

text: Benedict

text: XVI

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: Refusing

text: a

text: Vatican

text: army

text: of

text: colourful

text: military

text: uniforms

text: from

text: centuries

text: he

text: got

text: rid

text: of

text: them

text: He

text: became

text: the

text: first

text: pope

text: to

text: visit

text: five

text: continents

text: Paul

text: VI

text: systematically

text: continued

text: and

text: completed

text: the

text: efforts

text: of

text: his

text: predecessors

text: to

text: turn

text: the

text: Euro

text: centric

text: Church

text: into

text: a

text: Church

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: by

text: integrating

text: the

text: bishops

text: from

text: all

text: continents

text: in

text: its

text: government

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: Synods

text: which

text: he

text: convened

text: His

text: August

text: motu

text: proprio

text: Pro

text: Comperto

text: Sane

text: opened

text: the

text: Roman

text: Curia

text: to

text: the

text: bishops

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: Until

text: then

text: only

text: Cardinals

text: could

text: be

text: leading

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: Curia

question: What type of theatrical uniforms did Paul VI eradicate from the Vatican?

answer: army

text: army

question: Who was the first pope to visit five continents?

answer: Paul VI

text: Paul VI

question: Where did Paul Vi turn the focus of the church toward during his papacy?

answer: world

text: world

question: What group of clergy did Paul VI include in Vatican decision making that had previously been denied influence in this realm?

answer: bishops

text: bishops

question: What papal statement under Paul VI opened the Vatican doors to global influences?

answer: motu proprio Pro Comperto Sane

text: motu proprio Pro Comperto Sane


text: The history of the area that now constitutes Himachal Pradesh dates back to the time when the Indus valley civilisation flourished between 2250 and 1750 BCE. Tribes such as the Koilis, Halis, Dagis, Dhaugris, Dasa, Khasas, Kinnars, and Kirats inhabited the region from the prehistoric era. During the Vedic period, several small republics known as "Janapada" existed which were later conquered by the Gupta Empire. After a brief period of supremacy by King Harshavardhana, the region was once again divided into several local powers headed by chieftains, including some Rajput principalities. These kingdoms enjoyed a large degree of independence and were invaded by Delhi Sultanate a number of times. Mahmud Ghaznavi conquered Kangra at the beginning of the 10th century. Timur and Sikander Lodi also marched through the lower hills of the state and captured a number of forts and fought many battles. Several hill states acknowledged Mughal suzerainty and paid regular tribute to the Mughals.

title: Himachal_Pradesh

title: Himachal_Pradesh

text: The

text: history

text: of

text: the

text: area

text: that

text: now

text: constitutes

text: Himachal

text: Pradesh

text: dates

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: time

text: when

text: the

text: Indus

text: valley

text: civilisation

text: flourished

text: between

text: and

text: BCE

text: Tribes

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Koilis

text: Halis

text: Dagis

text: Dhaugris

text: Dasa

text: Khasas

text: Kinnars

text: and

text: Kirats

text: inhabited

text: the

text: region

text: from

text: the

text: prehistoric

text: era

text: During

text: the

text: Vedic

text: period

text: several

text: small

text: republics

text: known

text: as

text: Janapada

text: existed

text: which

text: were

text: later

text: conquered

text: by

text: the

text: Gupta

text: Empire

text: After

text: a

text: brief

text: period

text: of

text: supremacy

text: by

text: King

text: Harshavardhana

text: the

text: region

text: was

text: once

text: again

text: divided

text: into

text: several

text: local

text: powers

text: headed

text: by

text: chieftains

text: including

text: some

text: Rajput

text: principalities

text: These

text: kingdoms

text: enjoyed

text: a

text: large

text: degree

text: of

text: independence

text: and

text: were

text: invaded

text: by

text: Delhi

text: Sultanate

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: times

text: Mahmud

text: Ghaznavi

text: conquered

text: Kangra

text: at

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: Timur

text: and

text: Sikander

text: Lodi

text: also

text: marched

text: through

text: the

text: lower

text: hills

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: and

text: captured

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: forts

text: and

text: fought

text: many

text: battles

text: Several

text: hill

text: states

text: acknowledged

text: Mughal

text: suzerainty

text: and

text: paid

text: regular

text: tribute

text: to

text: the

text: Mughals

question: What tribes inhibited the area that now constitutes Himachal Pradesh?

answer: Koilis, Halis, Dagis, Dhaugris, Dasa, Khasas, Kinnars, and Kirats

text: Koilis, Halis, Dagis, Dhaugris, Dasa, Khasas, Kinnars, and Kirats

question: What time periods did the Indus Valley civilization flourish?

answer: between 2250 and 1750 BCE

text: between 2250 and 1750 BCE

question: Who conquered Kangara?

answer: Mahmud Ghaznavi

text: Mahmud Ghaznavi

question: When did Mahmud Ghanznavi conquer Kangara?

answer: 10th century

text: 10th century

question: Who marched through the lower states and captured and forts and fought many battles?

answer: Timur and Sikander Lodi

text: Timur and Sikander Lodi


text: Spanish explorer Alonso de Salazar was the first European to see the islands in 1526, commanding the ship Santa Maria de la Victoria, the only surviving vessel of the Loaísa Expedition. On August 21, he sighted an island (probably Taongi) at 14°N that he named "San Bartolome".

title: Marshall_Islands

title: Marshall_Islands

text: Spanish

text: explorer

text: Alonso

text: de

text: Salazar

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: European

text: to

text: see

text: the

text: islands

text: in

text: commanding

text: the

text: ship

text: Santa

text: Maria

text: de

text: la

text: Victoria

text: the

text: only

text: surviving

text: vessel

text: of

text: the

text: Loaísa

text: Expedition

text: On

text: August

text: he

text: sighted

text: an

text: island

text: probably

text: Taongi

text: at

text: N

text: that

text: he

text: named

text: San

text: Bartolome

question: Which European first saw the Marshall Islands?

answer: Alonso de Salazar

text: Alonso de Salazar

question: What was Alonso de Salazar's nationality?

answer: Spanish

text: Spanish

question: In what year did Salazar view the Marshall Islands?

answer: 1526

question: What was the name of Alonso de Salazar's ship?

answer: Santa Maria de la Victoria

text: Santa Maria de la Victoria

question: What did Alonso de Salazar call the island that he saw?

answer: San Bartolome

text: San Bartolome

question: Who was the first person from Europe to observe the Marshall Islands?

answer: Alonso de Salazar

text: Alonso de Salazar

question: What was the nationality of the first European to observe the Marshall Islands?

answer: Spanish

text: Spanish

question: In what year did the first European view the Marshall Islands?

answer: 1526

question: What was the name of Alonso de Salazar's ship?

answer: Santa Maria de la Victoria

text: Santa Maria de la Victoria

question: Which of the Marshall Islands did Salazar most likely see?

answer: Taongi

text: Taongi


text: The bursting of the U.S. (United States) housing bubble, which peaked in 2004, caused the values of securities tied to U.S. real estate pricing to plummet, damaging financial institutions globally. The financial crisis was triggered by a complex interplay of policies that encouraged home ownership, providing easier access to loans for subprime borrowers, overvaluation of bundled subprime mortgages based on the theory that housing prices would continue to escalate, questionable trading practices on behalf of both buyers and sellers, compensation structures that prioritize short-term deal flow over long-term value creation, and a lack of adequate capital holdings from banks and insurance companies to back the financial commitments they were making. Questions regarding bank solvency, declines in credit availability and damaged investor confidence had an impact on global stock markets, where securities suffered large losses during 2008 and early 2009. Economies worldwide slowed during this period, as credit tightened and international trade declined. Governments and central banks responded with unprecedented fiscal stimulus, monetary policy expansion and institutional bailouts. In the U.S., Congress passed the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009.

title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

text: The

text: bursting

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: United

text: States

text: housing

text: bubble

text: which

text: peaked

text: in

text: caused

text: the

text: values

text: of

text: securities

text: tied

text: to

text: U.S.

text: real

text: estate

text: pricing

text: to

text: plummet

text: damaging

text: financial

text: institutions

text: globally

text: The

text: financial

text: crisis

text: was

text: triggered

text: by

text: a

text: complex

text: interplay

text: of

text: policies

text: that

text: encouraged

text: home

text: ownership

text: providing

text: easier

text: access

text: to

text: loans

text: for

text: subprime

text: borrowers

text: overvaluation

text: of

text: bundled

text: subprime

text: mortgages

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: theory

text: that

text: housing

text: prices

text: would

text: continue

text: to

text: escalate

text: questionable

text: trading

text: practices

text: on

text: behalf

text: of

text: both

text: buyers

text: and

text: sellers

text: compensation

text: structures

text: that

text: prioritize

text: short

text: term

text: deal

text: flow

text: over

text: long

text: term

text: value

text: creation

text: and

text: a

text: lack

text: of

text: adequate

text: capital

text: holdings

text: from

text: banks

text: and

text: insurance

text: companies

text: to

text: back

text: the

text: financial

text: commitments

text: they

text: were

text: making

text: Questions

text: regarding

text: bank

text: solvency

text: declines

text: in

text: credit

text: availability

text: and

text: damaged

text: investor

text: confidence

text: had

text: an

text: impact

text: on

text: global

text: stock

text: markets

text: where

text: securities

text: suffered

text: large

text: losses

text: during

text: and

text: early

text: Economies

text: worldwide

text: slowed

text: during

text: this

text: period

text: as

text: credit

text: tightened

text: and

text: international

text: trade

text: declined

text: Governments

text: and

text: central

text: banks

text: responded

text: with

text: unprecedented

text: fiscal

text: stimulus

text: monetary

text: policy

text: expansion

text: and

text: institutional

text: bailouts

text: In

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Congress

text: passed

text: the

text: American

text: Recovery

text: and

text: Reinvestment

text: Act

text: of

question: What year did the U.S. housing bubble peak?

answer: 2004

question: What year did Congress pass the American Recover and Reinvestment Act?

answer: 2009

question: Overvaluation of bundled subprime mortgages was based on the theory that housing prices would continue to do this?

answer: escalate

text: escalate

question: One of the causes of the financial crisis was easier access to loans by this type borrower?

answer: subprime

text: subprime

question: In 2007, banks and insurance companies did not have adequate holdings of which type to back their financial commitments?

answer: capital

text: capital


text: On August 17, 2011, Shueisha's V-Jump magazine announced a sequel set one year later, a third arc of Xros Wars subtitled The Young Hunters Who Leapt Through Time, which aired from October 2, 2011 to March 25, 2012, following on from the previous arc. It focuses on a new protagonist, Tagiru Akashi and his partner Gumdramon who embark on a new journey with an older Mikey, Shoutmon, an older Ewan and the revived Damemon, along with other new comrades as they deal with a hidden dimension that lies between the Human World and the Digital World called DigiQuartz. The series finale reintroduces the heroes of the previous five seasons as they all come together and help the current heroes in the final battle due to the fact that the DigiQuartz is essentially a tear in Space and Time, allowing all of the Digimon universes to converge.

title: Digimon

title: Digimon

text: On

text: August

text: Shueisha

text: 's

text: V

text: Jump

text: magazine

text: announced

text: a

text: sequel

text: set

text: one

text: year

text: later

text: a

text: third

text: arc

text: of

text: Xros

text: Wars

text: subtitled

text: The

text: Young

text: Hunters

text: Who

text: Leapt

text: Through

text: Time

text: which

text: aired

text: from

text: October

text: to

text: March

text: following

text: on

text: from

text: the

text: previous

text: arc

text: It

text: focuses

text: on

text: a

text: new

text: protagonist

text: Tagiru

text: Akashi

text: and

text: his

text: partner

text: Gumdramon

text: who

text: embark

text: on

text: a

text: new

text: journey

text: with

text: an

text: older

text: Mikey

text: Shoutmon

text: an

text: older

text: Ewan

text: and

text: the

text: revived

text: Damemon

text: along

text: with

text: other

text: new

text: comrades

text: as

text: they

text: deal

text: with

text: a

text: hidden

text: dimension

text: that

text: lies

text: between

text: the

text: Human

text: World

text: and

text: the

text: Digital

text: World

text: called

text: DigiQuartz

text: The

text: series

text: finale

text: reintroduces

text: the

text: heroes

text: of

text: the

text: previous

text: five

text: seasons

text: as

text: they

text: all

text: come

text: together

text: and

text: help

text: the

text: current

text: heroes

text: in

text: the

text: final

text: battle

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: fact

text: that

text: the

text: DigiQuartz

text: is

text: essentially

text: a

text: tear

text: in

text: Space

text: and

text: Time

text: allowing

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: Digimon

text: universes

text: to

text: converge

question: When was the sequel announcement for the third arc?

answer: August 17, 2011

text: August 17, 2011

question: What was the original run of the third arc of Digimon?

answer: October 2, 2011 to March 25, 2012

text: October 2, 2011 to March 25, 2012

question: Who was the main character in the third arc series?

answer: Tagiru Akashi and his partner Gumdramon

text: Tagiru Akashi and his partner Gumdramon

question: What is the dimension called between the human world and digital world?

answer: DigiQuartz

text: DigiQuartz


text: Prior to 1917, Turkey used the lunar Islamic calendar with the Hegira era for general purposes and the Julian calendar for fiscal purposes. The start of the fiscal year was eventually fixed at 1 March and the year number was roughly equivalent to the Hegira year (see Rumi calendar). As the solar year is longer than the lunar year this originally entailed the use of "escape years" every so often when the number of the fiscal year would jump. From 1 March 1917 the fiscal year became Gregorian, rather than Julian. On 1 January 1926 the use of the Gregorian calendar was extended to include use for general purposes and the number of the year became the same as in other countries.

title: Gregorian_calendar

title: Gregorian_calendar

text: Prior

text: to

text: Turkey

text: used

text: the

text: lunar

text: Islamic

text: calendar

text: with

text: the

text: Hegira

text: era

text: for

text: general

text: purposes

text: and

text: the

text: Julian

text: calendar

text: for

text: fiscal

text: purposes

text: The

text: start

text: of

text: the

text: fiscal

text: year

text: was

text: eventually

text: fixed

text: at

text: March

text: and

text: the

text: year

text: number

text: was

text: roughly

text: equivalent

text: to

text: the

text: Hegira

text: year

text: see

text: Rumi

text: calendar

text: As

text: the

text: solar

text: year

text: is

text: longer

text: than

text: the

text: lunar

text: year

text: this

text: originally

text: entailed

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: escape

text: years

text: every

text: so

text: often

text: when

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: the

text: fiscal

text: year

text: would

text: jump

text: From

text: March

text: the

text: fiscal

text: year

text: became

text: Gregorian

text: rather

text: than

text: Julian

text: On

text: January

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: Gregorian

text: calendar

text: was

text: extended

text: to

text: include

text: use

text: for

text: general

text: purposes

text: and

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: the

text: year

text: became

text: the

text: same

text: as

text: in

text: other

text: countries

question: What calendar did Turkey use before 1917 for general purposes?

answer: lunar Islamic

text: lunar Islamic

question: What calendar did Turkey utilize for fiscal purposes?

answer: Julian

text: Julian

question: Where did Turkey start the fiscal year?

answer: 1 March

text: 1 March

question: When did Turkey begin to use the Gregorian calendar for fiscal means?

answer: 1 March 1917

text: 1 March 1917

question: When did Turkey start using the Gregorian calendar for all purposes?

answer: 1 January 1926

text: 1 January 1926


text: Since the work of Franz Boas and Bronisław Malinowski in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, social anthropology in Great Britain and cultural anthropology in the US have been distinguished from other social sciences by its emphasis on cross-cultural comparisons, long-term in-depth examination of context, and the importance it places on participant-observation or experiential immersion in the area of research. Cultural anthropology in particular has emphasized cultural relativism, holism, and the use of findings to frame cultural critiques. This has been particularly prominent in the United States, from Boas' arguments against 19th-century racial ideology, through Margaret Mead's advocacy for gender equality and sexual liberation, to current criticisms of post-colonial oppression and promotion of multiculturalism. Ethnography is one of its primary research designs as well as the text that is generated from anthropological fieldwork.

title: Anthropology

title: Anthropology

text: Since

text: the

text: work

text: of

text: Franz

text: Boas

text: and

text: Bronisław

text: Malinowski

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: and

text: early

text: centuries

text: social

text: anthropology

text: in

text: Great

text: Britain

text: and

text: cultural

text: anthropology

text: in

text: the

text: US

text: have

text: been

text: distinguished

text: from

text: other

text: social

text: sciences

text: by

text: its

text: emphasis

text: on

text: cross

text: cultural

text: comparisons

text: long

text: term

text: in

text: depth

text: examination

text: of

text: context

text: and

text: the

text: importance

text: it

text: places

text: on

text: participant

text: observation

text: or

text: experiential

text: immersion

text: in

text: the

text: area

text: of

text: research

text: Cultural

text: anthropology

text: in

text: particular

text: has

text: emphasized

text: cultural

text: relativism

text: holism

text: and

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: findings

text: to

text: frame

text: cultural

text: critiques

text: This

text: has

text: been

text: particularly

text: prominent

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: from

text: Boas

text: arguments

text: against

text: century

text: racial

text: ideology

text: through

text: Margaret

text: Mead

text: 's

text: advocacy

text: for

text: gender

text: equality

text: and

text: sexual

text: liberation

text: to

text: current

text: criticisms

text: of

text: post

text: colonial

text: oppression

text: and

text: promotion

text: of

text: multiculturalism

text: Ethnography

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: its

text: primary

text: research

text: designs

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: text

text: that

text: is

text: generated

text: from

text: anthropological

text: fieldwork

question: When did Bronislaw Malinoswki and Franz Boas do their relevant work?

answer: late 19th and early 20th centuries

text: late 19th and early 20th centuries

question: What did Margaret Mead advocate for?

answer: gender equality and sexual liberation

text: gender equality and sexual liberation

question: What has cultural anthropology distinguished itself from other social sciences by emphasizing?

answer: cross-cultural comparisons

text: cross-cultural comparisons

question: What did Boas' argue against?

answer: 19th-century racial ideology

text: 19th-century racial ideology

question: What has cultural anthropology specifically emphasized?

answer: cultural relativism, holism, and the use of findings to frame cultural critiques

text: cultural relativism, holism, and the use of findings to frame cultural critiques


text: The first blue-violet LED using magnesium-doped gallium nitride was made at Stanford University in 1972 by Herb Maruska and Wally Rhines, doctoral students in materials science and engineering. At the time Maruska was on leave from RCA Laboratories, where he collaborated with Jacques Pankove on related work. In 1971, the year after Maruska left for Stanford, his RCA colleagues Pankove and Ed Miller demonstrated the first blue electroluminescence from zinc-doped gallium nitride, though the subsequent device Pankove and Miller built, the first actual gallium nitride light-emitting diode, emitted green light. In 1974 the U.S. Patent Office awarded Maruska, Rhines and Stanford professor David Stevenson a patent for their work in 1972 (U.S. Patent US3819974 A) and today magnesium-doping of gallium nitride continues to be the basis for all commercial blue LEDs and laser diodes. These devices built in the early 1970s had too little light output to be of practical use and research into gallium nitride devices slowed. In August 1989, Cree introduced the first commercially available blue LED based on the indirect bandgap semiconductor, silicon carbide (SiC). SiC LEDs had very low efficiency, no more than about 0.03%, but did emit in the blue portion of the visible light spectrum.[citation needed]

title: Light-emitting_diode

title: Light

title: emitting_diode

text: The

text: first

text: blue

text: violet

text: LED

text: using

text: magnesium

text: doped

text: gallium

text: nitride

text: was

text: made

text: at

text: Stanford

text: University

text: in

text: by

text: Herb

text: Maruska

text: and

text: Wally

text: Rhines

text: doctoral

text: students

text: in

text: materials

text: science

text: and

text: engineering

text: At

text: the

text: time

text: Maruska

text: was

text: on

text: leave

text: from

text: RCA

text: Laboratories

text: where

text: he

text: collaborated

text: with

text: Jacques

text: Pankove

text: on

text: related

text: work

text: In

text: the

text: year

text: after

text: Maruska

text: left

text: for

text: Stanford

text: his

text: RCA

text: colleagues

text: Pankove

text: and

text: Ed

text: Miller

text: demonstrated

text: the

text: first

text: blue

text: electroluminescence

text: from

text: zinc

text: doped

text: gallium

text: nitride

text: though

text: the

text: subsequent

text: device

text: Pankove

text: and

text: Miller

text: built

text: the

text: first

text: actual

text: gallium

text: nitride

text: light

text: emitting

text: diode

text: emitted

text: green

text: light

text: In

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Patent

text: Office

text: awarded

text: Maruska

text: Rhines

text: and

text: Stanford

text: professor

text: David

text: Stevenson

text: a

text: patent

text: for

text: their

text: work

text: in

text: U.S.

text: Patent

text: A

text: and

text: today

text: magnesium

text: doping

text: of

text: gallium

text: nitride

text: continues

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: basis

text: for

text: all

text: commercial

text: blue

text: LEDs

text: and

text: laser

text: diodes

text: These

text: devices

text: built

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: had

text: too

text: little

text: light

text: output

text: to

text: be

text: of

text: practical

text: use

text: and

text: research

text: into

text: gallium

text: nitride

text: devices

text: slowed

text: In

text: August

text: Cree

text: introduced

text: the

text: first

text: commercially

text: available

text: blue

text: LED

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: indirect

text: bandgap

text: semiconductor

text: silicon

text: carbide

text: SiC

text: SiC

text: LEDs

text: had

text: very

text: low

text: efficiency

text: no

text: more

text: than

text: about

text: but

text: did

text: emit

text: in

text: the

text: blue

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: visible

text: light

text: spectrum.[citation

text: needed

question: What students developed the first blue-violet LED?

answer: Herb Maruska and Wally Rhines

text: Herb Maruska and Wally Rhines

question: The first blue-violet LED was developed at what University?

answer: Stanford

text: Stanford

question: When was the first blue-violet LED developed?

answer: 1972

question: What substance helped demonstrate the first blue electroluminescence?

answer: zinc-doped gallium nitride

text: zinc-doped gallium nitride


text: Madonna's music has been the subject of much analysis and scrutiny. Robert M. Grant, author of Contemporary Strategy Analysis (2005), commented that what has brought Madonna success is "certainly not outstanding natural talent. As a vocalist, musician, dancer, songwriter, or actress, Madonna's talents seem modest." He asserts Madonna's success is in relying on the talents of others, and that her personal relationships have served as cornerstones to the numerous reinventions in the longevity of her career. Madonna's approach was far from the music industry wisdom of "Find a winning formula and stick to it." Her musical career has been a continuous experimentation with new musical ideas and new images and a constant quest for new heights of fame and acclaim. Grant concluded that "having established herself as the queen of popular music, Madonna did not stop there, but continued re-inventing." Musicologist Susan McClary wrote that "Madonna's art itself repeatedly deconstructs the traditional notion of the unified subject with finite ego boundaries. Her pieces explore various ways of constituting identities that refuse stability, that remain fluid, that resist definition."

title: Madonna_(entertainer)

title: Madonna_(entertainer

text: Madonna

text: 's

text: music

text: has

text: been

text: the

text: subject

text: of

text: much

text: analysis

text: and

text: scrutiny

text: Robert

text: M.

text: Grant

text: author

text: of

text: Contemporary

text: Strategy

text: Analysis

text: commented

text: that

text: what

text: has

text: brought

text: Madonna

text: success

text: is

text: certainly

text: not

text: outstanding

text: natural

text: talent

text: As

text: a

text: vocalist

text: musician

text: dancer

text: songwriter

text: or

text: actress

text: Madonna

text: 's

text: talents

text: seem

text: modest

text: He

text: asserts

text: Madonna

text: 's

text: success

text: is

text: in

text: relying

text: on

text: the

text: talents

text: of

text: others

text: and

text: that

text: her

text: personal

text: relationships

text: have

text: served

text: as

text: cornerstones

text: to

text: the

text: numerous

text: reinventions

text: in

text: the

text: longevity

text: of

text: her

text: career

text: Madonna

text: 's

text: approach

text: was

text: far

text: from

text: the

text: music

text: industry

text: wisdom

text: of

text: Find

text: a

text: winning

text: formula

text: and

text: stick

text: to

text: it

text: Her

text: musical

text: career

text: has

text: been

text: a

text: continuous

text: experimentation

text: with

text: new

text: musical

text: ideas

text: and

text: new

text: images

text: and

text: a

text: constant

text: quest

text: for

text: new

text: heights

text: of

text: fame

text: and

text: acclaim

text: Grant

text: concluded

text: that

text: having

text: established

text: herself

text: as

text: the

text: queen

text: of

text: popular

text: music

text: Madonna

text: did

text: not

text: stop

text: there

text: but

text: continued

text: re

text: inventing

text: Musicologist

text: Susan

text: McClary

text: wrote

text: that

text: Madonna

text: 's

text: art

text: itself

text: repeatedly

text: deconstructs

text: the

text: traditional

text: notion

text: of

text: the

text: unified

text: subject

text: with

text: finite

text: ego

text: boundaries

text: Her

text: pieces

text: explore

text: various

text: ways

text: of

text: constituting

text: identities

text: that

text: refuse

text: stability

text: that

text: remain

text: fluid

text: that

text: resist

text: definition

question: Whose music had been the subject of a lot of scrutiny?

answer: Madonna's

text: Madonna's

question: Who is the author of Contemporary Strategic Analysis?

answer: Robert M. Grant

text: Robert M. Grant

question: Who has established herself as a Queen of Popular Music?

answer: Madonna

text: Madonna