text: Darwin was hard at work on his "big book" on Natural Selection, when on 18 June 1858 he received a parcel from Wallace, who stayed on the Maluku Islands (Ternate and Gilolo). It enclosed twenty pages describing an evolutionary mechanism, a response to Darwin's recent encouragement, with a request to send it on to Lyell if Darwin thought it worthwhile. The mechanism was similar to Darwin's own theory. Darwin wrote to Lyell that "your words have come true with a vengeance, ... forestalled" and he would "of course, at once write and offer to send [it] to any journal" that Wallace chose, adding that "all my originality, whatever it may amount to, will be smashed". Lyell and Hooker agreed that a joint publication putting together Wallace's pages with extracts from Darwin's 1844 Essay and his 1857 letter to Gray should be presented at the Linnean Society, and on 1 July 1858, the papers entitled On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection, by Wallace and Darwin respectively, were read out but drew little reaction. While Darwin considered Wallace's idea to be identical to his concept of natural selection, historians have pointed out differences. Darwin described natural selection as being analogous to the artificial selection practised by animal breeders, and emphasised competition between individuals; Wallace drew no comparison to selective breeding, and focused on ecological pressures that kept different varieties adapted to local conditions. Some historians have suggested that Wallace was actually discussing group selection rather than selection acting on individual variation.

title: On_the_Origin_of_Species

title: On_the_Origin_of_Species

text: Darwin

text: was

text: hard

text: at

text: work

text: on

text: his

text: big

text: book

text: on

text: Natural

text: Selection

text: when

text: on

text: June

text: he

text: received

text: a

text: parcel

text: from

text: Wallace

text: who

text: stayed

text: on

text: the

text: Maluku

text: Islands

text: Ternate

text: and

text: Gilolo

text: It

text: enclosed

text: twenty

text: pages

text: describing

text: an

text: evolutionary

text: mechanism

text: a

text: response

text: to

text: Darwin

text: 's

text: recent

text: encouragement

text: with

text: a

text: request

text: to

text: send

text: it

text: on

text: to

text: Lyell

text: if

text: Darwin

text: thought

text: it

text: worthwhile

text: The

text: mechanism

text: was

text: similar

text: to

text: Darwin

text: 's

text: own

text: theory

text: Darwin

text: wrote

text: to

text: Lyell

text: that

text: your

text: words

text: have

text: come

text: true

text: with

text: a

text: vengeance

text: forestalled

text: and

text: he

text: would

text: of

text: course

text: at

text: once

text: write

text: and

text: offer

text: to

text: send

text: it

text: to

text: any

text: journal

text: that

text: Wallace

text: chose

text: adding

text: that

text: all

text: my

text: originality

text: whatever

text: it

text: may

text: amount

text: to

text: will

text: be

text: smashed

text: Lyell

text: and

text: Hooker

text: agreed

text: that

text: a

text: joint

text: publication

text: putting

text: together

text: Wallace

text: 's

text: pages

text: with

text: extracts

text: from

text: Darwin

text: 's

text: Essay

text: and

text: his

text: letter

text: to

text: Gray

text: should

text: be

text: presented

text: at

text: the

text: Linnean

text: Society

text: and

text: on

text: July

text: the

text: papers

text: entitled

text: On

text: the

text: Tendency

text: of

text: Species

text: to

text: form

text: Varieties

text: and

text: on

text: the

text: Perpetuation

text: of

text: Varieties

text: and

text: Species

text: by

text: Natural

text: Means

text: of

text: Selection

text: by

text: Wallace

text: and

text: Darwin

text: respectively

text: were

text: read

text: out

text: but

text: drew

text: little

text: reaction

text: While

text: Darwin

text: considered

text: Wallace

text: 's

text: idea

text: to

text: be

text: identical

text: to

text: his

text: concept

text: of

text: natural

text: selection

text: historians

text: have

text: pointed

text: out

text: differences

text: Darwin

text: described

text: natural

text: selection

text: as

text: being

text: analogous

text: to

text: the

text: artificial

text: selection

text: practised

text: by

text: animal

text: breeders

text: and

text: emphasised

text: competition

text: between

text: individuals

text: Wallace

text: drew

text: no

text: comparison

text: to

text: selective

text: breeding

text: and

text: focused

text: on

text: ecological

text: pressures

text: that

text: kept

text: different

text: varieties

text: adapted

text: to

text: local

text: conditions

text: Some

text: historians

text: have

text: suggested

text: that

text: Wallace

text: was

text: actually

text: discussing

text: group

text: selection

text: rather

text: than

text: selection

text: acting

text: on

text: individual

text: variation

question: Which book was Darwin working on when he received a package from Wallace?

answer: "big book" on Natural Selection,

text: "big book" on Natural Selection,

question: What was in the packages Darwin received from Wallace?

answer: twenty pages describing an evolutionary mechanism

text: twenty pages describing an evolutionary mechanism

question: Who wrote the paper, On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties?

answer: Wallace

text: Wallace

question: Who wrote the paper, On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties?

answer: Darwin

text: Darwin

question: What do some historians think made Wallace's concept of natural selection different from Darwin's?

answer: Some historians have suggested that Wallace was actually discussing group selection rather than selection acting on individual variation.

text: Some historians have suggested that Wallace was actually discussing group selection rather than selection acting on individual variation.


text: In 1928, Laemmle, Sr. made his son, Carl, Jr. head of Universal Pictures as a 21st birthday present. Universal already had a reputation for nepotism—at one time, 70 of Carl, Sr.'s relatives were supposedly on the payroll. Many of them were nephews, resulting in Carl, Sr. being known around the studios as "Uncle Carl." Ogden Nash famously quipped in rhyme, "Uncle Carl Laemmle/Has a very large faemmle." Among these relatives was future Academy Award winning director/producer William Wyler.

title: Universal_Studios

title: Universal_Studios

text: In

text: Laemmle

text: Sr

text: made

text: his

text: son

text: Carl

text: Jr.

text: head

text: of

text: Universal

text: Pictures

text: as

text: a

text: birthday

text: present

text: Universal

text: already

text: had

text: a

text: reputation

text: for

text: nepotism

text: at

text: one

text: time

text: of

text: Carl

text: Sr

text: 's

text: relatives

text: were

text: supposedly

text: on

text: the

text: payroll

text: Many

text: of

text: them

text: were

text: nephews

text: resulting

text: in

text: Carl

text: Sr

text: being

text: known

text: around

text: the

text: studios

text: as

text: Uncle

text: Carl

text: Ogden

text: Nash

text: famously

text: quipped

text: in

text: rhyme

text: Uncle

text: Carl

text: Laemmle

text: Has

text: a

text: very

text: large

text: faemmle

text: Among

text: these

text: relatives

text: was

text: future

text: Academy

text: Award

text: winning

text: director

text: producer

text: William

text: Wyler

question: How many of Carl Laemmle, Sr.'s relatives were working for Universal as of 1928?

answer: 70

question: What was Carl Laemmle, Sr.'s nickname at Universal?

answer: Uncle Carl

text: Uncle Carl

question: What poet wrote a notable rhyme about Laemmle?

answer: Ogden Nash

text: Ogden Nash

question: At what age did Carl Laemmle, Jr. become president of Universal?

answer: 21

question: What Academy Award-winning director was a relative of Carl Laemmle's?

answer: William Wyler

text: William Wyler


text: Detroit Medical Center formally became a part of Vanguard Health Systems on December 30, 2010, as a for profit corporation. Vanguard has agreed to invest nearly $1.5 B in the Detroit Medical Center complex which will include $417 M to retire debts, at least $350 M in capital expenditures and an additional $500 M for new capital investment. Vanguard has agreed to assume all debts and pension obligations. The metro area has many other hospitals including William Beaumont Hospital, St. Joseph's, and University of Michigan Medical Center.

title: Detroit

title: Detroit

text: Detroit

text: Medical

text: Center

text: formally

text: became

text: a

text: part

text: of

text: Vanguard

text: Health

text: Systems

text: on

text: December

text: as

text: a

text: for

text: profit

text: corporation

text: Vanguard

text: has

text: agreed

text: to

text: invest

text: nearly

text: B

text: in

text: the

text: Detroit

text: Medical

text: Center

text: complex

text: which

text: will

text: include

text: M

text: to

text: retire

text: debts

text: at

text: least

text: M

text: in

text: capital

text: expenditures

text: and

text: an

text: additional

text: M

text: for

text: new

text: capital

text: investment

text: Vanguard

text: has

text: agreed

text: to

text: assume

text: all

text: debts

text: and

text: pension

text: obligations

text: The

text: metro

text: area

text: has

text: many

text: other

text: hospitals

text: including

text: William

text: Beaumont

text: Hospital

text: St.

text: Joseph

text: 's

text: and

text: University

text: of

text: Michigan

text: Medical

text: Center

question: Detroit Medical Center has become a part of what Health System?

answer: Vanguard Health Systems

text: Vanguard Health Systems

question: How much does Vanguard plan to invest in DMC?

answer: $1.5 B

text: $1.5 B

question: What is a name of a Catholic hospital in Detroit?

answer: St. Joseph's

text: St. Joseph's

question: How much will Vanguard spend to retire debt for DMC?

answer: $417 M

text: $417 M

question: How much does Vanguard plan to spend in capital investment?

answer: $500 M

text: $500 M


text: In general, translators have sought to preserve the context itself by reproducing the original order of sememes, and hence word order — when necessary, reinterpreting the actual grammatical structure, for example, by shifting from active to passive voice, or vice versa. The grammatical differences between "fixed-word-order" languages (e.g. English, French, German) and "free-word-order" languages (e.g., Greek, Latin, Polish, Russian) have been no impediment in this regard. The particular syntax (sentence-structure) characteristics of a text's source language are adjusted to the syntactic requirements of the target language.

title: Translation

title: Translation

text: In

text: general

text: translators

text: have

text: sought

text: to

text: preserve

text: the

text: context

text: itself

text: by

text: reproducing

text: the

text: original

text: order

text: of

text: sememes

text: and

text: hence

text: word

text: order

text: when

text: necessary

text: reinterpreting

text: the

text: actual

text: grammatical

text: structure

text: for

text: example

text: by

text: shifting

text: from

text: active

text: to

text: passive

text: voice

text: or

text: vice

text: versa

text: The

text: grammatical

text: differences

text: between

text: fixed

text: word

text: order

text: languages

text: e.g.

text: English

text: French

text: German

text: and

text: free

text: word

text: order

text: languages

text: e.g.

text: Greek

text: Latin

text: Polish

text: Russian

text: have

text: been

text: no

text: impediment

text: in

text: this

text: regard

text: The

text: particular

text: syntax

text: sentence

text: structure

text: characteristics

text: of

text: a

text: text

text: 's

text: source

text: language

text: are

text: adjusted

text: to

text: the

text: syntactic

text: requirements

text: of

text: the

text: target

text: language

question: What have translators tried to preserve?

answer: context itself

text: context itself

question: How do translators preserve context?

answer: reproducing the original order of sememes

text: reproducing the original order of sememes

question: What is it sometimes necessary to reinterpret when translating?

answer: grammatical structure

text: grammatical structure

question: What is the active voice sometimes shifted to when needed?

answer: passive

text: passive

question: What are the syntax characteristics of a text's source language adjusted to for a target language?

answer: syntactic requirements

text: syntactic requirements


text: There exist two different spin isomers of hydrogen diatomic molecules that differ by the relative spin of their nuclei. In the orthohydrogen form, the spins of the two protons are parallel and form a triplet state with a molecular spin quantum number of 1 (1⁄2+1⁄2); in the parahydrogen form the spins are antiparallel and form a singlet with a molecular spin quantum number of 0 (1⁄2–1⁄2). At standard temperature and pressure, hydrogen gas contains about 25% of the para form and 75% of the ortho form, also known as the "normal form". The equilibrium ratio of orthohydrogen to parahydrogen depends on temperature, but because the ortho form is an excited state and has a higher energy than the para form, it is unstable and cannot be purified. At very low temperatures, the equilibrium state is composed almost exclusively of the para form. The liquid and gas phase thermal properties of pure parahydrogen differ significantly from those of the normal form because of differences in rotational heat capacities, as discussed more fully in spin isomers of hydrogen. The ortho/para distinction also occurs in other hydrogen-containing molecules or functional groups, such as water and methylene, but is of little significance for their thermal properties.

title: Hydrogen

title: Hydrogen

text: There

text: exist

text: two

text: different

text: spin

text: isomers

text: of

text: hydrogen

text: diatomic

text: molecules

text: that

text: differ

text: by

text: the

text: relative

text: spin

text: of

text: their

text: nuclei

text: In

text: the

text: orthohydrogen

text: form

text: the

text: spins

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: protons

text: are

text: parallel

text: and

text: form

text: a

text: triplet

text: state

text: with

text: a

text: molecular

text: spin

text: quantum

text: number

text: of

text: in

text: the

text: parahydrogen

text: form

text: the

text: spins

text: are

text: antiparallel

text: and

text: form

text: a

text: singlet

text: with

text: a

text: molecular

text: spin

text: quantum

text: number

text: of

text: At

text: standard

text: temperature

text: and

text: pressure

text: hydrogen

text: gas

text: contains

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: para

text: form

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: ortho

text: form

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: normal

text: form

text: The

text: equilibrium

text: ratio

text: of

text: orthohydrogen

text: to

text: parahydrogen

text: depends

text: on

text: temperature

text: but

text: because

text: the

text: ortho

text: form

text: is

text: an

text: excited

text: state

text: and

text: has

text: a

text: higher

text: energy

text: than

text: the

text: para

text: form

text: it

text: is

text: unstable

text: and

text: can

text: not

text: be

text: purified

text: At

text: very

text: low

text: temperatures

text: the

text: equilibrium

text: state

text: is

text: composed

text: almost

text: exclusively

text: of

text: the

text: para

text: form

text: The

text: liquid

text: and

text: gas

text: phase

text: thermal

text: properties

text: of

text: pure

text: parahydrogen

text: differ

text: significantly

text: from

text: those

text: of

text: the

text: normal

text: form

text: because

text: of

text: differences

text: in

text: rotational

text: heat

text: capacities

text: as

text: discussed

text: more

text: fully

text: in

text: spin

text: isomers

text: of

text: hydrogen

text: The

text: ortho

text: para

text: distinction

text: also

text: occurs

text: in

text: other

text: hydrogen

text: containing

text: molecules

text: or

text: functional

text: groups

text: such

text: as

text: water

text: and

text: methylene

text: but

text: is

text: of

text: little

text: significance

text: for

text: their

text: thermal

text: properties

question: How many different spin isomers exist?

answer: 2

question: What state are the protons in when in the orthohydrogen form?

answer: triplet state

text: triplet state

question: When hydrogen gas is in standard temperature and pressure, what form is it considered in>

answer: normal

text: normal

question: What percent of para form does hydrogen gas contain?

answer: 25%

question: What percent of ortho form does hydrogen gas contain?

answer: 75%


text: Possibly the first house erected within the site was that of a Sir William Blake, around 1624. The next owner was Lord Goring, who from 1633 extended Blake's house and developed much of today's garden, then known as Goring Great Garden. He did not, however, obtain the freehold interest in the mulberry garden. Unbeknown to Goring, in 1640 the document "failed to pass the Great Seal before King Charles I fled London, which it needed to do for legal execution". It was this critical omission that helped the British royal family regain the freehold under King George III.

title: Buckingham_Palace

title: Buckingham_Palace

text: Possibly

text: the

text: first

text: house

text: erected

text: within

text: the

text: site

text: was

text: that

text: of

text: a

text: Sir

text: William

text: Blake

text: around

text: The

text: next

text: owner

text: was

text: Lord

text: Goring

text: who

text: from

text: extended

text: Blake

text: 's

text: house

text: and

text: developed

text: much

text: of

text: today

text: 's

text: garden

text: then

text: known

text: as

text: Goring

text: Great

text: Garden

text: He

text: did

text: not

text: however

text: obtain

text: the

text: freehold

text: interest

text: in

text: the

text: mulberry

text: garden

text: Unbeknown

text: to

text: Goring

text: in

text: the

text: document

text: failed

text: to

text: pass

text: the

text: Great

text: Seal

text: before

text: King

text: Charles

text: I

text: fled

text: London

text: which

text: it

text: needed

text: to

text: do

text: for

text: legal

text: execution

text: It

text: was

text: this

text: critical

text: omission

text: that

text: helped

text: the

text: British

text: royal

text: family

text: regain

text: the

text: freehold

text: under

text: King

text: George

text: III

question: Who built the first house on the site?

answer: Sir William Blake

text: Sir William Blake

question: Which owner developed much of the garden still seen today?

answer: Lord Goring

text: Lord Goring

question: What was Lord Goring's garden known as?

answer: Goring Great Garden

text: Goring Great Garden

question: Under which king did the Royal Family regain the freehold title of the property?

answer: King George III

text: King George III

question: Which king failed to execute Goring's freehold document before fleeing to London?

answer: King Charles I

text: King Charles I

question: Who owned the first house built on the site?

answer: Sir William Blake

text: Sir William Blake

question: Who developed what is much of today's garden at Buckingham?

answer: Lord Goring

text: Lord Goring

question: What was the name of Lord Goring Garden?

answer: Goring Great Garden

text: Goring Great Garden

question: Which king fled to London leaving allowing the Royal family to keep it's freehold on the property?

answer: King Charles I

text: King Charles I


text: In June 1718 Blackbeard, aka Edward Teach, ran his flagship, the Queen Anne's Revenge, aground at Beaufort Inlet, North Carolina, in present-day Carteret County. After the grounding her crew and supplies were transferred to smaller ships. In 1996 Intersal, Inc., a private firm, discovered the remains of a vessel likely to be the Queen Anne's Revenge, which was added to the US National Register of Historic Places. In November, after losing his ship and appealing to the governor of North Carolina who promised safe-haven and a pardon, the notorious pirate, Blackbeard (Edward Teach) was killed in an ambush by troops from Virginia.

title: North_Carolina

title: North_Carolina

text: In

text: June

text: Blackbeard

text: aka

text: Edward

text: Teach

text: ran

text: his

text: flagship

text: the

text: Queen

text: Anne

text: 's

text: Revenge

text: aground

text: at

text: Beaufort

text: Inlet

text: North

text: Carolina

text: in

text: present

text: day

text: Carteret

text: County

text: After

text: the

text: grounding

text: her

text: crew

text: and

text: supplies

text: were

text: transferred

text: to

text: smaller

text: ships

text: In

text: Intersal

text: Inc.

text: a

text: private

text: firm

text: discovered

text: the

text: remains

text: of

text: a

text: vessel

text: likely

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: Queen

text: Anne

text: 's

text: Revenge

text: which

text: was

text: added

text: to

text: the

text: US

text: National

text: Register

text: of

text: Historic

text: Places

text: In

text: November

text: after

text: losing

text: his

text: ship

text: and

text: appealing

text: to

text: the

text: governor

text: of

text: North

text: Carolina

text: who

text: promised

text: safe

text: haven

text: and

text: a

text: pardon

text: the

text: notorious

text: pirate

text: Blackbeard

text: Edward

text: Teach

text: was

text: killed

text: in

text: an

text: ambush

text: by

text: troops

text: from

text: Virginia

question: What was another name for Blackbeard?

answer: Edward Teach

text: Edward Teach

question: What was the name of blackbeards ship?

answer: the Queen Anne's Revenge

text: the Queen Anne's Revenge

question: Where in North Carolina did Blackbeards ship crash?

answer: Beaufort Inlet

text: Beaufort Inlet

question: What year did Blackbeard run his ship aground in North Carolina?

answer: 1718

question: What year were the remains of the Queen Anne's Revenge discovered?

answer: 1996


text: Because the duchy was outside of the core Holy Roman Empire, the prince-electors of Brandenburg were able to proclaim themselves King of Prussia beginning in 1701. After the annexation of most of western Royal Prussia in the First Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1772, eastern (ducal) Prussia was connected by land with the rest of the Prussian state and was reorganized as a province the following year (1773). Between 1829 and 1878, the Province of East Prussia was joined with West Prussia to form the Province of Prussia.

title: East_Prussia

title: East_Prussia

text: Because

text: the

text: duchy

text: was

text: outside

text: of

text: the

text: core

text: Holy

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: the

text: prince

text: electors

text: of

text: Brandenburg

text: were

text: able

text: to

text: proclaim

text: themselves

text: King

text: of

text: Prussia

text: beginning

text: in

text: After

text: the

text: annexation

text: of

text: most

text: of

text: western

text: Royal

text: Prussia

text: in

text: the

text: First

text: Partition

text: of

text: the

text: Polish

text: Lithuanian

text: Commonwealth

text: in

text: eastern

text: ducal

text: Prussia

text: was

text: connected

text: by

text: land

text: with

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: the

text: Prussian

text: state

text: and

text: was

text: reorganized

text: as

text: a

text: province

text: the

text: following

text: year

text: Between

text: and

text: the

text: Province

text: of

text: East

text: Prussia

text: was

text: joined

text: with

text: West

text: Prussia

text: to

text: form

text: the

text: Province

text: of

text: Prussia

question: Why were the prince electors able to proclaim themselves King of Prussia?

answer: Because the duchy was outside of the core Holy Roman Empire

text: Because the duchy was outside of the core Holy Roman Empire

question: In what year were the prince electors elect them selves as King?

answer: 1701

question: What time period did East Prussia and West Prussia join to become Prussia?

answer: Prussia

text: Prussia


text: In January 2007, the average annual salary in the city was £22,267. This was £1,700 lower than the national average and £3,800 less than the average for the South East.

title: Southampton

title: Southampton

text: In

text: January

text: the

text: average

text: annual

text: salary

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: was

text: This

text: was

text: lower

text: than

text: the

text: national

text: average

text: and

text: less

text: than

text: the

text: average

text: for

text: the

text: South

text: East

question: What was Southampton's average annual salary in January of 2007?

answer: £22,267

question: How far below the national average is the average annual salary in Southampton?

answer: £1,700

question: How far below England's South East region is Southampton's average annual salary?

answer: £3,800


text: Nontrinitarians, such as Unitarians, Christadelphians and Jehovah's Witnesses also acknowledge Mary as the biological mother of Jesus Christ, but do not recognise Marian titles such as "Mother of God" as these groups generally reject Christ's divinity. Since Nontrinitarian churches are typically also mortalist, the issue of praying to Mary, whom they would consider "asleep", awaiting resurrection, does not arise. Emanuel Swedenborg says God as he is in himself could not directly approach evil spirits to redeem those spirits without destroying them (Exodus 33:20, John 1:18), so God impregnated Mary, who gave Jesus Christ access to the evil heredity of the human race, which he could approach, redeem and save.

title: Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)

title: Mary_(mother_of_Jesus

text: Nontrinitarians

text: such

text: as

text: Unitarians

text: Christadelphians

text: and

text: Jehovah

text: 's

text: Witnesses

text: also

text: acknowledge

text: Mary

text: as

text: the

text: biological

text: mother

text: of

text: Jesus

text: Christ

text: but

text: do

text: not

text: recognise

text: Marian

text: titles

text: such

text: as

text: Mother

text: of

text: God

text: as

text: these

text: groups

text: generally

text: reject

text: Christ

text: 's

text: divinity

text: Since

text: Nontrinitarian

text: churches

text: are

text: typically

text: also

text: mortalist

text: the

text: issue

text: of

text: praying

text: to

text: Mary

text: whom

text: they

text: would

text: consider

text: asleep

text: awaiting

text: resurrection

text: does

text: not

text: arise

text: Emanuel

text: Swedenborg

text: says

text: God

text: as

text: he

text: is

text: in

text: himself

text: could

text: not

text: directly

text: approach

text: evil

text: spirits

text: to

text: redeem

text: those

text: spirits

text: without

text: destroying

text: them

text: Exodus

text: John

text: so

text: God

text: impregnated

text: Mary

text: who

text: gave

text: Jesus

text: Christ

text: access

text: to

text: the

text: evil

text: heredity

text: of

text: the

text: human

text: race

text: which

text: he

text: could

text: approach

text: redeem

text: and

text: save

question: According to Nontrinitarian belief, what is Mary's relationship to Jesus?

answer: biological mother

text: biological mother

question: Which Nontrinitarian theologian says that God cannot approach eveil spirits to redeem them?

answer: Emanuel Swedenborg

text: Emanuel Swedenborg

question: Unittarians, Christadelphians and Jehovah's Witnesses are examples of what kind of church?

answer: Nontrinitarians

text: Nontrinitarians

question: "Mother of God" is an example of what kind of title?

answer: Marian

text: Marian


text: The 1-mile-long (2 km) Breakwater in Plymouth Sound was designed by John Rennie in order to protect the fleet moving in and out of Devonport; work started in 1812. Numerous technical difficulties and repeated storm damage meant that it was not completed until 1841, twenty years after Rennie's death. In the 1860s, a ring of Palmerston forts was constructed around the outskirts of Devonport, to protect the dockyard from attack from any direction.

title: Plymouth

title: Plymouth

text: The

text: long

text: km

text: Breakwater

text: in

text: Plymouth

text: Sound

text: was

text: designed

text: by

text: John

text: Rennie

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: protect

text: the

text: fleet

text: moving

text: in

text: and

text: out

text: of

text: Devonport

text: work

text: started

text: in

text: Numerous

text: technical

text: difficulties

text: and

text: repeated

text: storm

text: damage

text: meant

text: that

text: it

text: was

text: not

text: completed

text: until

text: twenty

text: years

text: after

text: Rennie

text: 's

text: death

text: In

text: the

text: a

text: ring

text: of

text: Palmerston

text: forts

text: was

text: constructed

text: around

text: the

text: outskirts

text: of

text: Devonport

text: to

text: protect

text: the

text: dockyard

text: from

text: attack

text: from

text: any

text: direction

question: In kilometers, how long was the Plymouth Sound Breakwater?

answer: 2

question: Who was the designer of the Plymouth Sound Breakwater?

answer: John Rennie

text: John Rennie

question: In what year did construction finish on the Plymouth Sound Breakwater?

answer: 1841

question: When did construction commence on Plymouth Sound Breakwater?

answer: 1812

question: Near which settlement were Palmerston forts built in the 1860s?

answer: Devonport

text: Devonport


text: Jonathan Israel rejects the attempts of postmodern and Marxian historians to understand the revolutionary ideas of the period purely as by-products of social and economic transformations. He instead focuses on the history of ideas in the period from 1650 to the end of the 18th century, and claims that it was the ideas themselves that caused the change that eventually led to the revolutions of the latter half of the 18th century and the early 19th century. Israel argues that until the 1650s Western civilization "was based on a largely shared core of faith, tradition and authority".

title: Age_of_Enlightenment

title: Age_of_Enlightenment

text: Jonathan

text: Israel

text: rejects

text: the

text: attempts

text: of

text: postmodern

text: and

text: Marxian

text: historians

text: to

text: understand

text: the

text: revolutionary

text: ideas

text: of

text: the

text: period

text: purely

text: as

text: by

text: products

text: of

text: social

text: and

text: economic

text: transformations

text: He

text: instead

text: focuses

text: on

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: ideas

text: in

text: the

text: period

text: from

text: to

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: and

text: claims

text: that

text: it

text: was

text: the

text: ideas

text: themselves

text: that

text: caused

text: the

text: change

text: that

text: eventually

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: revolutions

text: of

text: the

text: latter

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: and

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: Israel

text: argues

text: that

text: until

text: the

text: Western

text: civilization

text: was

text: based

text: on

text: a

text: largely

text: shared

text: core

text: of

text: faith

text: tradition

text: and

text: authority

question: What do Jonathon Israel claim caused the change that eventually led to the revolutions of the latter half of the 18th centure and early 19th century?

answer: the ideas themselves

text: the ideas themselves

question: What does Israel argue Western civilization was based on until the 1650s?

answer: largely shared core of faith, tradition and authority

text: largely shared core of faith, tradition and authority

question: Jonathon Israel rejects the notion that the revolutionary ideas were by products of what transformations?

answer: social and economic

text: social and economic

question: What time period does Johnathon Israel focus on?

answer: 1650 to the end of the 18th century

text: 1650 to the end of the 18th century


text: During his tour on the guided missile frigate USS Gridley, Kerry requested duty in South Vietnam, listing as his first preference a position as the commander of a Fast Patrol Craft (PCF), also known as a "Swift boat." These 50-foot (15 m) boats have aluminum hulls and have little or no armor, but are heavily armed and rely on speed. "I didn't really want to get involved in the war", Kerry said in a book of Vietnam reminiscences published in 1986. "When I signed up for the swift boats, they had very little to do with the war. They were engaged in coastal patrolling and that's what I thought I was going to be doing." However, his second choice of billet was on a river patrol boat, or "PBR", which at the time was serving a more dangerous duty on the rivers of Vietnam.

title: John_Kerry

title: John_Kerry

text: During

text: his

text: tour

text: on

text: the

text: guided

text: missile

text: frigate

text: USS

text: Gridley

text: Kerry

text: requested

text: duty

text: in

text: South

text: Vietnam

text: listing

text: as

text: his

text: first

text: preference

text: a

text: position

text: as

text: the

text: commander

text: of

text: a

text: Fast

text: Patrol

text: Craft

text: PCF

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: a

text: Swift

text: boat

text: These

text: m

text: boats

text: have

text: aluminum

text: hulls

text: and

text: have

text: little

text: or

text: no

text: armor

text: but

text: are

text: heavily

text: armed

text: and

text: rely

text: on

text: speed

text: I

text: did

text: n't

text: really

text: want

text: to

text: get

text: involved

text: in

text: the

text: war

text: Kerry

text: said

text: in

text: a

text: book

text: of

text: Vietnam

text: reminiscences

text: published

text: in

text: When

text: I

text: signed

text: up

text: for

text: the

text: swift

text: boats

text: they

text: had

text: very

text: little

text: to

text: do

text: with

text: the

text: war

text: They

text: were

text: engaged

text: in

text: coastal

text: patrolling

text: and

text: that

text: 's

text: what

text: I

text: thought

text: I

text: was

text: going

text: to

text: be

text: doing

text: However

text: his

text: second

text: choice

text: of

text: billet

text: was

text: on

text: a

text: river

text: patrol

text: boat

text: or

text: PBR

text: which

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: was

text: serving

text: a

text: more

text: dangerous

text: duty

text: on

text: the

text: rivers

text: of

text: Vietnam

question: When did Kerry publish his memories of Vietnam?

answer: 1986

question: What kind of ship was the USS Gridley?

answer: guided missile frigate

text: guided missile frigate

question: What was the formal name of 'swift boats'?

answer: Fast Patrol Craft

text: Fast Patrol Craft

question: How long were swift boats?

answer: 50-foot

question: What had Kerry expected the 'swift boats' to do?

answer: coastal patrolling

text: coastal patrolling


text: In addition to the sports he played at Yale, Kerry is described by Sports Illustrated, among others, as an "avid cyclist", primarily riding on a road bike. Prior to his presidential bid, Kerry was known to have participated in several long-distance rides (centuries). Even during his many campaigns, he was reported to have visited bicycle stores in both his home state and elsewhere. His staff requested recumbent stationary bikes for his hotel rooms. He has also been a snowboarder, windsurfer, and sailor.

title: John_Kerry

title: John_Kerry

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: the

text: sports

text: he

text: played

text: at

text: Yale

text: Kerry

text: is

text: described

text: by

text: Sports

text: Illustrated

text: among

text: others

text: as

text: an

text: avid

text: cyclist

text: primarily

text: riding

text: on

text: a

text: road

text: bike

text: Prior

text: to

text: his

text: presidential

text: bid

text: Kerry

text: was

text: known

text: to

text: have

text: participated

text: in

text: several

text: long

text: distance

text: rides

text: centuries

text: Even

text: during

text: his

text: many

text: campaigns

text: he

text: was

text: reported

text: to

text: have

text: visited

text: bicycle

text: stores

text: in

text: both

text: his

text: home

text: state

text: and

text: elsewhere

text: His

text: staff

text: requested

text: recumbent

text: stationary

text: bikes

text: for

text: his

text: hotel

text: rooms

text: He

text: has

text: also

text: been

text: a

text: snowboarder

text: windsurfer

text: and

text: sailor

question: Who said Kerry is an 'avid cyclist'?

answer: Sports Illustrated

text: Sports Illustrated

question: What type of bicycle does Kerry prefer?

answer: a road bike

text: a road bike

question: What are 'centuries' in bicycling?

answer: long-distance rides

text: long-distance rides

question: What bicycles did Kerry use while campaigning?

answer: recumbent stationary bikes for his hotel rooms

text: recumbent stationary bikes for his hotel rooms

question: What other sports does Kerry participate in?

answer: snowboarder, windsurfer, and sailor

text: snowboarder, windsurfer, and sailor


text: In his role as god of prophecy and truth, Apollo had the epithets Manticus (/ˈmæntᵻkəs/ MAN-ti-kəs; Μαντικός, Mantikos, literally "prophetic"), Leschenorius (/ˌlɛskᵻˈnɔəriəs/ LES-ki-NOHR-ee-əs; Λεσχηνόριος, Leskhēnorios, from λεσχήνωρ, "converser"), and Loxias (/ˈlɒksiəs/ LOK-see-əs; Λοξίας, Loxias, from λέγειν, "to say"). The epithet "Loxias" has historically been associated with λοξός, "ambiguous". In this respect, the Romans called him Coelispex (/ˈsɛlᵻspɛks/ SEL-i-speks; from Latin coelum, "sky", and specere, "to look at"). The epithet Iatromantis (/aɪˌætrəˈmæntɪs/ eye-AT-rə-MAN-tis; Ἰατρομάντις, Iātromantis, from ἰατρός, "physician", and μάντις, "prophet") refers to both his role as a god of healing and of prophecy. As god of music and arts, Apollo had the epithet Musagetes (/mjuːˈsædʒᵻtiːz/ mew-SAJ-i-teez; Doric Μουσαγέτας, Mousāgetās) or Musegetes (/mjuːˈsɛdʒᵻtiːz/ mew-SEJ-i-teez; Μουσηγέτης, Mousēgetēs, from Μούσα, "Muse", and ἡγέτης, "leader").

title: Apollo

title: Apollo

text: In

text: his

text: role

text: as

text: god

text: of

text: prophecy

text: and

text: truth

text: Apollo

text: had

text: the

text: epithets

text: Manticus

text: /ˈmæntᵻkəs/

text: MAN

text: ti

text: kəs

text: Μαντικός

text: Mantikos

text: literally

text: prophetic

text: Leschenorius

text: /ˌlɛskᵻˈnɔəriəs/

text: LES

text: ki

text: NOHR

text: ee

text: əs

text: Λεσχηνόριος

text: Leskhēnorios

text: from

text: λεσχήνωρ

text: converser

text: and

text: Loxias

text: /ˈlɒksiəs/

text: LOK

text: see

text: əs

text: Λοξίας

text: Loxias

text: from

text: λέγειν

text: to

text: say

text: The

text: epithet

text: Loxias

text: has

text: historically

text: been

text: associated

text: with

text: λοξός

text: ambiguous

text: In

text: this

text: respect

text: the

text: Romans

text: called

text: him

text: Coelispex

text: /ˈsɛlᵻspɛks/

text: SEL

text: i

text: speks

text: from

text: Latin

text: coelum

text: sky

text: and

text: specere

text: to

text: look

text: at

text: The

text: epithet

text: Iatromantis

text: /aɪˌætrəˈmæntɪs/

text: eye

text: AT

text: rə

text: MAN

text: tis

text: Ἰατρομάντις

text: Iātromantis

text: from

text: ἰατρός

text: physician

text: and

text: μάντις

text: prophet

text: refers

text: to

text: both

text: his

text: role

text: as

text: a

text: god

text: of

text: healing

text: and

text: of

text: prophecy

text: As

text: god

text: of

text: music

text: and

text: arts

text: Apollo

text: had

text: the

text: epithet

text: Musagetes

text: /mjuːˈsædʒᵻtiːz/

text: mew

text: SAJ

text: i

text: teez

text: Doric

text: Μουσαγέτας

text: Mousāgetās

text: or

text: Musegetes

text: /mjuːˈsɛdʒᵻtiːz/

text: mew

text: SEJ

text: i

text: teez

text: Μουσηγέτης

text: Mousēgetēs

text: from

text: Μούσα

text: Muse

text: and

text: ἡγέτης

text: leader

question: Which epithet has historically been associated with ambiguous?

answer: Loxias

text: Loxias

question: Which epithet did Apollo have as god of music and arts?

answer: Musagetes

text: Musagetes

question: Which epithet did Apollo have as god of prophecy and truth?

answer: Manticus

text: Manticus

question: Which epithet did Apollo have as god of healing and of prophecy?

answer: Iatromantis

text: Iatromantis


text: Glaciers are present on every continent and approximately fifty countries, excluding those (Australia, South Africa) that have glaciers only on distant subantarctic island territories. Extensive glaciers are found in Antarctica, Chile, Canada, Alaska, Greenland and Iceland. Mountain glaciers are widespread, especially in the Andes, the Himalayas, the Rocky Mountains, the Caucasus, and the Alps. Mainland Australia currently contains no glaciers, although a small glacier on Mount Kosciuszko was present in the last glacial period. In New Guinea, small, rapidly diminishing, glaciers are located on its highest summit massif of Puncak Jaya. Africa has glaciers on Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, on Mount Kenya and in the Rwenzori Mountains. Oceanic islands with glaciers occur on Iceland, Svalbard, New Zealand, Jan Mayen and the subantarctic islands of Marion, Heard, Grande Terre (Kerguelen) and Bouvet. During glacial periods of the Quaternary, Taiwan, Hawaii on Mauna Kea and Tenerife also had large alpine glaciers, while the Faroe and Crozet Islands were completely glaciated.

title: Glacier

title: Glacier

text: Glaciers

text: are

text: present

text: on

text: every

text: continent

text: and

text: approximately

text: fifty

text: countries

text: excluding

text: those

text: Australia

text: South

text: Africa

text: that

text: have

text: glaciers

text: only

text: on

text: distant

text: subantarctic

text: island

text: territories

text: Extensive

text: glaciers

text: are

text: found

text: in

text: Antarctica

text: Chile

text: Canada

text: Alaska

text: Greenland

text: and

text: Iceland

text: Mountain

text: glaciers

text: are

text: widespread

text: especially

text: in

text: the

text: Andes

text: the

text: Himalayas

text: the

text: Rocky

text: Mountains

text: the

text: Caucasus

text: and

text: the

text: Alps

text: Mainland

text: Australia

text: currently

text: contains

text: no

text: glaciers

text: although

text: a

text: small

text: glacier

text: on

text: Mount

text: Kosciuszko

text: was

text: present

text: in

text: the

text: last

text: glacial

text: period

text: In

text: New

text: Guinea

text: small

text: rapidly

text: diminishing

text: glaciers

text: are

text: located

text: on

text: its

text: highest

text: summit

text: massif

text: of

text: Puncak

text: Jaya

text: Africa

text: has

text: glaciers

text: on

text: Mount

text: Kilimanjaro

text: in

text: Tanzania

text: on

text: Mount

text: Kenya

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: Rwenzori

text: Mountains

text: Oceanic

text: islands

text: with

text: glaciers

text: occur

text: on

text: Iceland

text: Svalbard

text: New

text: Zealand

text: Jan

text: Mayen

text: and

text: the

text: subantarctic

text: islands

text: of

text: Marion

text: Heard

text: Grande

text: Terre

text: Kerguelen

text: and

text: Bouvet

text: During

text: glacial

text: periods

text: of

text: the

text: Quaternary

text: Taiwan

text: Hawaii

text: on

text: Mauna

text: Kea

text: and

text: Tenerife

text: also

text: had

text: large

text: alpine

text: glaciers

text: while

text: the

text: Faroe

text: and

text: Crozet

text: Islands

text: were

text: completely

text: glaciated

question: How many countries contain glaciers?

answer: fifty

text: fifty

question: Which continent contains glaciers?

answer: every continent

text: every continent

question: Which mountain ranges contain glaciers?

answer: Andes, the Himalayas, the Rocky Mountains, the Caucasus, and the Alps

text: Andes, the Himalayas, the Rocky Mountains, the Caucasus, and the Alps

question: Where are glaciers in Africa located?

answer: Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, on Mount Kenya and in the Rwenzori Mountains

text: Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, on Mount Kenya and in the Rwenzori Mountains

question: Which sub-antarctic islands have glaciers?

answer: Marion, Heard, Grande Terre (Kerguelen) and Bouvet

text: Marion, Heard, Grande Terre (Kerguelen) and Bouvet


text: According to heraldic sources total number of legal ennoblements issued between the 14th century and the mid-18th century, is estimated at approximately 800. This is an average of only about two ennoblements per year or only 0.000 000 14 – 0.000 001 of historical population. Compare: historical demography of Poland.

title: Szlachta

title: Szlachta

text: According

text: to

text: heraldic

text: sources

text: total

text: number

text: of

text: legal

text: ennoblements

text: issued

text: between

text: the

text: century

text: and

text: the

text: century

text: is

text: estimated

text: at

text: approximately

text: This

text: is

text: an

text: average

text: of

text: only

text: about

text: two

text: ennoblements

text: per

text: year

text: or

text: only

text: of

text: historical

text: population

text: Compare

text: historical

text: demography

text: of

text: Poland

question: Around what time was the total legal number of ennoblement at 800?

answer: between the 14th century and the mid-18th century,

text: between the 14th century and the mid-18th century,

question: What is average for ennoblements between 14th and min 18th century.

answer: two ennoblements per year

text: two ennoblements per year

question: What type of sources give information regarding total number of enablements?

answer: heraldic sources

text: heraldic sources


text: The island had a monocrop economy until 1966, based on the cultivation and processing of New Zealand flax for rope and string. St Helena's economy is now weak, and is almost entirely sustained by aid from the British government. The public sector dominates the economy, accounting for about 50% of gross domestic product. Inflation was running at 4% in 2005. There have been increases in the cost of fuel, power and all imported goods.

title: Saint_Helena

title: Saint_Helena

text: The

text: island

text: had

text: a

text: monocrop

text: economy

text: until

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: cultivation

text: and

text: processing

text: of

text: New

text: Zealand

text: flax

text: for

text: rope

text: and

text: string

text: St

text: Helena

text: 's

text: economy

text: is

text: now

text: weak

text: and

text: is

text: almost

text: entirely

text: sustained

text: by

text: aid

text: from

text: the

text: British

text: government

text: The

text: public

text: sector

text: dominates

text: the

text: economy

text: accounting

text: for

text: about

text: of

text: gross

text: domestic

text: product

text: Inflation

text: was

text: running

text: at

text: in

text: There

text: have

text: been

text: increases

text: in

text: the

text: cost

text: of

text: fuel

text: power

text: and

text: all

text: imported

text: goods

question: What kind of crop economy did the Island originally have?

answer: monocrop

text: monocrop

question: What year did the crop economy change?

answer: 1966

question: What was produced during the time the Island was monocrop?

answer: flax

text: flax

question: Saint Helena's economy is now almost completely sustained by what?

answer: aid from the British government

text: aid from the British government

question: How much % of production does the public sector cover?

answer: 50%


text: The Westminster Abbey Museum is located in the 11th-century vaulted undercroft beneath the former monks' dormitory in Westminster Abbey. This is one of the oldest areas of the abbey, dating back almost to the foundation of the church by Edward the Confessor in 1065. This space has been used as a museum since 1908.

title: Westminster_Abbey

title: Westminster_Abbey

text: The

text: Westminster

text: Abbey

text: Museum

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: vaulted

text: undercroft

text: beneath

text: the

text: former

text: monks

text: dormitory

text: in

text: Westminster

text: Abbey

text: This

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: oldest

text: areas

text: of

text: the

text: abbey

text: dating

text: back

text: almost

text: to

text: the

text: foundation

text: of

text: the

text: church

text: by

text: Edward

text: the

text: Confessor

text: in

text: This

text: space

text: has

text: been

text: used

text: as

text: a

text: museum

text: since

question: What is located in the vaulted undercroft beneath the monks' dormitory?

answer: The Westminster Abbey Museum

text: The Westminster Abbey Museum

question: The area the museum occupies dates back to when?

answer: 1065

question: The vaulted undercroft beneath the monks' dormitory has been a museum since when?

answer: 1908


text: The U.N. speech was well received but the Soviets never acted upon it, due to an overarching concern for the greater stockpiles of nuclear weapons in the U.S. arsenal. Indeed, Eisenhower embarked upon a greater reliance on the use of nuclear weapons, while reducing conventional forces, and with them the overall defense budget, a policy formulated as a result of Project Solarium and expressed in NSC 162/2. This approach became known as the "New Look", and was initiated with defense cuts in late 1953.

title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

text: The

text: U.N.

text: speech

text: was

text: well

text: received

text: but

text: the

text: Soviets

text: never

text: acted

text: upon

text: it

text: due

text: to

text: an

text: overarching

text: concern

text: for

text: the

text: greater

text: stockpiles

text: of

text: nuclear

text: weapons

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: arsenal

text: Indeed

text: Eisenhower

text: embarked

text: upon

text: a

text: greater

text: reliance

text: on

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: nuclear

text: weapons

text: while

text: reducing

text: conventional

text: forces

text: and

text: with

text: them

text: the

text: overall

text: defense

text: budget

text: a

text: policy

text: formulated

text: as

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: Project

text: Solarium

text: and

text: expressed

text: in

text: NSC

text: This

text: approach

text: became

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: New

text: Look

text: and

text: was

text: initiated

text: with

text: defense

text: cuts

text: in

text: late

question: What did Eisenhower reduce as he increased nuclear weapons stockpiles?

answer: conventional forces

text: conventional forces

question: What was the policy of increasing nuclear weapons while decreasing conventional forces called?

answer: New Look

text: New Look

question: When did Eisenhower begin to cut the defense budget?

answer: 1953

question: Along with NSC 162/2, what influenced the development of the New Look policy?

answer: Project Solarium

text: Project Solarium


text: When performing lossy audio encoding, such as creating an MP3 file, there is a trade-off between the amount of space used and the sound quality of the result. Typically, the creator is allowed to set a bit rate, which specifies how many kilobits the file may use per second of audio. The higher the bit rate, the larger the compressed file will be, and, generally, the closer it will sound to the original file.

title: MP3

title: MP3

text: When

text: performing

text: lossy

text: audio

text: encoding

text: such

text: as

text: creating

text: an

text: file

text: there

text: is

text: a

text: trade

text: off

text: between

text: the

text: amount

text: of

text: space

text: used

text: and

text: the

text: sound

text: quality

text: of

text: the

text: result

text: Typically

text: the

text: creator

text: is

text: allowed

text: to

text: set

text: a

text: bit

text: rate

text: which

text: specifies

text: how

text: many

text: kilobits

text: the

text: file

text: may

text: use

text: per

text: second

text: of

text: audio

text: The

text: higher

text: the

text: bit

text: rate

text: the

text: larger

text: the

text: compressed

text: file

text: will

text: be

text: and

text: generally

text: the

text: closer

text: it

text: will

text: sound

text: to

text: the

text: original

text: file

question: A typical trade off when creating an MP3 file is between the amount of space used and what other factor?

answer: sound quality of the result

text: sound quality of the result

question: What would an example of lossy audio encoding be?

answer: creating an MP3 file

text: creating an MP3 file

question: Who gets to set the bit rate for an MP3 file?

answer: the creator

text: the creator

question: What does the bit rate of the file actually mean?

answer: how many kilobits the file may use per second of audio

text: how many kilobits the file may use per second of audio

question: If the bit rate is higher, the size of the compressed file will be what?

answer: larger

text: larger


text: Among the philosophies that have influenced modern architects and their approach to building design are rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology.

title: Architecture

title: Architecture

text: Among

text: the

text: philosophies

text: that

text: have

text: influenced

text: modern

text: architects

text: and

text: their

text: approach

text: to

text: building

text: design

text: are

text: rationalism

text: empiricism

text: structuralism

text: poststructuralism

text: and

text: phenomenology

question: What are some philosophies that modern architects use?

answer: rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology.

text: rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology.

question: Rationalism and empiricism are examples of what?

answer: philosophies

text: philosophies

question: Aside from the architects what did the philosophies influence?

answer: their approach to building design

text: their approach to building design

question: Which philosophy followed structuralism?

answer: poststructuralism

text: poststructuralism


text: The first 256 code points were made identical to the content of ISO-8859-1 so as to make it trivial to convert existing western text. Many essentially identical characters were encoded multiple times at different code points to preserve distinctions used by legacy encodings and therefore, allow conversion from those encodings to Unicode (and back) without losing any information. For example, the "fullwidth forms" section of code points encompasses a full Latin alphabet that is separate from the main Latin alphabet section because in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean (CJK) fonts, these Latin characters are rendered at the same width as CJK ideographs, rather than at half the width. For other examples, see Duplicate characters in Unicode.

title: Unicode

title: Unicode

text: The

text: first

text: code

text: points

text: were

text: made

text: identical

text: to

text: the

text: content

text: of

text: so

text: as

text: to

text: make

text: it

text: trivial

text: to

text: convert

text: existing

text: western

text: text

text: Many

text: essentially

text: identical

text: characters

text: were

text: encoded

text: multiple

text: times

text: at

text: different

text: code

text: points

text: to

text: preserve

text: distinctions

text: used

text: by

text: legacy

text: encodings

text: and

text: therefore

text: allow

text: conversion

text: from

text: those

text: encodings

text: to

text: Unicode

text: and

text: back

text: without

text: losing

text: any

text: information

text: For

text: example

text: the

text: fullwidth

text: forms

text: section

text: of

text: code

text: points

text: encompasses

text: a

text: full

text: Latin

text: alphabet

text: that

text: is

text: separate

text: from

text: the

text: main

text: Latin

text: alphabet

text: section

text: because

text: in

text: Chinese

text: Japanese

text: and

text: Korean

text: CJK

text: fonts

text: these

text: Latin

text: characters

text: are

text: rendered

text: at

text: the

text: same

text: width

text: as

text: CJK

text: ideographs

text: rather

text: than

text: at

text: half

text: the

text: width

text: For

text: other

text: examples

text: see

text: Duplicate

text: characters

text: in

text: Unicode

question: What were the first 256 code points of Unicode made identical to?

answer: ISO-8859-1

question: Why were the first 256 code points made identical to ISO-8859-1?

answer: to make it trivial to convert existing western text

text: to make it trivial to convert existing western text

question: What does the "fullwidth forms" section of code points encompass?

answer: a full Latin alphabet that is separate from the main Latin alphabet

text: a full Latin alphabet that is separate from the main Latin alphabet

question: What are the CJK languages referenced?

answer: Chinese, Japanese, and Korean

text: Chinese, Japanese, and Korean


text: The city grew as the population did, coming up against the lake's waters. As the depth of the lake water fluctuated, Mexico City was subject to periodic flooding. A major labor draft, the desagüe, compelled thousands of Indians over the colonial period to work on infrastructure to prevent flooding. Floods were not only an inconvenience but also a health hazard, since during flood periods human waste polluted the city's streets. By draining the area, the mosquito population dropped as did the frequency of the diseases they spread. However, draining the wetlands also changed the habitat for fish and birds and the areas accessible for Indian cultivation close to the capital.

title: Mexico_City

title: Mexico_City

text: The

text: city

text: grew

text: as

text: the

text: population

text: did

text: coming

text: up

text: against

text: the

text: lake

text: 's

text: waters

text: As

text: the

text: depth

text: of

text: the

text: lake

text: water

text: fluctuated

text: Mexico

text: City

text: was

text: subject

text: to

text: periodic

text: flooding

text: A

text: major

text: labor

text: draft

text: the

text: desagüe

text: compelled

text: thousands

text: of

text: Indians

text: over

text: the

text: colonial

text: period

text: to

text: work

text: on

text: infrastructure

text: to

text: prevent

text: flooding

text: Floods

text: were

text: not

text: only

text: an

text: inconvenience

text: but

text: also

text: a

text: health

text: hazard

text: since

text: during

text: flood

text: periods

text: human

text: waste

text: polluted

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: streets

text: By

text: draining

text: the

text: area

text: the

text: mosquito

text: population

text: dropped

text: as

text: did

text: the

text: frequency

text: of

text: the

text: diseases

text: they

text: spread

text: However

text: draining

text: the

text: wetlands

text: also

text: changed

text: the

text: habitat

text: for

text: fish

text: and

text: birds

text: and

text: the

text: areas

text: accessible

text: for

text: Indian

text: cultivation

text: close

text: to

text: the

text: capital

question: What was the labor draft called?

answer: the desagüe

text: the desagüe

question: Who helped build infrastructure around the lake?

answer: Indians

text: Indians

question: What was the main problem with being so close to the lake?

answer: flooding

text: flooding

question: What was a negative of regulating the lake's water height?

answer: changed the habitat for fish and birds

text: changed the habitat for fish and birds

question: How many Indians helped build the infrastructure?

answer: thousands

text: thousands


text: The most extreme case was the Soviet Union, and this model may still be followed in some countries: it was a separate service, on a par with the navy or ground force. In the Soviet Union this was called Voyska PVO, and had both fighter aircraft and ground-based systems. This was divided into two arms, PVO Strany, the Strategic Air defence Service responsible for Air Defence of the Homeland, created in 1941 and becoming an independent service in 1954, and PVO SV, Air Defence of the Ground Forces. Subsequently these became part of the air force and ground forces respectively

title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

title: Anti

title: aircraft_warfare

text: The

text: most

text: extreme

text: case

text: was

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: and

text: this

text: model

text: may

text: still

text: be

text: followed

text: in

text: some

text: countries

text: it

text: was

text: a

text: separate

text: service

text: on

text: a

text: par

text: with

text: the

text: navy

text: or

text: ground

text: force

text: In

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: this

text: was

text: called

text: Voyska

text: PVO

text: and

text: had

text: both

text: fighter

text: aircraft

text: and

text: ground

text: based

text: systems

text: This

text: was

text: divided

text: into

text: two

text: arms

text: PVO

text: Strany

text: the

text: Strategic

text: Air

text: defence

text: Service

text: responsible

text: for

text: Air

text: Defence

text: of

text: the

text: Homeland

text: created

text: in

text: and

text: becoming

text: an

text: independent

text: service

text: in

text: and

text: PVO

text: SV

text: Air

text: Defence

text: of

text: the

text: Ground

text: Forces

text: Subsequently

text: these

text: became

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: air

text: force

text: and

text: ground

text: forces

text: respectively

question: Which country had the most severe case?

answer: Soviet Union

text: Soviet Union

question: This separate service  was known as what in the Soviet Union?

answer: Voyska PVO

text: Voyska PVO

question: What two systems did Voyska PVO have?

answer: fighter aircraft and ground-based systems

text: fighter aircraft and ground-based systems

question: What year did the PVO Strany become independent?

answer: 1954

question: What was the arm that was the Air Defence of the Ground Forces?

answer: PVO SV

text: PVO SV


text: In modern times, the Javanese are the largest ethnic group in Southeast Asia, with more than 100 million people, mostly concentrated in Java, Indonesia. In Burma, the Burmese account for more than two-thirds of the ethnic stock in this country, while ethnic Thais and Vietnamese account for about four-fifths of the respective populations of those countries. Indonesia is clearly dominated by the Javanese and Sundanese ethnic groups, while Malaysia is split between half Malays and one-quarter Chinese. Within the Philippines, the Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocano, and Hiligaynon groups are significant.

title: Southeast_Asia

title: Southeast_Asia

text: In

text: modern

text: times

text: the

text: Javanese

text: are

text: the

text: largest

text: ethnic

text: group

text: in

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: with

text: more

text: than

text: million

text: people

text: mostly

text: concentrated

text: in

text: Java

text: Indonesia

text: In

text: Burma

text: the

text: Burmese

text: account

text: for

text: more

text: than

text: two

text: thirds

text: of

text: the

text: ethnic

text: stock

text: in

text: this

text: country

text: while

text: ethnic

text: Thais

text: and

text: Vietnamese

text: account

text: for

text: about

text: four

text: fifths

text: of

text: the

text: respective

text: populations

text: of

text: those

text: countries

text: Indonesia

text: is

text: clearly

text: dominated

text: by

text: the

text: Javanese

text: and

text: Sundanese

text: ethnic

text: groups

text: while

text: Malaysia

text: is

text: split

text: between

text: half

text: Malays

text: and

text: one

text: quarter

text: Chinese

text: Within

text: the

text: Philippines

text: the

text: Tagalog

text: Cebuano

text: Ilocano

text: and

text: Hiligaynon

text: groups

text: are

text: significant

question: name the largest ethnic group in Southeast Asia.

answer: the Javanese

text: the Javanese

question: Which ethnic groups dominate in Indonesia?

answer: Javanese and Sundanese

text: Javanese and Sundanese

question: The Tagalog, Cebuano,Ilocano & Hiligaynon groups are significant within which country in Southeast Asia?

answer: Philippines

text: Philippines

question: The ethnic groups Malays & Chinese are predominant in which country?

answer: Malaysia

text: Malaysia


text: In response to the publication of the secret protocols and other secret German–Soviet relations documents in the State Department edition Nazi–Soviet Relations (1948), Stalin published Falsifiers of History, which included the claim that, during the Pact's operation, Stalin rejected Hitler's claim to share in a division of the world, without mentioning the Soviet offer to join the Axis. That version persisted, without exception, in historical studies, official accounts, memoirs and textbooks published in the Soviet Union until the Soviet Union's dissolution.

title: Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact

title: Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact

text: In

text: response

text: to

text: the

text: publication

text: of

text: the

text: secret

text: protocols

text: and

text: other

text: secret

text: German

text: Soviet

text: relations

text: documents

text: in

text: the

text: State

text: Department

text: edition

text: Nazi

text: Soviet

text: Relations

text: Stalin

text: published

text: Falsifiers

text: of

text: History

text: which

text: included

text: the

text: claim

text: that

text: during

text: the

text: Pact

text: 's

text: operation

text: Stalin

text: rejected

text: Hitler

text: 's

text: claim

text: to

text: share

text: in

text: a

text: division

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: without

text: mentioning

text: the

text: Soviet

text: offer

text: to

text: join

text: the

text: Axis

text: That

text: version

text: persisted

text: without

text: exception

text: in

text: historical

text: studies

text: official

text: accounts

text: memoirs

text: and

text: textbooks

text: published

text: in

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: until

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: 's

text: dissolution

question: What year was Joseph Stalin’s version of the pact published?

answer: 1948

question: What was the Soviet response to the Nazi-Soviet Relations publication

answer: Falsifiers of History

text: Falsifiers of History

question: How long did Stalins version of what happened between the Germans and the Soviets last?

answer: until the Soviet Union's dissolution

text: until the Soviet Union's dissolution


text: The former location in Mesa is actually the second HoHoKam Park; the first was built in 1976 as the spring-training home of the Oakland Athletics who left the park in 1979. Apart from HoHoKam Park and Sloan Park the Cubs also have another Mesa training facility called Fitch Park, this complex provides 25,000 square feet (2,300 m2) of team facilities, including major league clubhouse, four practice fields, one practice infield, enclosed batting tunnels, batting cages, a maintenance facility, and administrative offices for the Cubs.

title: Chicago_Cubs

title: Chicago_Cubs

text: The

text: former

text: location

text: in

text: Mesa

text: is

text: actually

text: the

text: second

text: HoHoKam

text: Park

text: the

text: first

text: was

text: built

text: in

text: as

text: the

text: spring

text: training

text: home

text: of

text: the

text: Oakland

text: Athletics

text: who

text: left

text: the

text: park

text: in

text: Apart

text: from

text: HoHoKam

text: Park

text: and

text: Sloan

text: Park

text: the

text: Cubs

text: also

text: have

text: another

text: Mesa

text: training

text: facility

text: called

text: Fitch

text: Park

text: this

text: complex

text: provides

text: square

text: feet

text: of

text: team

text: facilities

text: including

text: major

text: league

text: clubhouse

text: four

text: practice

text: fields

text: one

text: practice

text: infield

text: enclosed

text: batting

text: tunnels

text: batting

text: cages

text: a

text: maintenance

text: facility

text: and

text: administrative

text: offices

text: for

text: the

text: Cubs

question: Where was the former location in Mesa?

answer: the second HoHoKam Park

text: the second HoHoKam Park

question: How many square feet does Fitch Park provide?

answer: 25,000 square feet

text: 25,000 square feet

question: When was the spring training home of the Oakland Athletics built?

answer: 1976


text: Muslims believe the Quran was verbally revealed by God to Muhammad through the angel Gabriel (Jibril), gradually over a period of approximately 23 years, beginning on 22 December 609 CE, when Muhammad was 40, and concluding in 632, the year of his death. Muslims regard the Quran as the most important miracle of Muhammad, a proof of his prophethood, and the culmination of a series of divine messages that started with the messages revealed to Adam and ended with Muhammad. The word "Quran" occurs some 70 times in the text of the Quran, although different names and words are also said to be references to the Quran.

title: Quran

title: Quran

text: Muslims

text: believe

text: the

text: Quran

text: was

text: verbally

text: revealed

text: by

text: God

text: to

text: Muhammad

text: through

text: the

text: angel

text: Gabriel

text: Jibril

text: gradually

text: over

text: a

text: period

text: of

text: approximately

text: years

text: beginning

text: on

text: December

text: CE

text: when

text: Muhammad

text: was

text: and

text: concluding

text: in

text: the

text: year

text: of

text: his

text: death

text: Muslims

text: regard

text: the

text: Quran

text: as

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: miracle

text: of

text: Muhammad

text: a

text: proof

text: of

text: his

text: prophethood

text: and

text: the

text: culmination

text: of

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: divine

text: messages

text: that

text: started

text: with

text: the

text: messages

text: revealed

text: to

text: Adam

text: and

text: ended

text: with

text: Muhammad

text: The

text: word

text: Quran

text: occurs

text: some

text: times

text: in

text: the

text: text

text: of

text: the

text: Quran

text: although

text: different

text: names

text: and

text: words

text: are

text: also

text: said

text: to

text: be

text: references

text: to

text: the

text: Quran

question: Which angel is believed to have communicated the Quran to Muhammad?

answer: Gabriel

text: Gabriel

question: On which date did Muhammad begin receiving the Quran?

answer: 22 December 609 CE

text: 22 December 609 CE

question: In which year CE did Muhammad die?

answer: 632

question: What is the Arabic variant of Gabriel?

answer: Jibril

text: Jibril

question: How many times is the word "Quran" used in the Quran?

answer: 70


text: The monastic communities of the Judean Desert also decorated their monasteries with mosaic floors. The Monastery of Martyrius was founded in the end of the 5th century and it was re-discovered in 1982–85. The most important work of art here is the intact geometric mosaic floor of the refectory although the severely damaged church floor was similarly rich. The mosaics in the church of the nearby Monastery of Euthymius are of later date (discovered in 1930). They were laid down in the Umayyad era, after a devastating earthquake in 659. Two six pointed stars and a red chalice are the most important surviving features.

title: Mosaic

title: Mosaic

text: The

text: monastic

text: communities

text: of

text: the

text: Judean

text: Desert

text: also

text: decorated

text: their

text: monasteries

text: with

text: mosaic

text: floors

text: The

text: Monastery

text: of

text: Martyrius

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: and

text: it

text: was

text: re

text: discovered

text: in

text: The

text: most

text: important

text: work

text: of

text: art

text: here

text: is

text: the

text: intact

text: geometric

text: mosaic

text: floor

text: of

text: the

text: refectory

text: although

text: the

text: severely

text: damaged

text: church

text: floor

text: was

text: similarly

text: rich

text: The

text: mosaics

text: in

text: the

text: church

text: of

text: the

text: nearby

text: Monastery

text: of

text: Euthymius

text: are

text: of

text: later

text: date

text: discovered

text: in

text: They

text: were

text: laid

text: down

text: in

text: the

text: Umayyad

text: era

text: after

text: a

text: devastating

text: earthquake

text: in

text: Two

text: six

text: pointed

text: stars

text: and

text: a

text: red

text: chalice

text: are

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: surviving

text: features

question: The churches of which desert decorated their monasteries with mosaics?

answer: the Judean

text: the Judean

question: When was the Monastery of Martyrius created?

answer: the end of the 5th century

text: the end of the 5th century

question: When was the Monastery of Martyrius re-discovered?

answer: in 1982–85

text: in 1982–85

question: Where in the Monastery of Martyrius is the most important mosaic work?

answer: the refectory

text: the refectory

question: What was the name of the monastery that was discovered in 1930?

answer: Monastery of Euthymius

text: Monastery of Euthymius


text: Boston is sometimes called a "city of neighborhoods" because of the profusion of diverse subsections; the city government's Office of Neighborhood Services has officially designated 23 neighborhoods.

title: Boston

title: Boston

text: Boston

text: is

text: sometimes

text: called

text: a

text: city

text: of

text: neighborhoods

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: profusion

text: of

text: diverse

text: subsections

text: the

text: city

text: government

text: 's

text: Office

text: of

text: Neighborhood

text: Services

text: has

text: officially

text: designated

text: neighborhoods

question: What s Boston sometimes called?

answer: city of neighborhoods

text: city of neighborhoods

question: How many neighborhoods are in Boston?

answer: 23 neighborhoods

text: 23 neighborhoods

question: What division of the City Government designated the 23 neighborhoods?

answer: Office of Neighborhood Services

text: Office of Neighborhood Services


text: The word "dollar" is one of the words in the first paragraph of Section 9 of Article 1 of the U.S. Constitution. In that context, "dollars" is a reference to the Spanish milled dollar, a coin that had a monetary value of 8 Spanish units of currency, or reales. In 1792 the U.S. Congress adopted legislation titled An act establishing a mint, and regulating the Coins of the United States. Section 9 of that act authorized the production of various coins, including "DOLLARS OR UNITS—each to be of the value of a Spanish milled dollar as the same is now current, and to contain three hundred and seventy-one grains and four sixteenth parts of a grain of pure, or four hundred and sixteen grains of standard silver". Section 20 of the act provided, "That the money of account of the United States shall be expressed in dollars, or units... and that all accounts in the public offices and all proceedings in the courts of the United States shall be kept and had in conformity to this regulation". In other words, this act designated the United States dollar as the unit of currency of the United States.

title: United_States_dollar

title: United_States_dollar

text: The

text: word

text: dollar

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: words

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: paragraph

text: of

text: Section

text: of

text: Article

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Constitution

text: In

text: that

text: context

text: dollars

text: is

text: a

text: reference

text: to

text: the

text: Spanish

text: milled

text: dollar

text: a

text: coin

text: that

text: had

text: a

text: monetary

text: value

text: of

text: Spanish

text: units

text: of

text: currency

text: or

text: reales

text: In

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Congress

text: adopted

text: legislation

text: titled

text: An

text: act

text: establishing

text: a

text: mint

text: and

text: regulating

text: the

text: Coins

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Section

text: of

text: that

text: act

text: authorized

text: the

text: production

text: of

text: various

text: coins

text: including

text: DOLLARS

text: OR

text: UNITS

text: each

text: to

text: be

text: of

text: the

text: value

text: of

text: a

text: Spanish

text: milled

text: dollar

text: as

text: the

text: same

text: is

text: now

text: current

text: and

text: to

text: contain

text: three

text: hundred

text: and

text: seventy

text: one

text: grains

text: and

text: four

text: sixteenth

text: parts

text: of

text: a

text: grain

text: of

text: pure

text: or

text: four

text: hundred

text: and

text: sixteen

text: grains

text: of

text: standard

text: silver

text: Section

text: of

text: the

text: act

text: provided

text: That

text: the

text: money

text: of

text: account

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: shall

text: be

text: expressed

text: in

text: dollars

text: or

text: units

text: and

text: that

text: all

text: accounts

text: in

text: the

text: public

text: offices

text: and

text: all

text: proceedings

text: in

text: the

text: courts

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: shall

text: be

text: kept

text: and

text: had

text: in

text: conformity

text: to

text: this

text: regulation

text: In

text: other

text: words

text: this

text: act

text: designated

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: dollar

text: as

text: the

text: unit

text: of

text: currency

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

question: What is "dollars" a reference to?

answer: the Spanish milled dollar

text: the Spanish milled dollar

question: How much value did a Spanish milled dollar have in relation to Spanish units of currency?

answer: 8 Spanish units

text: 8 Spanish units

question: How many grains of standard silver were meant to be in a single dollar?

answer: four hundred and sixteen

text: four hundred and sixteen

question: How much value was one dollar meant to be equivalent to?

answer: a Spanish milled dollar

text: a Spanish milled dollar

question: How many grains of pure silver were meant to be in a single dollar?

answer: three hundred and seventy-one

text: three hundred and seventy-one


text: The on-again, off-again armistice negotiations continued for two years, first at Kaesong, on the border between North and South Korea, and then at the neighbouring village of Panmunjom. A major, problematic negotiation point was prisoner of war (POW) repatriation. The PVA, KPA, and UN Command could not agree on a system of repatriation because many PVA and KPA soldiers refused to be repatriated back to the north, which was unacceptable to the Chinese and North Koreans. In the final armistice agreement, signed on 27 July 1953, a Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission, under the chairman Indian General K. S. Thimayya, was set up to handle the matter.

title: Korean_War

title: Korean_War

text: The

text: on

text: again

text: off

text: again

text: armistice

text: negotiations

text: continued

text: for

text: two

text: years

text: first

text: at

text: Kaesong

text: on

text: the

text: border

text: between

text: North

text: and

text: South

text: Korea

text: and

text: then

text: at

text: the

text: neighbouring

text: village

text: of

text: Panmunjom

text: A

text: major

text: problematic

text: negotiation

text: point

text: was

text: prisoner

text: of

text: war

text: POW

text: repatriation

text: The

text: PVA

text: KPA

text: and

text: UN

text: Command

text: could

text: not

text: agree

text: on

text: a

text: system

text: of

text: repatriation

text: because

text: many

text: PVA

text: and

text: KPA

text: soldiers

text: refused

text: to

text: be

text: repatriated

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: which

text: was

text: unacceptable

text: to

text: the

text: Chinese

text: and

text: North

text: Koreans

text: In

text: the

text: final

text: armistice

text: agreement

text: signed

text: on

text: July

text: a

text: Neutral

text: Nations

text: Repatriation

text: Commission

text: under

text: the

text: chairman

text: Indian

text: General

text: K.

text: S.

text: Thimayya

text: was

text: set

text: up

text: to

text: handle

text: the

text: matter

question: How long did the armistice talks last?

answer: two years

text: two years

question: What issues stalled the armistice talks?

answer: prisoner of war (POW) repatriation

text: prisoner of war (POW) repatriation

question: What was deemed unacceptable to North Koreans and the Chinese during POW negotiations?

answer: many PVA and KPA soldiers refused to be repatriated back to the north

text: many PVA and KPA soldiers refused to be repatriated back to the north

question: When was the armistice agreement finally signed?

answer: 27 July 1953

text: 27 July 1953

question: What was established to deal with the issues surrounding prisoners of war?

answer: Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission,

text: Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission,


text: Early research into circadian rhythms suggested that most people preferred a day closer to 25 hours when isolated from external stimuli like daylight and timekeeping. However, this research was faulty because it failed to shield the participants from artificial light. Although subjects were shielded from time cues (like clocks) and daylight, the researchers were not aware of the phase-delaying effects of indoor electric lights.[dubious – discuss] The subjects were allowed to turn on light when they were awake and to turn it off when they wanted to sleep. Electric light in the evening delayed their circadian phase.[citation needed] A more stringent study conducted in 1999 by Harvard University estimated the natural human rhythm to be closer to 24 hours, 11 minutes: much closer to the solar day but still not perfectly in sync.

title: Circadian_rhythm

title: Circadian_rhythm

text: Early

text: research

text: into

text: circadian

text: rhythms

text: suggested

text: that

text: most

text: people

text: preferred

text: a

text: day

text: closer

text: to

text: hours

text: when

text: isolated

text: from

text: external

text: stimuli

text: like

text: daylight

text: and

text: timekeeping

text: However

text: this

text: research

text: was

text: faulty

text: because

text: it

text: failed

text: to

text: shield

text: the

text: participants

text: from

text: artificial

text: light

text: Although

text: subjects

text: were

text: shielded

text: from

text: time

text: cues

text: like

text: clocks

text: and

text: daylight

text: the

text: researchers

text: were

text: not

text: aware

text: of

text: the

text: phase

text: delaying

text: effects

text: of

text: indoor

text: electric

text: lights.[dubious

text: discuss

text: The

text: subjects

text: were

text: allowed

text: to

text: turn

text: on

text: light

text: when

text: they

text: were

text: awake

text: and

text: to

text: turn

text: it

text: off

text: when

text: they

text: wanted

text: to

text: sleep

text: Electric

text: light

text: in

text: the

text: evening

text: delayed

text: their

text: circadian

text: phase.[citation

text: needed

text: A

text: more

text: stringent

text: study

text: conducted

text: in

text: by

text: Harvard

text: University

text: estimated

text: the

text: natural

text: human

text: rhythm

text: to

text: be

text: closer

text: to

text: hours

text: minutes

text: much

text: closer

text: to

text: the

text: solar

text: day

text: but

text: still

text: not

text: perfectly

text: in

text: sync

question: What did early research show people preferred as a day length?

answer: 25 hours

text: 25 hours

question: What was the fault not considered in the early theories of day length?

answer: artificial light

text: artificial light

question: What did electric lighting in the evening do to the test subjects circadian phase?

answer: delayed

text: delayed

question: To what is the 24 hours, 11 minutes day outcome of research closest ?

answer: solar day

text: solar day

question: When did more stringent testing determine that humans preferred a 24 hour day?

answer: 1999


text: According to the International Energy Agency, cellulosic ethanol biorefineries could allow biofuels to play a much bigger role in the future than organizations such as the IEA previously thought. Cellulosic ethanol can be made from plant matter composed primarily of inedible cellulose fibers that form the stems and branches of most plants. Crop residues (such as corn stalks, wheat straw and rice straw), wood waste, and municipal solid waste are potential sources of cellulosic biomass. Dedicated energy crops, such as switchgrass, are also promising cellulose sources that can be sustainably produced in many regions.

title: Renewable_energy_commercialization

title: Renewable_energy_commercialization

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: International

text: Energy

text: Agency

text: cellulosic

text: ethanol

text: biorefineries

text: could

text: allow

text: biofuels

text: to

text: play

text: a

text: much

text: bigger

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: future

text: than

text: organizations

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: IEA

text: previously

text: thought

text: Cellulosic

text: ethanol

text: can

text: be

text: made

text: from

text: plant

text: matter

text: composed

text: primarily

text: of

text: inedible

text: cellulose

text: fibers

text: that

text: form

text: the

text: stems

text: and

text: branches

text: of

text: most

text: plants

text: Crop

text: residues

text: such

text: as

text: corn

text: stalks

text: wheat

text: straw

text: and

text: rice

text: straw

text: wood

text: waste

text: and

text: municipal

text: solid

text: waste

text: are

text: potential

text: sources

text: of

text: cellulosic

text: biomass

text: Dedicated

text: energy

text: crops

text: such

text: as

text: switchgrass

text: are

text: also

text: promising

text: cellulose

text: sources

text: that

text: can

text: be

text: sustainably

text: produced

text: in

text: many

text: regions

question: What can be made from plant matter composed primarily of inedible celllose fibers thta form the stems and branches of most plants?

answer: Cellulosic ethanol

text: Cellulosic ethanol

question: What are potential sources of cellulosic biomass?

answer: Crop residues

text: Crop residues

question: What is a promising cellulose source that can be sustainably produced in many regions?

answer: Dedicated energy crops

text: Dedicated energy crops


text: Some of the best-known traditions, including carnal parades and masquerade balls, were first recorded in medieval Italy. The carnival of Venice was, for a long time, the most famous carnival (although Napoleon abolished it in 1797 and only in 1979 was the tradition restored). From Italy, Carnival traditions spread to Spain, Portugal and France and from France to New France in North America. From Spain and Portugal it spread with colonization to the Caribbean and Latin America. In the early 19th century in the German Rhineland and Southern Netherlands, the weakened medieval tradition also revive. Continuously in the 18th and 19th centuries CE, as part of the annual Saturnalia abuse of the carnival in Rome, rabbis of the ghetto were forced to march through the city streets wearing foolish guise, jeered upon and pelted by a variety of missiles from the crowd. A petition of the Jewish community of Rome sent in 1836 to Pope Gregory XVI to stop the annual anti-semitic Saturnalia abuse got a negation: “It is not opportune to make any innovation.”

title: Carnival

title: Carnival

text: Some

text: of

text: the

text: best

text: known

text: traditions

text: including

text: carnal

text: parades

text: and

text: masquerade

text: balls

text: were

text: first

text: recorded

text: in

text: medieval

text: Italy

text: The

text: carnival

text: of

text: Venice

text: was

text: for

text: a

text: long

text: time

text: the

text: most

text: famous

text: carnival

text: although

text: Napoleon

text: abolished

text: it

text: in

text: and

text: only

text: in

text: was

text: the

text: tradition

text: restored

text: From

text: Italy

text: Carnival

text: traditions

text: spread

text: to

text: Spain

text: Portugal

text: and

text: France

text: and

text: from

text: France

text: to

text: New

text: France

text: in

text: North

text: America

text: From

text: Spain

text: and

text: Portugal

text: it

text: spread

text: with

text: colonization

text: to

text: the

text: Caribbean

text: and

text: Latin

text: America

text: In

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: in

text: the

text: German

text: Rhineland

text: and

text: Southern

text: Netherlands

text: the

text: weakened

text: medieval

text: tradition

text: also

text: revive

text: Continuously

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

text: CE

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: annual

text: Saturnalia

text: abuse

text: of

text: the

text: carnival

text: in

text: Rome

text: rabbis

text: of

text: the

text: ghetto

text: were

text: forced

text: to

text: march

text: through

text: the

text: city

text: streets

text: wearing

text: foolish

text: guise

text: jeered

text: upon

text: and

text: pelted

text: by

text: a

text: variety

text: of

text: missiles

text: from

text: the

text: crowd

text: A

text: petition

text: of

text: the

text: Jewish

text: community

text: of

text: Rome

text: sent

text: in

text: to

text: Pope

text: Gregory

text: XVI

text: to

text: stop

text: the

text: annual

text: anti

text: semitic

text: Saturnalia

text: abuse

text: got

text: a

text: negation

text: It

text: is

text: not

text: opportune

text: to

text: make

text: any

text: innovation

question: Where were some of the best-known traditions first recorded?

answer: Italy

text: Italy

question: What city's carnival was the most famous for a long time?

answer: Venice

text: Venice

question: What was the first place in North America with a Carnival tradition?

answer: New France

text: New France

question: What were rabbis from the ghettos forced to march through the city streets wearing?

answer: foolish guise

text: foolish guise

question: Who dismissed the petition of the Jewish community to stop the abuse of them?

answer: Pope Gregory XVI

text: Pope Gregory XVI


text: Areas such as South Street and Old City have a vibrant night life. The Avenue of the Arts in Center City contains many restaurants and theaters, such as the Kimmel Center for the Performing Arts, which is home to the Philadelphia Orchestra, generally considered one of the top five orchestras in the United States, and the Academy of Music, the nation's oldest continually operating opera house, home to the Opera Company of Philadelphia and the Pennsylvania Ballet. The Wilma Theatre and Philadelphia Theatre Company have new buildings constructed in the last decade on the avenue. They produce a variety of new works. Several blocks to the east are the Walnut Street Theatre, America's oldest theatre and the largest subscription theater in the world; as well as the Lantern Theatre at St. Stephens Church, one of a number of smaller venues.

title: Philadelphia

title: Philadelphia

text: Areas

text: such

text: as

text: South

text: Street

text: and

text: Old

text: City

text: have

text: a

text: vibrant

text: night

text: life

text: The

text: Avenue

text: of

text: the

text: Arts

text: in

text: Center

text: City

text: contains

text: many

text: restaurants

text: and

text: theaters

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Kimmel

text: Center

text: for

text: the

text: Performing

text: Arts

text: which

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: the

text: Philadelphia

text: Orchestra

text: generally

text: considered

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: top

text: five

text: orchestras

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: the

text: Academy

text: of

text: Music

text: the

text: nation

text: 's

text: oldest

text: continually

text: operating

text: opera

text: house

text: home

text: to

text: the

text: Opera

text: Company

text: of

text: Philadelphia

text: and

text: the

text: Pennsylvania

text: Ballet

text: The

text: Wilma

text: Theatre

text: and

text: Philadelphia

text: Theatre

text: Company

text: have

text: new

text: buildings

text: constructed

text: in

text: the

text: last

text: decade

text: on

text: the

text: avenue

text: They

text: produce

text: a

text: variety

text: of

text: new

text: works

text: Several

text: blocks

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: are

text: the

text: Walnut

text: Street

text: Theatre

text: America

text: 's

text: oldest

text: theatre

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: subscription

text: theater

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: Lantern

text: Theatre

text: at

text: St.

text: Stephens

text: Church

text: one

text: of

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: smaller

text: venues

question: Name two districts with good night life?

answer: South Street and Old City

text: South Street and Old City

question: What is the home of the orchestra?

answer: Kimmel Center for the Performing Arts

text: Kimmel Center for the Performing Arts

question: What is the countries oldest opera house?

answer: Academy of Music

text: Academy of Music

question: Who uses the opera house?

answer: Opera Company of Philadelphia and the Pennsylvania Ballet

text: Opera Company of Philadelphia and the Pennsylvania Ballet

question: What is the oldest theater in the U.S.?

answer: Walnut Street Theatre

text: Walnut Street Theatre