text: The number of entrants has increased greatly in recent years. In the 2004–05 season, 660 clubs entered the competition, beating the long-standing record of 656 from the 1921–22 season. In 2005–06 this increased to 674 entrants, in 2006–07 to 687, in 2007–08 to 731 clubs, and for the 2008–09 and 2009–10 competitions it reached 762. The number has varied slightly but remained roughly stable since then, with 759 clubs participating in 2010–11, a record 763 in 2011–12, 758 for 2012–13, 737 for 2013–14 and 736 for 2014–15. By comparison, the other major English domestic cup, the League Cup, involves only the 92 members of the Premier League and Football League.

title: FA_Cup

title: FA_Cup

text: The

text: number

text: of

text: entrants

text: has

text: increased

text: greatly

text: in

text: recent

text: years

text: In

text: the

text: season

text: clubs

text: entered

text: the

text: competition

text: beating

text: the

text: long

text: standing

text: record

text: of

text: from

text: the

text: season

text: In

text: this

text: increased

text: to

text: entrants

text: in

text: to

text: in

text: to

text: clubs

text: and

text: for

text: the

text: and

text: competitions

text: it

text: reached

text: The

text: number

text: has

text: varied

text: slightly

text: but

text: remained

text: roughly

text: stable

text: since

text: then

text: with

text: clubs

text: participating

text: in

text: a

text: record

text: in

text: for

text: for

text: and

text: for

text: By

text: comparison

text: the

text: other

text: major

text: English

text: domestic

text: cup

text: the

text: League

text: Cup

text: involves

text: only

text: the

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: Premier

text: League

text: and

text: Football

text: League

question: Has the number of entrants stayed the same?

answer: The number of entrants has increased greatly in recent years

text: The number of entrants has increased greatly in recent years

question: How many clubs entered in 2004-05?

answer: 660 clubs entered the competition

text: 660 clubs entered the competition

question: How many clubs entered in 2005-06?

answer: 674

question: How many clubs entered in 2006-07?

answer: 687

question: How many clubs entered in 2007-08?

answer: 731


text: Greece played a peripheral role in the war. When Russia attacked the Ottoman Empire in 1853, King Otto of Greece saw an opportunity to expand North and South into Ottoman areas that had large Greek Christian majorities. However, Greece did not coordinate its plans with Russia, did not declare war, and received no outside military or financial support. Greece, an Orthodox nation, had considerable support in Russia, but the Russian government decided it was too dangerous to help Greece expand its holdings.:32–40 When the Russians invaded the Principalities, the Ottoman forces were tied down so Greece invaded Thessaly and Epirus. To block further Greek moves, the British and French occupied the main Greek port at Piraeus from April 1854 to February 1857, and effectively neutralized the Greek army. Greeks, gambling on a Russian victory, incited the large-scale Epirus Revolt of 1854 as well as uprisings in Crete. The insurrections were failures that were easily crushed by the Ottoman army. Greece was not invited to the peace conference and made no gains out of the war.:139 The frustrated Greek leadership blamed the King for failing to take advantage of the situation; his popularity plunged and he was later forced to abdicate.

title: Crimean_War

title: Crimean_War

text: Greece

text: played

text: a

text: peripheral

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: war

text: When

text: Russia

text: attacked

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: in

text: King

text: Otto

text: of

text: Greece

text: saw

text: an

text: opportunity

text: to

text: expand

text: North

text: and

text: South

text: into

text: Ottoman

text: areas

text: that

text: had

text: large

text: Greek

text: Christian

text: majorities

text: However

text: Greece

text: did

text: not

text: coordinate

text: its

text: plans

text: with

text: Russia

text: did

text: not

text: declare

text: war

text: and

text: received

text: no

text: outside

text: military

text: or

text: financial

text: support

text: Greece

text: an

text: Orthodox

text: nation

text: had

text: considerable

text: support

text: in

text: Russia

text: but

text: the

text: Russian

text: government

text: decided

text: it

text: was

text: too

text: dangerous

text: to

text: help

text: Greece

text: expand

text: its

text: When

text: the

text: Russians

text: invaded

text: the

text: Principalities

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: forces

text: were

text: tied

text: down

text: so

text: Greece

text: invaded

text: Thessaly

text: and

text: Epirus

text: To

text: block

text: further

text: Greek

text: moves

text: the

text: British

text: and

text: French

text: occupied

text: the

text: main

text: Greek

text: port

text: at

text: Piraeus

text: from

text: April

text: to

text: February

text: and

text: effectively

text: neutralized

text: the

text: Greek

text: army

text: Greeks

text: gambling

text: on

text: a

text: Russian

text: victory

text: incited

text: the

text: large

text: scale

text: Epirus

text: Revolt

text: of

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: uprisings

text: in

text: Crete

text: The

text: insurrections

text: were

text: failures

text: that

text: were

text: easily

text: crushed

text: by

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: army

text: Greece

text: was

text: not

text: invited

text: to

text: the

text: peace

text: conference

text: and

text: made

text: no

text: gains

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: The

text: frustrated

text: Greek

text: leadership

text: blamed

text: the

text: King

text: for

text: failing

text: to

text: take

text: advantage

text: of

text: the

text: situation

text: his

text: popularity

text: plunged

text: and

text: he

text: was

text: later

text: forced

text: to

text: abdicate

question: When Russia attacked the Ottoman Empire who glimpsed an opportunity to advance North and South?

answer: King Otto of Greece

text: King Otto of Greece

question: When the Ottoman forces were busy, who did Greece invade?

answer: Thessaly and Epirus

text: Thessaly and Epirus

question: From April 1854 to February 1857, what port did the British and French lock down?

answer: Greek port at Piraeus

text: Greek port at Piraeus

question: In what year did the Epirus Revolt take place?

answer: 1854

question: Who stirred up the Epirus Revolt of 1854?

answer: Greeks

text: Greeks


text: Efforts by local kings to fight the invaders led to the formation of new political entities. In Anglo-Saxon England, King Alfred the Great (r. 871–899) came to an agreement with the Viking invaders in the late 9th century, resulting in Danish settlements in Northumbria, Mercia, and parts of East Anglia. By the middle of the 10th century, Alfred's successors had conquered Northumbria, and restored English control over most of the southern part of Great Britain. In northern Britain, Kenneth MacAlpin (d. c. 860) united the Picts and the Scots into the Kingdom of Alba. In the early 10th century, the Ottonian dynasty had established itself in Germany, and was engaged in driving back the Magyars. Its efforts culminated in the coronation in 962 of Otto I (r. 936–973) as Holy Roman Emperor. In 972, he secured recognition of his title by the Byzantine Empire, which he sealed with the marriage of his son Otto II (r. 967–983) to Theophanu (d. 991), daughter of an earlier Byzantine Emperor Romanos II (r. 959–963). By the late 10th century Italy had been drawn into the Ottonian sphere after a period of instability; Otto III (r. 996–1002) spent much of his later reign in the kingdom. The western Frankish kingdom was more fragmented, and although kings remained nominally in charge, much of the political power devolved to the local lords.

title: Middle_Ages

title: Middle_Ages

text: Efforts

text: by

text: local

text: kings

text: to

text: fight

text: the

text: invaders

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: formation

text: of

text: new

text: political

text: entities

text: In

text: Anglo

text: Saxon

text: England

text: King

text: Alfred

text: the

text: Great

text: r.

text: came

text: to

text: an

text: agreement

text: with

text: the

text: Viking

text: invaders

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: resulting

text: in

text: Danish

text: settlements

text: in

text: Northumbria

text: Mercia

text: and

text: parts

text: of

text: East

text: Anglia

text: By

text: the

text: middle

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: Alfred

text: 's

text: successors

text: had

text: conquered

text: Northumbria

text: and

text: restored

text: English

text: control

text: over

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: southern

text: part

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: In

text: northern

text: Britain

text: Kenneth

text: MacAlpin

text: d.

text: c.

text: united

text: the

text: Picts

text: and

text: the

text: Scots

text: into

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Alba

text: In

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: the

text: Ottonian

text: dynasty

text: had

text: established

text: itself

text: in

text: Germany

text: and

text: was

text: engaged

text: in

text: driving

text: back

text: the

text: Magyars

text: Its

text: efforts

text: culminated

text: in

text: the

text: coronation

text: in

text: of

text: Otto

text: I

text: r.

text: as

text: Holy

text: Roman

text: Emperor

text: In

text: he

text: secured

text: recognition

text: of

text: his

text: title

text: by

text: the

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: which

text: he

text: sealed

text: with

text: the

text: marriage

text: of

text: his

text: son

text: Otto

text: II

text: r.

text: to

text: Theophanu

text: d.

text: daughter

text: of

text: an

text: earlier

text: Byzantine

text: Emperor

text: Romanos

text: II

text: r.

text: By

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: Italy

text: had

text: been

text: drawn

text: into

text: the

text: Ottonian

text: sphere

text: after

text: a

text: period

text: of

text: instability

text: Otto

text: III

text: r.

text: spent

text: much

text: of

text: his

text: later

text: reign

text: in

text: the

text: kingdom

text: The

text: western

text: Frankish

text: kingdom

text: was

text: more

text: fragmented

text: and

text: although

text: kings

text: remained

text: nominally

text: in

text: charge

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: political

text: power

text: devolved

text: to

text: the

text: local

text: lords

question: When did Alfred the Great begin his reign?

answer: 871

question: What was the kingdom of Kenneth MacAlpin?

answer: the Kingdom of Alba

text: the Kingdom of Alba

question: Of what dynasty was Otto I a member?

answer: Ottonian dynasty

text: Ottonian dynasty

question: What group did Otto I defeat?

answer: Magyars

text: Magyars

question: In what year did Otto I become Holy Roman Emperor?

answer: 962


text: The early track record of the CIA was poor, with the agency unable to provide sufficient intelligence about the Soviet takeovers of Romania and Czechoslovakia, the Soviet blockade of Berlin, and the Soviet atomic bomb project. In particular, the agency failed to predict the Chinese entry into the Korean War with 300,000 troops. The famous double agent Kim Philby was the British liaison to American Central Intelligence. Through him the CIA coordinated hundreds of airdrops inside the iron curtain, all compromised by Philby. Arlington Hall, the nerve center of CIA cryptanalysisl was compromised by Bill Weisband, a Russian translator and Soviet spy. The CIA would reuse the tactic of dropping plant agents behind enemy lines by parachute again on China, and North Korea. This too would be fruitless.

title: Central_Intelligence_Agency

title: Central_Intelligence_Agency

text: The

text: early

text: track

text: record

text: of

text: the

text: CIA

text: was

text: poor

text: with

text: the

text: agency

text: unable

text: to

text: provide

text: sufficient

text: intelligence

text: about

text: the

text: Soviet

text: takeovers

text: of

text: Romania

text: and

text: Czechoslovakia

text: the

text: Soviet

text: blockade

text: of

text: Berlin

text: and

text: the

text: Soviet

text: atomic

text: bomb

text: project

text: In

text: particular

text: the

text: agency

text: failed

text: to

text: predict

text: the

text: Chinese

text: entry

text: into

text: the

text: Korean

text: War

text: with

text: troops

text: The

text: famous

text: double

text: agent

text: Kim

text: Philby

text: was

text: the

text: British

text: liaison

text: to

text: American

text: Central

text: Intelligence

text: Through

text: him

text: the

text: CIA

text: coordinated

text: hundreds

text: of

text: airdrops

text: inside

text: the

text: iron

text: curtain

text: all

text: compromised

text: by

text: Philby

text: Arlington

text: Hall

text: the

text: nerve

text: center

text: of

text: CIA

text: cryptanalysisl

text: was

text: compromised

text: by

text: Bill

text: Weisband

text: a

text: Russian

text: translator

text: and

text: Soviet

text: spy

text: The

text: CIA

text: would

text: reuse

text: the

text: tactic

text: of

text: dropping

text: plant

text: agents

text: behind

text: enemy

text: lines

text: by

text: parachute

text: again

text: on

text: China

text: and

text: North

text: Korea

text: This

text: too

text: would

text: be

text: fruitless

question: How many troops did the Chinese enter into the Korean War?

answer: 300,000

question: Who compromised hundreds of airdrops?

answer: Kim Philby

text: Kim Philby

question: Who was a Russian translator and Soviet Spy?

answer: Bill Weisband

text: Bill Weisband


text: Israeli cuisine has adopted, and continues to adapt, elements of various styles of Jewish cuisine, particularly the Mizrahi, Sephardic, and Ashkenazi styles of cooking, along with Moroccan Jewish, Iraqi Jewish, Ethiopian Jewish, Indian Jewish, Iranian Jewish and Yemeni Jewish influences. It incorporates many foods traditionally eaten in the Arab, Middle Eastern and Mediterranean cuisines, such as falafel, hummus, shakshouka, couscous, and za'atar, which have become common ingredients in Israeli cuisine. Schnitzel, pizza, hamburgers, French fries, rice and salad are also very common in Israel.[citation needed]

title: Israel

title: Israel

text: Israeli

text: cuisine

text: has

text: adopted

text: and

text: continues

text: to

text: adapt

text: elements

text: of

text: various

text: styles

text: of

text: Jewish

text: cuisine

text: particularly

text: the

text: Mizrahi

text: Sephardic

text: and

text: Ashkenazi

text: styles

text: of

text: cooking

text: along

text: with

text: Moroccan

text: Jewish

text: Iraqi

text: Jewish

text: Ethiopian

text: Jewish

text: Indian

text: Jewish

text: Iranian

text: Jewish

text: and

text: Yemeni

text: Jewish

text: influences

text: It

text: incorporates

text: many

text: foods

text: traditionally

text: eaten

text: in

text: the

text: Arab

text: Middle

text: Eastern

text: and

text: Mediterranean

text: cuisines

text: such

text: as

text: falafel

text: hummus

text: shakshouka

text: couscous

text: and

text: za'atar

text: which

text: have

text: become

text: common

text: ingredients

text: in

text: Israeli

text: cuisine

text: Schnitzel

text: pizza

text: hamburgers

text: French

text: fries

text: rice

text: and

text: salad

text: are

text: also

text: very

text: common

text: in

text: Israel.[citation

text: needed

question: What styles of cooking has Israeli cuisine adopted?

answer: Mizrahi, Sephardic, and Ashkenazi

text: Mizrahi, Sephardic, and Ashkenazi

question: What common ingredients are in Israeli cuisine?

answer: falafel, hummus, shakshouka, couscous, and za'atar

text: falafel, hummus, shakshouka, couscous, and za'atar

question: Schnitzel, pizza, hamburgers, French fries, rice and salad are also very common where?

answer: Israel

text: Israel


text: The Internet Archive states, however, "Sometimes a website owner will contact us directly and ask us to stop crawling or archiving a site. We comply with these requests." In addition, the web site says: "The Internet Archive is not interested in preserving or offering access to Web sites or other Internet documents of persons who do not want their materials in the collection."

title: Wayback_Machine

title: Wayback_Machine

text: The

text: Internet

text: Archive

text: states

text: however

text: Sometimes

text: a

text: website

text: owner

text: will

text: contact

text: us

text: directly

text: and

text: ask

text: us

text: to

text: stop

text: crawling

text: or

text: archiving

text: a

text: site

text: We

text: comply

text: with

text: these

text: requests

text: In

text: addition

text: the

text: web

text: site

text: says

text: The

text: Internet

text: Archive

text: is

text: not

text: interested

text: in

text: preserving

text: or

text: offering

text: access

text: to

text: Web

text: sites

text: or

text: other

text: Internet

text: documents

text: of

text: persons

text: who

text: do

text: not

text: want

text: their

text: materials

text: in

text: the

text: collection

question: Who asserts that they will respond to direct contacts requesting material be removed from the archive?

answer: Internet Archive

text: Internet Archive


text: The University of Plymouth enrolls 25,895 total students as of 2014/15 (22nd largest in the UK out of 165). It also employs 3,000 staff with an annual income of around £160 million. It was founded in 1992 from Polytechnic South West (formerly Plymouth Polytechnic) following the Further and Higher Education Act 1992. It has courses in maritime business, marine engineering, marine biology and Earth, ocean and environmental sciences, surf science, shipping and logistics. The university formed a joint venture with the fellow Devonian University of Exeter in 2000, establishing the Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry. The college is ranked 8th out of 30 universities in the UK in 2011 for medicine. Its dental school was established in 2006, which also provides free dental care in an attempt to improve access to dental care in the South West.

title: Plymouth

title: Plymouth

text: The

text: University

text: of

text: Plymouth

text: enrolls

text: total

text: students

text: as

text: of

text: largest

text: in

text: the

text: UK

text: out

text: of

text: It

text: also

text: employs

text: staff

text: with

text: an

text: annual

text: income

text: of

text: around

text: million

text: It

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: from

text: Polytechnic

text: South

text: West

text: formerly

text: Plymouth

text: Polytechnic

text: following

text: the

text: Further

text: and

text: Higher

text: Education

text: Act

text: It

text: has

text: courses

text: in

text: maritime

text: business

text: marine

text: engineering

text: marine

text: biology

text: and

text: Earth

text: ocean

text: and

text: environmental

text: sciences

text: surf

text: science

text: shipping

text: and

text: logistics

text: The

text: university

text: formed

text: a

text: joint

text: venture

text: with

text: the

text: fellow

text: Devonian

text: University

text: of

text: Exeter

text: in

text: establishing

text: the

text: Peninsula

text: College

text: of

text: Medicine

text: and

text: Dentistry

text: The

text: college

text: is

text: ranked

text: out

text: of

text: universities

text: in

text: the

text: UK

text: in

text: for

text: medicine

text: Its

text: dental

text: school

text: was

text: established

text: in

text: which

text: also

text: provides

text: free

text: dental

text: care

text: in

text: an

text: attempt

text: to

text: improve

text: access

text: to

text: dental

text: care

text: in

text: the

text: South

text: West

question: How many students are studying at the University of Plymouth?

answer: 25,895

question: Where does the University of Plymouth rank among British institutions of higher education in terms of number of enrolled students?

answer: 22nd

question: How many staff members work for the University of Plymouth?

answer: 3,000

question: About how much are the staff of the University of Plymouth paid yearly in total?

answer: £160 million

text: £160 million

question: In what year was the University of Plymouth established?

answer: 1992


text: One mustn't overlook the doctrines of Galen: In use from his life in the 1st century AD until the 17th century, it was heresy to disagree with him for 1500 years. Galen was physician to gladiators in Pergamon, and in Rome, physician to Marcus Aurelius and the three emperors who succeeded him. Most of Galen's teachings were gathered and enhanced in the late 11th century by Benedictine monks at the School of Salerno in Regimen sanitatis Salernitanum, which still had users in the 17th century. Galen believed in the bodily humours of Hippocrates, and he taught that pneuma is the source of life. Four elements (earth, air, fire and water) combine into "complexion", which combines into states (the four temperaments: sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric, and melancholic). The states are made up of pairs of attributes (hot and moist, cold and moist, hot and dry, and cold and dry), which are made of four humours: blood, phlegm, green (or yellow) bile, and black bile (the bodily form of the elements). Galen thought that for a person to have gout, kidney stones, or arthritis was scandalous, which Gratzer likens to Samuel Butler's Erehwon (1872) where sickness is a crime.

title: Nutrition

title: Nutrition

text: One

text: must

text: n't

text: overlook

text: the

text: doctrines

text: of

text: Galen

text: In

text: use

text: from

text: his

text: life

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: AD

text: until

text: the

text: century

text: it

text: was

text: heresy

text: to

text: disagree

text: with

text: him

text: for

text: years

text: Galen

text: was

text: physician

text: to

text: gladiators

text: in

text: Pergamon

text: and

text: in

text: Rome

text: physician

text: to

text: Marcus

text: Aurelius

text: and

text: the

text: three

text: emperors

text: who

text: succeeded

text: him

text: Most

text: of

text: Galen

text: 's

text: teachings

text: were

text: gathered

text: and

text: enhanced

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: by

text: Benedictine

text: monks

text: at

text: the

text: School

text: of

text: Salerno

text: in

text: Regimen

text: sanitatis

text: Salernitanum

text: which

text: still

text: had

text: users

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: Galen

text: believed

text: in

text: the

text: bodily

text: humours

text: of

text: Hippocrates

text: and

text: he

text: taught

text: that

text: pneuma

text: is

text: the

text: source

text: of

text: life

text: Four

text: elements

text: earth

text: air

text: fire

text: and

text: water

text: combine

text: into

text: complexion

text: which

text: combines

text: into

text: states

text: the

text: four

text: temperaments

text: sanguine

text: phlegmatic

text: choleric

text: and

text: melancholic

text: The

text: states

text: are

text: made

text: up

text: of

text: pairs

text: of

text: attributes

text: hot

text: and

text: moist

text: cold

text: and

text: moist

text: hot

text: and

text: dry

text: and

text: cold

text: and

text: dry

text: which

text: are

text: made

text: of

text: four

text: humours

text: blood

text: phlegm

text: green

text: or

text: yellow

text: bile

text: and

text: black

text: bile

text: the

text: bodily

text: form

text: of

text: the

text: elements

text: Galen

text: thought

text: that

text: for

text: a

text: person

text: to

text: have

text: gout

text: kidney

text: stones

text: or

text: arthritis

text: was

text: scandalous

text: which

text: Gratzer

text: likens

text: to

text: Samuel

text: Butler

text: 's

text: Erehwon

text: where

text: sickness

text: is

text: a

text: crime

question: How long was the doctrines of Galen in use for?

answer: 1500 years

text: 1500 years

question: Which famous emperor did Galen serve as a physician to?

answer: Marcus Aurelius

text: Marcus Aurelius

question: Who resided at the School of Salerno in Regimen sanitatis Salernitanum?

answer: Benedictine monks

text: Benedictine monks

question: What did Galen believe that pneuma was?

answer: the source of life

text: the source of life

question: What did each pair of attributes supposedly consist of?

answer: four humours

text: four humours


text: Darwin had his basic theory of natural selection "by which to work" by December 1838, yet almost twenty years later, when Wallace's letter arrived on 18 June 1858, Darwin was still not ready to publish his theory. It was long thought that Darwin avoided or delayed making his ideas public for personal reasons. Reasons suggested have included fear of religious persecution or social disgrace if his views were revealed, and concern about upsetting his clergymen naturalist friends or his pious wife Emma. Charles Darwin's illness caused repeated delays. His paper on Glen Roy had proved embarrassingly wrong, and he may have wanted to be sure he was correct. David Quammen has suggested all these factors may have contributed, and notes Darwin's large output of books and busy family life during that time.

title: On_the_Origin_of_Species

title: On_the_Origin_of_Species

text: Darwin

text: had

text: his

text: basic

text: theory

text: of

text: natural

text: selection

text: by

text: which

text: to

text: work

text: by

text: December

text: yet

text: almost

text: twenty

text: years

text: later

text: when

text: Wallace

text: 's

text: letter

text: arrived

text: on

text: June

text: Darwin

text: was

text: still

text: not

text: ready

text: to

text: publish

text: his

text: theory

text: It

text: was

text: long

text: thought

text: that

text: Darwin

text: avoided

text: or

text: delayed

text: making

text: his

text: ideas

text: public

text: for

text: personal

text: reasons

text: Reasons

text: suggested

text: have

text: included

text: fear

text: of

text: religious

text: persecution

text: or

text: social

text: disgrace

text: if

text: his

text: views

text: were

text: revealed

text: and

text: concern

text: about

text: upsetting

text: his

text: clergymen

text: naturalist

text: friends

text: or

text: his

text: pious

text: wife

text: Emma

text: Charles

text: Darwin

text: 's

text: illness

text: caused

text: repeated

text: delays

text: His

text: paper

text: on

text: Glen

text: Roy

text: had

text: proved

text: embarrassingly

text: wrong

text: and

text: he

text: may

text: have

text: wanted

text: to

text: be

text: sure

text: he

text: was

text: correct

text: David

text: Quammen

text: has

text: suggested

text: all

text: these

text: factors

text: may

text: have

text: contributed

text: and

text: notes

text: Darwin

text: 's

text: large

text: output

text: of

text: books

text: and

text: busy

text: family

text: life

text: during

text: that

text: time

question: By which year did Darwin have the basic premise of his natural selection theory?

answer: 1838

question: Why might Darwin have postponed publishing his theory of evolution for over 20 years?

answer: fear of religious persecution or social disgrace

text: fear of religious persecution or social disgrace

question: Which paper did Darwin write that was incorrect?

answer: Glen Roy

text: Glen Roy

question: Who might Darwin have feared upsetting by publishing his work?

answer: his clergymen naturalist friends or his pious wife Emma.

text: his clergymen naturalist friends or his pious wife Emma.


text: One use of the term "computer security" refers to technology that is used to implement secure operating systems. In the 1980s the United States Department of Defense (DoD) used the "Orange Book" standards, but the current international standard ISO/IEC 15408, "Common Criteria" defines a number of progressively more stringent Evaluation Assurance Levels. Many common operating systems meet the EAL4 standard of being "Methodically Designed, Tested and Reviewed", but the formal verification required for the highest levels means that they are uncommon. An example of an EAL6 ("Semiformally Verified Design and Tested") system is Integrity-178B, which is used in the Airbus A380 and several military jets.

title: Computer_security

title: Computer_security

text: One

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: term

text: computer

text: security

text: refers

text: to

text: technology

text: that

text: is

text: used

text: to

text: implement

text: secure

text: operating

text: systems

text: In

text: the

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Department

text: of

text: Defense

text: DoD

text: used

text: the

text: Orange

text: Book

text: standards

text: but

text: the

text: current

text: international

text: standard

text: ISO

text: IEC

text: Common

text: Criteria

text: defines

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: progressively

text: more

text: stringent

text: Evaluation

text: Assurance

text: Levels

text: Many

text: common

text: operating

text: systems

text: meet

text: the

text: standard

text: of

text: being

text: Methodically

text: Designed

text: Tested

text: and

text: Reviewed

text: but

text: the

text: formal

text: verification

text: required

text: for

text: the

text: highest

text: levels

text: means

text: that

text: they

text: are

text: uncommon

text: An

text: example

text: of

text: an

text: Semiformally

text: Verified

text: Design

text: and

text: Tested

text: system

text: is

text: which

text: is

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: Airbus

text: and

text: several

text: military

text: jets

question: Technology that is used to implement secure operating systems is one use of what term?

answer: computer security

text: computer security

question: What does EAL stand for?

answer: Evaluation Assurance Levels

text: Evaluation Assurance Levels

question: What is the standard of EAL4?

answer: Methodically Designed, Tested and Reviewed

text: Methodically Designed, Tested and Reviewed

question: What is the standard for EAL6?

answer: Semiformally Verified Design and Tested

text: Semiformally Verified Design and Tested

question: What is an example of a system that meets EAL6?

answer: Integrity-178B


text: In India, Carnival is celebrated only in the state of Goa and a Roman Catholic tradition, where it is known as Intruz which means swindler while Entrudo, the appropriate word in Portuguese for Carnival. The largest celebration takes place in the city of Panjim which was part of Velha Conquista, Goa, but now is celebrate throughout the state. The tradition was introduced by the Portuguese who ruled Goa for over four centuries. On Tuesday preceding Ash Wednesday, the European Tradition of Fat Tuesday is celebrated with the partaking of eating of crepes also called as "AleBelle." The crepes are filled with freshly grated coconut and heat condensed coconut sap that sequentially converts it into a brown sweet molasses and additional heat concentration solidifies it to jaggery. The celebrations of Carnival peak for three days and nights and precede Ash Wednesday. When the legendary King Momo takes over the state. All-night parades occur throughout the state with bands, dances and floats and grand balls are held in the evenings.

title: Carnival

title: Carnival

text: In

text: India

text: Carnival

text: is

text: celebrated

text: only

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Goa

text: and

text: a

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: tradition

text: where

text: it

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: Intruz

text: which

text: means

text: swindler

text: while

text: Entrudo

text: the

text: appropriate

text: word

text: in

text: Portuguese

text: for

text: Carnival

text: The

text: largest

text: celebration

text: takes

text: place

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Panjim

text: which

text: was

text: part

text: of

text: Velha

text: Conquista

text: Goa

text: but

text: now

text: is

text: celebrate

text: throughout

text: the

text: state

text: The

text: tradition

text: was

text: introduced

text: by

text: the

text: Portuguese

text: who

text: ruled

text: Goa

text: for

text: over

text: four

text: centuries

text: On

text: Tuesday

text: preceding

text: Ash

text: Wednesday

text: the

text: European

text: Tradition

text: of

text: Fat

text: Tuesday

text: is

text: celebrated

text: with

text: the

text: partaking

text: of

text: eating

text: of

text: crepes

text: also

text: called

text: as

text: AleBelle

text: The

text: crepes

text: are

text: filled

text: with

text: freshly

text: grated

text: coconut

text: and

text: heat

text: condensed

text: coconut

text: sap

text: that

text: sequentially

text: converts

text: it

text: into

text: a

text: brown

text: sweet

text: molasses

text: and

text: additional

text: heat

text: concentration

text: solidifies

text: it

text: to

text: jaggery

text: The

text: celebrations

text: of

text: Carnival

text: peak

text: for

text: three

text: days

text: and

text: nights

text: and

text: precede

text: Ash

text: Wednesday

text: When

text: the

text: legendary

text: King

text: Momo

text: takes

text: over

text: the

text: state

text: All

text: night

text: parades

text: occur

text: throughout

text: the

text: state

text: with

text: bands

text: dances

text: and

text: floats

text: and

text: grand

text: balls

text: are

text: held

text: in

text: the

text: evenings

question: What is the only state in India in which Carnival is celebrated?

answer: Goa

text: Goa

question: What does the Indian word "Intruz" mean?

answer: swindler

text: swindler

question: The largest Carnival celebration takes place in which city?

answer: Panjim

text: Panjim

question: What is eaten on Fat Tuesday to partake in the celebration?

answer: crepes

text: crepes

question: What legendary king eventually takes over the state?

answer: Momo

text: Momo


text: Internal courtyards became more rare, except beside the stables, and the functional parts of the building were placed at the sides, or in separate buildings nearby hidden by trees. The views to and from the front and rear of the main block were concentrated on, with the side approaches usually much less important. The roof was typically invisible from the ground, though domes were sometimes visible in grander buildings. The roofline was generally clear of ornament except for a balustrade or the top of a pediment. Columns or pilasters, often topped by a pediment, were popular for ornament inside and out, and other ornament was generally geometrical or plant-based, rather than using the human figure.

title: Georgian_architecture

title: Georgian_architecture

text: Internal

text: courtyards

text: became

text: more

text: rare

text: except

text: beside

text: the

text: stables

text: and

text: the

text: functional

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: building

text: were

text: placed

text: at

text: the

text: sides

text: or

text: in

text: separate

text: buildings

text: nearby

text: hidden

text: by

text: trees

text: The

text: views

text: to

text: and

text: from

text: the

text: front

text: and

text: rear

text: of

text: the

text: main

text: block

text: were

text: concentrated

text: on

text: with

text: the

text: side

text: approaches

text: usually

text: much

text: less

text: important

text: The

text: roof

text: was

text: typically

text: invisible

text: from

text: the

text: ground

text: though

text: domes

text: were

text: sometimes

text: visible

text: in

text: grander

text: buildings

text: The

text: roofline

text: was

text: generally

text: clear

text: of

text: ornament

text: except

text: for

text: a

text: balustrade

text: or

text: the

text: top

text: of

text: a

text: pediment

text: Columns

text: or

text: pilasters

text: often

text: topped

text: by

text: a

text: pediment

text: were

text: popular

text: for

text: ornament

text: inside

text: and

text: out

text: and

text: other

text: ornament

text: was

text: generally

text: geometrical

text: or

text: plant

text: based

text: rather

text: than

text: using

text: the

text: human

text: figure

question: What was often used to hide functional parts of buildings?

answer: trees

text: trees

question: What was occasionally visible in grander buildings?

answer: domes

text: domes

question: What often topped pilasters of columns?

answer: pediment

text: pediment

question: What designs did ornament use to avoid using the human figure?

answer: geometrical or plant-based

text: geometrical or plant-based

question: What aspect of buildings became very rare?

answer: Internal courtyards

text: Internal courtyards


text: The Allies offered peace terms in the Frankfurt proposals in November 1813. Napoleon would remain as Emperor of France, but it would be reduced to its "natural frontiers." That meant that France could retain control of Belgium, Savoy and the Rhineland (the west bank of the Rhine River), while giving up control of all the rest, including all of Spain and the Netherlands, and most of Italy and Germany. Metternich told Napoleon these were the best terms the Allies were likely to offer; after further victories, the terms would be harsher and harsher. Metternich's motivation was to maintain France as a balance against Russian threats, while ending the highly destabilizing series of wars.

title: Napoleon

title: Napoleon

text: The

text: Allies

text: offered

text: peace

text: terms

text: in

text: the

text: Frankfurt

text: proposals

text: in

text: November

text: Napoleon

text: would

text: remain

text: as

text: Emperor

text: of

text: France

text: but

text: it

text: would

text: be

text: reduced

text: to

text: its

text: natural

text: frontiers

text: That

text: meant

text: that

text: France

text: could

text: retain

text: control

text: of

text: Belgium

text: Savoy

text: and

text: the

text: Rhineland

text: the

text: west

text: bank

text: of

text: the

text: Rhine

text: River

text: while

text: giving

text: up

text: control

text: of

text: all

text: the

text: rest

text: including

text: all

text: of

text: Spain

text: and

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: and

text: most

text: of

text: Italy

text: and

text: Germany

text: Metternich

text: told

text: Napoleon

text: these

text: were

text: the

text: best

text: terms

text: the

text: Allies

text: were

text: likely

text: to

text: offer

text: after

text: further

text: victories

text: the

text: terms

text: would

text: be

text: harsher

text: and

text: harsher

text: Metternich

text: 's

text: motivation

text: was

text: to

text: maintain

text: France

text: as

text: a

text: balance

text: against

text: Russian

text: threats

text: while

text: ending

text: the

text: highly

text: destabilizing

text: series

text: of

text: wars

question: The Allies suggested peace terms in which set of proposals?

answer: the Frankfurt proposals

text: the Frankfurt proposals

question: When were the Frankfurt proposals made?

answer: November 1813

text: November 1813

question: The Frankfurt proposals allowed Napoleon to retain what position in France?

answer: Emperor

text: Emperor

question: The Frankfurt proposals sought to reduce France to what?

answer: its "natural frontiers."

text: its "natural frontiers."

question: Who told Napoleon that the Frankfurt proposals were probably the best terms the Allies would offer?

answer: Metternich

text: Metternich


text: Punjab during Mahabharata times was known as Panchanada. Punjab was part of the Indus Valley Civilization, more than 4000 years ago. The main site in Punjab was the city of Harrapa. The Indus Valley Civilization spanned much of what is today Pakistan and eventually evolved into the Indo-Aryan civilisation. The Vedic civilisation flourished along the length of the Indus River. This civilisation shaped subsequent cultures in South Asia and Afghanistan. Although the archaeological site at Harappa was partially damaged in 1857 when engineers constructing the Lahore-Multan railroad used brick from the Harappa ruins for track ballast, an abundance of artefacts have nevertheless been found. Punjab was part of the great ancient empires including the Gandhara Mahajanapadas, Achaemenids, Macedonians, Mauryas, Kushans, Guptas, and Hindu Shahi. It also comprised the Gujar empire for a period of time, otherwise known as the Gurjara-Pratihara empire. Agriculture flourished and trading cities (such as Multan and Lahore) grew in wealth.

title: Punjab,_Pakistan

title: Punjab,_Pakistan

text: Punjab

text: during

text: Mahabharata

text: times

text: was

text: known

text: as

text: Panchanada

text: Punjab

text: was

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Indus

text: Valley

text: Civilization

text: more

text: than

text: years

text: ago

text: The

text: main

text: site

text: in

text: Punjab

text: was

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Harrapa

text: The

text: Indus

text: Valley

text: Civilization

text: spanned

text: much

text: of

text: what

text: is

text: today

text: Pakistan

text: and

text: eventually

text: evolved

text: into

text: the

text: Indo

text: Aryan

text: civilisation

text: The

text: Vedic

text: civilisation

text: flourished

text: along

text: the

text: length

text: of

text: the

text: Indus

text: River

text: This

text: civilisation

text: shaped

text: subsequent

text: cultures

text: in

text: South

text: Asia

text: and

text: Afghanistan

text: Although

text: the

text: archaeological

text: site

text: at

text: Harappa

text: was

text: partially

text: damaged

text: in

text: when

text: engineers

text: constructing

text: the

text: Lahore

text: Multan

text: railroad

text: used

text: brick

text: from

text: the

text: Harappa

text: ruins

text: for

text: track

text: ballast

text: an

text: abundance

text: of

text: artefacts

text: have

text: nevertheless

text: been

text: found

text: Punjab

text: was

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: great

text: ancient

text: empires

text: including

text: the

text: Gandhara

text: Mahajanapadas

text: Achaemenids

text: Macedonians

text: Mauryas

text: Kushans

text: Guptas

text: and

text: Hindu

text: Shahi

text: It

text: also

text: comprised

text: the

text: Gujar

text: empire

text: for

text: a

text: period

text: of

text: time

text: otherwise

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Gurjara

text: Pratihara

text: empire

text: Agriculture

text: flourished

text: and

text: trading

text: cities

text: such

text: as

text: Multan

text: and

text: Lahore

text: grew

text: in

text: wealth

question: What was Punjab formerly known as?

answer: Panchanada

text: Panchanada

question: What ancient civilization lived in Punjab?

answer: the Indus Valley Civilization

text: the Indus Valley Civilization

question: When was Punjab part of the Indus Valley Civilization?

answer: more than 4000 years ago

text: more than 4000 years ago

question: What was the major Indus city in Punjab?

answer: Harrapa

text: Harrapa

question: What were bricks taken from Harrapa for the construction of?

answer: the Lahore-Multan railroad

text: the Lahore-Multan railroad


text: The severe weather in the Alps has been studied since the 18th century; particularly the weather patterns such as the seasonal foehn wind. Numerous weather stations were placed in the mountains early in the early 20th century, providing continuous data for climatologists. Some of the valleys are quite arid such as the Aosta valley in Italy, the Maurienne in France, the Valais in Switzerland, and northern Tyrol.

title: Alps

title: Alps

text: The

text: severe

text: weather

text: in

text: the

text: Alps

text: has

text: been

text: studied

text: since

text: the

text: century

text: particularly

text: the

text: weather

text: patterns

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: seasonal

text: foehn

text: wind

text: Numerous

text: weather

text: stations

text: were

text: placed

text: in

text: the

text: mountains

text: early

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: providing

text: continuous

text: data

text: for

text: climatologists

text: Some

text: of

text: the

text: valleys

text: are

text: quite

text: arid

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Aosta

text: valley

text: in

text: Italy

text: the

text: Maurienne

text: in

text: France

text: the

text: Valais

text: in

text: Switzerland

text: and

text: northern

text: Tyrol

question: Since when has the severe weather in the Alps been studied?

answer: the 18th century

text: the 18th century

question: Particularly what part of the weather has been studied?

answer: the weather patterns

text: the weather patterns

question: What was placed in the mountains early in the 20th century?

answer: Numerous weather stations

text: Numerous weather stations

question: Where is the Aosta valley located?

answer: Italy

text: Italy

question: Where is the Valais located?

answer: Switzerland

text: Switzerland


text: Seattle is widely considered one of the most liberal cities in the United States, even surpassing its neighbor, Portland, Oregon. Support for issues such as same-sex marriage and reproductive rights are largely taken for granted in local politics. In the 2012 U.S. general election, an overwhelming majority of Seattleites voted to approve Referendum 74 and legalize gay marriage in Washington state. In the same election, an overwhelming majority of Seattleites also voted to approve the legalization of the recreational use of cannabis in the state. Like much of the Pacific Northwest (which has the lowest rate of church attendance in the United States and consistently reports the highest percentage of atheism), church attendance, religious belief, and political influence of religious leaders are much lower than in other parts of America.

title: Seattle

title: Seattle

text: Seattle

text: is

text: widely

text: considered

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: liberal

text: cities

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: even

text: surpassing

text: its

text: neighbor

text: Portland

text: Oregon

text: Support

text: for

text: issues

text: such

text: as

text: same

text: sex

text: marriage

text: and

text: reproductive

text: rights

text: are

text: largely

text: taken

text: for

text: granted

text: in

text: local

text: politics

text: In

text: the

text: U.S.

text: general

text: election

text: an

text: overwhelming

text: majority

text: of

text: Seattleites

text: voted

text: to

text: approve

text: Referendum

text: and

text: legalize

text: gay

text: marriage

text: in

text: Washington

text: state

text: In

text: the

text: same

text: election

text: an

text: overwhelming

text: majority

text: of

text: Seattleites

text: also

text: voted

text: to

text: approve

text: the

text: legalization

text: of

text: the

text: recreational

text: use

text: of

text: cannabis

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: Like

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Northwest

text: which

text: has

text: the

text: lowest

text: rate

text: of

text: church

text: attendance

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: consistently

text: reports

text: the

text: highest

text: percentage

text: of

text: atheism

text: church

text: attendance

text: religious

text: belief

text: and

text: political

text: influence

text: of

text: religious

text: leaders

text: are

text: much

text: lower

text: than

text: in

text: other

text: parts

text: of

text: America

question: What is Seattle thought to be politically?

answer: liberal

text: liberal

question: What did the people of Seattle vote to legalize in 2012?

answer: gay marriage

text: gay marriage

question: What other political hot issue did voters in Seattle vote to legalize in 2012?

answer: use of cannabis

text: use of cannabis

question: What do residents of Seattle believe in matters of religion?

answer: atheism

text: atheism

question: How does Seattle compare in church attendance to the rest oF the US?

answer: much lower

text: much lower


text: Friederike Müller, a pupil of Chopin, wrote: "[His] playing was always noble and beautiful; his tones sang, whether in full forte or softest piano. He took infinite pains to teach his pupils this legato, cantabile style of playing. His most severe criticism was 'He—or she—does not know how to join two notes together.' He also demanded the strictest adherence to rhythm. He hated all lingering and dragging, misplaced rubatos, as well as exaggerated ritardandos ... and it is precisely in this respect that people make such terrible errors in playing his works."

title: Frédéric_Chopin

title: Frédéric_Chopin

text: Friederike

text: Müller

text: a

text: pupil

text: of

text: Chopin

text: wrote

text: His

text: playing

text: was

text: always

text: noble

text: and

text: beautiful

text: his

text: tones

text: sang

text: whether

text: in

text: full

text: forte

text: or

text: softest

text: piano

text: He

text: took

text: infinite

text: pains

text: to

text: teach

text: his

text: pupils

text: this

text: legato

text: cantabile

text: style

text: of

text: playing

text: His

text: most

text: severe

text: criticism

text: was

text: He

text: or

text: she

text: does

text: not

text: know

text: how

text: to

text: join

text: two

text: notes

text: together

text: He

text: also

text: demanded

text: the

text: strictest

text: adherence

text: to

text: rhythm

text: He

text: hated

text: all

text: lingering

text: and

text: dragging

text: misplaced

text: rubatos

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: exaggerated

text: ritardandos

text: and

text: it

text: is

text: precisely

text: in

text: this

text: respect

text: that

text: people

text: make

text: such

text: terrible

text: errors

text: in

text: playing

text: his

text: works

question: According to who did Chopin demand strictly sticking with rhythm?

answer: Friederike Müller

text: Friederike Müller

question: Which student said Chopin made sure his students knew his legato, cantabile style of playing?

answer: Friederike Müller

text: Friederike Müller

question: According to Friederike Müller, Chopin insisted his students have the strictest adherence to what?

answer: rhythm.

text: rhythm.


text: Traditional morphology-based or appearance-based systematics have usually given the Hexapoda the rank of superclass,:180 and identified four groups within it: insects (Ectognatha), springtails (Collembola), Protura, and Diplura, the latter three being grouped together as the Entognatha on the basis of internalized mouth parts. Supraordinal relationships have undergone numerous changes with the advent of methods based on evolutionary history and genetic data. A recent theory is that the Hexapoda are polyphyletic (where the last common ancestor was not a member of the group), with the entognath classes having separate evolutionary histories from the Insecta. Many of the traditional appearance-based taxa have been shown to be paraphyletic, so rather than using ranks like subclass, superorder, and infraorder, it has proved better to use monophyletic groupings (in which the last common ancestor is a member of the group). The following represents the best-supported monophyletic groupings for the Insecta.

title: Insect

title: Insect

text: Traditional

text: morphology

text: based

text: or

text: appearance

text: based

text: systematics

text: have

text: usually

text: given

text: the

text: Hexapoda

text: the

text: rank

text: of

text: and

text: identified

text: four

text: groups

text: within

text: it

text: insects

text: Ectognatha

text: springtails

text: Collembola

text: Protura

text: and

text: Diplura

text: the

text: latter

text: three

text: being

text: grouped

text: together

text: as

text: the

text: Entognatha

text: on

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: internalized

text: mouth

text: parts

text: Supraordinal

text: relationships

text: have

text: undergone

text: numerous

text: changes

text: with

text: the

text: advent

text: of

text: methods

text: based

text: on

text: evolutionary

text: history

text: and

text: genetic

text: data

text: A

text: recent

text: theory

text: is

text: that

text: the

text: Hexapoda

text: are

text: polyphyletic

text: where

text: the

text: last

text: common

text: ancestor

text: was

text: not

text: a

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: group

text: with

text: the

text: entognath

text: classes

text: having

text: separate

text: evolutionary

text: histories

text: from

text: the

text: Insecta

text: Many

text: of

text: the

text: traditional

text: appearance

text: based

text: taxa

text: have

text: been

text: shown

text: to

text: be

text: paraphyletic

text: so

text: rather

text: than

text: using

text: ranks

text: like

text: subclass

text: superorder

text: and

text: infraorder

text: it

text: has

text: proved

text: better

text: to

text: use

text: monophyletic

text: groupings

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: last

text: common

text: ancestor

text: is

text: a

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: group

text: The

text: following

text: represents

text: the

text: best

text: supported

text: monophyletic

text: groupings

text: for

text: the

text: Insecta

question: Morphology-based and appearance-based are known as what?

answer: systematics

text: systematics

question: What class is the Hexapoda ranked?

answer: superclass

text: superclass

question: How many groups are defined in the superclass?

answer: four groups

text: four groups

question: Springtails are also known as what?

answer: Collembola

text: Collembola

question: Collembola, protura, and dipkura are in a group called what?

answer: Entognatha

text: Entognatha


text: The overcrowded conditions of the library was one of the reasons why the RIBA moved from 9 Conduit Street to larger premises at 66 Portland Place in 1934. The library remained open throughout World War Two and was able to shelter the archives of Modernist architect Adolf Loos during the war.

title: Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

title: Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

text: The

text: overcrowded

text: conditions

text: of

text: the

text: library

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: reasons

text: why

text: the

text: RIBA

text: moved

text: from

text: Conduit

text: Street

text: to

text: larger

text: premises

text: at

text: Portland

text: Place

text: in

text: The

text: library

text: remained

text: open

text: throughout

text: World

text: War

text: Two

text: and

text: was

text: able

text: to

text: shelter

text: the

text: archives

text: of

text: Modernist

text: architect

text: Adolf

text: Loos

text: during

text: the

text: war

question: What was the RIBA Library's first address?

answer: 9 Conduit Street

text: 9 Conduit Street

question: Where did RIBA move its library?

answer: 66 Portland Place

text: 66 Portland Place

question: In what year did RIBA move its library?

answer: 1934

question: Which architect's work was preserved throughout World War II by the Royal Institute's Library?

answer: Adolf Loos

text: Adolf Loos


text: Maintaining the household was the main duty of samurai women. This was especially crucial during early feudal Japan, when warrior husbands were often traveling abroad or engaged in clan battles. The wife, or okugatasama (meaning: one who remains in the home), was left to manage all household affairs, care for the children, and perhaps even defend the home forcibly. For this reason, many women of the samurai class were trained in wielding a polearm called a naginata or a special knife called the kaiken in an art called tantojutsu (lit. the skill of the knife), which they could use to protect their household, family, and honor if the need arose.

title: Samurai

title: Samurai

text: Maintaining

text: the

text: household

text: was

text: the

text: main

text: duty

text: of

text: samurai

text: women

text: This

text: was

text: especially

text: crucial

text: during

text: early

text: feudal

text: Japan

text: when

text: warrior

text: husbands

text: were

text: often

text: traveling

text: abroad

text: or

text: engaged

text: in

text: clan

text: battles

text: The

text: wife

text: or

text: okugatasama

text: meaning

text: one

text: who

text: remains

text: in

text: the

text: home

text: was

text: left

text: to

text: manage

text: all

text: household

text: affairs

text: care

text: for

text: the

text: children

text: and

text: perhaps

text: even

text: defend

text: the

text: home

text: forcibly

text: For

text: this

text: reason

text: many

text: women

text: of

text: the

text: samurai

text: class

text: were

text: trained

text: in

text: wielding

text: a

text: polearm

text: called

text: a

text: naginata

text: or

text: a

text: special

text: knife

text: called

text: the

text: kaiken

text: in

text: an

text: art

text: called

text: tantojutsu

text: lit

text: the

text: skill

text: of

text: the

text: knife

text: which

text: they

text: could

text: use

text: to

text: protect

text: their

text: household

text: family

text: and

text: honor

text: if

text: the

text: need

text: arose

question: What did samurai wives spend most of their time on?

answer: Maintaining the household

text: Maintaining the household

question: What did okugatasama mean?

answer: one who remains in the home

text: one who remains in the home

question: What did samurai wives' duties include when their husbands were away?

answer: manage all household affairs, care for the children, and perhaps even defend the home forcibly

text: manage all household affairs, care for the children, and perhaps even defend the home forcibly

question: What was a naginata?

answer: a polearm

text: a polearm

question: What was tantojutsu?

answer: the skill of the knife

text: the skill of the knife


text: Wildfires plague the forested areas of Guam every dry season despite the island's humid climate. Most fires are man-caused with 80% resulting from arson. Poachers often start fires to attract deer to the new growth. Invasive grass species that rely on fire as part of their natural life cycle grow in many regularly burned areas. Grasslands and "barrens" have replaced previously forested areas leading to greater soil erosion. During the rainy season sediment is carried by the heavy rains into the Fena Lake Reservoir and Ugum River, leading to water quality problems for southern Guam. Eroded silt also destroys the marine life in reefs around the island. Soil stabilization efforts by volunteers and forestry workers (planting trees) have had little success in preserving natural habitats.

title: Guam

title: Guam

text: Wildfires

text: plague

text: the

text: forested

text: areas

text: of

text: Guam

text: every

text: dry

text: season

text: despite

text: the

text: island

text: 's

text: humid

text: climate

text: Most

text: fires

text: are

text: man

text: caused

text: with

text: resulting

text: from

text: arson

text: Poachers

text: often

text: start

text: fires

text: to

text: attract

text: deer

text: to

text: the

text: new

text: growth

text: Invasive

text: grass

text: species

text: that

text: rely

text: on

text: fire

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: their

text: natural

text: life

text: cycle

text: grow

text: in

text: many

text: regularly

text: burned

text: areas

text: Grasslands

text: and

text: barrens

text: have

text: replaced

text: previously

text: forested

text: areas

text: leading

text: to

text: greater

text: soil

text: erosion

text: During

text: the

text: rainy

text: season

text: sediment

text: is

text: carried

text: by

text: the

text: heavy

text: rains

text: into

text: the

text: Fena

text: Lake

text: Reservoir

text: and

text: Ugum

text: River

text: leading

text: to

text: water

text: quality

text: problems

text: for

text: southern

text: Guam

text: Eroded

text: silt

text: also

text: destroys

text: the

text: marine

text: life

text: in

text: reefs

text: around

text: the

text: island

text: Soil

text: stabilization

text: efforts

text: by

text: volunteers

text: and

text: forestry

text: workers

text: planting

text: trees

text: have

text: had

text: little

text: success

text: in

text: preserving

text: natural

text: habitats

question: What plagues the Guam dry season?

answer: Wildfires

text: Wildfires

question: What are the cause of the majority of the fires in the area?

answer: man

text: man

question: What causes water quality problems in Guam?

answer: sediment is carried by the heavy rains into the Fena Lake Reservoir and Ugum River

text: sediment is carried by the heavy rains into the Fena Lake Reservoir and Ugum River


text: For example, character 10 represents the "line feed" function (which causes a printer to advance its paper), and character 8 represents "backspace". RFC 2822 refers to control characters that do not include carriage return, line feed or white space as non-whitespace control characters. Except for the control characters that prescribe elementary line-oriented formatting, ASCII does not define any mechanism for describing the structure or appearance of text within a document. Other schemes, such as markup languages, address page and document layout and formatting.

title: ASCII

title: ASCII

text: For

text: example

text: character

text: represents

text: the

text: line

text: feed

text: function

text: which

text: causes

text: a

text: printer

text: to

text: advance

text: its

text: paper

text: and

text: character

text: represents

text: backspace

text: RFC

text: refers

text: to

text: control

text: characters

text: that

text: do

text: not

text: include

text: carriage

text: return

text: line

text: feed

text: or

text: white

text: space

text: as

text: non

text: whitespace

text: control

text: characters

text: Except

text: for

text: the

text: control

text: characters

text: that

text: prescribe

text: elementary

text: line

text: oriented

text: formatting

text: ASCII

text: does

text: not

text: define

text: any

text: mechanism

text: for

text: describing

text: the

text: structure

text: or

text: appearance

text: of

text: text

text: within

text: a

text: document

text: Other

text: schemes

text: such

text: as

text: markup

text: languages

text: address

text: page

text: and

text: document

text: layout

text: and

text: formatting

question: What does the "line feed" function do?

answer: causes a printer to advance its paper

text: causes a printer to advance its paper

question: What character represents the "line feed" function?

answer: character 10

text: character 10

question: What does character 8 represent?

answer: backspace

text: backspace

question: What does RFC 2822 refers to what kind of control characters?

answer: control characters that do not include carriage return, line feed or white space as non-whitespace control characters

text: control characters that do not include carriage return, line feed or white space as non-whitespace control characters


text: The predominant religion is southern Europe is Christianity. Christianity spread throughout Southern Europe during the Roman Empire, and Christianity was adopted as the official religion of the Roman Empire in the year 380 AD. Due to the historical break of the Christian Church into the western half based in Rome and the eastern half based in Constantinople, different branches of Christianity are prodominent in different parts of Europe. Christians in the western half of Southern Europe — e.g., Portugal, Spain, Italy — are generally Roman Catholic. Christians in the eastern half of Southern Europe — e.g., Greece, Macedonia — are generally Greek Orthodox.

title: Southern_Europe

title: Southern_Europe

text: The

text: predominant

text: religion

text: is

text: southern

text: Europe

text: is

text: Christianity

text: Christianity

text: spread

text: throughout

text: Southern

text: Europe

text: during

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: and

text: Christianity

text: was

text: adopted

text: as

text: the

text: official

text: religion

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: in

text: the

text: year

text: AD

text: Due

text: to

text: the

text: historical

text: break

text: of

text: the

text: Christian

text: Church

text: into

text: the

text: western

text: half

text: based

text: in

text: Rome

text: and

text: the

text: eastern

text: half

text: based

text: in

text: Constantinople

text: different

text: branches

text: of

text: Christianity

text: are

text: prodominent

text: in

text: different

text: parts

text: of

text: Europe

text: Christians

text: in

text: the

text: western

text: half

text: of

text: Southern

text: Europe

text: e.g.

text: Portugal

text: Spain

text: Italy

text: are

text: generally

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: Christians

text: in

text: the

text: eastern

text: half

text: of

text: Southern

text: Europe

text: e.g.

text: Greece

text: Macedonia

text: are

text: generally

text: Greek

text: Orthodox

question: What is the main faith practiced in southern Europe?

answer: Christianity

text: Christianity

question: When did the Romans make Christianity their official religion?

answer: 380 AD

text: 380 AD

question: What denomination of Christianity is common in the western part of southern Europe?

answer: Roman Catholic

text: Roman Catholic

question: Which denomination of Christianity is more common in the eastern part of Mediterranean Europe?

answer: Greek Orthodox

text: Greek Orthodox


text: Some of the best examples of later Islamic mosaics were produced in Moorish Spain. The golden mosaics in the mihrab and the central dome of the Great Mosque in Corduba have a decidedly Byzantine character. They were made between 965 and 970 by local craftsmen, supervised by a master mosaicist from Constantinople, who was sent by the Byzantine Emperor to the Umayyad Caliph of Spain. The decoration is composed of colorful floral arabesques and wide bands of Arab calligraphy. The mosaics were purported to evoke the glamour of the Great Mosque in Damascus, which was lost for the Umayyad family.

title: Mosaic

title: Mosaic

text: Some

text: of

text: the

text: best

text: examples

text: of

text: later

text: Islamic

text: mosaics

text: were

text: produced

text: in

text: Moorish

text: Spain

text: The

text: golden

text: mosaics

text: in

text: the

text: mihrab

text: and

text: the

text: central

text: dome

text: of

text: the

text: Great

text: Mosque

text: in

text: Corduba

text: have

text: a

text: decidedly

text: Byzantine

text: character

text: They

text: were

text: made

text: between

text: and

text: by

text: local

text: craftsmen

text: supervised

text: by

text: a

text: master

text: mosaicist

text: from

text: Constantinople

text: who

text: was

text: sent

text: by

text: the

text: Byzantine

text: Emperor

text: to

text: the

text: Umayyad

text: Caliph

text: of

text: Spain

text: The

text: decoration

text: is

text: composed

text: of

text: colorful

text: floral

text: arabesques

text: and

text: wide

text: bands

text: of

text: Arab

text: calligraphy

text: The

text: mosaics

text: were

text: purported

text: to

text: evoke

text: the

text: glamour

text: of

text: the

text: Great

text: Mosque

text: in

text: Damascus

text: which

text: was

text: lost

text: for

text: the

text: Umayyad

text: family

question: Where are some of the best examples of islamic mosaic work found?

answer: Moorish Spain

text: Moorish Spain

question: The mosaics in the Great Mosque in Corduba have what kind of style?

answer: Byzantine

text: Byzantine

question: Who sent the master mosaicist to Spain?

answer: the Byzantine Emperor

text: the Byzantine Emperor

question: When were the mosaics in the Great Mosque in Corduba created?

answer: between 965 and 970

text: between 965 and 970

question: Who created the mosaics in the Great Mosque in Corduba?

answer: local craftsmen

text: local craftsmen


text: Douglas's business grew astronomically with the onset of World War II, employing as many as 44,000 people in 1943. To defend against air attack set designers from the Warner Brothers Studios prepared elaborate camouflage that disguised the factory and airfield. The RAND Corporation began as a project of the Douglas Company in 1945, and spun off into an independent think tank on May 14, 1948. RAND eventually acquired a 15-acre (61,000 m²) campus centrally located between the Civic Center and the pier entrance.

title: Santa_Monica,_California

title: Santa_Monica,_California

text: Douglas

text: 's

text: business

text: grew

text: astronomically

text: with

text: the

text: onset

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: employing

text: as

text: many

text: as

text: people

text: in

text: To

text: defend

text: against

text: air

text: attack

text: set

text: designers

text: from

text: the

text: Warner

text: Brothers

text: Studios

text: prepared

text: elaborate

text: camouflage

text: that

text: disguised

text: the

text: factory

text: and

text: airfield

text: The

text: RAND

text: Corporation

text: began

text: as

text: a

text: project

text: of

text: the

text: Douglas

text: Company

text: in

text: and

text: spun

text: off

text: into

text: an

text: independent

text: think

text: tank

text: on

text: May

text: RAND

text: eventually

text: acquired

text: a

text: m²

text: campus

text: centrally

text: located

text: between

text: the

text: Civic

text: Center

text: and

text: the

text: pier

text: entrance

question: What brought on the Douglas business's company growth?

answer: World War II

text: World War II

question: How many people did the company employ in 1943?

answer: 44,000

question: The company used camouflage from what designers?

answer: Warner Brothers Studios

text: Warner Brothers Studios

question: What company started as a project in 1945?

answer: RAND

text: RAND

question: What was the camouflage designed to do?

answer: defend against air attack

text: defend against air attack


text: The next European to visit was Arent Schuyler de Peyster, of New York, captain of the armed brigantine or privateer Rebecca, sailing under British colours, which passed through the southern Tuvaluan waters in May 1819; de Peyster sighted Nukufetau and Funafuti, which he named Ellice's Island after an English Politician, Edward Ellice, the Member of Parliament for Coventry and the owner of the Rebecca's cargo. The name Ellice was applied to all nine islands after the work of English hydrographer Alexander George Findlay.

title: Tuvalu

title: Tuvalu

text: The

text: next

text: European

text: to

text: visit

text: was

text: Are

text: nt

text: Schuyler

text: de

text: Peyster

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: captain

text: of

text: the

text: armed

text: brigantine

text: or

text: privateer

text: Rebecca

text: sailing

text: under

text: British

text: colours

text: which

text: passed

text: through

text: the

text: southern

text: Tuvaluan

text: waters

text: in

text: May

text: de

text: Peyster

text: sighted

text: Nukufetau

text: and

text: Funafuti

text: which

text: he

text: named

text: Ellice

text: 's

text: Island

text: after

text: an

text: English

text: Politician

text: Edward

text: Ellice

text: the

text: Member

text: of

text: Parliament

text: for

text: Coventry

text: and

text: the

text: owner

text: of

text: the

text: Rebecca

text: 's

text: cargo

text: The

text: name

text: Ellice

text: was

text: applied

text: to

text: all

text: nine

text: islands

text: after

text: the

text: work

text: of

text: English

text: hydrographer

text: Alexander

text: George

text: Findlay

question: When did Arent Schuyler de Peyster visit Tuvalu?

answer: May 1819

text: May 1819

question: Which of the Tuvalu isalnds did de Peyster see?

answer: Nukufetau and Funafuti

text: Nukufetau and Funafuti

question: What name did de Peyster give the Tuvalu islands?

answer: Ellice's Island

text: Ellice's Island

question: For whom did de Peyster name Ellice's Island?

answer: Edward Ellice

text: Edward Ellice

question: After Findlay's charting how many islands of the group were named Ellice?

answer: all nine islands

text: all nine islands


text: While the use of iron started to become more widespread around 1200 BC, mainly because of interruptions in the trade routes for tin, the metal is much softer than bronze. However, very small amounts of steel, (an alloy of iron and around 1% carbon), was always a byproduct of the bloomery process. The ability to modify the hardness of steel by heat treatment had been known since 1100 BC, and the rare material was valued for the manufacture of tools and weapons. Because the ancients could not produce temperatures high enough to melt iron fully, the production of steel in decent quantities did not occur until the introduction of blister steel during the Middle Ages. This method introduced carbon by heating wrought iron in charcoal for long periods of time, but the penetration of carbon was not very deep, so the alloy was not homogeneous. In 1740, Benjamin Huntsman began melting blister steel in a crucible to even out the carbon content, creating the first process for the mass production of tool steel. Huntsman's process was used for manufacturing tool steel until the early 1900s.

title: Alloy

title: Alloy

text: While

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: iron

text: started

text: to

text: become

text: more

text: widespread

text: around

text: BC

text: mainly

text: because

text: of

text: interruptions

text: in

text: the

text: trade

text: routes

text: for

text: tin

text: the

text: metal

text: is

text: much

text: softer

text: than

text: bronze

text: However

text: very

text: small

text: amounts

text: of

text: steel

text: an

text: alloy

text: of

text: iron

text: and

text: around

text: carbon

text: was

text: always

text: a

text: byproduct

text: of

text: the

text: bloomery

text: process

text: The

text: ability

text: to

text: modify

text: the

text: hardness

text: of

text: steel

text: by

text: heat

text: treatment

text: had

text: been

text: known

text: since

text: BC

text: and

text: the

text: rare

text: material

text: was

text: valued

text: for

text: the

text: manufacture

text: of

text: tools

text: and

text: weapons

text: Because

text: the

text: ancients

text: could

text: not

text: produce

text: temperatures

text: high

text: enough

text: to

text: melt

text: iron

text: fully

text: the

text: production

text: of

text: steel

text: in

text: decent

text: quantities

text: did

text: not

text: occur

text: until

text: the

text: introduction

text: of

text: blister

text: steel

text: during

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: This

text: method

text: introduced

text: carbon

text: by

text: heating

text: wrought

text: iron

text: in

text: charcoal

text: for

text: long

text: periods

text: of

text: time

text: but

text: the

text: penetration

text: of

text: carbon

text: was

text: not

text: very

text: deep

text: so

text: the

text: alloy

text: was

text: not

text: homogeneous

text: In

text: Benjamin

text: Huntsman

text: began

text: melting

text: blister

text: steel

text: in

text: a

text: crucible

text: to

text: even

text: out

text: the

text: carbon

text: content

text: creating

text: the

text: first

text: process

text: for

text: the

text: mass

text: production

text: of

text: tool

text: steel

text: Huntsman

text: 's

text: process

text: was

text: used

text: for

text: manufacturing

text: tool

text: steel

text: until

text: the

text: early

question: Heat treatment of steel has been know since what time?

answer: 1100 BC

text: 1100 BC

question: When did iron start to become melted by people?

answer: Middle Ages

text: Middle Ages

question: Who created the first process for the mass production of tool steel?

answer: Benjamin Huntsman

text: Benjamin Huntsman

question: When did Benjamin Huntsman begin to melt blister steel in a crucible

answer: 1740


text: The elections of 2010 resulted in a victory for the military-backed Union Solidarity and Development Party. Various foreign observers questioned the fairness of the elections. One criticism of the election was that only government sanctioned political parties were allowed to contest in it and the popular National League for Democracy was declared illegal. However, immediately following the elections, the government ended the house arrest of the democracy advocate and leader of the National League for Democracy, Aung San Suu Kyi, and her ability to move freely around the country is considered an important test of the military's movement toward more openness. After unexpected reforms in 2011, NLD senior leaders have decided to register as a political party and to field candidates in future by-elections.

title: Myanmar

title: Myanmar

text: The

text: elections

text: of

text: resulted

text: in

text: a

text: victory

text: for

text: the

text: military

text: backed

text: Union

text: Solidarity

text: and

text: Development

text: Party

text: Various

text: foreign

text: observers

text: questioned

text: the

text: fairness

text: of

text: the

text: elections

text: One

text: criticism

text: of

text: the

text: election

text: was

text: that

text: only

text: government

text: sanctioned

text: political

text: parties

text: were

text: allowed

text: to

text: contest

text: in

text: it

text: and

text: the

text: popular

text: National

text: League

text: for

text: Democracy

text: was

text: declared

text: illegal

text: However

text: immediately

text: following

text: the

text: elections

text: the

text: government

text: ended

text: the

text: house

text: arrest

text: of

text: the

text: democracy

text: advocate

text: and

text: leader

text: of

text: the

text: National

text: League

text: for

text: Democracy

text: Aung

text: San

text: Suu

text: Kyi

text: and

text: her

text: ability

text: to

text: move

text: freely

text: around

text: the

text: country

text: is

text: considered

text: an

text: important

text: test

text: of

text: the

text: military

text: 's

text: movement

text: toward

text: more

text: openness

text: After

text: unexpected

text: reforms

text: in

text: NLD

text: senior

text: leaders

text: have

text: decided

text: to

text: register

text: as

text: a

text: political

text: party

text: and

text: to

text: field

text: candidates

text: in

text: future

text: by

text: elections

question: What was the name of the winning unit in the 2010 elections in Burma ?

answer: The elections of 2010 resulted in a victory for the military-backed Union Solidarity and Development Party

text: The elections of 2010 resulted in a victory for the military-backed Union Solidarity and Development Party

question: Were the elections held in an unbiased manner Burma in 2010 ?

answer: Various foreign observers questioned the fairness of the elections.

text: Various foreign observers questioned the fairness of the elections.

question: What were some of the opinions foreign advisers stated about the Burma 2010 elections ?

answer: One criticism of the election was that only government sanctioned political parties were allowed to contest in it

text: One criticism of the election was that only government sanctioned political parties were allowed to contest in it

question: What was the Burmese official decision concerning the legitimacy of National League for Democracy in 2010 ?

answer: the popular National League for Democracy was declared illegal

text: the popular National League for Democracy was declared illegal


text: Madonna's initial music videos reflected her American and Hispanic mixed street style combined with a flamboyant glamor. She was able to transmit her avant-garde downtown New York fashion sense to the American audience. The imagery and incorporation of Hispanic culture and Catholic symbolism continued with the music videos from the True Blue era. Author Douglas Kellner noted, "such 'multiculturalism' and her culturally transgressive moves turned out to be highly successful moves that endeared her to large and varied youth audiences." Madonna's Spanish look in the videos became the fashion trend of that time, in the form of boleros and layered skirts, accessorizing with rosary beads and a crucifix as in the video of "La Isla Bonita".

title: Madonna_(entertainer)

title: Madonna_(entertainer

text: Madonna

text: 's

text: initial

text: music

text: videos

text: reflected

text: her

text: American

text: and

text: Hispanic

text: mixed

text: street

text: style

text: combined

text: with

text: a

text: flamboyant

text: glamor

text: She

text: was

text: able

text: to

text: transmit

text: her

text: avant

text: garde

text: downtown

text: New

text: York

text: fashion

text: sense

text: to

text: the

text: American

text: audience

text: The

text: imagery

text: and

text: incorporation

text: of

text: Hispanic

text: culture

text: and

text: Catholic

text: symbolism

text: continued

text: with

text: the

text: music

text: videos

text: from

text: the

text: True

text: Blue

text: era

text: Author

text: Douglas

text: Kellner

text: noted

text: such

text: multiculturalism

text: and

text: her

text: culturally

text: transgressive

text: moves

text: turned

text: out

text: to

text: be

text: highly

text: successful

text: moves

text: that

text: endeared

text: her

text: to

text: large

text: and

text: varied

text: youth

text: audiences

text: Madonna

text: 's

text: Spanish

text: look

text: in

text: the

text: videos

text: became

text: the

text: fashion

text: trend

text: of

text: that

text: time

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: boleros

text: and

text: layered

text: skirts

text: accessorizing

text: with

text: rosary

text: beads

text: and

text: a

text: crucifix

text: as

text: in

text: the

text: video

text: of

text: La

text: Isla

text: Bonita

question: What influence did Madonna music video reflects?

answer: American and Hispanic mixed street style

text: American and Hispanic mixed street style

question: She transmit her avant garde style to which audience?

answer: American audience

text: American audience

question: Which look of Madonna became a fashion trend?

answer: Spanish look

text: Spanish look

question: What type of Spanish clothings were worn for the video La Ista Bonita?

answer: boleros and layered skirts

text: boleros and layered skirts


text: The question of whether the government should intervene or not in the regulation of the cyberspace is a very polemical one. Indeed, for as long as it has existed and by definition, the cyberspace is a virtual space free of any government intervention. Where everyone agree that an improvement on cybersecurity is more than vital, is the government the best actor to solve this issue? Many government officials and experts think that the government should step in and that there is a crucial need for regulation, mainly due to the failure of the private sector to solve efficiently the cybersecurity problem. R. Clarke said during a panel discussion at the RSA Security Conference in San Francisco, he believes that the "industry only responds when you threaten regulation. If industry doesn't respond (to the threat), you have to follow through." On the other hand, executives from the private sector agree that improvements are necessary, but think that the government intervention would affect their ability to innovate efficiently.

title: Computer_security

title: Computer_security

text: The

text: question

text: of

text: whether

text: the

text: government

text: should

text: intervene

text: or

text: not

text: in

text: the

text: regulation

text: of

text: the

text: cyberspace

text: is

text: a

text: very

text: polemical

text: one

text: Indeed

text: for

text: as

text: long

text: as

text: it

text: has

text: existed

text: and

text: by

text: definition

text: the

text: cyberspace

text: is

text: a

text: virtual

text: space

text: free

text: of

text: any

text: government

text: intervention

text: Where

text: everyone

text: agree

text: that

text: an

text: improvement

text: on

text: cybersecurity

text: is

text: more

text: than

text: vital

text: is

text: the

text: government

text: the

text: best

text: actor

text: to

text: solve

text: this

text: issue

text: Many

text: government

text: officials

text: and

text: experts

text: think

text: that

text: the

text: government

text: should

text: step

text: in

text: and

text: that

text: there

text: is

text: a

text: crucial

text: need

text: for

text: regulation

text: mainly

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: failure

text: of

text: the

text: private

text: sector

text: to

text: solve

text: efficiently

text: the

text: cybersecurity

text: problem

text: R.

text: Clarke

text: said

text: during

text: a

text: panel

text: discussion

text: at

text: the

text: RSA

text: Security

text: Conference

text: in

text: San

text: Francisco

text: he

text: believes

text: that

text: the

text: industry

text: only

text: responds

text: when

text: you

text: threaten

text: regulation

text: If

text: industry

text: does

text: n't

text: respond

text: to

text: the

text: threat

text: you

text: have

text: to

text: follow

text: through

text: On

text: the

text: other

text: hand

text: executives

text: from

text: the

text: private

text: sector

text: agree

text: that

text: improvements

text: are

text: necessary

text: but

text: think

text: that

text: the

text: government

text: intervention

text: would

text: affect

text: their

text: ability

text: to

text: innovate

text: efficiently

question: According to goverment officials, what has the failure of the private sector to solve efficiently the cybersecurity problem created?

answer: a crucial need for regulation

text: a crucial need for regulation

question: Where was the RSA Security Conference held?

answer: San Francisco

text: San Francisco

question: Who believes that government intervention would affect innovation?

answer: executives from the private sector

text: executives from the private sector

question: Who said "industry only responds when you threaten regulation"?

answer: R. Clarke

text: R. Clarke

question: What is a virtual space free of any government intervention?

answer: cyberspace

text: cyberspace


text: One hundred years after the fall of Constantinople in 1453, Pierre Belon described in his work Observations in 1553 that pissasphalto, a mixture of pitch and bitumen, was used in Dubrovnik for tarring of ships from where it was exported to a market place in Venice where it could be bought by anyone. An 1838 edition of Mechanics Magazine cites an early use of asphalt in France. A pamphlet dated 1621, by "a certain Monsieur d'Eyrinys, states that he had discovered the existence (of asphaltum) in large quantities in the vicinity of Neufchatel", and that he proposed to use it in a variety of ways – "principally in the construction of air-proof granaries, and in protecting, by means of the arches, the water-courses in the city of Paris from the intrusion of dirt and filth", which at that time made the water unusable. "He expatiates also on the excellence of this material for forming level and durable terraces" in palaces, "the notion of forming such terraces in the streets not one likely to cross the brain of a Parisian of that generation". But it was generally neglected in France until the revolution of 1830. Then, in the 1830s, there was a surge of interest, and asphalt became widely used "for pavements, flat roofs, and the lining of cisterns, and in England, some use of it had been made of it for similar purposes". Its rise in Europe was "a sudden phenomenon", after natural deposits were found "in France at Osbann (BasRhin), the Parc (l'Ain) and the Puy-de-la-Poix (Puy-de-Dome)", although it could also be made artificially. One of the earliest uses in France was the laying of about 24,000 square yards of Seyssel asphalt at the Place de la Concorde in 1835.

title: Asphalt

title: Asphalt

text: One

text: hundred

text: years

text: after

text: the

text: fall

text: of

text: Constantinople

text: in

text: Pierre

text: Belon

text: described

text: in

text: his

text: work

text: Observations

text: in

text: that

text: pissasphalto

text: a

text: mixture

text: of

text: pitch

text: and

text: bitumen

text: was

text: used

text: in

text: Dubrovnik

text: for

text: tarring

text: of

text: ships

text: from

text: where

text: it

text: was

text: exported

text: to

text: a

text: market

text: place

text: in

text: Venice

text: where

text: it

text: could

text: be

text: bought

text: by

text: anyone

text: An

text: edition

text: of

text: Mechanics

text: Magazine

text: cites

text: an

text: early

text: use

text: of

text: asphalt

text: in

text: France

text: A

text: pamphlet

text: dated

text: by

text: a

text: certain

text: Monsieur

text: d'Eyrinys

text: states

text: that

text: he

text: had

text: discovered

text: the

text: existence

text: of

text: asphaltum

text: in

text: large

text: quantities

text: in

text: the

text: vicinity

text: of

text: Neufchatel

text: and

text: that

text: he

text: proposed

text: to

text: use

text: it

text: in

text: a

text: variety

text: of

text: ways

text: principally

text: in

text: the

text: construction

text: of

text: air

text: proof

text: granaries

text: and

text: in

text: protecting

text: by

text: means

text: of

text: the

text: arches

text: the

text: water

text: courses

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Paris

text: from

text: the

text: intrusion

text: of

text: dirt

text: and

text: filth

text: which

text: at

text: that

text: time

text: made

text: the

text: water

text: unusable

text: He

text: expatiates

text: also

text: on

text: the

text: excellence

text: of

text: this

text: material

text: for

text: forming

text: level

text: and

text: durable

text: terraces

text: in

text: palaces

text: the

text: notion

text: of

text: forming

text: such

text: terraces

text: in

text: the

text: streets

text: not

text: one

text: likely

text: to

text: cross

text: the

text: brain

text: of

text: a

text: Parisian

text: of

text: that

text: generation

text: But

text: it

text: was

text: generally

text: neglected

text: in

text: France

text: until

text: the

text: revolution

text: of

text: Then

text: in

text: the

text: there

text: was

text: a

text: surge

text: of

text: interest

text: and

text: asphalt

text: became

text: widely

text: used

text: for

text: pavements

text: flat

text: roofs

text: and

text: the

text: lining

text: of

text: cisterns

text: and

text: in

text: England

text: some

text: use

text: of

text: it

text: had

text: been

text: made

text: of

text: it

text: for

text: similar

text: purposes

text: Its

text: rise

text: in

text: Europe

text: was

text: a

text: sudden

text: phenomenon

text: after

text: natural

text: deposits

text: were

text: found

text: in

text: France

text: at

text: Osbann

text: BasRhin

text: the

text: Parc

text: l'Ain

text: and

text: the

text: Puy

text: de

text: la

text: Poix

text: Puy

text: de

text: Dome

text: although

text: it

text: could

text: also

text: be

text: made

text: artificially

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: earliest

text: uses

text: in

text: France

text: was

text: the

text: laying

text: of

text: about

text: square

text: yards

text: of

text: Seyssel

text: asphalt

text: at

text: the

text: Place

text: de

text: la

text: Concorde

text: in

question: Who described the use of bitumen and pitch to tar ships?

answer: Pierre Belon

text: Pierre Belon

question: When did Belon make his shipbuilding observations?

answer: 1553

question: In what year did a French magazine describe the use of asphalt?

answer: 1838

question: After what event in France did  asphalt begin to be used for pavements and assorted other uses?

answer: revolution of 1830

text: revolution of 1830

question: Where in France in 1835 was asphalt used to lay pavement?

answer: Place de la Concorde

text: Place de la Concorde


text: During the 1960s, the ceremony of assenting by commission was discontinued and is now only employed once a year, at the end of the annual parliamentary session. In 1960, the Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod arrived to summon the House of Commons during a heated debate and several members protested against the disruption by refusing to attend the ceremony. The debacle was repeated in 1965; this time, when the Speaker left the chair to go to the House of Lords, some members continued to make speeches. As a result, the Royal Assent Act 1967 was passed, creating an additional form for the granting of royal assent. As the attorney-general explained, "there has been a good deal of resentment not only at the loss of Parliamentary time that has been involved but at the breaking of the thread of a possibly eloquent speech and the disruption of a debate that may be caused." The granting of assent by the monarch in person, or by commission, is still possible, but this third form is used on a day-to-day basis.

title: Royal_assent

title: Royal_assent

text: During

text: the

text: the

text: ceremony

text: of

text: assenting

text: by

text: commission

text: was

text: discontinued

text: and

text: is

text: now

text: only

text: employed

text: once

text: a

text: year

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: annual

text: parliamentary

text: session

text: In

text: the

text: Gentleman

text: Usher

text: of

text: the

text: Black

text: Rod

text: arrived

text: to

text: summon

text: the

text: House

text: of

text: Commons

text: during

text: a

text: heated

text: debate

text: and

text: several

text: members

text: protested

text: against

text: the

text: disruption

text: by

text: refusing

text: to

text: attend

text: the

text: ceremony

text: The

text: debacle

text: was

text: repeated

text: in

text: this

text: time

text: when

text: the

text: Speaker

text: left

text: the

text: chair

text: to

text: go

text: to

text: the

text: House

text: of

text: Lords

text: some

text: members

text: continued

text: to

text: make

text: speeches

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: the

text: Royal

text: Assent

text: Act

text: was

text: passed

text: creating

text: an

text: additional

text: form

text: for

text: the

text: granting

text: of

text: royal

text: assent

text: As

text: the

text: attorney

text: general

text: explained

text: there

text: has

text: been

text: a

text: good

text: deal

text: of

text: resentment

text: not

text: only

text: at

text: the

text: loss

text: of

text: Parliamentary

text: time

text: that

text: has

text: been

text: involved

text: but

text: at

text: the

text: breaking

text: of

text: the

text: thread

text: of

text: a

text: possibly

text: eloquent

text: speech

text: and

text: the

text: disruption

text: of

text: a

text: debate

text: that

text: may

text: be

text: caused

text: The

text: granting

text: of

text: assent

text: by

text: the

text: monarch

text: in

text: person

text: or

text: by

text: commission

text: is

text: still

text: possible

text: but

text: this

text: third

text: form

text: is

text: used

text: on

text: a

text: day

text: to

text: day

text: basis

question: During which decade was assention by commission discontinued?

answer: the 1960s

text: the 1960s

question: When does assention by commission occur today?

answer: once a year, at the end of the annual parliamentary session

text: once a year, at the end of the annual parliamentary session

question: In whatear did several members refuse to attend the assention ceremony after a heated debate?

answer: 1960

question: What was passed in reference to the discord in 1960 and 1965 during assention cremonies?

answer: Royal Assent Act 1967

text: Royal Assent Act 1967


text: The multitude of Middle Iranian languages and peoples indicate that great linguistic diversity must have existed among the ancient speakers of Iranian languages. Of that variety of languages/dialects, direct evidence of only two have survived. These are:

title: Iranian_languages

title: Iranian_languages

text: The

text: multitude

text: of

text: Middle

text: Iranian

text: languages

text: and

text: peoples

text: indicate

text: that

text: great

text: linguistic

text: diversity

text: must

text: have

text: existed

text: among

text: the

text: ancient

text: speakers

text: of

text: Iranian

text: languages

text: Of

text: that

text: variety

text: of

text: languages

text: dialects

text: direct

text: evidence

text: of

text: only

text: two

text: have

text: survived

text: These

text: are

question: What characteristic of Middle Iranian civilization is shown by the number of different languages and their speakers?

answer: linguistic diversity

text: linguistic diversity

question: How many of the Middlie Iranian tongues have remained in existence since ancient time?

answer: two

text: two