text: The brains of humans and other primates contain the same structures as the brains of other mammals, but are generally larger in proportion to body size. The most widely accepted way of comparing brain sizes across species is the so-called encephalization quotient (EQ), which takes into account the nonlinearity of the brain-to-body relationship. Humans have an average EQ in the 7-to-8 range, while most other primates have an EQ in the 2-to-3 range. Dolphins have values higher than those of primates other than humans, but nearly all other mammals have EQ values that are substantially lower.

title: Brain

title: Brain

text: The

text: brains

text: of

text: humans

text: and

text: other

text: primates

text: contain

text: the

text: same

text: structures

text: as

text: the

text: brains

text: of

text: other

text: mammals

text: but

text: are

text: generally

text: larger

text: in

text: proportion

text: to

text: body

text: size

text: The

text: most

text: widely

text: accepted

text: way

text: of

text: comparing

text: brain

text: sizes

text: across

text: species

text: is

text: the

text: so

text: called

text: encephalization

text: quotient

text: EQ

text: which

text: takes

text: into

text: account

text: the

text: nonlinearity

text: of

text: the

text: brain

text: to

text: body

text: relationship

text: Humans

text: have

text: an

text: average

text: EQ

text: in

text: the

text: range

text: while

text: most

text: other

text: primates

text: have

text: an

text: EQ

text: in

text: the

text: range

text: Dolphins

text: have

text: values

text: higher

text: than

text: those

text: of

text: primates

text: other

text: than

text: humans

text: but

text: nearly

text: all

text: other

text: mammals

text: have

text: EQ

text: values

text: that

text: are

text: substantially

text: lower

question: Comparing brain sizes among different creatures is used most commonly by what?

answer: encephalization quotient (EQ)

text: encephalization quotient (EQ)

question: What is the average EQ of a person?

answer: 7-to-8 range

text: 7-to-8 range

question: Primates have an EQ in what range?

answer: 2-to-3


text: The most common staple crops consumed during Han were wheat, barley, foxtail millet, proso millet, rice, and beans. Commonly eaten fruits and vegetables included chestnuts, pears, plums, peaches, melons, apricots, strawberries, red bayberries, jujubes, calabash, bamboo shoots, mustard plant and taro. Domesticated animals that were also eaten included chickens, Mandarin ducks, geese, cows, sheep, pigs, camels and dogs (various types were bred specifically for food, while most were used as pets). Turtles and fish were taken from streams and lakes. Commonly hunted game, such as owl, pheasant, magpie, sika deer, and Chinese bamboo partridge were consumed. Seasonings included sugar, honey, salt and soy sauce. Beer and wine were regularly consumed.

title: Han_dynasty

title: Han_dynasty

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: staple

text: crops

text: consumed

text: during

text: Han

text: were

text: wheat

text: barley

text: foxtail

text: millet

text: proso

text: millet

text: rice

text: and

text: beans

text: Commonly

text: eaten

text: fruits

text: and

text: vegetables

text: included

text: chestnuts

text: pears

text: plums

text: peaches

text: melons

text: apricots

text: strawberries

text: red

text: bayberries

text: jujubes

text: calabash

text: bamboo

text: shoots

text: mustard

text: plant

text: and

text: taro

text: Domesticated

text: animals

text: that

text: were

text: also

text: eaten

text: included

text: chickens

text: Mandarin

text: ducks

text: geese

text: cows

text: sheep

text: pigs

text: camels

text: and

text: dogs

text: various

text: types

text: were

text: bred

text: specifically

text: for

text: food

text: while

text: most

text: were

text: used

text: as

text: pets

text: Turtles

text: and

text: fish

text: were

text: taken

text: from

text: streams

text: and

text: lakes

text: Commonly

text: hunted

text: game

text: such

text: as

text: owl

text: pheasant

text: magpie

text: sika

text: deer

text: and

text: Chinese

text: bamboo

text: partridge

text: were

text: consumed

text: Seasonings

text: included

text: sugar

text: honey

text: salt

text: and

text: soy

text: sauce

text: Beer

text: and

text: wine

text: were

text: regularly

text: consumed

question: What type of crop was rice considered to be during this period?

answer: staple crops

text: staple crops

question: What were dogs in this era most likely to be considered?

answer: pets

text: pets

question: What type of partridge was commonly consumed?

answer: Chinese bamboo

text: Chinese bamboo

question: Where were turtles acquired from?

answer: streams and lakes

text: streams and lakes

question: What was the color of the bayberries?

answer: red

text: red


text: According to the Statistical Institute of Catalonia in 2008 the Catalan language is the second most commonly used in Catalonia, after Spanish, as a native or self-defining language. The Generalitat of Catalunya spends part of its annual budget on the promotion of the use of Catalan in Catalonia and in other territories.

title: Catalan_language

title: Catalan_language

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: Statistical

text: Institute

text: of

text: Catalonia

text: in

text: the

text: Catalan

text: language

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: commonly

text: used

text: in

text: Catalonia

text: after

text: Spanish

text: as

text: a

text: native

text: or

text: self

text: defining

text: language

text: The

text: Generalitat

text: of

text: Catalunya

text: spends

text: part

text: of

text: its

text: annual

text: budget

text: on

text: the

text: promotion

text: of

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: Catalan

text: in

text: Catalonia

text: and

text: in

text: other

text: territories

question: What is the second most often spoken language is Catalonia?

answer: Catalan

text: Catalan

question: What is the most used language in Catalonia?

answer: Spanish

text: Spanish

question: What is the type designation of Catalan in Catalonia?

answer: native

text: native

question: What group spends money to promote the language?

answer: The Generalitat of Catalunya

text: The Generalitat of Catalunya

question: What language is promoted in Catalonia?

answer: Catalan

text: Catalan


text: Resorting to this verbal device, however, did not protect the "Ancient Near East" from the inroads of "the Middle East." For example, a high point in the use of "Ancient Near East" was for Biblical scholars the Ancient Near Eastern Texts relating to the Old Testament by James Bennett Pritchard, a textbook of first edition dated 1950. The last great book written by Leonard Woolley, British archaeologist, excavator of ancient Ur and associate of T.E. Lawrence and Arthur Evans, was The Art of the Middle East, Including Persia, Mesopotamia and Palestine, published in 1961. Woolley had completed it in 1960 two weeks before his death. The geographical ranges in each case are identical.

title: Near_East

title: Near_East

text: Resorting

text: to

text: this

text: verbal

text: device

text: however

text: did

text: not

text: protect

text: the

text: Ancient

text: Near

text: East

text: from

text: the

text: inroads

text: of

text: the

text: Middle

text: East

text: For

text: example

text: a

text: high

text: point

text: in

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: Ancient

text: Near

text: East

text: was

text: for

text: Biblical

text: scholars

text: the

text: Ancient

text: Near

text: Eastern

text: Texts

text: relating

text: to

text: the

text: Old

text: Testament

text: by

text: James

text: Bennett

text: Pritchard

text: a

text: textbook

text: of

text: first

text: edition

text: dated

text: The

text: last

text: great

text: book

text: written

text: by

text: Leonard

text: Woolley

text: British

text: archaeologist

text: excavator

text: of

text: ancient

text: Ur

text: and

text: associate

text: of

text: T.E.

text: Lawrence

text: and

text: Arthur

text: Evans

text: was

text: The

text: Art

text: of

text: the

text: Middle

text: East

text: Including

text: Persia

text: Mesopotamia

text: and

text: Palestine

text: published

text: in

text: Woolley

text: had

text: completed

text: it

text: in

text: two

text: weeks

text: before

text: his

text: death

text: The

text: geographical

text: ranges

text: in

text: each

text: case

text: are

text: identical

question: James Bennett Pritchard wrote what?

answer: Texts relating to the Old Testament

text: Texts relating to the Old Testament

question: When did James Bennett Pritchard write his textbook?

answer: 1950

question: Who was a British archaeologist?

answer: Leonard Woolley

text: Leonard Woolley

question: Who excavated ancient Ur?

answer: Leonard Woolley

text: Leonard Woolley


text: By the end of the 17th century, the Chinese economy had recovered from the devastation caused by the wars in which the Ming dynasty were overthrown, and the resulting breakdown of order. In the following century, markets continued to expand as in the late Ming period, but with more trade between regions, a greater dependence on overseas markets and a greatly increased population. After the re-opening of the southeast coast, which had been closed in the late 17th century, foreign trade was quickly re-established, and was expanding at 4% per annum throughout the latter part of the 18th century. China continued to export tea, silk and manufactures, creating a large, favorable trade balance with the West. The resulting inflow of silver expanded the money supply, facilitating the growth of competitive and stable markets.

title: Qing_dynasty

title: Qing_dynasty

text: By

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: Chinese

text: economy

text: had

text: recovered

text: from

text: the

text: devastation

text: caused

text: by

text: the

text: wars

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: Ming

text: dynasty

text: were

text: overthrown

text: and

text: the

text: resulting

text: breakdown

text: of

text: order

text: In

text: the

text: following

text: century

text: markets

text: continued

text: to

text: expand

text: as

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: Ming

text: period

text: but

text: with

text: more

text: trade

text: between

text: regions

text: a

text: greater

text: dependence

text: on

text: overseas

text: markets

text: and

text: a

text: greatly

text: increased

text: population

text: After

text: the

text: re

text: opening

text: of

text: the

text: southeast

text: coast

text: which

text: had

text: been

text: closed

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: foreign

text: trade

text: was

text: quickly

text: re

text: established

text: and

text: was

text: expanding

text: at

text: per

text: annum

text: throughout

text: the

text: latter

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: China

text: continued

text: to

text: export

text: tea

text: silk

text: and

text: manufactures

text: creating

text: a

text: large

text: favorable

text: trade

text: balance

text: with

text: the

text: West

text: The

text: resulting

text: inflow

text: of

text: silver

text: expanded

text: the

text: money

text: supply

text: facilitating

text: the

text: growth

text: of

text: competitive

text: and

text: stable

text: markets

question: What did China export?

answer: tea, silk and manufactures

text: tea, silk and manufactures

question: What did the Chinese get paid for their goods?

answer: silver

text: silver

question: When did the Chinese economy finally recover after the wars with the Mings?

answer: end of the 17th century

text: end of the 17th century


text: Frederick Lynch, the author of Invisible Victims: White Males and the Crisis of Affirmative Action, did a study on white males that said they were victims of reverse discrimination. Lynch explains that these white men felt frustrated and unfairly victimized by affirmative action. Shelby Steele, another author against affirmative action, wanted to see affirmative action go back to its original meaning of enforcing equal opportunity. He argued that blacks had to take full responsibility in their education and in maintaining a job. Steele believes that there is still a long way to go in America to reach our goals of eradicating discrimination.

title: Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States

title: Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States

text: Frederick

text: Lynch

text: the

text: author

text: of

text: Invisible

text: Victims

text: White

text: Males

text: and

text: the

text: Crisis

text: of

text: Affirmative

text: Action

text: did

text: a

text: study

text: on

text: white

text: males

text: that

text: said

text: they

text: were

text: victims

text: of

text: reverse

text: discrimination

text: Lynch

text: explains

text: that

text: these

text: white

text: men

text: felt

text: frustrated

text: and

text: unfairly

text: victimized

text: by

text: affirmative

text: action

text: Shelby

text: Steele

text: another

text: author

text: against

text: affirmative

text: action

text: wanted

text: to

text: see

text: affirmative

text: action

text: go

text: back

text: to

text: its

text: original

text: meaning

text: of

text: enforcing

text: equal

text: opportunity

text: He

text: argued

text: that

text: blacks

text: had

text: to

text: take

text: full

text: responsibility

text: in

text: their

text: education

text: and

text: in

text: maintaining

text: a

text: job

text: Steele

text: believes

text: that

text: there

text: is

text: still

text: a

text: long

text: way

text: to

text: go

text: in

text: America

text: to

text: reach

text: our

text: goals

text: of

text: eradicating

text: discrimination

question: What book did Frederick Lynch author?

answer: Invisible Victims: White Males and the Crisis of Affirmative Action

text: Invisible Victims: White Males and the Crisis of Affirmative Action

question: What did white males feel was happening to them as a result of affirmative action?

answer: reverse discrimination

text: reverse discrimination

question: What moral position does Shelby Steele hold?

answer: against affirmative action

text: against affirmative action

question: What does Shelby Steele believe that the true concept of affirmative action is?

answer: enforcing equal opportunity

text: enforcing equal opportunity


text: RCA 45s were also adapted to the smaller spindle of an LP player with a plastic snap-in insert known as a "spider". These inserts, commissioned by RCA president David Sarnoff and invented by Thomas Hutchison, were prevalent starting in the 1960s, selling in the tens of millions per year during the 45 rpm heyday. In countries outside the U.S., 45s often had the smaller album-sized holes, e.g., Australia and New Zealand, or as in the United Kingdom, especially before the 1970s, the disc had a small hole within a circular central section held only by three or four lands so that it could be easily punched out if desired (typically for use in jukeboxes).

title: Gramophone_record

title: Gramophone_record

text: RCA

text: were

text: also

text: adapted

text: to

text: the

text: smaller

text: spindle

text: of

text: an

text: LP

text: player

text: with

text: a

text: plastic

text: snap

text: in

text: insert

text: known

text: as

text: a

text: spider

text: These

text: inserts

text: commissioned

text: by

text: RCA

text: president

text: David

text: Sarnoff

text: and

text: invented

text: by

text: Thomas

text: Hutchison

text: were

text: prevalent

text: starting

text: in

text: the

text: selling

text: in

text: the

text: tens

text: of

text: millions

text: per

text: year

text: during

text: the

text: rpm

text: heyday

text: In

text: countries

text: outside

text: the

text: U.S.

text: often

text: had

text: the

text: smaller

text: album

text: sized

text: holes

text: e.g.

text: Australia

text: and

text: New

text: Zealand

text: or

text: as

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: especially

text: before

text: the

text: the

text: disc

text: had

text: a

text: small

text: hole

text: within

text: a

text: circular

text: central

text: section

text: held

text: only

text: by

text: three

text: or

text: four

text: lands

text: so

text: that

text: it

text: could

text: be

text: easily

text: punched

text: out

text: if

text: desired

text: typically

text: for

text: use

text: in

text: jukeboxes

question: Wy did records outside of the US often have small holes with the ability to punch out the center?

answer: for use in jukeboxes

text: for use in jukeboxes

question: What were the plastic inserts which would adapt 45s to the smaller spindle of an LP player called?

answer: spider

text: spider

question: What invention did Thomas Hutchinson introduce?

answer: spider

text: spider

question: Whom were the adaptable inserts for 45s to LPs commissioned by?

answer: RCA president David Sarnoff

text: RCA president David Sarnoff

question: How many spiders were sold in the 45 rpm heydays?

answer: tens of millions per year

text: tens of millions per year


text: Kerry "has emerged in the past few years as an important envoy for Afghanistan and Pakistan during times of crisis," a Washington Post report stated in May 2011, as Kerry undertook another trip to the two countries. The killing of Osama bin Laden "has generated perhaps the most important crossroads yet," the report continued, as the senator spoke at a press conference and prepared to fly from Kabul to Pakistan. Among matters discussed during the May visit to Pakistan, under the general rubric of "recalibrating" the bilateral relationship, Kerry sought and retrieved from the Pakistanis the tail-section of the U.S. helicopter which had had to be abandoned at Abbottabad during the bin Laden strike. In 2013, Kerry met with Pakistan's army chief Gen. Ashfaq Parvez Kayani to discuss the peace process with the Taliban in Afghanistan.

title: John_Kerry

title: John_Kerry

text: Kerry

text: has

text: emerged

text: in

text: the

text: past

text: few

text: years

text: as

text: an

text: important

text: envoy

text: for

text: Afghanistan

text: and

text: Pakistan

text: during

text: times

text: of

text: crisis

text: a

text: Washington

text: Post

text: report

text: stated

text: in

text: May

text: as

text: Kerry

text: undertook

text: another

text: trip

text: to

text: the

text: two

text: countries

text: The

text: killing

text: of

text: Osama

text: bin

text: Laden

text: has

text: generated

text: perhaps

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: crossroads

text: yet

text: the

text: report

text: continued

text: as

text: the

text: senator

text: spoke

text: at

text: a

text: press

text: conference

text: and

text: prepared

text: to

text: fly

text: from

text: Kabul

text: to

text: Pakistan

text: Among

text: matters

text: discussed

text: during

text: the

text: May

text: visit

text: to

text: Pakistan

text: under

text: the

text: general

text: rubric

text: of

text: recalibrating

text: the

text: bilateral

text: relationship

text: Kerry

text: sought

text: and

text: retrieved

text: from

text: the

text: Pakistanis

text: the

text: tail

text: section

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: helicopter

text: which

text: had

text: had

text: to

text: be

text: abandoned

text: at

text: Abbottabad

text: during

text: the

text: bin

text: Laden

text: strike

text: In

text: Kerry

text: met

text: with

text: Pakistan

text: 's

text: army

text: chief

text: Gen.

text: Ashfaq

text: Parvez

text: Kayani

text: to

text: discuss

text: the

text: peace

text: process

text: with

text: the

text: Taliban

text: in

text: Afghanistan

question: Who did the Washington Post say Kerry was an envoy for?

answer: Afghanistan and Pakistan

text: Afghanistan and Pakistan

question: When did the Washington Post say Kerry was important envoy?

answer: May 2011

text: May 2011

question: How, in May 2011, did the WaPo describe Bin Laden's killing?

answer: perhaps the most important crossroads yet

text: perhaps the most important crossroads yet

question: What did Kerry get from the Pakistanis?

answer: the tail-section of the U.S. helicopter which had had to be abandoned at Abbottabad during the bin Laden strike

text: the tail-section of the U.S. helicopter which had had to be abandoned at Abbottabad during the bin Laden strike

question: Who was Pakistan's army chief in 2013?

answer: Gen. Ashfaq Parvez Kayani

text: Gen. Ashfaq Parvez Kayani


text: Sea levels began to rise during the Jurassic, which was probably caused by an increase in seafloor spreading. The formation of new crust beneath the surface displaced ocean waters by as much as 200 m (656 ft) more than today, which flooded coastal areas. Furthermore, Pangaea began to rift into smaller divisions, bringing more land area in contact with the ocean by forming the Tethys Sea. Temperatures continued to increase and began to stabilize. Humidity also increased with the proximity of water, and deserts retreated.

title: Mesozoic

title: Mesozoic

text: Sea

text: levels

text: began

text: to

text: rise

text: during

text: the

text: Jurassic

text: which

text: was

text: probably

text: caused

text: by

text: an

text: increase

text: in

text: seafloor

text: spreading

text: The

text: formation

text: of

text: new

text: crust

text: beneath

text: the

text: surface

text: displaced

text: ocean

text: waters

text: by

text: as

text: much

text: as

text: m

text: ft

text: more

text: than

text: today

text: which

text: flooded

text: coastal

text: areas

text: Furthermore

text: Pangaea

text: began

text: to

text: rift

text: into

text: smaller

text: divisions

text: bringing

text: more

text: land

text: area

text: in

text: contact

text: with

text: the

text: ocean

text: by

text: forming

text: the

text: Tethys

text: Sea

text: Temperatures

text: continued

text: to

text: increase

text: and

text: began

text: to

text: stabilize

text: Humidity

text: also

text: increased

text: with

text: the

text: proximity

text: of

text: water

text: and

text: deserts

text: retreated

question: What caused the sea to rise during the Jurassic?

answer: increase in seafloor

text: increase in seafloor

question: Rising seas and displaced waters caused what  element along the coasts?

answer: flooded coastal areas

text: flooded coastal areas

question: Pangaea beginning to break apart created what new sea?

answer: Tethys Sea

text: Tethys Sea

question: What weather condition increased?

answer: Temperatures

text: Temperatures

question: As humidity increased what land area decreased?

answer: deserts

text: deserts


text: As of 2009, Internet via satellite had a steady growth rate of 10% to 15% per year. It was particularly in demand in remote areas that did not have either dialup or wireless online services. The local telecommunications company Dalkom Somalia provided internet over satellite, as well as premium routes for media operators and content providers, and international voice gateway services for global carriers. It also offered inexpensive bandwidth through its internet backbone, whereas bandwidth ordinarily cost customers from $2,500 to $3,000 per month through the major international bandwidth providers. The main clients of these local satellite services were internet cafes, money transfer firms and other companies, as well as international community representatives. In total, there were over 300 local satellite terminals available aross the nation, which were linked to teleports in Europe and Asia. Demand for the satellite services gradually began to fall as broadband wireless access rose. However, it increased in rural areas, as the main client base for the satellite services extended their operations into more remote locales.

title: Communications_in_Somalia

title: Communications_in_Somalia

text: As

text: of

text: Internet

text: via

text: satellite

text: had

text: a

text: steady

text: growth

text: rate

text: of

text: to

text: per

text: year

text: It

text: was

text: particularly

text: in

text: demand

text: in

text: remote

text: areas

text: that

text: did

text: not

text: have

text: either

text: dialup

text: or

text: wireless

text: online

text: services

text: The

text: local

text: telecommunications

text: company

text: Dalkom

text: Somalia

text: provided

text: internet

text: over

text: satellite

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: premium

text: routes

text: for

text: media

text: operators

text: and

text: content

text: providers

text: and

text: international

text: voice

text: gateway

text: services

text: for

text: global

text: carriers

text: It

text: also

text: offered

text: inexpensive

text: bandwidth

text: through

text: its

text: internet

text: backbone

text: whereas

text: bandwidth

text: ordinarily

text: cost

text: customers

text: from

text: to

text: per

text: month

text: through

text: the

text: major

text: international

text: bandwidth

text: providers

text: The

text: main

text: clients

text: of

text: these

text: local

text: satellite

text: services

text: were

text: internet

text: cafes

text: money

text: transfer

text: firms

text: and

text: other

text: companies

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: international

text: community

text: representatives

text: In

text: total

text: there

text: were

text: over

text: local

text: satellite

text: terminals

text: available

text: aross

text: the

text: nation

text: which

text: were

text: linked

text: to

text: teleports

text: in

text: Europe

text: and

text: Asia

text: Demand

text: for

text: the

text: satellite

text: services

text: gradually

text: began

text: to

text: fall

text: as

text: broadband

text: wireless

text: access

text: rose

text: However

text: it

text: increased

text: in

text: rural

text: areas

text: as

text: the

text: main

text: client

text: base

text: for

text: the

text: satellite

text: services

text: extended

text: their

text: operations

text: into

text: more

text: remote

text: locales

question: What wsas the satellite internet growth rate as of 2009?

answer: 10% to 15% per year

text: 10% to 15% per year

question: Dalkom Somalia provided internet over what?

answer: satellite

text: satellite

question: Who were one of the main clients of the local satellite service providers?

answer: internet cafes

text: internet cafes

question: As broadband access rose, what happened to the demand for satellite services?

answer: gradually began to fall

text: gradually began to fall


text: Persistent infections occur because the body is unable to clear the organism after the initial infection. Persistent infections are characterized by the continual presence of the infectious organism, often as latent infection with occasional recurrent relapses of active infection. There are some viruses that can maintain a persistent infection by infecting different cells of the body. Some viruses once acquired never leave the body. A typical example is the herpes virus, which tends to hide in nerves and become reactivated when specific circumstances arise.

title: Infection

title: Infection

text: Persistent

text: infections

text: occur

text: because

text: the

text: body

text: is

text: unable

text: to

text: clear

text: the

text: organism

text: after

text: the

text: initial

text: infection

text: Persistent

text: infections

text: are

text: characterized

text: by

text: the

text: continual

text: presence

text: of

text: the

text: infectious

text: organism

text: often

text: as

text: latent

text: infection

text: with

text: occasional

text: recurrent

text: relapses

text: of

text: active

text: infection

text: There

text: are

text: some

text: viruses

text: that

text: can

text: maintain

text: a

text: persistent

text: infection

text: by

text: infecting

text: different

text: cells

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: Some

text: viruses

text: once

text: acquired

text: never

text: leave

text: the

text: body

text: A

text: typical

text: example

text: is

text: the

text: herpes

text: virus

text: which

text: tends

text: to

text: hide

text: in

text: nerves

text: and

text: become

text: reactivated

text: when

text: specific

text: circumstances

text: arise

question: Why do persistent infections occur?

answer: body is unable to clear the organism after the initial infection

text: body is unable to clear the organism after the initial infection

question: What are persistent infections characterized by the continual presence of?

answer: the infectious organism

text: the infectious organism

question: How can some viruses main a persistent infection?

answer: by infecting different cells of the body

text: by infecting different cells of the body

question: What never leave the body when acquired?

answer: Some viruses

text: Some viruses

question: Where does the herpes virus hide?

answer: in nerves

text: in nerves


text: When John's elder brother Richard became king in September 1189, he had already declared his intention of joining the Third Crusade. Richard set about raising the huge sums of money required for this expedition through the sale of lands, titles and appointments, and attempted to ensure that he would not face a revolt while away from his empire. John was made Count of Mortain, was married to the wealthy Isabel of Gloucester, and was given valuable lands in Lancaster and the counties of Cornwall, Derby, Devon, Dorset, Nottingham and Somerset, all with the aim of buying his loyalty to Richard whilst the king was on crusade. Richard retained royal control of key castles in these counties, thereby preventing John from accumulating too much military and political power, and, for the time being, the king named the four-year-old Arthur of Brittany as the heir to the throne. In return, John promised not to visit England for the next three years, thereby in theory giving Richard adequate time to conduct a successful crusade and return from the Levant without fear of John seizing power. Richard left political authority in England – the post of justiciar – jointly in the hands of Bishop Hugh de Puiset and William Mandeville, and made William Longchamp, the Bishop of Ely, his chancellor. Mandeville immediately died, and Longchamp took over as joint justiciar with Puiset, which would prove to be a less than satisfactory partnership. Eleanor, the queen mother, convinced Richard to allow John into England in his absence.

title: John,_King_of_England

title: John,_King_of_England

text: When

text: John

text: 's

text: elder

text: brother

text: Richard

text: became

text: king

text: in

text: September

text: he

text: had

text: already

text: declared

text: his

text: intention

text: of

text: joining

text: the

text: Third

text: Crusade

text: Richard

text: set

text: about

text: raising

text: the

text: huge

text: sums

text: of

text: money

text: required

text: for

text: this

text: expedition

text: through

text: the

text: sale

text: of

text: lands

text: titles

text: and

text: appointments

text: and

text: attempted

text: to

text: ensure

text: that

text: he

text: would

text: not

text: face

text: a

text: revolt

text: while

text: away

text: from

text: his

text: empire

text: John

text: was

text: made

text: Count

text: of

text: Mortain

text: was

text: married

text: to

text: the

text: wealthy

text: Isabel

text: of

text: Gloucester

text: and

text: was

text: given

text: valuable

text: lands

text: in

text: Lancaster

text: and

text: the

text: counties

text: of

text: Cornwall

text: Derby

text: Devon

text: Dorset

text: Nottingham

text: and

text: Somerset

text: all

text: with

text: the

text: aim

text: of

text: buying

text: his

text: loyalty

text: to

text: Richard

text: whilst

text: the

text: king

text: was

text: on

text: crusade

text: Richard

text: retained

text: royal

text: control

text: of

text: key

text: castles

text: in

text: these

text: counties

text: thereby

text: preventing

text: John

text: from

text: accumulating

text: too

text: much

text: military

text: and

text: political

text: power

text: and

text: for

text: the

text: time

text: being

text: the

text: king

text: named

text: the

text: four

text: year

text: old

text: Arthur

text: of

text: Brittany

text: as

text: the

text: heir

text: to

text: the

text: throne

text: In

text: return

text: John

text: promised

text: not

text: to

text: visit

text: England

text: for

text: the

text: next

text: three

text: years

text: thereby

text: in

text: theory

text: giving

text: Richard

text: adequate

text: time

text: to

text: conduct

text: a

text: successful

text: crusade

text: and

text: return

text: from

text: the

text: Levant

text: without

text: fear

text: of

text: John

text: seizing

text: power

text: Richard

text: left

text: political

text: authority

text: in

text: England

text: the

text: post

text: of

text: justiciar

text: jointly

text: in

text: the

text: hands

text: of

text: Bishop

text: Hugh

text: de

text: Puiset

text: and

text: William

text: Mandeville

text: and

text: made

text: William

text: Longchamp

text: the

text: Bishop

text: of

text: Ely

text: his

text: chancellor

text: Mandeville

text: immediately

text: died

text: and

text: Longchamp

text: took

text: over

text: as

text: joint

text: justiciar

text: with

text: Puiset

text: which

text: would

text: prove

text: to

text: be

text: a

text: less

text: than

text: satisfactory

text: partnership

text: Eleanor

text: the

text: queen

text: mother

text: convinced

text: Richard

text: to

text: allow

text: John

text: into

text: England

text: in

text: his

text: absence

question: Who took over as joint justiciar with Puiset after Mandeville died?

answer: Longchamp

text: Longchamp

question: Who convinced Richard to allow John to join into England?

answer: Eleanor

text: Eleanor

question: When did Richard become king?

answer: September 1189

text: September 1189


text: In 14th-century England, hound (from Old English: hund) was the general word for all domestic canines, and dog referred to a subtype of hound, a group including the mastiff. It is believed this "dog" type was so common, it eventually became the prototype of the category "hound". By the 16th century, dog had become the general word, and hound had begun to refer only to types used for hunting. The word "hound" is ultimately derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *kwon- "dog".

title: Dog

title: Dog

text: In

text: century

text: England

text: hound

text: from

text: Old

text: English

text: hund

text: was

text: the

text: general

text: word

text: for

text: all

text: domestic

text: canines

text: and

text: dog

text: referred

text: to

text: a

text: subtype

text: of

text: hound

text: a

text: group

text: including

text: the

text: mastiff

text: It

text: is

text: believed

text: this

text: dog

text: type

text: was

text: so

text: common

text: it

text: eventually

text: became

text: the

text: prototype

text: of

text: the

text: category

text: hound

text: By

text: the

text: century

text: dog

text: had

text: become

text: the

text: general

text: word

text: and

text: hound

text: had

text: begun

text: to

text: refer

text: only

text: to

text: types

text: used

text: for

text: hunting

text: The

text: word

text: hound

text: is

text: ultimately

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: Proto

text: Indo

text: European

text: word

text: kwon-

text: dog

question: What was the common 14th-century word for dogs for those who spoke English?

answer: hound

text: hound

question: What breed was so prolific it became a prototype of hound?

answer: mastiff.

text: mastiff.

question: In what century did "hound" start to only apply to hunting dogs?

answer: 16th

question: What was the common term for all domesticated dogs in England during the 14th century?

answer: hound

text: hound

question: When did the word dog become the common term for canines?

answer: 16th century

text: 16th century

question: Hound became the term for dogs who did what activity during this time?

answer: hunting

text: hunting

question: What Proto-Indo-European word is hound from?

answer: *kwon- "dog"

text: *kwon- "dog"


text: The human brain is not fully developed by the time a person reaches puberty. Between the ages of 10 and 25, the brain undergoes changes that have important implications for behavior (see Cognitive development below). The brain reaches 90% of its adult size by the time a person is six years of age. Thus, the brain does not grow in size much during adolescence. However, the creases in the brain continue to become more complex until the late teens. The biggest changes in the folds of the brain during this time occur in the parts of the cortex that process cognitive and emotional information.

title: Adolescence

title: Adolescence

text: The

text: human

text: brain

text: is

text: not

text: fully

text: developed

text: by

text: the

text: time

text: a

text: person

text: reaches

text: puberty

text: Between

text: the

text: ages

text: of

text: and

text: the

text: brain

text: undergoes

text: changes

text: that

text: have

text: important

text: implications

text: for

text: behavior

text: see

text: Cognitive

text: development

text: below

text: The

text: brain

text: reaches

text: of

text: its

text: adult

text: size

text: by

text: the

text: time

text: a

text: person

text: is

text: six

text: years

text: of

text: age

text: Thus

text: the

text: brain

text: does

text: not

text: grow

text: in

text: size

text: much

text: during

text: adolescence

text: However

text: the

text: creases

text: in

text: the

text: brain

text: continue

text: to

text: become

text: more

text: complex

text: until

text: the

text: late

text: teens

text: The

text: biggest

text: changes

text: in

text: the

text: folds

text: of

text: the

text: brain

text: during

text: this

text: time

text: occur

text: in

text: the

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: cortex

text: that

text: process

text: cognitive

text: and

text: emotional

text: information

question: Is a person's brain fully developed by the time they reach puberty?

answer: not

text: not

question: The biggest changes in the brain during puberty occur in the parts of the cortex that process what kinds of information?

answer: cognitive and emotional

text: cognitive and emotional

question: The brain reaches 90% of its adult size by the time a person reaches what year of age?

answer: six

text: six

question: What parts of the brain continue to become more complex into the late teens?

answer: creases

text: creases

question: The brain reaches what percentage of its adult size by the time a person is six years old?

answer: 90%


text: In the 1990s, New York City began closing the large, public high schools in the Bronx and replacing them with small high schools. Among the reasons cited for the changes were poor graduation rates and concerns about safety. Schools that have been closed or reduced in size include John F. Kennedy, James Monroe, Taft, Theodore Roosevelt, Adlai Stevenson, Evander Childs, Christopher Columbus, Morris, Walton, and South Bronx High Schools. More recently the City has started phasing out large middle schools, also replacing them with smaller schools.

title: The_Bronx

title: The_Bronx

text: In

text: the

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: began

text: closing

text: the

text: large

text: public

text: high

text: schools

text: in

text: the

text: Bronx

text: and

text: replacing

text: them

text: with

text: small

text: high

text: schools

text: Among

text: the

text: reasons

text: cited

text: for

text: the

text: changes

text: were

text: poor

text: graduation

text: rates

text: and

text: concerns

text: about

text: safety

text: Schools

text: that

text: have

text: been

text: closed

text: or

text: reduced

text: in

text: size

text: include

text: John

text: F.

text: Kennedy

text: James

text: Monroe

text: Taft

text: Theodore

text: Roosevelt

text: Adlai

text: Stevenson

text: Evander

text: Childs

text: Christopher

text: Columbus

text: Morris

text: Walton

text: and

text: South

text: Bronx

text: High

text: Schools

text: More

text: recently

text: the

text: City

text: has

text: started

text: phasing

text: out

text: large

text: middle

text: schools

text: also

text: replacing

text: them

text: with

text: smaller

text: schools

question: When did NYC begin splitting up the large Bronx high schools?

answer: 1990s

question: Which Bronx schools have been closed or made smaller?

answer: John F. Kennedy, James Monroe, Taft, Theodore Roosevelt, Adlai Stevenson, Evander Childs, Christopher Columbus, Morris, Walton, and South Bronx High Schools

text: John F. Kennedy, James Monroe, Taft, Theodore Roosevelt, Adlai Stevenson, Evander Childs, Christopher Columbus, Morris, Walton, and South Bronx High Schools

question: What type of schools is NYC now working on shrinking?

answer: large middle schools

text: large middle schools


text: The Rule of Law is especially important as an influence on the economic development in developing and transitional countries. To date, the term “rule of law” has been used primarily in the English-speaking countries, and it is not yet fully clarified even with regard to such well-established democracies as, for instance, Sweden, Denmark, France, Germany, or Japan. A common language between lawyers of common law and civil law countries as well as between legal communities of developed and developing countries is critically important for research of links between the rule of law and real economy.

title: Rule_of_law

title: Rule_of_law

text: The

text: Rule

text: of

text: Law

text: is

text: especially

text: important

text: as

text: an

text: influence

text: on

text: the

text: economic

text: development

text: in

text: developing

text: and

text: transitional

text: countries

text: To

text: date

text: the

text: term

text: rule

text: of

text: law

text: has

text: been

text: used

text: primarily

text: in

text: the

text: English

text: speaking

text: countries

text: and

text: it

text: is

text: not

text: yet

text: fully

text: clarified

text: even

text: with

text: regard

text: to

text: such

text: well

text: established

text: democracies

text: as

text: for

text: instance

text: Sweden

text: Denmark

text: France

text: Germany

text: or

text: Japan

text: A

text: common

text: language

text: between

text: lawyers

text: of

text: common

text: law

text: and

text: civil

text: law

text: countries

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: between

text: legal

text: communities

text: of

text: developed

text: and

text: developing

text: countries

text: is

text: critically

text: important

text: for

text: research

text: of

text: links

text: between

text: the

text: rule

text: of

text: law

text: and

text: real

text: economy

question: What language is spoken in most rule of law countries?

answer: English

text: English

question: In non English speaking countries, what is the rule of law referred to as?

answer: not yet fully clarified

text: not yet fully clarified

question: In what types of countries is the rule of law important to the economy?

answer: developing and transitional

text: developing and transitional

question: What other countries have successful democracies?

answer: Sweden, Denmark, France, Germany, or Japan

text: Sweden, Denmark, France, Germany, or Japan

question: What is critically important for discussion of rules, laws, and the economy?

answer: common language

text: common language


text: This constitution was created when the U.S. Congress directed local government to organize a constitutional convention to write the Puerto Rico Constitution in 1951. The acceptance of that constitution by Puerto Rico's electorate, the U.S. Congress, and the U.S. president occurred in 1952. In addition, the rights, privileges and immunities attendant to United States citizens are "respected in Puerto Rico to the same extent as though Puerto Rico were a state of the union" through the express extension of the Privileges and Immunities Clause of the U.S. Constitution by the U.S. Congress in 1948.

title: 51st_state

title: 51st_state

text: This

text: constitution

text: was

text: created

text: when

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Congress

text: directed

text: local

text: government

text: to

text: organize

text: a

text: constitutional

text: convention

text: to

text: write

text: the

text: Puerto

text: Rico

text: Constitution

text: in

text: The

text: acceptance

text: of

text: that

text: constitution

text: by

text: Puerto

text: Rico

text: 's

text: electorate

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Congress

text: and

text: the

text: U.S.

text: president

text: occurred

text: in

text: In

text: addition

text: the

text: rights

text: privileges

text: and

text: immunities

text: attendant

text: to

text: United

text: States

text: citizens

text: are

text: respected

text: in

text: Puerto

text: Rico

text: to

text: the

text: same

text: extent

text: as

text: though

text: Puerto

text: Rico

text: were

text: a

text: state

text: of

text: the

text: union

text: through

text: the

text: express

text: extension

text: of

text: the

text: Privileges

text: and

text: Immunities

text: Clause

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Constitution

text: by

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Congress

text: in

question: How was the Puerto Rican constitution brought about?

answer: the U.S. Congress directed local government to organize a constitutional convention to write the Puerto Rico Constitution

text: the U.S. Congress directed local government to organize a constitutional convention to write the Puerto Rico Constitution

question: When was the Puerto Rican constitution written?

answer: 1951

question: When was the constitution accepted by the electorate, U.S. Congress, and U.S. President?

answer: 1952

question: What clause gives Puerto Rican citizens the same rights as US citizens?

answer: Privileges and Immunities Clause

text: Privileges and Immunities Clause


text: Meanwhile, the authorities in Glasgow, Scotland successfully petitioned the government to pass the Glasgow Police Act establishing the City of Glasgow Police in 1800. Other Scottish towns soon followed suit and set up their own police forces through acts of parliament. In Ireland, the Irish Constabulary Act of 1822 marked the beginning of the Royal Irish Constabulary. The Act established a force in each barony with chief constables and inspectors general under the control of the civil administration at Dublin Castle. By 1841 this force numbered over 8,600 men.

title: Police

title: Police

text: Meanwhile

text: the

text: authorities

text: in

text: Glasgow

text: Scotland

text: successfully

text: petitioned

text: the

text: government

text: to

text: pass

text: the

text: Glasgow

text: Police

text: Act

text: establishing

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: Glasgow

text: Police

text: in

text: Other

text: Scottish

text: towns

text: soon

text: followed

text: suit

text: and

text: set

text: up

text: their

text: own

text: police

text: forces

text: through

text: acts

text: of

text: parliament

text: In

text: Ireland

text: the

text: Irish

text: Constabulary

text: Act

text: of

text: marked

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Royal

text: Irish

text: Constabulary

text: The

text: Act

text: established

text: a

text: force

text: in

text: each

text: barony

text: with

text: chief

text: constables

text: and

text: inspectors

text: general

text: under

text: the

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: civil

text: administration

text: at

text: Dublin

text: Castle

text: By

text: this

text: force

text: numbered

text: over

text: men

question: Which law established Glasgow's police?

answer: Glasgow Police Act

text: Glasgow Police Act

question: When was Glasgow's police force established?

answer: 1800

question: Which law established Ireland's police?

answer: Irish Constabulary Act

text: Irish Constabulary Act

question: When was Ireland's police force established?

answer: 1822

question: What was Ireland's police force called?

answer: Royal Irish Constabulary

text: Royal Irish Constabulary


text: Groups that emerged from the American psychedelic scene about the same time included Iron Butterfly, MC5, Blue Cheer and Vanilla Fudge. San Francisco band Blue Cheer released a crude and distorted cover of Eddie Cochran's classic "Summertime Blues", from their 1968 debut album Vincebus Eruptum, that outlined much of the later hard rock and heavy metal sound. The same month, Steppenwolf released its self-titled debut album, including "Born to Be Wild", which contained the first lyrical reference to heavy metal and helped popularise the style when it was used in the film Easy Rider (1969). Iron Butterfly's In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida (1968), with its 17-minute-long title track, using organs and with a lengthy drum solo, also prefigured later elements of the sound.

title: Hard_rock

title: Hard_rock

text: Groups

text: that

text: emerged

text: from

text: the

text: American

text: psychedelic

text: scene

text: about

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: included

text: Iron

text: Butterfly

text: Blue

text: Cheer

text: and

text: Vanilla

text: Fudge

text: San

text: Francisco

text: band

text: Blue

text: Cheer

text: released

text: a

text: crude

text: and

text: distorted

text: cover

text: of

text: Eddie

text: Cochran

text: 's

text: classic

text: Summertime

text: Blues

text: from

text: their

text: debut

text: album

text: Vincebus

text: Eruptum

text: that

text: outlined

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: later

text: hard

text: rock

text: and

text: heavy

text: metal

text: sound

text: The

text: same

text: month

text: Steppenwolf

text: released

text: its

text: self

text: titled

text: debut

text: album

text: including

text: Born

text: to

text: Be

text: Wild

text: which

text: contained

text: the

text: first

text: lyrical

text: reference

text: to

text: heavy

text: metal

text: and

text: helped

text: popularise

text: the

text: style

text: when

text: it

text: was

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: film

text: Easy

text: Rider

text: Iron

text: Butterfly

text: 's

text: In

text: A

text: Gadda

text: Da

text: Vida

text: with

text: its

text: long

text: title

text: track

text: using

text: organs

text: and

text: with

text: a

text: lengthy

text: drum

text: solo

text: also

text: prefigured

text: later

text: elements

text: of

text: the

text: sound

question: Where was the band Blue Cheer from?

answer: San Francisco

text: San Francisco

question: What classic song did Blue Cheer cover?

answer: "Summertime Blues"

text: "Summertime Blues"

question: What was the hit off Steppenwolf's self-titled debut lp?

answer: "Born to Be Wild"

text: "Born to Be Wild"

question: What movie featured that Steppenwolf single?

answer: Easy Rider

text: Easy Rider

question: The lyrics to "Born To Be Wild" contain the first reference to what hard rock style?

answer: heavy metal

text: heavy metal


text: According to Presentism, time is an ordering of various realities. At a certain time some things exist and others do not. This is the only reality we can deal with and we cannot for example say that Homer exists because at the present time he does not. An Eternalist, on the other hand, holds that time is a dimension of reality on a par with the three spatial dimensions, and hence that all things—past, present, and future—can be said to be just as real as things in the present. According to this theory, then, Homer really does exist, though we must still use special language when talking about somebody who exists at a distant time—just as we would use special language when talking about something far away (the very words near, far, above, below, and such are directly comparable to phrases such as in the past, a minute ago, and so on).

title: Philosophy_of_space_and_time

title: Philosophy_of_space_and_time

text: According

text: to

text: Presentism

text: time

text: is

text: an

text: ordering

text: of

text: various

text: realities

text: At

text: a

text: certain

text: time

text: some

text: things

text: exist

text: and

text: others

text: do

text: not

text: This

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: reality

text: we

text: can

text: deal

text: with

text: and

text: we

text: can

text: not

text: for

text: example

text: say

text: that

text: Homer

text: exists

text: because

text: at

text: the

text: present

text: time

text: he

text: does

text: not

text: An

text: Eternalist

text: on

text: the

text: other

text: hand

text: holds

text: that

text: time

text: is

text: a

text: dimension

text: of

text: reality

text: on

text: a

text: par

text: with

text: the

text: three

text: spatial

text: dimensions

text: and

text: hence

text: that

text: all

text: things

text: past

text: present

text: and

text: future

text: can

text: be

text: said

text: to

text: be

text: just

text: as

text: real

text: as

text: things

text: in

text: the

text: present

text: According

text: to

text: this

text: theory

text: then

text: Homer

text: really

text: does

text: exist

text: though

text: we

text: must

text: still

text: use

text: special

text: language

text: when

text: talking

text: about

text: somebody

text: who

text: exists

text: at

text: a

text: distant

text: time

text: just

text: as

text: we

text: would

text: use

text: special

text: language

text: when

text: talking

text: about

text: something

text: far

text: away

text: the

text: very

text: words

text: near

text: far

text: above

text: below

text: and

text: such

text: are

text: directly

text: comparable

text: to

text: phrases

text: such

text: as

text: in

text: the

text: past

text: a

text: minute

text: ago

text: and

text: so

text: on

question: According to what theory is time an ordering of various realities?

answer: Presentism

text: Presentism

question: Presentism states that at a certain time some things do what?

answer: exist

text: exist

question: Who believes that time is a dimension of reality on a par with the three spatial dimensions

answer: Eternalist

text: Eternalist

question: According to an Eternalist, what can be said to be just as real as things in the present?

answer: all things—past, present, and future

text: all things—past, present, and future

question: According to the Eternalist theory, what must we use to describe Homer?

answer: special language

text: special language


text: The growth in women's football has seen major competitions being launched at both national and international level mirroring the male competitions. Women's football has faced many struggles. It had a "golden age" in the United Kingdom in the early 1920s when crowds reached 50,000 at some matches; this was stopped on 5 December 1921 when England's Football Association voted to ban the game from grounds used by its member clubs. The FA's ban was rescinded in December 1969 with UEFA voting to officially recognise women's football in 1971. The FIFA Women's World Cup was inaugurated in 1991 and has been held every four years since, while women's football has been an Olympic event since 1996.

title: Association_football

title: Association_football

text: The

text: growth

text: in

text: women

text: 's

text: football

text: has

text: seen

text: major

text: competitions

text: being

text: launched

text: at

text: both

text: national

text: and

text: international

text: level

text: mirroring

text: the

text: male

text: competitions

text: Women

text: 's

text: football

text: has

text: faced

text: many

text: struggles

text: It

text: had

text: a

text: golden

text: age

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: when

text: crowds

text: reached

text: at

text: some

text: matches

text: this

text: was

text: stopped

text: on

text: December

text: when

text: England

text: 's

text: Football

text: Association

text: voted

text: to

text: ban

text: the

text: game

text: from

text: grounds

text: used

text: by

text: its

text: member

text: clubs

text: The

text: FA

text: 's

text: ban

text: was

text: rescinded

text: in

text: December

text: with

text: UEFA

text: voting

text: to

text: officially

text: recognise

text: women

text: 's

text: football

text: in

text: The

text: FIFA

text: Women

text: 's

text: World

text: Cup

text: was

text: inaugurated

text: in

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: held

text: every

text: four

text: years

text: since

text: while

text: women

text: 's

text: football

text: has

text: been

text: an

text: Olympic

text: event

text: since

question: What decade is considered the "golden age" of women's football?

answer: 1920s

question: Since what year has women's football been an Olympic event?

answer: 1996

question: Who voted to ban women's football from its grounds in 1921?

answer: England's Football Association

text: England's Football Association

question: In 1971, who officially recognized women's football?

answer: UEFA

text: UEFA

question: What year was the FIFA Women's first World cup?

answer: 1991


text: Psychological anthropology is an interdisciplinary subfield of anthropology that studies the interaction of cultural and mental processes. This subfield tends to focus on ways in which humans' development and enculturation within a particular cultural group—with its own history, language, practices, and conceptual categories—shape processes of human cognition, emotion, perception, motivation, and mental health. It also examines how the understanding of cognition, emotion, motivation, and similar psychological processes inform or constrain our models of cultural and social processes.

title: Anthropology

title: Anthropology

text: Psychological

text: anthropology

text: is

text: an

text: interdisciplinary

text: subfield

text: of

text: anthropology

text: that

text: studies

text: the

text: interaction

text: of

text: cultural

text: and

text: mental

text: processes

text: This

text: subfield

text: tends

text: to

text: focus

text: on

text: ways

text: in

text: which

text: humans

text: development

text: and

text: enculturation

text: within

text: a

text: particular

text: cultural

text: group

text: with

text: its

text: own

text: history

text: language

text: practices

text: and

text: conceptual

text: categories

text: shape

text: processes

text: of

text: human

text: cognition

text: emotion

text: perception

text: motivation

text: and

text: mental

text: health

text: It

text: also

text: examines

text: how

text: the

text: understanding

text: of

text: cognition

text: emotion

text: motivation

text: and

text: similar

text: psychological

text: processes

text: inform

text: or

text: constrain

text: our

text: models

text: of

text: cultural

text: and

text: social

text: processes

question: What subfield of anthropology studies mental processes?

answer: Psychological

text: Psychological

question: What does psychological anthropology particularly focus on in a particular culture group?

answer: humans' development and enculturation

text: humans' development and enculturation

question: What aspects define a cultural group?

answer: its own history, language, practices, and conceptual categories

text: its own history, language, practices, and conceptual categories

question: What shapes processes of human cognition?

answer: cultural group

text: cultural group

question: Psychological anthropology examines how our models of social processes are informed by what?

answer: understanding

text: understanding


text: Daylighting is the oldest method of interior lighting. Daylighting is simply designing a space to use as much natural light as possible. This decreases energy consumption and costs, and requires less heating and cooling from the building. Daylighting has also been proven to have positive effects on patients in hospitals as well as work and school performance. Due to a lack of information that indicate the likely energy savings, daylighting schemes are not yet popular among most buildings.

title: Lighting

title: Lighting

text: Daylighting

text: is

text: the

text: oldest

text: method

text: of

text: interior

text: lighting

text: Daylighting

text: is

text: simply

text: designing

text: a

text: space

text: to

text: use

text: as

text: much

text: natural

text: light

text: as

text: possible

text: This

text: decreases

text: energy

text: consumption

text: and

text: costs

text: and

text: requires

text: less

text: heating

text: and

text: cooling

text: from

text: the

text: building

text: Daylighting

text: has

text: also

text: been

text: proven

text: to

text: have

text: positive

text: effects

text: on

text: patients

text: in

text: hospitals

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: work

text: and

text: school

text: performance

text: Due

text: to

text: a

text: lack

text: of

text: information

text: that

text: indicate

text: the

text: likely

text: energy

text: savings

text: daylighting

text: schemes

text: are

text: not

text: yet

text: popular

text: among

text: most

text: buildings

question: What is the oldest method of interior lighting?

answer: Daylighting

text: Daylighting

question: Daylighting has been proven to have negative effects on people?

answer: not

text: not


text: Into the first half of the twentieth century after the establishment of ROC, Nanjing gradually shifted from being a production hub towards being a heavy consumption city, mainly because of the rapid expansion of its wealthy population after Nanjing once again regained the political spotlight of China. A number of huge department stores such as Zhongyang Shangchang sprouted up, attracting merchants from all over China to sell their products in Nanjing. In 1933, the revenue generated by the food and entertainment industry in the city exceeded the sum of the output of the manufacturing and agriculture industry. One third of the city population worked in the service industry, .

title: Nanjing

title: Nanjing

text: Into

text: the

text: first

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: twentieth

text: century

text: after

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: ROC

text: Nanjing

text: gradually

text: shifted

text: from

text: being

text: a

text: production

text: hub

text: towards

text: being

text: a

text: heavy

text: consumption

text: city

text: mainly

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: rapid

text: expansion

text: of

text: its

text: wealthy

text: population

text: after

text: Nanjing

text: once

text: again

text: regained

text: the

text: political

text: spotlight

text: of

text: China

text: A

text: number

text: of

text: huge

text: department

text: stores

text: such

text: as

text: Zhongyang

text: Shangchang

text: sprouted

text: up

text: attracting

text: merchants

text: from

text: all

text: over

text: China

text: to

text: sell

text: their

text: products

text: in

text: Nanjing

text: In

text: the

text: revenue

text: generated

text: by

text: the

text: food

text: and

text: entertainment

text: industry

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: exceeded

text: the

text: sum

text: of

text: the

text: output

text: of

text: the

text: manufacturing

text: and

text: agriculture

text: industry

text: One

text: third

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: population

text: worked

text: in

text: the

text: service

text: industry

question: In what time period did Nanjing transform from a producer to more of a consumer city?

answer: Into the first half of the twentieth century

text: Into the first half of the twentieth century

question: What mostly caused the shift to a consumer city?

answer: the rapid expansion of its wealthy population

text: the rapid expansion of its wealthy population

question: What is Zhongyang Shangchang?

answer: huge department stores

text: huge department stores

question: In what year did the revenue of food and entertainment eclipse the output of industry?

answer: 1933

question: How much of the population worked in a service capacity at that time?

answer: One third of the city population

text: One third of the city population


text: where the uncertainty is given as the standard deviation of the measured value from its expected value. There are a number of other such pairs of physically measurable values which obey a similar rule. One example is time vs. energy. The either-or nature of uncertainty forces measurement attempts to choose between trade offs, and given that they are quanta, the trade offs often take the form of either-or (as in Fourier analysis), rather than the compromises and gray areas of time series analysis.

title: Planck_constant

title: Planck_constant

text: where

text: the

text: uncertainty

text: is

text: given

text: as

text: the

text: standard

text: deviation

text: of

text: the

text: measured

text: value

text: from

text: its

text: expected

text: value

text: There

text: are

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: other

text: such

text: pairs

text: of

text: physically

text: measurable

text: values

text: which

text: obey

text: a

text: similar

text: rule

text: One

text: example

text: is

text: time

text: vs.

text: energy

text: The

text: either

text: or

text: nature

text: of

text: uncertainty

text: forces

text: measurement

text: attempts

text: to

text: choose

text: between

text: trade

text: offs

text: and

text: given

text: that

text: they

text: are

text: quanta

text: the

text: trade

text: offs

text: often

text: take

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: either

text: or

text: as

text: in

text: Fourier

text: analysis

text: rather

text: than

text: the

text: compromises

text: and

text: gray

text: areas

text: of

text: time

text: series

text: analysis

question: What measurable value obeys a similar rule of angular momentum?

answer: time vs. energy

text: time vs. energy

question: What forces measurement attempts to choose between trade-offs, in quanta?

answer: either-or nature of uncertainty

text: either-or nature of uncertainty

question: What form do measurement attempt trade-offs for quanta take the form of?

answer: either-or (as in Fourier analysis)

text: either-or (as in Fourier analysis)

question: How is uncertainly measured in this experience?

answer: the standard deviation of the measured value from its expected value

text: the standard deviation of the measured value from its expected value

question: What type of analysis fits the either-or nature of the uncertainty?

answer: Fourier analysis

text: Fourier analysis

question: What example is given as another paired relationship of uncertainly related to standard deviation?

answer: time vs. energy

text: time vs. energy


text: In philosophy, emotions are studied in sub-fields such as ethics, the philosophy of art (for example, sensory–emotional values, and matters of taste and sentimentality), and the philosophy of music (see also Music and emotion). In history, scholars examine documents and other sources to interpret and analyze past activities; speculation on the emotional state of the authors of historical documents is one of the tools of interpretation. In literature and film-making, the expression of emotion is the cornerstone of genres such as drama, melodrama, and romance. In communication studies, scholars study the role that emotion plays in the dissemination of ideas and messages. Emotion is also studied in non-human animals in ethology, a branch of zoology which focuses on the scientific study of animal behavior. Ethology is a combination of laboratory and field science, with strong ties to ecology and evolution. Ethologists often study one type of behavior (for example, aggression) in a number of unrelated animals.

title: Emotion

title: Emotion

text: In

text: philosophy

text: emotions

text: are

text: studied

text: in

text: sub

text: fields

text: such

text: as

text: ethics

text: the

text: philosophy

text: of

text: art

text: for

text: example

text: sensory

text: emotional

text: values

text: and

text: matters

text: of

text: taste

text: and

text: sentimentality

text: and

text: the

text: philosophy

text: of

text: music

text: see

text: also

text: Music

text: and

text: emotion

text: In

text: history

text: scholars

text: examine

text: documents

text: and

text: other

text: sources

text: to

text: interpret

text: and

text: analyze

text: past

text: activities

text: speculation

text: on

text: the

text: emotional

text: state

text: of

text: the

text: authors

text: of

text: historical

text: documents

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: tools

text: of

text: interpretation

text: In

text: literature

text: and

text: film

text: making

text: the

text: expression

text: of

text: emotion

text: is

text: the

text: cornerstone

text: of

text: genres

text: such

text: as

text: drama

text: melodrama

text: and

text: romance

text: In

text: communication

text: studies

text: scholars

text: study

text: the

text: role

text: that

text: emotion

text: plays

text: in

text: the

text: dissemination

text: of

text: ideas

text: and

text: messages

text: Emotion

text: is

text: also

text: studied

text: in

text: non

text: human

text: animals

text: in

text: ethology

text: a

text: branch

text: of

text: zoology

text: which

text: focuses

text: on

text: the

text: scientific

text: study

text: of

text: animal

text: behavior

text: Ethology

text: is

text: a

text: combination

text: of

text: laboratory

text: and

text: field

text: science

text: with

text: strong

text: ties

text: to

text: ecology

text: and

text: evolution

text: Ethologists

text: often

text: study

text: one

text: type

text: of

text: behavior

text: for

text: example

text: aggression

text: in

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: unrelated

text: animals

question: Along with the philosophies of music and art, what field of philosophy studies emotions?

answer: ethics

text: ethics

question: Along with drama and melodrama, in what filmmaking genre does emotion play an important role?

answer: romance

text: romance

question: Of what discipline is ethology a branch?

answer: zoology

text: zoology

question: Along with laboratory work, what does an ethologist engage in?

answer: field science

text: field science

question: Along with evolution, what area of study is ethology tied to?

answer: ecology

text: ecology


text: The European Union uses the terms racial origin and ethnic origin synonymously in its documents and according to it "the use of the term 'racial origin' in this directive does not imply an acceptance of such [racial] theories".[full citation needed] Haney López warns that using "race" as a category within the law tends to legitimize its existence in the popular imagination. In the diverse geographic context of Europe, ethnicity and ethnic origin are arguably more resonant and are less encumbered by the ideological baggage associated with "race". In European context, historical resonance of "race" underscores its problematic nature. In some states, it is strongly associated with laws promulgated by the Nazi and Fascist governments in Europe during the 1930s and 1940s. Indeed, in 1996, the European Parliament adopted a resolution stating that "the term should therefore be avoided in all official texts".

title: Race_(human_categorization)

title: Race_(human_categorization

text: The

text: European

text: Union

text: uses

text: the

text: terms

text: racial

text: origin

text: and

text: ethnic

text: origin

text: synonymously

text: in

text: its

text: documents

text: and

text: according

text: to

text: it

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: term

text: racial

text: origin

text: in

text: this

text: directive

text: does

text: not

text: imply

text: an

text: acceptance

text: of

text: such

text: racial

text: theories".[full

text: citation

text: needed

text: Haney

text: López

text: warns

text: that

text: using

text: race

text: as

text: a

text: category

text: within

text: the

text: law

text: tends

text: to

text: legitimize

text: its

text: existence

text: in

text: the

text: popular

text: imagination

text: In

text: the

text: diverse

text: geographic

text: context

text: of

text: Europe

text: ethnicity

text: and

text: ethnic

text: origin

text: are

text: arguably

text: more

text: resonant

text: and

text: are

text: less

text: encumbered

text: by

text: the

text: ideological

text: baggage

text: associated

text: with

text: race

text: In

text: European

text: context

text: historical

text: resonance

text: of

text: race

text: underscores

text: its

text: problematic

text: nature

text: In

text: some

text: states

text: it

text: is

text: strongly

text: associated

text: with

text: laws

text: promulgated

text: by

text: the

text: Nazi

text: and

text: Fascist

text: governments

text: in

text: Europe

text: during

text: the

text: and

text: Indeed

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Parliament

text: adopted

text: a

text: resolution

text: stating

text: that

text: the

text: term

text: should

text: therefore

text: be

text: avoided

text: in

text: all

text: official

text: texts

question: Who uses the terms racial origin and ethnic origin interchangeably?

answer: The European Union

text: The European Union

question: What does using race as a category within the law legitimize?

answer: its existence

text: its existence

question: In what context is the historical use of race underscored by its problematic nature?

answer: European

text: European

question: Race is strongly associated with laws by what type of governments?

answer: Fascist

text: Fascist

question: In what year did the European Parliament adopt a resolution to remove "race" from all official texts?

answer: 1996


text: In July 2012, Ancestry.com reported on historic and DNA research by its staff that discovered that Obama is likely a descendant through his mother of John Punch, considered by some historians to be the first African slave in the Virginia colony. An indentured servant, he was "bound for life" in 1640 after trying to escape. The story of him and his descendants is that of multi-racial America since it appeared he and his sons married or had unions with white women, likely indentured servants and working-class like them. Their multi-racial children were free because they were born to free English women. Over time, Obama's line of the Bunch family (as they became known) were property owners and continued to "marry white"; they became part of white society, likely by the early to mid-18th century.

title: Black_people

title: Black_people

text: In

text: July

text: Ancestry.com

text: reported

text: on

text: historic

text: and

text: DNA

text: research

text: by

text: its

text: staff

text: that

text: discovered

text: that

text: Obama

text: is

text: likely

text: a

text: descendant

text: through

text: his

text: mother

text: of

text: John

text: Punch

text: considered

text: by

text: some

text: historians

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: first

text: African

text: slave

text: in

text: the

text: Virginia

text: colony

text: An

text: indentured

text: servant

text: he

text: was

text: bound

text: for

text: life

text: in

text: after

text: trying

text: to

text: escape

text: The

text: story

text: of

text: him

text: and

text: his

text: descendants

text: is

text: that

text: of

text: multi

text: racial

text: America

text: since

text: it

text: appeared

text: he

text: and

text: his

text: sons

text: married

text: or

text: had

text: unions

text: with

text: white

text: women

text: likely

text: indentured

text: servants

text: and

text: working

text: class

text: like

text: them

text: Their

text: multi

text: racial

text: children

text: were

text: free

text: because

text: they

text: were

text: born

text: to

text: free

text: English

text: women

text: Over

text: time

text: Obama

text: 's

text: line

text: of

text: the

text: Bunch

text: family

text: as

text: they

text: became

text: known

text: were

text: property

text: owners

text: and

text: continued

text: to

text: marry

text: white

text: they

text: became

text: part

text: of

text: white

text: society

text: likely

text: by

text: the

text: early

text: to

text: century

question: Who is Obama possibly an ancestor of?

answer: John Punch

text: John Punch

question: Who is John Punch?

answer: the first African slave in the Virginia colony

text: the first African slave in the Virginia colony

question: When was Punch indentured?

answer: 1640

question: Why was he indentured for life?

answer: trying to escape

text: trying to escape

question: Why were his children free?

answer: they were born to free English women

text: they were born to free English women


text: In April 2016, Northwestern announced that it signed on to the Chicago Star Partnership, a City Colleges initiative. Through this partnership, Northwestern is one of 15 Illinois public and private universities that will "provide scholarships to students who graduate from Chicago Public Schools, get their associate degree from one of the city's community colleges, and then get admitted to a bachelor's degree program." The partnership was influenced by Mayor Rahm Emanuel, who encouraged local universities to increase opportunities for students in the public school district. The University of Chicago, Northeastern Illinois University, the School of the Art Institute, DePaul University and Loyola University are also part of the Star Scholars partnership.

title: Northwestern_University

title: Northwestern_University

text: In

text: April

text: Northwestern

text: announced

text: that

text: it

text: signed

text: on

text: to

text: the

text: Chicago

text: Star

text: Partnership

text: a

text: City

text: Colleges

text: initiative

text: Through

text: this

text: partnership

text: Northwestern

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: Illinois

text: public

text: and

text: private

text: universities

text: that

text: will

text: provide

text: scholarships

text: to

text: students

text: who

text: graduate

text: from

text: Chicago

text: Public

text: Schools

text: get

text: their

text: associate

text: degree

text: from

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: community

text: colleges

text: and

text: then

text: get

text: admitted

text: to

text: a

text: bachelor

text: 's

text: degree

text: program

text: The

text: partnership

text: was

text: influenced

text: by

text: Mayor

text: Rahm

text: Emanuel

text: who

text: encouraged

text: local

text: universities

text: to

text: increase

text: opportunities

text: for

text: students

text: in

text: the

text: public

text: school

text: district

text: The

text: University

text: of

text: Chicago

text: Northeastern

text: Illinois

text: University

text: the

text: School

text: of

text: the

text: Art

text: Institute

text: DePaul

text: University

text: and

text: Loyola

text: University

text: are

text: also

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Star

text: Scholars

text: partnership

question: What City College initiative did Northwestern announce signing on with in 2016?

answer: the Chicago Star Partnership

text: the Chicago Star Partnership

question: Who encouraged local universities to increase opportunities for students in the public school districts?

answer: Mayor Rahm Emanuel

text: Mayor Rahm Emanuel

question: Through the Chicago Star Partnership, what is provided to students from Chicago public schools that meet further educational criteria?

answer: scholarships

text: scholarships

question: Which mayor influenced the Chicago Star Partnership?

answer: Rahm Emanuel

text: Rahm Emanuel


text: Sheldon Pollock argues that "most observers would agree that, in some crucial way, Sanskrit is dead".:393 Pollock has further argued that, while Sanskrit continued to be used in literary cultures in India, it was never adapted to express the changing forms of subjectivity and sociality as embodied and conceptualised in the modern age.:416 Instead, it was reduced to "reinscription and restatements" of ideas already explored, and any creativity was restricted to hymns and verses.:398 A notable exception are the military references of Nīlakaṇṭha Caturdhara's 17th-century commentary on the Mahābhārata.

title: Sanskrit

title: Sanskrit

text: Sheldon

text: Pollock

text: argues

text: that

text: most

text: observers

text: would

text: agree

text: that

text: in

text: some

text: crucial

text: way

text: Sanskrit

text: is

text: Pollock

text: has

text: further

text: argued

text: that

text: while

text: Sanskrit

text: continued

text: to

text: be

text: used

text: in

text: literary

text: cultures

text: in

text: India

text: it

text: was

text: never

text: adapted

text: to

text: express

text: the

text: changing

text: forms

text: of

text: subjectivity

text: and

text: sociality

text: as

text: embodied

text: and

text: conceptualised

text: in

text: the

text: modern

text: Instead

text: it

text: was

text: reduced

text: to

text: reinscription

text: and

text: restatements

text: of

text: ideas

text: already

text: explored

text: and

text: any

text: creativity

text: was

text: restricted

text: to

text: hymns

text: and

text: A

text: notable

text: exception

text: are

text: the

text: military

text: references

text: of

text: Nīlakaṇṭha

text: Caturdhara

text: 's

text: century

text: commentary

text: on

text: the

text: Mahābhārata

question: Who has said the Sanskrit is dead?

answer: Sheldon Pollock

text: Sheldon Pollock

question: According to Pollock, how is Sanskrit solely used?

answer: literary cultures

text: literary cultures

question: What is Sanskrit not  able to express?

answer: the modern age

text: the modern age

question: How is Sanskrit limited in it function towards ideas?

answer: restatements

text: restatements

question: To what is Sanskrit restricted?

answer: hymns

text: hymns


text: The Heian period (平安時代, Heian jidai?) is the last division of classical Japanese history, running from 794 to 1185. The period is named after the capital city of Heian-kyō, or modern Kyōto. It is the period in Japanese history when Buddhism, Taoism and other Chinese influences were at their height. The Heian period is also considered the peak of the Japanese imperial court and noted for its art, especially poetry and literature. Although the Imperial House of Japan had power on the surface, the real power was in the hands of the Fujiwara clan, a powerful aristocratic family who had intermarried with the imperial family. Many emperors actually had mothers from the Fujiwara family. Heian (平安?) means "peace" in Japanese.

title: Heian_period

title: Heian_period

text: The

text: Heian

text: period

text: 平安時代

text: Heian

text: jidai

text: is

text: the

text: last

text: division

text: of

text: classical

text: Japanese

text: history

text: running

text: from

text: to

text: The

text: period

text: is

text: named

text: after

text: the

text: capital

text: city

text: of

text: Heian

text: kyō

text: or

text: modern

text: Kyōto

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: period

text: in

text: Japanese

text: history

text: when

text: Buddhism

text: Taoism

text: and

text: other

text: Chinese

text: influences

text: were

text: at

text: their

text: height

text: The

text: Heian

text: period

text: is

text: also

text: considered

text: the

text: peak

text: of

text: the

text: Japanese

text: imperial

text: court

text: and

text: noted

text: for

text: its

text: art

text: especially

text: poetry

text: and

text: literature

text: Although

text: the

text: Imperial

text: House

text: of

text: Japan

text: had

text: power

text: on

text: the

text: surface

text: the

text: real

text: power

text: was

text: in

text: the

text: hands

text: of

text: the

text: Fujiwara

text: clan

text: a

text: powerful

text: aristocratic

text: family

text: who

text: had

text: intermarried

text: with

text: the

text: imperial

text: family

text: Many

text: emperors

text: actually

text: had

text: mothers

text: from

text: the

text: Fujiwara

text: family

text: Heian

text: 平安

text: means

text: peace

text: in

text: Japanese

question: What is the name of the last period of classical Japanese history?

answer: Heian

text: Heian

question: The Heian period is named after what city?

answer: Heian-kyō

text: Heian-kyō

question: What does heian mean in Japanese?

answer: peace

text: peace

question: What was the name of the prominent clan during the Heian period?

answer: Fujiwara

text: Fujiwara

question: The Heian period was known for what types of art?

answer: poetry and literature

text: poetry and literature


text: The city is bisected geographically and culturally by the North Canadian River, which basically divides North Oklahoma City and South Oklahoma City. The two halves of the city were actually founded and plotted as separate cities, but soon grew together. The north side is characterized by very diverse and fashionable urban neighborhoods near the city center and sprawling suburbs further north. South Oklahoma City is generally more blue collar working class and significantly more industrial, having grown up around the Stockyards and meat packing plants at the turn of the century, and is currently the center of the city's rapidly growing Latino community.

title: Oklahoma_City

title: Oklahoma_City

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: bisected

text: geographically

text: and

text: culturally

text: by

text: the

text: North

text: Canadian

text: River

text: which

text: basically

text: divides

text: North

text: Oklahoma

text: City

text: and

text: South

text: Oklahoma

text: City

text: The

text: two

text: halves

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: were

text: actually

text: founded

text: and

text: plotted

text: as

text: separate

text: cities

text: but

text: soon

text: grew

text: together

text: The

text: north

text: side

text: is

text: characterized

text: by

text: very

text: diverse

text: and

text: fashionable

text: urban

text: neighborhoods

text: near

text: the

text: city

text: center

text: and

text: sprawling

text: suburbs

text: further

text: north

text: South

text: Oklahoma

text: City

text: is

text: generally

text: more

text: blue

text: collar

text: working

text: class

text: and

text: significantly

text: more

text: industrial

text: having

text: grown

text: up

text: around

text: the

text: Stockyards

text: and

text: meat

text: packing

text: plants

text: at

text: the

text: turn

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: and

text: is

text: currently

text: the

text: center

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: rapidly

text: growing

text: Latino

text: community

question: Which side is known for primarily being industrial?

answer: South Oklahoma City

text: South Oklahoma City

question: Which side is more urban and fashionable?

answer: North Oklahoma City

text: North Oklahoma City


text: The Estonian Academy of Sciences is the national academy of science. The strongest public non-profit research institute that carries out fundamental and applied research is the National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics (NICPB; Estonian KBFI). The first computer centres were established in the late 1950s in Tartu and Tallinn. Estonian specialists contributed in the development of software engineering standards for ministries of the Soviet Union during the 1980s. As of 2011[update], Estonia spends around 2.38% of its GDP on Research and Development, compared to an EU average of around 2.0%.

title: Estonia

title: Estonia

text: The

text: Estonian

text: Academy

text: of

text: Sciences

text: is

text: the

text: national

text: academy

text: of

text: science

text: The

text: strongest

text: public

text: non

text: profit

text: research

text: institute

text: that

text: carries

text: out

text: fundamental

text: and

text: applied

text: research

text: is

text: the

text: National

text: Institute

text: of

text: Chemical

text: Physics

text: and

text: Biophysics

text: NICPB

text: Estonian

text: KBFI

text: The

text: first

text: computer

text: centres

text: were

text: established

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: in

text: Tartu

text: and

text: Tallinn

text: Estonian

text: specialists

text: contributed

text: in

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: software

text: engineering

text: standards

text: for

text: ministries

text: of

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: during

text: the

text: As

text: of

text: Estonia

text: spends

text: around

text: of

text: its

text: GDP

text: on

text: Research

text: and

text: Development

text: compared

text: to

text: an

text: EU

text: average

text: of

text: around

question: What is the main science institution in Estonia?

answer: The Estonian Academy of Sciences

text: The Estonian Academy of Sciences

question: What is the strongest research body that executes fundamental and applied research?

answer: the National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics

text: the National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics

question: What decade were the first computer centers created in Estonia?

answer: the late 1950s

text: the late 1950s

question: What cities were the locations of the first computer centers?

answer: Tartu and Tallinn

text: Tartu and Tallinn


text: In 2001, Apple introduced Mac OS X, based on Darwin and NEXTSTEP; its new features included the Dock and the Aqua user interface. During the transition, Apple included a virtual machine subsystem known as Classic, allowing users to run Mac OS 9 applications under Mac OS X 10.4 and earlier on PowerPC machines. Apple introduced Mac OS X 10.8 in February, and it was made available in the summer of 2012. Mountain Lion includes many new features, such as Mission Control, the Mac App Store (available to Mac OS X v10.6.6 "Snow Leopard." users by software update), Launchpad, an application viewer and launcher akin to the iOS Home Screen, and Resume, a feature similar to the hibernate function found in Microsoft Windows. The most recent version is OS X El Capitan . In addition to Mavericks, all new Macs are bundled with assorted Apple-produced applications, including iLife, the Safari web browser and the iTunes media player. Apple introduced Mavericks at WWDC 2013 in June, and released it on October 15 of that year. It is free of charge to everyone running Snow Leopard or later and is compatible with most Macs from 2007 and later. Mavericks brought a lot of the iOS apps, functions, and feel to the Mac as well as better multi display support, iBooks, Maps, app nap, and other upgrades to improve performance and battery life.

title: Macintosh

title: Macintosh

text: In

text: Apple

text: introduced

text: Mac

text: OS

text: X

text: based

text: on

text: Darwin

text: and

text: NEXTSTEP

text: its

text: new

text: features

text: included

text: the

text: Dock

text: and

text: the

text: Aqua

text: user

text: interface

text: During

text: the

text: transition

text: Apple

text: included

text: a

text: virtual

text: machine

text: subsystem

text: known

text: as

text: Classic

text: allowing

text: users

text: to

text: run

text: Mac

text: OS

text: applications

text: under

text: Mac

text: OS

text: X

text: and

text: earlier

text: on

text: PowerPC

text: machines

text: Apple

text: introduced

text: Mac

text: OS

text: X

text: in

text: February

text: and

text: it

text: was

text: made

text: available

text: in

text: the

text: summer

text: of

text: Mountain

text: Lion

text: includes

text: many

text: new

text: features

text: such

text: as

text: Mission

text: Control

text: the

text: Mac

text: App

text: Store

text: available

text: to

text: Mac

text: OS

text: X

text: Snow

text: Leopard

text: users

text: by

text: software

text: update

text: Launchpad

text: an

text: application

text: viewer

text: and

text: launcher

text: akin

text: to

text: the

text: iOS

text: Home

text: Screen

text: and

text: Resume

text: a

text: feature

text: similar

text: to

text: the

text: hibernate

text: function

text: found

text: in

text: Microsoft

text: Windows

text: The

text: most

text: recent

text: version

text: is

text: OS

text: X

text: El

text: Capitan

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: Mavericks

text: all

text: new

text: Macs

text: are

text: bundled

text: with

text: assorted

text: Apple

text: produced

text: applications

text: including

text: iLife

text: the

text: Safari

text: web

text: browser

text: and

text: the

text: iTunes

text: media

text: player

text: Apple

text: introduced

text: Mavericks

text: at

text: WWDC

text: in

text: June

text: and

text: released

text: it

text: on

text: October

text: of

text: that

text: year

text: It

text: is

text: free

text: of

text: charge

text: to

text: everyone

text: running

text: Snow

text: Leopard

text: or

text: later

text: and

text: is

text: compatible

text: with

text: most

text: Macs

text: from

text: and

text: later

text: Mavericks

text: brought

text: a

text: lot

text: of

text: the

text: iOS

text: apps

text: functions

text: and

text: feel

text: to

text: the

text: Mac

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: better

text: multi

text: display

text: support

text: iBooks

text: Maps

text: app

text: nap

text: and

text: other

text: upgrades

text: to

text: improve

text: performance

text: and

text: battery

text: life

question: What was Apple's Mac OS X based on?

answer: Darwin and NEXTSTEP

text: Darwin and NEXTSTEP

question: Who did Apple make Maverick free to?

answer: everyone running Snow Leopard or later

text: everyone running Snow Leopard or later

question: What computers is Maverick compatible with?

answer: most Macs from 2007 and later

text: most Macs from 2007 and later

question: What brought better multi display support to Mac?

answer: Mavericks

text: Mavericks

question: When was Mavericks introduced?

answer: 2013


text: Three Han mathematical treatises still exist. These are the Book on Numbers and Computation, the Arithmetical Classic of the Gnomon and the Circular Paths of Heaven and the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art. Han-era mathematical achievements include solving problems with right-angle triangles, square roots, cube roots, and matrix methods, finding more accurate approximations for pi, providing mathematical proof of the Pythagorean theorem, use of the decimal fraction, Gaussian elimination to solve linear equations, and continued fractions to find the roots of equations.

title: Han_dynasty

title: Han_dynasty

text: Three

text: Han

text: mathematical

text: treatises

text: still

text: exist

text: These

text: are

text: the

text: Book

text: on

text: Numbers

text: and

text: Computation

text: the

text: Arithmetical

text: Classic

text: of

text: the

text: Gnomon

text: and

text: the

text: Circular

text: Paths

text: of

text: Heaven

text: and

text: the

text: Nine

text: Chapters

text: on

text: the

text: Mathematical

text: Art

text: Han

text: era

text: mathematical

text: achievements

text: include

text: solving

text: problems

text: with

text: right

text: angle

text: triangles

text: square

text: roots

text: cube

text: roots

text: and

text: matrix

text: methods

text: finding

text: more

text: accurate

text: approximations

text: for

text: pi

text: providing

text: mathematical

text: proof

text: of

text: the

text: Pythagorean

text: theorem

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: decimal

text: fraction

text: Gaussian

text: elimination

text: to

text: solve

text: linear

text: equations

text: and

text: continued

text: fractions

text: to

text: find

text: the

text: roots

text: of

text: equations

question: What type of treatise is the Book on Numbers and Computation considered to be?

answer: mathematical

text: mathematical

question: How many mathematical treatises have still managed to survive to this day?

answer: Three

text: Three

question: What achievement of the Han era can be used to help solve linear equations?

answer: Gaussian elimination

text: Gaussian elimination

question: During what era was the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art from?

answer: Han

text: Han

question: What can be used to help find the roots of equations?

answer: continued fractions

text: continued fractions