text: Within the past ten years, the amount of social networking sites available to the public has greatly increased as well as the number of adolescents using them. Several sources report a high proportion of adolescents who use social media: 73% of 12–17 year olds reported having at least one social networking profile; two-thirds (68%) of teens text every day, half (51%) visit social networking sites daily, and 11% send or receive tweets at least once every day. In fact, more than a third (34%) of teens visit their main social networking site several times a day. One in four (23%) teens are "heavy" social media users, meaning they use at least two different types of social media each and every day.

title: Adolescence

title: Adolescence

text: Within

text: the

text: past

text: ten

text: years

text: the

text: amount

text: of

text: social

text: networking

text: sites

text: available

text: to

text: the

text: public

text: has

text: greatly

text: increased

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: adolescents

text: using

text: them

text: Several

text: sources

text: report

text: a

text: high

text: proportion

text: of

text: adolescents

text: who

text: use

text: social

text: media

text: of

text: year

text: olds

text: reported

text: having

text: at

text: least

text: one

text: social

text: networking

text: profile

text: two

text: thirds

text: of

text: teens

text: text

text: every

text: day

text: half

text: visit

text: social

text: networking

text: sites

text: daily

text: and

text: send

text: or

text: receive

text: tweets

text: at

text: least

text: once

text: every

text: day

text: In

text: fact

text: more

text: than

text: a

text: third

text: of

text: teens

text: visit

text: their

text: main

text: social

text: networking

text: site

text: several

text: times

text: a

text: day

text: One

text: in

text: four

text: teens

text: are

text: heavy

text: social

text: media

text: users

text: meaning

text: they

text: use

text: at

text: least

text: two

text: different

text: types

text: of

text: social

text: media

text: each

text: and

text: every

text: day

question: In recent years, has the amount of social networking sites available to the public increased or decreased?

answer: greatly increased

text: greatly increased

question: What percentage of teens say they text every day?

answer: 68%

question: What percentage of 12-17 year olds claim to have at least one social networking profile?

answer: 73%

question: What percentage of teens report visiting social netorking sites daily?

answer: 51%

question: What ratio of teens are "heavy" social media users, using two types of media daily?

answer: One in four (23%)

text: One in four (23%)


text: Lee and Guenther have rejected most of the arguments put forward by Wilmsen. Doron Shultziner and others have argued that we can learn a lot about the life-styles of prehistoric hunter-gatherers from studies of contemporary hunter-gatherers—especially their impressive levels of egalitarianism.

title: Hunter-gatherer

title: Hunter

title: gatherer

text: Lee

text: and

text: Guenther

text: have

text: rejected

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: arguments

text: put

text: forward

text: by

text: Wilmsen

text: Doron

text: Shultziner

text: and

text: others

text: have

text: argued

text: that

text: we

text: can

text: learn

text: a

text: lot

text: about

text: the

text: life

text: styles

text: of

text: prehistoric

text: hunter

text: gatherers

text: from

text: studies

text: of

text: contemporary

text: hunter

text: gatherers

text: especially

text: their

text: impressive

text: levels

text: of

text: egalitarianism

question: Who has rejected Wilmsen's arguments?

answer: Lee and Guenther

text: Lee and Guenther

question: Whose lifestyle does Shultziner think we can learn about?

answer: prehistoric hunter-gatherers

text: prehistoric hunter-gatherers

question: What is it about prehistoric hunter-gatherers that impresses Shultziner?

answer: egalitarianism

text: egalitarianism

question: Who has offered arguments that Lee and Guenther disliked?

answer: Wilmsen

text: Wilmsen


text: Solar hot water systems use sunlight to heat water. In low geographical latitudes (below 40 degrees) from 60 to 70% of the domestic hot water use with temperatures up to 60 °C can be provided by solar heating systems. The most common types of solar water heaters are evacuated tube collectors (44%) and glazed flat plate collectors (34%) generally used for domestic hot water; and unglazed plastic collectors (21%) used mainly to heat swimming pools.

title: Solar_energy

title: Solar_energy

text: Solar

text: hot

text: water

text: systems

text: use

text: sunlight

text: to

text: heat

text: water

text: In

text: low

text: geographical

text: latitudes

text: below

text: degrees

text: from

text: to

text: of

text: the

text: domestic

text: hot

text: water

text: use

text: with

text: temperatures

text: up

text: to

text: C

text: can

text: be

text: provided

text: by

text: solar

text: heating

text: systems

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: types

text: of

text: solar

text: water

text: heaters

text: are

text: evacuated

text: tube

text: collectors

text: and

text: glazed

text: flat

text: plate

text: collectors

text: generally

text: used

text: for

text: domestic

text: hot

text: water

text: and

text: unglazed

text: plastic

text: collectors

text: used

text: mainly

text: to

text: heat

text: swimming

text: pools

question: According to Shuman, up to what percentage of domestic hot water can be  provided by solar heating systems?

answer: 70

question: What do Solar hot water systems use to heat water?

answer: sunlight

text: sunlight

question: How much hot water can be produced by solar heating systems in low geographical latitudes?

answer: 60 to 70% of the domestic hot water

text: 60 to 70% of the domestic hot water

question: What is a common type of solar water heater?

answer: evacuated tube collectors

text: evacuated tube collectors

question: What type of solar water heater is used to heat pools?

answer: unglazed plastic collectors

text: unglazed plastic collectors


text: In absolute terms, the planet has lost 52% of its biodiversity since 1970 according to a 2014 study by the World Wildlife Fund. The Living Planet Report 2014 claims that "the number of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish across the globe is, on average, about half the size it was 40 years ago". Of that number, 39% accounts for the terrestrial wildlife gone, 39% for the marine wildlife gone, and 76% for the freshwater wildlife gone. Biodiversity took the biggest hit in Latin America, plummeting 83 percent. High-income countries showed a 10% increase in biodiversity, which was canceled out by a loss in low-income countries. This is despite the fact that high-income countries use five times the ecological resources of low-income countries, which was explained as a result of process whereby wealthy nations are outsourcing resource depletion to poorer nations, which are suffering the greatest ecosystem losses.

title: Biodiversity

title: Biodiversity

text: In

text: absolute

text: terms

text: the

text: planet

text: has

text: lost

text: of

text: its

text: biodiversity

text: since

text: according

text: to

text: a

text: study

text: by

text: the

text: World

text: Wildlife

text: Fund

text: The

text: Living

text: Planet

text: Report

text: claims

text: that

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: mammals

text: birds

text: reptiles

text: amphibians

text: and

text: fish

text: across

text: the

text: globe

text: is

text: on

text: average

text: about

text: half

text: the

text: size

text: it

text: was

text: years

text: ago

text: Of

text: that

text: number

text: accounts

text: for

text: the

text: terrestrial

text: wildlife

text: gone

text: for

text: the

text: marine

text: wildlife

text: gone

text: and

text: for

text: the

text: freshwater

text: wildlife

text: gone

text: Biodiversity

text: took

text: the

text: biggest

text: hit

text: in

text: Latin

text: America

text: plummeting

text: percent

text: High

text: income

text: countries

text: showed

text: a

text: increase

text: in

text: biodiversity

text: which

text: was

text: canceled

text: out

text: by

text: a

text: loss

text: in

text: low

text: income

text: countries

text: This

text: is

text: despite

text: the

text: fact

text: that

text: high

text: income

text: countries

text: use

text: five

text: times

text: the

text: ecological

text: resources

text: of

text: low

text: income

text: countries

text: which

text: was

text: explained

text: as

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: process

text: whereby

text: wealthy

text: nations

text: are

text: outsourcing

text: resource

text: depletion

text: to

text: poorer

text: nations

text: which

text: are

text: suffering

text: the

text: greatest

text: ecosystem

text: losses

question: What percentage of biodiversity has the planet lost since 1970

answer: 52%

question: What year was they study done by the World Wildlife Fund?

answer: 2014

question: What percentage accounts for the terrestrial wildlife gone?

answer: 39%

question: What percentage accounts for the marine wildlife gone?

answer: 39%

question: What percentage accounts for the freshwater wildlife gone?

answer: 76%


text: Raleigh receives an average of 6.0 inches (15.2 cm) of snow in winter. Freezing rain and sleet also occur most winters, and occasionally the area experiences a major damaging ice storm. On January 24–25, 2000, Raleigh received its greatest snowfall from a single storm – 20.3 inches (52 cm) – the Winter Storm of January 2000. Storms of this magnitude are generally the result of cold air damming that affects the city due to its proximity to the Appalachian Mountains. Winter storms have caused traffic problems in the past as well.

title: Raleigh,_North_Carolina

title: Raleigh,_North_Carolina

text: Raleigh

text: receives

text: an

text: average

text: of

text: inches

text: cm

text: of

text: snow

text: in

text: winter

text: Freezing

text: rain

text: and

text: sleet

text: also

text: occur

text: most

text: winters

text: and

text: occasionally

text: the

text: area

text: experiences

text: a

text: major

text: damaging

text: ice

text: storm

text: On

text: January

text: Raleigh

text: received

text: its

text: greatest

text: snowfall

text: from

text: a

text: single

text: storm

text: inches

text: cm

text: the

text: Winter

text: Storm

text: of

text: January

text: Storms

text: of

text: this

text: magnitude

text: are

text: generally

text: the

text: result

text: of

text: cold

text: air

text: damming

text: that

text: affects

text: the

text: city

text: due

text: to

text: its

text: proximity

text: to

text: the

text: Appalachian

text: Mountains

text: Winter

text: storms

text: have

text: caused

text: traffic

text: problems

text: in

text: the

text: past

text: as

text: well

question: How much snow does Raleigh get?

answer: 6.0 inches

text: 6.0 inches

question: When was the greatest snowfall?

answer: January 24–25, 2000

text: January 24–25, 2000

question: How much snow did Raleigh get on January 24, 2000?

answer: 20.3 inches

text: 20.3 inches

question: What caused the Winter Storm of 2000?

answer: cold air damming

text: cold air damming

question: What mountains are the city near?

answer: Appalachian Mountains.

text: Appalachian Mountains.


text:
In the absence of atmospheric oxygen (O
2), in deep geological conditions prevailing far away from Earth atmosphere, hydrogen (H
2) is produced during the process of serpentinization by the anaerobic oxidation by the water protons (H+) of the ferrous (Fe2+) silicate present in the crystal lattice of the fayalite (Fe
2SiO
4, the olivine iron-endmember). The corresponding reaction leading to the formation of magnetite (Fe
3O
4), quartz (SiO
2) and hydrogen (H
2) is the following:

title: Hydrogen

title: Hydrogen

text: In

text: the

text: absence

text: of

text: atmospheric

text: oxygen

text: O

text: in

text: deep

text: geological

text: conditions

text: prevailing

text: far

text: away

text: from

text: Earth

text: atmosphere

text: hydrogen

text: H

text: is

text: produced

text: during

text: the

text: process

text: of

text: serpentinization

text: by

text: the

text: anaerobic

text: oxidation

text: by

text: the

text: water

text: protons

text: H+

text: of

text: the

text: ferrous

text: silicate

text: present

text: in

text: the

text: crystal

text: lattice

text: of

text: the

text: fayalite

text: Fe

text: the

text: olivine

text: iron

text: endmember

text: The

text: corresponding

text: reaction

text: leading

text: to

text: the

text: formation

text: of

text: magnetite

text: Fe

text: quartz

text: SiO

text: and

text: hydrogen

text: H

text: is

text: the

text: following

question: How is hydrogen produced when there is no atmospheric oxygen?

answer: serpentinization by the anaerobic oxidation

text: serpentinization by the anaerobic oxidation

question: Where do you find silicate?

answer: crystal lattice of the fayalite

text: crystal lattice of the fayalite


text: On 24 August, Pravda and Izvestia carried news of the non-secret portions of the Pact, complete with the now infamous front-page picture of Molotov signing the treaty, with a smiling Stalin looking on. The news was met with utter shock and surprise by government leaders and media worldwide, most of whom were aware only of the British–French–Soviet negotiations that had taken place for months. The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact was received with shock by Nazi Germany's allies, notably Japan, by the Comintern and foreign communist parties, and by Jewish communities all around the world. So, that day, German diplomat Hans von Herwarth, whose grandmother was Jewish, informed Guido Relli, an Italian diplomat, and American chargé d'affaires Charles Bohlen on the secret protocol regarding vital interests in the countries' allotted "spheres of influence", without revealing the annexation rights for "territorial and political rearrangement".

title: Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact

title: Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact

text: On

text: August

text: Pravda

text: and

text: Izvestia

text: carried

text: news

text: of

text: the

text: non

text: secret

text: portions

text: of

text: the

text: Pact

text: complete

text: with

text: the

text: now

text: infamous

text: front

text: page

text: picture

text: of

text: Molotov

text: signing

text: the

text: treaty

text: with

text: a

text: smiling

text: Stalin

text: looking

text: on

text: The

text: news

text: was

text: met

text: with

text: utter

text: shock

text: and

text: surprise

text: by

text: government

text: leaders

text: and

text: media

text: worldwide

text: most

text: of

text: whom

text: were

text: aware

text: only

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: French

text: Soviet

text: negotiations

text: that

text: had

text: taken

text: place

text: for

text: months

text: The

text: Molotov

text: Ribbentrop

text: Pact

text: was

text: received

text: with

text: shock

text: by

text: Nazi

text: Germany

text: 's

text: allies

text: notably

text: Japan

text: by

text: the

text: Comintern

text: and

text: foreign

text: communist

text: parties

text: and

text: by

text: Jewish

text: communities

text: all

text: around

text: the

text: world

text: So

text: that

text: day

text: German

text: diplomat

text: Hans

text: von

text: Herwarth

text: whose

text: grandmother

text: was

text: Jewish

text: informed

text: Guido

text: Relli

text: an

text: Italian

text: diplomat

text: and

text: American

text: chargé

text: d'affaires

text: Charles

text: Bohlen

text: on

text: the

text: secret

text: protocol

text: regarding

text: vital

text: interests

text: in

text: the

text: countries

text: allotted

text: spheres

text: of

text: influence

text: without

text: revealing

text: the

text: annexation

text: rights

text: for

text: territorial

text: and

text: political

text: rearrangement

question: Which diplomat leaked information about the secret agreements?

answer: Hans von Herwarth

text: Hans von Herwarth

question: Which ally of Germany was most surprised by the signing of the agreement?

answer: Japan

text: Japan

question: How long had the tripartite discussions been taking place?

answer: place for months

text: place for months


text: Intermittent warfare lasting from July 23, 1670 until July 1695, plus the typhoons of 1671 and 1693, and in particular the smallpox epidemic of 1688, reduced the Chamorro population from 50,000 to 10,000 to less than 5,000.:86 Precipitated by the death of Quipuha, and the murder of Father San Vitores and Pedro Calungsod by local rebel chief Matapang, tensions led to a number of conflicts. Captain Juan de Santiago started a campaign to pacify the island, which was continued by the successive commanders of the Spanish forces.:68–74

title: Guam

title: Guam

text: Intermittent

text: warfare

text: lasting

text: from

text: July

text: until

text: July

text: plus

text: the

text: typhoons

text: of

text: and

text: and

text: in

text: particular

text: the

text: smallpox

text: epidemic

text: of

text: reduced

text: the

text: Chamorro

text: population

text: from

text: to

text: to

text: less

text: than

text: Precipitated

text: by

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: Quipuha

text: and

text: the

text: murder

text: of

text: Father

text: San

text: Vitores

text: and

text: Pedro

text: Calungsod

text: by

text: local

text: rebel

text: chief

text: Matapang

text: tensions

text: led

text: to

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: conflicts

text: Captain

text: Juan

text: de

text: Santiago

text: started

text: a

text: campaign

text: to

text: pacify

text: the

text: island

text: which

text: was

text: continued

text: by

text: the

text: successive

text: commanders

text: of

text: the

text: Spanish

question: When did the Smallpox epidemic take place?

answer: 1688

question: In what years was there intermittent war fare?

answer: July 23, 1670 until July 1695

text: July 23, 1670 until July 1695

question: What did the smallpox epidemic reduce the population down to in Chamorro?

answer: 50,000 to 10,000

text: 50,000 to 10,000

question: What was the name of the person who started the campaign to pacify the area?

answer: Juan de Santiago

text: Juan de Santiago


text: The Duke and Duchess of York had two children: Elizabeth (called "Lilibet" by the family), and Margaret. The Duke and Duchess and their two daughters lived a relatively sheltered life at their London residence, 145 Piccadilly. They were a close and loving family. One of the few stirs arose when the Canadian Prime Minister, R. B. Bennett, considered the Duke for Governor General of Canada in 1931—a proposal that King George V rejected on the advice of the Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs, J. H. Thomas.

title: George_VI

title: George_VI

text: The

text: Duke

text: and

text: Duchess

text: of

text: York

text: had

text: two

text: children

text: Elizabeth

text: called

text: Lilibet

text: by

text: the

text: family

text: and

text: Margaret

text: The

text: Duke

text: and

text: Duchess

text: and

text: their

text: two

text: daughters

text: lived

text: a

text: relatively

text: sheltered

text: life

text: at

text: their

text: London

text: residence

text: Piccadilly

text: They

text: were

text: a

text: close

text: and

text: loving

text: family

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: few

text: stirs

text: arose

text: when

text: the

text: Canadian

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: R.

text: B.

text: Bennett

text: considered

text: the

text: Duke

text: for

text: Governor

text: General

text: of

text: Canada

text: in

text: proposal

text: that

text: King

text: George

text: V

text: rejected

text: on

text: the

text: advice

text: of

text: the

text: Secretary

text: of

text: State

text: for

text: Dominion

text: Affairs

text: J.

text: H.

text: Thomas

question: What was Elizabeth's nickname?

answer: Lilibet

text: Lilibet

question: Who were the Duke and Duchess of York's children?

answer: Elizabeth (called "Lilibet" by the family), and Margaret

text: Elizabeth (called "Lilibet" by the family), and Margaret

question: What was the name of Duke of York's London residence?

answer: 145 Piccadilly

text: 145 Piccadilly

question: Who advised against the Duke becoming the Governor General of Canada?

answer: J. H. Thomas

text: J. H. Thomas

question: What position did J. H. Thomas hold?

answer: Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs

text: Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs


text: The release of Apple's iPad tablet computer had a negative impact on Dell and other major PC vendors, as consumers switched away from desktop and laptop PCs. Dell's own mobility division has not managed success with developing smartphones or tablets, whether running Windows or Google Android. The Dell Streak was a failure commercially and critically due to its outdated OS, numerous bugs, and low resolution screen. InfoWorld suggested that Dell and other OEMs saw tablets as a short-term, low-investment opportunity running Google Android, an approach that neglected user interface and failed to gain long term market traction with consumers. Dell has responded by pushing higher-end PCs, such as the XPS line of notebooks, which do not compete with the Apple iPad and Kindle Fire tablets. The growing popularity of smartphones and tablet computers instead of PCs drove Dell's consumer segment to an operating loss in Q3 2012. In December 2012, Dell suffered its first decline in holiday sales in five years, despite the introduction of Windows 8.

title: Dell

title: Dell

text: The

text: release

text: of

text: Apple

text: 's

text: iPad

text: tablet

text: computer

text: had

text: a

text: negative

text: impact

text: on

text: Dell

text: and

text: other

text: major

text: PC

text: vendors

text: as

text: consumers

text: switched

text: away

text: from

text: desktop

text: and

text: laptop

text: PCs

text: Dell

text: 's

text: own

text: mobility

text: division

text: has

text: not

text: managed

text: success

text: with

text: developing

text: smartphones

text: or

text: tablets

text: whether

text: running

text: Windows

text: or

text: Google

text: Android

text: The

text: Dell

text: Streak

text: was

text: a

text: failure

text: commercially

text: and

text: critically

text: due

text: to

text: its

text: outdated

text: OS

text: numerous

text: bugs

text: and

text: low

text: resolution

text: screen

text: InfoWorld

text: suggested

text: that

text: Dell

text: and

text: other

text: OEMs

text: saw

text: tablets

text: as

text: a

text: short

text: term

text: low

text: investment

text: opportunity

text: running

text: Google

text: Android

text: an

text: approach

text: that

text: neglected

text: user

text: interface

text: and

text: failed

text: to

text: gain

text: long

text: term

text: market

text: traction

text: with

text: consumers

text: Dell

text: has

text: responded

text: by

text: pushing

text: higher

text: end

text: PCs

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: XPS

text: line

text: of

text: notebooks

text: which

text: do

text: not

text: compete

text: with

text: the

text: Apple

text: iPad

text: and

text: Kindle

text: Fire

text: tablets

text: The

text: growing

text: popularity

text: of

text: smartphones

text: and

text: tablet

text: computers

text: instead

text: of

text: PCs

text: drove

text: Dell

text: 's

text: consumer

text: segment

text: to

text: an

text: operating

text: loss

text: in

text: In

text: December

text: Dell

text: suffered

text: its

text: first

text: decline

text: in

text: holiday

text: sales

text: in

text: five

text: years

text: despite

text: the

text: introduction

text: of

text: Windows

question: Which division of Dell were unsuccessful in developing mobile devices?

answer: mobility

text: mobility

question: The release of what electronic had a negative impact on Dell?

answer: iPad

text: iPad

question: What Dell product was a commercial failure?

answer: Streak

text: Streak

question: What line of high end electronics did Dell create that failed to compete with Apple products?

answer: XPS

text: XPS

question: What year did Dell see its first decline in holiday sales?

answer: 2012


text: During 1824–28 Chopin spent his vacations away from Warsaw, at a number of locales.[n 4] In 1824 and 1825, at Szafarnia, he was a guest of Dominik Dziewanowski, the father of a schoolmate. Here for the first time he encountered Polish rural folk music. His letters home from Szafarnia (to which he gave the title "The Szafarnia Courier"), written in a very modern and lively Polish, amused his family with their spoofing of the Warsaw newspapers and demonstrated the youngster's literary gift.

title: Frédéric_Chopin

title: Frédéric_Chopin

text: During

text: Chopin

text: spent

text: his

text: vacations

text: away

text: from

text: Warsaw

text: at

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: locales.[n

text: In

text: and

text: at

text: Szafarnia

text: he

text: was

text: a

text: guest

text: of

text: Dominik

text: Dziewanowski

text: the

text: father

text: of

text: a

text: schoolmate

text: Here

text: for

text: the

text: first

text: time

text: he

text: encountered

text: Polish

text: rural

text: folk

text: music

text: His

text: letters

text: home

text: from

text: Szafarnia

text: to

text: which

text: he

text: gave

text: the

text: title

text: The

text: Szafarnia

text: Courier

text: written

text: in

text: a

text: very

text: modern

text: and

text: lively

text: Polish

text: amused

text: his

text: family

text: with

text: their

text: spoofing

text: of

text: the

text: Warsaw

text: newspapers

text: and

text: demonstrated

text: the

text: youngster

text: 's

text: literary

text: gift

question: Who was Frédéric a guest of during his visit of Szafarnia in 1824 and 1825?

answer: Dominik Dziewanowski

text: Dominik Dziewanowski

question: In which village did Frédéric first experience rural Polish folk music?

answer: Szafarnia

text: Szafarnia

question: To whom did Frédéric write letters to during his stay in Szafarnia?

answer: his family

text: his family

question: What did Frédéric write parodies of in his letters?

answer: Warsaw newspapers

text: Warsaw newspapers

question: During his vacation in 1824 and 1825 who did Chopin spend his vacation with?

answer: Dominik Dziewanowski

text: Dominik Dziewanowski

question: What type of music did Chopin discover for the first time while staying in Szafarnia?

answer: Polish rural folk music

text: Polish rural folk music

question: What was the name of the person who hosted Chopin as a guest when he discovered Polish rural folk music?

answer: Dominik Dziewanowski

text: Dominik Dziewanowski

question: What was the title chopin gave of some spoof letters he wrote?

answer: The Szafarnia Courier

text: The Szafarnia Courier

question: Where did Chopin spend his vacation in 1824 and 1825?

answer: Szafarnia

text: Szafarnia


text: Historical linguistics emerged as an independent field of study at the end of the 18th century. Sir William Jones proposed that Sanskrit, Persian, Greek, Latin, Gothic, and Celtic languages all shared a common base. After Jones, an effort to catalog all languages of the world was made throughout the 19th century and into the 20th century. Publication of Ferdinand de Saussure's Cours de linguistique générale created the development of descriptive linguistics. Descriptive linguistics, and the related structuralism movement caused linguistics to focus on how language changes over time, instead of just describing the differences between languages. Noam Chomsky further diversified linguistics with the development of generative linguistics in the 1950s. His effort is based upon a mathematical model of language that allows for the description and prediction of valid syntax. Additional specialties such as sociolinguistics, cognitive linguistics, and computational linguistics have emerged from collaboration between linguistics and other disciplines.

title: History_of_science

title: History_of_science

text: Historical

text: linguistics

text: emerged

text: as

text: an

text: independent

text: field

text: of

text: study

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: Sir

text: William

text: Jones

text: proposed

text: that

text: Sanskrit

text: Persian

text: Greek

text: Latin

text: Gothic

text: and

text: Celtic

text: languages

text: all

text: shared

text: a

text: common

text: base

text: After

text: Jones

text: an

text: effort

text: to

text: catalog

text: all

text: languages

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: was

text: made

text: throughout

text: the

text: century

text: and

text: into

text: the

text: century

text: Publication

text: of

text: Ferdinand

text: de

text: Saussure

text: 's

text: Cours

text: de

text: linguistique

text: générale

text: created

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: descriptive

text: linguistics

text: Descriptive

text: linguistics

text: and

text: the

text: related

text: structuralism

text: movement

text: caused

text: linguistics

text: to

text: focus

text: on

text: how

text: language

text: changes

text: over

text: time

text: instead

text: of

text: just

text: describing

text: the

text: differences

text: between

text: languages

text: Noam

text: Chomsky

text: further

text: diversified

text: linguistics

text: with

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: generative

text: linguistics

text: in

text: the

text: His

text: effort

text: is

text: based

text: upon

text: a

text: mathematical

text: model

text: of

text: language

text: that

text: allows

text: for

text: the

text: description

text: and

text: prediction

text: of

text: valid

text: syntax

text: Additional

text: specialties

text: such

text: as

text: sociolinguistics

text: cognitive

text: linguistics

text: and

text: computational

text: linguistics

text: have

text: emerged

text: from

text: collaboration

text: between

text: linguistics

text: and

text: other

text: disciplines

question: What new subject surface at the end of the 18th century?

answer: Historical linguistics

text: Historical linguistics

question: Who realized that languages like Sanskrit, Persian, and Greek share the same foundation?

answer: Sir William Jones

text: Sir William Jones

question: What did Sir William Jones do to document his work?

answer: catalog all languages of the world

text: catalog all languages of the world

question: What did Noam Chomsky add to the study of linguistics?

answer: the development of generative linguistics

text: the development of generative linguistics

question: What method did Chomsky use to develop generative linguistics?

answer: a mathematical model of language

text: a mathematical model of language


text: With the extension of Turkish dominion into the Balkans, the strategic conquest of Constantinople became a crucial objective. The empire had managed to control nearly all former Byzantine lands surrounding the city, but in 1402 the Byzantines were temporarily relieved when the Turco-Mongol leader Timur, founder of the Timurid Empire, invaded Anatolia from the east. In the Battle of Ankara in 1402, Timur defeated the Ottoman forces and took Sultan Bayezid I as a prisoner, throwing the empire into disorder. The ensuing civil war lasted from 1402 to 1413 as Bayezid's sons fought over succession. It ended when Mehmed I emerged as the sultan and restored Ottoman power, bringing an end to the Interregnum, also known as the Fetret Devri.

title: Ottoman_Empire

title: Ottoman_Empire

text: With

text: the

text: extension

text: of

text: Turkish

text: dominion

text: into

text: the

text: Balkans

text: the

text: strategic

text: conquest

text: of

text: Constantinople

text: became

text: a

text: crucial

text: objective

text: The

text: empire

text: had

text: managed

text: to

text: control

text: nearly

text: all

text: former

text: Byzantine

text: lands

text: surrounding

text: the

text: city

text: but

text: in

text: the

text: Byzantines

text: were

text: temporarily

text: relieved

text: when

text: the

text: Turco

text: Mongol

text: leader

text: Timur

text: founder

text: of

text: the

text: Timurid

text: Empire

text: invaded

text: Anatolia

text: from

text: the

text: east

text: In

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Ankara

text: in

text: Timur

text: defeated

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: forces

text: and

text: took

text: Sultan

text: Bayezid

text: I

text: as

text: a

text: prisoner

text: throwing

text: the

text: empire

text: into

text: disorder

text: The

text: ensuing

text: civil

text: war

text: lasted

text: from

text: to

text: as

text: Bayezid

text: 's

text: sons

text: fought

text: over

text: succession

text: It

text: ended

text: when

text: Mehmed

text: I

text: emerged

text: as

text: the

text: sultan

text: and

text: restored

text: Ottoman

text: power

text: bringing

text: an

text: end

text: to

text: the

text: Interregnum

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Fetret

text: Devri

question: What was an objective of Turkey after its expansion into the Balkans?

answer: conquest of Constantinople

text: conquest of Constantinople

question: What empire were the controlled lands surrounding Constantinople formerly controlled by?

answer: Byzantine

text: Byzantine

question: What leader invaded Anatolia from the east?

answer: Timur

text: Timur

question: Timur was the founder of what?

answer: Timurid Empire

text: Timurid Empire

question: What battle between Timur and the Ottoman empire took place in 1402?

answer: Battle of Ankara

text: Battle of Ankara


text: According to the dominant cosmological model, the Lambda-CDM model, less than 5% of the universe's energy density is made up of the "matter" described by the Standard Model of Particle Physics, and the majority of the universe is composed of dark matter and dark energy - with little agreement amongst scientists about what these are made of.

title: Materialism

title: Materialism

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: dominant

text: cosmological

text: model

text: the

text: Lambda

text: CDM

text: model

text: less

text: than

text: of

text: the

text: universe

text: 's

text: energy

text: density

text: is

text: made

text: up

text: of

text: the

text: matter

text: described

text: by

text: the

text: Standard

text: Model

text: of

text: Particle

text: Physics

text: and

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: universe

text: is

text: composed

text: of

text: dark

text: matter

text: and

text: dark

text: energy

text: with

text: little

text: agreement

text: amongst

text: scientists

text: about

text: what

text: these

text: are

text: made

text: of

question: Which model suggests that matter is 5% of the universe?

answer: Lambda-CDM model

text: Lambda-CDM model

question: What type of matter does the model consider it to be?

answer: dark matter

text: dark matter


text: Holes through a PCB are typically drilled with small-diameter drill bits made of solid coated tungsten carbide. Coated tungsten carbide is recommended since many board materials are very abrasive and drilling must be high RPM and high feed to be cost effective. Drill bits must also remain sharp so as not to mar or tear the traces. Drilling with high-speed-steel is simply not feasible since the drill bits will dull quickly and thus tear the copper and ruin the boards. The drilling is performed by automated drilling machines with placement controlled by a drill tape or drill file. These computer-generated files are also called numerically controlled drill (NCD) files or "Excellon files". The drill file describes the location and size of each drilled hole.

title: Printed_circuit_board

title: Printed_circuit_board

text: Holes

text: through

text: a

text: PCB

text: are

text: typically

text: drilled

text: with

text: small

text: diameter

text: drill

text: bits

text: made

text: of

text: solid

text: coated

text: tungsten

text: carbide

text: Coated

text: tungsten

text: carbide

text: is

text: recommended

text: since

text: many

text: board

text: materials

text: are

text: very

text: abrasive

text: and

text: drilling

text: must

text: be

text: high

text: RPM

text: and

text: high

text: feed

text: to

text: be

text: cost

text: effective

text: Drill

text: bits

text: must

text: also

text: remain

text: sharp

text: so

text: as

text: not

text: to

text: mar

text: or

text: tear

text: the

text: traces

text: Drilling

text: with

text: high

text: speed

text: steel

text: is

text: simply

text: not

text: feasible

text: since

text: the

text: drill

text: bits

text: will

text: dull

text: quickly

text: and

text: thus

text: tear

text: the

text: copper

text: and

text: ruin

text: the

text: boards

text: The

text: drilling

text: is

text: performed

text: by

text: automated

text: drilling

text: machines

text: with

text: placement

text: controlled

text: by

text: a

text: drill

text: tape

text: or

text: drill

text: file

text: These

text: computer

text: generated

text: files

text: are

text: also

text: called

text: numerically

text: controlled

text: drill

text: NCD

text: files

text: or

text: Excellon

text: files

text: The

text: drill

text: file

text: describes

text: the

text: location

text: and

text: size

text: of

text: each

text: drilled

text: hole

question: What kind of material sometimes used for drilling will lose sharpness quickly if used for PCBs?

answer: high-speed-steel

text: high-speed-steel

question: What property do PCBs have that makes them tough to drill through?

answer: abrasive

text: abrasive

question: What kind of drill bit do you need to drill holes in a PCB?

answer: coated tungsten carbide

text: coated tungsten carbide

question: What's another name for NCD files that has an "x" in it?

answer: Excellon files

text: Excellon files

question: What does the "NCD" in "NCD files" mean?

answer: numerically controlled drill

text: numerically controlled drill


text: The first Jewish congregation in Richmond was Kahal Kadosh Beth Shalom. Kahal Kadosh Beth Shalom was the sixth congregation in the United States. By 1822 K.K. Beth Shalom members worshipped in the first synagogue building in Virginia. They eventually merged with Congregation Beth Ahabah, an offshoot of Beth Shalom. There are two Orthodox Synagogues, Keneseth Beth Israel and Chabad of Virginia. There is an Orthodox Yeshivah K–12 school system known as Rudlin Torah academy, which also includes a post high-school program. There are two Conservative synagogues, Beth El and Or Atid. There are three Reform synagogues, Bonay Kodesh, Beth Ahabah and Or Ami. Along with such religious congregations, there are a variety of other Jewish charitable, educational and social service institutions, each serving the Jewish and general communities. These include the Weinstein Jewish Community Center, Jewish Family Services, Jewish Community Federation of Richmond and Richmond Jewish Foundation.

title: Richmond,_Virginia

title: Richmond,_Virginia

text: The

text: first

text: Jewish

text: congregation

text: in

text: Richmond

text: was

text: Kahal

text: Kadosh

text: Beth

text: Shalom

text: Kahal

text: Kadosh

text: Beth

text: Shalom

text: was

text: the

text: sixth

text: congregation

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: By

text: K.K.

text: Beth

text: Shalom

text: members

text: worshipped

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: synagogue

text: building

text: in

text: Virginia

text: They

text: eventually

text: merged

text: with

text: Congregation

text: Beth

text: Ahabah

text: an

text: offshoot

text: of

text: Beth

text: Shalom

text: There

text: are

text: two

text: Orthodox

text: Synagogues

text: Keneseth

text: Beth

text: Israel

text: and

text: Chabad

text: of

text: Virginia

text: There

text: is

text: an

text: Orthodox

text: Yeshivah

text: school

text: system

text: known

text: as

text: Rudlin

text: Torah

text: academy

text: which

text: also

text: includes

text: a

text: post

text: high

text: school

text: program

text: There

text: are

text: two

text: Conservative

text: synagogues

text: Beth

text: El

text: and

text: Or

text: Atid

text: There

text: are

text: three

text: Reform

text: synagogues

text: Bonay

text: Kodesh

text: Beth

text: Ahabah

text: and

text: Or

text: Ami

text: Along

text: with

text: such

text: religious

text: congregations

text: there

text: are

text: a

text: variety

text: of

text: other

text: Jewish

text: charitable

text: educational

text: and

text: social

text: service

text: institutions

text: each

text: serving

text: the

text: Jewish

text: and

text: general

text: communities

text: These

text: include

text: the

text: Weinstein

text: Jewish

text: Community

text: Center

text: Jewish

text: Family

text: Services

text: Jewish

text: Community

text: Federation

text: of

text: Richmond

text: and

text: Richmond

text: Jewish

text: Foundation

question: Along with Chabad of Virginia, what is the other Orthodox synagogue in Richmond?

answer: Keneseth Beth Israel

text: Keneseth Beth Israel

question: What grades does the Rudlin Torah academy serve?

answer: K–12

question: What sect of Judaism is Rudlin Torah affiliated with?

answer: Orthodox

text: Orthodox

question: What are the names of the Conservative synagogues in Richmond?

answer: Beth El and Or Atid

text: Beth El and Or Atid

question: How many synagogues in the Reform tradition are present in Richmond?

answer: three

text: three


text: Most ingested uranium is excreted during digestion. Only 0.5% is absorbed when insoluble forms of uranium, such as its oxide, are ingested, whereas absorption of the more soluble uranyl ion can be up to 5%. However, soluble uranium compounds tend to quickly pass through the body, whereas insoluble uranium compounds, especially when inhaled by way of dust into the lungs, pose a more serious exposure hazard. After entering the bloodstream, the absorbed uranium tends to bioaccumulate and stay for many years in bone tissue because of uranium's affinity for phosphates. Uranium is not absorbed through the skin, and alpha particles released by uranium cannot penetrate the skin.

title: Uranium

title: Uranium

text: Most

text: ingested

text: uranium

text: is

text: excreted

text: during

text: digestion

text: Only

text: is

text: absorbed

text: when

text: insoluble

text: forms

text: of

text: uranium

text: such

text: as

text: its

text: oxide

text: are

text: ingested

text: whereas

text: absorption

text: of

text: the

text: more

text: soluble

text: uranyl

text: ion

text: can

text: be

text: up

text: to

text: However

text: soluble

text: uranium

text: compounds

text: tend

text: to

text: quickly

text: pass

text: through

text: the

text: body

text: whereas

text: insoluble

text: uranium

text: compounds

text: especially

text: when

text: inhaled

text: by

text: way

text: of

text: dust

text: into

text: the

text: lungs

text: pose

text: a

text: more

text: serious

text: exposure

text: hazard

text: After

text: entering

text: the

text: bloodstream

text: the

text: absorbed

text: uranium

text: tends

text: to

text: bioaccumulate

text: and

text: stay

text: for

text: many

text: years

text: in

text: bone

text: tissue

text: because

text: of

text: uranium

text: 's

text: affinity

text: for

text: phosphates

text: Uranium

text: is

text: not

text: absorbed

text: through

text: the

text: skin

text: and

text: alpha

text: particles

text: released

text: by

text: uranium

text: can

text: not

text: penetrate

text: the

text: skin

question: What happens to a majority of ingested uranium?

answer: excreted

text: excreted

question: Up to what percentage of uranyl ion can be absorbed when ingested?

answer: 5%

question: About what percentage of uranium oxide is absorbed when ingested?

answer: 0.5%

question: What does uranium have an affinity for?

answer: phosphates

text: phosphates

question: Where does uranium accumulate in the body?

answer: bone tissue

text: bone tissue


text: Gram-positive bacteria possess a thick cell wall containing many layers of peptidoglycan and teichoic acids. In contrast, gram-negative bacteria have a relatively thin cell wall consisting of a few layers of peptidoglycan surrounded by a second lipid membrane containing lipopolysaccharides and lipoproteins. Lipopolysaccharides, also called endotoxins, are composed of polysaccharides and lipid A that is responsible for much of the toxicity of gram-negative bacteria. Most bacteria have the gram-negative cell wall, and only the Firmicutes and Actinobacteria have the alternative gram-positive arrangement. These two groups were previously known as the low G+C and high G+C Gram-positive bacteria, respectively. These differences in structure can produce differences in antibiotic susceptibility; for instance, vancomycin can kill only gram-positive bacteria and is ineffective against gram-negative pathogens, such as Haemophilus influenzae or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. If the bacterial cell wall is entirely removed, it is called a protoplast, whereas if it is partially removed, it is called a spheroplast. β-Lactam antibiotics, such as penicillin, inhibit the formation of peptidoglycan cross-links in the bacterial cell wall. The enzyme lysozyme, found in human tears, also digests the cell wall of bacteria and is the body's main defense against eye infections.

title: Bacteria

title: Bacteria

text: Gram

text: positive

text: bacteria

text: possess

text: a

text: thick

text: cell

text: wall

text: containing

text: many

text: layers

text: of

text: peptidoglycan

text: and

text: teichoic

text: acids

text: In

text: contrast

text: gram

text: negative

text: bacteria

text: have

text: a

text: relatively

text: thin

text: cell

text: wall

text: consisting

text: of

text: a

text: few

text: layers

text: of

text: peptidoglycan

text: surrounded

text: by

text: a

text: second

text: lipid

text: membrane

text: containing

text: lipopolysaccharides

text: and

text: lipoproteins

text: Lipopolysaccharides

text: also

text: called

text: endotoxins

text: are

text: composed

text: of

text: polysaccharides

text: and

text: lipid

text: A

text: that

text: is

text: responsible

text: for

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: toxicity

text: of

text: gram

text: negative

text: bacteria

text: Most

text: bacteria

text: have

text: the

text: gram

text: negative

text: cell

text: wall

text: and

text: only

text: the

text: Firmicutes

text: and

text: Actinobacteria

text: have

text: the

text: alternative

text: gram

text: positive

text: arrangement

text: These

text: two

text: groups

text: were

text: previously

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: low

text: G+C

text: and

text: high

text: G+C

text: Gram

text: positive

text: bacteria

text: respectively

text: These

text: differences

text: in

text: structure

text: can

text: produce

text: differences

text: in

text: antibiotic

text: susceptibility

text: for

text: instance

text: vancomycin

text: can

text: kill

text: only

text: gram

text: positive

text: bacteria

text: and

text: is

text: ineffective

text: against

text: gram

text: negative

text: pathogens

text: such

text: as

text: Haemophilus

text: influenzae

text: or

text: Pseudomonas

text: aeruginosa

text: If

text: the

text: bacterial

text: cell

text: wall

text: is

text: entirely

text: removed

text: it

text: is

text: called

text: a

text: protoplast

text: whereas

text: if

text: it

text: is

text: partially

text: removed

text: it

text: is

text: called

text: a

text: spheroplast

text: β-Lactam

text: antibiotics

text: such

text: as

text: penicillin

text: inhibit

text: the

text: formation

text: of

text: peptidoglycan

text: cross

text: links

text: in

text: the

text: bacterial

text: cell

text: wall

text: The

text: enzyme

text: lysozyme

text: found

text: in

text: human

text: tears

text: also

text: digests

text: the

text: cell

text: wall

text: of

text: bacteria

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: body

text: 's

text: main

text: defense

text: against

text: eye

text: infections

question: What does gram-positive bacteria have?

answer: thick cell wall containing many layers of peptidoglycan and teichoic acids

text: thick cell wall containing many layers of peptidoglycan and teichoic acids

question: Why gram-negative cell bacteria is more toxic than gram-positive bacteria?

answer: polysaccharides and lipid A

text: polysaccharides and lipid A

question: What can be endotoxins called?

answer: Lipopolysaccharides

text: Lipopolysaccharides

question: What can different structure of the cell walls of bacteria effect?

answer: differences in antibiotic susceptibility

text: differences in antibiotic susceptibility

question: What is the main defense of human body against eye infections?

answer: enzyme lysozyme, found in human tears

text: enzyme lysozyme, found in human tears


text: The Baltic was[when?] a forgotten theatre of the Crimean War. Popularisation of events elsewhere overshadowed the significance of this theatre, which was close to Saint Petersburg, the Russian capital. In April 1854 an Anglo-French fleet entered the Baltic to attack the Russian naval base of Kronstadt and the Russian fleet stationed there. In August 1854 the combined British and French fleet returned to Kronstadt for another attempt. The outnumbered Russian Baltic Fleet confined its movements to the areas around its fortifications. At the same time, the British and French commanders Sir Charles Napier and Alexandre Ferdinand Parseval-Deschenes—although they led the largest fleet assembled since the Napoleonic Wars—considered the Sveaborg fortress too well-defended to engage. Thus, shelling of the Russian batteries was limited to two attempts in the summers of 1854 and 1855, and initially, the attacking fleets limited their actions to blockading Russian trade in the Gulf of Finland. Naval attacks on other ports, such as the ones in the island of Hogland in the Gulf of Finland, proved more successful. Additionally, allies conducted raids on less fortified sections of the Finnish coast. These battles are known in Finland as the Åland war.

title: Crimean_War

title: Crimean_War

text: The

text: Baltic

text: was[when

text: a

text: forgotten

text: theatre

text: of

text: the

text: Crimean

text: War

text: Popularisation

text: of

text: events

text: elsewhere

text: overshadowed

text: the

text: significance

text: of

text: this

text: theatre

text: which

text: was

text: close

text: to

text: Saint

text: Petersburg

text: the

text: Russian

text: capital

text: In

text: April

text: an

text: Anglo

text: French

text: fleet

text: entered

text: the

text: Baltic

text: to

text: attack

text: the

text: Russian

text: naval

text: base

text: of

text: Kronstadt

text: and

text: the

text: Russian

text: fleet

text: stationed

text: there

text: In

text: August

text: the

text: combined

text: British

text: and

text: French

text: fleet

text: returned

text: to

text: Kronstadt

text: for

text: another

text: attempt

text: The

text: outnumbered

text: Russian

text: Baltic

text: Fleet

text: confined

text: its

text: movements

text: to

text: the

text: areas

text: around

text: its

text: fortifications

text: At

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: the

text: British

text: and

text: French

text: commanders

text: Sir

text: Charles

text: Napier

text: and

text: Alexandre

text: Ferdinand

text: Parseval

text: Deschenes

text: although

text: they

text: led

text: the

text: largest

text: fleet

text: assembled

text: since

text: the

text: Napoleonic

text: Wars

text: considered

text: the

text: Sveaborg

text: fortress

text: too

text: well

text: defended

text: to

text: engage

text: Thus

text: shelling

text: of

text: the

text: Russian

text: batteries

text: was

text: limited

text: to

text: two

text: attempts

text: in

text: the

text: summers

text: of

text: and

text: and

text: initially

text: the

text: attacking

text: fleets

text: limited

text: their

text: actions

text: to

text: blockading

text: Russian

text: trade

text: in

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Finland

text: Naval

text: attacks

text: on

text: other

text: ports

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: ones

text: in

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Hogland

text: in

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Finland

text: proved

text: more

text: successful

text: Additionally

text: allies

text: conducted

text: raids

text: on

text: less

text: fortified

text: sections

text: of

text: the

text: Finnish

text: coast

text: These

text: battles

text: are

text: known

text: in

text: Finland

text: as

text: the

text: Åland

text: war

question: What is the Russian capital?

answer: Saint Petersburg

text: Saint Petersburg

question: Which theater was next to Saint Petersburg?

answer: The Baltic

text: The Baltic

question: Which fleet joined the Baltic attack?

answer: Anglo-French fleet

text: Anglo-French fleet

question: When did the Anglo-French fleet join the Baltic attack?

answer: April 1854

text: April 1854

question: Which two fleets returned to Kronstadt?

answer: British and French fleet

text: British and French fleet


text: In the judgment of political scientist Randall Ripley, since 1883 "the candidate for Speaker nominated by the minority party has clearly been the Minority Leader." However, this assertion is subject to dispute. On December 3, 1883, the House elected Democrat John G. Carlisle of Kentucky as Speaker. Republicans placed in nomination for the speakership J. Warren Keifer of Ohio, who was Speaker the previous Congress. Clearly, Keifer was not the Republicans' minority leader. He was a discredited leader in part because as Speaker he arbitrarily handed out "choice jobs to close relatives ... all at handsome salaries." Keifer received "the empty honor of the minority nomination. But with it came a sting -- for while this naturally involves the floor leadership, he was deserted by his [partisan] associates and his career as a national figure terminated ingloriously." Representative Thomas Reed, R-ME, who later became Speaker, assumed the de facto role of minority floor leader in Keifer's stead. "[A]lthough Keifer was the minority's candidate for Speaker, Reed became its acknowledged leader, and ever after, so long as he served in the House, remained the most conspicuous member of his party.

title: Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives

text: In

text: the

text: judgment

text: of

text: political

text: scientist

text: Randall

text: Ripley

text: since

text: the

text: candidate

text: for

text: Speaker

text: nominated

text: by

text: the

text: minority

text: party

text: has

text: clearly

text: been

text: the

text: Minority

text: Leader

text: However

text: this

text: assertion

text: is

text: subject

text: to

text: dispute

text: On

text: December

text: the

text: House

text: elected

text: Democrat

text: John

text: G.

text: Carlisle

text: of

text: Kentucky

text: as

text: Speaker

text: Republicans

text: placed

text: in

text: nomination

text: for

text: the

text: speakership

text: J.

text: Warren

text: Keifer

text: of

text: Ohio

text: who

text: was

text: Speaker

text: the

text: previous

text: Congress

text: Clearly

text: Keifer

text: was

text: not

text: the

text: Republicans

text: minority

text: leader

text: He

text: was

text: a

text: discredited

text: leader

text: in

text: part

text: because

text: as

text: Speaker

text: he

text: arbitrarily

text: handed

text: out

text: choice

text: jobs

text: to

text: close

text: relatives

text: all

text: at

text: handsome

text: salaries

text: Keifer

text: received

text: the

text: empty

text: honor

text: of

text: the

text: minority

text: nomination

text: But

text: with

text: it

text: came

text: a

text: sting

text: for

text: while

text: this

text: naturally

text: involves

text: the

text: floor

text: leadership

text: he

text: was

text: deserted

text: by

text: his

text: partisan

text: associates

text: and

text: his

text: career

text: as

text: a

text: national

text: figure

text: terminated

text: ingloriously

text: Representative

text: Thomas

text: Reed

text: R

text: ME

text: who

text: later

text: became

text: Speaker

text: assumed

text: the

text: de

text: facto

text: role

text: of

text: minority

text: floor

text: leader

text: in

text: Keifer

text: 's

text: stead

text: A]lthough

text: Keifer

text: was

text: the

text: minority

text: 's

text: candidate

text: for

text: Speaker

text: Reed

text: became

text: its

text: acknowledged

text: leader

text: and

text: ever

text: after

text: so

text: long

text: as

text: he

text: served

text: in

text: the

text: House

text: remained

text: the

text: most

text: conspicuous

text: member

text: of

text: his

text: party

question: Why was Keifer discredited/empty leader?

answer: arbitrarily handed out "choice jobs to close relatives ... all at handsome salaries.

text: arbitrarily handed out "choice jobs to close relatives ... all at handsome salaries.

question: Who's contention is it that the minority party candidate is clearly Minority Leader since 1883?

answer: Randall Ripley

text: Randall Ripley

question: Although Keifer held minority leader role, who was actual gloof leader?

answer: Thomas Reed,

text: Thomas Reed,


text: Law enforcement in Ancient China was carried out by "prefects" for thousands of years since it developed in both the Chu and Jin kingdoms of the Spring and Autumn period. In Jin, dozens of prefects were spread across the state, each having limited authority and employment period. They were appointed by local magistrates, who reported to higher authorities such as governors, who in turn were appointed by the emperor, and they oversaw the civil administration of their "prefecture", or jurisdiction. Under each prefect were "subprefects" who helped collectively with law enforcement in the area. Some prefects were responsible for handling investigations, much like modern police detectives. Prefects could also be women. The concept of the "prefecture system" spread to other cultures such as Korea and Japan.

title: Police

title: Police

text: Law

text: enforcement

text: in

text: Ancient

text: China

text: was

text: carried

text: out

text: by

text: prefects

text: for

text: thousands

text: of

text: years

text: since

text: it

text: developed

text: in

text: both

text: the

text: Chu

text: and

text: Jin

text: kingdoms

text: of

text: the

text: Spring

text: and

text: Autumn

text: period

text: In

text: Jin

text: dozens

text: of

text: prefects

text: were

text: spread

text: across

text: the

text: state

text: each

text: having

text: limited

text: authority

text: and

text: employment

text: period

text: They

text: were

text: appointed

text: by

text: local

text: magistrates

text: who

text: reported

text: to

text: higher

text: authorities

text: such

text: as

text: governors

text: who

text: in

text: turn

text: were

text: appointed

text: by

text: the

text: emperor

text: and

text: they

text: oversaw

text: the

text: civil

text: administration

text: of

text: their

text: prefecture

text: or

text: jurisdiction

text: Under

text: each

text: prefect

text: were

text: subprefects

text: who

text: helped

text: collectively

text: with

text: law

text: enforcement

text: in

text: the

text: area

text: Some

text: prefects

text: were

text: responsible

text: for

text: handling

text: investigations

text: much

text: like

text: modern

text: police

text: detectives

text: Prefects

text: could

text: also

text: be

text: women

text: The

text: concept

text: of

text: the

text: prefecture

text: system

text: spread

text: to

text: other

text: cultures

text: such

text: as

text: Korea

text: and

text: Japan

question: Which Chinese kingdoms developed law enforcement?

answer: Chu and Jin

text: Chu and Jin

question: What period was the Chu kingdom in?

answer: Spring

text: Spring

question: What period was the Jin kingdom in?

answer: Autumn

text: Autumn

question: Which countries adopted the 'prefecture system' from China?

answer: Korea and Japan

text: Korea and Japan

question: What did ancient China call its police?

answer: prefects

text: prefects


text: Often taxonomists prefer to use phylogenetic analysis to determine whether a population can be considered a subspecies. Phylogenetic analysis relies on the concept of derived characteristics that are not shared between groups, usually applying to populations that are allopatric (geographically separated) and therefore discretely bounded. This would make a subspecies, evolutionarily speaking, a clade – a group with a common evolutionary ancestor population. The smooth gradation of human genetic variation in general tends to rule out any idea that human population groups can be considered monophyletic (cleanly divided), as there appears to always have been considerable gene flow between human populations. Rachel Caspari (2003) have argued that clades are by definition monophyletic groups (a taxon that includes all descendants of a given ancestor) and since no groups currently regarded as races are monophyletic, none of those groups can be clades.

title: Race_(human_categorization)

title: Race_(human_categorization

text: Often

text: taxonomists

text: prefer

text: to

text: use

text: phylogenetic

text: analysis

text: to

text: determine

text: whether

text: a

text: population

text: can

text: be

text: considered

text: a

text: subspecies

text: Phylogenetic

text: analysis

text: relies

text: on

text: the

text: concept

text: of

text: derived

text: characteristics

text: that

text: are

text: not

text: shared

text: between

text: groups

text: usually

text: applying

text: to

text: populations

text: that

text: are

text: allopatric

text: geographically

text: separated

text: and

text: therefore

text: discretely

text: bounded

text: This

text: would

text: make

text: a

text: subspecies

text: evolutionarily

text: speaking

text: a

text: clade

text: a

text: group

text: with

text: a

text: common

text: evolutionary

text: ancestor

text: population

text: The

text: smooth

text: gradation

text: of

text: human

text: genetic

text: variation

text: in

text: general

text: tends

text: to

text: rule

text: out

text: any

text: idea

text: that

text: human

text: population

text: groups

text: can

text: be

text: considered

text: monophyletic

text: cleanly

text: divided

text: as

text: there

text: appears

text: to

text: always

text: have

text: been

text: considerable

text: gene

text: flow

text: between

text: human

text: populations

text: Rachel

text: Caspari

text: have

text: argued

text: that

text: clades

text: are

text: by

text: definition

text: monophyletic

text: groups

text: a

text: taxon

text: that

text: includes

text: all

text: descendants

text: of

text: a

text: given

text: ancestor

text: and

text: since

text: no

text: groups

text: currently

text: regarded

text: as

text: races

text: are

text: monophyletic

text: of

text: those

text: groups

text: can

text: be

text: clades

question: What analysis method are taxonomists fond of using in considering a population?

answer: phylogenetic

text: phylogenetic

question: How are allopatric populations separated?

answer: geographically

text: geographically

question: What is a group with a common evolutionary ancestor population called?

answer: a clade

text: a clade

question: What is a tongue twister of a word that merely means "cleanly divided"?

answer: monophyletic

text: monophyletic

question: Who argued in 2003 that all clades are by definition monophyletic groups?

answer: Rachel Caspari

text: Rachel Caspari


text: Many older buildings in certain areas of Boston are supported by wooden piles driven into the area's fill; these piles remain sound if submerged in water, but are subject to dry rot if exposed to air for long periods. Groundwater levels have been dropping, to varying degrees, in many areas of the city, due in part to an increase in the amount of rainwater discharged directly into sewers rather than absorbed by the ground. A city agency, the Boston Groundwater Trust, coordinates monitoring of groundwater levels throughout the city via a network of public and private monitoring wells. However, Boston's drinking water supply, from the Quabbin and Wachusett Reservoirs to the west, is one of the very few in the country so pure as to satisfy federal water quality standards without filtration.

title: Boston

title: Boston

text: Many

text: older

text: buildings

text: in

text: certain

text: areas

text: of

text: Boston

text: are

text: supported

text: by

text: wooden

text: piles

text: driven

text: into

text: the

text: area

text: 's

text: fill

text: these

text: piles

text: remain

text: sound

text: if

text: submerged

text: in

text: water

text: but

text: are

text: subject

text: to

text: dry

text: rot

text: if

text: exposed

text: to

text: air

text: for

text: long

text: periods

text: Groundwater

text: levels

text: have

text: been

text: dropping

text: to

text: varying

text: degrees

text: in

text: many

text: areas

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: due

text: in

text: part

text: to

text: an

text: increase

text: in

text: the

text: amount

text: of

text: rainwater

text: discharged

text: directly

text: into

text: sewers

text: rather

text: than

text: absorbed

text: by

text: the

text: ground

text: A

text: city

text: agency

text: the

text: Boston

text: Groundwater

text: Trust

text: coordinates

text: monitoring

text: of

text: groundwater

text: levels

text: throughout

text: the

text: city

text: via

text: a

text: network

text: of

text: public

text: and

text: private

text: monitoring

text: wells

text: However

text: Boston

text: 's

text: drinking

text: water

text: supply

text: from

text: the

text: Quabbin

text: and

text: Wachusett

text: Reservoirs

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: very

text: few

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: so

text: pure

text: as

text: to

text: satisfy

text: federal

text: water

text: quality

text: standards

text: without

text: filtration

question: Lots of older buildings are supported by what?

answer: wooden piles

text: wooden piles

question: The piles begin to rot if exposed to what?

answer: air

text: air

question: What has been happening to groundwater levels?

answer: dropping

text: dropping

question: Where does the groundwater go instead of into the ground?

answer: directly into sewers

text: directly into sewers


text: In 1963, the teenage Brian May and his father custom-built his signature guitar Red Special, which was purposely designed to feedback. Sonic experimentation figured heavily in Queen's songs. A distinctive characteristic of Queen's music are the vocal harmonies which are usually composed of the voices of May, Mercury, and Taylor best heard on the studio albums A Night at the Opera and A Day at the Races. Some of the ground work for the development of this sound can be attributed to their former producer Roy Thomas Baker, and their engineer Mike Stone. Besides vocal harmonies, Queen were also known for multi-tracking voices to imitate the sound of a large choir through overdubs. For instance, according to Brian May, there are over 180 vocal overdubs in "Bohemian Rhapsody". The band's vocal structures have been compared with the Beach Boys, but May stated they were not "much of an influence".

title: Queen_(band)

title: Queen_(band

text: In

text: the

text: teenage

text: Brian

text: May

text: and

text: his

text: father

text: custom

text: built

text: his

text: signature

text: guitar

text: Red

text: Special

text: which

text: was

text: purposely

text: designed

text: to

text: feedback

text: Sonic

text: experimentation

text: figured

text: heavily

text: in

text: Queen

text: 's

text: songs

text: A

text: distinctive

text: characteristic

text: of

text: Queen

text: 's

text: music

text: are

text: the

text: vocal

text: harmonies

text: which

text: are

text: usually

text: composed

text: of

text: the

text: voices

text: of

text: May

text: Mercury

text: and

text: Taylor

text: best

text: heard

text: on

text: the

text: studio

text: albums

text: A

text: Night

text: at

text: the

text: Opera

text: and

text: A

text: Day

text: at

text: the

text: Races

text: Some

text: of

text: the

text: ground

text: work

text: for

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: this

text: sound

text: can

text: be

text: attributed

text: to

text: their

text: former

text: producer

text: Roy

text: Thomas

text: Baker

text: and

text: their

text: engineer

text: Mike

text: Stone

text: Besides

text: vocal

text: harmonies

text: Queen

text: were

text: also

text: known

text: for

text: multi

text: tracking

text: voices

text: to

text: imitate

text: the

text: sound

text: of

text: a

text: large

text: choir

text: through

text: overdubs

text: For

text: instance

text: according

text: to

text: Brian

text: May

text: there

text: are

text: over

text: vocal

text: overdubs

text: in

text: Bohemian

text: Rhapsody

text: The

text: band

text: 's

text: vocal

text: structures

text: have

text: been

text: compared

text: with

text: the

text: Beach

text: Boys

text: but

text: May

text: stated

text: they

text: were

text: not

text: much

text: of

text: an

text: influence

question: What was the name of Brian May's signature guitar?

answer: Red Special

text: Red Special

question: What year was Brian May's signature guitar made?

answer: 1963

question: Which producer influenced Queen's feedback heavy sound?

answer: Roy Thomas Baker

text: Roy Thomas Baker

question: What engineer helped with Queen's feedback heavy sound?

answer: Mike Stone

text: Mike Stone

question: How many vocal overdubs are in Queen's Bohemian Rhapsody?

answer: over 180

text: over 180


text: There are quite a few different dielectrics that can be chosen to provide different insulating values depending on the requirements of the circuit. Some of these dielectrics are polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon), FR-4, FR-1, CEM-1 or CEM-3. Well known pre-preg materials used in the PCB industry are FR-2 (phenolic cotton paper), FR-3 (cotton paper and epoxy), FR-4 (woven glass and epoxy), FR-5 (woven glass and epoxy), FR-6 (matte glass and polyester), G-10 (woven glass and epoxy), CEM-1 (cotton paper and epoxy), CEM-2 (cotton paper and epoxy), CEM-3 (non-woven glass and epoxy), CEM-4 (woven glass and epoxy), CEM-5 (woven glass and polyester). Thermal expansion is an important consideration especially with ball grid array (BGA) and naked die technologies, and glass fiber offers the best dimensional stability.

title: Printed_circuit_board

title: Printed_circuit_board

text: There

text: are

text: quite

text: a

text: few

text: different

text: dielectrics

text: that

text: can

text: be

text: chosen

text: to

text: provide

text: different

text: insulating

text: values

text: depending

text: on

text: the

text: requirements

text: of

text: the

text: circuit

text: Some

text: of

text: these

text: dielectrics

text: are

text: polytetrafluoroethylene

text: Teflon

text: or

text: Well

text: known

text: pre

text: preg

text: materials

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: PCB

text: industry

text: are

text: phenolic

text: cotton

text: paper

text: cotton

text: paper

text: and

text: epoxy

text: woven

text: glass

text: and

text: epoxy

text: woven

text: glass

text: and

text: epoxy

text: matte

text: glass

text: and

text: polyester

text: woven

text: glass

text: and

text: epoxy

text: cotton

text: paper

text: and

text: epoxy

text: cotton

text: paper

text: and

text: epoxy

text: non

text: woven

text: glass

text: and

text: epoxy

text: woven

text: glass

text: and

text: epoxy

text: woven

text: glass

text: and

text: polyester

text: Thermal

text: expansion

text: is

text: an

text: important

text: consideration

text: especially

text: with

text: ball

text: grid

text: array

text: BGA

text: and

text: naked

text: die

text: technologies

text: and

text: glass

text: fiber

text: offers

text: the

text: best

text: dimensional

text: stability

question: What's the common name of polytetrafluoroethylene?

answer: Teflon

text: Teflon

question: What pre-preg material is designated by "FR-2"?

answer: phenolic cotton paper

text: phenolic cotton paper

question: To what type of packaging is thermal expansion particularly critical?

answer: ball grid array

text: ball grid array

question: What material delivers optimum dimensional stability?

answer: glass fiber

text: glass fiber

question: What dielectric is matte glass and polyester?

answer: FR-6


text: Ann Arbor's "Tree Town" nickname stems from the dense forestation of its parks and residential areas. The city contains more than 50,000 trees along its streets and an equal number in parks. In recent years, the emerald ash borer has destroyed many of the city's approximately 10,500 ash trees. The city contains 157 municipal parks ranging from small neighborhood green spots to large recreation areas. Several large city parks and a university park border sections of the Huron River. Fuller Recreation Area, near the University Hospital complex, contains sports fields, pedestrian and bike paths, and swimming pools. The Nichols Arboretum, owned by the University of Michigan, is a 123-acre (50 ha) arboretum that contains hundreds of plant and tree species. It is on the city's east side, near the university's Central Campus. Located across the Huron River just beyond the university's North Campus is the university's Matthaei Botanical Gardens, which contains 300 acres of gardens and a large tropical conservatory.

title: Ann_Arbor,_Michigan

title: Ann_Arbor,_Michigan

text: Ann

text: Arbor

text: 's

text: Tree

text: Town

text: nickname

text: stems

text: from

text: the

text: dense

text: forestation

text: of

text: its

text: parks

text: and

text: residential

text: areas

text: The

text: city

text: contains

text: more

text: than

text: trees

text: along

text: its

text: streets

text: and

text: an

text: equal

text: number

text: in

text: parks

text: In

text: recent

text: years

text: the

text: emerald

text: ash

text: borer

text: has

text: destroyed

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: approximately

text: ash

text: trees

text: The

text: city

text: contains

text: municipal

text: parks

text: ranging

text: from

text: small

text: neighborhood

text: green

text: spots

text: to

text: large

text: recreation

text: areas

text: Several

text: large

text: city

text: parks

text: and

text: a

text: university

text: park

text: border

text: sections

text: of

text: the

text: Huron

text: River

text: Fuller

text: Recreation

text: Area

text: near

text: the

text: University

text: Hospital

text: complex

text: contains

text: sports

text: fields

text: pedestrian

text: and

text: bike

text: paths

text: and

text: swimming

text: pools

text: The

text: Nichols

text: Arboretum

text: owned

text: by

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Michigan

text: is

text: a

text: ha

text: arboretum

text: that

text: contains

text: hundreds

text: of

text: plant

text: and

text: tree

text: species

text: It

text: is

text: on

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: east

text: side

text: near

text: the

text: university

text: 's

text: Central

text: Campus

text: Located

text: across

text: the

text: Huron

text: River

text: just

text: beyond

text: the

text: university

text: 's

text: North

text: Campus

text: is

text: the

text: university

text: 's

text: Matthaei

text: Botanical

text: Gardens

text: which

text: contains

text: acres

text: of

text: gardens

text: and

text: a

text: large

text: tropical

text: conservatory

question: What is the city of Ann arbor nicknamed as?

answer: Tree Town

text: Tree Town

question: How many parks are there in the city of Ann Arbor?

answer: 157

question: What is the name of the Arboretum owned by the University of Michigan?

answer: Nichols Arboretum

text: Nichols Arboretum

question: How big is the Matthaei botanical garden?

answer: 300 acres

text: 300 acres


text: In Lebanon, a part of the Christian population considers "Lebanese" to be in some sense a distinct language from Arabic and not merely a dialect. During the civil war Christians often used Lebanese Arabic officially, and sporadically used the Latin script to write Lebanese, thus further distinguishing it from Arabic. All Lebanese laws are written in the standard literary form of Arabic, though parliamentary debate may be conducted in Lebanese Arabic.

title: Dialect

title: Dialect

text: In

text: Lebanon

text: a

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Christian

text: population

text: considers

text: Lebanese

text: to

text: be

text: in

text: some

text: sense

text: a

text: distinct

text: language

text: from

text: Arabic

text: and

text: not

text: merely

text: a

text: dialect

text: During

text: the

text: civil

text: war

text: Christians

text: often

text: used

text: Lebanese

text: Arabic

text: officially

text: and

text: sporadically

text: used

text: the

text: Latin

text: script

text: to

text: write

text: Lebanese

text: thus

text: further

text: distinguishing

text: it

text: from

text: Arabic

text: All

text: Lebanese

text: laws

text: are

text: written

text: in

text: the

text: standard

text: literary

text: form

text: of

text: Arabic

text: though

text: parliamentary

text: debate

text: may

text: be

text: conducted

text: in

text: Lebanese

text: Arabic

question: Lebanese people of what religion sometimes consider Lebanese to be a distinct language?

answer: Christian

text: Christian

question: In what language are Lebanese laws written?

answer: Arabic

text: Arabic

question: During the Lebanese Civil War, what language did Lebanese Christians sometimes use officially?

answer: Lebanese Arabic

text: Lebanese Arabic

question: What language is Lebanese closely related to?

answer: Arabic

text: Arabic

question: What script did Lebanese Christians sometimes use to write Lebanese Arabic during the civil war?

answer: Latin

text: Latin


text: Operational Acceptance is used to conduct operational readiness (pre-release) of a product, service or system as part of a quality management system. OAT is a common type of non-functional software testing, used mainly in software development and software maintenance projects. This type of testing focuses on the operational readiness of the system to be supported, and/or to become part of the production environment. Hence, it is also known as operational readiness testing (ORT) or Operations readiness and assurance (OR&A) testing. Functional testing within OAT is limited to those tests which are required to verify the non-functional aspects of the system.

title: Software_testing

title: Software_testing

text: Operational

text: Acceptance

text: is

text: used

text: to

text: conduct

text: operational

text: readiness

text: pre

text: release

text: of

text: a

text: product

text: service

text: or

text: system

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: a

text: quality

text: management

text: system

text: OAT

text: is

text: a

text: common

text: type

text: of

text: non

text: functional

text: software

text: testing

text: used

text: mainly

text: in

text: software

text: development

text: and

text: software

text: maintenance

text: projects

text: This

text: type

text: of

text: testing

text: focuses

text: on

text: the

text: operational

text: readiness

text: of

text: the

text: system

text: to

text: be

text: supported

text: and/or

text: to

text: become

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: production

text: environment

text: Hence

text: it

text: is

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: operational

text: readiness

text: testing

text: ORT

text: or

text: Operations

text: readiness

text: and

text: assurance

text: OR&A

text: testing

text: Functional

text: testing

text: within

text: OAT

text: is

text: limited

text: to

text: those

text: tests

text: which

text: are

text: required

text: to

text: verify

text: the

text: non

text: functional

text: aspects

text: of

text: the

text: system

question: What is the term used to test software during a pre-release?

answer: Operational Acceptance

text: Operational Acceptance

question: What does Operational Acceptance focus on?

answer: operational readiness of the system

text: operational readiness of the system

question: What is Operational Acceptance limited to while testing?

answer: limited to those tests which are required to verify the non-functional aspects of the system

text: limited to those tests which are required to verify the non-functional aspects of the system


text: In January 2002, the U.S. sent more than 1,200 troops (later raised to 2,000) to assist the Armed Forces of the Philippines in combating terrorist groups linked to al-Qaida, such as Abu Sayyaf, under Operation Enduring Freedom - Philippines. Operations have taken place mostly in the Sulu Archipelago, where terrorists and other groups are active. The majority of troops provide logistics. However, there are special forces troops that are training and assisting in combat operations against the terrorist groups.

title: Military_history_of_the_United_States

title: Military_history_of_the_United_States

text: In

text: January

text: the

text: U.S.

text: sent

text: more

text: than

text: troops

text: later

text: raised

text: to

text: to

text: assist

text: the

text: Armed

text: Forces

text: of

text: the

text: Philippines

text: in

text: combating

text: terrorist

text: groups

text: linked

text: to

text: al

text: Qaida

text: such

text: as

text: Abu

text: Sayyaf

text: under

text: Operation

text: Enduring

text: Freedom

text: Philippines

text: Operations

text: have

text: taken

text: place

text: mostly

text: in

text: the

text: Sulu

text: Archipelago

text: where

text: terrorists

text: and

text: other

text: groups

text: are

text: active

text: The

text: majority

text: of

text: troops

text: provide

text: logistics

text: However

text: there

text: are

text: special

text: forces

text: troops

text: that

text: are

text: training

text: and

text: assisting

text: in

text: combat

text: operations

text: against

text: the

text: terrorist

text: groups

question: When did the US send troops to the Philippines to battle terrorists?

answer: January 2002

text: January 2002

question: Terrorists in the Philippines were linked to what larger terrorist organization?

answer: al-Qaida

text: al-Qaida

question: Where did anti-terrorist fighting take place?

answer: the Sulu Archipelago

text: the Sulu Archipelago

question: How many troops did the US initially send to the Philippines?

answer: 1,200

question: What was the name of the Philippine terrorist group the US was sent to help combat?

answer: Abu Sayyaf

text: Abu Sayyaf


text: Some of his friends provided music at his request; among them, Potocka sang and Franchomme played the cello. Chopin requested that his body be opened after death (for fear of being buried alive) and his heart returned to Warsaw where it rests at the Church of the Holy Cross. He also bequeathed his unfinished notes on a piano tuition method, Projet de méthode, to Alkan for completion. On 17 October, after midnight, the physician leaned over him and asked whether he was suffering greatly. "No longer", he replied. He died a few minutes before two o'clock in the morning. Those present at the deathbed appear to have included his sister Ludwika, Princess Marcelina Czartoryska, Sand's daughter Solange, and his close friend Thomas Albrecht. Later that morning, Solange's husband Clésinger made Chopin's death mask and a cast of his left hand.

title: Frédéric_Chopin

title: Frédéric_Chopin

text: Some

text: of

text: his

text: friends

text: provided

text: music

text: at

text: his

text: request

text: among

text: them

text: Potocka

text: sang

text: and

text: Franchomme

text: played

text: the

text: cello

text: Chopin

text: requested

text: that

text: his

text: body

text: be

text: opened

text: after

text: death

text: for

text: fear

text: of

text: being

text: buried

text: alive

text: and

text: his

text: heart

text: returned

text: to

text: Warsaw

text: where

text: it

text: rests

text: at

text: the

text: Church

text: of

text: the

text: Holy

text: Cross

text: He

text: also

text: bequeathed

text: his

text: unfinished

text: notes

text: on

text: a

text: piano

text: tuition

text: method

text: Projet

text: de

text: méthode

text: to

text: Alkan

text: for

text: completion

text: On

text: October

text: after

text: midnight

text: the

text: physician

text: leaned

text: over

text: him

text: and

text: asked

text: whether

text: he

text: was

text: suffering

text: greatly

text: No

text: longer

text: he

text: replied

text: He

text: died

text: a

text: few

text: minutes

text: before

text: two

text: o'clock

text: in

text: the

text: morning

text: Those

text: present

text: at

text: the

text: deathbed

text: appear

text: to

text: have

text: included

text: his

text: sister

text: Ludwika

text: Princess

text: Marcelina

text: Czartoryska

text: Sand

text: 's

text: daughter

text: Solange

text: and

text: his

text: close

text: friend

text: Thomas

text: Albrecht

text: Later

text: that

text: morning

text: Solange

text: 's

text: husband

text: Clésinger

text: made

text: Chopin

text: 's

text: death

text: mask

text: and

text: a

text: cast

text: of

text: his

text: left

text: hand

question: Why did Chopin request being cut open after his death?

answer: fear of being buried alive

text: fear of being buried alive

question: What did Chopin reply to the doctor when asked is he was suffering?

answer: "No longer"

text: "No longer"

question: Who made Chopin's death mask?

answer: Clésinger

text: Clésinger

question: Why did Chopin want his body opened when he died?

answer: fear of being buried alive

text: fear of being buried alive

question: What did Solange's husband make hours after Chopin's death along with his death mask?

answer: a cast of his left hand.

text: a cast of his left hand.


text: The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), formerly the United Nations Fund for Population Activities, is a UN organization. The UNFPA says it "is the lead UN agency for delivering a world where every pregnancy is wanted, every childbirth is safe and every young person's potential is fulfilled."  Their work involves the improvement of reproductive health; including creation of national strategies and protocols, and providing supplies and services. The organization has recently been known for its worldwide campaign against obstetric fistula and female genital mutilation.

title: United_Nations_Population_Fund

title: United_Nations_Population_Fund

text: The

text: United

text: Nations

text: Population

text: Fund

text: UNFPA

text: formerly

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: Fund

text: for

text: Population

text: Activities

text: is

text: a

text: UN

text: organization

text: The

text: UNFPA

text: says

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: lead

text: UN

text: agency

text: for

text: delivering

text: a

text: world

text: where

text: every

text: pregnancy

text: is

text: wanted

text: every

text: childbirth

text: is

text: safe

text: and

text: every

text: young

text: person

text: 's

text: potential

text: is

text: fulfilled

text: Their

text: work

text: involves

text: the

text: improvement

text: of

text: reproductive

text: health

text: including

text: creation

text: of

text: national

text: strategies

text: and

text: protocols

text: and

text: providing

text: supplies

text: and

text: services

text: The

text: organization

text: has

text: recently

text: been

text: known

text: for

text: its

text: worldwide

text: campaign

text: against

text: obstetric

text: fistula

text: and

text: female

text: genital

text: mutilation

question: What is the current name of the United Nations Fund for Population Activities?

answer: United Nations Population Fund

text: United Nations Population Fund

question: UNFPA's work concerns what general area?

answer: reproductive health

text: reproductive health

question: One of UNFPA's goals is to make all pregnancies what?

answer: wanted

text: wanted

question: Another of UNFPA's goals is to make all childbirths what?

answer: safe

text: safe

question: What, in addition to its work against obstetric fistula, is UNFPA campaigning against?

answer: female genital mutilation

text: female genital mutilation


text: The Swiss Federal budget had a size of 62.8 billion Swiss francs in 2010, which is an equivalent 11.35% of the country's GDP in that year; however, the regional (canton) budgets and the budgets of the municipalities are not counted as part of the federal budget and the total rate of government spending is closer to 33.8% of GDP. The main sources of income for the federal government are the value-added tax (33%) and the direct federal tax (29%) and the main expenditure is located in the areas of social welfare and finance & tax. The expenditures of the Swiss Confederation have been growing from 7% of GDP in 1960 to 9.7% in 1990 and to 10.7% in 2010. While the sectors social welfare and finance & tax have been growing from 35% in 1990 to 48.2% in 2010, a significant reduction of expenditures has been occurring in the sectors of agriculture and national defense; from 26.5% in to 12.4% (estimation for the year 2015).

title: Switzerland

title: Switzerland

text: The

text: Swiss

text: Federal

text: budget

text: had

text: a

text: size

text: of

text: billion

text: Swiss

text: francs

text: in

text: which

text: is

text: an

text: equivalent

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: GDP

text: in

text: that

text: year

text: however

text: the

text: regional

text: canton

text: budgets

text: and

text: the

text: budgets

text: of

text: the

text: municipalities

text: are

text: not

text: counted

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: federal

text: budget

text: and

text: the

text: total

text: rate

text: of

text: government

text: spending

text: is

text: closer

text: to

text: of

text: GDP

text: The

text: main

text: sources

text: of

text: income

text: for

text: the

text: federal

text: government

text: are

text: the

text: value

text: added

text: tax

text: and

text: the

text: direct

text: federal

text: tax

text: and

text: the

text: main

text: expenditure

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: areas

text: of

text: social

text: welfare

text: and

text: finance

text: tax

text: The

text: expenditures

text: of

text: the

text: Swiss

text: Confederation

text: have

text: been

text: growing

text: from

text: of

text: GDP

text: in

text: to

text: in

text: and

text: to

text: in

text: While

text: the

text: sectors

text: social

text: welfare

text: and

text: finance

text: tax

text: have

text: been

text: growing

text: from

text: in

text: to

text: in

text: a

text: significant

text: reduction

text: of

text: expenditures

text: has

text: been

text: occurring

text: in

text: the

text: sectors

text: of

text: agriculture

text: and

text: national

text: defense

text: from

text: in

text: to

text: estimation

text: for

text: the

text: year

question: What size was the Swiss Federal budget in 2010?

answer: 62.8 billion Swiss francs

text: 62.8 billion Swiss francs

question: What are the two main sources of income for the federal government?

answer: value-added tax (33%) and the direct federal tax (29%)

text: value-added tax (33%) and the direct federal tax (29%)

question: Which sectors are the main source of expenditures for the federal government?

answer: social welfare and finance & tax

text: social welfare and finance & tax

question: Which sectors have experienced a reduction in federal government expenditures?

answer: agriculture and national defense

text: agriculture and national defense

question: How much were expenditures estimated to be cut in agriculture and national defense in 2015?

answer: from 26.5% in to 12.4%

text: from 26.5% in to 12.4%


text: Indigenous Australians have been referred to as "black people" in Australia since the early days of European settlement. While originally related to skin colour, the term is used to today to indicate Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander ancestry in general and can refer to people of any skin pigmentation.

title: Black_people

title: Black_people

text: Indigenous

text: Australians

text: have

text: been

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: black

text: people

text: in

text: Australia

text: since

text: the

text: early

text: days

text: of

text: European

text: settlement

text: While

text: originally

text: related

text: to

text: skin

text: colour

text: the

text: term

text: is

text: used

text: to

text: today

text: to

text: indicate

text: Aboriginal

text: or

text: Torres

text: Strait

text: Islander

text: ancestry

text: in

text: general

text: and

text: can

text: refer

text: to

text: people

text: of

text: any

text: skin

text: pigmentation

question: Who has been referred to as "black people"?

answer: Indigenous Australians

text: Indigenous Australians

question: What was the original term related to?

answer: skin colour

text: skin colour

question: Since when have Indigenous Australians been referred to as black?

answer: since the early days of European settlement

text: since the early days of European settlement

question: What does the term relate to know in reference to Australians?

answer: to indicate Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander ancestry

text: to indicate Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander ancestry


text: The dominant land plant species of the time were gymnosperms, which are vascular, cone-bearing, non-flowering plants such as conifers that produce seeds without a coating. This is opposed to the earth's current flora, in which the dominant land plants in terms of number of species are angiosperms. One particular plant genus, Ginkgo, is thought to have evolved at this time and is represented today by a single species, Ginkgo biloba. As well, the extant genus Sequoia is believed to have evolved in the Mesozoic.

title: Mesozoic

title: Mesozoic

text: The

text: dominant

text: land

text: plant

text: species

text: of

text: the

text: time

text: were

text: gymnosperms

text: which

text: are

text: vascular

text: cone

text: bearing

text: non

text: flowering

text: plants

text: such

text: as

text: conifers

text: that

text: produce

text: seeds

text: without

text: a

text: coating

text: This

text: is

text: opposed

text: to

text: the

text: earth

text: 's

text: current

text: flora

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: dominant

text: land

text: plants

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: number

text: of

text: species

text: are

text: angiosperms

text: One

text: particular

text: plant

text: genus

text: Ginkgo

text: is

text: thought

text: to

text: have

text: evolved

text: at

text: this

text: time

text: and

text: is

text: represented

text: today

text: by

text: a

text: single

text: species

text: Ginkgo

text: biloba

text: As

text: well

text: the

text: extant

text: genus

text: Sequoia

text: is

text: believed

text: to

text: have

text: evolved

text: in

text: the

text: Mesozoic

question: What was the dominant plant species of the Mesozoic?

answer: gymnosperms

text: gymnosperms

question: What is an example of a gymnosperm?

answer: conifers

text: conifers

question: What are the dominate plant species on Earth now?

answer: angiosperms

text: angiosperms

question: When did the Ginkgo evolve?

answer: Mesozoic

text: Mesozoic

question: What famous tree species is believed to have evolved during the Mesozoic?

answer: Sequoia

text: Sequoia