text: After 13 months at the hospital, Broz was sent to a work camp in the Ural Mountains where prisoners selected him for their camp leader. In February 1917, revolting workers broke into the prison and freed the prisoners. Broz subsequently joined a Bolshevik group. In April 1917, he was arrested again but managed to escape and participate in the July Days demonstrations in Petrograd (St. Petersburg) on 16–17 July 1917. On his way to Finland, Broz was caught and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress for three weeks. He was again sent to Kungur, but escaped from the train. He hid with a Russian family in Omsk, Siberia where he met his future wife Pelagija Belousova. After the October Revolution, he joined a Red Guard unit in Omsk. Following a White counteroffensive, he fled to Kirgiziya and subsequently returned to Omsk, where he married Belousova. In the spring of 1918, he joined the Yugoslav section of the Russian Communist Party. By June of the same year, Broz left Omsk to find work and support his family, and was employed as a mechanic near Omsk for a year.

title: Josip_Broz_Tito

title: Josip_Broz_Tito

text: After

text: months

text: at

text: the

text: hospital

text: Broz

text: was

text: sent

text: to

text: a

text: work

text: camp

text: in

text: the

text: Ural

text: Mountains

text: where

text: prisoners

text: selected

text: him

text: for

text: their

text: camp

text: leader

text: In

text: February

text: revolting

text: workers

text: broke

text: into

text: the

text: prison

text: and

text: freed

text: the

text: prisoners

text: Broz

text: subsequently

text: joined

text: a

text: Bolshevik

text: group

text: In

text: April

text: he

text: was

text: arrested

text: again

text: but

text: managed

text: to

text: escape

text: and

text: participate

text: in

text: the

text: July

text: Days

text: demonstrations

text: in

text: Petrograd

text: St.

text: Petersburg

text: on

text: July

text: On

text: his

text: way

text: to

text: Finland

text: Broz

text: was

text: caught

text: and

text: imprisoned

text: in

text: the

text: Peter

text: and

text: Paul

text: Fortress

text: for

text: three

text: weeks

text: He

text: was

text: again

text: sent

text: to

text: Kungur

text: but

text: escaped

text: from

text: the

text: train

text: He

text: hid

text: with

text: a

text: Russian

text: family

text: in

text: Omsk

text: Siberia

text: where

text: he

text: met

text: his

text: future

text: wife

text: Pelagija

text: Belousova

text: After

text: the

text: October

text: Revolution

text: he

text: joined

text: a

text: Red

text: Guard

text: unit

text: in

text: Omsk

text: Following

text: a

text: White

text: counteroffensive

text: he

text: fled

text: to

text: Kirgiziya

text: and

text: subsequently

text: returned

text: to

text: Omsk

text: where

text: he

text: married

text: Belousova

text: In

text: the

text: spring

text: of

text: he

text: joined

text: the

text: Yugoslav

text: section

text: of

text: the

text: Russian

text: Communist

text: Party

text: By

text: June

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: year

text: Broz

text: left

text: Omsk

text: to

text: find

text: work

text: and

text: support

text: his

text: family

text: and

text: was

text: employed

text: as

text: a

text: mechanic

text: near

text: Omsk

text: for

text: a

text: year

question: How long was Broz in the hospital?

answer: 13 months

text: 13 months

question: Where was Broz's work camp?

answer: Ural Mountains

text: Ural Mountains

question: What position was he selected for at work camp?

answer: camp leader

text: camp leader

question: Where did Broz flee to after a White counteroffensive?

answer: Kirgiziya

text: Kirgiziya

question: Where did Broz marry Belousova?

answer: Omsk

text: Omsk


text: Amensalism is the type of relationship that exists where one species is inhibited or completely obliterated and one is unaffected. This type of symbiosis is relatively uncommon in rudimentary reference texts, but is omnipresent in the natural world.[citation needed] There are two types of amensalism, competition and antibiosis. Competition is where a larger or stronger organisms deprives a smaller or weaker one from a resource. Antibiosis occurs when one organism is damaged or killed by another through a chemical secretion. An example of competition is a sapling growing under the shadow of a mature tree. The mature tree can begin to rob the sapling of necessary sunlight and, if the mature tree is very large, it can take up rainwater and deplete soil nutrients. Throughout the process the mature tree is unaffected. Indeed, if the sapling dies, the mature tree gains nutrients from the decaying sapling. Note that these nutrients become available because of the sapling's decomposition, rather than from the living sapling, which would be a case of parasitism.[citation needed] An example of antibiosis is Juglans nigra (black walnut), secreting juglone, a substance which destroys many herbaceous plants within its root zone.

title: Symbiosis

title: Symbiosis

text: Amensalism

text: is

text: the

text: type

text: of

text: relationship

text: that

text: exists

text: where

text: one

text: species

text: is

text: inhibited

text: or

text: completely

text: obliterated

text: and

text: one

text: is

text: unaffected

text: This

text: type

text: of

text: symbiosis

text: is

text: relatively

text: uncommon

text: in

text: rudimentary

text: reference

text: texts

text: but

text: is

text: omnipresent

text: in

text: the

text: natural

text: world.[citation

text: needed

text: There

text: are

text: two

text: types

text: of

text: amensalism

text: competition

text: and

text: antibiosis

text: Competition

text: is

text: where

text: a

text: larger

text: or

text: stronger

text: organisms

text: deprives

text: a

text: smaller

text: or

text: weaker

text: one

text: from

text: a

text: resource

text: Antibiosis

text: occurs

text: when

text: one

text: organism

text: is

text: damaged

text: or

text: killed

text: by

text: another

text: through

text: a

text: chemical

text: secretion

text: An

text: example

text: of

text: competition

text: is

text: a

text: sapling

text: growing

text: under

text: the

text: shadow

text: of

text: a

text: mature

text: tree

text: The

text: mature

text: tree

text: can

text: begin

text: to

text: rob

text: the

text: sapling

text: of

text: necessary

text: sunlight

text: and

text: if

text: the

text: mature

text: tree

text: is

text: very

text: large

text: it

text: can

text: take

text: up

text: rainwater

text: and

text: deplete

text: soil

text: nutrients

text: Throughout

text: the

text: process

text: the

text: mature

text: tree

text: is

text: unaffected

text: Indeed

text: if

text: the

text: sapling

text: dies

text: the

text: mature

text: tree

text: gains

text: nutrients

text: from

text: the

text: decaying

text: sapling

text: Note

text: that

text: these

text: nutrients

text: become

text: available

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: sapling

text: 's

text: decomposition

text: rather

text: than

text: from

text: the

text: living

text: sapling

text: which

text: would

text: be

text: a

text: case

text: of

text: parasitism.[citation

text: needed

text: An

text: example

text: of

text: antibiosis

text: is

text: Juglans

text: nigra

text: black

text: walnut

text: secreting

text: juglone

text: a

text: substance

text: which

text: destroys

text: many

text: herbaceous

text: plants

text: within

text: its

text: root

text: zone

question: What is the name for the kind of symbiosis in which one organism is seriously harmed and there is no affect on the other?

answer: Amensalism

text: Amensalism

question: What kinds of amensalism are there?

answer: competition and antibiosis

text: competition and antibiosis

question: When a large tree takes the resources a young tree needs, what type of amensalism is it?

answer: competition

text: competition

question: What does the black walnut give out that kills plants?

answer: juglone

text: juglone


text: The earliest occurrences of the term in non-Christian literature include Josephus, referring to "the tribe of Christians, so named from him;" Pliny the Younger in correspondence with Trajan; and Tacitus, writing near the end of the 1st century. In the Annals he relates that "by vulgar appellation [they were] commonly called Christians" and identifies Christians as Nero's scapegoats for the Great Fire of Rome.

title: Christian

title: Christian

text: The

text: earliest

text: occurrences

text: of

text: the

text: term

text: in

text: non

text: Christian

text: literature

text: include

text: Josephus

text: referring

text: to

text: the

text: tribe

text: of

text: Christians

text: so

text: named

text: from

text: him

text: Pliny

text: the

text: Younger

text: in

text: correspondence

text: with

text: Trajan

text: and

text: Tacitus

text: writing

text: near

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: In

text: the

text: Annals

text: he

text: relates

text: that

text: by

text: vulgar

text: appellation

text: they

text: were

text: commonly

text: called

text: Christians

text: and

text: identifies

text: Christians

text: as

text: Nero

text: 's

text: scapegoats

text: for

text: the

text: Great

text: Fire

text: of

text: Rome

question: What is one of the first mentions of the term Christian in a non-religious work, referring to a tribe of Christians?

answer: Josephus

text: Josephus

question: Which non-religious piece of literature had the term Christian in it towards the end of the first century?

answer: Tacitus

text: Tacitus

question: Christians were said to be the scapegoat of who?

answer: Nero

text: Nero


text: The most notable difference between both standards is some tonic ⟨e⟩ accentuation, for instance: francès, anglès (IEC) – francés, anglés (AVL). Nevertheless, AVL's standard keeps the grave accent ⟨è⟩, without pronouncing this ⟨e⟩ as /ɛ/, in some words like: què ('what'), or València. Other divergences include the use of ⟨tl⟩ (AVL) in some words instead of ⟨tll⟩ like in ametla/ametlla ('almond'), espatla/espatlla ('back'), the use of elided demonstratives (este 'this', eixe 'that') in the same level as reinforced ones (aquest, aqueix) or the use of many verbal forms common in Valencian, and some of these common in the rest of Western Catalan too, like subjunctive mood or inchoative conjugation in -ix- at the same level as -eix- or the priority use of -e morpheme in 1st person singular in present indicative (-ar verbs): jo compre instead of jo compro ('I buy').

title: Catalan_language

title: Catalan_language

text: The

text: most

text: notable

text: difference

text: between

text: both

text: standards

text: is

text: some

text: tonic

text: ⟨e⟩

text: accentuation

text: for

text: instance

text: francès

text: anglès

text: IEC

text: francés

text: anglés

text: AVL

text: Nevertheless

text: AVL

text: 's

text: standard

text: keeps

text: the

text: grave

text: accent

text: ⟨è⟩

text: without

text: pronouncing

text: this

text: ⟨e⟩

text: as

text: /ɛ/

text: in

text: some

text: words

text: like

text: què

text: what

text: or

text: València

text: Other

text: divergences

text: include

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: ⟨tl⟩

text: AVL

text: in

text: some

text: words

text: instead

text: of

text: ⟨tll⟩

text: like

text: in

text: ametla

text: ametlla

text: almond

text: espatla

text: espatlla

text: back

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: elided

text: demonstratives

text: este

text: this

text: eixe

text: that

text: in

text: the

text: same

text: level

text: as

text: reinforced

text: ones

text: aquest

text: aqueix

text: or

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: many

text: verbal

text: forms

text: common

text: in

text: Valencian

text: and

text: some

text: of

text: these

text: common

text: in

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: Western

text: Catalan

text: too

text: like

text: subjunctive

text: mood

text: or

text: inchoative

text: conjugation

text: in

text: -ix-

text: at

text: the

text: same

text: level

text: as

text: -eix-

text: or

text: the

text: priority

text: use

text: of

text: -e

text: morpheme

text: in

text: person

text: singular

text: in

text: present

text: indicative

text: -ar

text: verbs

text: jo

text: compre

text: instead

text: of

text: jo

text: compro

text: I

text: buy

question: What is jo compro changed to ?

answer: jo compre

text: jo compre

question: What common Valencian forms are used?

answer: many verbal forms

text: many verbal forms

question: What forms are also common in the rest of Western Catalan?

answer: verbal forms

text: verbal forms


text: The Slavic autonym *Slověninъ is usually considered (e.g. by Roman Jakobson) a derivation from slovo "word", originally denoting "people who speak (the same language)," i.e. people who understand each other, in contrast to the Slavic word denoting "foreign people" – němci, meaning "mumbling, murmuring people" (from Slavic *němъ – "mumbling, mute").

title: Slavs

title: Slavs

text: The

text: Slavic

text: autonym

text: Slověninъ

text: is

text: usually

text: considered

text: e.g.

text: by

text: Roman

text: Jakobson

text: a

text: derivation

text: from

text: slovo

text: word

text: originally

text: denoting

text: people

text: who

text: speak

text: the

text: same

text: language

text: i.e.

text: people

text: who

text: understand

text: each

text: other

text: in

text: contrast

text: to

text: the

text: Slavic

text: word

text: denoting

text: foreign

text: people

text: němci

text: meaning

text: mumbling

text: murmuring

text: people

text: from

text: Slavic

text: němъ

text: mumbling

text: mute

question: What slavic word denotes "people who speak the same language?"

answer: slovo

text: slovo

question: What slavic word denotes "foreign people?"

answer: němci

text: němci

question: Who considered *Slověninъ do be a derivation from slovo?

answer: Roman Jakobson

text: Roman Jakobson


text: Ford Motor Company and Coca-Cola were two of the first sponsors of American Idol in its first season. The sponsorship deal cost around $10 million in season one, rising to $35 million by season 7, and between $50 to $60 million in season 10. The third major sponsor AT&T Wireless joined in the second season but ended after season 12, and Coca-Cola officially ended its sponsorship after season 13 amidst the declining ratings of Idol in the mid-2010s. iTunes sponsored the show since season seven.

title: American_Idol

title: American_Idol

text: Ford

text: Motor

text: Company

text: and

text: Coca

text: Cola

text: were

text: two

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: sponsors

text: of

text: American

text: Idol

text: in

text: its

text: first

text: season

text: The

text: sponsorship

text: deal

text: cost

text: around

text: million

text: in

text: season

text: one

text: rising

text: to

text: million

text: by

text: season

text: and

text: between

text: to

text: million

text: in

text: season

text: The

text: third

text: major

text: sponsor

text: AT&T

text: Wireless

text: joined

text: in

text: the

text: second

text: season

text: but

text: ended

text: after

text: season

text: and

text: Coca

text: Cola

text: officially

text: ended

text: its

text: sponsorship

text: after

text: season

text: amidst

text: the

text: declining

text: ratings

text: of

text: Idol

text: in

text: the

text: iTunes

text: sponsored

text: the

text: show

text: since

text: season

text: seven

question: In which season did Coca-Cola become a sponsor of American Idol?

answer: season one

text: season one

question: In which season did Ford Motor Company become a sponsor of American Idol?

answer: season one

text: season one

question: Which mobile carrier became a sponsor of American Idol in its second season?

answer: AT&T Wireless

text: AT&T Wireless

question: When did Coca-Cola stop being a sponsor of American Idol?

answer: after season 13

text: after season 13

question: In which season did iTunes begin a partnership with American Idol?

answer: seven

text: seven

question: How much did it cost each company for the first season?

answer: 10 million

text: 10 million

question: How much did it cost each company in season 7?

answer: 35 million

text: 35 million

question: Who was the third largest sponsor?

answer: AT&T

text: AT&T


text: Federalism has a long tradition in German history. The Holy Roman Empire comprised many petty states numbering more than 300 around 1796. The number of territories was greatly reduced during the Napoleonic Wars (1796–1814). After the Congress of Vienna (1815), 39 states formed the German Confederation. The Confederation was dissolved after the Austro-Prussian War and replaced by a North German Federation under Prussian hegemony; this war left Prussia dominant in Germany, and German nationalism would compel the remaining independent states to ally with Prussia in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71, and then to accede to the crowning of King Wilhelm of Prussia as German Emperor. The new German Empire included 25 states (three of them, Hanseatic cities) and the imperial territory of Alsace-Lorraine. The empire was dominated by Prussia, which controlled 65% of the territory and 62% of the population. After the territorial losses of the Treaty of Versailles, the remaining states continued as republics of a new German federation. These states were gradually de facto abolished and reduced to provinces under the Nazi regime via the Gleichschaltung process, as the states administratively were largely superseded by the Nazi Gau system.

title: States_of_Germany

title: States_of_Germany

text: Federalism

text: has

text: a

text: long

text: tradition

text: in

text: German

text: history

text: The

text: Holy

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: comprised

text: many

text: petty

text: states

text: numbering

text: more

text: than

text: around

text: The

text: number

text: of

text: territories

text: was

text: greatly

text: reduced

text: during

text: the

text: Napoleonic

text: Wars

text: After

text: the

text: Congress

text: of

text: Vienna

text: states

text: formed

text: the

text: German

text: Confederation

text: The

text: Confederation

text: was

text: dissolved

text: after

text: the

text: Austro

text: Prussian

text: War

text: and

text: replaced

text: by

text: a

text: North

text: German

text: Federation

text: under

text: Prussian

text: hegemony

text: this

text: war

text: left

text: Prussia

text: dominant

text: in

text: Germany

text: and

text: German

text: nationalism

text: would

text: compel

text: the

text: remaining

text: independent

text: states

text: to

text: ally

text: with

text: Prussia

text: in

text: the

text: Franco

text: Prussian

text: War

text: of

text: and

text: then

text: to

text: accede

text: to

text: the

text: crowning

text: of

text: King

text: Wilhelm

text: of

text: Prussia

text: as

text: German

text: Emperor

text: The

text: new

text: German

text: Empire

text: included

text: states

text: three

text: of

text: them

text: Hanseatic

text: cities

text: and

text: the

text: imperial

text: territory

text: of

text: Alsace

text: Lorraine

text: The

text: empire

text: was

text: dominated

text: by

text: Prussia

text: which

text: controlled

text: of

text: the

text: territory

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: After

text: the

text: territorial

text: losses

text: of

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Versailles

text: the

text: remaining

text: states

text: continued

text: as

text: republics

text: of

text: a

text: new

text: German

text: federation

text: These

text: states

text: were

text: gradually

text: de

text: facto

text: abolished

text: and

text: reduced

text: to

text: provinces

text: under

text: the

text: Nazi

text: regime

text: via

text: the

text: Gleichschaltung

text: process

text: as

text: the

text: states

text: administratively

text: were

text: largely

text: superseded

text: by

text: the

text: Nazi

text: Gau

text: system

question: The Holy Roman Empire comprised of how many petty states?

answer: more than 300

text: more than 300

question: The number of territories was greatly reduced during what?

answer: the Napoleonic Wars

text: the Napoleonic Wars

question: A North German Federation under Prussian hegemony replaced what confederation?

answer: the German Confederation

text: the German Confederation

question: How much of the population did Prussia control?

answer: 62%

question: How much of the land did Prussia control?

answer: 65%


text: Five major climatic regions are found in Nepal. Of these, Kathmandu Valley is in the Warm Temperate Zone (elevation ranging from 1,200–2,300 metres (3,900–7,500 ft)), where the climate is fairly temperate, atypical for the region. This zone is followed by the Cool Temperate Zone with elevation varying between 2,100–3,300 metres (6,900–10,800 ft). Under Köppen's climate classification, portions of the city with lower elevations have a humid subtropical climate (Cwa), while portions of the city with higher elevations generally have a subtropical highland climate. In the Kathmandu Valley, which is representative of its valley's climate, the average summer temperature varies from 28–30 °C (82–86 °F). The average winter temperature is 10.1 °C (50.2 °F).

title: Kathmandu

title: Kathmandu

text: Five

text: major

text: climatic

text: regions

text: are

text: found

text: in

text: Nepal

text: Of

text: these

text: Kathmandu

text: Valley

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: Warm

text: Temperate

text: Zone

text: elevation

text: ranging

text: from

text: metres

text: ft

text: where

text: the

text: climate

text: is

text: fairly

text: temperate

text: atypical

text: for

text: the

text: region

text: This

text: zone

text: is

text: followed

text: by

text: the

text: Cool

text: Temperate

text: Zone

text: with

text: elevation

text: varying

text: between

text: metres

text: ft

text: Under

text: Köppen

text: 's

text: climate

text: classification

text: portions

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: with

text: lower

text: elevations

text: have

text: a

text: humid

text: subtropical

text: climate

text: Cwa

text: while

text: portions

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: with

text: higher

text: elevations

text: generally

text: have

text: a

text: subtropical

text: highland

text: climate

text: In

text: the

text: Kathmandu

text: Valley

text: which

text: is

text: representative

text: of

text: its

text: valley

text: 's

text: climate

text: the

text: average

text: summer

text: temperature

text: varies

text: from

text: C

text: F

text: The

text: average

text: winter

text: temperature

text: is

text: C

text: F

question: What is the Kathmandu Valley's average temperature in winter, in degrees Fahrenheit?

answer: 50.2

question: Along with a subtropical highland climate, what climate classification covers Kathmandu?

answer: humid subtropical climate

text: humid subtropical climate

question: What is the Köppen abbreviation for a humid subtropical climate?

answer: Cwa

text: Cwa

question: How many meters up is the Cool Temperate Zone?

answer: 2,100–3,300

question: How many significant climate regions exist in Nepal?

answer: Five

text: Five


text: In manufacturing the glass bulb, a type of "ribbon machine" is used. A continuous ribbon of glass is passed along a conveyor belt, heated in a furnace, and then blown by precisely aligned air nozzles through holes in the conveyor belt into molds. Thus the glass bulbs are created. After the bulbs are blown, and cooled, they are cut off the ribbon machine; a typical machine of this sort produces 50,000 bulbs per hour. The filament and its supports are assembled on a glass stem, which is fused to the bulb. The air is pumped out of the bulb, and the evacuation tube in the stem press is sealed by a flame. The bulb is then inserted into the lamp base, and the whole assembly tested.

title: Incandescent_light_bulb

title: Incandescent_light_bulb

text: In

text: manufacturing

text: the

text: glass

text: bulb

text: a

text: type

text: of

text: ribbon

text: machine

text: is

text: used

text: A

text: continuous

text: ribbon

text: of

text: glass

text: is

text: passed

text: along

text: a

text: conveyor

text: belt

text: heated

text: in

text: a

text: furnace

text: and

text: then

text: blown

text: by

text: precisely

text: aligned

text: air

text: nozzles

text: through

text: holes

text: in

text: the

text: conveyor

text: belt

text: into

text: molds

text: Thus

text: the

text: glass

text: bulbs

text: are

text: created

text: After

text: the

text: bulbs

text: are

text: blown

text: and

text: cooled

text: they

text: are

text: cut

text: off

text: the

text: ribbon

text: machine

text: a

text: typical

text: machine

text: of

text: this

text: sort

text: produces

text: bulbs

text: per

text: hour

text: The

text: filament

text: and

text: its

text: supports

text: are

text: assembled

text: on

text: a

text: glass

text: stem

text: which

text: is

text: fused

text: to

text: the

text: bulb

text: The

text: air

text: is

text: pumped

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: bulb

text: and

text: the

text: evacuation

text: tube

text: in

text: the

text: stem

text: press

text: is

text: sealed

text: by

text: a

text: flame

text: The

text: bulb

text: is

text: then

text: inserted

text: into

text: the

text: lamp

text: base

text: and

text: the

text: whole

text: assembly

text: tested

question: What type of machine manufactures glass light bulbs.

answer: ribbon machine

text: ribbon machine

question: How many bulbs does the average ribbon machine produce per hour?

answer: 50,000

question: How is the filament attached to the bulb?

answer: assembled on a glass stem, which is fused to the bulb

text: assembled on a glass stem, which is fused to the bulb

question: How is the evacuation tube sealed?

answer: by a flame

text: by a flame

question: What blows the glass bulbs into their characteristic shape?

answer: precisely aligned air nozzles

text: precisely aligned air nozzles


text: The mid-19th century burial ground at Ford Park Cemetery was reopened in 2007 by a successful trust and the City council operate two large early 20th century cemeteries at Weston Mill and Efford both with crematoria and chapels. There is also a privately owned cemetery on the outskirts of the city, Drake Memorial Park which does not allow headstones to mark graves, but a brass plaque set into the ground.

title: Plymouth

title: Plymouth

text: The

text: century

text: burial

text: ground

text: at

text: Ford

text: Park

text: Cemetery

text: was

text: reopened

text: in

text: by

text: a

text: successful

text: trust

text: and

text: the

text: City

text: council

text: operate

text: two

text: large

text: early

text: century

text: cemeteries

text: at

text: Weston

text: Mill

text: and

text: Efford

text: both

text: with

text: crematoria

text: and

text: chapels

text: There

text: is

text: also

text: a

text: privately

text: owned

text: cemetery

text: on

text: the

text: outskirts

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: Drake

text: Memorial

text: Park

text: which

text: does

text: not

text: allow

text: headstones

text: to

text: mark

text: graves

text: but

text: a

text: brass

text: plaque

text: set

text: into

text: the

text: ground

question: When did Ford Park Cemetery reopen?

answer: 2007

question: Along with Efford, where else does the Plymouth City Council operate a cemetery?

answer: Weston Mill

text: Weston Mill

question: What is the name of the private cemetery in Plymouth?

answer: Drake Memorial Park

text: Drake Memorial Park

question: In lieu of headstones, what grave markers are used at Drake Memorial Park?

answer: a brass plaque

text: a brass plaque

question: When did Ford Park Cemetery first operate?

answer: mid-19th century

text: mid-19th century


text: The most influential publication of the Enlightenment was the Encyclopédie, compiled by Denis Diderot and (until 1759) by Jean le Rond d'Alembert and a team of 150 scientists and philosophers. It was published between 1751 and 1772 in thirty-five volumes, and spread the ideas of the Enlightenment across Europe and beyond. Other landmark publications were the Dictionnaire philosophique (Philosophical Dictionary, 1764) and Letters on the English (1733) written by Voltaire; Rousseau's Discourse on Inequality (1754) and The Social Contract (1762); and Montesquieu's Spirit of the Laws (1748). The ideas of the Enlightenment played a major role in inspiring the French Revolution, which began in 1789. After the Revolution, the Enlightenment was followed by an opposing intellectual movement known as Romanticism.

title: Age_of_Enlightenment

title: Age_of_Enlightenment

text: The

text: most

text: influential

text: publication

text: of

text: the

text: Enlightenment

text: was

text: the

text: Encyclopédie

text: compiled

text: by

text: Denis

text: Diderot

text: and

text: until

text: by

text: Jean

text: le

text: Rond

text: d'Alembert

text: and

text: a

text: team

text: of

text: scientists

text: and

text: philosophers

text: It

text: was

text: published

text: between

text: and

text: in

text: thirty

text: five

text: volumes

text: and

text: spread

text: the

text: ideas

text: of

text: the

text: Enlightenment

text: across

text: Europe

text: and

text: beyond

text: Other

text: landmark

text: publications

text: were

text: the

text: Dictionnaire

text: philosophique

text: Philosophical

text: Dictionary

text: and

text: Letters

text: on

text: the

text: English

text: written

text: by

text: Voltaire

text: Rousseau

text: 's

text: Discourse

text: on

text: Inequality

text: and

text: The

text: Social

text: Contract

text: and

text: Montesquieu

text: 's

text: Spirit

text: of

text: the

text: Laws

text: The

text: ideas

text: of

text: the

text: Enlightenment

text: played

text: a

text: major

text: role

text: in

text: inspiring

text: the

text: French

text: Revolution

text: which

text: began

text: in

text: After

text: the

text: Revolution

text: the

text: Enlightenment

text: was

text: followed

text: by

text: an

text: opposing

text: intellectual

text: movement

text: known

text: as

text: Romanticism

question: What was the most influential publication of the Enlightenment?

answer: the Encyclopédie

text: the Encyclopédie

question: The Encyclopedie was comprised of how many volumes?

answer: thirty-five

text: thirty-five

question: Voltaire wrote Letters on the English in what year?

answer: 1733

question: When was Rousseau's Discourse on Inequality published?

answer: 1754

question: What year did the French Revolution begin?

answer: 1789


text: In Canada, the traditional ceremony for granting assent in parliament was regularly used until the 21st century, long after it had been discontinued in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms. One result, conceived as part of a string of royal duties intended to demonstrate Canada's status as an independent kingdom, was that King George VI personally assented to nine bills of the Canadian parliament during the 1939 royal tour of Canada—85 years after his great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, had last granted royal assent personally in the United Kingdom. Under the Royal Assent Act 2002, however, the alternative practice of granting assent in writing, with each house being notified separately ( the Speaker of the Senate or a representative reads to the senators the letters from the governor general regarding the written declaration of Royal Assent), was brought into force. As the act also provides, royal assent is to be signified—by the governor general, or, more often, by a deputy, usually a Justice of the Supreme Court, at least twice each calendar year: for the first appropriation measure and for at least one other act, usually the first non-appropriation measure passed. However, the act provides that a grant of royal assent is not rendered invalid by a failure to employ the traditional ceremony where required.

title: Royal_assent

title: Royal_assent

text: In

text: Canada

text: the

text: traditional

text: ceremony

text: for

text: granting

text: assent

text: in

text: parliament

text: was

text: regularly

text: used

text: until

text: the

text: century

text: long

text: after

text: it

text: had

text: been

text: discontinued

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: other

text: Commonwealth

text: realms

text: One

text: result

text: conceived

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: a

text: string

text: of

text: royal

text: duties

text: intended

text: to

text: demonstrate

text: Canada

text: 's

text: status

text: as

text: an

text: independent

text: kingdom

text: was

text: that

text: King

text: George

text: VI

text: personally

text: assented

text: to

text: nine

text: bills

text: of

text: the

text: Canadian

text: parliament

text: during

text: the

text: royal

text: tour

text: of

text: years

text: after

text: his

text: great

text: grandmother

text: Queen

text: Victoria

text: had

text: last

text: granted

text: royal

text: assent

text: personally

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: Under

text: the

text: Royal

text: Assent

text: Act

text: however

text: the

text: alternative

text: practice

text: of

text: granting

text: assent

text: in

text: writing

text: with

text: each

text: house

text: being

text: notified

text: separately

text: the

text: Speaker

text: of

text: the

text: Senate

text: or

text: a

text: representative

text: reads

text: to

text: the

text: senators

text: the

text: letters

text: from

text: the

text: governor

text: general

text: regarding

text: the

text: written

text: declaration

text: of

text: Royal

text: Assent

text: was

text: brought

text: into

text: force

text: As

text: the

text: act

text: also

text: provides

text: royal

text: assent

text: is

text: to

text: be

text: signified

text: by

text: the

text: governor

text: general

text: or

text: more

text: often

text: by

text: a

text: deputy

text: usually

text: a

text: Justice

text: of

text: the

text: Supreme

text: Court

text: at

text: least

text: twice

text: each

text: calendar

text: year

text: for

text: the

text: first

text: appropriation

text: measure

text: and

text: for

text: at

text: least

text: one

text: other

text: act

text: usually

text: the

text: first

text: non

text: appropriation

text: measure

text: passed

text: However

text: the

text: act

text: provides

text: that

text: a

text: grant

text: of

text: royal

text: assent

text: is

text: not

text: rendered

text: invalid

text: by

text: a

text: failure

text: to

text: employ

text: the

text: traditional

text: ceremony

text: where

text: required

question: When did Canada finally cease to use the traditional ceremony for granting assent as regular practice?

answer: the 21st century

text: the 21st century

question: Why was King George VI's personal assent in 1939 noteworthy?

answer: 85 years after his great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, had last granted royal assent personally

text: 85 years after his great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, had last granted royal assent personally

question: With what bill in Canada did granting assent by writing become effective?

answer: Royal Assent Act 2002

text: Royal Assent Act 2002


text: Dog intelligence is the ability of the dog to perceive information and retain it as knowledge for applying to solve problems. Dogs have been shown to learn by inference. A study with Rico showed that he knew the labels of over 200 different items. He inferred the names of novel items by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those novel items immediately and also 4 weeks after the initial exposure. Dogs have advanced memory skills. A study documented the learning and memory capabilities of a border collie, "Chaser", who had learned the names and could associate by verbal command over 1,000 words. Dogs are able to read and react appropriately to human body language such as gesturing and pointing, and to understand human voice commands. Dogs demonstrate a theory of mind by engaging in deception. A study showed compelling evidence that Australian dingos can outperform domestic dogs in non-social problem-solving experiment, indicating that domestic dogs may have lost much of their original problem-solving abilities once they joined humans. Another study indicated that after undergoing training to solve a simple manipulation task, dogs that are faced with an insoluble version of the same problem look at the human, while socialized wolves do not. Modern domestic dogs use humans to solve their problems for them.

title: Dog

title: Dog

text: Dog

text: intelligence

text: is

text: the

text: ability

text: of

text: the

text: dog

text: to

text: perceive

text: information

text: and

text: retain

text: it

text: as

text: knowledge

text: for

text: applying

text: to

text: solve

text: problems

text: Dogs

text: have

text: been

text: shown

text: to

text: learn

text: by

text: inference

text: A

text: study

text: with

text: Rico

text: showed

text: that

text: he

text: knew

text: the

text: labels

text: of

text: over

text: different

text: items

text: He

text: inferred

text: the

text: names

text: of

text: novel

text: items

text: by

text: exclusion

text: learning

text: and

text: correctly

text: retrieved

text: those

text: novel

text: items

text: immediately

text: and

text: also

text: weeks

text: after

text: the

text: initial

text: exposure

text: Dogs

text: have

text: advanced

text: memory

text: skills

text: A

text: study

text: documented

text: the

text: learning

text: and

text: memory

text: capabilities

text: of

text: a

text: border

text: collie

text: Chaser

text: who

text: had

text: learned

text: the

text: names

text: and

text: could

text: associate

text: by

text: verbal

text: command

text: over

text: words

text: Dogs

text: are

text: able

text: to

text: read

text: and

text: react

text: appropriately

text: to

text: human

text: body

text: language

text: such

text: as

text: gesturing

text: and

text: pointing

text: and

text: to

text: understand

text: human

text: voice

text: commands

text: Dogs

text: demonstrate

text: a

text: theory

text: of

text: mind

text: by

text: engaging

text: in

text: deception

text: A

text: study

text: showed

text: compelling

text: evidence

text: that

text: Australian

text: dingos

text: can

text: outperform

text: domestic

text: dogs

text: in

text: non

text: social

text: problem

text: solving

text: experiment

text: indicating

text: that

text: domestic

text: dogs

text: may

text: have

text: lost

text: much

text: of

text: their

text: original

text: problem

text: solving

text: abilities

text: once

text: they

text: joined

text: humans

text: Another

text: study

text: indicated

text: that

text: after

text: undergoing

text: training

text: to

text: solve

text: a

text: simple

text: manipulation

text: task

text: dogs

text: that

text: are

text: faced

text: with

text: an

text: insoluble

text: version

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: problem

text: look

text: at

text: the

text: human

text: while

text: socialized

text: wolves

text: do

text: not

text: Modern

text: domestic

text: dogs

text: use

text: humans

text: to

text: solve

text: their

text: problems

text: for

text: them

question: What is the name of the dog that could ID over 200 things?

answer: Rico

text: Rico

question: What is the name of the Border collie that knew over 1000 words?

answer: Chaser

text: Chaser

question: In addition to interpreting body language and verbal commands dogs can also interpret what two other things?

answer: gesturing and pointing

text: gesturing and pointing

question: What wild canine did better at a problem-solving experiment?

answer: Australian dingos

text: Australian dingos

question: What is one thing, according to the text, that domesticated dogs use humans for?

answer: to solve their problems for them.

text: to solve their problems for them.

question: Perceiving information and retaining it is what?

answer: intelligence

text: intelligence

question: How many labels does Rico the dog know?

answer: over 200

text: over 200

question: What kind of memory skills do dogs have?

answer: advanced

text: advanced

question: How many words did Chaser know?

answer: over 1,000

text: over 1,000


text: In theory at least, all Polish noblemen were social equals. Also in theory, they were legal peers. Those who held 'real power' dignities were more privileged but these dignities were not hereditary. Those who held honorary dignities were higher in 'ritual' hierarchy but these dignities were also granted for a lifetime. Some tenancies became hereditary and went with both privilege and titles. Nobles who were not direct barons of the Crown but held land from other lords were only peers "de iure".

title: Szlachta

title: Szlachta

text: In

text: theory

text: at

text: least

text: all

text: Polish

text: noblemen

text: were

text: social

text: equals

text: Also

text: in

text: theory

text: they

text: were

text: legal

text: peers

text: Those

text: who

text: held

text: real

text: power

text: dignities

text: were

text: more

text: privileged

text: but

text: these

text: dignities

text: were

text: not

text: hereditary

text: Those

text: who

text: held

text: honorary

text: dignities

text: were

text: higher

text: in

text: ritual

text: hierarchy

text: but

text: these

text: dignities

text: were

text: also

text: granted

text: for

text: a

text: lifetime

text: Some

text: tenancies

text: became

text: hereditary

text: and

text: went

text: with

text: both

text: privilege

text: and

text: titles

text: Nobles

text: who

text: were

text: not

text: direct

text: barons

text: of

text: the

text: Crown

text: but

text: held

text: land

text: from

text: other

text: lords

text: were

text: only

text: peers

text: de

text: iure

question: In theory how were all polish noblemen viewed?

answer: equals

text: equals

question: Was was unique about the dignities?

answer: not hereditary

text: not hereditary

question: If one is high in dignities they are also high in what other form?

answer: ritual

text: ritual

question: Nobles held land form whom?

answer: other lords were only peers "de iure"

text: other lords were only peers "de iure"


text: In 1998 the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group published a phylogeny for flowering plants based on an analysis of DNA sequences from most families of flowering plants. As a result of this work, many questions, such as which families represent the earliest branches of angiosperms, have now been answered. Investigating how plant species are related to each other allows botanists to better understand the process of evolution in plants. Despite the study of model plants and increasing use of DNA evidence, there is ongoing work and discussion among taxonomists about how best to classify plants into various taxa. Technological developments such as computers and electron microscopes have greatly increased the level of detail studied and speed at which data can be analysed.

title: Botany

title: Botany

text: In

text: the

text: Angiosperm

text: Phylogeny

text: Group

text: published

text: a

text: phylogeny

text: for

text: flowering

text: plants

text: based

text: on

text: an

text: analysis

text: of

text: DNA

text: sequences

text: from

text: most

text: families

text: of

text: flowering

text: plants

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: this

text: work

text: many

text: questions

text: such

text: as

text: which

text: families

text: represent

text: the

text: earliest

text: branches

text: of

text: angiosperms

text: have

text: now

text: been

text: answered

text: Investigating

text: how

text: plant

text: species

text: are

text: related

text: to

text: each

text: other

text: allows

text: botanists

text: to

text: better

text: understand

text: the

text: process

text: of

text: evolution

text: in

text: plants

text: Despite

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: model

text: plants

text: and

text: increasing

text: use

text: of

text: DNA

text: evidence

text: there

text: is

text: ongoing

text: work

text: and

text: discussion

text: among

text: taxonomists

text: about

text: how

text: best

text: to

text: classify

text: plants

text: into

text: various

text: taxa

text: Technological

text: developments

text: such

text: as

text: computers

text: and

text: electron

text: microscopes

text: have

text: greatly

text: increased

text: the

text: level

text: of

text: detail

text: studied

text: and

text: speed

text: at

text: which

text: data

text: can

text: be

text: analysed

question: What was the first plant grouping based on DNA sequencing?

answer: flowering plants

text: flowering plants

question: What can be learned from DNA sequencing of plants?

answer: evolution in plants

text: evolution in plants

question: How has technology improved the study of botany?

answer: greatly increased the level of detail

text: greatly increased the level of detail

question: What have scientists learned about angiosperms from DNA sequencing?

answer: which families represent the earliest branches

text: which families represent the earliest branches


text: Dutch vocabulary is predominantly Germanic in origin, with an additional share of loanwords of 20%. The main foreign influence on Dutch vocabulary since the 12th century and culminating in the French period has been French and (northern) French, accounting for an estimated 6.8%, or more than a third of all loanwords. Latin, that has been spoken for centuries in the south of the Low Countries, and has since then for centuries plaid a major role as the language of science and religion, follows with 6.1%. High German and Low German, influential until the mid of the 19th century, account for 2.7%, but are mostly unrecognizable since many German loanwords have been "Dutchified", e.g. German "Fremdling" become Dutch "vreemdeling". From English, Dutch has taken over words since the middle of the 19th century, as a consequence of the gaining power of Britain and the United States. The share of English loanwords is about 1.5%, but this number is still on the increase. Conversely, Dutch contributed many loanwords to English, accounting for 1.3%.

title: Dutch_language

title: Dutch_language

text: Dutch

text: vocabulary

text: is

text: predominantly

text: Germanic

text: in

text: origin

text: with

text: an

text: additional

text: share

text: of

text: loanwords

text: of

text: The

text: main

text: foreign

text: influence

text: on

text: Dutch

text: vocabulary

text: since

text: the

text: century

text: and

text: culminating

text: in

text: the

text: French

text: period

text: has

text: been

text: French

text: and

text: northern

text: French

text: accounting

text: for

text: an

text: estimated

text: or

text: more

text: than

text: a

text: third

text: of

text: all

text: loanwords

text: Latin

text: that

text: has

text: been

text: spoken

text: for

text: centuries

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: Low

text: Countries

text: and

text: has

text: since

text: then

text: for

text: centuries

text: plaid

text: a

text: major

text: role

text: as

text: the

text: language

text: of

text: science

text: and

text: religion

text: follows

text: with

text: High

text: German

text: and

text: Low

text: German

text: influential

text: until

text: the

text: mid

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: account

text: for

text: but

text: are

text: mostly

text: unrecognizable

text: since

text: many

text: German

text: loanwords

text: have

text: been

text: Dutchified

text: e.g.

text: German

text: Fremdling

text: become

text: Dutch

text: vreemdeling

text: From

text: English

text: Dutch

text: has

text: taken

text: over

text: words

text: since

text: the

text: middle

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: as

text: a

text: consequence

text: of

text: the

text: gaining

text: power

text: of

text: Britain

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: The

text: share

text: of

text: English

text: loanwords

text: is

text: about

text: but

text: this

text: number

text: is

text: still

text: on

text: the

text: increase

text: Conversely

text: Dutch

text: contributed

text: many

text: loanwords

text: to

text: English

text: accounting

text: for

question: What percentage of loanwords are present in Dutch vocabulary?

answer: 20%

question: What language has exerted the most influence on Dutch vocabulary since the 12th century?

answer: French

text: French

question: What language does Dutch get its second highest percentage of loanwords from?

answer: Latin

text: Latin

question: Together, what percentage of Dutch loanwords comes from High and Low German?

answer: 2.7%

question: In the loanword sharing between Dutch and English, which language got the higher percentage of loanwords?

answer: Dutch

text: Dutch


text: The bibliographer Ronald B. McKerrow introduced the term copy-text in his 1904 edition of the works of Thomas Nashe, defining it as "the text used in each particular case as the basis of mine." McKerrow was aware of the limitations of the stemmatic method, and believed it was more prudent to choose one particular text that was thought to be particularly reliable, and then to emend it only where the text was obviously corrupt. The French critic Joseph Bédier likewise became disenchanted with the stemmatic method, and concluded that the editor should choose the best available text, and emend it as little as possible.

title: Textual_criticism

title: Textual_criticism

text: The

text: bibliographer

text: Ronald

text: B.

text: McKerrow

text: introduced

text: the

text: term

text: copy

text: text

text: in

text: his

text: edition

text: of

text: the

text: works

text: of

text: Thomas

text: Nashe

text: defining

text: it

text: as

text: the

text: text

text: used

text: in

text: each

text: particular

text: case

text: as

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: mine

text: McKerrow

text: was

text: aware

text: of

text: the

text: limitations

text: of

text: the

text: stemmatic

text: method

text: and

text: believed

text: it

text: was

text: more

text: prudent

text: to

text: choose

text: one

text: particular

text: text

text: that

text: was

text: thought

text: to

text: be

text: particularly

text: reliable

text: and

text: then

text: to

text: emend

text: it

text: only

text: where

text: the

text: text

text: was

text: obviously

text: corrupt

text: The

text: French

text: critic

text: Joseph

text: Bédier

text: likewise

text: became

text: disenchanted

text: with

text: the

text: stemmatic

text: method

text: and

text: concluded

text: that

text: the

text: editor

text: should

text: choose

text: the

text: best

text: available

text: text

text: and

text: emend

text: it

text: as

text: little

text: as

text: possible

question: When was the term copy-text introduced?

answer: 1904

question: What was the initial definition of copy-text?

answer: the text used in each particular case as the basis of mine

text: the text used in each particular case as the basis of mine

question: Explain the process used by McKerrow as an alternative to the stemmaic method

answer: choose one particular text that was thought to be particularly reliable, and then to emend it only where the text was obviously corrupt.

text: choose one particular text that was thought to be particularly reliable, and then to emend it only where the text was obviously corrupt.


text: Once again his spirits were raised when the unit under his command received orders overseas to France. This time his wishes were thwarted when the armistice was signed, just a week before departure. Completely missing out on the warfront left him depressed and bitter for a time, despite being given the Distinguished Service Medal for his work at home.[citation needed] In World War II, rivals who had combat service in the first great war (led by Gen. Bernard Montgomery) sought to denigrate Eisenhower for his previous lack of combat duty, despite his stateside experience establishing a camp, completely equipped, for thousands of troops, and developing a full combat training schedule.

title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

text: Once

text: again

text: his

text: spirits

text: were

text: raised

text: when

text: the

text: unit

text: under

text: his

text: command

text: received

text: orders

text: overseas

text: to

text: France

text: This

text: time

text: his

text: wishes

text: were

text: thwarted

text: when

text: the

text: armistice

text: was

text: signed

text: just

text: a

text: week

text: before

text: departure

text: Completely

text: missing

text: out

text: on

text: the

text: warfront

text: left

text: him

text: depressed

text: and

text: bitter

text: for

text: a

text: time

text: despite

text: being

text: given

text: the

text: Distinguished

text: Service

text: Medal

text: for

text: his

text: work

text: at

text: home.[citation

text: needed

text: In

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: rivals

text: who

text: had

text: combat

text: service

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: great

text: war

text: led

text: by

text: Gen.

text: Bernard

text: Montgomery

text: sought

text: to

text: denigrate

text: Eisenhower

text: for

text: his

text: previous

text: lack

text: of

text: combat

text: duty

text: despite

text: his

text: stateside

text: experience

text: establishing

text: a

text: camp

text: completely

text: equipped

text: for

text: thousands

text: of

text: troops

text: and

text: developing

text: a

text: full

text: combat

text: training

text: schedule

question: How long before Eisenhower was to be transferred to France did World War I end?

answer: week

text: week

question: What decoration did Eisenhower receive as a result of his First World War service?

answer: Distinguished Service Medal

text: Distinguished Service Medal

question: What notable Second World War commander disparaged Eisenhower for his lack of combat experience?

answer: Montgomery

text: Montgomery


text: The first mention of the name "Rajasthan" appears in James Tod's 1829 publication Annals and Antiquities of Rajast'han or the Central and Western Rajpoot States of India, while the earliest known record of "Rajputana" as a name for the region is in George Thomas's 1800 memoir Military Memories. John Keay, in his book India: A History, stated that "Rajputana" was coined by the British in 1829, John Briggs, translating Ferishta's history of early Islamic India, used the phrase "Rajpoot (Rajput) princes" rather than "Indian princes".

title: Rajasthan

title: Rajasthan

text: The

text: first

text: mention

text: of

text: the

text: name

text: Rajasthan

text: appears

text: in

text: James

text: Tod

text: 's

text: publication

text: Annals

text: and

text: Antiquities

text: of

text: Rajast'han

text: or

text: the

text: Central

text: and

text: Western

text: Rajpoot

text: States

text: of

text: India

text: while

text: the

text: earliest

text: known

text: record

text: of

text: Rajputana

text: as

text: a

text: name

text: for

text: the

text: region

text: is

text: in

text: George

text: Thomas

text: 's

text: memoir

text: Military

text: Memories

text: John

text: Keay

text: in

text: his

text: book

text: India

text: A

text: History

text: stated

text: that

text: Rajputana

text: was

text: coined

text: by

text: the

text: British

text: in

text: John

text: Briggs

text: translating

text: Ferishta

text: 's

text: history

text: of

text: early

text: Islamic

text: India

text: used

text: the

text: phrase

text: Rajpoot

text: Rajput

text: princes

text: rather

text: than

text: Indian

text: princes

question: When was the first usage of the word Rajasthan?

answer: 1829

question: In what publication did the name Rajasthan first appear?

answer: Annals and Antiquities of Rajast'han or the Central and Western Rajpoot States of India

text: Annals and Antiquities of Rajast'han or the Central and Western Rajpoot States of India

question: What is another name for the Rajasthan region?

answer: Rajputana

text: Rajputana

question: In what year did George Thomas write the memoir known as Military Memories?

answer: 1800

question: Who wrote the book entitled India: A History?

answer: John Keay

text: John Keay


text: It's generally accepted that there are around 750 verses in the Quran dealing with natural phenomenon. In many of these verses the study of nature is "encouraged and highly recommended," and historical Islamic scientists like Al-Biruni and Al-Battani derived their inspiration from verses of the Quran. Mohammad Hashim Kamali has the stated that "scientific observation, experimental knowledge and rationality" are the primary tools with which humanity can achieve the goals laid out for it in the Quran. Ziauddin Sardar built a case for Muslims having developed the foundations of modern science, by highlighting the repeated calls of the Quran to observe and reflect upon natural phenomenon. "The 'scientific method,' as it is understood today, was first developed by Muslim scientists" like Ibn al-Haytham and Al-Biruni, along with numerous other Muslim scientists.

title: Quran

title: Quran

text: It

text: 's

text: generally

text: accepted

text: that

text: there

text: are

text: around

text: verses

text: in

text: the

text: Quran

text: dealing

text: with

text: natural

text: phenomenon

text: In

text: many

text: of

text: these

text: verses

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: nature

text: is

text: encouraged

text: and

text: highly

text: recommended

text: and

text: historical

text: Islamic

text: scientists

text: like

text: Al

text: Biruni

text: and

text: Al

text: Battani

text: derived

text: their

text: inspiration

text: from

text: verses

text: of

text: the

text: Quran

text: Mohammad

text: Hashim

text: Kamali

text: has

text: the

text: stated

text: that

text: scientific

text: observation

text: experimental

text: knowledge

text: and

text: rationality

text: are

text: the

text: primary

text: tools

text: with

text: which

text: humanity

text: can

text: achieve

text: the

text: goals

text: laid

text: out

text: for

text: it

text: in

text: the

text: Quran

text: Ziauddin

text: Sardar

text: built

text: a

text: case

text: for

text: Muslims

text: having

text: developed

text: the

text: foundations

text: of

text: modern

text: science

text: by

text: highlighting

text: the

text: repeated

text: calls

text: of

text: the

text: Quran

text: to

text: observe

text: and

text: reflect

text: upon

text: natural

text: phenomenon

text: The

text: scientific

text: method

text: as

text: it

text: is

text: understood

text: today

text: was

text: first

text: developed

text: by

text: Muslim

text: scientists

text: like

text: Ibn

text: al

text: Haytham

text: and

text: Al

text: Biruni

text: along

text: with

text: numerous

text: other

text: Muslim

text: scientists

question: Nature and its phenomena are mentioned in approximately how many of the Quran's verses?

answer: 750

question: Al-Battani is an example of a Muslim scientist who drew inspiration from which text?

answer: Quran

text: Quran

question: Who recommended science as a way to achieve the goals of the Quran?

answer: Mohammad Hashim Kamali

text: Mohammad Hashim Kamali

question: Who argued that the Quran inspired the first practitioners of the scientific method we use today?

answer: Ziauddin Sardar

text: Ziauddin Sardar

question: Al-Biruni is a example of a scientists of which religion?

answer: Muslim

text: Muslim


text: Due to the patriarchal nature of Arab society, Arab men, including during the slave trade in North Africa, enslaved more black women than men. They used more black female slaves in domestic service and agriculture than males. The men interpreted the Qur'an to permit sexual relations between a male master and his female slave outside of marriage (see Ma malakat aymanukum and sex), leading to many mixed-race children. When an enslaved woman became pregnant with her Arab master's child, she was considered as umm walad or "mother of a child", a status that granted her privileged rights. The child was given rights of inheritance to the father's property, so mixed-race children could share in any wealth of the father. Because the society was patrilineal, the children took their fathers' social status at birth and were born free.

title: Black_people

title: Black_people

text: Due

text: to

text: the

text: patriarchal

text: nature

text: of

text: Arab

text: society

text: Arab

text: men

text: including

text: during

text: the

text: slave

text: trade

text: in

text: North

text: Africa

text: enslaved

text: more

text: black

text: women

text: than

text: men

text: They

text: used

text: more

text: black

text: female

text: slaves

text: in

text: domestic

text: service

text: and

text: agriculture

text: than

text: males

text: The

text: men

text: interpreted

text: the

text: Qur'an

text: to

text: permit

text: sexual

text: relations

text: between

text: a

text: male

text: master

text: and

text: his

text: female

text: slave

text: outside

text: of

text: marriage

text: see

text: Ma

text: malakat

text: aymanukum

text: and

text: sex

text: leading

text: to

text: many

text: mixed

text: race

text: children

text: When

text: an

text: enslaved

text: woman

text: became

text: pregnant

text: with

text: her

text: Arab

text: master

text: 's

text: child

text: she

text: was

text: considered

text: as

text: umm

text: walad

text: or

text: mother

text: of

text: a

text: child

text: a

text: status

text: that

text: granted

text: her

text: privileged

text: rights

text: The

text: child

text: was

text: given

text: rights

text: of

text: inheritance

text: to

text: the

text: father

text: 's

text: property

text: so

text: mixed

text: race

text: children

text: could

text: share

text: in

text: any

text: wealth

text: of

text: the

text: father

text: Because

text: the

text: society

text: was

text: patrilineal

text: the

text: children

text: took

text: their

text: fathers

text: social

text: status

text: at

text: birth

text: and

text: were

text: born

text: free

question: Who was enslaved more often?

answer: black women

text: black women

question: What did the Qur'an permit?

answer: sexual relations between a male master and his female slave

text: sexual relations between a male master and his female slave

question: What were female slaves used for?

answer: domestic service and agriculture

text: domestic service and agriculture

question: What is the term for a pregnant slave?

answer: umm walad

text: umm walad

question: What does umm walad mean?

answer: "mother of a child"

text: "mother of a child"


text: During the later Roman Empire, the principal military developments were attempts to create an effective cavalry force as well as the continued development of highly specialised types of troops. The creation of heavily armoured cataphract-type soldiers as cavalry was an important feature of the 5th-century Roman military. The various invading tribes had differing emphasis on types of soldiers—ranging from the primarily infantry Anglo-Saxon invaders of Britain to the Vandals and Visigoths, who had a high proportion of cavalry in their armies. During the early invasion period, the stirrup had not been introduced into warfare, which limited the usefulness of cavalry as shock troops because it was not possible to put the full force of the horse and rider behind blows struck by the rider. The greatest change in military affairs during the invasion period was the adoption of the Hunnic composite bow in place of the earlier, and weaker, Scythian composite bow. Another development was the increasing use of longswords and the progressive replacement of scale armour by mail armour and lamellar armour.

title: Middle_Ages

title: Middle_Ages

text: During

text: the

text: later

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: the

text: principal

text: military

text: developments

text: were

text: attempts

text: to

text: create

text: an

text: effective

text: cavalry

text: force

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: continued

text: development

text: of

text: highly

text: specialised

text: types

text: of

text: troops

text: The

text: creation

text: of

text: heavily

text: armoured

text: cataphract

text: type

text: soldiers

text: as

text: cavalry

text: was

text: an

text: important

text: feature

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: Roman

text: military

text: The

text: various

text: invading

text: tribes

text: had

text: differing

text: emphasis

text: on

text: types

text: of

text: soldiers

text: ranging

text: from

text: the

text: primarily

text: infantry

text: Anglo

text: Saxon

text: invaders

text: of

text: Britain

text: to

text: the

text: Vandals

text: and

text: Visigoths

text: who

text: had

text: a

text: high

text: proportion

text: of

text: cavalry

text: in

text: their

text: armies

text: During

text: the

text: early

text: invasion

text: period

text: the

text: stirrup

text: had

text: not

text: been

text: introduced

text: into

text: warfare

text: which

text: limited

text: the

text: usefulness

text: of

text: cavalry

text: as

text: shock

text: troops

text: because

text: it

text: was

text: not

text: possible

text: to

text: put

text: the

text: full

text: force

text: of

text: the

text: horse

text: and

text: rider

text: behind

text: blows

text: struck

text: by

text: the

text: rider

text: The

text: greatest

text: change

text: in

text: military

text: affairs

text: during

text: the

text: invasion

text: period

text: was

text: the

text: adoption

text: of

text: the

text: Hunnic

text: composite

text: bow

text: in

text: place

text: of

text: the

text: earlier

text: and

text: weaker

text: Scythian

text: composite

text: bow

text: Another

text: development

text: was

text: the

text: increasing

text: use

text: of

text: longswords

text: and

text: the

text: progressive

text: replacement

text: of

text: scale

text: armour

text: by

text: mail

text: armour

text: and

text: lamellar

text: armour

question: What was the primary military arm of Anglo-Saxon armies?

answer: infantry

text: infantry

question: What military arm did the Visigoths have a large amount of?

answer: cavalry

text: cavalry

question: What Scythian weapon was used during this era?

answer: composite bow

text: composite bow

question: What weapon replaced the Scythian composite bow?

answer: Hunnic composite bow

text: Hunnic composite bow

question: Along with lamellar armor, what armor replaced scale armor?

answer: mail

text: mail


text: In an operational capacity, limitations in weapons technology and quick British reactions were making it more difficult to achieve strategic effect. Attacking ports, shipping and imports as well as disrupting rail traffic in the surrounding areas, especially the distribution of coal, an important fuel in all industrial economies of the Second World War, would net a positive result. However, the use of delayed-action bombs, while initially very effective, gradually had less impact, partly because they failed to detonate.[c] Moreover, the British had anticipated the change in strategy and dispersed its production facilities making them less vulnerable to a concentrated attack. Regional commissioners were given plenipotentiary powers to restore communications and organise the distribution of supplies to keep the war economy moving.

title: The_Blitz

title: The_Blitz

text: In

text: an

text: operational

text: capacity

text: limitations

text: in

text: weapons

text: technology

text: and

text: quick

text: British

text: reactions

text: were

text: making

text: it

text: more

text: difficult

text: to

text: achieve

text: strategic

text: effect

text: Attacking

text: ports

text: shipping

text: and

text: imports

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: disrupting

text: rail

text: traffic

text: in

text: the

text: surrounding

text: areas

text: especially

text: the

text: distribution

text: of

text: coal

text: an

text: important

text: fuel

text: in

text: all

text: industrial

text: economies

text: of

text: the

text: Second

text: World

text: War

text: would

text: net

text: a

text: positive

text: result

text: However

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: delayed

text: action

text: bombs

text: while

text: initially

text: very

text: effective

text: gradually

text: had

text: less

text: impact

text: partly

text: because

text: they

text: failed

text: to

text: detonate.[c

text: Moreover

text: the

text: British

text: had

text: anticipated

text: the

text: change

text: in

text: strategy

text: and

text: dispersed

text: its

text: production

text: facilities

text: making

text: them

text: less

text: vulnerable

text: to

text: a

text: concentrated

text: attack

text: Regional

text: commissioners

text: were

text: given

text: plenipotentiary

text: powers

text: to

text: restore

text: communications

text: and

text: organise

text: the

text: distribution

text: of

text: supplies

text: to

text: keep

text: the

text: war

text: economy

text: moving

question: Coupled with British quick reactions what cause operational capacity hard to achieve?

answer: limitations in weapons technology

text: limitations in weapons technology

question: What was an important fuel in the Second World War?

answer: coal

text: coal

question: Who was given permission to restore power and move supplies to keep the war moving?

answer: Regional commissioners

text: Regional commissioners

question: What kind of bombs were effective in the beginning but became less so with time?

answer: delayed-action bombs

text: delayed-action bombs

question: What did Britain do that helped make the new strategy less effective?

answer: dispersed its production facilities

text: dispersed its production facilities


text: During World War II, San Diego became a major hub of military and defense activity, due to the presence of so many military installations and defense manufacturers. The city's population grew rapidly during and after World War II, more than doubling between 1930 (147,995) and 1950 (333,865). During the final months of the war, the Japanese had a plan to target multiple U.S. cities for biological attack, starting with San Diego. The plan was called "Operation Cherry Blossoms at Night" and called for kamikaze planes filled with fleas infected with plague (Yersinia pestis) to crash into civilian population centers in the city, hoping to spread plague in the city and effectively kill tens of thousands of civilians. The plan was scheduled to launch on September 22, 1945, but was not carried out because Japan surrendered five weeks earlier.

title: San_Diego

title: San_Diego

text: During

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: San

text: Diego

text: became

text: a

text: major

text: hub

text: of

text: military

text: and

text: defense

text: activity

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: presence

text: of

text: so

text: many

text: military

text: installations

text: and

text: defense

text: manufacturers

text: The

text: city

text: 's

text: population

text: grew

text: rapidly

text: during

text: and

text: after

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: more

text: than

text: doubling

text: between

text: and

text: During

text: the

text: final

text: months

text: of

text: the

text: war

text: the

text: Japanese

text: had

text: a

text: plan

text: to

text: target

text: multiple

text: U.S.

text: cities

text: for

text: biological

text: attack

text: starting

text: with

text: San

text: Diego

text: The

text: plan

text: was

text: called

text: Operation

text: Cherry

text: Blossoms

text: at

text: Night

text: and

text: called

text: for

text: kamikaze

text: planes

text: filled

text: with

text: fleas

text: infected

text: with

text: plague

text: Yersinia

text: pestis

text: to

text: crash

text: into

text: civilian

text: population

text: centers

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: hoping

text: to

text: spread

text: plague

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: and

text: effectively

text: kill

text: tens

text: of

text: thousands

text: of

text: civilians

text: The

text: plan

text: was

text: scheduled

text: to

text: launch

text: on

text: September

text: but

text: was

text: not

text: carried

text: out

text: because

text: Japan

text: surrendered

text: five

text: weeks

text: earlier

question: When did San Diego's population grow so rapidly that it nearly doubled?

answer: during and after World War II

text: during and after World War II

question: What was the name of the attack the Japanese had planned against San Diego?

answer: Operation Cherry Blossoms at Night

text: Operation Cherry Blossoms at Night

question: What were the Japanese originally going to drop on San Diego from their kamikaze planes?

answer: fleas infected with plague (Yersinia pestis)

text: fleas infected with plague (Yersinia pestis)

question: Why didn't the Japanese launch their planned attack on September 22, 1945?

answer: Japan surrendered five weeks earlier

text: Japan surrendered five weeks earlier

question: How many civilians were the Japanese hoping to kill during their planned attack on San Diego?

answer: tens of thousands of civilians

text: tens of thousands of civilians


text: The language has numerous regional dialects which are generally not mutually intelligible. It is employed throughout the Tibetan plateau and Bhutan and is also spoken in parts of Nepal and northern India, such as Sikkim. In general, the dialects of central Tibet (including Lhasa), Kham, Amdo and some smaller nearby areas are considered Tibetan dialects. Other forms, particularly Dzongkha, Sikkimese, Sherpa, and Ladakhi, are considered by their speakers, largely for political reasons, to be separate languages. However, if the latter group of Tibetan-type languages are included in the calculation, then 'greater Tibetan' is spoken by approximately 6 million people across the Tibetan Plateau. Tibetan is also spoken by approximately 150,000 exile speakers who have fled from modern-day Tibet to India and other countries.

title: Tibet

title: Tibet

text: The

text: language

text: has

text: numerous

text: regional

text: dialects

text: which

text: are

text: generally

text: not

text: mutually

text: intelligible

text: It

text: is

text: employed

text: throughout

text: the

text: Tibetan

text: plateau

text: and

text: Bhutan

text: and

text: is

text: also

text: spoken

text: in

text: parts

text: of

text: Nepal

text: and

text: northern

text: India

text: such

text: as

text: Sikkim

text: In

text: general

text: the

text: dialects

text: of

text: central

text: Tibet

text: including

text: Lhasa

text: Kham

text: Amdo

text: and

text: some

text: smaller

text: nearby

text: areas

text: are

text: considered

text: Tibetan

text: dialects

text: Other

text: forms

text: particularly

text: Dzongkha

text: Sikkimese

text: Sherpa

text: and

text: Ladakhi

text: are

text: considered

text: by

text: their

text: speakers

text: largely

text: for

text: political

text: reasons

text: to

text: be

text: separate

text: languages

text: However

text: if

text: the

text: latter

text: group

text: of

text: Tibetan

text: type

text: languages

text: are

text: included

text: in

text: the

text: calculation

text: then

text: greater

text: Tibetan

text: is

text: spoken

text: by

text: approximately

text: million

text: people

text: across

text: the

text: Tibetan

text: Plateau

text: Tibetan

text: is

text: also

text: spoken

text: by

text: approximately

text: exile

text: speakers

text: who

text: have

text: fled

text: from

text: modern

text: day

text: Tibet

text: to

text: India

text: and

text: other

text: countries

question: How many people across the Tibetan Plateau speak 'greater Tibetan'?

answer: approximately 6 million

text: approximately 6 million

question: How many people who have fled modern-day Tibet are considered to be exile speakers of Tibetan?

answer: approximately 150,000

text: approximately 150,000

question: Why are Dzongkha, Sikkimese, Sherpa, and Ladakhi considered to be separate languages?

answer: political reasons

text: political reasons


text: A fleet carrier is intended to operate with the main fleet and usually provides an offensive capability. These are the largest carriers capable of fast speeds. By comparison, escort carriers were developed to provide defense for convoys of ships. They were smaller and slower with lower numbers of aircraft carried. Most were built from mercantile hulls or, in the case of merchant aircraft carriers, were bulk cargo ships with a flight deck added on top. Light aircraft carriers were carriers that were fast enough to operate with the fleet but of smaller size with reduced aircraft capacity. Soviet aircraft carriers now in use by Russia are actually called heavy aviation cruisers, these ships while sized in the range of large fleet carriers were designed to deploy alone or with escorts and provide both strong defensive weaponry and heavy offensive missiles equivalent to a guided missile cruiser in addition to supporting fighters and helicopters.

title: Aircraft_carrier

title: Aircraft_carrier

text: A

text: fleet

text: carrier

text: is

text: intended

text: to

text: operate

text: with

text: the

text: main

text: fleet

text: and

text: usually

text: provides

text: an

text: offensive

text: capability

text: These

text: are

text: the

text: largest

text: carriers

text: capable

text: of

text: fast

text: speeds

text: By

text: comparison

text: escort

text: carriers

text: were

text: developed

text: to

text: provide

text: defense

text: for

text: convoys

text: of

text: ships

text: They

text: were

text: smaller

text: and

text: slower

text: with

text: lower

text: numbers

text: of

text: aircraft

text: carried

text: Most

text: were

text: built

text: from

text: mercantile

text: hulls

text: or

text: in

text: the

text: case

text: of

text: merchant

text: aircraft

text: carriers

text: were

text: bulk

text: cargo

text: ships

text: with

text: a

text: flight

text: deck

text: added

text: on

text: top

text: Light

text: aircraft

text: carriers

text: were

text: carriers

text: that

text: were

text: fast

text: enough

text: to

text: operate

text: with

text: the

text: fleet

text: but

text: of

text: smaller

text: size

text: with

text: reduced

text: aircraft

text: capacity

text: Soviet

text: aircraft

text: carriers

text: now

text: in

text: use

text: by

text: Russia

text: are

text: actually

text: called

text: heavy

text: aviation

text: cruisers

text: these

text: ships

text: while

text: sized

text: in

text: the

text: range

text: of

text: large

text: fleet

text: carriers

text: were

text: designed

text: to

text: deploy

text: alone

text: or

text: with

text: escorts

text: and

text: provide

text: both

text: strong

text: defensive

text: weaponry

text: and

text: heavy

text: offensive

text: missiles

text: equivalent

text: to

text: a

text: guided

text: missile

text: cruiser

text: in

text: addition

text: to

text: supporting

text: fighters

text: and

text: helicopters

question: What type of carrier is the largest?

answer: fleet carrier

text: fleet carrier

question: What capability does a fleet carrier offer?

answer: offensive

text: offensive

question: What purpose were excort carriers developed for?

answer: to provide defense for convoys of ships

text: to provide defense for convoys of ships

question: What were most escort carriers built from?

answer: mercantile hulls

text: mercantile hulls

question: What are the soviet aircraft carriers used by Russia actually called?

answer: heavy aviation cruisers

text: heavy aviation cruisers


text: Beginning in the 2007–2008 academic year, first-time freshman at KU pay a fixed tuition rate for 48 months according to the Four-Year Tuition Compact passed by the Kansas Board of Regents. For the 2014–15 academic year, tuition was $318 per credit hour for in-state freshman and $828 for out-of-state freshmen. For transfer students, who do not take part in the compact, 2014–15 per-credit-hour tuition was $295 for in-state undergraduates and $785 for out-of-state undergraduates; subject to annual increases. Students enrolled in 6 or more credit hours also paid an annual required campus fee of $888. The schools of architecture, music, arts, business, education, engineering, journalism, law, pharmacy, and social welfare charge additional fees.

title: University_of_Kansas

title: University_of_Kansas

text: Beginning

text: in

text: the

text: academic

text: year

text: first

text: time

text: freshman

text: at

text: KU

text: pay

text: a

text: fixed

text: tuition

text: rate

text: for

text: months

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: Four

text: Year

text: Tuition

text: Compact

text: passed

text: by

text: the

text: Kansas

text: Board

text: of

text: Regents

text: For

text: the

text: academic

text: year

text: tuition

text: was

text: per

text: credit

text: hour

text: for

text: in

text: state

text: freshman

text: and

text: for

text: out

text: of

text: state

text: freshmen

text: For

text: transfer

text: students

text: who

text: do

text: not

text: take

text: part

text: in

text: the

text: compact

text: per

text: credit

text: hour

text: tuition

text: was

text: for

text: in

text: state

text: undergraduates

text: and

text: for

text: out

text: of

text: state

text: undergraduates

text: subject

text: to

text: annual

text: increases

text: Students

text: enrolled

text: in

text: or

text: more

text: credit

text: hours

text: also

text: paid

text: an

text: annual

text: required

text: campus

text: fee

text: of

text: The

text: schools

text: of

text: architecture

text: music

text: arts

text: business

text: education

text: engineering

text: journalism

text: law

text: pharmacy

text: and

text: social

text: welfare

text: charge

text: additional

text: fees

question: What was first instituted for first year students in the 2007-2008 school year?

answer: fixed tuition rate

text: fixed tuition rate

question: For how long does the fixed rate of tuition last?

answer: 48 months

text: 48 months

question: What was the edict approved by the Board of Regents that provided for the fixed tuition program?

answer: Four-Year Tuition Compact

text: Four-Year Tuition Compact

question: How much did a student from outside of Kansas have to pay per course credit in 2014-15?

answer: $828

question: What is charged at KU's specialized professional schools?

answer: additional fees

text: additional fees


text: These deities formed a core pantheon; there were additionally hundreds of minor ones. Sumerian gods could thus have associations with different cities, and their religious importance often waxed and waned with those cities' political power. The gods were said to have created human beings from clay for the purpose of serving them. The temples organized the mass labour projects needed for irrigation agriculture. Citizens had a labor duty to the temple, though they could avoid it by a payment of silver.

title: Sumer

title: Sumer

text: These

text: deities

text: formed

text: a

text: core

text: pantheon

text: there

text: were

text: additionally

text: hundreds

text: of

text: minor

text: ones

text: Sumerian

text: gods

text: could

text: thus

text: have

text: associations

text: with

text: different

text: cities

text: and

text: their

text: religious

text: importance

text: often

text: waxed

text: and

text: waned

text: with

text: those

text: cities

text: political

text: power

text: The

text: gods

text: were

text: said

text: to

text: have

text: created

text: human

text: beings

text: from

text: clay

text: for

text: the

text: purpose

text: of

text: serving

text: them

text: The

text: temples

text: organized

text: the

text: mass

text: labour

text: projects

text: needed

text: for

text: irrigation

text: agriculture

text: Citizens

text: had

text: a

text: labor

text: duty

text: to

text: the

text: temple

text: though

text: they

text: could

text: avoid

text: it

text: by

text: a

text: payment

text: of

text: silver

question: What did the Sumerian deities form?

answer: a core pantheon

text: a core pantheon

question: Why did the gods create human beings from clay?

answer: for the purpose of serving them

text: for the purpose of serving them

question: What could Sumerian gods be associated with?

answer: different cities

text: different cities

question: What did the religious importance of city gods wax and wan with?

answer: those cities' political power

text: those cities' political power

question: How could a citizen avoid their labor duty to their local temple?

answer: a payment of silver

text: a payment of silver


text: PAL LaserDiscs have a slightly longer playing time than NTSC discs, but have fewer audio options. PAL discs only have two audio tracks, consisting of either two analog-only tracks on older PAL LDs, or two digital-only tracks on newer discs. In comparison, later NTSC LDs are capable of carrying four tracks (two analog and two digital). On certain releases, one of the analog tracks is used to carry a modulated AC-3 signal for 5.1 channel audio (for decoding and playback by newer LD players with an "AC-3 RF" output). However, older NTSC LDs made before 1984 (such as the original DiscoVision discs) only have two analog audio tracks.

title: LaserDisc

title: LaserDisc

text: PAL

text: LaserDiscs

text: have

text: a

text: slightly

text: longer

text: playing

text: time

text: than

text: NTSC

text: discs

text: but

text: have

text: fewer

text: audio

text: options

text: PAL

text: discs

text: only

text: have

text: two

text: audio

text: tracks

text: consisting

text: of

text: either

text: two

text: analog

text: only

text: tracks

text: on

text: older

text: PAL

text: LDs

text: or

text: two

text: digital

text: only

text: tracks

text: on

text: newer

text: discs

text: In

text: comparison

text: later

text: NTSC

text: LDs

text: are

text: capable

text: of

text: carrying

text: four

text: tracks

text: two

text: analog

text: and

text: two

text: digital

text: On

text: certain

text: releases

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: analog

text: tracks

text: is

text: used

text: to

text: carry

text: a

text: modulated

text: signal

text: for

text: channel

text: audio

text: for

text: decoding

text: and

text: playback

text: by

text: newer

text: LD

text: players

text: with

text: an

text: RF

text: output

text: However

text: older

text: NTSC

text: LDs

text: made

text: before

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: original

text: DiscoVision

text: discs

text: only

text: have

text: two

text: analog

text: audio

text: tracks

question: Which has a longer playing time: PAL LaserDiscs or NTSC discs?

answer: PAL LaserDiscs

text: PAL LaserDiscs

question: How many audio tracks do PAL LaserDiscs have?

answer: two

text: two

question: Which two audio options are available on PAL LaserDiscs?

answer: two analog-only tracks on older PAL LDs, or two digital-only tracks on newer discs

text: two analog-only tracks on older PAL LDs, or two digital-only tracks on newer discs


text: There are a number of radio news agencies based in Somalia. Established during the colonial period, Radio Mogadishu initially broadcast news items in both Somali and Italian. The station was modernized with Russian assistance following independence in 1960, and began offering home service in Somali, Amharic and Oromo. After closing down operations in the early 1990s due to the civil war, the station was officially re-opened in the early 2000s by the Transitional National Government. In the late 2000s, Radio Mogadishu also launched a complementary website of the same name, with news items in Somali, Arabic and English.

title: Communications_in_Somalia

title: Communications_in_Somalia

text: There

text: are

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: radio

text: news

text: agencies

text: based

text: in

text: Somalia

text: Established

text: during

text: the

text: colonial

text: period

text: Radio

text: Mogadishu

text: initially

text: broadcast

text: news

text: items

text: in

text: both

text: Somali

text: and

text: Italian

text: The

text: station

text: was

text: modernized

text: with

text: Russian

text: assistance

text: following

text: independence

text: in

text: and

text: began

text: offering

text: home

text: service

text: in

text: Somali

text: Amharic

text: and

text: Oromo

text: After

text: closing

text: down

text: operations

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: civil

text: war

text: the

text: station

text: was

text: officially

text: re

text: opened

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: by

text: the

text: Transitional

text: National

text: Government

text: In

text: the

text: late

text: Radio

text: Mogadishu

text: also

text: launched

text: a

text: complementary

text: website

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: name

text: with

text: news

text: items

text: in

text: Somali

text: Arabic

text: and

text: English

question: When was Radio Mogadishu established?

answer: during the colonial period

text: during the colonial period

question: What languages di Radio Mogadishu originally broadcast in?

answer: Somali and Italian

text: Somali and Italian

question: What countrys assistance helped Radio Mogadishu modernize?

answer: Russian assistance

text: Russian assistance

question: What type of services were offered in Somali, Amharic, and Oromo?

answer: home service

text: home service


text: Under Walter Dill Scott's presidency from 1920 to 1939, Northwestern began construction of an integrated campus in Chicago designed by James Gamble Rogers to house the professional schools; established the Kellogg School of Management; and built several prominent buildings on the Evanston campus, Dyche Stadium (now named Ryan Field) and Deering Library among others. In 1933, a proposal to merge Northwestern with the University of Chicago was considered but rejected. Northwestern was also one of the first six universities in the country to establish a Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps (NROTC) in the 1920s. Northwestern played host to the first-ever NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship game in 1939 in the original Patten Gymnasium, which was later demolished and relocated farther north along with the Dearborn Observatory to make room for the Technological Institute.

title: Northwestern_University

title: Northwestern_University

text: Under

text: Walter

text: Dill

text: Scott

text: 's

text: presidency

text: from

text: to

text: Northwestern

text: began

text: construction

text: of

text: an

text: integrated

text: campus

text: in

text: Chicago

text: designed

text: by

text: James

text: Gamble

text: Rogers

text: to

text: house

text: the

text: professional

text: schools

text: established

text: the

text: Kellogg

text: School

text: of

text: Management

text: and

text: built

text: several

text: prominent

text: buildings

text: on

text: the

text: Evanston

text: campus

text: Dyche

text: Stadium

text: now

text: named

text: Ryan

text: Field

text: and

text: Deering

text: Library

text: among

text: others

text: In

text: a

text: proposal

text: to

text: merge

text: Northwestern

text: with

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Chicago

text: was

text: considered

text: but

text: rejected

text: Northwestern

text: was

text: also

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: six

text: universities

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: to

text: establish

text: a

text: Naval

text: Reserve

text: Officers

text: Training

text: Corps

text: NROTC

text: in

text: the

text: Northwestern

text: played

text: host

text: to

text: the

text: first

text: ever

text: NCAA

text: Men

text: 's

text: Division

text: I

text: Basketball

text: Championship

text: game

text: in

text: in

text: the

text: original

text: Patten

text: Gymnasium

text: which

text: was

text: later

text: demolished

text: and

text: relocated

text: farther

text: north

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: Dearborn

text: Observatory

text: to

text: make

text: room

text: for

text: the

text: Technological

text: Institute

question: What type of campus did Northwestern begin construction of during Walter Dill Scott's presidency?

answer: integrated

text: integrated

question: What was the orginal name for Northwestern's Ryan Field?

answer: Dyche Stadium

text: Dyche Stadium

question: What merger was proposed and rejected in 1933?

answer: Northwestern with the University of Chicago

text: Northwestern with the University of Chicago

question: What was Northwestern one of the first six universities in the U.S. to establish in the 1920's?

answer: a Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps (NROTC)

text: a Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps (NROTC)

question: What first-ever game did Northwestern host in 1939?

answer: NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship

text: NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship


text: In 1904, a British expedition to Tibet, spurred in part by a fear that Russia was extending its power into Tibet as part of The Great Game, invaded the country, hoping that negotiations with the 13th Dalai Lama would be more effective than with Chinese representatives. When the British-led invasion reached Tibet on December 12, 1903, an armed confrontation with the ethnic Tibetans resulted in the Massacre of Chumik Shenko, which resulted in 600 fatalities amongst the Tibetan forces, compared to only 12 on the British side. Afterwards, in 1904 Francis Younghusband imposed a treaty known as the Treaty of Lhasa, which was subsequently repudiated and was succeeded by a 1906 treaty signed between Britain and China.

title: Tibet

title: Tibet

text: In

text: a

text: British

text: expedition

text: to

text: Tibet

text: spurred

text: in

text: part

text: by

text: a

text: fear

text: that

text: Russia

text: was

text: extending

text: its

text: power

text: into

text: Tibet

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: The

text: Great

text: Game

text: invaded

text: the

text: country

text: hoping

text: that

text: negotiations

text: with

text: the

text: Dalai

text: Lama

text: would

text: be

text: more

text: effective

text: than

text: with

text: Chinese

text: representatives

text: When

text: the

text: British

text: led

text: invasion

text: reached

text: Tibet

text: on

text: December

text: an

text: armed

text: confrontation

text: with

text: the

text: ethnic

text: Tibetans

text: resulted

text: in

text: the

text: Massacre

text: of

text: Chumik

text: Shenko

text: which

text: resulted

text: in

text: fatalities

text: amongst

text: the

text: Tibetan

text: forces

text: compared

text: to

text: only

text: on

text: the

text: British

text: side

text: Afterwards

text: in

text: Francis

text: Younghusband

text: imposed

text: a

text: treaty

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Lhasa

text: which

text: was

text: subsequently

text: repudiated

text: and

text: was

text: succeeded

text: by

text: a

text: treaty

text: signed

text: between

text: Britain

text: and

text: China

question: When did a British expedition to Tibet invade the country?

answer: 1904

question: With whom were the British hopeing to negotiate?

answer: 13th Dalai Lama

text: 13th Dalai Lama

question: How many Tibetan troops died at the Massacre of Chumik Shenko?

answer: 600

question: How many British troops died at the Massacre of Chumik Shenko?

answer: 12

question: Who imposed the Treaty of Lhasa?

answer: Francis Younghusband

text: Francis Younghusband