text: During the remainder of his reign, John focused on trying to retake Normandy. The available evidence suggests that John did not regard the loss of the Duchy as a permanent shift in Capetian power. Strategically, John faced several challenges: England itself had to be secured against possible French invasion, the sea-routes to Bordeaux needed to be secured following the loss of the land route to Aquitaine, and his remaining possessions in Aquitaine needed to be secured following the death of his mother, Eleanor, in April 1204. John's preferred plan was to use Poitou as a base of operations, advance up the Loire valley to threaten Paris, pin down the French forces and break Philip's internal lines of communication before landing a maritime force in the Duchy itself. Ideally, this plan would benefit from the opening of a second front on Philip's eastern frontiers with Flanders and Boulogne – effectively a re-creation of Richard's old strategy of applying pressure from Germany. All of this would require a great deal of money and soldiers.

title: John,_King_of_England

title: John,_King_of_England

text: During

text: the

text: remainder

text: of

text: his

text: reign

text: John

text: focused

text: on

text: trying

text: to

text: retake

text: Normandy

text: The

text: available

text: evidence

text: suggests

text: that

text: John

text: did

text: not

text: regard

text: the

text: loss

text: of

text: the

text: Duchy

text: as

text: a

text: permanent

text: shift

text: in

text: Capetian

text: power

text: Strategically

text: John

text: faced

text: several

text: challenges

text: England

text: itself

text: had

text: to

text: be

text: secured

text: against

text: possible

text: French

text: invasion

text: the

text: sea

text: routes

text: to

text: Bordeaux

text: needed

text: to

text: be

text: secured

text: following

text: the

text: loss

text: of

text: the

text: land

text: route

text: to

text: Aquitaine

text: and

text: his

text: remaining

text: possessions

text: in

text: Aquitaine

text: needed

text: to

text: be

text: secured

text: following

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: his

text: mother

text: Eleanor

text: in

text: April

text: John

text: 's

text: preferred

text: plan

text: was

text: to

text: use

text: Poitou

text: as

text: a

text: base

text: of

text: operations

text: advance

text: up

text: the

text: Loire

text: valley

text: to

text: threaten

text: Paris

text: pin

text: down

text: the

text: French

text: forces

text: and

text: break

text: Philip

text: 's

text: internal

text: lines

text: of

text: communication

text: before

text: landing

text: a

text: maritime

text: force

text: in

text: the

text: Duchy

text: itself

text: Ideally

text: this

text: plan

text: would

text: benefit

text: from

text: the

text: opening

text: of

text: a

text: second

text: front

text: on

text: Philip

text: 's

text: eastern

text: frontiers

text: with

text: Flanders

text: and

text: Boulogne

text: effectively

text: a

text: re

text: creation

text: of

text: Richard

text: 's

text: old

text: strategy

text: of

text: applying

text: pressure

text: from

text: Germany

text: All

text: of

text: this

text: would

text: require

text: a

text: great

text: deal

text: of

text: money

text: and

text: soldiers

question: John focused on trying to retake what?

answer: Normandy

text: Normandy

question: John did not regard the loss of Duchy as a permanent shift in what?

answer: Capetian power

text: Capetian power

question: What was John's preferred plan?

answer: use Poitou as a base of operations

text: use Poitou as a base of operations


text: Increased interest in modern a cappella (particularly collegiate a cappella) can be seen in the growth of awards such as the Contemporary A Cappella Recording Awards (overseen by the Contemporary A Cappella Society) and competitions such as the International Championship of Collegiate A Cappella for college groups and the Harmony Sweepstakes for all groups. In December 2009, a new television competition series called The Sing-Off aired on NBC. The show featured eight a cappella groups from the United States and Puerto Rico vying for the prize of $100,000 and a recording contract with Epic Records/Sony Music. The show was judged by Ben Folds, Shawn Stockman, and Nicole Scherzinger and was won by an all-male group from Puerto Rico called Nota. The show returned for a second and third season, won by Committed and Pentatonix, respectively.

title: A_cappella

title: A_cappella

text: Increased

text: interest

text: in

text: modern

text: a

text: cappella

text: particularly

text: collegiate

text: a

text: cappella

text: can

text: be

text: seen

text: in

text: the

text: growth

text: of

text: awards

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Contemporary

text: A

text: Cappella

text: Recording

text: Awards

text: overseen

text: by

text: the

text: Contemporary

text: A

text: Cappella

text: Society

text: and

text: competitions

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: International

text: Championship

text: of

text: Collegiate

text: A

text: Cappella

text: for

text: college

text: groups

text: and

text: the

text: Harmony

text: Sweepstakes

text: for

text: all

text: groups

text: In

text: December

text: a

text: new

text: television

text: competition

text: series

text: called

text: The

text: Sing

text: Off

text: aired

text: on

text: NBC

text: The

text: show

text: featured

text: eight

text: a

text: cappella

text: groups

text: from

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: Puerto

text: Rico

text: vying

text: for

text: the

text: prize

text: of

text: and

text: a

text: recording

text: contract

text: with

text: Epic

text: Records

text: Sony

text: Music

text: The

text: show

text: was

text: judged

text: by

text: Ben

text: Folds

text: Shawn

text: Stockman

text: and

text: Nicole

text: Scherzinger

text: and

text: was

text: won

text: by

text: an

text: all

text: male

text: group

text: from

text: Puerto

text: Rico

text: called

text: Nota

text: The

text: show

text: returned

text: for

text: a

text: second

text: and

text: third

text: season

text: won

text: by

text: Committed

text: and

text: Pentatonix

text: respectively

question: What popular a capella competition is not specific to college groups?

answer: Harmony Sweepstakes

text: Harmony Sweepstakes

question: Aside from the monetary reward, what was offered to the winner of The Sing-Off?

answer: a recording contract with Epic Records/Sony Music

text: a recording contract with Epic Records/Sony Music

question: What is the name of the group that won The Sing-Off?

answer: Nota

text: Nota

question: Who won The Sing-Off final season?

answer: Pentatonix

text: Pentatonix

question: In The Sing-Off, where did the groups not from the United States come from?

answer: Puerto Rico

text: Puerto Rico


text: The Christian population of the empire, owing to their higher educational levels, started to pull ahead of the Muslim majority, leading to much resentment on the part of the latter. In 1861, there were 571 primary and 94 secondary schools for Ottoman Christians with 140,000 pupils in total, a figure that vastly exceeded the number of Muslim children in school at the same time, who were further hindered by the amount of time spent learning Arabic and Islamic theology. In turn, the higher educational levels of the Christians allowed them to play a large role in the economy. In 1911, of the 654 wholesale companies in Istanbul, 528 were owned by ethnic Greeks. Of course, it would be a mistake to ignore the geopolitical dimensions of this dynamic. The preponderance of Christian merchants owed not to any innate business sense on their part, although plenty of European observers were keen on making this point. In fact, in many cases, Christians and also Jews were able to gain protection from European consuls and citizenship, meaning they were protected from Ottoman law and not subject to the same economic regulations as their Muslim comrades.

title: Ottoman_Empire

title: Ottoman_Empire

text: The

text: Christian

text: population

text: of

text: the

text: empire

text: owing

text: to

text: their

text: higher

text: educational

text: levels

text: started

text: to

text: pull

text: ahead

text: of

text: the

text: Muslim

text: majority

text: leading

text: to

text: much

text: resentment

text: on

text: the

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: latter

text: In

text: there

text: were

text: primary

text: and

text: secondary

text: schools

text: for

text: Ottoman

text: Christians

text: with

text: pupils

text: in

text: total

text: a

text: figure

text: that

text: vastly

text: exceeded

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: Muslim

text: children

text: in

text: school

text: at

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: who

text: were

text: further

text: hindered

text: by

text: the

text: amount

text: of

text: time

text: spent

text: learning

text: Arabic

text: and

text: Islamic

text: theology

text: In

text: turn

text: the

text: higher

text: educational

text: levels

text: of

text: the

text: Christians

text: allowed

text: them

text: to

text: play

text: a

text: large

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: economy

text: In

text: of

text: the

text: wholesale

text: companies

text: in

text: Istanbul

text: were

text: owned

text: by

text: ethnic

text: Greeks

text: Of

text: course

text: it

text: would

text: be

text: a

text: mistake

text: to

text: ignore

text: the

text: geopolitical

text: dimensions

text: of

text: this

text: dynamic

text: The

text: preponderance

text: of

text: Christian

text: merchants

text: owed

text: not

text: to

text: any

text: innate

text: business

text: sense

text: on

text: their

text: part

text: although

text: plenty

text: of

text: European

text: observers

text: were

text: keen

text: on

text: making

text: this

text: point

text: In

text: fact

text: in

text: many

text: cases

text: Christians

text: and

text: also

text: Jews

text: were

text: able

text: to

text: gain

text: protection

text: from

text: European

text: consuls

text: and

text: citizenship

text: meaning

text: they

text: were

text: protected

text: from

text: Ottoman

text: law

text: and

text: not

text: subject

text: to

text: the

text: same

text: economic

text: regulations

text: as

text: their

text: Muslim

text: comrades

question: How many primary schools existed for Christians in the Ottoman empire in 1861?

answer: 571

question: How many Christian pupils were in ottoman schools in 1861?

answer: 140,000

question: Greeks in Istanbul owned how many wholesale companies in 1911?

answer: 528

question: There were how many wholesale companies in Istanbul in 1911?

answer: 654

question: Jews and Christians were offered protection in the form of what assistance by Europe?

answer: consuls and citizenship

text: consuls and citizenship


text: The official introduction of the metric system in September 1799 was unpopular in large sections of French society. Napoleon's rule greatly aided adoption of the new standard not only across France but also across the French sphere of influence. Napoleon ultimately took a retrograde step in 1812 when he passed legislation to introduce the mesures usuelles (traditional units of measurement) for retail trade—a system of measure that resembled the pre-revolutionary units but were based on the kilogram and the metre; for example the livre metrique (metric pound) was 500 g instead of 489.5 g—the value of the livre du roi (the king's pound). Other units of measure were rounded in a similar manner. This however laid the foundations for the definitive introduction of the metric system across Europe in the middle of the 19th century.

title: Napoleon

title: Napoleon

text: The

text: official

text: introduction

text: of

text: the

text: metric

text: system

text: in

text: September

text: was

text: unpopular

text: in

text: large

text: sections

text: of

text: French

text: society

text: Napoleon

text: 's

text: rule

text: greatly

text: aided

text: adoption

text: of

text: the

text: new

text: standard

text: not

text: only

text: across

text: France

text: but

text: also

text: across

text: the

text: French

text: sphere

text: of

text: influence

text: Napoleon

text: ultimately

text: took

text: a

text: retrograde

text: step

text: in

text: when

text: he

text: passed

text: legislation

text: to

text: introduce

text: the

text: mesures

text: usuelles

text: traditional

text: units

text: of

text: measurement

text: for

text: retail

text: trade

text: a

text: system

text: of

text: measure

text: that

text: resembled

text: the

text: pre

text: revolutionary

text: units

text: but

text: were

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: kilogram

text: and

text: the

text: metre

text: for

text: example

text: the

text: livre

text: metrique

text: metric

text: pound

text: was

text: g

text: instead

text: of

text: g

text: the

text: value

text: of

text: the

text: livre

text: du

text: roi

text: the

text: king

text: 's

text: pound

text: Other

text: units

text: of

text: measure

text: were

text: rounded

text: in

text: a

text: similar

text: manner

text: This

text: however

text: laid

text: the

text: foundations

text: for

text: the

text: definitive

text: introduction

text: of

text: the

text: metric

text: system

text: across

text: Europe

text: in

text: the

text: middle

text: of

text: the

text: century

question: When was the metric system officially introduced?

answer: September 1799

text: September 1799

question: What system, introduced in September 1799, was unpopular among much of French society?

answer: the metric system

text: the metric system

question: What year did Napoleon pass legislation that introduced traditional units of measurement for retail trade?

answer: 1812

question: How many grams were in the livre metrique?

answer: 500

question: How many grams were in the livre du roi?

answer: 489.5


text: KU is home to the Robert J. Dole Institute of Politics, the Beach Center on Disability, Lied Center of Kansas and radio stations KJHK, 90.7 FM, and KANU, 91.5 FM. The university is host to several museums including the University of Kansas Natural History Museum and the Spencer Museum of Art. The libraries of the University include the Watson Library, Spencer Research Library, and Anschutz Library, which commemorates the businessman Philip Anschutz, an alumnus of the University.

title: University_of_Kansas

title: University_of_Kansas

text: KU

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: the

text: Robert

text: J.

text: Dole

text: Institute

text: of

text: Politics

text: the

text: Beach

text: Center

text: on

text: Disability

text: Lied

text: Center

text: of

text: Kansas

text: and

text: radio

text: stations

text: KJHK

text: FM

text: and

text: KANU

text: FM

text: The

text: university

text: is

text: host

text: to

text: several

text: museums

text: including

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Kansas

text: Natural

text: History

text: Museum

text: and

text: the

text: Spencer

text: Museum

text: of

text: Art

text: The

text: libraries

text: of

text: the

text: University

text: include

text: the

text: Watson

text: Library

text: Spencer

text: Research

text: Library

text: and

text: Anschutz

text: Library

text: which

text: commemorates

text: the

text: businessman

text: Philip

text: Anschutz

text: an

text: alumnus

text: of

text: the

text: University

question: What part of KU serves students learning about government?

answer: the Robert J. Dole Institute of Politics

text: the Robert J. Dole Institute of Politics

question: What are two radio stations that broadcast from KU?

answer: KJHK, 90.7 FM, and KANU, 91.5 FM

text: KJHK, 90.7 FM, and KANU, 91.5 FM

question: What is the name of a fine art institution on the campus of KU?

answer: the Spencer Museum of Art

text: the Spencer Museum of Art

question: Which library is dedicated to a former student of the University of Kansas?

answer: Anschutz Library

text: Anschutz Library

question: Whom is the Anschutz Library named for?

answer: Philip Anschutz

text: Philip Anschutz


text: There are technical limitations to archiving a web site, and as a consequence, it is possible for opposing parties in litigation to misuse the results provided by web site archives. This problem can be exacerbated by the practice of submitting screen shots of web pages in complaints, answers, or expert witness reports, when the underlying links are not exposed and therefore, can contain errors. For example, archives such as the Wayback Machine do not fill out forms and therefore, do not include the contents of non-RESTful e-commerce databases in their archives.

title: Wayback_Machine

title: Wayback_Machine

text: There

text: are

text: technical

text: limitations

text: to

text: archiving

text: a

text: web

text: site

text: and

text: as

text: a

text: consequence

text: it

text: is

text: possible

text: for

text: opposing

text: parties

text: in

text: litigation

text: to

text: misuse

text: the

text: results

text: provided

text: by

text: web

text: site

text: archives

text: This

text: problem

text: can

text: be

text: exacerbated

text: by

text: the

text: practice

text: of

text: submitting

text: screen

text: shots

text: of

text: web

text: pages

text: in

text: complaints

text: answers

text: or

text: expert

text: witness

text: reports

text: when

text: the

text: underlying

text: links

text: are

text: not

text: exposed

text: and

text: therefore

text: can

text: contain

text: errors

text: For

text: example

text: archives

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Wayback

text: Machine

text: do

text: not

text: fill

text: out

text: forms

text: and

text: therefore

text: do

text: not

text: include

text: the

text: contents

text: of

text: non

text: RESTful

text: e

text: commerce

text: databases

text: in

text: their

text: archives

question: What kind of limitations exist in keeping copies of a website?

answer: technical

text: technical

question: The omission of what element in screenshots can make them unreliable as evidence?

answer: underlying links

text: underlying links

question: What elements of webpages are not used by Wayback Machine?

answer: forms

text: forms

question: What kind of sites contain information that the Wayback Machine does not record?

answer: e-commerce

text: e-commerce


text: Seminary Row is named for the Union Theological Seminary and the Jewish Theological Seminary which it touches. Seminary Row also runs by the Manhattan School of Music, Riverside Church, Sakura Park, Grant's Tomb, and Morningside Park.

title: List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan

title: List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan

text: Seminary

text: Row

text: is

text: named

text: for

text: the

text: Union

text: Theological

text: Seminary

text: and

text: the

text: Jewish

text: Theological

text: Seminary

text: which

text: it

text: touches

text: Seminary

text: Row

text: also

text: runs

text: by

text: the

text: Manhattan

text: School

text: of

text: Music

text: Riverside

text: Church

text: Sakura

text: Park

text: Grant

text: 's

text: Tomb

text: and

text: Morningside

text: Park

question: Besides the Union Theological Seminary, which other Seminary touches Seminary Row?

answer: Jewish Theological

text: Jewish Theological

question: Other than the Jewish Theological Seminary, which other Seminary touches Seminary Row?

answer: Union Theological

text: Union Theological

question: Which road runs by two Seminaries, the Manhattan School of Music, Riverside Church, and Grant's Tomb?

answer: Seminary Row

text: Seminary Row


text: There are many important organozinc compounds. Organozinc chemistry is the science of organozinc compounds describing their physical properties, synthesis and reactions. Among important applications is the Frankland-Duppa Reaction in which an oxalate ester(ROCOCOOR) reacts with an alkyl halide R'X, zinc and hydrochloric acid to the α-hydroxycarboxylic esters RR'COHCOOR, the Reformatskii reaction which converts α-halo-esters and aldehydes to β-hydroxy-esters, the Simmons–Smith reaction in which the carbenoid (iodomethyl)zinc iodide reacts with alkene(or alkyne) and converts them to cyclopropane, the Addition reaction of organozinc compounds to carbonyl compounds. The Barbier reaction (1899) is the zinc equivalent of the magnesium Grignard reaction and is better of the two. In presence of just about any water the formation of the organomagnesium halide will fail, whereas the Barbier reaction can even take place in water. On the downside organozincs are much less nucleophilic than Grignards, are expensive and difficult to handle. Commercially available diorganozinc compounds are dimethylzinc, diethylzinc and diphenylzinc. In one study the active organozinc compound is obtained from much cheaper organobromine precursors:

title: Zinc

title: Zinc

text: There

text: are

text: many

text: important

text: organozinc

text: compounds

text: Organozinc

text: chemistry

text: is

text: the

text: science

text: of

text: organozinc

text: compounds

text: describing

text: their

text: physical

text: properties

text: synthesis

text: and

text: reactions

text: Among

text: important

text: applications

text: is

text: the

text: Frankland

text: Duppa

text: Reaction

text: in

text: which

text: an

text: oxalate

text: ester(ROCOCOOR

text: reacts

text: with

text: an

text: alkyl

text: halide

text: R'X

text: zinc

text: and

text: hydrochloric

text: acid

text: to

text: the

text: α-hydroxycarboxylic

text: esters

text: RR'COHCOOR

text: the

text: Reformatskii

text: reaction

text: which

text: converts

text: α-halo

text: esters

text: and

text: aldehydes

text: to

text: β-hydroxy

text: esters

text: the

text: Simmons

text: Smith

text: reaction

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: carbenoid

text: iodomethyl)zinc

text: iodide

text: reacts

text: with

text: alkene(or

text: alkyne

text: and

text: converts

text: them

text: to

text: cyclopropane

text: the

text: Addition

text: reaction

text: of

text: organozinc

text: compounds

text: to

text: carbonyl

text: compounds

text: The

text: Barbier

text: reaction

text: is

text: the

text: zinc

text: equivalent

text: of

text: the

text: magnesium

text: Grignard

text: reaction

text: and

text: is

text: better

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: In

text: presence

text: of

text: just

text: about

text: any

text: water

text: the

text: formation

text: of

text: the

text: organomagnesium

text: halide

text: will

text: fail

text: whereas

text: the

text: Barbier

text: reaction

text: can

text: even

text: take

text: place

text: in

text: water

text: On

text: the

text: downside

text: organozincs

text: are

text: much

text: less

text: nucleophilic

text: than

text: Grignards

text: are

text: expensive

text: and

text: difficult

text: to

text: handle

text: Commercially

text: available

text: diorganozinc

text: compounds

text: are

text: dimethylzinc

text: diethylzinc

text: and

text: diphenylzinc

text: In

text: one

text: study

text: the

text: active

text: organozinc

text: compound

text: is

text: obtained

text: from

text: much

text: cheaper

text: organobromine

text: precursors

question: What does organozinc chemisty describe?

answer: physical properties, synthesis and reactions.

text: physical properties, synthesis and reactions.

question: What is the zinc equivalent of the Grinard reaction?

answer: The Barbier reaction

text: The Barbier reaction

question: When will organomagnesium halide formation fail?

answer: presence of just about any water

text: presence of just about any water

question: What are dimethylzinc, dietylzinc and diphenylzinc?

answer: Commercially available diorganozinc compounds

text: Commercially available diorganozinc compounds


text: The extensive campaigning abroad by Roman generals, and the rewarding of soldiers with plunder on these campaigns, led to a general trend of soldiers becoming increasingly loyal to their generals rather than to the state. Rome was also plagued by several slave uprisings during this period, in part because vast tracts of land had been given over to slave farming in which the slaves greatly outnumbered their Roman masters. In the 1st century BC at least twelve civil wars and rebellions occurred. This pattern continued until 27 BC, when Octavian (later Augustus) successfully challenged the Senate's authority, and was made princeps (first citizen).

title: Roman_Republic

title: Roman_Republic

text: The

text: extensive

text: campaigning

text: abroad

text: by

text: Roman

text: generals

text: and

text: the

text: rewarding

text: of

text: soldiers

text: with

text: plunder

text: on

text: these

text: campaigns

text: led

text: to

text: a

text: general

text: trend

text: of

text: soldiers

text: becoming

text: increasingly

text: loyal

text: to

text: their

text: generals

text: rather

text: than

text: to

text: the

text: state

text: Rome

text: was

text: also

text: plagued

text: by

text: several

text: slave

text: uprisings

text: during

text: this

text: period

text: in

text: part

text: because

text: vast

text: tracts

text: of

text: land

text: had

text: been

text: given

text: over

text: to

text: slave

text: farming

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: slaves

text: greatly

text: outnumbered

text: their

text: Roman

text: masters

text: In

text: the

text: century

text: BC

text: at

text: least

text: twelve

text: civil

text: wars

text: and

text: rebellions

text: occurred

text: This

text: pattern

text: continued

text: until

text: BC

text: when

text: Octavian

text: later

text: Augustus

text: successfully

text: challenged

text: the

text: Senate

text: 's

text: authority

text: and

text: was

text: made

text: princeps

text: first

text: citizen

question: How were soldiers rewarded by Roman generals?

answer: with plunder

text: with plunder

question: Who saw increased loyalty from the Roman soldiers?

answer: their generals

text: their generals

question: Who was greater in numbers than the Roman slave masters?

answer: the slaves

text: the slaves

question: Around how many rebellious uprisings and civil wars happened in the 1st century BC?

answer: twelve

text: twelve

question: Which individual later became princeps after having challenged the senate?

answer: Octavian

text: Octavian


text: The key advantage of the four-rail system is that neither running rail carries any current. This scheme was introduced because of the problems of return currents, intended to be carried by the earthed (grounded) running rail, flowing through the iron tunnel linings instead. This can cause electrolytic damage and even arcing if the tunnel segments are not electrically bonded together. The problem was exacerbated because the return current also had a tendency to flow through nearby iron pipes forming the water and gas mains. Some of these, particularly Victorian mains that predated London's underground railways, were not constructed to carry currents and had no adequate electrical bonding between pipe segments. The four-rail system solves the problem. Although the supply has an artificially created earth point, this connection is derived by using resistors which ensures that stray earth currents are kept to manageable levels. Power-only rails can be mounted on strongly insulating ceramic chairs to minimise current leak, but this is not possible for running rails which have to be seated on stronger metal chairs to carry the weight of trains. However, elastomeric rubber pads placed between the rails and chairs can now solve part of the problem by insulating the running rails from the current return should there be a leakage through the running rails.

title: Railway_electrification_system

title: Railway_electrification_system

text: The

text: key

text: advantage

text: of

text: the

text: four

text: rail

text: system

text: is

text: that

text: neither

text: running

text: rail

text: carries

text: any

text: current

text: This

text: scheme

text: was

text: introduced

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: problems

text: of

text: return

text: currents

text: intended

text: to

text: be

text: carried

text: by

text: the

text: earthed

text: grounded

text: running

text: rail

text: flowing

text: through

text: the

text: iron

text: tunnel

text: linings

text: instead

text: This

text: can

text: cause

text: electrolytic

text: damage

text: and

text: even

text: arcing

text: if

text: the

text: tunnel

text: segments

text: are

text: not

text: electrically

text: bonded

text: together

text: The

text: problem

text: was

text: exacerbated

text: because

text: the

text: return

text: current

text: also

text: had

text: a

text: tendency

text: to

text: flow

text: through

text: nearby

text: iron

text: pipes

text: forming

text: the

text: water

text: and

text: gas

text: mains

text: Some

text: of

text: these

text: particularly

text: Victorian

text: mains

text: that

text: predated

text: London

text: 's

text: underground

text: railways

text: were

text: not

text: constructed

text: to

text: carry

text: currents

text: and

text: had

text: no

text: adequate

text: electrical

text: bonding

text: between

text: pipe

text: segments

text: The

text: four

text: rail

text: system

text: solves

text: the

text: problem

text: Although

text: the

text: supply

text: has

text: an

text: artificially

text: created

text: earth

text: point

text: this

text: connection

text: is

text: derived

text: by

text: using

text: resistors

text: which

text: ensures

text: that

text: stray

text: earth

text: currents

text: are

text: kept

text: to

text: manageable

text: levels

text: Power

text: only

text: rails

text: can

text: be

text: mounted

text: on

text: strongly

text: insulating

text: ceramic

text: chairs

text: to

text: minimise

text: current

text: leak

text: but

text: this

text: is

text: not

text: possible

text: for

text: running

text: rails

text: which

text: have

text: to

text: be

text: seated

text: on

text: stronger

text: metal

text: chairs

text: to

text: carry

text: the

text: weight

text: of

text: trains

text: However

text: elastomeric

text: rubber

text: pads

text: placed

text: between

text: the

text: rails

text: and

text: chairs

text: can

text: now

text: solve

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: problem

text: by

text: insulating

text: the

text: running

text: rails

text: from

text: the

text: current

text: return

text: should

text: there

text: be

text: a

text: leakage

text: through

text: the

text: running

text: rails

question: What danger can return currents cause?

answer: electrolytic damage

text: electrolytic damage

question: How are stray earth currents kept to a manageable levels?

answer: by using resistors

text: by using resistors

question: What insures minimal current leak during power rails instalation?

answer: ceramic chairs

text: ceramic chairs

question: How did return current effect water and gas in iron pipes?

answer: water and gas mains

text: water and gas mains

question: What is the crucial advantage of four-rail system?

answer: running rail carries any current

text: running rail carries any current


text: In the 18th and 19th century, green was associated with the romantic movement in literature and art. The French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau celebrated the virtues of nature, The German poet and philosopher Goethe declared that green was the most restful color, suitable for decorating bedrooms. Painters such as John Constable and Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot depicted the lush green of rural landscapes and forests. Green was contrasted to the smoky grays and blacks of the Industrial Revolution.

title: Green

title: Green

text: In

text: the

text: and

text: century

text: green

text: was

text: associated

text: with

text: the

text: romantic

text: movement

text: in

text: literature

text: and

text: art

text: The

text: French

text: philosopher

text: Jean

text: Jacques

text: Rousseau

text: celebrated

text: the

text: virtues

text: of

text: nature

text: The

text: German

text: poet

text: and

text: philosopher

text: Goethe

text: declared

text: that

text: green

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: restful

text: color

text: suitable

text: for

text: decorating

text: bedrooms

text: Painters

text: such

text: as

text: John

text: Constable

text: and

text: Jean

text: Baptiste

text: Camille

text: Corot

text: depicted

text: the

text: lush

text: green

text: of

text: rural

text: landscapes

text: and

text: forests

text: Green

text: was

text: contrasted

text: to

text: the

text: smoky

text: grays

text: and

text: blacks

text: of

text: the

text: Industrial

text: Revolution

question: When was green associated with the romantic movement in literature and art?

answer: 18th and 19th century

text: 18th and 19th century

question: Who was a French philospher that celebrated the virtues of nature?

answer: Jean-Jacques Rousseau

text: Jean-Jacques Rousseau

question: Which German poet and philospher declared green to be the most restful color?

answer: Goethe

text: Goethe


text: The doctrine of the immaculate conception (Mary being conceived free from original sin) is not to be confused with her virginal conception of her son Jesus. This misunderstanding of the term immaculate conception is frequently met in the mass media. Catholics believe that Mary was not the product of a virginal conception herself but was the daughter of a human father and mother, traditionally known by the names of Saint Joachim and Saint Anne. In 1677, the Holy See condemned the belief that Mary was virginally conceived, which had been a belief surfacing occasionally since the 4th century. The Church celebrates the Feast of the Immaculate Conception (when Mary was conceived free from original sin) on 8 December, exactly nine months before celebrating the Nativity of Mary. The feast of the Annunciation (which commemorates the virginal conception and the Incarnation of Jesus) is celebrated on 25 March, nine months before Christmas Day.

title: Immaculate_Conception

title: Immaculate_Conception

text: The

text: doctrine

text: of

text: the

text: immaculate

text: conception

text: Mary

text: being

text: conceived

text: free

text: from

text: original

text: sin

text: is

text: not

text: to

text: be

text: confused

text: with

text: her

text: virginal

text: conception

text: of

text: her

text: son

text: Jesus

text: This

text: misunderstanding

text: of

text: the

text: term

text: immaculate

text: conception

text: is

text: frequently

text: met

text: in

text: the

text: mass

text: media

text: Catholics

text: believe

text: that

text: Mary

text: was

text: not

text: the

text: product

text: of

text: a

text: virginal

text: conception

text: herself

text: but

text: was

text: the

text: daughter

text: of

text: a

text: human

text: father

text: and

text: mother

text: traditionally

text: known

text: by

text: the

text: names

text: of

text: Saint

text: Joachim

text: and

text: Saint

text: Anne

text: In

text: the

text: Holy

text: See

text: condemned

text: the

text: belief

text: that

text: Mary

text: was

text: virginally

text: conceived

text: which

text: had

text: been

text: a

text: belief

text: surfacing

text: occasionally

text: since

text: the

text: century

text: The

text: Church

text: celebrates

text: the

text: Feast

text: of

text: the

text: Immaculate

text: Conception

text: when

text: Mary

text: was

text: conceived

text: free

text: from

text: original

text: sin

text: on

text: December

text: exactly

text: nine

text: months

text: before

text: celebrating

text: the

text: Nativity

text: of

text: Mary

text: The

text: feast

text: of

text: the

text: Annunciation

text: which

text: commemorates

text: the

text: virginal

text: conception

text: and

text: the

text: Incarnation

text: of

text: Jesus

text: is

text: celebrated

text: on

text: March

text: nine

text: months

text: before

text: Christmas

text: Day

question: Is the view of the impregnation of Mary's pregnancy the same as the one held for the birth of her first child ?

answer: doctrine of the immaculate conception (Mary being conceived free from original sin) is not to be confused with her virginal conception of her son Jesus

text: doctrine of the immaculate conception (Mary being conceived free from original sin) is not to be confused with her virginal conception of her son Jesus

question: What is the view held at the Vatican regarding how Mary was actually given life into the world ?

answer: Catholics believe that Mary was not the product of a virginal conception herself but was the daughter of a human father and mother

text: Catholics believe that Mary was not the product of a virginal conception herself but was the daughter of a human father and mother

question: When did these contradictory views start to emerge ?

answer: since the 4th century

text: since the 4th century

question: When were contradictory views to  the belief of Mary's parentage struck down ?

answer: 1677, the Holy See condemned the belief that Mary was virginally conceived,

text: 1677, the Holy See condemned the belief that Mary was virginally conceived,

question: Who were the parents of Mary believed to be ?

answer: Saint Joachim and Saint Anne

text: Saint Joachim and Saint Anne


text: New Zealander George Hudson proposed the modern idea of daylight saving in 1895. Germany and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on 30 April 1916. Many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s.

title: Daylight_saving_time

title: Daylight_saving_time

text: New

text: Zealander

text: George

text: Hudson

text: proposed

text: the

text: modern

text: idea

text: of

text: daylight

text: saving

text: in

text: Germany

text: and

text: Austria

text: Hungary

text: organized

text: the

text: first

text: nationwide

text: implementation

text: starting

text: on

text: April

text: Many

text: countries

text: have

text: used

text: it

text: at

text: various

text: times

text: since

text: then

text: particularly

text: since

text: the

text: energy

text: crisis

text: of

text: the

question: Who first suggested daylight saving?

answer: George Hudson

text: George Hudson

question: From what country did George Hudson hail?

answer: New Zealand

text: New Zealand

question: In what year was modern daylight saving first proposed?

answer: 1895

question: Besides Austria-Hungary, what country first put DST into effect?

answer: Germany

text: Germany


text: USB was designed to standardize the connection of computer peripherals (including keyboards, pointing devices, digital cameras, printers, portable media players, disk drives and network adapters) to personal computers, both to communicate and to supply electric power. It has become commonplace on other devices, such as smartphones, PDAs and video game consoles. USB has effectively replaced a variety of earlier interfaces, such as serial and parallel ports, as well as separate power chargers for portable devices.

title: USB

title: USB

text: USB

text: was

text: designed

text: to

text: standardize

text: the

text: connection

text: of

text: computer

text: peripherals

text: including

text: keyboards

text: pointing

text: devices

text: digital

text: cameras

text: printers

text: portable

text: media

text: players

text: disk

text: drives

text: and

text: network

text: adapters

text: to

text: personal

text: computers

text: both

text: to

text: communicate

text: and

text: to

text: supply

text: electric

text: power

text: It

text: has

text: become

text: commonplace

text: on

text: other

text: devices

text: such

text: as

text: smartphones

text: PDAs

text: and

text: video

text: game

text: consoles

text: USB

text: has

text: effectively

text: replaced

text: a

text: variety

text: of

text: earlier

text: interfaces

text: such

text: as

text: serial

text: and

text: parallel

text: ports

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: separate

text: power

text: chargers

text: for

text: portable

text: devices

question: What was designed to standardize the connection of computer peripherals?

answer: USB

text: USB

question: USB has become what on other devices?

answer: commonplace

text: commonplace

question: What has USB effectively replaced?

answer: a variety of earlier interfaces

text: a variety of earlier interfaces


text: Comprehensive schools were introduced into Ireland in 1966 by an initiative by Patrick Hillery, Minister for Education, to give a broader range of education compared to that of the vocational school system, which was then the only system of schools completely controlled by the state. Until then, education in Ireland was largely dominated by religious persuasion, particularly the voluntary secondary school system was a particular realisation of this. The comprehensive school system is still relatively small and to an extent has been superseded by the community school concept. The Irish word for a comprehensive school is a 'scoil chuimsitheach.'

title: Comprehensive_school

title: Comprehensive_school

text: Comprehensive

text: schools

text: were

text: introduced

text: into

text: Ireland

text: in

text: by

text: an

text: initiative

text: by

text: Patrick

text: Hillery

text: Minister

text: for

text: Education

text: to

text: give

text: a

text: broader

text: range

text: of

text: education

text: compared

text: to

text: that

text: of

text: the

text: vocational

text: school

text: system

text: which

text: was

text: then

text: the

text: only

text: system

text: of

text: schools

text: completely

text: controlled

text: by

text: the

text: state

text: Until

text: then

text: education

text: in

text: Ireland

text: was

text: largely

text: dominated

text: by

text: religious

text: persuasion

text: particularly

text: the

text: voluntary

text: secondary

text: school

text: system

text: was

text: a

text: particular

text: realisation

text: of

text: this

text: The

text: comprehensive

text: school

text: system

text: is

text: still

text: relatively

text: small

text: and

text: to

text: an

text: extent

text: has

text: been

text: superseded

text: by

text: the

text: community

text: school

text: concept

text: The

text: Irish

text: word

text: for

text: a

text: comprehensive

text: school

text: is

text: a

text: scoil

text: chuimsitheach

question: When did Ireland first open comprehensive schools?

answer: 1966

question: Who was responsible for creating comprehensive schools in Ireland?

answer: Patrick Hillery

text: Patrick Hillery

question: What was the only state-run educational system in Ireland prior to comprehensive schools?

answer: vocational school system

text: vocational school system

question: What type of school has surpassed comprehensive schools in Ireland?

answer: community school

text: community school


text: The staple foods were generally consumed around 11 o'clock, and consisted of bread, lettuce, cheese, fruits, nuts, and cold meat left over from the dinner the night before.[citation needed] The Roman poet Horace mentions another Roman favorite, the olive, in reference to his own diet, which he describes as very simple: "As for me, olives, endives, and smooth mallows provide sustenance." The family ate together, sitting on stools around a table. Fingers were used to eat solid foods and spoons were used for soups.[citation needed]

title: Roman_Republic

title: Roman_Republic

text: The

text: staple

text: foods

text: were

text: generally

text: consumed

text: around

text: o'clock

text: and

text: consisted

text: of

text: bread

text: lettuce

text: cheese

text: fruits

text: nuts

text: and

text: cold

text: meat

text: left

text: over

text: from

text: the

text: dinner

text: the

text: night

text: before.[citation

text: needed

text: The

text: Roman

text: poet

text: Horace

text: mentions

text: another

text: Roman

text: favorite

text: the

text: olive

text: in

text: reference

text: to

text: his

text: own

text: diet

text: which

text: he

text: describes

text: as

text: very

text: simple

text: As

text: for

text: me

text: olives

text: endives

text: and

text: smooth

text: mallows

text: provide

text: sustenance

text: The

text: family

text: ate

text: together

text: sitting

text: on

text: stools

text: around

text: a

text: table

text: Fingers

text: were

text: used

text: to

text: eat

text: solid

text: foods

text: and

text: spoons

text: were

text: used

text: for

text: soups.[citation

text: needed

question: When were the staple foods in the Roman republic typically eaten at?

answer: 11 o'clock

text: 11 o'clock

question: What did people in the Roman Republic use to consume solid foods?

answer: Fingers were used

text: Fingers were used

question: What type of food was cheese considered to be in Rome?

answer: staple

text: staple

question: What form of expression did the Roman Horace practice?

answer: poet

text: poet

question: What did Romans sit on when they had a meal at home?

answer: stools

text: stools


text: The uneasy alliance of Carranza, Obregón, Villa, and Zapata eventually led the rebels to victory. The fight against Huerta formally ended on August 15, 1914, when Álvaro Obregón signed a number of treaties in Teoloyucan in which the last of Huerta's forces surrendered to him and recognized the constitutional government. On August 20, 1914, Carranza made a triumphal entry into Mexico City. Carranza (supported by Obregón) was now the strongest candidate to fill the power vacuum and set himself up as head of the new government. This government successfully printed money, passed laws, etc.

title: Chihuahua_(state)

title: Chihuahua_(state

text: The

text: uneasy

text: alliance

text: of

text: Carranza

text: Obregón

text: Villa

text: and

text: Zapata

text: eventually

text: led

text: the

text: rebels

text: to

text: victory

text: The

text: fight

text: against

text: Huerta

text: formally

text: ended

text: on

text: August

text: when

text: Álvaro

text: Obregón

text: signed

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: treaties

text: in

text: Teoloyucan

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: last

text: of

text: Huerta

text: 's

text: forces

text: surrendered

text: to

text: him

text: and

text: recognized

text: the

text: constitutional

text: government

text: On

text: August

text: Carranza

text: made

text: a

text: triumphal

text: entry

text: into

text: Mexico

text: City

text: Carranza

text: supported

text: by

text: Obregón

text: was

text: now

text: the

text: strongest

text: candidate

text: to

text: fill

text: the

text: power

text: vacuum

text: and

text: set

text: himself

text: up

text: as

text: head

text: of

text: the

text: new

text: government

text: This

text: government

text: successfully

text: printed

text: money

text: passed

text: laws

text: etc

question: The uneasy alliance between whom eventually won rebels the victory?

answer: Carranza, Obregón, Villa, and Zapata

text: Carranza, Obregón, Villa, and Zapata

question: The fight against Huerta formally ended on which date?

answer: August 15, 1914

text: August 15, 1914

question: In which city did Obregon sign a number of treaties?

answer: Teoloyucan

text: Teoloyucan

question: Who made a triumphant entry into Mexico City on August 20, 1914?

answer: Carranza

text: Carranza


text: The precepts are not formulated as imperatives, but as training rules that laypeople undertake voluntarily to facilitate practice. In Buddhist thought, the cultivation of dana and ethical conduct themselves refine consciousness to such a level that rebirth in one of the lower heavens is likely, even if there is no further Buddhist practice. There is nothing improper or un-Buddhist about limiting one's aims to this level of attainment.

title: Buddhism

title: Buddhism

text: The

text: precepts

text: are

text: not

text: formulated

text: as

text: imperatives

text: but

text: as

text: training

text: rules

text: that

text: laypeople

text: undertake

text: voluntarily

text: to

text: facilitate

text: practice

text: In

text: Buddhist

text: thought

text: the

text: cultivation

text: of

text: dana

text: and

text: ethical

text: conduct

text: themselves

text: refine

text: consciousness

text: to

text: such

text: a

text: level

text: that

text: rebirth

text: in

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: lower

text: heavens

text: is

text: likely

text: even

text: if

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: further

text: Buddhist

text: practice

text: There

text: is

text: nothing

text: improper

text: or

text: un

text: Buddhist

text: about

text: limiting

text: one

text: 's

text: aims

text: to

text: this

text: level

text: of

text: attainment

question: Precepts are not created as imperatives, but as what?

answer: training rules

text: training rules

question: The cultivation of dana and what kind of conduct refine consciousness?

answer: ethical

text: ethical

question: Even if there is no further Buddhist practice, what heavens is still likely?

answer: lower

text: lower


text: Because the universal acceptance of international laws which in 1948 defined and forbade genocide with the promulgation of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG), those criminals who were prosecuted after the war in international courts for taking part in the Holocaust were found guilty of crimes against humanity and other more specific crimes like murder. Nevertheless, the Holocaust is universally recognized to have been a genocide and the term, that had been coined the year before by Raphael Lemkin, appeared in the indictment of the 24 Nazi leaders, Count 3, which stated that all the defendants had "conducted deliberate and systematic genocide—namely, the extermination of racial and national groups..."

title: Genocide

title: Genocide

text: Because

text: the

text: universal

text: acceptance

text: of

text: international

text: laws

text: which

text: in

text: defined

text: and

text: forbade

text: genocide

text: with

text: the

text: promulgation

text: of

text: the

text: Convention

text: on

text: the

text: Prevention

text: and

text: Punishment

text: of

text: the

text: Crime

text: of

text: Genocide

text: CPPCG

text: those

text: criminals

text: who

text: were

text: prosecuted

text: after

text: the

text: war

text: in

text: international

text: courts

text: for

text: taking

text: part

text: in

text: the

text: Holocaust

text: were

text: found

text: guilty

text: of

text: crimes

text: against

text: humanity

text: and

text: other

text: more

text: specific

text: crimes

text: like

text: murder

text: Nevertheless

text: the

text: Holocaust

text: is

text: universally

text: recognized

text: to

text: have

text: been

text: a

text: genocide

text: and

text: the

text: term

text: that

text: had

text: been

text: coined

text: the

text: year

text: before

text: by

text: Raphael

text: Lemkin

text: appeared

text: in

text: the

text: indictment

text: of

text: the

text: Nazi

text: leaders

text: Count

text: which

text: stated

text: that

text: all

text: the

text: defendants

text: had

text: conducted

text: deliberate

text: and

text: systematic

text: genocide

text: namely

text: the

text: extermination

text: of

text: racial

text: and

text: national

text: groups

question: In 1948 the worldwide acceptance of international laws that defined and forbade genocide was promulgated by which treaty?

answer: Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide

text: Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide

question: Perpetrators who were tried after World War II were in general found guilty of crimes against what?

answer: humanity

text: humanity

question: An example of a more specific genocidal crime of which one could be accused was what?

answer: crimes like murder

text: crimes like murder

question: After WWII criminals were largely prosecuted under CPPCG for their involvement in what massive genocidal effort?

answer: the Holocaust

text: the Holocaust

question: Who is notable for coining the term "Holocaust?"

answer: Raphael Lemkin

text: Raphael Lemkin


text: There has been increasing controversy surrounding pharmaceutical marketing and influence. There have been accusations and findings of influence on doctors and other health professionals through drug reps, including the constant provision of marketing 'gifts' and biased information to health professionals; highly prevalent advertising in journals and conferences; funding independent healthcare organizations and health promotion campaigns; lobbying physicians and politicians (more than any other industry in the US); sponsorship of medical schools or nurse training; sponsorship of continuing educational events, with influence on the curriculum; and hiring physicians as paid consultants on medical advisory boards.

title: Pharmaceutical_industry

title: Pharmaceutical_industry

text: There

text: has

text: been

text: increasing

text: controversy

text: surrounding

text: pharmaceutical

text: marketing

text: and

text: influence

text: There

text: have

text: been

text: accusations

text: and

text: findings

text: of

text: influence

text: on

text: doctors

text: and

text: other

text: health

text: professionals

text: through

text: drug

text: reps

text: including

text: the

text: constant

text: provision

text: of

text: marketing

text: gifts

text: and

text: biased

text: information

text: to

text: health

text: professionals

text: highly

text: prevalent

text: advertising

text: in

text: journals

text: and

text: conferences

text: funding

text: independent

text: healthcare

text: organizations

text: and

text: health

text: promotion

text: campaigns

text: lobbying

text: physicians

text: and

text: politicians

text: more

text: than

text: any

text: other

text: industry

text: in

text: the

text: US

text: sponsorship

text: of

text: medical

text: schools

text: or

text: nurse

text: training

text: sponsorship

text: of

text: continuing

text: educational

text: events

text: with

text: influence

text: on

text: the

text: curriculum

text: and

text: hiring

text: physicians

text: as

text: paid

text: consultants

text: on

text: medical

text: advisory

text: boards

question: Drug reps have been accused of giving what to health professionals?

answer: 'gifts' and biased information

text: 'gifts' and biased information

question: Drug marketers have hired who as paid consultants?

answer: physicians

text: physicians

question: What publications can drug ads be commonly found?

answer: journals and conferences

text: journals and conferences


text: The Rajpath which was built similar to the Champs-Élysées in Paris is the ceremonial boulevard for the Republic of India located in New Delhi. The annual Republic Day parade takes place here on 26 January.

title: New_Delhi

title: New_Delhi

text: The

text: Rajpath

text: which

text: was

text: built

text: similar

text: to

text: the

text: Champs

text: Élysées

text: in

text: Paris

text: is

text: the

text: ceremonial

text: boulevard

text: for

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: India

text: located

text: in

text: New

text: Delhi

text: The

text: annual

text: Republic

text: Day

text: parade

text: takes

text: place

text: here

text: on

text: January

question: The Rajpath was constructed similarly to what famous Parisian street?

answer: the Champs-Élysées

text: the Champs-Élysées

question: What is the name of the ceremonial boulevard for the Republic of India in New Delhi?

answer: The Rajpath

text: The Rajpath

question: On what boulevard does the Republic Day parade take place each year?

answer: The Rajpath

text: The Rajpath

question: What annual parade takes place on the Rajpath each January?

answer: Republic Day parade

text: Republic Day parade

question: On which date is the annual Republic Day parade held in New Delhi?

answer: 26 January

text: 26 January


text: The first Armenian churches were built between the 4th and 7th century, beginning when Armenia converted to Christianity, and ending with the Arab invasion of Armenia. The early churches were mostly simple basilicas, but some with side apses. By the fifth century the typical cupola cone in the center had become widely used. By the seventh century, centrally planned churches had been built and a more complicated niched buttress and radiating Hrip'simé style had formed. By the time of the Arab invasion, most of what we now know as classical Armenian architecture had formed.

title: Armenians

title: Armenians

text: The

text: first

text: Armenian

text: churches

text: were

text: built

text: between

text: the

text: and

text: century

text: beginning

text: when

text: Armenia

text: converted

text: to

text: Christianity

text: and

text: ending

text: with

text: the

text: Arab

text: invasion

text: of

text: Armenia

text: The

text: early

text: churches

text: were

text: mostly

text: simple

text: basilicas

text: but

text: some

text: with

text: side

text: apses

text: By

text: the

text: fifth

text: century

text: the

text: typical

text: cupola

text: cone

text: in

text: the

text: center

text: had

text: become

text: widely

text: used

text: By

text: the

text: seventh

text: century

text: centrally

text: planned

text: churches

text: had

text: been

text: built

text: and

text: a

text: more

text: complicated

text: niched

text: buttress

text: and

text: radiating

text: Hrip'simé

text: style

text: had

text: formed

text: By

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: the

text: Arab

text: invasion

text: most

text: of

text: what

text: we

text: now

text: know

text: as

text: classical

text: Armenian

text: architecture

text: had

text: formed

question: When were early Armenian Christian churches built?

answer: between the 4th and 7th century

text: between the 4th and 7th century

question: In which century did Armenia become Christian?

answer: 4th

question: What radiating style are some Armenian churches built with?

answer: Hrip'simé

text: Hrip'simé

question: When were Armenian churches built with center cupola cones?

answer: fifth century

text: fifth century

question: When were Armenian churches built with niched buttresses?

answer: seventh century

text: seventh century


text: While textual criticism developed into a discipline of thorough analysis of the Bible — both the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament — scholars also use it to determine the original content of classic texts, such as Plato's Republic. There are far fewer witnesses to classical texts than to the Bible, so scholars can use stemmatics and, in some cases, copy text editing. However, unlike the New Testament where the earliest witnesses are within 200 years of the original, the earliest existing manuscripts of most classical texts were written about a millennium after their composition. All things being equal, textual scholars expect that a larger time gap between an original and a manuscript means more changes in the text.

title: Textual_criticism

title: Textual_criticism

text: While

text: textual

text: criticism

text: developed

text: into

text: a

text: discipline

text: of

text: thorough

text: analysis

text: of

text: the

text: Bible

text: both

text: the

text: Hebrew

text: Bible

text: and

text: the

text: New

text: Testament

text: scholars

text: also

text: use

text: it

text: to

text: determine

text: the

text: original

text: content

text: of

text: classic

text: texts

text: such

text: as

text: Plato

text: 's

text: Republic

text: There

text: are

text: far

text: fewer

text: witnesses

text: to

text: classical

text: texts

text: than

text: to

text: the

text: Bible

text: so

text: scholars

text: can

text: use

text: stemmatics

text: and

text: in

text: some

text: cases

text: copy

text: text

text: editing

text: However

text: unlike

text: the

text: New

text: Testament

text: where

text: the

text: earliest

text: witnesses

text: are

text: within

text: years

text: of

text: the

text: original

text: the

text: earliest

text: existing

text: manuscripts

text: of

text: most

text: classical

text: texts

text: were

text: written

text: about

text: a

text: millennium

text: after

text: their

text: composition

text: All

text: things

text: being

text: equal

text: textual

text: scholars

text: expect

text: that

text: a

text: larger

text: time

text: gap

text: between

text: an

text: original

text: and

text: a

text: manuscript

text: means

text: more

text: changes

text: in

text: the

text: text

question: Does the Bible or Plato's Republic have more witnesses?

answer: There are far fewer witnesses to classical texts than to the Bible

text: There are far fewer witnesses to classical texts than to the Bible

question: What's the gap between original Christian texts and subsequent editions of the same works?

answer: within 200 years

text: within 200 years

question: What's the gap between original classical texts and subsequent editions of the same works?

answer: about a millennium after their composition

text: about a millennium after their composition

question: How does the expanse of time correlate to authenticity with regard to original and subsequent versions of texts?

answer: a larger time gap between an original and a manuscript means more changes in the text.

text: a larger time gap between an original and a manuscript means more changes in the text.


text: Phage therapy is another option that is being looked into for treating resistant strains of bacteria. The way that researchers are doing this is by infecting pathogenic bacteria with their own viruses, more specifically, bacteriophages. Bacteriophages, also known simply as phages, are precisely bacterial viruses that infect bacteria by disrupting pathogenic bacterium lytic cycles. By disrupting the lytic cycles of bacterium, phages destroy their metabolism, which eventually results in the cell's death. Phages will insert their DNA into the bacterium, allowing their DNA to be transcribed. Once their DNA is transcribed the cell will proceed to make new phages and as soon as they are ready to be released, the cell will lyse. One of the worries about using phages to fight pathogens is that the phages will infect "good" bacteria, or the bacteria that are important in the everyday function of human beings. However, studies have proven that phages are very specific when they target bacteria, which makes researchers confident that bacteriophage therapy is the definite route to defeating antibiotic resistant bacteria.

title: Antibiotics

title: Antibiotics

text: Phage

text: therapy

text: is

text: another

text: option

text: that

text: is

text: being

text: looked

text: into

text: for

text: treating

text: resistant

text: strains

text: of

text: bacteria

text: The

text: way

text: that

text: researchers

text: are

text: doing

text: this

text: is

text: by

text: infecting

text: pathogenic

text: bacteria

text: with

text: their

text: own

text: viruses

text: more

text: specifically

text: bacteriophages

text: Bacteriophages

text: also

text: known

text: simply

text: as

text: phages

text: are

text: precisely

text: bacterial

text: viruses

text: that

text: infect

text: bacteria

text: by

text: disrupting

text: pathogenic

text: bacterium

text: lytic

text: cycles

text: By

text: disrupting

text: the

text: lytic

text: cycles

text: of

text: bacterium

text: phages

text: destroy

text: their

text: metabolism

text: which

text: eventually

text: results

text: in

text: the

text: cell

text: 's

text: death

text: Phages

text: will

text: insert

text: their

text: DNA

text: into

text: the

text: bacterium

text: allowing

text: their

text: DNA

text: to

text: be

text: transcribed

text: Once

text: their

text: DNA

text: is

text: transcribed

text: the

text: cell

text: will

text: proceed

text: to

text: make

text: new

text: phages

text: and

text: as

text: soon

text: as

text: they

text: are

text: ready

text: to

text: be

text: released

text: the

text: cell

text: will

text: lyse

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: worries

text: about

text: using

text: phages

text: to

text: fight

text: pathogens

text: is

text: that

text: the

text: phages

text: will

text: infect

text: good

text: bacteria

text: or

text: the

text: bacteria

text: that

text: are

text: important

text: in

text: the

text: everyday

text: function

text: of

text: human

text: beings

text: However

text: studies

text: have

text: proven

text: that

text: phages

text: are

text: very

text: specific

text: when

text: they

text: target

text: bacteria

text: which

text: makes

text: researchers

text: confident

text: that

text: bacteriophage

text: therapy

text: is

text: the

text: definite

text: route

text: to

text: defeating

text: antibiotic

text: resistant

text: bacteria

question: What has been talked about to treat resistant bacteria?

answer: Phage therapy

text: Phage therapy

question: How have researchers been doing this?

answer: infecting pathogenic bacteria

text: infecting pathogenic bacteria

question: What is a worry of using phages?

answer: phages will infect "good" bacteria

text: phages will infect "good" bacteria


text: Because of the sudden loss of the New Orleans franchise, the league announced in October that the beginning of the free agency period would be delayed in order to accommodate a dispersal draft. Dates were eventually announced as December 2 for the dispersal draft and December 4 for free agency, but shortly before the draft the league issued a press release announcing the draft had been postponed one day to December 3. Shortly thereafter, another press release announced that the draft would be held on December 9 and free agency would commence on December 11. However, the draft still never took place, and instead another press release was issued stating that both the draft and free agency had been postponed indefinitely. Rumors began circulating that the league was in trouble and on the verge of folding, but owners denied those claims. It was soon revealed the players' union had agreed to cut the salary cap for the 2009 season to prevent a total cessation of operations. However, the announced Platinum Equity investment never materialized.

title: Arena_Football_League

title: Arena_Football_League

text: Because

text: of

text: the

text: sudden

text: loss

text: of

text: the

text: New

text: Orleans

text: franchise

text: the

text: league

text: announced

text: in

text: October

text: that

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: free

text: agency

text: period

text: would

text: be

text: delayed

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: accommodate

text: a

text: dispersal

text: draft

text: Dates

text: were

text: eventually

text: announced

text: as

text: December

text: for

text: the

text: dispersal

text: draft

text: and

text: December

text: for

text: free

text: agency

text: but

text: shortly

text: before

text: the

text: draft

text: the

text: league

text: issued

text: a

text: press

text: release

text: announcing

text: the

text: draft

text: had

text: been

text: postponed

text: one

text: day

text: to

text: December

text: Shortly

text: thereafter

text: another

text: press

text: release

text: announced

text: that

text: the

text: draft

text: would

text: be

text: held

text: on

text: December

text: and

text: free

text: agency

text: would

text: commence

text: on

text: December

text: However

text: the

text: draft

text: still

text: never

text: took

text: place

text: and

text: instead

text: another

text: press

text: release

text: was

text: issued

text: stating

text: that

text: both

text: the

text: draft

text: and

text: free

text: agency

text: had

text: been

text: postponed

text: indefinitely

text: Rumors

text: began

text: circulating

text: that

text: the

text: league

text: was

text: in

text: trouble

text: and

text: on

text: the

text: verge

text: of

text: folding

text: but

text: owners

text: denied

text: those

text: claims

text: It

text: was

text: soon

text: revealed

text: the

text: players

text: union

text: had

text: agreed

text: to

text: cut

text: the

text: salary

text: cap

text: for

text: the

text: season

text: to

text: prevent

text: a

text: total

text: cessation

text: of

text: operations

text: However

text: the

text: announced

text: Platinum

text: Equity

text: investment

text: never

text: materialized

question: On what date was the dispersal draft first scheduled to occur?

answer: December 2

text: December 2

question: To what date was the dispersal draft first delayed?

answer: December 3

text: December 3

question: After the second delay, when was the dispersal draft schedule to occur?

answer: December 9

text: December 9

question: When was free agency first scheduled to begin?

answer: December 4

text: December 4

question: When was free agency scheduled to begin after the delay?

answer: December 11

text: December 11


text: BYU mandates that its students who are members of the LDS Church be religiously active. Both LDS and Non-LDS students are required to provide an endorsement from an ecclesiastic leader with their application for admittance. Over 900 rooms on BYU campus are used for the purposes of LDS Church congregations. More than 150 congregations meet on BYU campus each Sunday. "BYU's campus becomes one of the busiest and largest centers of worship in the world" with about 24,000 persons attending church services on campus.

title: Brigham_Young_University

title: Brigham_Young_University

text: BYU

text: mandates

text: that

text: its

text: students

text: who

text: are

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: LDS

text: Church

text: be

text: religiously

text: active

text: Both

text: LDS

text: and

text: Non

text: LDS

text: students

text: are

text: required

text: to

text: provide

text: an

text: endorsement

text: from

text: an

text: ecclesiastic

text: leader

text: with

text: their

text: application

text: for

text: admittance

text: Over

text: rooms

text: on

text: BYU

text: campus

text: are

text: used

text: for

text: the

text: purposes

text: of

text: LDS

text: Church

text: congregations

text: More

text: than

text: congregations

text: meet

text: on

text: BYU

text: campus

text: each

text: Sunday

text: BYU

text: 's

text: campus

text: becomes

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: busiest

text: and

text: largest

text: centers

text: of

text: worship

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: with

text: about

text: persons

text: attending

text: church

text: services

text: on

text: campus

question: What does BYU mandate of it's student members of the LDS Church to be?

answer: religiously active

text: religiously active

question: Who are both LDS and Non-LDS students required to provide an endorsement from upon submitting their application?

answer: an ecclesiastic leader

text: an ecclesiastic leader

question: How many BYU campus rooms are used for the purposes of LDS Church congregations?

answer: Over 900

text: Over 900

question: How many congregations meet on the BYU campus every Sunday?

answer: More than 150

text: More than 150

question: Approximately how many people attend church services on BYU's campus?

answer: 24,000


text: Many rodents such as voles live underground. Marmots live almost exclusively above the tree line as high as 2,700 m (8,858 ft). They hibernate in large groups to provide warmth, and can be found in all areas of the Alps, in large colonies they build beneath the alpine pastures. Golden eagles and bearded vultures are the largest birds to be found in the Alps; they nest high on rocky ledges and can be found at altitudes of 2,400 m (7,874 ft). The most common bird is the alpine chough which can be found scavenging at climber's huts or at the Jungfraujoch, a high altitude tourist destination.

title: Alps

title: Alps

text: Many

text: rodents

text: such

text: as

text: voles

text: live

text: underground

text: Marmots

text: live

text: almost

text: exclusively

text: above

text: the

text: tree

text: line

text: as

text: high

text: as

text: m

text: ft

text: They

text: hibernate

text: in

text: large

text: groups

text: to

text: provide

text: warmth

text: and

text: can

text: be

text: found

text: in

text: all

text: areas

text: of

text: the

text: Alps

text: in

text: large

text: colonies

text: they

text: build

text: beneath

text: the

text: alpine

text: pastures

text: Golden

text: eagles

text: and

text: bearded

text: vultures

text: are

text: the

text: largest

text: birds

text: to

text: be

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: Alps

text: they

text: nest

text: high

text: on

text: rocky

text: ledges

text: and

text: can

text: be

text: found

text: at

text: altitudes

text: of

text: m

text: ft

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: bird

text: is

text: the

text: alpine

text: chough

text: which

text: can

text: be

text: found

text: scavenging

text: at

text: climber

text: 's

text: huts

text: or

text: at

text: the

text: Jungfraujoch

text: a

text: high

text: altitude

text: tourist

text: destination

question: Where do many rodents live?

answer: underground

text: underground

question: Where do Marmots live?

answer: almost exclusively above the tree line as high as 2,700 m (8,858 ft)

text: almost exclusively above the tree line as high as 2,700 m (8,858 ft)

question: Where do marmots build their colonies?

answer: beneath the alpine pastures

text: beneath the alpine pastures

question: What is the most common bird found in the Alps?

answer: the alpine chough

text: the alpine chough


text: Unlike many religions, Buddhism has no single central text that is universally referred to by all traditions. However, some scholars have referred to the Vinaya Pitaka and the first four Nikayas of the Sutta Pitaka as the common core of all Buddhist traditions.[page needed] This could be considered misleading, as Mahāyāna considers these merely a preliminary, and not a core, teaching. The Tibetan Buddhists have not even translated most of the āgamas (though theoretically they recognize them) and they play no part in the religious life of either clergy or laity in China and Japan. Other scholars say there is no universally accepted common core. The size and complexity of the Buddhist canons have been seen by some (including Buddhist social reformer Babasaheb Ambedkar) as presenting barriers to the wider understanding of Buddhist philosophy.

title: Buddhism

title: Buddhism

text: Unlike

text: many

text: religions

text: Buddhism

text: has

text: no

text: single

text: central

text: text

text: that

text: is

text: universally

text: referred

text: to

text: by

text: all

text: traditions

text: However

text: some

text: scholars

text: have

text: referred

text: to

text: the

text: Vinaya

text: Pitaka

text: and

text: the

text: first

text: four

text: Nikayas

text: of

text: the

text: Sutta

text: Pitaka

text: as

text: the

text: common

text: core

text: of

text: all

text: Buddhist

text: traditions.[page

text: needed

text: This

text: could

text: be

text: considered

text: misleading

text: as

text: Mahāyāna

text: considers

text: these

text: merely

text: a

text: preliminary

text: and

text: not

text: a

text: core

text: teaching

text: The

text: Tibetan

text: Buddhists

text: have

text: not

text: even

text: translated

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: āgamas

text: though

text: theoretically

text: they

text: recognize

text: them

text: and

text: they

text: play

text: no

text: part

text: in

text: the

text: religious

text: life

text: of

text: either

text: clergy

text: or

text: laity

text: in

text: China

text: and

text: Japan

text: Other

text: scholars

text: say

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: universally

text: accepted

text: common

text: core

text: The

text: size

text: and

text: complexity

text: of

text: the

text: Buddhist

text: canons

text: have

text: been

text: seen

text: by

text: some

text: including

text: Buddhist

text: social

text: reformer

text: Babasaheb

text: Ambedkar

text: as

text: presenting

text: barriers

text: to

text: the

text: wider

text: understanding

text: of

text: Buddhist

text: philosophy

question: Unlike most religions, Buddhism has no single central what?

answer: text

text: text

question: Tibetan Buddhists have not even translated most of the what?

answer: āgamas

text: āgamas

question: Some scholars say there is no universally accepted common what?

answer: core

text: core

question: What has been seen by some as a hinderance to understanding Buddhist philosophy?

answer: size and complexity of the Buddhist canons

text: size and complexity of the Buddhist canons


text: Kerry told Christianity Today in October 2004 "I'm a Catholic and I practice, but at the same time I have an open-mindedness to many other expressions of spirituality that come through different religions... I've spent some time reading and thinking about religion and trying to study it, and I've arrived at not so much a sense of the differences, but a sense of the similarities in so many ways." He said that he believed that the Torah, the Qur'an, and the Bible all share a fundamental story which connects with readers.

title: John_Kerry

title: John_Kerry

text: Kerry

text: told

text: Christianity

text: Today

text: in

text: October

text: I

text: 'm

text: a

text: Catholic

text: and

text: I

text: practice

text: but

text: at

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: I

text: have

text: an

text: open

text: mindedness

text: to

text: many

text: other

text: expressions

text: of

text: spirituality

text: that

text: come

text: through

text: different

text: religions

text: I

text: 've

text: spent

text: some

text: time

text: reading

text: and

text: thinking

text: about

text: religion

text: and

text: trying

text: to

text: study

text: it

text: and

text: I

text: 've

text: arrived

text: at

text: not

text: so

text: much

text: a

text: sense

text: of

text: the

text: differences

text: but

text: a

text: sense

text: of

text: the

text: similarities

text: in

text: so

text: many

text: ways

text: He

text: said

text: that

text: he

text: believed

text: that

text: the

text: Torah

text: the

text: Qur'an

text: and

text: the

text: Bible

text: all

text: share

text: a

text: fundamental

text: story

text: which

text: connects

text: with

text: readers

question: Who interviewed Kerry in Oct 2004 about his religion?

answer: Christianity Today

text: Christianity Today

question: What did Kerry tell Christianity Today that he is open-minded to?

answer: many other expressions of spirituality that come through different religions

text: many other expressions of spirituality that come through different religions

question: What did Kerry say about major religious texts?

answer: he believed that the Torah, the Qur'an, and the Bible all share a fundamental story

text: he believed that the Torah, the Qur'an, and the Bible all share a fundamental story


text: While the French army under General MacMahon engaged the German 3rd Army at the Battle of Wörth, the German 1st Army under Steinmetz finished their advance west from Saarbrücken. A patrol from the German 2nd Army under Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia spotted decoy fires close and Frossard's army farther off on a distant plateau south of the town of Spicheren, and took this as a sign of Frossard's retreat. Ignoring Moltke's plan again, both German armies attacked Frossard's French 2nd Corps, fortified between Spicheren and Forbach.

title: Franco-Prussian_War

title: Franco

title: Prussian_War

text: While

text: the

text: French

text: army

text: under

text: General

text: MacMahon

text: engaged

text: the

text: German

text: Army

text: at

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Wörth

text: the

text: German

text: Army

text: under

text: Steinmetz

text: finished

text: their

text: advance

text: west

text: from

text: Saarbrücken

text: A

text: patrol

text: from

text: the

text: German

text: Army

text: under

text: Prince

text: Friedrich

text: Karl

text: of

text: Prussia

text: spotted

text: decoy

text: fires

text: close

text: and

text: Frossard

text: 's

text: army

text: farther

text: off

text: on

text: a

text: distant

text: plateau

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: town

text: of

text: Spicheren

text: and

text: took

text: this

text: as

text: a

text: sign

text: of

text: Frossard

text: 's

text: retreat

text: Ignoring

text: Moltke

text: 's

text: plan

text: again

text: both

text: German

text: armies

text: attacked

text: Frossard

text: 's

text: French

text: Corps

text: fortified

text: between

text: Spicheren

text: and

text: Forbach

question: Who commanded the French army at the battle of Worth?

answer: General MacMahon

text: General MacMahon

question: Which German divisison did MacMahon engage?

answer: German 3rd Army

text: German 3rd Army

question: Who commanded the German 1st Army?

answer: Steinmetz

text: Steinmetz

question: What did a German patrol spot that led them to believe that Frossard had retreated?

answer: decoy fires

text: decoy fires

question: Whose plan did German armies ignore in attacking Frossard?

answer: Moltke's

text: Moltke's


text: The brains of all species are composed primarily of two broad classes of cells: neurons and glial cells. Glial cells (also known as glia or neuroglia) come in several types, and perform a number of critical functions, including structural support, metabolic support, insulation, and guidance of development. Neurons, however, are usually considered the most important cells in the brain. The property that makes neurons unique is their ability to send signals to specific target cells over long distances. They send these signals by means of an axon, which is a thin protoplasmic fiber that extends from the cell body and projects, usually with numerous branches, to other areas, sometimes nearby, sometimes in distant parts of the brain or body. The length of an axon can be extraordinary: for example, if a pyramidal cell, (an excitatory neuron) of the cerebral cortex were magnified so that its cell body became the size of a human body, its axon, equally magnified, would become a cable a few centimeters in diameter, extending more than a kilometer. These axons transmit signals in the form of electrochemical pulses called action potentials, which last less than a thousandth of a second and travel along the axon at speeds of 1–100 meters per second. Some neurons emit action potentials constantly, at rates of 10–100 per second, usually in irregular patterns; other neurons are quiet most of the time, but occasionally emit a burst of action potentials.

title: Brain

title: Brain

text: The

text: brains

text: of

text: all

text: species

text: are

text: composed

text: primarily

text: of

text: two

text: broad

text: classes

text: of

text: cells

text: neurons

text: and

text: glial

text: cells

text: Glial

text: cells

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: glia

text: or

text: neuroglia

text: come

text: in

text: several

text: types

text: and

text: perform

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: critical

text: functions

text: including

text: structural

text: support

text: metabolic

text: support

text: insulation

text: and

text: guidance

text: of

text: development

text: Neurons

text: however

text: are

text: usually

text: considered

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: cells

text: in

text: the

text: brain

text: The

text: property

text: that

text: makes

text: neurons

text: unique

text: is

text: their

text: ability

text: to

text: send

text: signals

text: to

text: specific

text: target

text: cells

text: over

text: long

text: distances

text: They

text: send

text: these

text: signals

text: by

text: means

text: of

text: an

text: axon

text: which

text: is

text: a

text: thin

text: protoplasmic

text: fiber

text: that

text: extends

text: from

text: the

text: cell

text: body

text: and

text: projects

text: usually

text: with

text: numerous

text: branches

text: to

text: other

text: areas

text: sometimes

text: nearby

text: sometimes

text: in

text: distant

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: brain

text: or

text: body

text: The

text: length

text: of

text: an

text: axon

text: can

text: be

text: extraordinary

text: for

text: example

text: if

text: a

text: pyramidal

text: cell

text: an

text: excitatory

text: neuron

text: of

text: the

text: cerebral

text: cortex

text: were

text: magnified

text: so

text: that

text: its

text: cell

text: body

text: became

text: the

text: size

text: of

text: a

text: human

text: body

text: its

text: axon

text: equally

text: magnified

text: would

text: become

text: a

text: cable

text: a

text: few

text: centimeters

text: in

text: diameter

text: extending

text: more

text: than

text: a

text: kilometer

text: These

text: axons

text: transmit

text: signals

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: electrochemical

text: pulses

text: called

text: action

text: potentials

text: which

text: last

text: less

text: than

text: a

text: thousandth

text: of

text: a

text: second

text: and

text: travel

text: along

text: the

text: axon

text: at

text: speeds

text: of

text: meters

text: per

text: second

text: Some

text: neurons

text: emit

text: action

text: potentials

text: constantly

text: at

text: rates

text: of

text: per

text: second

text: usually

text: in

text: irregular

text: patterns

text: other

text: neurons

text: are

text: quiet

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: time

text: but

text: occasionally

text: emit

text: a

text: burst

text: of

text: action

text: potentials

question: Brains of organisms are made up mostly of what two classes of cells?

answer: neurons and glial cells

text: neurons and glial cells

question: Glial cells are also referred to as what?

answer: glia or neuroglia

text: glia or neuroglia

question: Which of the two broad classes of cells: neurons and glial cells send signals to other cells?

answer: neurons

text: neurons

question: Axons send signals that are named what?

answer: action potentials

text: action potentials

question: What is the typical speed that axons send their electrical signals?

answer: 1–100 meters per second

text: 1–100 meters per second


text: The central government estimates that over 7,000 inadequately engineered schoolrooms collapsed in the earthquake. Chinese citizens have since invented a catch phrase: "tofu-dregs schoolhouses" (Chinese: 豆腐渣校舍), to mock both the quality and the quantity of these inferior constructions that killed so many school children. Due to the one-child policy, many families lost their only child when schools in the region collapsed during the earthquake. Consequently, Sichuan provincial and local officials have lifted the restriction for families whose only child was either killed or severely injured in the disaster. So-called "illegal children" under 18 years of age may be registered as legal replacements for their dead siblings; if the dead child was illegal, no further outstanding fines would apply. Reimbursement would not, however, be offered for fines that were already levied.

title: 2008_Sichuan_earthquake

title: 2008_Sichuan_earthquake

text: The

text: central

text: government

text: estimates

text: that

text: over

text: inadequately

text: engineered

text: schoolrooms

text: collapsed

text: in

text: the

text: earthquake

text: Chinese

text: citizens

text: have

text: since

text: invented

text: a

text: catch

text: phrase

text: tofu

text: dregs

text: schoolhouses

text: Chinese

text: 豆腐渣校舍

text: to

text: mock

text: both

text: the

text: quality

text: and

text: the

text: quantity

text: of

text: these

text: inferior

text: constructions

text: that

text: killed

text: so

text: many

text: school

text: children

text: Due

text: to

text: the

text: one

text: child

text: policy

text: many

text: families

text: lost

text: their

text: only

text: child

text: when

text: schools

text: in

text: the

text: region

text: collapsed

text: during

text: the

text: earthquake

text: Consequently

text: Sichuan

text: provincial

text: and

text: local

text: officials

text: have

text: lifted

text: the

text: restriction

text: for

text: families

text: whose

text: only

text: child

text: was

text: either

text: killed

text: or

text: severely

text: injured

text: in

text: the

text: disaster

text: So

text: called

text: illegal

text: children

text: under

text: years

text: of

text: age

text: may

text: be

text: registered

text: as

text: legal

text: replacements

text: for

text: their

text: dead

text: siblings

text: if

text: the

text: dead

text: child

text: was

text: illegal

text: no

text: further

text: outstanding

text: fines

text: would

text: apply

text: Reimbursement

text: would

text: not

text: however

text: be

text: offered

text: for

text: fines

text: that

text: were

text: already

text: levied

question: How many schoolrooms collapsed in the quake?

answer: 7,000

question: What catch-phrase was invented as a result of collapsed schools?

answer: tofu-dregs schoolhouses

text: tofu-dregs schoolhouses

question: Why did so many schools collapse during the earthquake?

answer: inadequately engineered

text: inadequately engineered

question: What are the estimations of how many schoolrooms collapsed?

answer: over 7,000

text: over 7,000

question: What has the citizenry started calling these type of schools?

answer: tofu-dregs schoolhouses

text: tofu-dregs schoolhouses

question: What can illegal children be registered as in place of their dead siblings?

answer: legal replacements

text: legal replacements


text: Governments have seen alternates between Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and Indian National Congress (INC), no third front ever has become significant. In 2003, the state legislative assembly was won by the Indian National Congress and Virbhadra Singh was elected as the chief minister of the state. In the assembly elections held in December 2007, the BJP secured a landslide victory. The BJP won 41 of the 68 seats while the Congress won only 23 of the 68 seats. BJP's Prem Kumar Dhumal was sworn in as Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh on 30 December 2007.

title: Himachal_Pradesh

title: Himachal_Pradesh

text: Governments

text: have

text: seen

text: alternates

text: between

text: Bharatiya

text: Janata

text: Party

text: BJP

text: and

text: Indian

text: National

text: Congress

text: INC

text: no

text: third

text: front

text: ever

text: has

text: become

text: significant

text: In

text: the

text: state

text: legislative

text: assembly

text: was

text: won

text: by

text: the

text: Indian

text: National

text: Congress

text: and

text: Virbhadra

text: Singh

text: was

text: elected

text: as

text: the

text: chief

text: minister

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: In

text: the

text: assembly

text: elections

text: held

text: in

text: December

text: the

text: BJP

text: secured

text: a

text: landslide

text: victory

text: The

text: BJP

text: won

text: of

text: the

text: seats

text: while

text: the

text: Congress

text: won

text: only

text: of

text: the

text: seats

text: BJP

text: 's

text: Prem

text: Kumar

text: Dhumal

text: was

text: sworn

text: in

text: as

text: Chief

text: Minister

text: of

text: Himachal

text: Pradesh

text: on

text: December

question: Who was elected as chief minister of the state of India?

answer: Virbhadra Singh

text: Virbhadra Singh

question: How many seats did the BJP win?

answer: 41 of the 68 seats

text: 41 of the 68 seats

question: Who is BJP's Chief MInister of Himachal Pradesh?

answer: Prem Kumar Dhumal

text: Prem Kumar Dhumal

question: When did the BJP secure a landslide victory?

answer: December 2007

text: December 2007

question: When was he sworn in?

answer: 30 December 2007

text: 30 December 2007


text: Almost all of the composers who are described in music textbooks on classical music and whose works are widely performed as part of the standard concert repertoire are male composers, even though there has been a large number of women composers throughout the classical music period. Musicologist Marcia Citron has asked "[w]hy is music composed by women so marginal to the standard 'classical' repertoire?" Citron "examines the practices and attitudes that have led to the exclusion of women composers from the received 'canon' of performed musical works." She argues that in the 1800s, women composers typically wrote art songs for performance in small recitals rather than symphonies intended for performance with an orchestra in a large hall, with the latter works being seen as the most important genre for composers; since women composers did not write many symphonies, they were deemed to be not notable as composers. In the "...Concise Oxford History of Music, Clara Shumann  [sic] is one of the only  [sic] female composers mentioned." Abbey Philips states that "[d]uring the 20th century the women who were composing/playing gained far less attention than their male counterparts."

title: Classical_music

title: Classical_music

text: Almost

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: composers

text: who

text: are

text: described

text: in

text: music

text: textbooks

text: on

text: classical

text: music

text: and

text: whose

text: works

text: are

text: widely

text: performed

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: standard

text: concert

text: repertoire

text: are

text: male

text: composers

text: even

text: though

text: there

text: has

text: been

text: a

text: large

text: number

text: of

text: women

text: composers

text: throughout

text: the

text: classical

text: music

text: period

text: Musicologist

text: Marcia

text: Citron

text: has

text: asked

text: w]hy

text: is

text: music

text: composed

text: by

text: women

text: so

text: marginal

text: to

text: the

text: standard

text: classical

text: repertoire

text: Citron

text: examines

text: the

text: practices

text: and

text: attitudes

text: that

text: have

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: exclusion

text: of

text: women

text: composers

text: from

text: the

text: received

text: canon

text: of

text: performed

text: musical

text: works

text: She

text: argues

text: that

text: in

text: the

text: women

text: composers

text: typically

text: wrote

text: art

text: songs

text: for

text: performance

text: in

text: small

text: recitals

text: rather

text: than

text: symphonies

text: intended

text: for

text: performance

text: with

text: an

text: orchestra

text: in

text: a

text: large

text: hall

text: with

text: the

text: latter

text: works

text: being

text: seen

text: as

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: genre

text: for

text: composers

text: since

text: women

text: composers

text: did

text: not

text: write

text: many

text: symphonies

text: they

text: were

text: deemed

text: to

text: be

text: not

text: notable

text: as

text: composers

text: In

text: the

text: Concise

text: Oxford

text: History

text: of

text: Music

text: Clara

text: Shumann

text: sic

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: only

text: sic

text: female

text: composers

text: mentioned

text: Abbey

text: Philips

text: states

text: that

text: d]uring

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: women

text: who

text: were

text: composing

text: playing

text: gained

text: far

text: less

text: attention

text: than

text: their

text: male

text: counterparts

question: What gender are most composers described in music textbooks?

answer: male

text: male

question: Who asked why is music composed by women so marginal to the standard 'classical' repertoire?

answer: Musicologist Marcia Citron

text: Musicologist Marcia Citron

question: Why were women composers deemed not notable?

answer: did not write many symphonies

text: did not write many symphonies

question: Who is one of the only female composers mentioned?

answer: Clara Shumann

text: Clara Shumann

question: What type of music did women composers typically write?

answer: art songs

text: art songs