text: After the assassination of Uthman in 656, Ali, a member of the Quraysh tribe and the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, was elected as the caliph. He soon met with resistance from several factions, owing to his relative political inexperience. Ali moved his capital from Medina to Kufa. The resulting conflict, which lasted from 656 until 661, is known as the First Fitna ("civil war"). Muawiyah I, the governor of Syria, a relative of Uthman ibn al-Affan and Marwan I, wanted the culprits arrested. Marwan I manipulated everyone and created conflict. Aisha, the wife of Muhammad, and Talhah and Al-Zubayr, two of the companions of Muhammad, went to Basra to tell Ali to arrest the culprits who murdered Uthman. Marwan I and other people who wanted conflict manipulated everyone to fight. The two sides clashed at the Battle of the Camel in 656, where Ali won a decisive victory.

title: Umayyad_Caliphate

title: Umayyad_Caliphate

text: After

text: the

text: assassination

text: of

text: Uthman

text: in

text: Ali

text: a

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Quraysh

text: tribe

text: and

text: the

text: cousin

text: and

text: son

text: in

text: law

text: of

text: Muhammad

text: was

text: elected

text: as

text: the

text: caliph

text: He

text: soon

text: met

text: with

text: resistance

text: from

text: several

text: factions

text: owing

text: to

text: his

text: relative

text: political

text: inexperience

text: Ali

text: moved

text: his

text: capital

text: from

text: Medina

text: to

text: Kufa

text: The

text: resulting

text: conflict

text: which

text: lasted

text: from

text: until

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: First

text: Fitna

text: civil

text: war

text: Muawiyah

text: I

text: the

text: governor

text: of

text: Syria

text: a

text: relative

text: of

text: Uthman

text: ibn

text: al

text: Affan

text: and

text: Marwan

text: I

text: wanted

text: the

text: culprits

text: arrested

text: Marwan

text: I

text: manipulated

text: everyone

text: and

text: created

text: conflict

text: Aisha

text: the

text: wife

text: of

text: Muhammad

text: and

text: Talhah

text: and

text: Al

text: Zubayr

text: two

text: of

text: the

text: companions

text: of

text: Muhammad

text: went

text: to

text: Basra

text: to

text: tell

text: Ali

text: to

text: arrest

text: the

text: culprits

text: who

text: murdered

text: Uthman

text: Marwan

text: I

text: and

text: other

text: people

text: who

text: wanted

text: conflict

text: manipulated

text: everyone

text: to

text: fight

text: The

text: two

text: sides

text: clashed

text: at

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: the

text: Camel

text: in

text: where

text: Ali

text: won

text: a

text: decisive

text: victory

question: When did Uthman die?

answer: 656

question: What tribe did Ali belong to?

answer: Quraysh

text: Quraysh

question: What does Fitna mean?

answer: civil war

text: civil war

question: Along with being his cousin, what relationship did Ali have to Muhammad?

answer: son-in-law

text: son-in-law

question: Where was the capital before Ali changed it?

answer: Medina

text: Medina


text: According to the 2011 Census, 81.0% of the Portuguese population are Roman Catholic. The country has small Protestant, Latter-day Saint, Muslim, Hindu, Sikh, Eastern Orthodox Church, Jehovah's Witnesses, Baha'i, Buddhist, Jewish and Spiritist communities. Influences from African Traditional Religion and Chinese Traditional Religion are also felt among many people, particularly in fields related with Traditional Chinese Medicine and African Witch Doctors. Some 6.8% of the population declared themselves to be non-religious, and 8.3% did not give any answer about their religion.

title: Portugal

title: Portugal

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: Census

text: of

text: the

text: Portuguese

text: population

text: are

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: The

text: country

text: has

text: small

text: Protestant

text: Latter

text: day

text: Saint

text: Muslim

text: Hindu

text: Sikh

text: Eastern

text: Orthodox

text: Church

text: Jehovah

text: 's

text: Witnesses

text: Baha'i

text: Buddhist

text: Jewish

text: and

text: Spiritist

text: communities

text: Influences

text: from

text: African

text: Traditional

text: Religion

text: and

text: Chinese

text: Traditional

text: Religion

text: are

text: also

text: felt

text: among

text: many

text: people

text: particularly

text: in

text: fields

text: related

text: with

text: Traditional

text: Chinese

text: Medicine

text: and

text: African

text: Witch

text: Doctors

text: Some

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: declared

text: themselves

text: to

text: be

text: non

text: religious

text: and

text: did

text: not

text: give

text: any

text: answer

text: about

text: their

text: religion

question: What percentage of the Portuguese people are Roman Catholic?

answer: 81.0%

question: What other religious communities exist in Portugal?

answer: Protestant, Latter-day Saint, Muslim, Hindu, Sikh, Eastern Orthodox Church, Jehovah's Witnesses, Baha'i, Buddhist, Jewish and Spiritist

text: Protestant, Latter-day Saint, Muslim, Hindu, Sikh, Eastern Orthodox Church, Jehovah's Witnesses, Baha'i, Buddhist, Jewish and Spiritist

question: What percentage of the Portuguese people identify as non-religious?

answer: 6.8%

question: What percentage of the Portuguese population did not give an answer for their religion in the 2011 census?

answer: 8.3%


text: Directly underneath the State Apartments is a suite of slightly less grand rooms known as the semi-state apartments. Opening from the Marble Hall, these rooms are used for less formal entertaining, such as luncheon parties and private audiences. Some of the rooms are named and decorated for particular visitors, such as the 1844 Room, decorated in that year for the State visit of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia, and, on the other side of the Bow Room, the 1855 Room, in honour of the visit of Emperor Napoleon III of France. At the centre of this suite is the Bow Room, through which thousands of guests pass annually to the Queen's Garden Parties in the Gardens. The Queen and Prince Philip use a smaller suite of rooms in the north wing.

title: Buckingham_Palace

title: Buckingham_Palace

text: Directly

text: underneath

text: the

text: State

text: Apartments

text: is

text: a

text: suite

text: of

text: slightly

text: less

text: grand

text: rooms

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: semi

text: state

text: apartments

text: Opening

text: from

text: the

text: Marble

text: Hall

text: these

text: rooms

text: are

text: used

text: for

text: less

text: formal

text: entertaining

text: such

text: as

text: luncheon

text: parties

text: and

text: private

text: audiences

text: Some

text: of

text: the

text: rooms

text: are

text: named

text: and

text: decorated

text: for

text: particular

text: visitors

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Room

text: decorated

text: in

text: that

text: year

text: for

text: the

text: State

text: visit

text: of

text: Tsar

text: Nicholas

text: I

text: of

text: Russia

text: and

text: on

text: the

text: other

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: Bow

text: Room

text: the

text: Room

text: in

text: honour

text: of

text: the

text: visit

text: of

text: Emperor

text: Napoleon

text: III

text: of

text: France

text: At

text: the

text: centre

text: of

text: this

text: suite

text: is

text: the

text: Bow

text: Room

text: through

text: which

text: thousands

text: of

text: guests

text: pass

text: annually

text: to

text: the

text: Queen

text: 's

text: Garden

text: Parties

text: in

text: the

text: Gardens

text: The

text: Queen

text: and

text: Prince

text: Philip

text: use

text: a

text: smaller

text: suite

text: of

text: rooms

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: wing

question: The 1855 Room is name for which European emperor?

answer: Emperor Napoleon III of France

text: Emperor Napoleon III of France

question: Which room is named for visit of Tsar Nicolas I of Russia?

answer: 1844 Room

text: 1844 Room

question: Guests attending the Queen's Garden Parties will mostly likely see which room?

answer: Bow Room

text: Bow Room

question: Where are the suites located that the Queen and Prince Phillip use?

answer: the north wing

text: the north wing

question: Which rooms are used for less formal entertaining such as luncheons or private audiences?

answer: the semi-state apartments

text: the semi-state apartments

question: What is the name of the slightly less luxurious staterooms located underneath the State Apartments?

answer: semi-state apartments

text: semi-state apartments

question: What type of entertaining are the semi-state apartments used for?

answer: less formal entertaining

text: less formal entertaining

question: Who is the 1844 Room named after?

answer: Tsar Nicholas I of Russia

text: Tsar Nicholas I of Russia

question: Who is the 1855 Room named after?

answer: Emperor Napoleon III of France

text: Emperor Napoleon III of France

question: Where are the Queen and Prince Phillip's apartments located?

answer: the north wing

text: the north wing


text: The inflection of determinatives is complex, specially because of the high number of elisions, but is similar to the neighboring languages. Catalan has more contractions of preposition + article than Spanish, like dels ("of + the [plural]"), but not as many as Italian (which has sul, col, nel, etc.).

title: Catalan_language

title: Catalan_language

text: The

text: inflection

text: of

text: determinatives

text: is

text: complex

text: specially

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: high

text: number

text: of

text: elisions

text: but

text: is

text: similar

text: to

text: the

text: neighboring

text: languages

text: Catalan

text: has

text: more

text: contractions

text: of

text: preposition

text: article

text: than

text: Spanish

text: like

text: dels

text: of

text: the

text: plural

text: but

text: not

text: as

text: many

text: as

text: Italian

text: which

text: has

text: sul

text: col

text: nel

text: etc

question: What does the large number of omissions  make the determinatives?

answer: complex

text: complex

question: What is much like the neighboring languages?

answer: inflection of determinatives

text: inflection of determinatives

question: What language does Catalan have more contractions than?

answer: Spanish

text: Spanish

question: Catalan has less contractions than what language?

answer: Italian

text: Italian

question: What type of word is added to the contraction of the preposition?

answer: article

text: article


text: Pockets of Georgian architecture survived the war, but much of the city was levelled. There has been extensive redevelopment since World War II. Increasing traffic congestion in the 1920s led to partial demolition of medieval walls around the Bargate in 1932 and 1938. However a large portion of those walls remain.

title: Southampton

title: Southampton

text: Pockets

text: of

text: Georgian

text: architecture

text: survived

text: the

text: war

text: but

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: was

text: levelled

text: There

text: has

text: been

text: extensive

text: redevelopment

text: since

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: Increasing

text: traffic

text: congestion

text: in

text: the

text: led

text: to

text: partial

text: demolition

text: of

text: medieval

text: walls

text: around

text: the

text: Bargate

text: in

text: and

text: However

text: a

text: large

text: portion

text: of

text: those

text: walls

text: remain

question: What style of architecture partially survived the war?

answer: Georgian

text: Georgian

question: Southampton has been redeveloped almost entirely in the years since which war?

answer: World War II

text: World War II

question: In which decade did there start to be a lot of traffic in Southampton?

answer: 1920s

question: Some of the walls around which landmark were demolished in the 1930s?

answer: the Bargate

text: the Bargate


text: The total number of Greeks living outside Greece and Cyprus today is a contentious issue. Where Census figures are available, they show around 3 million Greeks outside Greece and Cyprus. Estimates provided by the SAE - World Council of Hellenes Abroad put the figure at around 7 million worldwide. According to George Prevelakis of Sorbonne University, the number is closer to just below 5 million. Integration, intermarriage, and loss of the Greek language influence the self-identification of the Omogeneia. Important centres of the New Greek Diaspora today are London, New York, Melbourne and Toronto. In 2010, the Hellenic Parliament introduced a law that enables Diaspora Greeks in Greece to vote in the elections of the Greek state. This law was later repealed in early 2014.

title: Greeks

title: Greeks

text: The

text: total

text: number

text: of

text: Greeks

text: living

text: outside

text: Greece

text: and

text: Cyprus

text: today

text: is

text: a

text: contentious

text: issue

text: Where

text: Census

text: figures

text: are

text: available

text: they

text: show

text: around

text: million

text: Greeks

text: outside

text: Greece

text: and

text: Cyprus

text: Estimates

text: provided

text: by

text: the

text: SAE

text: World

text: Council

text: of

text: Hellenes

text: Abroad

text: put

text: the

text: figure

text: at

text: around

text: million

text: worldwide

text: According

text: to

text: George

text: Prevelakis

text: of

text: Sorbonne

text: University

text: the

text: number

text: is

text: closer

text: to

text: just

text: below

text: million

text: Integration

text: intermarriage

text: and

text: loss

text: of

text: the

text: Greek

text: language

text: influence

text: the

text: self

text: identification

text: of

text: the

text: Omogeneia

text: Important

text: centres

text: of

text: the

text: New

text: Greek

text: Diaspora

text: today

text: are

text: London

text: New

text: York

text: Melbourne

text: and

text: Toronto

text: In

text: the

text: Hellenic

text: Parliament

text: introduced

text: a

text: law

text: that

text: enables

text: Diaspora

text: Greeks

text: in

text: Greece

text: to

text: vote

text: in

text: the

text: elections

text: of

text: the

text: Greek

text: state

text: This

text: law

text: was

text: later

text: repealed

text: in

text: early

question: How many people that are of Greek ascendancy live elsewhere than Greece ?

answer: total number of Greeks living outside Greece and Cyprus today is a contentious issue

text: total number of Greeks living outside Greece and Cyprus today is a contentious issue

question: Who provided the contradictory  population numbers for Greeks abroad ?

answer: World Council of Hellenes Abroad

text: World Council of Hellenes Abroad

question: How many Greeks do they believe would be an accurate number for census numbers ?

answer: World Council of Hellenes Abroad put the figure at around 7 million worldwide

text: World Council of Hellenes Abroad put the figure at around 7 million worldwide

question: At what university is this issue of accurate consensus for Greeks living elsewhere being debated an

answer: Sorbonne University

text: Sorbonne University

question: Who has presented the contradictory number to the census groups ?

answer: George Prevelakis of Sorbonne University, the number is closer to just below 5 million

text: George Prevelakis of Sorbonne University, the number is closer to just below 5 million


text: The Treaty of Versailles prevented Germany having AA weapons, and for example, the Krupps designers joined Bofors in Sweden. Some World War I guns were retained and some covert AA training started in the late 1920s. Germany introduced the 8.8 cm FlaK 18 in 1933, 36 and 37 models followed with various improvements but ballistic performance was unchanged. In the late 1930s the 10.5 cm FlaK 38 appeared soon followed by the 39, this was designed primarily for static sites but had a mobile mounting and the unit had 220v 24 kW generators. In 1938 design started on the 12.8 cm FlaK.

title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

title: Anti

title: aircraft_warfare

text: The

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Versailles

text: prevented

text: Germany

text: having

text: AA

text: weapons

text: and

text: for

text: example

text: the

text: Krupps

text: designers

text: joined

text: Bofors

text: in

text: Sweden

text: Some

text: World

text: War

text: I

text: guns

text: were

text: retained

text: and

text: some

text: covert

text: AA

text: training

text: started

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: Germany

text: introduced

text: the

text: cm

text: FlaK

text: in

text: and

text: models

text: followed

text: with

text: various

text: improvements

text: but

text: ballistic

text: performance

text: was

text: unchanged

text: In

text: the

text: late

text: the

text: cm

text: FlaK

text: appeared

text: soon

text: followed

text: by

text: the

text: this

text: was

text: designed

text: primarily

text: for

text: static

text: sites

text: but

text: had

text: a

text: mobile

text: mounting

text: and

text: the

text: unit

text: had

text: kW

text: generators

text: In

text: design

text: started

text: on

text: the

text: cm

text: FlaK.

question: What treaty was supposed to stop Germany from having antiaircraft weapons?

answer: Treaty of Versailles

text: Treaty of Versailles

question: When did covert antiaircraft training start in Germany?

answer: in the late 1920s

text: in the late 1920s

question: When did the 10.5 centimeter FlaK 38 appear in Germany?

answer: In the late 1930s

text: In the late 1930s

question: When did the design begin for the 12.8 centimeter FlaK?

answer: 1938

question: What did the FlaK 39 have?

answer: 220v 24 kW generators

text: 220v 24 kW generators


text: At the official counting of the electoral votes on January 6, a motion was made contesting Ohio's electoral votes. Because the motion was supported by at least one member of both the House of Representatives and the Senate, election law mandated that each house retire to debate and vote on the motion. In the House of Representatives, the motion was supported by 31 Democrats. It was opposed by 178 Republicans, 88 Democrats and one independent. Not voting were 52 Republicans and 80 Democrats. Four people elected to the House had not yet taken office, and one seat was vacant. In the Senate, it was supported only by its maker, Senator Boxer, with 74 Senators opposed and 25 not voting. During the debate, no Senator argued that the outcome of the election should be changed by either court challenge or revote. Senator Boxer claimed that she had made the motion not to challenge the outcome, but to "shed the light of truth on these irregularities."

title: United_States_presidential_election,_2004

text: At

text: the

text: official

text: counting

text: of

text: the

text: electoral

text: votes

text: on

text: January

text: a

text: motion

text: was

text: made

text: contesting

text: Ohio

text: 's

text: electoral

text: votes

text: Because

text: the

text: motion

text: was

text: supported

text: by

text: at

text: least

text: one

text: member

text: of

text: both

text: the

text: House

text: of

text: Representatives

text: and

text: the

text: Senate

text: election

text: law

text: mandated

text: that

text: each

text: house

text: retire

text: to

text: debate

text: and

text: vote

text: on

text: the

text: motion

text: In

text: the

text: House

text: of

text: Representatives

text: the

text: motion

text: was

text: supported

text: by

text: Democrats

text: It

text: was

text: opposed

text: by

text: Republicans

text: Democrats

text: and

text: one

text: independent

text: Not

text: voting

text: were

text: Republicans

text: and

text: Democrats

text: Four

text: people

text: elected

text: to

text: the

text: House

text: had

text: not

text: yet

text: taken

text: office

text: and

text: one

text: seat

text: was

text: vacant

text: In

text: the

text: Senate

text: it

text: was

text: supported

text: only

text: by

text: its

text: maker

text: Senator

text: Boxer

text: with

text: Senators

text: opposed

text: and

text: not

text: voting

text: During

text: the

text: debate

text: no

text: Senator

text: argued

text: that

text: the

text: outcome

text: of

text: the

text: election

text: should

text: be

text: changed

text: by

text: either

text: court

text: challenge

text: or

text: revote

text: Senator

text: Boxer

text: claimed

text: that

text: she

text: had

text: made

text: the

text: motion

text: not

text: to

text: challenge

text: the

text: outcome

text: but

text: to

text: shed

text: the

text: light

text: of

text: truth

text: on

text: these

text: irregularities

question: Was there any debate about the voting process in Ohio?

answer: a motion was made contesting Ohio's electoral votes

text: a motion was made contesting Ohio's electoral votes

question: What was the decision regarding the motion to re-count the votes, after each House finalized their debates?

answer: During the debate, no Senator argued that the outcome of the election should be changed by either court challenge or revote

text: During the debate, no Senator argued that the outcome of the election should be changed by either court challenge or revote

question: Who was the lone supporter of the motion, from the Senate?

answer: Senator Boxer

text: Senator Boxer

question: Why did Senator Boxer say she voted the way she did?

answer: Senator Boxer claimed that she had made the motion not to challenge the outcome, but to "shed the light of truth on these irregularities."

text: Senator Boxer claimed that she had made the motion not to challenge the outcome, but to "shed the light of truth on these irregularities."

question: How many people from the House of Representatives did not vote?

answer: Not voting were 52 Republicans and 80 Democrats

text: Not voting were 52 Republicans and 80 Democrats


text: According to a National Geographic article, the novel is so revered in Monroeville that people quote lines from it like Scripture; yet Harper Lee herself refused to attend any performances, because "she abhors anything that trades on the book's fame". To underscore this sentiment, Lee demanded that a book of recipes named Calpurnia's Cookbook not be published and sold out of the Monroe County Heritage Museum. David Lister in The Independent states that Lee's refusal to speak to reporters made them desire to interview her all the more, and her silence "makes Bob Dylan look like a media tart". Despite her discouragement, a rising number of tourists made to Monroeville a destination, hoping to see Lee's inspiration for the book, or Lee herself. Local residents call them "Mockingbird groupies", and although Lee was not reclusive, she refused publicity and interviews with an emphatic "Hell, no!"

title: To_Kill_a_Mockingbird

title: To_Kill_a_Mockingbird

text: According

text: to

text: a

text: National

text: Geographic

text: article

text: the

text: novel

text: is

text: so

text: revered

text: in

text: Monroeville

text: that

text: people

text: quote

text: lines

text: from

text: it

text: like

text: Scripture

text: yet

text: Harper

text: Lee

text: herself

text: refused

text: to

text: attend

text: any

text: performances

text: because

text: she

text: abhors

text: anything

text: that

text: trades

text: on

text: the

text: book

text: 's

text: fame

text: To

text: underscore

text: this

text: sentiment

text: Lee

text: demanded

text: that

text: a

text: book

text: of

text: recipes

text: named

text: Calpurnia

text: 's

text: Cookbook

text: not

text: be

text: published

text: and

text: sold

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: Monroe

text: County

text: Heritage

text: Museum

text: David

text: Lister

text: in

text: The

text: Independent

text: states

text: that

text: Lee

text: 's

text: refusal

text: to

text: speak

text: to

text: reporters

text: made

text: them

text: desire

text: to

text: interview

text: her

text: all

text: the

text: more

text: and

text: her

text: silence

text: makes

text: Bob

text: Dylan

text: look

text: like

text: a

text: media

text: tart

text: Despite

text: her

text: discouragement

text: a

text: rising

text: number

text: of

text: tourists

text: made

text: to

text: Monroeville

text: a

text: destination

text: hoping

text: to

text: see

text: Lee

text: 's

text: inspiration

text: for

text: the

text: book

text: or

text: Lee

text: herself

text: Local

text: residents

text: call

text: them

text: Mockingbird

text: groupies

text: and

text: although

text: Lee

text: was

text: not

text: reclusive

text: she

text: refused

text: publicity

text: and

text: interviews

text: with

text: an

text: emphatic

text: Hell

text: no

question: How do the citizens of Monroeville quote lines of the book?

answer: like Scripture

text: like Scripture

question: What do the Monroeville townspeople call tourists to their town?

answer: Mockingbird groupies

text: Mockingbird groupies


text: The evolutionary relationships and heredity of a group of organisms is called its phylogeny. Phylogenetic studies attempt to discover phylogenies. The basic approach is to use similarities based on shared inheritance to determine relationships. As an example, species of Pereskia are trees or bushes with prominent leaves. They do not obviously resemble a typical leafless cactus such as an Echinocactus. However, both Pereskia and Echinocactus have spines produced from areoles (highly specialised pad-like structures) suggesting that the two genera are indeed related.

title: Botany

title: Botany

text: The

text: evolutionary

text: relationships

text: and

text: heredity

text: of

text: a

text: group

text: of

text: organisms

text: is

text: called

text: its

text: phylogeny

text: Phylogenetic

text: studies

text: attempt

text: to

text: discover

text: phylogenies

text: The

text: basic

text: approach

text: is

text: to

text: use

text: similarities

text: based

text: on

text: shared

text: inheritance

text: to

text: determine

text: relationships

text: As

text: an

text: example

text: species

text: of

text: Pereskia

text: are

text: trees

text: or

text: bushes

text: with

text: prominent

text: leaves

text: They

text: do

text: not

text: obviously

text: resemble

text: a

text: typical

text: leafless

text: cactus

text: such

text: as

text: an

text: Echinocactus

text: However

text: both

text: Pereskia

text: and

text: Echinocactus

text: have

text: spines

text: produced

text: from

text: areoles

text: highly

text: specialised

text: pad

text: like

text: structures

text: suggesting

text: that

text: the

text: two

text: genera

text: are

text: indeed

text: related

question: What does the phylogeny of a group represent?

answer: relationships and heredity

text: relationships and heredity

question: How are the relationships within the group determined?

answer: shared inheritance

text: shared inheritance

question: What would be an indication of a shared inheritance in two cacti?

answer: spines produced from areoles

text: spines produced from areoles

question: What are areoles?

answer: pad-like structures

text: pad-like structures


text: Law professor, writer and political activist Lawrence Lessig, along with many other copyleft and free software activists, has criticized the implied analogy with physical property (like land or an automobile). They argue such an analogy fails because physical property is generally rivalrous while intellectual works are non-rivalrous (that is, if one makes a copy of a work, the enjoyment of the copy does not prevent enjoyment of the original). Other arguments along these lines claim that unlike the situation with tangible property, there is no natural scarcity of a particular idea or information: once it exists at all, it can be re-used and duplicated indefinitely without such re-use diminishing the original. Stephan Kinsella has objected to intellectual property on the grounds that the word "property" implies scarcity, which may not be applicable to ideas.

title: Intellectual_property

title: Intellectual_property

text: Law

text: professor

text: writer

text: and

text: political

text: activist

text: Lawrence

text: Lessig

text: along

text: with

text: many

text: other

text: copyleft

text: and

text: free

text: software

text: activists

text: has

text: criticized

text: the

text: implied

text: analogy

text: with

text: physical

text: property

text: like

text: land

text: or

text: an

text: automobile

text: They

text: argue

text: such

text: an

text: analogy

text: fails

text: because

text: physical

text: property

text: is

text: generally

text: rivalrous

text: while

text: intellectual

text: works

text: are

text: non

text: rivalrous

text: that

text: is

text: if

text: one

text: makes

text: a

text: copy

text: of

text: a

text: work

text: the

text: enjoyment

text: of

text: the

text: copy

text: does

text: not

text: prevent

text: enjoyment

text: of

text: the

text: original

text: Other

text: arguments

text: along

text: these

text: lines

text: claim

text: that

text: unlike

text: the

text: situation

text: with

text: tangible

text: property

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: natural

text: scarcity

text: of

text: a

text: particular

text: idea

text: or

text: information

text: once

text: it

text: exists

text: at

text: all

text: it

text: can

text: be

text: re

text: used

text: and

text: duplicated

text: indefinitely

text: without

text: such

text: re

text: use

text: diminishing

text: the

text: original

text: Stephan

text: Kinsella

text: has

text: objected

text: to

text: intellectual

text: property

text: on

text: the

text: grounds

text: that

text: the

text: word

text: property

text: implies

text: scarcity

text: which

text: may

text: not

text: be

text: applicable

text: to

text: ideas

question: Who is one advocate of copyleft?

answer: Lawrence Lessig

text: Lawrence Lessig

question: Who has objected to the idea of IP because "property" implies scarcity?

answer: Stephan Kinsella

text: Stephan Kinsella

question: Having no natural scarcity makes IP different from what kind of property?

answer: tangible

text: tangible

question: How much can IP be duplicated without diminishing the original?

answer: indefinitely

text: indefinitely


text: From the early 16th century, both Western Armenia and Eastern Armenia fell under Iranian Safavid rule. Owing to the century long Turco-Iranian geo-political rivalry that would last in Western Asia, significant parts of the region were frequently fought over between the two rivalling empires. From the mid 16th century with the Peace of Amasya, and decisively from the first half of the 17th century with the Treaty of Zuhab until the first half of the 19th century, Eastern Armenia was ruled by the successive Iranian Safavid, Afsharid and Qajar empires, while Western Armenia remained under Ottoman rule. In the late 1820s, the parts of historic Armenia under Iranian control centering on Yerevan and Lake Sevan (all of Eastern Armenia) were incorporated into the Russian Empire following Iran's forced ceding of the territories after its loss in the Russo-Persian War (1826-1828) and the outcoming Treaty of Turkmenchay. Western Armenia however, remained in Ottoman hands.

title: Armenians

title: Armenians

text: From

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: both

text: Western

text: Armenia

text: and

text: Eastern

text: Armenia

text: fell

text: under

text: Iranian

text: Safavid

text: rule

text: Owing

text: to

text: the

text: century

text: long

text: Turco

text: Iranian

text: geo

text: political

text: rivalry

text: that

text: would

text: last

text: in

text: Western

text: Asia

text: significant

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: region

text: were

text: frequently

text: fought

text: over

text: between

text: the

text: two

text: rivalling

text: empires

text: From

text: the

text: mid

text: century

text: with

text: the

text: Peace

text: of

text: Amasya

text: and

text: decisively

text: from

text: the

text: first

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: with

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Zuhab

text: until

text: the

text: first

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: Eastern

text: Armenia

text: was

text: ruled

text: by

text: the

text: successive

text: Iranian

text: Safavid

text: Afsharid

text: and

text: Qajar

text: empires

text: while

text: Western

text: Armenia

text: remained

text: under

text: Ottoman

text: rule

text: In

text: the

text: late

text: the

text: parts

text: of

text: historic

text: Armenia

text: under

text: Iranian

text: control

text: centering

text: on

text: Yerevan

text: and

text: Lake

text: Sevan

text: all

text: of

text: Eastern

text: Armenia

text: were

text: incorporated

text: into

text: the

text: Russian

text: Empire

text: following

text: Iran

text: 's

text: forced

text: ceding

text: of

text: the

text: territories

text: after

text: its

text: loss

text: in

text: the

text: Russo

text: Persian

text: War

text: and

text: the

text: outcoming

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Turkmenchay

text: Western

text: Armenia

text: however

text: remained

text: in

text: Ottoman

text: hands

question: When did the Russo-Persian War begin?

answer: 1826

question: When did the Russo-Persian War end?

answer: 1828

question: What treaty ended the Russo-Persian War?

answer: Treaty of Turkmenchay

text: Treaty of Turkmenchay

question: When was the Peace of Amasya?

answer: mid 16th century

text: mid 16th century

question: When did parts of Armenia under Iranian control become part of Russia?

answer: In the late 1820s

text: In the late 1820s


text: The instruments used are a mixture of Anatolian and Central Asian instruments (the saz, the bağlama, the kemence), other Middle Eastern instruments (the ud, the tanbur, the kanun, the ney), and—later in the tradition—Western instruments (the violin and the piano). Because of a geographic and cultural divide between the capital and other areas, two broadly distinct styles of music arose in the Ottoman Empire: Ottoman classical music, and folk music. In the provinces, several different kinds of folk music were created. The most dominant regions with their distinguished musical styles are: Balkan-Thracian Türküs, North-Eastern (Laz) Türküs, Aegean Türküs, Central Anatolian Türküs, Eastern Anatolian Türküs, and Caucasian Türküs. Some of the distinctive styles were: Janissary Music, Roma music, Belly dance, Turkish folk music.

title: Ottoman_Empire

title: Ottoman_Empire

text: The

text: instruments

text: used

text: are

text: a

text: mixture

text: of

text: Anatolian

text: and

text: Central

text: Asian

text: instruments

text: the

text: saz

text: the

text: bağlama

text: the

text: kemence

text: other

text: Middle

text: Eastern

text: instruments

text: the

text: ud

text: the

text: tanbur

text: the

text: kanun

text: the

text: ney

text: and

text: later

text: in

text: the

text: tradition

text: Western

text: instruments

text: the

text: violin

text: and

text: the

text: piano

text: Because

text: of

text: a

text: geographic

text: and

text: cultural

text: divide

text: between

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: other

text: areas

text: two

text: broadly

text: distinct

text: styles

text: of

text: music

text: arose

text: in

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: Ottoman

text: classical

text: music

text: and

text: folk

text: music

text: In

text: the

text: provinces

text: several

text: different

text: kinds

text: of

text: folk

text: music

text: were

text: created

text: The

text: most

text: dominant

text: regions

text: with

text: their

text: distinguished

text: musical

text: styles

text: are

text: Balkan

text: Thracian

text: Türküs

text: North

text: Eastern

text: Laz

text: Türküs

text: Aegean

text: Türküs

text: Central

text: Anatolian

text: Türküs

text: Eastern

text: Anatolian

text: Türküs

text: and

text: Caucasian

text: Türküs

text: Some

text: of

text: the

text: distinctive

text: styles

text: were

text: Janissary

text: Music

text: Roma

text: music

text: Belly

text: dance

text: Turkish

text: folk

text: music

question: What are the three most used Anatolian and central asian instruments in Ottoman Classical music?

answer: the saz, the bağlama, the kemence

text: the saz, the bağlama, the kemence

question: Which Middle Eastern instruments can be heard in Ottoman classical music?

answer: the ud, the tanbur, the kanun, the ney

text: the ud, the tanbur, the kanun, the ney

question: In late Ottoman classical music one can find Western instruments, what were they?

answer: the violin and the piano

text: the violin and the piano

question: There were two main style of music in the Ottoman empire, what were they?

answer: classical music, and folk music

text: classical music, and folk music

question: What were the most distinctive style of music in the Ottoman provinces?

answer: Janissary Music, Roma music, Belly dance, Turkish folk music

text: Janissary Music, Roma music, Belly dance, Turkish folk music


text: CAMRA have surveyed the 50,000 pubs in Britain and they believe that there are very few pubs that still have classic snugs. These are on a historic interiors list in order that they can be preserved.

title: Pub

title: Pub

text: CAMRA

text: have

text: surveyed

text: the

text: pubs

text: in

text: Britain

text: and

text: they

text: believe

text: that

text: there

text: are

text: very

text: few

text: pubs

text: that

text: still

text: have

text: classic

text: snugs

text: These

text: are

text: on

text: a

text: historic

text: interiors

text: list

text: in

text: order

text: that

text: they

text: can

text: be

text: preserved

question: How many pubs were part of the CAMRA survey?

answer: 50,000

question: According to CAMRA, how many pubs in Britain possess classic snugs?

answer: very few

text: very few


text: Convinced that he needed a wasta, or an influential intermediary to promote his application above the others, Nasser managed to secure a meeting with Under-Secretary of War Ibrahim Khairy Pasha, the person responsible for the academy's selection board, and requested his help. Khairy Pasha agreed and sponsored Nasser's second application, which was accepted in late 1937. Nasser focused on his military career from then on, and had little contact with his family. At the academy, he met Abdel Hakim Amer and Anwar Sadat, both of whom became important aides during his presidency. After graduating from the academy in July 1938, he was commissioned a second lieutenant in the infantry, and posted to Mankabad. It was here that Nasser and his closest comrades, including Sadat and Amer, first discussed their dissatisfaction at widespread corruption in the country and their desire to topple the monarchy. Sadat would later write that because of his "energy, clear-thinking, and balanced judgement", Nasser emerged as the group's natural leader.

title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

text: Convinced

text: that

text: he

text: needed

text: a

text: wasta

text: or

text: an

text: influential

text: intermediary

text: to

text: promote

text: his

text: application

text: above

text: the

text: others

text: Nasser

text: managed

text: to

text: secure

text: a

text: meeting

text: with

text: Under

text: Secretary

text: of

text: War

text: Ibrahim

text: Khairy

text: Pasha

text: the

text: person

text: responsible

text: for

text: the

text: academy

text: 's

text: selection

text: board

text: and

text: requested

text: his

text: help

text: Khairy

text: Pasha

text: agreed

text: and

text: sponsored

text: Nasser

text: 's

text: second

text: application

text: which

text: was

text: accepted

text: in

text: late

text: Nasser

text: focused

text: on

text: his

text: military

text: career

text: from

text: then

text: on

text: and

text: had

text: little

text: contact

text: with

text: his

text: family

text: At

text: the

text: academy

text: he

text: met

text: Abdel

text: Hakim

text: Amer

text: and

text: Anwar

text: Sadat

text: both

text: of

text: whom

text: became

text: important

text: aides

text: during

text: his

text: presidency

text: After

text: graduating

text: from

text: the

text: academy

text: in

text: July

text: he

text: was

text: commissioned

text: a

text: second

text: lieutenant

text: in

text: the

text: infantry

text: and

text: posted

text: to

text: Mankabad

text: It

text: was

text: here

text: that

text: Nasser

text: and

text: his

text: closest

text: comrades

text: including

text: Sadat

text: and

text: Amer

text: first

text: discussed

text: their

text: dissatisfaction

text: at

text: widespread

text: corruption

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: and

text: their

text: desire

text: to

text: topple

text: the

text: monarchy

text: Sadat

text: would

text: later

text: write

text: that

text: because

text: of

text: his

text: energy

text: clear

text: thinking

text: and

text: balanced

text: judgement

text: Nasser

text: emerged

text: as

text: the

text: group

text: 's

text: natural

text: leader

question: What's another term for influential intermediary?

answer: wasta

text: wasta

question: Who sponsored Nasser's second application to the Military Academy?

answer: Khairy Pasha

text: Khairy Pasha

question: What allies did Nasser meet at the Academy?

answer: Sadat and Amer

text: Sadat and Amer

question: What were the students dissatisfied by in Egypt?

answer: widespread corruption

text: widespread corruption

question: What Egyptian institution did Nasser and his friends want to end?

answer: monarchy

text: monarchy


text: The Oklahoma City Zoo and Botanical Garden is home to numerous natural habitats, WPA era architecture and landscaping, and hosts major touring concerts during the summer at its amphitheater. Oklahoma City also has two amusement parks, Frontier City theme park and White Water Bay water park. Frontier City is an 'Old West'-themed amusement park. The park also features a recreation of a western gunfight at the 'OK Corral' and many shops that line the "Western" town's main street. Frontier City also hosts a national concert circuit at its amphitheater during the summer. Oklahoma City also has a combination racetrack and casino open year-round, Remington Park, which hosts both Quarter horse (March – June) and Thoroughbred (August – December) seasons.

title: Oklahoma_City

title: Oklahoma_City

text: The

text: Oklahoma

text: City

text: Zoo

text: and

text: Botanical

text: Garden

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: numerous

text: natural

text: habitats

text: WPA

text: era

text: architecture

text: and

text: landscaping

text: and

text: hosts

text: major

text: touring

text: concerts

text: during

text: the

text: summer

text: at

text: its

text: amphitheater

text: Oklahoma

text: City

text: also

text: has

text: two

text: amusement

text: parks

text: Frontier

text: City

text: theme

text: park

text: and

text: White

text: Water

text: Bay

text: water

text: park

text: Frontier

text: City

text: is

text: an

text: Old

text: West'-themed

text: amusement

text: park

text: The

text: park

text: also

text: features

text: a

text: recreation

text: of

text: a

text: western

text: gunfight

text: at

text: the

text: OK

text: Corral

text: and

text: many

text: shops

text: that

text: line

text: the

text: Western

text: town

text: 's

text: main

text: street

text: Frontier

text: City

text: also

text: hosts

text: a

text: national

text: concert

text: circuit

text: at

text: its

text: amphitheater

text: during

text: the

text: summer

text: Oklahoma

text: City

text: also

text: has

text: a

text: combination

text: racetrack

text: and

text: casino

text: open

text: year

text: round

text: Remington

text: Park

text: which

text: hosts

text: both

text: Quarter

text: horse

text: March

text: June

text: and

text: Thoroughbred

text: August

text: December

text: seasons

question: Which place hosts racetracks and is a casino?

answer: Remington Park

text: Remington Park

question: Which amusement park is western themed?

answer: Frontier City

text: Frontier City


text: A distinguishing aspect of Indian federalism is that unlike many other forms of federalism, it is asymmetric. Article 370 makes special provisions for the state of Jammu and Kashmir as per its Instrument of Accession. Article 371 makes special provisions for the states of Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Goa, Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and Sikkim as per their accession or state-hood deals. Also one more aspect of Indian federalism is system of President's Rule in which the central government (through its appointed Governor) takes control of state's administration for certain months when no party can form a government in the state or there is violent disturbance in the state.

title: Federalism

title: Federalism

text: A

text: distinguishing

text: aspect

text: of

text: Indian

text: federalism

text: is

text: that

text: unlike

text: many

text: other

text: forms

text: of

text: federalism

text: it

text: is

text: asymmetric

text: Article

text: makes

text: special

text: provisions

text: for

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Jammu

text: and

text: Kashmir

text: as

text: per

text: its

text: Instrument

text: of

text: Accession

text: Article

text: makes

text: special

text: provisions

text: for

text: the

text: states

text: of

text: Andhra

text: Pradesh

text: Arunachal

text: Pradesh

text: Assam

text: Goa

text: Mizoram

text: Manipur

text: Nagaland

text: and

text: Sikkim

text: as

text: per

text: their

text: accession

text: or

text: state

text: hood

text: deals

text: Also

text: one

text: more

text: aspect

text: of

text: Indian

text: federalism

text: is

text: system

text: of

text: President

text: 's

text: Rule

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: central

text: government

text: through

text: its

text: appointed

text: Governor

text: takes

text: control

text: of

text: state

text: 's

text: administration

text: for

text: certain

text: months

text: when

text: no

text: party

text: can

text: form

text: a

text: government

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: or

text: there

text: is

text: violent

text: disturbance

text: in

text: the

text: state

question: What is a distinguishing aspect of Indian federalism?

answer: asymmetric

text: asymmetric

question: What does Article 370 say?

answer: special provisions for the state of Jammu and Kashmir as per its Instrument of Accession

text: special provisions for the state of Jammu and Kashmir as per its Instrument of Accession

question: What does Article 371 say?

answer: special provisions for the states of Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Goa, Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and Sikkim

text: special provisions for the states of Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Goa, Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and Sikkim

question: What happens with President's Rule?

answer: the central government (through its appointed Governor) takes control of state's administration for certain months

text: the central government (through its appointed Governor) takes control of state's administration for certain months


text: The term financial innovation refers to the ongoing development of financial products designed to achieve particular client objectives, such as offsetting a particular risk exposure (such as the default of a borrower) or to assist with obtaining financing. Examples pertinent to this crisis included: the adjustable-rate mortgage; the bundling of subprime mortgages into mortgage-backed securities (MBS) or collateralized debt obligations (CDO) for sale to investors, a type of securitization; and a form of credit insurance called credit default swaps (CDS). The usage of these products expanded dramatically in the years leading up to the crisis. These products vary in complexity and the ease with which they can be valued on the books of financial institutions.

title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

text: The

text: term

text: financial

text: innovation

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: ongoing

text: development

text: of

text: financial

text: products

text: designed

text: to

text: achieve

text: particular

text: client

text: objectives

text: such

text: as

text: offsetting

text: a

text: particular

text: risk

text: exposure

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: default

text: of

text: a

text: borrower

text: or

text: to

text: assist

text: with

text: obtaining

text: financing

text: Examples

text: pertinent

text: to

text: this

text: crisis

text: included

text: the

text: adjustable

text: rate

text: mortgage

text: the

text: bundling

text: of

text: subprime

text: mortgages

text: into

text: mortgage

text: backed

text: securities

text: MBS

text: or

text: collateralized

text: debt

text: obligations

text: CDO

text: for

text: sale

text: to

text: investors

text: a

text: type

text: of

text: securitization

text: and

text: a

text: form

text: of

text: credit

text: insurance

text: called

text: credit

text: default

text: swaps

text: CDS

text: The

text: usage

text: of

text: these

text: products

text: expanded

text: dramatically

text: in

text: the

text: years

text: leading

text: up

text: to

text: the

text: crisis

text: These

text: products

text: vary

text: in

text: complexity

text: and

text: the

text: ease

text: with

text: which

text: they

text: can

text: be

text: valued

text: on

text: the

text: books

text: of

text: financial

text: institutions

question: What term refers to the ongoing development of financial products?

answer: financial innovation

text: financial innovation

question: What is an example of financial innovation pertinent to the financial crisis?

answer: adjustable-rate mortgage

text: adjustable-rate mortgage

question: What is the abbreviation for a form of credit insurance called credit default swaps?

answer: CDS

text: CDS

question: What is the financial innovation that bundles subprime mortgages?

answer: mortgage-backed securities (MBS)

text: mortgage-backed securities (MBS)

question: What happened to the usage of financial innovation products in the years leading up the financial crisis?

answer: expanded dramatically

text: expanded dramatically


text: By 3400 BCE, the Sahara was as dry as it is today, due to reduced precipitation and higher temperatures resulting from a shift in the Earth's orbit. As a result of this aridification, it became a largely impenetrable barrier to humans, with the remaining settlements mainly being concentrated around the numerous oases that dot the landscape. Little trade or commerce is known to have passed through the interior in subsequent periods, the only major exception being the Nile Valley. The Nile, however, was impassable at several cataracts, making trade and contact by boat difficult.

title: Sahara

title: Sahara

text: By

text: BCE

text: the

text: Sahara

text: was

text: as

text: dry

text: as

text: it

text: is

text: today

text: due

text: to

text: reduced

text: precipitation

text: and

text: higher

text: temperatures

text: resulting

text: from

text: a

text: shift

text: in

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: orbit

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: this

text: aridification

text: it

text: became

text: a

text: largely

text: impenetrable

text: barrier

text: to

text: humans

text: with

text: the

text: remaining

text: settlements

text: mainly

text: being

text: concentrated

text: around

text: the

text: numerous

text: oases

text: that

text: dot

text: the

text: landscape

text: Little

text: trade

text: or

text: commerce

text: is

text: known

text: to

text: have

text: passed

text: through

text: the

text: interior

text: in

text: subsequent

text: periods

text: the

text: only

text: major

text: exception

text: being

text: the

text: Nile

text: Valley

text: The

text: Nile

text: however

text: was

text: impassable

text: at

text: several

text: cataracts

text: making

text: trade

text: and

text: contact

text: by

text: boat

text: difficult

question: By What time period was the Sahara dry like it is today?

answer: 3400 BCE

text: 3400 BCE

question: What was the main reason that the Sahara became so   dry?

answer: reduced precipitation and higher temperatures

text: reduced precipitation and higher temperatures

question: What area is known for having the majority of the trade?

answer: the Nile Valley

text: the Nile Valley


text: Molecules are moved within plants by transport processes that operate at a variety of spatial scales. Subcellular transport of ions, electrons and molecules such as water and enzymes occurs across cell membranes. Minerals and water are transported from roots to other parts of the plant in the transpiration stream. Diffusion, osmosis, and active transport and mass flow are all different ways transport can occur. Examples of elements that plants need to transport are nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulphur. In vascular plants, these elements are extracted from the soil as soluble ions by the roots and transported throughout the plant in the xylem. Most of the elements required for plant nutrition come from the chemical breakdown of soil minerals. Sucrose produced by photosynthesis is transported from the leaves to other parts of the plant in the phloem and plant hormones are transported by a variety of processes.

title: Botany

title: Botany

text: Molecules

text: are

text: moved

text: within

text: plants

text: by

text: transport

text: processes

text: that

text: operate

text: at

text: a

text: variety

text: of

text: spatial

text: scales

text: Subcellular

text: transport

text: of

text: ions

text: electrons

text: and

text: molecules

text: such

text: as

text: water

text: and

text: enzymes

text: occurs

text: across

text: cell

text: membranes

text: Minerals

text: and

text: water

text: are

text: transported

text: from

text: roots

text: to

text: other

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: plant

text: in

text: the

text: transpiration

text: stream

text: Diffusion

text: osmosis

text: and

text: active

text: transport

text: and

text: mass

text: flow

text: are

text: all

text: different

text: ways

text: transport

text: can

text: occur

text: Examples

text: of

text: elements

text: that

text: plants

text: need

text: to

text: transport

text: are

text: nitrogen

text: phosphorus

text: potassium

text: calcium

text: magnesium

text: and

text: sulphur

text: In

text: vascular

text: plants

text: these

text: elements

text: are

text: extracted

text: from

text: the

text: soil

text: as

text: soluble

text: ions

text: by

text: the

text: roots

text: and

text: transported

text: throughout

text: the

text: plant

text: in

text: the

text: xylem

text: Most

text: of

text: the

text: elements

text: required

text: for

text: plant

text: nutrition

text: come

text: from

text: the

text: chemical

text: breakdown

text: of

text: soil

text: minerals

text: Sucrose

text: produced

text: by

text: photosynthesis

text: is

text: transported

text: from

text: the

text: leaves

text: to

text: other

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: plant

text: in

text: the

text: phloem

text: and

text: plant

text: hormones

text: are

text: transported

text: by

text: a

text: variety

text: of

text: processes

question: How is water transported into plants?

answer: from roots

text: from roots

question: IN what form are mineral acquired by the roots?

answer: as soluble ions

text: as soluble ions

question: From where does the plant get the required minerals?

answer: chemical breakdown of soil

text: chemical breakdown of soil

question: Where is sucrose produced in a plant?

answer: the leaves

text: the leaves

question: How are hormones moved around a plant?

answer: by a variety of processes

text: by a variety of processes


text: First recognized in 1900 by Max Planck, it was originally the proportionality constant between the minimal increment of energy, E, of a hypothetical electrically charged oscillator in a cavity that contained black body radiation, and the frequency, f, of its associated electromagnetic wave. In 1905 the value E, the minimal energy increment of a hypothetical oscillator, was theoretically associated by Einstein with a "quantum" or minimal element of the energy of the electromagnetic wave itself. The light quantum behaved in some respects as an electrically neutral particle, as opposed to an electromagnetic wave. It was eventually called the photon.

title: Planck_constant

title: Planck_constant

text: First

text: recognized

text: in

text: by

text: Max

text: Planck

text: it

text: was

text: originally

text: the

text: proportionality

text: constant

text: between

text: the

text: minimal

text: increment

text: of

text: energy

text: E

text: of

text: a

text: hypothetical

text: electrically

text: charged

text: oscillator

text: in

text: a

text: cavity

text: that

text: contained

text: black

text: body

text: radiation

text: and

text: the

text: frequency

text: f

text: of

text: its

text: associated

text: electromagnetic

text: wave

text: In

text: the

text: value

text: E

text: the

text: minimal

text: energy

text: increment

text: of

text: a

text: hypothetical

text: oscillator

text: was

text: theoretically

text: associated

text: by

text: Einstein

text: with

text: a

text: quantum

text: or

text: minimal

text: element

text: of

text: the

text: energy

text: of

text: the

text: electromagnetic

text: wave

text: itself

text: The

text: light

text: quantum

text: behaved

text: in

text: some

text: respects

text: as

text: an

text: electrically

text: neutral

text: particle

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: an

text: electromagnetic

text: wave

text: It

text: was

text: eventually

text: called

text: the

text: photon

question: What is considered the minimal energy increment of a hypothetical oscillator?

answer: value E

text: value E

question: In what year was the value E associated by Einstein with quantum theories of energy?

answer: 1905

question: Who discovered an association between the value E and quantum energy?

answer: Einstein

text: Einstein

question: What did the light quantum behave the same as in laboratory experiments?

answer: neutral particle

text: neutral particle

question: What type of charge did a particle have that behaved similarly to light quantum energy?

answer: neutral

text: neutral

question: What is energy abbreviated to in science?

answer: E

text: E

question: What is frequency also known as in science?

answer: f

text: f

question: What term describes a small amount of element?

answer: quantum

text: quantum

question: What did the light quantum, in some ways, behave as?

answer: an electrically neutral particle

text: an electrically neutral particle

question: What was later termed the photon?

answer: The light quantum

text: The light quantum

question: When did Max Planck first recognize the value of the Planck constant?

answer: 1900

question: Which scientist associated the Planck constant with a quantum five years after Planck's recognition?

answer: Einstein

text: Einstein

question: Instead of an electromagnetic wave, what did the light quantum behave as in some regards?

answer: an electrically neutral particle

text: an electrically neutral particle

question: What is the simple name given to the light quantum today?

answer: the photon

text: the photon


text: The last major attack on London was on 10/11 May 1941, on which the Luftwaffe flew 571 sorties and dropped 800 tonnes of bombs. This caused more than 2,000 fires. 1,436 people were killed and 1,792 seriously injured, which affected morale badly. Another raid was carried out on 11/12 May 1941. Westminster Abbey and the Law Courts were damaged, while the Chamber of the House of Commons was destroyed. One-third of London's streets were impassable. All but one railway station line was blocked for several weeks. This raid was significant, as 63 German fighters were sent with the bombers, indicating the growing effectiveness of RAF night fighter defences.

title: The_Blitz

title: The_Blitz

text: The

text: last

text: major

text: attack

text: on

text: London

text: was

text: on

text: May

text: on

text: which

text: the

text: Luftwaffe

text: flew

text: sorties

text: and

text: dropped

text: tonnes

text: of

text: bombs

text: This

text: caused

text: more

text: than

text: fires

text: people

text: were

text: killed

text: and

text: seriously

text: injured

text: which

text: affected

text: morale

text: badly

text: Another

text: raid

text: was

text: carried

text: out

text: on

text: May

text: Westminster

text: Abbey

text: and

text: the

text: Law

text: Courts

text: were

text: damaged

text: while

text: the

text: Chamber

text: of

text: the

text: House

text: of

text: Commons

text: was

text: destroyed

text: One

text: third

text: of

text: London

text: 's

text: streets

text: were

text: impassable

text: All

text: but

text: one

text: railway

text: station

text: line

text: was

text: blocked

text: for

text: several

text: weeks

text: This

text: raid

text: was

text: significant

text: as

text: German

text: fighters

text: were

text: sent

text: with

text: the

text: bombers

text: indicating

text: the

text: growing

text: effectiveness

text: of

text: RAF

text: night

text: fighter

text: defences

question: When was the last major attack London saw?

answer: 10/11 May 1941

text: 10/11 May 1941

question: How many tonnes of bombs did the Luftwaffe use on London?

answer: 800 tonnes

text: 800 tonnes

question: How many casualties were inflicted?

answer: 1,436 people were killed and 1,792 seriously injured

text: 1,436 people were killed and 1,792 seriously injured

question: What was the damage done to London's streets?

answer: One-third of London's streets were impassable

text: One-third of London's streets were impassable

question: What showed RAF night fighter effectiveness was increasing?

answer: 63 German fighters were sent with the bombers

text: 63 German fighters were sent with the bombers


text: Traditional Eritrean attire is quite varied among the ethnic groups of Eritrea. In the larger cities, most people dress in Western casual dress such as jeans and shirts. In offices, both men and women often dress in suits. Traditional clothing for Christian Tigrinya-speaking highlanders consists of bright white gowns called zurias for the women, and long white shirts accompanied by white pants for the men. In Muslim communities in the Eritrean lowland, the women traditionally dress in brightly colored clothes. Only Rashaida women maintain a tradition of covering half of their faces, though they do not cover their hair.

title: Eritrea

title: Eritrea

text: Traditional

text: Eritrean

text: attire

text: is

text: quite

text: varied

text: among

text: the

text: ethnic

text: groups

text: of

text: Eritrea

text: In

text: the

text: larger

text: cities

text: most

text: people

text: dress

text: in

text: Western

text: casual

text: dress

text: such

text: as

text: jeans

text: and

text: shirts

text: In

text: offices

text: both

text: men

text: and

text: women

text: often

text: dress

text: in

text: suits

text: Traditional

text: clothing

text: for

text: Christian

text: Tigrinya

text: speaking

text: highlanders

text: consists

text: of

text: bright

text: white

text: gowns

text: called

text: zurias

text: for

text: the

text: women

text: and

text: long

text: white

text: shirts

text: accompanied

text: by

text: white

text: pants

text: for

text: the

text: men

text: In

text: Muslim

text: communities

text: in

text: the

text: Eritrean

text: lowland

text: the

text: women

text: traditionally

text: dress

text: in

text: brightly

text: colored

text: clothes

text: Only

text: Rashaida

text: women

text: maintain

text: a

text: tradition

text: of

text: covering

text: half

text: of

text: their

text: faces

text: though

text: they

text: do

text: not

text: cover

text: their

text: hair

question: How do most people dress in the larger cities of Eritrea?

answer: Western casual

text: Western casual

question: How do both men and women often dress in offices in Eritrea?

answer: suits

text: suits

question: What are zurias, the traditional clothes still worn by Christian highlander women in Eritrea?

answer: bright white gowns

text: bright white gowns

question: How do women in the Muslim communities of the Eritrean lowland dress?

answer: in brightly colored clothes

text: in brightly colored clothes

question: Who are the only women who follow the tradition of covering half of their faces, though not their hair?

answer: Rashaida women

text: Rashaida women


text: On September 10, 1987, after a lecture from hardliner Yegor Ligachev at the Politburo for allowing these two unsanctioned demonstrations in Moscow, Boris Yeltsin wrote a letter of resignation to Gorbachev, who had been holidaying on the Black Sea. Gorbachev was stunned – no one had ever voluntarily resigned from the Politburo. At the October 27, 1987, plenary meeting of the Central Committee, Yeltsin, frustrated that Gorbachev had not addressed any of the issues outlined in his resignation letter, criticized the slow pace of reform, servility to the general secretary, and opposition from Ligachev that had led to his (Yeltsin's) resignation. No one had ever addressed the Party leader so brazenly in front of the Central Committee since Leon Trotsky in the 1920s. In his reply, Gorbachev accused Yeltsin of "political immaturity" and "absolute irresponsibility." No one backed Yeltsin.

title: Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

title: Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

text: On

text: September

text: after

text: a

text: lecture

text: from

text: hardliner

text: Yegor

text: Ligachev

text: at

text: the

text: Politburo

text: for

text: allowing

text: these

text: two

text: unsanctioned

text: demonstrations

text: in

text: Moscow

text: Boris

text: Yeltsin

text: wrote

text: a

text: letter

text: of

text: resignation

text: to

text: Gorbachev

text: who

text: had

text: been

text: holidaying

text: on

text: the

text: Black

text: Sea

text: Gorbachev

text: was

text: stunned

text: no

text: one

text: had

text: ever

text: voluntarily

text: resigned

text: from

text: the

text: Politburo

text: At

text: the

text: October

text: plenary

text: meeting

text: of

text: the

text: Central

text: Committee

text: Yeltsin

text: frustrated

text: that

text: Gorbachev

text: had

text: not

text: addressed

text: any

text: of

text: the

text: issues

text: outlined

text: in

text: his

text: resignation

text: letter

text: criticized

text: the

text: slow

text: pace

text: of

text: reform

text: servility

text: to

text: the

text: general

text: secretary

text: and

text: opposition

text: from

text: Ligachev

text: that

text: had

text: led

text: to

text: his

text: Yeltsin

text: 's

text: resignation

text: No

text: one

text: had

text: ever

text: addressed

text: the

text: Party

text: leader

text: so

text: brazenly

text: in

text: front

text: of

text: the

text: Central

text: Committee

text: since

text: Leon

text: Trotsky

text: in

text: the

text: In

text: his

text: reply

text: Gorbachev

text: accused

text: Yeltsin

text: of

text: political

text: immaturity

text: and

text: absolute

text: irresponsibility

text: No

text: one

text: backed

text: Yeltsin

question: Who disagreed vocally about the demonstrations being permitted?

answer: Yegor Ligachev

text: Yegor Ligachev

question: Who resigned in September of 1987?

answer: Boris Yeltsin

text: Boris Yeltsin

question: What was Gorbachev's reaction to Yeltsin's resignation?

answer: stunned

text: stunned

question: What did Yeltsin dislike about the reforms?

answer: slow pace

text: slow pace

question: Who took Yeltsin's side?

answer: No one

text: No one


text: The word phonology comes from the Greek φωνή, phōnḗ, "voice, sound," and the suffix -logy (which is from Greek λόγος, lógos, "word, speech, subject of discussion"). Definitions of the term vary. Nikolai Trubetzkoy in Grundzüge der Phonologie (1939) defines phonology as "the study of sound pertaining to the system of language," as opposed to phonetics, which is "the study of sound pertaining to the act of speech" (the distinction between language and speech being basically Saussure's distinction between langue and parole). More recently, Lass (1998) writes that phonology refers broadly to the subdiscipline of linguistics concerned with the sounds of language, while in more narrow terms, "phonology proper is concerned with the function, behavior and organization of sounds as linguistic items." According to Clark et al. (2007), it means the systematic use of sound to encode meaning in any spoken human language, or the field of linguistics studying this use.

title: Phonology

title: Phonology

text: The

text: word

text: phonology

text: comes

text: from

text: the

text: Greek

text: φωνή

text: phōnḗ

text: voice

text: sound

text: and

text: the

text: suffix

text: -logy

text: which

text: is

text: from

text: Greek

text: λόγος

text: lógos

text: word

text: speech

text: subject

text: of

text: discussion

text: Definitions

text: of

text: the

text: term

text: vary

text: Nikolai

text: Trubetzkoy

text: in

text: Grundzüge

text: der

text: Phonologie

text: defines

text: phonology

text: as

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: sound

text: pertaining

text: to

text: the

text: system

text: of

text: language

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: phonetics

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: sound

text: pertaining

text: to

text: the

text: act

text: of

text: speech

text: the

text: distinction

text: between

text: language

text: and

text: speech

text: being

text: basically

text: Saussure

text: 's

text: distinction

text: between

text: langue

text: and

text: parole

text: More

text: recently

text: Lass

text: writes

text: that

text: phonology

text: refers

text: broadly

text: to

text: the

text: subdiscipline

text: of

text: linguistics

text: concerned

text: with

text: the

text: sounds

text: of

text: language

text: while

text: in

text: more

text: narrow

text: terms

text: phonology

text: proper

text: is

text: concerned

text: with

text: the

text: function

text: behavior

text: and

text: organization

text: of

text: sounds

text: as

text: linguistic

text: items

text: According

text: to

text: Clark

text: et

text: al

text: it

text: means

text: the

text: systematic

text: use

text: of

text: sound

text: to

text: encode

text: meaning

text: in

text: any

text: spoken

text: human

text: language

text: or

text: the

text: field

text: of

text: linguistics

text: studying

text: this

text: use

question: What language does phonology as a word come from?

answer: Greek

text: Greek

question: What Greek word is -logy derived from?

answer: lógos

text: lógos

question: Who in 1939 defined phonology?

answer: Nikolai Trubetzkoy

text: Nikolai Trubetzkoy

question: A distinction was drawn between language and what?

answer: speech

text: speech

question: When did Lass write about phonology?

answer: 1998


text: The direct object of the verb appears either in the accusative (for total objects) or in the partitive (for partial objects). The accusative coincides with the genitive in the singular and with nominative in the plural. Accusative vs. partitive case opposition of the object used with transitive verbs creates a telicity contrast, just as in Finnish. This is a rough equivalent of the perfective vs. imperfective aspect opposition.

title: Estonian_language

title: Estonian_language

text: The

text: direct

text: object

text: of

text: the

text: verb

text: appears

text: either

text: in

text: the

text: accusative

text: for

text: total

text: objects

text: or

text: in

text: the

text: partitive

text: for

text: partial

text: objects

text: The

text: accusative

text: coincides

text: with

text: the

text: genitive

text: in

text: the

text: singular

text: and

text: with

text: nominative

text: in

text: the

text: plural

text: Accusative

text: vs.

text: partitive

text: case

text: opposition

text: of

text: the

text: object

text: used

text: with

text: transitive

text: verbs

text: creates

text: a

text: telicity

text: contrast

text: just

text: as

text: in

text: Finnish

text: This

text: is

text: a

text: rough

text: equivalent

text: of

text: the

text: perfective

text: vs.

text: imperfective

text: aspect

text: opposition

question: What other language has a telicity contrast?

answer: Finnish

text: Finnish

question: Aside from the accusative, where can the direct object of the verb be found?

answer: partitive

text: partitive

question: What is the accusative used for?

answer: total objects

text: total objects


text: According to author Michael Carrithers, while there are good reasons to doubt the traditional account, "the outline of the life must be true: birth, maturity, renunciation, search, awakening and liberation, teaching, death." In writing her biography of the Buddha, Karen Armstrong noted, "It is obviously difficult, therefore, to write a biography of the Buddha that meets modern criteria, because we have very little information that can be considered historically sound... [but] we can be reasonably confident Siddhatta Gotama did indeed exist and that his disciples preserved the memory of his life and teachings as well as they could."[dubious – discuss]

title: Buddhism

title: Buddhism

text: According

text: to

text: author

text: Michael

text: Carrithers

text: while

text: there

text: are

text: good

text: reasons

text: to

text: doubt

text: the

text: traditional

text: account

text: the

text: outline

text: of

text: the

text: life

text: must

text: be

text: true

text: birth

text: maturity

text: renunciation

text: search

text: awakening

text: and

text: liberation

text: teaching

text: death

text: In

text: writing

text: her

text: biography

text: of

text: the

text: Buddha

text: Karen

text: Armstrong

text: noted

text: It

text: is

text: obviously

text: difficult

text: therefore

text: to

text: write

text: a

text: biography

text: of

text: the

text: Buddha

text: that

text: meets

text: modern

text: criteria

text: because

text: we

text: have

text: very

text: little

text: information

text: that

text: can

text: be

text: considered

text: historically

text: sound

text: but

text: we

text: can

text: be

text: reasonably

text: confident

text: Siddhatta

text: Gotama

text: did

text: indeed

text: exist

text: and

text: that

text: his

text: disciples

text: preserved

text: the

text: memory

text: of

text: his

text: life

text: and

text: teachings

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: they

text: could."[dubious

text: discuss

question: Who said "the outline of the life must be true: birth, maturity, renunciation, search, awakening and liberation, teaching, death."?

answer: Michael Carrithers

text: Michael Carrithers

question: What are some of the outlines of life?

answer: birth, maturity, renunciation

text: birth, maturity, renunciation

question: Who wrote a biography of Buddha?

answer: Karen Armstrong

text: Karen Armstrong

question: What do some say is Buddha's real name?

answer: Siddhatta Gotama

text: Siddhatta Gotama

question: What are the helpers called that helped Buddha?

answer: disciples

text: disciples

question: Who believes "the outline of the life must be true" in reference to Buddha?

answer: Michael Carrithers

text: Michael Carrithers

question: Karen Armstrong wrote a biography on who?

answer: the Buddha

text: the Buddha

question: Karen Armstrong has said that we can be confident who existed?

answer: Siddhatta Gotama

text: Siddhatta Gotama


text: Like in English, Dutch has generalised the dative over the accusative case for all pronouns, e.g. Du me, je, Eng me, you, vs. Germ mich/mir dich/dir. There is one exception: the standard language prescribes that in the third person plural, hen is to be used for the direct object, and hun for the indirect object. This distinction was artificially introduced in the 17th century by grammarians, and is largely ignored in spoken language and not well understood by Dutch speakers. Consequently, the third person plural forms hun and hen are interchangeable in normal usage, with hun being more common. The shared unstressed form ze is also often used as both direct and indirect objects and is a useful avoidance strategy when people are unsure which form to use.

title: Dutch_language

title: Dutch_language

text: Like

text: in

text: English

text: Dutch

text: has

text: generalised

text: the

text: dative

text: over

text: the

text: accusative

text: case

text: for

text: all

text: pronouns

text: e.g.

text: Du

text: me

text: je

text: Eng

text: me

text: you

text: vs.

text: Germ

text: mich

text: mir

text: dich

text: dir

text: There

text: is

text: one

text: exception

text: the

text: standard

text: language

text: prescribes

text: that

text: in

text: the

text: third

text: person

text: plural

text: hen

text: is

text: to

text: be

text: used

text: for

text: the

text: direct

text: object

text: and

text: hun

text: for

text: the

text: indirect

text: object

text: This

text: distinction

text: was

text: artificially

text: introduced

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: by

text: grammarians

text: and

text: is

text: largely

text: ignored

text: in

text: spoken

text: language

text: and

text: not

text: well

text: understood

text: by

text: Dutch

text: speakers

text: Consequently

text: the

text: third

text: person

text: plural

text: forms

text: hun

text: and

text: hen

text: are

text: interchangeable

text: in

text: normal

text: usage

text: with

text: hun

text: being

text: more

text: common

text: The

text: shared

text: unstressed

text: form

text: ze

text: is

text: also

text: often

text: used

text: as

text: both

text: direct

text: and

text: indirect

text: objects

text: and

text: is

text: a

text: useful

text: avoidance

text: strategy

text: when

text: people

text: are

text: unsure

text: which

text: form

text: to

text: use

question: What language besides Dutch uses the dative case instead of the accusative for pronouns?

answer: English

text: English

question: In the lone exception to the dative case, which pronoun is prescribed for the third person plural direct object?

answer: hen

text: hen

question: When did the grammarians first draw the line between third person plural pronouns for Dutch?

answer: 17th century

text: 17th century

question: Since most Dutch speakers don't bother with the hen/hun rule, which of the two most often gets used?

answer: hun

text: hun

question: When speakers get confused about whether to use hen or hun, what interchangeable unstressed form would they probably use?

answer: ze

text: ze


text: In his Physics, book IV, Aristotle offered numerous arguments against the void: for example, that motion through a medium which offered no impediment could continue ad infinitum, there being no reason that something would come to rest anywhere in particular. Although Lucretius argued for the existence of vacuum in the first century BC and Hero of Alexandria tried unsuccessfully to create an artificial vacuum in the first century AD, it was European scholars such as Roger Bacon, Blasius of Parma and Walter Burley in the 13th and 14th century who focused considerable attention on these issues. Eventually following Stoic physics in this instance, scholars from the 14th century onward increasingly departed from the Aristotelian perspective in favor of a supernatural void beyond the confines of the cosmos itself, a conclusion widely acknowledged by the 17th century, which helped to segregate natural and theological concerns.

title: Vacuum

title: Vacuum

text: In

text: his

text: Physics

text: book

text: IV

text: Aristotle

text: offered

text: numerous

text: arguments

text: against

text: the

text: void

text: for

text: example

text: that

text: motion

text: through

text: a

text: medium

text: which

text: offered

text: no

text: impediment

text: could

text: continue

text: ad

text: infinitum

text: there

text: being

text: no

text: reason

text: that

text: something

text: would

text: come

text: to

text: rest

text: anywhere

text: in

text: particular

text: Although

text: Lucretius

text: argued

text: for

text: the

text: existence

text: of

text: vacuum

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: century

text: BC

text: and

text: Hero

text: of

text: Alexandria

text: tried

text: unsuccessfully

text: to

text: create

text: an

text: artificial

text: vacuum

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: century

text: AD

text: it

text: was

text: European

text: scholars

text: such

text: as

text: Roger

text: Bacon

text: Blasius

text: of

text: Parma

text: and

text: Walter

text: Burley

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: century

text: who

text: focused

text: considerable

text: attention

text: on

text: these

text: issues

text: Eventually

text: following

text: Stoic

text: physics

text: in

text: this

text: instance

text: scholars

text: from

text: the

text: century

text: onward

text: increasingly

text: departed

text: from

text: the

text: Aristotelian

text: perspective

text: in

text: favor

text: of

text: a

text: supernatural

text: void

text: beyond

text: the

text: confines

text: of

text: the

text: cosmos

text: itself

text: a

text: conclusion

text: widely

text: acknowledged

text: by

text: the

text: century

text: which

text: helped

text: to

text: segregate

text: natural

text: and

text: theological

text: concerns

question: In what century did believes start to move away from Aristotle's idea regarding a void?

answer: 14th century

text: 14th century

question: What thought process was used in the beginning belief of the existence of vacuums?

answer: Stoic physics

text: Stoic physics

question: Roger Bacon,Walter Burley and Blasius of Parma were from what century?

answer: 13th and 14th

text: 13th and 14th

question: What belief regarding a cosmic void was accepted by most in the 17th century?

answer: a supernatural void beyond the confines of the cosmos itself

text: a supernatural void beyond the confines of the cosmos itself


text: However, this was not always the case; in the early 20th century, once it became apparent that the "sport" was worked, pro wrestling was looked down on as a cheap entertainment for the uneducated working class — an attitude that still exists to varying degrees today. The French theorist Roland Barthes was among the first to propose that wrestling was worthy of deeper analysis, in his essay "The World of Wrestling" from his book Mythologies, first published in 1957. Barthes argued that it should be looked at not as a scamming of the ignorant, but as spectacle; a mode of theatric performance for a willing, if bloodthirsty, audience. Wrestling is described as performed art which demands an immediate reading of the juxtaposed meanings. The logical conclusion is given least importance over the theatrical performers of the wrestlers and the referee. According to Barthes, the function of a wrestler is not to win: it is to go exactly through the motions which are expected of them and to give the audience a theatrical spectacle. This work is considered a foundation of all later study.

title: Professional_wrestling

title: Professional_wrestling

text: However

text: this

text: was

text: not

text: always

text: the

text: case

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: once

text: it

text: became

text: apparent

text: that

text: the

text: sport

text: was

text: worked

text: pro

text: wrestling

text: was

text: looked

text: down

text: on

text: as

text: a

text: cheap

text: entertainment

text: for

text: the

text: uneducated

text: working

text: class

text: an

text: attitude

text: that

text: still

text: exists

text: to

text: varying

text: degrees

text: today

text: The

text: French

text: theorist

text: Roland

text: Barthes

text: was

text: among

text: the

text: first

text: to

text: propose

text: that

text: wrestling

text: was

text: worthy

text: of

text: deeper

text: analysis

text: in

text: his

text: essay

text: The

text: World

text: of

text: Wrestling

text: from

text: his

text: book

text: Mythologies

text: first

text: published

text: in

text: Barthes

text: argued

text: that

text: it

text: should

text: be

text: looked

text: at

text: not

text: as

text: a

text: scamming

text: of

text: the

text: ignorant

text: but

text: as

text: spectacle

text: a

text: mode

text: of

text: theatric

text: performance

text: for

text: a

text: willing

text: if

text: bloodthirsty

text: audience

text: Wrestling

text: is

text: described

text: as

text: performed

text: art

text: which

text: demands

text: an

text: immediate

text: reading

text: of

text: the

text: juxtaposed

text: meanings

text: The

text: logical

text: conclusion

text: is

text: given

text: least

text: importance

text: over

text: the

text: theatrical

text: performers

text: of

text: the

text: wrestlers

text: and

text: the

text: referee

text: According

text: to

text: Barthes

text: the

text: function

text: of

text: a

text: wrestler

text: is

text: not

text: to

text: win

text: it

text: is

text: to

text: go

text: exactly

text: through

text: the

text: motions

text: which

text: are

text: expected

text: of

text: them

text: and

text: to

text: give

text: the

text: audience

text: a

text: theatrical

text: spectacle

text: This

text: work

text: is

text: considered

text: a

text: foundation

text: of

text: all

text: later

text: study

question: What impact did the revelation of wrestling being "fixed" have?

answer: looked down on as a cheap entertainment for the uneducated working class

text: looked down on as a cheap entertainment for the uneducated working class

question: When was Roland Barthes book published?

answer: 1957

question: What did Barthes believe a wrestler give the audience?

answer: a theatrical spectacle

text: a theatrical spectacle

question: What was the name of Roland Barthes' essay?

answer: "The World of Wrestling"

text: "The World of Wrestling"


text: North Carolina State University is located in southwest Raleigh where the Wolfpack competes nationally in 24 intercollegiate varsity sports as a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference. The university's football team plays in Carter-Finley Stadium, the third largest football stadium in North Carolina, while the men's basketball team shares the PNC Arena with the Carolina Hurricanes hockey club. The Wolfpack women's basketball, volleyball, and gymnastics as well as men's wrestling events are held on campus at Reynolds Coliseum. The men's baseball team plays at Doak Field.

title: Raleigh,_North_Carolina

title: Raleigh,_North_Carolina

text: North

text: Carolina

text: State

text: University

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: southwest

text: Raleigh

text: where

text: the

text: Wolfpack

text: competes

text: nationally

text: in

text: intercollegiate

text: varsity

text: sports

text: as

text: a

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Coast

text: Conference

text: The

text: university

text: 's

text: football

text: team

text: plays

text: in

text: Carter

text: Finley

text: Stadium

text: the

text: third

text: largest

text: football

text: stadium

text: in

text: North

text: Carolina

text: while

text: the

text: men

text: 's

text: basketball

text: team

text: shares

text: the

text: PNC

text: Arena

text: with

text: the

text: Carolina

text: Hurricanes

text: hockey

text: club

text: The

text: Wolfpack

text: women

text: 's

text: basketball

text: volleyball

text: and

text: gymnastics

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: men

text: 's

text: wrestling

text: events

text: are

text: held

text: on

text: campus

text: at

text: Reynolds

text: Coliseum

text: The

text: men

text: 's

text: baseball

text: team

text: plays

text: at

text: Doak

text: Field

question: Where is North Carolina State University?

answer: southwest Raleigh

text: southwest Raleigh

question: What is the mascot for North Carolina State University?

answer: Wolfpack

text: Wolfpack

question: Where does the football team for North Carolina State University play?

answer: Carter-Finley Stadium

text: Carter-Finley Stadium

question: How big is Carter Finley Stadium?

answer: third largest football stadium in North Carolina

text: third largest football stadium in North Carolina

question: Where does North Carolina State University men's wrestling compete?

answer: Reynolds Coliseum

text: Reynolds Coliseum


text: The eligible age-range for contestants is currently fifteen to twenty-eight years old. The initial age limit was sixteen to twenty-four in the first three seasons, but the upper limit was raised to twenty-eight in season four, and the lower limit was reduced to fifteen in season ten. The contestants must be legal U.S. residents, cannot have advanced to particular stages of the competition in previous seasons (varies depending on the season, currently by the semi-final stage until season thirteen), and must not hold any current recording or talent representation contract by the semi-final stage (in previous years by the audition stage).

title: American_Idol

title: American_Idol

text: The

text: eligible

text: age

text: range

text: for

text: contestants

text: is

text: currently

text: fifteen

text: to

text: twenty

text: eight

text: years

text: old

text: The

text: initial

text: age

text: limit

text: was

text: sixteen

text: to

text: twenty

text: four

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: three

text: seasons

text: but

text: the

text: upper

text: limit

text: was

text: raised

text: to

text: twenty

text: eight

text: in

text: season

text: four

text: and

text: the

text: lower

text: limit

text: was

text: reduced

text: to

text: fifteen

text: in

text: season

text: ten

text: The

text: contestants

text: must

text: be

text: legal

text: U.S.

text: residents

text: can

text: not

text: have

text: advanced

text: to

text: particular

text: stages

text: of

text: the

text: competition

text: in

text: previous

text: seasons

text: varies

text: depending

text: on

text: the

text: season

text: currently

text: by

text: the

text: semi

text: final

text: stage

text: until

text: season

text: thirteen

text: and

text: must

text: not

text: hold

text: any

text: current

text: recording

text: or

text: talent

text: representation

text: contract

text: by

text: the

text: semi

text: final

text: stage

text: in

text: previous

text: years

text: by

text: the

text: audition

text: stage

question: What is the upper age limit for contestants on American Idol?

answer: twenty-eight

text: twenty-eight

question: When was the age limit increased to 28?

answer: season four

text: season four

question: Currently, contestants can not have a recording track by what stage of the competition?

answer: semi-final stage

text: semi-final stage


text: Much media attention on the season had been focused on the three black singers, Fantasia Barrino, LaToya London, and Jennifer Hudson, dubbed the Three Divas. All three unexpectedly landed on the bottom three on the top seven result show, with Hudson controversially eliminated. Elton John, who was one of the mentors that season, called the results of the votes "incredibly racist". The prolonged stays of John Stevens and Jasmine Trias in the finals, despite negative comments from the judges, had aroused resentment, so much so that John Stevens reportedly received a death threat, which he dismissed as a joke 'blown out of proportion'.

title: American_Idol

title: American_Idol

text: Much

text: media

text: attention

text: on

text: the

text: season

text: had

text: been

text: focused

text: on

text: the

text: three

text: black

text: singers

text: Fantasia

text: Barrino

text: LaToya

text: London

text: and

text: Jennifer

text: Hudson

text: dubbed

text: the

text: Three

text: Divas

text: All

text: three

text: unexpectedly

text: landed

text: on

text: the

text: bottom

text: three

text: on

text: the

text: top

text: seven

text: result

text: show

text: with

text: Hudson

text: controversially

text: eliminated

text: Elton

text: John

text: who

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: mentors

text: that

text: season

text: called

text: the

text: results

text: of

text: the

text: votes

text: incredibly

text: racist

text: The

text: prolonged

text: stays

text: of

text: John

text: Stevens

text: and

text: Jasmine

text: Trias

text: in

text: the

text: finals

text: despite

text: negative

text: comments

text: from

text: the

text: judges

text: had

text: aroused

text: resentment

text: so

text: much

text: so

text: that

text: John

text: Stevens

text: reportedly

text: received

text: a

text: death

text: threat

text: which

text: he

text: dismissed

text: as

text: a

text: joke

text: blown

text: out

text: of

text: proportion

question: What were the three black female contestants on season three of American Idol commonly referred to as?

answer: the Three Divas

text: the Three Divas

question: Which contestant was eliminated during the week of the top seven?

answer: Jennifer Hudson

text: Jennifer Hudson

question: What famous singer made claims of racism after Jennifer Hudson was eliminated from American Idol?

answer: Elton John

text: Elton John

question: Which season three contestant on American Idol was the recipient of reported death threats?

answer: John Stevens

text: John Stevens

question: What were Fantasia Barrino, LaToya London and Jennifer Hudson called?

answer: the Three Divas

text: the Three Divas

question: Which of the three was eliminated?

answer: Jennifer Hudson

text: Jennifer Hudson

question: Who said that the results were racist?

answer: Elton John

text: Elton John

question: Which contestant reportedly received a death threat on the show?

answer: John Stevens

text: John Stevens


text: The 9/11 Commission's final report on July 22, 2004 stated that the FBI and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) were both partially to blame for not pursuing intelligence reports that could have prevented the September 11, 2001 attacks. In its most damning assessment, the report concluded that the country had "not been well served" by either agency and listed numerous recommendations for changes within the FBI. While the FBI has acceded to most of the recommendations, including oversight by the new Director of National Intelligence, some former members of the 9/11 Commission publicly criticized the FBI in October 2005, claiming it was resisting any meaningful changes.

title: Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation

title: Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation

text: The

text: Commission

text: 's

text: final

text: report

text: on

text: July

text: stated

text: that

text: the

text: FBI

text: and

text: Central

text: Intelligence

text: Agency

text: CIA

text: were

text: both

text: partially

text: to

text: blame

text: for

text: not

text: pursuing

text: intelligence

text: reports

text: that

text: could

text: have

text: prevented

text: the

text: September

text: attacks

text: In

text: its

text: most

text: damning

text: assessment

text: the

text: report

text: concluded

text: that

text: the

text: country

text: had

text: not

text: been

text: well

text: served

text: by

text: either

text: agency

text: and

text: listed

text: numerous

text: recommendations

text: for

text: changes

text: within

text: the

text: FBI

text: While

text: the

text: FBI

text: has

text: acceded

text: to

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: recommendations

text: including

text: oversight

text: by

text: the

text: new

text: Director

text: of

text: National

text: Intelligence

text: some

text: former

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: Commission

text: publicly

text: criticized

text: the

text: FBI

text: in

text: October

text: claiming

text: it

text: was

text: resisting

text: any

text: meaningful

text: changes

question: What agencies were to blame for 9/11?

answer: FBI and Central Intelligence Agency

text: FBI and Central Intelligence Agency

question: Did 9/11 lead to more FBI oversight?

answer: acceded to most of the recommendations, including oversight

text: acceded to most of the recommendations, including oversight

question: Did many believe the FBI was resisting important changes?

answer: resisting any meaningful changes

text: resisting any meaningful changes

question: Did the people believe they were served well by the FBI?

answer: not been well served

text: not been well served