text: Ming government officials fought against each other, against fiscal collapse, and against a series of peasant rebellions. They were unable to capitalise on the Manchu succession dispute and installation of a minor as emperor. In April 1644, the capital at Beijing was sacked by a coalition of rebel forces led by Li Zicheng, a former minor Ming official, who established a short-lived Shun dynasty. The last Ming ruler, the Chongzhen Emperor, committed suicide when the city fell, marking the official end of the dynasty.

title: Qing_dynasty

title: Qing_dynasty

text: Ming

text: government

text: officials

text: fought

text: against

text: each

text: other

text: against

text: fiscal

text: collapse

text: and

text: against

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: peasant

text: rebellions

text: They

text: were

text: unable

text: to

text: capitalise

text: on

text: the

text: Manchu

text: succession

text: dispute

text: and

text: installation

text: of

text: a

text: minor

text: as

text: emperor

text: In

text: April

text: the

text: capital

text: at

text: Beijing

text: was

text: sacked

text: by

text: a

text: coalition

text: of

text: rebel

text: forces

text: led

text: by

text: Li

text: Zicheng

text: a

text: former

text: minor

text: Ming

text: official

text: who

text: established

text: a

text: short

text: lived

text: Shun

text: dynasty

text: The

text: last

text: Ming

text: ruler

text: the

text: Chongzhen

text: Emperor

text: committed

text: suicide

text: when

text: the

text: city

text: fell

text: marking

text: the

text: official

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: dynasty

question: Who raided Beijing in 1644?

answer: Li Zicheng

text: Li Zicheng

question: Who was Li Zicheng?

answer: former minor Ming official

text: former minor Ming official

question: Who was the last Ming leader?

answer: Chongzhen Emperor

text: Chongzhen Emperor

question: What dynasty did Zicheng form?

answer: Shun

text: Shun

question: How did the Chongzhen Emporer die?

answer: suicide

text: suicide


text: The connector construction always ensures that the external sheath on the plug makes contact with its counterpart in the receptacle before any of the four connectors within make electrical contact. The external metallic sheath is typically connected to system ground, thus dissipating damaging static charges. This enclosure design also provides a degree of protection from electromagnetic interference to the USB signal while it travels through the mated connector pair (the only location when the otherwise twisted data pair travels in parallel). In addition, because of the required sizes of the power and common connections, they are made after the system ground but before the data connections. This type of staged make-break timing allows for electrically safe hot-swapping.

title: USB

title: USB

text: The

text: connector

text: construction

text: always

text: ensures

text: that

text: the

text: external

text: sheath

text: on

text: the

text: plug

text: makes

text: contact

text: with

text: its

text: counterpart

text: in

text: the

text: receptacle

text: before

text: any

text: of

text: the

text: four

text: connectors

text: within

text: make

text: electrical

text: contact

text: The

text: external

text: metallic

text: sheath

text: is

text: typically

text: connected

text: to

text: system

text: ground

text: thus

text: dissipating

text: damaging

text: static

text: charges

text: This

text: enclosure

text: design

text: also

text: provides

text: a

text: degree

text: of

text: protection

text: from

text: electromagnetic

text: interference

text: to

text: the

text: USB

text: signal

text: while

text: it

text: travels

text: through

text: the

text: mated

text: connector

text: pair

text: the

text: only

text: location

text: when

text: the

text: otherwise

text: twisted

text: data

text: pair

text: travels

text: in

text: parallel

text: In

text: addition

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: required

text: sizes

text: of

text: the

text: power

text: and

text: common

text: connections

text: they

text: are

text: made

text: after

text: the

text: system

text: ground

text: but

text: before

text: the

text: data

text: connections

text: This

text: type

text: of

text: staged

text: make

text: break

text: timing

text: allows

text: for

text: electrically

text: safe

text: hot

text: swapping

question: Where is the external metallic sheet connected?

answer: typically connected to system ground

text: typically connected to system ground

question: What provides a degree of protection from interference with the USB signal?

answer: This enclosure design

text: This enclosure design

question: This type of stage make-break timing allows for what?

answer: electrically safe hot-swapping.

text: electrically safe hot-swapping.


text: During this period, the Weapons Station was the Atlantic Fleet's loadout base for all nuclear ballistic missile submarines. Two SSBN "Boomer" squadrons and a submarine tender were homeported at the Weapons Station, while one SSN attack squadron, Submarine Squadron 4, and a submarine tender were homeported at the Naval Base. At the 1996 closure of the station's Polaris Missile Facility Atlantic (POMFLANT), over 2,500 nuclear warheads and their UGM-27 Polaris, UGM-73 Poseidon, and UGM-96 Trident I delivery missiles (SLBM) were stored and maintained, guarded by a U.S. Marine Corps security force company.

title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

text: During

text: this

text: period

text: the

text: Weapons

text: Station

text: was

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Fleet

text: 's

text: loadout

text: base

text: for

text: all

text: nuclear

text: ballistic

text: missile

text: submarines

text: Two

text: SSBN

text: Boomer

text: squadrons

text: and

text: a

text: submarine

text: tender

text: were

text: homeported

text: at

text: the

text: Weapons

text: Station

text: while

text: one

text: SSN

text: attack

text: squadron

text: Submarine

text: Squadron

text: and

text: a

text: submarine

text: tender

text: were

text: homeported

text: at

text: the

text: Naval

text: Base

text: At

text: the

text: closure

text: of

text: the

text: station

text: 's

text: Polaris

text: Missile

text: Facility

text: Atlantic

text: POMFLANT

text: over

text: nuclear

text: warheads

text: and

text: their

text: Polaris

text: Poseidon

text: and

text: Trident

text: I

text: delivery

text: missiles

text: SLBM

text: were

text: stored

text: and

text: maintained

text: guarded

text: by

text: a

text: U.S.

text: Marine

text: Corps

text: security

text: force

text: company

question: What year was the Polaris Missile Facility Atlantic station closed?

answer: 1996

question: How many nuclear warheads were stored at the Polaris Missile Facility Atlantic station?

answer: 2,500 nuclear warheads

text: 2,500 nuclear warheads

question: How many SSBN "Boomer" squadrons were homeported at the Weapons Station?

answer: Two

text: Two

question: Submarine Squadron 4 is homeported at what type of military base?

answer: Naval Base

text: Naval Base

question: What type of security force guards the 2500 nuclear warheads?

answer: a U.S. Marine Corps security force company.

text: a U.S. Marine Corps security force company.


text: On tracks that London Underground share with National Rail third-rail stock (the Bakerloo and District lines both have such sections), the centre rail is connected to the running rails, allowing both types of train to operate, at a compromise voltage of 660 V. Underground trains pass from one section to the other at speed; lineside electrical connections and resistances separate the two types of supply. These routes were originally solely electrified on the four-rail system by the LNWR before National Rail trains were rewired to their standard three-rail system to simplify rolling stock use.

title: Railway_electrification_system

title: Railway_electrification_system

text: On

text: tracks

text: that

text: London

text: Underground

text: share

text: with

text: National

text: Rail

text: third

text: rail

text: stock

text: the

text: Bakerloo

text: and

text: District

text: lines

text: both

text: have

text: such

text: sections

text: the

text: centre

text: rail

text: is

text: connected

text: to

text: the

text: running

text: rails

text: allowing

text: both

text: types

text: of

text: train

text: to

text: operate

text: at

text: a

text: compromise

text: voltage

text: of

text: V.

text: Underground

text: trains

text: pass

text: from

text: one

text: section

text: to

text: the

text: other

text: at

text: speed

text: lineside

text: electrical

text: connections

text: and

text: resistances

text: separate

text: the

text: two

text: types

text: of

text: supply

text: These

text: routes

text: were

text: originally

text: solely

text: electrified

text: on

text: the

text: four

text: rail

text: system

text: by

text: the

text: LNWR

text: before

text: National

text: Rail

text: trains

text: were

text: rewired

text: to

text: their

text: standard

text: three

text: rail

text: system

text: to

text: simplify

text: rolling

text: stock

text: use

question: Why some sections of Bakerloo and District lines were rewired to three-rail system?

answer: to simplify rolling stock use

text: to simplify rolling stock use

question: What is the voltage shared two types of trains UK railroad system?

answer: 660 V

text: 660 V

question: How did it become possible to share the voltage for different types of train?

answer: the centre rail is connected to the running rails

text: the centre rail is connected to the running rails


text: On April 12, 1980, a military coup led by Master Sergeant Samuel Doe of the Krahn ethnic group overthrew and killed President William R. Tolbert, Jr.. Doe and the other plotters later executed a majority of Tolbert's cabinet and other Americo-Liberian government officials and True Whig Party members. The coup leaders formed the People's Redemption Council (PRC) to govern the country. A strategic Cold War ally of the West, Doe received significant financial backing from the United States while critics condemned the PRC for corruption and political repression.

title: Liberia

title: Liberia

text: On

text: April

text: a

text: military

text: coup

text: led

text: by

text: Master

text: Sergeant

text: Samuel

text: Doe

text: of

text: the

text: Krahn

text: ethnic

text: group

text: overthrew

text: and

text: killed

text: President

text: William

text: R.

text: Tolbert

text: Jr

text: Doe

text: and

text: the

text: other

text: plotters

text: later

text: executed

text: a

text: majority

text: of

text: Tolbert

text: 's

text: cabinet

text: and

text: other

text: Americo

text: Liberian

text: government

text: officials

text: and

text: True

text: Whig

text: Party

text: members

text: The

text: coup

text: leaders

text: formed

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Redemption

text: Council

text: PRC

text: to

text: govern

text: the

text: country

text: A

text: strategic

text: Cold

text: War

text: ally

text: of

text: the

text: West

text: Doe

text: received

text: significant

text: financial

text: backing

text: from

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: while

text: critics

text: condemned

text: the

text: PRC

text: for

text: corruption

text: and

text: political

text: repression

question: Who was responsible for the death of William R. Tolbert?

answer: a military coup led by Master Sergeant Samuel Doe of the Krahn ethnic group

text: a military coup led by Master Sergeant Samuel Doe of the Krahn ethnic group

question: On what date was William R. Tolbert killed?

answer: April 12, 1980

text: April 12, 1980

question: Who was also executed on the day of William R. Tolbert's death?

answer: majority of Tolbert's cabinet and other Americo-Liberian government officials and True Whig Party members.

text: majority of Tolbert's cabinet and other Americo-Liberian government officials and True Whig Party members.

question: The coup leaders later became known as?

answer: the People's Redemption Council

text: the People's Redemption Council

question: What was the PRC criticized for ?

answer: corruption and political repression

text: corruption and political repression


text: Of approximately 100 million native speakers of German in the world, roughly 80 million consider themselves Germans.[citation needed] There are an additional 80 million people of German ancestry mainly in the United States, Brazil (mainly in the South Region of the country), Argentina, Canada, South Africa, the post-Soviet states (mainly in Russia and Kazakhstan), and France, each accounting for at least 1 million.[note 2] Thus, the total number of Germans lies somewhere between 100 and more than 150 million, depending on the criteria applied (native speakers, single-ancestry ethnic Germans, partial German ancestry, etc.).

title: Germans

title: Germans

text: Of

text: approximately

text: million

text: native

text: speakers

text: of

text: German

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: roughly

text: million

text: consider

text: themselves

text: Germans.[citation

text: needed

text: There

text: are

text: an

text: additional

text: million

text: people

text: of

text: German

text: ancestry

text: mainly

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Brazil

text: mainly

text: in

text: the

text: South

text: Region

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: Argentina

text: Canada

text: South

text: Africa

text: the

text: post

text: Soviet

text: states

text: mainly

text: in

text: Russia

text: and

text: Kazakhstan

text: and

text: France

text: each

text: accounting

text: for

text: at

text: least

text: million.[note

text: Thus

text: the

text: total

text: number

text: of

text: Germans

text: lies

text: somewhere

text: between

text: and

text: more

text: than

text: million

text: depending

text: on

text: the

text: criteria

text: applied

text: native

text: speakers

text: single

text: ancestry

text: ethnic

text: Germans

text: partial

text: German

text: ancestry

text: etc

question: Approximately how many of the world population speak German as a native language?

answer: 100 million

text: 100 million

question: Of the population that speaks German as a native language how many of them consider themselves to be German?

answer: 80 million

text: 80 million

question: How many of the worlds population claim German ancestors?

answer: 80 million

text: 80 million

question: what is the total number of Germans both native speaking and heredity in the world?

answer: between 100 and more than 150 million

text: between 100 and more than 150 million

question: Where in Brazil is most of the German descendants located?

answer: mainly in the South Region of the country

text: mainly in the South Region of the country

question: How many native German speakers in the world are there?

answer: 100 million

text: 100 million

question: How many native German speakers consider themselves German?

answer: 80 million

text: 80 million

question: How many people in the world claim to be from German ancestry?

answer: 100 and more than 150 million

text: 100 and more than 150 million


text: By 1990, inspired by the fall of the Berlin Wall, a pro-democracy movement arose. Pressure from the United States, France, and from a group of locally represented countries and agencies called GIBAFOR (France, the USA, Germany, Japan, the EU, the World Bank, and the UN) finally led Kolingba to agree, in principle, to hold free elections in October 1992 with help from the UN Office of Electoral Affairs. After using the excuse of alleged irregularities to suspend the results of the elections as a pretext for holding on to power, President Kolingba came under intense pressure from GIBAFOR to establish a "Conseil National Politique Provisoire de la République" (Provisional National Political Council, CNPPR) and to set up a "Mixed Electoral Commission", which included representatives from all political parties.[citation needed]

title: Central_African_Republic

title: Central_African_Republic

text: By

text: inspired

text: by

text: the

text: fall

text: of

text: the

text: Berlin

text: Wall

text: a

text: pro

text: democracy

text: movement

text: arose

text: Pressure

text: from

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: France

text: and

text: from

text: a

text: group

text: of

text: locally

text: represented

text: countries

text: and

text: agencies

text: called

text: GIBAFOR

text: France

text: the

text: USA

text: Germany

text: Japan

text: the

text: EU

text: the

text: World

text: Bank

text: and

text: the

text: UN

text: finally

text: led

text: Kolingba

text: to

text: agree

text: in

text: principle

text: to

text: hold

text: free

text: elections

text: in

text: October

text: with

text: help

text: from

text: the

text: UN

text: Office

text: of

text: Electoral

text: Affairs

text: After

text: using

text: the

text: excuse

text: of

text: alleged

text: irregularities

text: to

text: suspend

text: the

text: results

text: of

text: the

text: elections

text: as

text: a

text: pretext

text: for

text: holding

text: on

text: to

text: power

text: President

text: Kolingba

text: came

text: under

text: intense

text: pressure

text: from

text: GIBAFOR

text: to

text: establish

text: a

text: Conseil

text: National

text: Politique

text: Provisoire

text: de

text: la

text: République

text: Provisional

text: National

text: Political

text: Council

text: CNPPR

text: and

text: to

text: set

text: up

text: a

text: Mixed

text: Electoral

text: Commission

text: which

text: included

text: representatives

text: from

text: all

text: political

text: parties.[citation

text: needed

question: What was inspired by the fall of the Berlin wall?

answer: a pro-democracy movement

text: a pro-democracy movement

question: What large country pressured CAR to hold elections?

answer: the United States

text: the United States

question: When were free elections held?

answer: October 1992

text: October 1992

question: Who helped with the Free Elections?

answer: UN Office of Electoral Affairs

text: UN Office of Electoral Affairs

question: What excuse did Kolingba use to deny the election results?

answer: alleged irregularities

text: alleged irregularities


text: In November 1795, there was a debate in Parliament on the high price of corn and Burke wrote a memorandum to Pitt on the subject. In December Samuel Whitbread MP introduced a bill giving magistrates the power to fix minimum wages and Fox said he would vote for it. This debate probably led Burke to editing his memorandum, as there appeared a notice that Burke would soon publish a letter on the subject to the Secretary of the Board of Agriculture, Arthur Young; but he failed to complete it. These fragments were inserted into the memorandum after his death and published posthumously in 1800 as, Thoughts and Details on Scarcity. In it, Burke expounded "some of the doctrines of political economists bearing upon agriculture as a trade". Burke criticised policies such as maximum prices and state regulation of wages, and set out what the limits of government should be:

title: Edmund_Burke

title: Edmund_Burke

text: In

text: November

text: there

text: was

text: a

text: debate

text: in

text: Parliament

text: on

text: the

text: high

text: price

text: of

text: corn

text: and

text: Burke

text: wrote

text: a

text: memorandum

text: to

text: Pitt

text: on

text: the

text: subject

text: In

text: December

text: Samuel

text: Whitbread

text: MP

text: introduced

text: a

text: bill

text: giving

text: magistrates

text: the

text: power

text: to

text: fix

text: minimum

text: wages

text: and

text: Fox

text: said

text: he

text: would

text: vote

text: for

text: it

text: This

text: debate

text: probably

text: led

text: Burke

text: to

text: editing

text: his

text: memorandum

text: as

text: there

text: appeared

text: a

text: notice

text: that

text: Burke

text: would

text: soon

text: publish

text: a

text: letter

text: on

text: the

text: subject

text: to

text: the

text: Secretary

text: of

text: the

text: Board

text: of

text: Agriculture

text: Arthur

text: Young

text: but

text: he

text: failed

text: to

text: complete

text: it

text: These

text: fragments

text: were

text: inserted

text: into

text: the

text: memorandum

text: after

text: his

text: death

text: and

text: published

text: posthumously

text: in

text: as

text: Thoughts

text: and

text: Details

text: on

text: Scarcity

text: In

text: it

text: Burke

text: expounded

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: doctrines

text: of

text: political

text: economists

text: bearing

text: upon

text: agriculture

text: as

text: a

text: trade

text: Burke

text: criticised

text: policies

text: such

text: as

text: maximum

text: prices

text: and

text: state

text: regulation

text: of

text: wages

text: and

text: set

text: out

text: what

text: the

text: limits

text: of

text: government

text: should

text: be

question: Who did Burke write to about the price of corn?

answer: Pitt

text: Pitt

question: Who introduced a bill in 1795 about minimum wage?

answer: Samuel Whitbread

text: Samuel Whitbread

question: Who was the Secretary of the Board of Agriculture?

answer: Arthur Young

text: Arthur Young

question: Burke's unfinished letter to Arthur Young became part of what publication?

answer: Thoughts and Details on Scarcity

text: Thoughts and Details on Scarcity

question: When was 'Thoughts and Details on Scarcity' published?

answer: 1800


text: In 1974, the unmanned AstroFlight Sunrise plane made the first solar flight. On 29 April 1979, the Solar Riser made the first flight in a solar-powered, fully controlled, man carrying flying machine, reaching an altitude of 40 feet (12 m). In 1980, the Gossamer Penguin made the first piloted flights powered solely by photovoltaics. This was quickly followed by the Solar Challenger which crossed the English Channel in July 1981. In 1990 Eric Scott Raymond in 21 hops flew from California to North Carolina using solar power. Developments then turned back to unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) with the Pathfinder (1997) and subsequent designs, culminating in the Helios which set the altitude record for a non-rocket-propelled aircraft at 29,524 metres (96,864 ft) in 2001. The Zephyr, developed by BAE Systems, is the latest in a line of record-breaking solar aircraft, making a 54-hour flight in 2007, and month-long flights were envisioned by 2010. As of 2015, Solar Impulse, an electric aircraft, is currently circumnavigating the globe. It is a single-seat plane powered by solar cells and capable of taking off under its own power. The designed allows the aircraft to remain airborne for 36 hours.

title: Solar_energy

title: Solar_energy

text: In

text: the

text: unmanned

text: AstroFlight

text: Sunrise

text: plane

text: made

text: the

text: first

text: solar

text: flight

text: On

text: April

text: the

text: Solar

text: Riser

text: made

text: the

text: first

text: flight

text: in

text: a

text: solar

text: powered

text: fully

text: controlled

text: man

text: carrying

text: flying

text: machine

text: reaching

text: an

text: altitude

text: of

text: feet

text: m

text: In

text: the

text: Gossamer

text: Penguin

text: made

text: the

text: first

text: piloted

text: flights

text: powered

text: solely

text: by

text: photovoltaics

text: This

text: was

text: quickly

text: followed

text: by

text: the

text: Solar

text: Challenger

text: which

text: crossed

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: in

text: July

text: In

text: Eric

text: Scott

text: Raymond

text: in

text: hops

text: flew

text: from

text: California

text: to

text: North

text: Carolina

text: using

text: solar

text: power

text: Developments

text: then

text: turned

text: back

text: to

text: unmanned

text: aerial

text: vehicles

text: UAV

text: with

text: the

text: Pathfinder

text: and

text: subsequent

text: designs

text: culminating

text: in

text: the

text: Helios

text: which

text: set

text: the

text: altitude

text: record

text: for

text: a

text: non

text: rocket

text: propelled

text: aircraft

text: at

text: metres

text: ft

text: in

text: The

text: Zephyr

text: developed

text: by

text: BAE

text: Systems

text: is

text: the

text: latest

text: in

text: a

text: line

text: of

text: record

text: breaking

text: solar

text: aircraft

text: making

text: a

text: flight

text: in

text: and

text: month

text: long

text: flights

text: were

text: envisioned

text: by

text: As

text: of

text: Solar

text: Impulse

text: an

text: electric

text: aircraft

text: is

text: currently

text: circumnavigating

text: the

text: globe

text: It

text: is

text: a

text: single

text: seat

text: plane

text: powered

text: by

text: solar

text: cells

text: and

text: capable

text: of

text: taking

text: off

text: under

text: its

text: own

text: power

text: The

text: designed

text: allows

text: the

text: aircraft

text: to

text: remain

text: airborne

text: for

text: hours

question: What altitude did the Solar Riser reach in feet?

answer: 40

question: What is the name of the aircraft circling the globe in 2015 via solar power?

answer: Solar Impulse

text: Solar Impulse

question: When was the first unmanned flight by a solar powered plane made?

answer: 1974

question: When was the first solar powered manned flight made?

answer: 29 April 1979

text: 29 April 1979

question: When did the Solar Challenger cross the English Channel?

answer: July 1981

text: July 1981

question: Where did Eric Scott Raymond fly using a solar powered plane in 1990?

answer: California to North Carolina

text: California to North Carolina

question: How long is the solar powered plane Solar Impulse able to remain in the air?

answer: 36 hours

text: 36 hours


text: Scholars in the United Kingdom and the United States developed somewhat different versions of cultural studies after the late 1970s. The British version of cultural studies had originated in the 1950s and 1960s, mainly under the influence first of Richard Hoggart, E. P. Thompson, and Raymond Williams, and later that of Stuart Hall and others at the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies at the University of Birmingham. This included overtly political, left-wing views, and criticisms of popular culture as "capitalist" mass culture; it absorbed some of the ideas of the Frankfurt School critique of the "culture industry" (i.e. mass culture). This emerges in the writings of early British cultural-studies scholars and their influences: see the work of (for example) Raymond Williams, Stuart Hall, Paul Willis, and Paul Gilroy.

title: Culture

title: Culture

text: Scholars

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: developed

text: somewhat

text: different

text: versions

text: of

text: cultural

text: studies

text: after

text: the

text: late

text: The

text: British

text: version

text: of

text: cultural

text: studies

text: had

text: originated

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: mainly

text: under

text: the

text: influence

text: first

text: of

text: Richard

text: Hoggart

text: E.

text: P.

text: Thompson

text: and

text: Raymond

text: Williams

text: and

text: later

text: that

text: of

text: Stuart

text: Hall

text: and

text: others

text: at

text: the

text: Centre

text: for

text: Contemporary

text: Cultural

text: Studies

text: at

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Birmingham

text: This

text: included

text: overtly

text: political

text: left

text: wing

text: views

text: and

text: criticisms

text: of

text: popular

text: culture

text: as

text: capitalist

text: mass

text: culture

text: it

text: absorbed

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: ideas

text: of

text: the

text: Frankfurt

text: School

text: critique

text: of

text: the

text: culture

text: industry

text: i.e.

text: mass

text: culture

text: This

text: emerges

text: in

text: the

text: writings

text: of

text: early

text: British

text: cultural

text: studies

text: scholars

text: and

text: their

text: influences

text: see

text: the

text: work

text: of

text: for

text: example

text: Raymond

text: Williams

text: Stuart

text: Hall

text: Paul

text: Willis

text: and

text: Paul

text: Gilroy

question: Around when did the United States and United Kingdom began to develop different versions of cultural studies?

answer: late 1970s

text: late 1970s

question: When did the British version of cultural studies emerge?

answer: 1950s and 1960s

text: 1950s and 1960s

question: Who had influenced cultural studies in the U.K?

answer: Richard Hoggart, E. P. Thompson, and Raymond Williams, and later that of Stuart Hall

text: Richard Hoggart, E. P. Thompson, and Raymond Williams, and later that of Stuart Hall

question: Which University did research of cultural studies take place under CCCS?

answer: the University of Birmingham

text: the University of Birmingham


text: The new government drafted and implemented a constitution in 1923 based on a parliamentary system. Saad Zaghlul was popularly elected as Prime Minister of Egypt in 1924. In 1936, the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty was concluded. Continued instability due to remaining British influence and increasing political involvement by the king led to the dissolution of the parliament in a military coup d'état known as the 1952 Revolution. The Free Officers Movement forced King Farouk to abdicate in support of his son Fuad. British military presence in Egypt lasted until 1954.

title: Egypt

title: Egypt

text: The

text: new

text: government

text: drafted

text: and

text: implemented

text: a

text: constitution

text: in

text: based

text: on

text: a

text: parliamentary

text: system

text: Saad

text: Zaghlul

text: was

text: popularly

text: elected

text: as

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: of

text: Egypt

text: in

text: In

text: the

text: Anglo

text: Egyptian

text: Treaty

text: was

text: concluded

text: Continued

text: instability

text: due

text: to

text: remaining

text: British

text: influence

text: and

text: increasing

text: political

text: involvement

text: by

text: the

text: king

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: dissolution

text: of

text: the

text: parliament

text: in

text: a

text: military

text: coup

text: d'état

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Revolution

text: The

text: Free

text: Officers

text: Movement

text: forced

text: King

text: Farouk

text: to

text: abdicate

text: in

text: support

text: of

text: his

text: son

text: Fuad

text: British

text: military

text: presence

text: in

text: Egypt

text: lasted

text: until

question: When was new constitution drafted?

answer: 1923

question: What system of government was constitution based on?

answer: parliamentary system

text: parliamentary system

question: Who was elected in 1924?

answer: Saad Zaghlul

text: Saad Zaghlul

question: Who succeeded King Farouk?

answer: his son Fuad

text: his son Fuad

question: How long did British military presence remain in Egypt?

answer: 1954


text: Composers of classical music have often made use of folk music (music created by musicians who are commonly not classically trained, often from a purely oral tradition). Some composers, like Dvořák and Smetana, have used folk themes to impart a nationalist flavor to their work, while others like Bartók have used specific themes lifted whole from their folk-music origins.

title: Classical_music

title: Classical_music

text: Composers

text: of

text: classical

text: music

text: have

text: often

text: made

text: use

text: of

text: folk

text: music

text: music

text: created

text: by

text: musicians

text: who

text: are

text: commonly

text: not

text: classically

text: trained

text: often

text: from

text: a

text: purely

text: oral

text: tradition

text: Some

text: composers

text: like

text: Dvořák

text: and

text: Smetana

text: have

text: used

text: folk

text: themes

text: to

text: impart

text: a

text: nationalist

text: flavor

text: to

text: their

text: work

text: while

text: others

text: like

text: Bartók

text: have

text: used

text: specific

text: themes

text: lifted

text: whole

text: from

text: their

text: folk

text: music

text: origins

question: Folk musicians are not commonly what?

answer: classically trained

text: classically trained

question: What music comes from those commonly trained by oral tradition?

answer: folk music

text: folk music

question: Dovrak has used what type of themes to impart a nationalist flavor?

answer: folk

text: folk

question: Who used specific themes lifted from folk-music?

answer: Bartók

text: Bartók


text: The large magnitude of solar energy available makes it a highly appealing source of electricity. The United Nations Development Programme in its 2000 World Energy Assessment found that the annual potential of solar energy was 1,575–49,837 exajoules (EJ). This is several times larger than the total world energy consumption, which was 559.8 EJ in 2012.

title: Solar_energy

title: Solar_energy

text: The

text: large

text: magnitude

text: of

text: solar

text: energy

text: available

text: makes

text: it

text: a

text: highly

text: appealing

text: source

text: of

text: electricity

text: The

text: United

text: Nations

text: Development

text: Programme

text: in

text: its

text: World

text: Energy

text: Assessment

text: found

text: that

text: the

text: annual

text: potential

text: of

text: solar

text: energy

text: was

text: exajoules

text: EJ

text: This

text: is

text: several

text: times

text: larger

text: than

text: the

text: total

text: world

text: energy

text: consumption

text: which

text: was

text: EJ

text: in

question: What was the total worldwide energy consumption in 2012?

answer: 559.8 EJ

text: 559.8 EJ

question: What is solar energy's yearly potential?

answer: 1,575–49,837 exajoules (EJ)

text: 1,575–49,837 exajoules (EJ)

question: What makes solar energy an appealing source of electricity>

answer: The large magnitude of solar energy available

text: The large magnitude of solar energy available

question: Who estimated the annual potential of solar energy in 2000?

answer: The United Nations Development Programme

text: The United Nations Development Programme


text: The meaning of federalism, as a political movement, and of what constitutes a 'federalist', varies with country and historical context.[citation needed] Movements associated with the establishment or development of federations can exhibit either centralising or decentralising trends.[citation needed] For example, at the time those nations were being established, factions known as "federalists" in the United States and Australia advocated the formation of strong central government. Similarly, in European Union politics, federalists mostly seek greater EU integration. In contrast, in Spain and in post-war Germany, federal movements have sought decentralisation: the transfer of power from central authorities to local units. In Canada, where Quebec separatism has been a political force for several decades, the "federalist" impulse aims to keep Quebec inside Canada.

title: Federalism

title: Federalism

text: The

text: meaning

text: of

text: federalism

text: as

text: a

text: political

text: movement

text: and

text: of

text: what

text: constitutes

text: a

text: federalist

text: varies

text: with

text: country

text: and

text: historical

text: context.[citation

text: needed

text: Movements

text: associated

text: with

text: the

text: establishment

text: or

text: development

text: of

text: federations

text: can

text: exhibit

text: either

text: centralising

text: or

text: decentralising

text: trends.[citation

text: needed

text: For

text: example

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: those

text: nations

text: were

text: being

text: established

text: factions

text: known

text: as

text: federalists

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: Australia

text: advocated

text: the

text: formation

text: of

text: strong

text: central

text: government

text: Similarly

text: in

text: European

text: Union

text: politics

text: federalists

text: mostly

text: seek

text: greater

text: EU

text: integration

text: In

text: contrast

text: in

text: Spain

text: and

text: in

text: post

text: war

text: Germany

text: federal

text: movements

text: have

text: sought

text: decentralisation

text: the

text: transfer

text: of

text: power

text: from

text: central

text: authorities

text: to

text: local

text: units

text: In

text: Canada

text: where

text: Quebec

text: separatism

text: has

text: been

text: a

text: political

text: force

text: for

text: several

text: decades

text: the

text: federalist

text: impulse

text: aims

text: to

text: keep

text: Quebec

text: inside

text: Canada

question: What is the meaning of federalism?

answer: as a political movement, and of what constitutes a 'federalist', varies with country and historical context

text: as a political movement, and of what constitutes a 'federalist', varies with country and historical context

question: What types of movements are associated with federalism?

answer: Movements associated with the establishment or development of federations can exhibit either centralising or decentralising trends.

text: Movements associated with the establishment or development of federations can exhibit either centralising or decentralising trends.

question: What countries advocate for a strong central government?

answer: United States and Australia

text: United States and Australia


text: In the Alicante province Catalan is being replaced by Spanish, and in Alghero by Italian. There are also well ingrained diglossic attitudes against Catalan in the Valencian Community, Ibiza, and to a lesser extent, in the rest of the Balearic islands.

title: Catalan_language

title: Catalan_language

text: In

text: the

text: Alicante

text: province

text: Catalan

text: is

text: being

text: replaced

text: by

text: Spanish

text: and

text: in

text: Alghero

text: by

text: Italian

text: There

text: are

text: also

text: well

text: ingrained

text: diglossic

text: attitudes

text: against

text: Catalan

text: in

text: the

text: Valencian

text: Community

text: Ibiza

text: and

text: to

text: a

text: lesser

text: extent

text: in

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: the

text: Balearic

text: islands

question: What is Catalan being supplanted by in Alicante?

answer: Spanish

text: Spanish

question: What is Catalan being replaced by in Alghero?

answer: Italian

text: Italian

question: What are the anti-Catalan attitudes in Valencia and Ibiza?

answer: ingrained diglossic attitudes

text: ingrained diglossic attitudes

question: What is another expression for bilingual attitudes?

answer: diglossic attitudes

text: diglossic attitudes

question: What is Spanish replacing in Alicante province?

answer: Catalan

text: Catalan


text: The code itself was patterned so that most control codes were together, and all graphic codes were together, for ease of identification. The first two columns (32 positions) were reserved for control characters.:220, 236 § 8,9) The "space" character had to come before graphics to make sorting easier, so it became position 20hex;:237 § 10 for the same reason, many special signs commonly used as separators were placed before digits. The committee decided it was important to support uppercase 64-character alphabets, and chose to pattern ASCII so it could be reduced easily to a usable 64-character set of graphic codes,:228, 237 § 14 as was done in the DEC SIXBIT code. Lowercase letters were therefore not interleaved with uppercase. To keep options available for lowercase letters and other graphics, the special and numeric codes were arranged before the letters, and the letter A was placed in position 41hex to match the draft of the corresponding British standard.:238 § 18 The digits 0–9 were arranged so they correspond to values in binary prefixed with 011, making conversion with binary-coded decimal straightforward.

title: ASCII

title: ASCII

text: The

text: code

text: itself

text: was

text: patterned

text: so

text: that

text: most

text: control

text: codes

text: were

text: together

text: and

text: all

text: graphic

text: codes

text: were

text: together

text: for

text: ease

text: of

text: identification

text: The

text: first

text: two

text: columns

text: positions

text: were

text: reserved

text: for

text: control

text: The

text: space

text: character

text: had

text: to

text: come

text: before

text: graphics

text: to

text: make

text: sorting

text: easier

text: so

text: it

text: became

text: position

text: for

text: the

text: same

text: reason

text: many

text: special

text: signs

text: commonly

text: used

text: as

text: separators

text: were

text: placed

text: before

text: digits

text: The

text: committee

text: decided

text: it

text: was

text: important

text: to

text: support

text: uppercase

text: alphabets

text: and

text: chose

text: to

text: pattern

text: ASCII

text: so

text: it

text: could

text: be

text: reduced

text: easily

text: to

text: a

text: usable

text: set

text: of

text: graphic

text: as

text: was

text: done

text: in

text: the

text: DEC

text: SIXBIT

text: code

text: Lowercase

text: letters

text: were

text: therefore

text: not

text: interleaved

text: with

text: uppercase

text: To

text: keep

text: options

text: available

text: for

text: lowercase

text: letters

text: and

text: other

text: graphics

text: the

text: special

text: and

text: numeric

text: codes

text: were

text: arranged

text: before

text: the

text: letters

text: and

text: the

text: letter

text: A

text: was

text: placed

text: in

text: position

text: to

text: match

text: the

text: draft

text: of

text: the

text: corresponding

text: British

text: The

text: digits

text: were

text: arranged

text: so

text: they

text: correspond

text: to

text: values

text: in

text: binary

text: prefixed

text: with

text: making

text: conversion

text: with

text: binary

text: coded

text: decimal

text: straightforward

question: Why was the code patterned so that most codes were together?

answer: for ease of identification

text: for ease of identification

question: How many positions are in the first two columns?

answer: 32 positions

text: 32 positions

question: What did the committee decide was important?

answer: to support uppercase 64-character alphabets

text: to support uppercase 64-character alphabets

question: Where was the letter A places in position?

answer: 41hex


text: On 1 September 1870, the battle opened with the Army of Châlons, with 202 infantry battalions, 80 cavalry squadrons and 564 guns, attacking the surrounding Prussian Third and Meuse Armies totaling 222 infantry battalions, 186 cavalry squadrons and 774 guns. General De Wimpffen, the commander of the French V Corps in reserve, hoped to launch a combined infantry and cavalry attack against the Prussian XI Corps. But by 11:00, Prussian artillery took a toll on the French while more Prussian troops arrived on the battlefield. The French cavalry, commanded by General Marguerite, launched three desperate attacks on the nearby village of Floing where the Prussian XI Corps was concentrated. Marguerite was killed leading the very first charge and the two additional charges led to nothing but heavy losses. By the end of the day, with no hope of breaking out, Napoleon III called off the attacks. The French lost over 17,000 men, killed or wounded, with 21,000 captured. The Prussians reported their losses at 2,320 killed, 5,980 wounded and 700 captured or missing. By the next day, on 2 September, Napoleon III surrendered and was taken prisoner with 104,000 of his soldiers. It was an overwhelming victory for the Prussians, for they not only captured an entire French army, but the leader of France as well. The defeat of the French at Sedan had decided the war in Prussia's favour. One French army was now immobilised and besieged in the city of Metz, and no other forces stood on French ground to prevent a German invasion. Nevertheless, the war would continue.

title: Franco-Prussian_War

title: Franco

title: Prussian_War

text: On

text: September

text: the

text: battle

text: opened

text: with

text: the

text: Army

text: of

text: Châlons

text: with

text: infantry

text: battalions

text: cavalry

text: squadrons

text: and

text: guns

text: attacking

text: the

text: surrounding

text: Prussian

text: Third

text: and

text: Meuse

text: Armies

text: totaling

text: infantry

text: battalions

text: cavalry

text: squadrons

text: and

text: guns

text: General

text: De

text: Wimpffen

text: the

text: commander

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: V

text: Corps

text: in

text: reserve

text: hoped

text: to

text: launch

text: a

text: combined

text: infantry

text: and

text: cavalry

text: attack

text: against

text: the

text: Prussian

text: XI

text: Corps

text: But

text: by

text: Prussian

text: artillery

text: took

text: a

text: toll

text: on

text: the

text: French

text: while

text: more

text: Prussian

text: troops

text: arrived

text: on

text: the

text: battlefield

text: The

text: French

text: cavalry

text: commanded

text: by

text: General

text: Marguerite

text: launched

text: three

text: desperate

text: attacks

text: on

text: the

text: nearby

text: village

text: of

text: Floing

text: where

text: the

text: Prussian

text: XI

text: Corps

text: was

text: concentrated

text: Marguerite

text: was

text: killed

text: leading

text: the

text: very

text: first

text: charge

text: and

text: the

text: two

text: additional

text: charges

text: led

text: to

text: nothing

text: but

text: heavy

text: losses

text: By

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: day

text: with

text: no

text: hope

text: of

text: breaking

text: out

text: Napoleon

text: III

text: called

text: off

text: the

text: attacks

text: The

text: French

text: lost

text: over

text: men

text: killed

text: or

text: wounded

text: with

text: captured

text: The

text: Prussians

text: reported

text: their

text: losses

text: at

text: killed

text: wounded

text: and

text: captured

text: or

text: missing

text: By

text: the

text: next

text: day

text: on

text: September

text: Napoleon

text: III

text: surrendered

text: and

text: was

text: taken

text: prisoner

text: with

text: of

text: his

text: soldiers

text: It

text: was

text: an

text: overwhelming

text: victory

text: for

text: the

text: Prussians

text: for

text: they

text: not

text: only

text: captured

text: an

text: entire

text: French

text: army

text: but

text: the

text: leader

text: of

text: France

text: as

text: well

text: The

text: defeat

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: at

text: Sedan

text: had

text: decided

text: the

text: war

text: in

text: Prussia

text: 's

text: favour

text: One

text: French

text: army

text: was

text: now

text: immobilised

text: and

text: besieged

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Metz

text: and

text: no

text: other

text: forces

text: stood

text: on

text: French

text: ground

text: to

text: prevent

text: a

text: German

text: invasion

text: Nevertheless

text: the

text: war

text: would

text: continue

question: On which date did the battle begin with the Army of Chalons attacking various Prussian divisions?

answer: 1 September 1870

text: 1 September 1870

question: Who commanded the French V Corps in reserve?

answer: General De Wimpffen

text: General De Wimpffen

question: As the French were hard-hit by the Prussian artillery, what continued to show up to the battlefield?

answer: more Prussian troops

text: more Prussian troops

question: Which commander of the French calvary led three desperate attacks on Floing?

answer: General Marguerite

text: General Marguerite

question: How many casualties did the French suffer?

answer: over 17,000 men

text: over 17,000 men


text: In January 2014, having met with Secretary of State, Archbishop Pietro Parolin, Kerry said "We touched on just about every major issue that we are both working on, that are issues of concern to all of us. First of all, we talked at great length about Syria, and I was particularly appreciative for the Archbishop’s raising this issue, and equally grateful for the Holy Father’s comments – the Pope's comments yesterday regarding his support for the Geneva II process. We welcome that support. It is very important to have broad support, and I know that the Pope is particularly concerned about the massive numbers of displaced human beings and the violence that has taken over 130,000 lives".

title: John_Kerry

title: John_Kerry

text: In

text: January

text: having

text: met

text: with

text: Secretary

text: of

text: State

text: Archbishop

text: Pietro

text: Parolin

text: Kerry

text: said

text: We

text: touched

text: on

text: just

text: about

text: every

text: major

text: issue

text: that

text: we

text: are

text: both

text: working

text: on

text: that

text: are

text: issues

text: of

text: concern

text: to

text: all

text: of

text: us

text: First

text: of

text: all

text: we

text: talked

text: at

text: great

text: length

text: about

text: Syria

text: and

text: I

text: was

text: particularly

text: appreciative

text: for

text: the

text: Archbishop

text: ’s

text: raising

text: this

text: issue

text: and

text: equally

text: grateful

text: for

text: the

text: Holy

text: Father

text: ’s

text: comments

text: the

text: Pope

text: 's

text: comments

text: yesterday

text: regarding

text: his

text: support

text: for

text: the

text: Geneva

text: II

text: process

text: We

text: welcome

text: that

text: support

text: It

text: is

text: very

text: important

text: to

text: have

text: broad

text: support

text: and

text: I

text: know

text: that

text: the

text: Pope

text: is

text: particularly

text: concerned

text: about

text: the

text: massive

text: numbers

text: of

text: displaced

text: human

text: beings

text: and

text: the

text: violence

text: that

text: has

text: taken

text: over

text: lives

question: Who met Kerry in Jan 2014?

answer: Archbishop Pietro Parolin

text: Archbishop Pietro Parolin

question: What country did Kerry discuss with Parolin?

answer: Syria

text: Syria

question: What did the Pope express support for in Jan 2014?

answer: the Geneva II process

text: the Geneva II process

question: How many people did Kerry say had died in Syria as of Jan 2014?

answer: over 130,000

text: over 130,000


text: John's first wife, Isabel, Countess of Gloucester, was released from imprisonment in 1214; she remarried twice, and died in 1217. John's second wife, Isabella of Angoulême, left England for Angoulême soon after the king's death; she became a powerful regional leader, but largely abandoned the children she had had by John. John had five legitimate children, all by Isabella. His eldest son, Henry III, ruled as king for the majority of the 13th century. Richard became a noted European leader and ultimately the King of the Romans in the Holy Roman Empire. Joan married Alexander II of Scotland to become his queen consort. Isabella married the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II. His youngest daughter, Eleanor, married William Marshal's son, also called William, and later the famous English rebel Simon de Montfort. John had a number of illegitimate children by various mistresses, including nine sons – Richard, Oliver, John, Geoffrey, Henry, Osbert Gifford, Eudes, Bartholomew and probably Philip – and three daughters – Joan, Maud and probably Isabel. Of these, Joan became the most famous, marrying Prince Llywelyn the Great of Wales.

title: John,_King_of_England

title: John,_King_of_England

text: John

text: 's

text: first

text: wife

text: Isabel

text: Countess

text: of

text: Gloucester

text: was

text: released

text: from

text: imprisonment

text: in

text: she

text: remarried

text: twice

text: and

text: died

text: in

text: John

text: 's

text: second

text: wife

text: Isabella

text: of

text: Angoulême

text: left

text: England

text: for

text: Angoulême

text: soon

text: after

text: the

text: king

text: 's

text: death

text: she

text: became

text: a

text: powerful

text: regional

text: leader

text: but

text: largely

text: abandoned

text: the

text: children

text: she

text: had

text: had

text: by

text: John

text: John

text: had

text: five

text: legitimate

text: children

text: all

text: by

text: Isabella

text: His

text: eldest

text: son

text: Henry

text: III

text: ruled

text: as

text: king

text: for

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: Richard

text: became

text: a

text: noted

text: European

text: leader

text: and

text: ultimately

text: the

text: King

text: of

text: the

text: Romans

text: in

text: the

text: Holy

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: Joan

text: married

text: Alexander

text: II

text: of

text: Scotland

text: to

text: become

text: his

text: queen

text: consort

text: Isabella

text: married

text: the

text: Holy

text: Roman

text: Emperor

text: Frederick

text: II

text: His

text: youngest

text: daughter

text: Eleanor

text: married

text: William

text: Marshal

text: 's

text: son

text: also

text: called

text: William

text: and

text: later

text: the

text: famous

text: English

text: rebel

text: Simon

text: de

text: Montfort

text: John

text: had

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: illegitimate

text: children

text: by

text: various

text: mistresses

text: including

text: nine

text: sons

text: Richard

text: Oliver

text: John

text: Geoffrey

text: Henry

text: Osbert

text: Gifford

text: Eudes

text: Bartholomew

text: and

text: probably

text: Philip

text: and

text: three

text: daughters

text: Joan

text: Maud

text: and

text: probably

text: Isabel

text: Of

text: these

text: Joan

text: became

text: the

text: most

text: famous

text: marrying

text: Prince

text: Llywelyn

text: the

text: Great

text: of

text: Wales

question: When was Isabel released from imprisonment?

answer: 1214

question: Who did Joan marry to become queen consort?

answer: Alexander II of Scotland

text: Alexander II of Scotland

question: How many legitimate children did John have?

answer: five

text: five

question: Who was John's eldest son?

answer: Henry III

text: Henry III


text: Many architects resisted modernism, finding it devoid of the decorative richness of historical styles. As the first generation of modernists began to die after WWII, a second generation of architects including Paul Rudolph, Marcel Breuer, and Eero Saarinen tried to expand the aesthetics of modernism with Brutalism, buildings with expressive sculptural facades made of unfinished concrete. But an even new younger postwar generation critiqued modernism and Brutalism for being too austere, standardized, monotone, and not taking into account the richness of human experience offered in historical buildings across time and in different places and cultures.

title: Architecture

title: Architecture

text: Many

text: architects

text: resisted

text: modernism

text: finding

text: it

text: devoid

text: of

text: the

text: decorative

text: richness

text: of

text: historical

text: styles

text: As

text: the

text: first

text: generation

text: of

text: modernists

text: began

text: to

text: die

text: after

text: WWII

text: a

text: second

text: generation

text: of

text: architects

text: including

text: Paul

text: Rudolph

text: Marcel

text: Breuer

text: and

text: Eero

text: Saarinen

text: tried

text: to

text: expand

text: the

text: aesthetics

text: of

text: modernism

text: with

text: Brutalism

text: buildings

text: with

text: expressive

text: sculptural

text: facades

text: made

text: of

text: unfinished

text: concrete

text: But

text: an

text: even

text: new

text: younger

text: postwar

text: generation

text: critiqued

text: modernism

text: and

text: Brutalism

text: for

text: being

text: too

text: austere

text: standardized

text: monotone

text: and

text: not

text: taking

text: into

text: account

text: the

text: richness

text: of

text: human

text: experience

text: offered

text: in

text: historical

text: buildings

text: across

text: time

text: and

text: in

text: different

text: places

text: and

text: cultures

question: What aspect of historical styles did a lot of architects find lacking in modernist styles?

answer: decorative richness

text: decorative richness

question: Who were three architects who influenced Brutalism?

answer: Paul Rudolph, Marcel Breuer, and Eero Saarinen

text: Paul Rudolph, Marcel Breuer, and Eero Saarinen

question: What material was used in Brutalist structures?

answer: unfinished concrete

text: unfinished concrete

question: Who disagreed with the aesthetic of Brutalism?

answer: postwar generation

text: postwar generation


text: It is now known that the molecular circadian clock can function within a single cell; i.e., it is cell-autonomous. This was shown by Gene Block in isolated mollusk BRNs.[clarification needed] At the same time, different cells may communicate with each other resulting in a synchronised output of electrical signaling. These may interface with endocrine glands of the brain to result in periodic release of hormones. The receptors for these hormones may be located far across the body and synchronise the peripheral clocks of various organs. Thus, the information of the time of the day as relayed by the eyes travels to the clock in the brain, and, through that, clocks in the rest of the body may be synchronised. This is how the timing of, for example, sleep/wake, body temperature, thirst, and appetite are coordinately controlled by the biological clock.[citation needed]

title: Circadian_rhythm

title: Circadian_rhythm

text: It

text: is

text: now

text: known

text: that

text: the

text: molecular

text: circadian

text: clock

text: can

text: function

text: within

text: a

text: single

text: cell

text: i.e.

text: it

text: is

text: cell

text: autonomous

text: This

text: was

text: shown

text: by

text: Gene

text: Block

text: in

text: isolated

text: mollusk

text: BRNs.[clarification

text: needed

text: At

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: different

text: cells

text: may

text: communicate

text: with

text: each

text: other

text: resulting

text: in

text: a

text: synchronised

text: output

text: of

text: electrical

text: signaling

text: These

text: may

text: interface

text: with

text: endocrine

text: glands

text: of

text: the

text: brain

text: to

text: result

text: in

text: periodic

text: release

text: of

text: hormones

text: The

text: receptors

text: for

text: these

text: hormones

text: may

text: be

text: located

text: far

text: across

text: the

text: body

text: and

text: synchronise

text: the

text: peripheral

text: clocks

text: of

text: various

text: organs

text: Thus

text: the

text: information

text: of

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: the

text: day

text: as

text: relayed

text: by

text: the

text: eyes

text: travels

text: to

text: the

text: clock

text: in

text: the

text: brain

text: and

text: through

text: that

text: clocks

text: in

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: may

text: be

text: synchronised

text: This

text: is

text: how

text: the

text: timing

text: of

text: for

text: example

text: sleep

text: wake

text: body

text: temperature

text: thirst

text: and

text: appetite

text: are

text: coordinately

text: controlled

text: by

text: the

text: biological

text: clock.[citation

text: needed

question: Inside of what can the molecular circadian clock operate?

answer: single cell

text: single cell

question: By functioning within a single, what is the system?

answer: cell-autonomous

text: cell-autonomous

question: What section of the brain periodically releases hormones?

answer: endocrine glands

text: endocrine glands

question: How are sleep and wake cycles as well as body functions coordinated?

answer: biological clock

text: biological clock

question: What do body hormone receptors do with the body's organs?

answer: synchronise

text: synchronise


text: There were four major HDTV systems tested by SMPTE in the late 1970s, and in 1979 an SMPTE study group released A Study of High Definition Television Systems:

title: High-definition_television

title: High

title: definition_television

text: There

text: were

text: four

text: major

text: HDTV

text: systems

text: tested

text: by

text: SMPTE

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: and

text: in

text: an

text: SMPTE

text: study

text: group

text: released

text: A

text: Study

text: of

text: High

text: Definition

text: Television

text: Systems

question: How many major HDTV systems were tested by SMPTE in the late 70's?

answer: four

text: four

question: Who tested the four major HDTV systems in the late 1970's?

answer: SMPTE

text: SMPTE

question: Who released A Study of High Definition Television Systems?

answer: an SMPTE study group

text: an SMPTE study group

question: In what year was A Study of High Definition Television Systems released?

answer: 1979

question: What was released by an SMPTE study group in 1979?

answer: A Study of High Definition Television Systems

text: A Study of High Definition Television Systems


text: The distinctive characteristic of Italian Gothic is the use of polychrome decoration, both externally as marble veneer on the brick façade and also internally where the arches are often made of alternating black and white segments, and where the columns may be painted red, the walls decorated with frescoes and the apse with mosaic. The plan is usually regular and symmetrical, Italian cathedrals have few and widely spaced columns. The proportions are generally mathematically equilibrated, based on the square and the concept of "armonìa", and except in Venice where they loved flamboyant arches, the arches are almost always equilateral. Colours and moldings define the architectural units rather than blending them. Italian cathedral façades are often polychrome and may include mosaics in the lunettes over the doors. The façades have projecting open porches and occular or wheel windows rather than roses, and do not usually have a tower. The crossing is usually surmounted by a dome. There is often a free-standing tower and baptistry. The eastern end usually has an apse of comparatively low projection. The windows are not as large as in northern Europe and, although stained glass windows are often found, the favourite narrative medium for the interior is the fresco.

title: Gothic_architecture

title: Gothic_architecture

text: The

text: distinctive

text: characteristic

text: of

text: Italian

text: Gothic

text: is

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: polychrome

text: decoration

text: both

text: externally

text: as

text: marble

text: veneer

text: on

text: the

text: brick

text: façade

text: and

text: also

text: internally

text: where

text: the

text: arches

text: are

text: often

text: made

text: of

text: alternating

text: black

text: and

text: white

text: segments

text: and

text: where

text: the

text: columns

text: may

text: be

text: painted

text: red

text: the

text: walls

text: decorated

text: with

text: frescoes

text: and

text: the

text: apse

text: with

text: mosaic

text: The

text: plan

text: is

text: usually

text: regular

text: and

text: symmetrical

text: Italian

text: cathedrals

text: have

text: few

text: and

text: widely

text: spaced

text: columns

text: The

text: proportions

text: are

text: generally

text: mathematically

text: equilibrated

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: square

text: and

text: the

text: concept

text: of

text: armonìa

text: and

text: except

text: in

text: Venice

text: where

text: they

text: loved

text: flamboyant

text: arches

text: the

text: arches

text: are

text: almost

text: always

text: equilateral

text: Colours

text: and

text: moldings

text: define

text: the

text: architectural

text: units

text: rather

text: than

text: blending

text: them

text: Italian

text: cathedral

text: façades

text: are

text: often

text: polychrome

text: and

text: may

text: include

text: mosaics

text: in

text: the

text: lunettes

text: over

text: the

text: doors

text: The

text: façades

text: have

text: projecting

text: open

text: porches

text: and

text: occular

text: or

text: wheel

text: windows

text: rather

text: than

text: roses

text: and

text: do

text: not

text: usually

text: have

text: a

text: tower

text: The

text: crossing

text: is

text: usually

text: surmounted

text: by

text: a

text: dome

text: There

text: is

text: often

text: a

text: free

text: standing

text: tower

text: and

text: baptistry

text: The

text: eastern

text: end

text: usually

text: has

text: an

text: apse

text: of

text: comparatively

text: low

text: projection

text: The

text: windows

text: are

text: not

text: as

text: large

text: as

text: in

text: northern

text: Europe

text: and

text: although

text: stained

text: glass

text: windows

text: are

text: often

text: found

text: the

text: favourite

text: narrative

text: medium

text: for

text: the

text: interior

text: is

text: the

text: fresco

question: What is the unique characteristic of Italian Gothic design?

answer: the use of polychrome decoration

text: the use of polychrome decoration

question: What color are the columns of Italian Gothic cathedrals often painted?

answer: the columns may be painted red

text: the columns may be painted red

question: What type of arches do they love to use in Venice?

answer: they loved flamboyant arches

text: they loved flamboyant arches

question: Instead of rose windows, what type of windows do Italian cathedral facades usually feature?

answer: occular or wheel windows

text: occular or wheel windows

question: What is the preferred narrative medium for the interior of Italian cathedrals?

answer: the fresco

text: the fresco


text: In the mid-1950s, Frank Burnet, inspired by a suggestion made by Niels Jerne, formulated the clonal selection theory (CST) of immunity. On the basis of CST, Burnet developed a theory of how an immune response is triggered according to the self/nonself distinction: "self" constituents (constituents of the body) do not trigger destructive immune responses, while "nonself" entities (e.g., pathogens, an allograft) trigger a destructive immune response. The theory was later modified to reflect new discoveries regarding histocompatibility or the complex "two-signal" activation of T cells. The self/nonself theory of immunity and the self/nonself vocabulary have been criticized, but remain very influential.

title: Immunology

title: Immunology

text: In

text: the

text: Frank

text: Burnet

text: inspired

text: by

text: a

text: suggestion

text: made

text: by

text: Niels

text: Jerne

text: formulated

text: the

text: clonal

text: selection

text: theory

text: CST

text: of

text: immunity

text: On

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: CST

text: Burnet

text: developed

text: a

text: theory

text: of

text: how

text: an

text: immune

text: response

text: is

text: triggered

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: self

text: nonself

text: distinction

text: self

text: constituents

text: constituents

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: do

text: not

text: trigger

text: destructive

text: immune

text: responses

text: while

text: nonself

text: entities

text: e.g.

text: pathogens

text: an

text: allograft

text: trigger

text: a

text: destructive

text: immune

text: response

text: The

text: theory

text: was

text: later

text: modified

text: to

text: reflect

text: new

text: discoveries

text: regarding

text: histocompatibility

text: or

text: the

text: complex

text: two

text: signal

text: activation

text: of

text: T

text: cells

text: The

text: self

text: nonself

text: theory

text: of

text: immunity

text: and

text: the

text: self

text: nonself

text: vocabulary

text: have

text: been

text: criticized

text: but

text: remain

text: very

text: influential

question: What medical scientist first proposed the clonal selection theory of immunology?

answer: Frank Burnet

text: Frank Burnet

question: What triggers an immune response according to CST?

answer: self/nonself distinction

text: self/nonself distinction

question: In CST, what triggers a destructive immune response?

answer: "nonself" entities (e.g., pathogens, an allograft)

text: "nonself" entities (e.g., pathogens, an allograft)

question: What property of T cells caused modification of CST?

answer: the complex "two-signal" activation

text: the complex "two-signal" activation

question: When was clonal selection theory first proposed?

answer: In the mid-1950s

text: In the mid-1950s


text: Worldwide consumption of paper has risen by 400% in the past 40 years leading to increase in deforestation, with 35% of harvested trees being used for paper manufacture. Most paper companies also plant trees to help regrow forests. Logging of old growth forests accounts for less than 10% of wood pulp, but is one of the most controversial issues.

title: Paper

title: Paper

text: Worldwide

text: consumption

text: of

text: paper

text: has

text: risen

text: by

text: in

text: the

text: past

text: years

text: leading

text: to

text: increase

text: in

text: deforestation

text: with

text: of

text: harvested

text: trees

text: being

text: used

text: for

text: paper

text: manufacture

text: Most

text: paper

text: companies

text: also

text: plant

text: trees

text: to

text: help

text: regrow

text: forests

text: Logging

text: of

text: old

text: growth

text: forests

text: accounts

text: for

text: less

text: than

text: of

text: wood

text: pulp

text: but

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: controversial

text: issues

question: In the last 40 years, how much has worldwide paper consumption risen?

answer: 400%

question: What percentage of harvested trees are used in the manufacturing of paper?

answer: 35%

question: What do many paper companies do to ensure the health of forests?

answer: plant trees

text: plant trees

question: What percentage of wood pulp comes from old-growth trees?

answer: 10%


text: Significant legislative changes in the status of the szlachta, as defined by Robert Bideleux and Ian Jeffries, consist of its 1374 exemption from the land tax, a 1425 guarantee against the 'arbitrary arrests and/or seizure of property' of its members, a 1454 requirement that military forces and new taxes be approved by provincial Sejms, and statutes issued between 1496 and 1611 that prescribed the rights of commoners.

title: Szlachta

title: Szlachta

text: Significant

text: legislative

text: changes

text: in

text: the

text: status

text: of

text: the

text: szlachta

text: as

text: defined

text: by

text: Robert

text: Bideleux

text: and

text: Ian

text: Jeffries

text: consist

text: of

text: its

text: exemption

text: from

text: the

text: land

text: tax

text: a

text: guarantee

text: against

text: the

text: arbitrary

text: arrests

text: and/or

text: seizure

text: of

text: property

text: of

text: its

text: members

text: a

text: requirement

text: that

text: military

text: forces

text: and

text: new

text: taxes

text: be

text: approved

text: by

text: provincial

text: Sejms

text: and

text: statutes

text: issued

text: between

text: and

text: that

text: prescribed

text: the

text: rights

text: of

text: commoners

question: Who defined the significant legislative changes?

answer: Robert Bideleux and Ian Jeffries

text: Robert Bideleux and Ian Jeffries

question: What is one exemption was part of the significant changes in legislation?

answer: 1374 exemption from the land tax,

text: 1374 exemption from the land tax,

question: What did the 1425 requirement entail?

answer: requirement that military forces and new taxes be approved by provincial Sejms

text: requirement that military forces and new taxes be approved by provincial Sejms

question: What were the statutes issued between 1496 and 1611 prescribed from?

answer: rights of commoners

text: rights of commoners


text: Despite its tropical wet and dry climate, extensive irrigation makes it a rich agricultural region. Its canal-irrigation system established by the British is the largest in the world. Wheat and cotton are the largest crops. Other crops include rice, sugarcane, millet, corn, oilseeds, pulses, vegetables, and fruits such as kinoo. Livestock and poultry production are also important. Despite past animosities, the rural masses in Punjab's farms continue to use the Hindu calendar for planting and harvesting.

title: Punjab,_Pakistan

title: Punjab,_Pakistan

text: Despite

text: its

text: tropical

text: wet

text: and

text: dry

text: climate

text: extensive

text: irrigation

text: makes

text: it

text: a

text: rich

text: agricultural

text: region

text: Its

text: canal

text: irrigation

text: system

text: established

text: by

text: the

text: British

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: Wheat

text: and

text: cotton

text: are

text: the

text: largest

text: crops

text: Other

text: crops

text: include

text: rice

text: sugarcane

text: millet

text: corn

text: oilseeds

text: pulses

text: vegetables

text: and

text: fruits

text: such

text: as

text: kinoo

text: Livestock

text: and

text: poultry

text: production

text: are

text: also

text: important

text: Despite

text: past

text: animosities

text: the

text: rural

text: masses

text: in

text: Punjab

text: 's

text: farms

text: continue

text: to

text: use

text: the

text: Hindu

text: calendar

text: for

text: planting

text: and

text: harvesting

question: What kind of climate does Punjab have?

answer: tropical wet and dry

text: tropical wet and dry

question: Who built Punjab's irrigation system?

answer: the British

text: the British

question: What are Punjab's largest crops?

answer: Wheat and cotton

text: Wheat and cotton

question: What are Punjab's secondary crops?

answer: rice, sugarcane, millet, corn, oilseeds, pulses, vegetables, and fruits such as kinoo

text: rice, sugarcane, millet, corn, oilseeds, pulses, vegetables, and fruits such as kinoo

question: What calendar do Punjab's farmers use?

answer: the Hindu calendar

text: the Hindu calendar


text: With the neoplatonist Plotinus, wrote Nathaniel Alfred Boll; "there even appears, probably for the first time in Western philosophy, idealism that had long been current in the East even at that time, for it taught... that the soul has made the world by stepping from eternity into time...". Similarly, in regard to passages from the Enneads, "The only space or place of the world is the soul" and "Time must not be assumed to exist outside the soul", Ludwig Noiré wrote: "For the first time in Western philosophy we find idealism proper in Plotinus, However, Plotinus does not address whether we know external objects, unlike Schopenhauer and other modern philosophers.

title: Idealism

title: Idealism

text: With

text: the

text: neoplatonist

text: Plotinus

text: wrote

text: Nathaniel

text: Alfred

text: Boll

text: there

text: even

text: appears

text: probably

text: for

text: the

text: first

text: time

text: in

text: Western

text: philosophy

text: idealism

text: that

text: had

text: long

text: been

text: current

text: in

text: the

text: East

text: even

text: at

text: that

text: time

text: for

text: it

text: taught

text: that

text: the

text: soul

text: has

text: made

text: the

text: world

text: by

text: stepping

text: from

text: eternity

text: into

text: time

text: Similarly

text: in

text: regard

text: to

text: passages

text: from

text: the

text: Enneads

text: The

text: only

text: space

text: or

text: place

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: is

text: the

text: soul

text: and

text: Time

text: must

text: not

text: be

text: assumed

text: to

text: exist

text: outside

text: the

text: soul

text: Ludwig

text: Noiré

text: wrote

text: For

text: the

text: first

text: time

text: in

text: Western

text: philosophy

text: we

text: find

text: idealism

text: proper

text: in

text: Plotinus

text: However

text: Plotinus

text: does

text: not

text: address

text: whether

text: we

text: know

text: external

text: objects

text: unlike

text: Schopenhauer

text: and

text: other

text: modern

text: philosophers

question: What sort of philosopher was Plotinus?

answer: neoplatonist

text: neoplatonist

question: According to Noiré, who was the first true Western idealist?

answer: Plotinus

text: Plotinus

question: What issue did Schopenhauer discuss that Plotinus did not?

answer: whether we know external objects

text: whether we know external objects

question: What did the Enneads believe might not have existence outside of the soul?

answer: Time

text: Time


text: On April 7, 1979, the Easy Listening chart officially became known as Adult Contemporary, and those two words have remained consistent in the name of the chart ever since. Adult contemporary music became one of the most popular radio formats of the 1980s. The growth of AC was a natural result of the generation that first listened to the more "specialized" music of the mid-late 1970s growing older and not being interested in the heavy metal and rap/hip-hop music that a new generation helped to play a significant role in the Top 40 charts by the end of the decade.

title: Adult_contemporary_music

title: Adult_contemporary_music

text: On

text: April

text: the

text: Easy

text: Listening

text: chart

text: officially

text: became

text: known

text: as

text: Adult

text: Contemporary

text: and

text: those

text: two

text: words

text: have

text: remained

text: consistent

text: in

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: chart

text: ever

text: since

text: Adult

text: contemporary

text: music

text: became

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: popular

text: radio

text: formats

text: of

text: the

text: The

text: growth

text: of

text: AC

text: was

text: a

text: natural

text: result

text: of

text: the

text: generation

text: that

text: first

text: listened

text: to

text: the

text: more

text: specialized

text: music

text: of

text: the

text: mid

text: late

text: growing

text: older

text: and

text: not

text: being

text: interested

text: in

text: the

text: heavy

text: metal

text: and

text: rap

text: hip

text: hop

text: music

text: that

text: a

text: new

text: generation

text: helped

text: to

text: play

text: a

text: significant

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: Top

text: charts

text: by

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: decade

question: When did the Adult Contemporary chart receive its current name?

answer: April 7, 1979

text: April 7, 1979

question: What was the Adult Contemporary chart previously known as?

answer: the Easy Listening chart

text: the Easy Listening chart

question: Along with rap/hip-hop, what genre of music were aging listeners not as interested in?

answer: heavy metal

text: heavy metal

question: During what decade did adult contemporary become a very popular format for radio?

answer: 1980s


text: Contrarily, having so firmly entrenched themselves into Greek affairs, the Romans now completely ignored the rapidly disintegrating Seleucid empire (perhaps because it posed no threat); and left the Ptolemaic kingdom to decline quietly, while acting as a protector of sorts, in as much as to stop other powers taking Egypt over (including the famous line-in-the-sand incident when the Seleucid Antiochus IV Epiphanes tried to invade Egypt). Eventually, instability in the near east resulting from the power vacuum left by the collapse of the Seleucid empire caused the Roman proconsul Pompey the Great to abolish the Seleucid rump state, absorbing much of Syria into the Roman republic. Famously, the end of Ptolemaic Egypt came as the final act in the republican civil war between the Roman triumvirs Mark Anthony and Augustus Caesar. After the defeat of Anthony and his lover, the last Ptolemaic monarch, Cleopatra VII at the Battle of Actium, Augustus invaded Egypt and took it as his own personal fiefdom. He thereby completed both the destruction of the Hellenistic kingdoms and the Roman republic, and ended (in hindsight) the Hellenistic era.

title: Hellenistic_period

title: Hellenistic_period

text: Contrarily

text: having

text: so

text: firmly

text: entrenched

text: themselves

text: into

text: Greek

text: affairs

text: the

text: Romans

text: now

text: completely

text: ignored

text: the

text: rapidly

text: disintegrating

text: Seleucid

text: empire

text: perhaps

text: because

text: it

text: posed

text: no

text: threat

text: and

text: left

text: the

text: Ptolemaic

text: kingdom

text: to

text: decline

text: quietly

text: while

text: acting

text: as

text: a

text: protector

text: of

text: sorts

text: in

text: as

text: much

text: as

text: to

text: stop

text: other

text: powers

text: taking

text: Egypt

text: over

text: including

text: the

text: famous

text: line

text: in

text: the

text: sand

text: incident

text: when

text: the

text: Seleucid

text: Antiochus

text: IV

text: Epiphanes

text: tried

text: to

text: invade

text: Egypt

text: Eventually

text: instability

text: in

text: the

text: near

text: east

text: resulting

text: from

text: the

text: power

text: vacuum

text: left

text: by

text: the

text: collapse

text: of

text: the

text: Seleucid

text: empire

text: caused

text: the

text: Roman

text: proconsul

text: Pompey

text: the

text: Great

text: to

text: abolish

text: the

text: Seleucid

text: rump

text: state

text: absorbing

text: much

text: of

text: Syria

text: into

text: the

text: Roman

text: republic

text: Famously

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: Ptolemaic

text: Egypt

text: came

text: as

text: the

text: final

text: act

text: in

text: the

text: republican

text: civil

text: war

text: between

text: the

text: Roman

text: triumvirs

text: Mark

text: Anthony

text: and

text: Augustus

text: Caesar

text: After

text: the

text: defeat

text: of

text: Anthony

text: and

text: his

text: lover

text: the

text: last

text: Ptolemaic

text: monarch

text: Cleopatra

text: VII

text: at

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Actium

text: Augustus

text: invaded

text: Egypt

text: and

text: took

text: it

text: as

text: his

text: own

text: personal

text: fiefdom

text: He

text: thereby

text: completed

text: both

text: the

text: destruction

text: of

text: the

text: Hellenistic

text: kingdoms

text: and

text: the

text: Roman

text: republic

text: and

text: ended

text: in

text: hindsight

text: the

text: Hellenistic

text: era

question: Who tried to invade Egypt in the famous line-in-the-sand incident?

answer: Antiochus IV Epiphanes

text: Antiochus IV Epiphanes

question: Which Roman proconsul ablished the Seleucid rump state?

answer: Pompey the Great

text: Pompey the Great

question: Who was the last Ptolemaic monarch?

answer: Cleopatra VII

text: Cleopatra VII

question: At what battle was Mark Anthony defeated?

answer: Battle of Actium

text: Battle of Actium

question: What region did Augustus take on as his personal fiefdom?

answer: Egypt

text: Egypt


text: Another term for Christians which appears in the New Testament is "Nazarenes" which is used by the Jewish lawyer Tertullus in Acts 24. Tertullian (Against Marcion 4:8) records that "the Jews call us Nazarenes," while around 331 AD Eusebius records that Christ was called a Nazoraean from the name Nazareth, and that in earlier centuries "Christians," were once called "Nazarenes." The Hebrew equivalent of "Nazarenes", Notzrim, occurs in the Babylonian Talmud, and is still the modern Israeli Hebrew term for Christian.

title: Christian

title: Christian

text: Another

text: term

text: for

text: Christians

text: which

text: appears

text: in

text: the

text: New

text: Testament

text: is

text: Nazarenes

text: which

text: is

text: used

text: by

text: the

text: Jewish

text: lawyer

text: Tertullus

text: in

text: Acts

text: Tertullian

text: Against

text: Marcion

text: records

text: that

text: the

text: Jews

text: call

text: us

text: Nazarenes

text: while

text: around

text: AD

text: Eusebius

text: records

text: that

text: Christ

text: was

text: called

text: a

text: Nazoraean

text: from

text: the

text: name

text: Nazareth

text: and

text: that

text: in

text: earlier

text: centuries

text: Christians

text: were

text: once

text: called

text: Nazarenes

text: The

text: Hebrew

text: equivalent

text: of

text: Nazarenes

text: Notzrim

text: occurs

text: in

text: the

text: Babylonian

text: Talmud

text: and

text: is

text: still

text: the

text: modern

text: Israeli

text: Hebrew

text: term

text: for

text: Christian

question: In Acts 24, what is another word that Christians are called?

answer: Nazarenes

text: Nazarenes

question: What was Jesus called since he was from Nazareth?

answer: Nazoraean

text: Nazoraean

question: What is another Hebrew term for Nazarenes?

answer: Notzrim

text: Notzrim

question: Wha still calls Christians Notzrim?

answer: modern Israeli Hebrew

text: modern Israeli Hebrew


text: In recent years a number of well-known tourism-related organizations have placed Greek destinations in the top of their lists. In 2009 Lonely Planet ranked Thessaloniki, the country's second-largest city, the world's fifth best "Ultimate Party Town", alongside cities such as Montreal and Dubai, while in 2011 the island of Santorini was voted as the best island in the world by Travel + Leisure. The neighbouring island of Mykonos was ranked as the 5th best island Europe. Thessaloniki was the European Youth Capital in 2014.

title: Economy_of_Greece

title: Economy_of_Greece

text: In

text: recent

text: years

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: well

text: known

text: tourism

text: related

text: organizations

text: have

text: placed

text: Greek

text: destinations

text: in

text: the

text: top

text: of

text: their

text: lists

text: In

text: Lonely

text: Planet

text: ranked

text: Thessaloniki

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: second

text: largest

text: city

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: fifth

text: best

text: Ultimate

text: Party

text: Town

text: alongside

text: cities

text: such

text: as

text: Montreal

text: and

text: Dubai

text: while

text: in

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Santorini

text: was

text: voted

text: as

text: the

text: best

text: island

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: by

text: Travel

text: Leisure

text: The

text: neighbouring

text: island

text: of

text: Mykonos

text: was

text: ranked

text: as

text: the

text: best

text: island

text: Europe

text: Thessaloniki

text: was

text: the

text: European

text: Youth

text: Capital

text: in

question: What have a number of tourism-related organizations placed Greek destinations at the top of?

answer: their lists

text: their lists

question: What Greek city was rated the world's fifth best ultimate party town by 2009's Lonely Planet?

answer: Thessaloniki

text: Thessaloniki

question: What distinction does the city of Thessaloniki have in regards to size in Greece?

answer: the country's second-largest city

text: the country's second-largest city

question: What did Travel+Leisure vote the island of Santorini as in 2011?

answer: best island in the world

text: best island in the world

question: What island was ranked as the 5th best in Europe?

answer: Mykonos

text: Mykonos


text: A defect in the human homologue of the Drosophila "period" gene was identified as a cause of the sleep disorder FASPS (Familial advanced sleep phase syndrome), underscoring the conserved nature of the molecular circadian clock through evolution. Many more genetic components of the biological clock are now known. Their interactions result in an interlocked feedback loop of gene products resulting in periodic fluctuations that the cells of the body interpret as a specific time of the day.[citation needed]

title: Circadian_rhythm

title: Circadian_rhythm

text: A

text: defect

text: in

text: the

text: human

text: homologue

text: of

text: the

text: Drosophila

text: period

text: gene

text: was

text: identified

text: as

text: a

text: cause

text: of

text: the

text: sleep

text: disorder

text: FASPS

text: Familial

text: advanced

text: sleep

text: phase

text: syndrome

text: underscoring

text: the

text: conserved

text: nature

text: of

text: the

text: molecular

text: circadian

text: clock

text: through

text: evolution

text: Many

text: more

text: genetic

text: components

text: of

text: the

text: biological

text: clock

text: are

text: now

text: known

text: Their

text: interactions

text: result

text: in

text: an

text: interlocked

text: feedback

text: loop

text: of

text: gene

text: products

text: resulting

text: in

text: periodic

text: fluctuations

text: that

text: the

text: cells

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: interpret

text: as

text: a

text: specific

text: time

text: of

text: the

text: day.[citation

text: needed

question: What is the Drosophila gene the cause of?

answer: sleep disorder FASPS

text: sleep disorder FASPS

question: What is the Drosophila gene also known as?

answer: period

text: period

question: What is Familial advanced sleep phase syndrome?

answer: FASPS

text: FASPS

question: What kind of clock have genetic functions?

answer: biological clock

text: biological clock

question: What does the body interpret from the gene feedback loop?

answer: time of the day

text: time of the day


text: The Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC) oversees the civic infrastructure of the city's 18 "circles", which together encompass 150 municipal wards. Each ward is represented by a corporator, elected by popular vote. The corporators elect the Mayor, who is the titular head of GHMC; executive powers rest with the Municipal Commissioner, appointed by the state government. The GHMC carries out the city's infrastructural work such as building and maintenance of roads and drains, town planning including construction regulation, maintenance of municipal markets and parks, solid waste management, the issuing of birth and death certificates, the issuing of trade licences, collection of property tax, and community welfare services such as mother and child healthcare, and pre-school and non-formal education. The GHMC was formed in April 2007 by merging the Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad (MCH) with 12 municipalities of the Hyderabad, Ranga Reddy and Medak districts covering a total area of 650 km2 (250 sq mi).:3 In the 2016 municipal election, the Telangana Rashtra Samithi formed the majority and the present Mayor is Bonthu Ram Mohan. The Secunderabad Cantonment Board is a civic administration agency overseeing an area of 40.1 km2 (15.5 sq mi),:93 where there are several military camps.:2 The Osmania University campus is administered independently by the university authority.:93

title: Hyderabad

title: Hyderabad

text: The

text: Greater

text: Hyderabad

text: Municipal

text: Corporation

text: GHMC

text: oversees

text: the

text: civic

text: infrastructure

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: circles

text: which

text: together

text: encompass

text: municipal

text: wards

text: Each

text: ward

text: is

text: represented

text: by

text: a

text: corporator

text: elected

text: by

text: popular

text: vote

text: The

text: corporators

text: elect

text: the

text: Mayor

text: who

text: is

text: the

text: titular

text: head

text: of

text: GHMC

text: executive

text: powers

text: rest

text: with

text: the

text: Municipal

text: Commissioner

text: appointed

text: by

text: the

text: state

text: government

text: The

text: GHMC

text: carries

text: out

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: infrastructural

text: work

text: such

text: as

text: building

text: and

text: maintenance

text: of

text: roads

text: and

text: drains

text: town

text: planning

text: including

text: construction

text: regulation

text: maintenance

text: of

text: municipal

text: markets

text: and

text: parks

text: solid

text: waste

text: management

text: the

text: issuing

text: of

text: birth

text: and

text: death

text: certificates

text: the

text: issuing

text: of

text: trade

text: licences

text: collection

text: of

text: property

text: tax

text: and

text: community

text: welfare

text: services

text: such

text: as

text: mother

text: and

text: child

text: healthcare

text: and

text: pre

text: school

text: and

text: non

text: formal

text: education

text: The

text: GHMC

text: was

text: formed

text: in

text: April

text: by

text: merging

text: the

text: Municipal

text: Corporation

text: of

text: Hyderabad

text: MCH

text: with

text: municipalities

text: of

text: the

text: Hyderabad

text: Ranga

text: Reddy

text: and

text: Medak

text: districts

text: covering

text: a

text: total

text: area

text: of

text: sq

text: In

text: the

text: municipal

text: election

text: the

text: Telangana

text: Rashtra

text: Samithi

text: formed

text: the

text: majority

text: and

text: the

text: present

text: Mayor

text: is

text: Bonthu

text: Ram

text: Mohan

text: The

text: Secunderabad

text: Cantonment

text: Board

text: is

text: a

text: civic

text: administration

text: agency

text: overseeing

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: sq

text: where

text: there

text: are

text: several

text: military

text: The

text: Osmania

text: University

text: campus

text: is

text: administered

text: independently

text: by

text: the

text: university

question: What is the entity that controls the infrastructure of Hyderabad?

answer: The Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC)

text: The Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC)

question: How many municipal wards are within Hyderabad?

answer: 150

question: In what year did the GHMC form?

answer: 2007

question: How much area, in square miles, does the GHMC oversee?

answer: 250 sq mi

text: 250 sq mi

question: Which board oversees military areas within Hyderabad?

answer: The Secunderabad Cantonment Board

text: The Secunderabad Cantonment Board


text: The first satellite of the second-generation system, Compass-M1 was launched in 2007. It was followed by further nine satellites during 2009-2011, achieving functional regional coverage. A total of 16 satellites were launched during this phase.

title: BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System

title: BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System

text: The

text: first

text: satellite

text: of

text: the

text: second

text: generation

text: system

text: Compass

text: was

text: launched

text: in

text: It

text: was

text: followed

text: by

text: further

text: nine

text: satellites

text: during

text: achieving

text: functional

text: regional

text: coverage

text: A

text: total

text: of

text: satellites

text: were

text: launched

text: during

text: this

text: phase

question: When was the Compass-M1 satellite launced?

answer: 2007

question: How many satellites were launched from 2009-2011?

answer: nine

text: nine

question: What was achieved by launching 9 additional satellites from 2009-2011?

answer: functional regional coverage

text: functional regional coverage

question: How many satellites were launched since 2007?

answer: 16


text: Sometimes circumstances such as a good breeding season followed by a food source failure the following year lead to irruptions in which large numbers of a species move far beyond the normal range. Bohemian waxwings Bombycilla garrulus well show this unpredictable variation in annual numbers, with five major arrivals in Britain during the nineteenth century, but 18 between the years 1937 and 2000. Red crossbills Loxia curvirostra too are irruptive, with widespread invasions across England noted in 1251, 1593, 1757, and 1791.

title: Bird_migration

title: Bird_migration

text: Sometimes

text: circumstances

text: such

text: as

text: a

text: good

text: breeding

text: season

text: followed

text: by

text: a

text: food

text: source

text: failure

text: the

text: following

text: year

text: lead

text: to

text: irruptions

text: in

text: which

text: large

text: numbers

text: of

text: a

text: species

text: move

text: far

text: beyond

text: the

text: normal

text: range

text: Bohemian

text: waxwings

text: Bombycilla

text: garrulus

text: well

text: show

text: this

text: unpredictable

text: variation

text: in

text: annual

text: numbers

text: with

text: five

text: major

text: arrivals

text: in

text: Britain

text: during

text: the

text: nineteenth

text: century

text: but

text: between

text: the

text: years

text: and

text: Red

text: crossbills

text: Loxia

text: curvirostra

text: too

text: are

text: irruptive

text: with

text: widespread

text: invasions

text: across

text: England

text: noted

text: in

text: and

question: For what reason would birds mor far beyond the normal range?

answer: a good breeding season followed by a food source failure

text: a good breeding season followed by a food source failure

question: How many times did Bohemian waxwings come to Britain in the nineteeth century?

answer: five

text: five

question: How many times did Bohemian waxwings come to Britain between 1937 and 200?

answer: 18

question: What years did Red crossbills invade England?

answer: 1251, 1593, 1757, and 1791

text: 1251, 1593, 1757, and 1791