text: The region was dominated by Bantu-speaking tribes, who built trade links leading into the Congo River basin. Congo-Brazzaville was formerly part of the French colony of Equatorial Africa. Upon independence in 1960, the former colony of French Congo became the Republic of the Congo. The People's Republic of the Congo was a Marxist–Leninist one-party state from 1970 to 1991. Multi-party elections have been held since 1992, although a democratically elected government was ousted in the 1997 Republic of the Congo Civil War and President Denis Sassou Nguesso has ruled for 26 of the past 36 years.

title: Republic_of_the_Congo

title: Republic_of_the_Congo

text: The

text: region

text: was

text: dominated

text: by

text: Bantu

text: speaking

text: tribes

text: who

text: built

text: trade

text: links

text: leading

text: into

text: the

text: Congo

text: River

text: basin

text: Congo

text: Brazzaville

text: was

text: formerly

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: colony

text: of

text: Equatorial

text: Africa

text: Upon

text: independence

text: in

text: the

text: former

text: colony

text: of

text: French

text: Congo

text: became

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: the

text: Congo

text: The

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: the

text: Congo

text: was

text: a

text: Marxist

text: Leninist

text: one

text: party

text: state

text: from

text: to

text: Multi

text: party

text: elections

text: have

text: been

text: held

text: since

text: although

text: a

text: democratically

text: elected

text: government

text: was

text: ousted

text: in

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: the

text: Congo

text: Civil

text: War

text: and

text: President

text: Denis

text: Sassou

text: Nguesso

text: has

text: ruled

text: for

text: of

text: the

text: past

text: years

question: What language was spoken in the area that became the Congo?

answer: Bantu

text: Bantu

question: When did the Congo gain its independence from colonial rule?

answer: 1960

question: Who is the ruler of the Congo?

answer: Denis Sassou Nguesso

text: Denis Sassou Nguesso

question: What title does Nguesso hold?

answer: President

text: President


text: In 1868, the horse-drawn tram company Compañía de Tranvías al Paso del Molino y Cerro created the first lines connecting Montevideo with Unión, the beach resort of Capurro and the industrialized and economically independent Villa del Cerro, at the time called Cosmopolis. In the same year, the Mercado del Puerto was inaugurated. In 1869, the first railway line of the company Ferrocarril Central del Uruguay was inaugurated connecting Bella Vista with the town of Las Piedras. During the same year and the next, the neighbourhoods Colón, Nuevo París and La Comercial were founded. The famous to our days Sunday market of Tristán Narvaja Street was established in Cordón in 1870. Public water supply was established in 1871. In 1878, Bulevar Circunvalación was constructed, a boulevard starting from Punta Carretas, going up to the north end of the city and then turning west to end at the beach of Capurro. It was renamed to Artigas Boulevard (its current name) in 1885. By Decree, on 8 January 1881, the area Los Pocitos was incorporated to the Novísima Ciudad (Most New City).

title: Montevideo

title: Montevideo

text: In

text: the

text: horse

text: drawn

text: tram

text: company

text: Compañía

text: de

text: Tranvías

text: al

text: Paso

text: del

text: Molino

text: y

text: Cerro

text: created

text: the

text: first

text: lines

text: connecting

text: Montevideo

text: with

text: Unión

text: the

text: beach

text: resort

text: of

text: Capurro

text: and

text: the

text: industrialized

text: and

text: economically

text: independent

text: Villa

text: del

text: Cerro

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: called

text: Cosmopolis

text: In

text: the

text: same

text: year

text: the

text: Mercado

text: del

text: Puerto

text: was

text: inaugurated

text: In

text: the

text: first

text: railway

text: line

text: of

text: the

text: company

text: Ferrocarril

text: Central

text: del

text: Uruguay

text: was

text: inaugurated

text: connecting

text: Bella

text: Vista

text: with

text: the

text: town

text: of

text: Las

text: Piedras

text: During

text: the

text: same

text: year

text: and

text: the

text: next

text: the

text: neighbourhoods

text: Colón

text: Nuevo

text: París

text: and

text: La

text: Comercial

text: were

text: founded

text: The

text: famous

text: to

text: our

text: days

text: Sunday

text: market

text: of

text: Tristán

text: Narvaja

text: Street

text: was

text: established

text: in

text: Cordón

text: in

text: Public

text: water

text: supply

text: was

text: established

text: in

text: In

text: Bulevar

text: Circunvalación

text: was

text: constructed

text: a

text: boulevard

text: starting

text: from

text: Punta

text: Carretas

text: going

text: up

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: and

text: then

text: turning

text: west

text: to

text: end

text: at

text: the

text: beach

text: of

text: Capurro

text: It

text: was

text: renamed

text: to

text: Artigas

text: Boulevard

text: its

text: current

text: name

text: in

text: By

text: Decree

text: on

text: January

text: the

text: area

text: Los

text: Pocitos

text: was

text: incorporated

text: to

text: the

text: Novísima

text: Ciudad

text: Most

text: New

text: City

question: What year did Compania de Tranvias al Paso del Molino y Cerro creat the first lines connecting Montevideo with Union?

answer: 1868

question: What year was Mercado del Puerto inaugurated?

answer: 1868

question: What year was the first railway line of the company Ferrocarril Central del Uruguay inaugurated?

answer: 1869

question: What year was Bulevar Circunvalcion constructed?

answer: 1878


text: In the case of http, https, file, and others, once the resource has been retrieved the web browser will display it. HTML and associated content (image files, formatting information such as CSS, etc.) is passed to the browser's layout engine to be transformed from markup to an interactive document, a process known as "rendering". Aside from HTML, web browsers can generally display any kind of content that can be part of a web page. Most browsers can display images, audio, video, and XML files, and often have plug-ins to support Flash applications and Java applets. Upon encountering a file of an unsupported type or a file that is set up to be downloaded rather than displayed, the browser prompts the user to save the file to disk.

title: Web_browser

title: Web_browser

text: In

text: the

text: case

text: of

text: http

text: https

text: file

text: and

text: others

text: once

text: the

text: resource

text: has

text: been

text: retrieved

text: the

text: web

text: browser

text: will

text: display

text: it

text: HTML

text: and

text: associated

text: content

text: image

text: files

text: formatting

text: information

text: such

text: as

text: CSS

text: etc

text: is

text: passed

text: to

text: the

text: browser

text: 's

text: layout

text: engine

text: to

text: be

text: transformed

text: from

text: markup

text: to

text: an

text: interactive

text: document

text: a

text: process

text: known

text: as

text: rendering

text: Aside

text: from

text: HTML

text: web

text: browsers

text: can

text: generally

text: display

text: any

text: kind

text: of

text: content

text: that

text: can

text: be

text: part

text: of

text: a

text: web

text: page

text: Most

text: browsers

text: can

text: display

text: images

text: audio

text: video

text: and

text: XML

text: files

text: and

text: often

text: have

text: plug

text: ins

text: to

text: support

text: Flash

text: applications

text: and

text: Java

text: applets

text: Upon

text: encountering

text: a

text: file

text: of

text: an

text: unsupported

text: type

text: or

text: a

text: file

text: that

text: is

text: set

text: up

text: to

text: be

text: downloaded

text: rather

text: than

text: displayed

text: the

text: browser

text: prompts

text: the

text: user

text: to

text: save

text: the

text: file

text: to

text: disk

question: What is it called when content is changed from markup to an interactive document?

answer: rendering

text: rendering

question: Browsers typically have plug-ins to support what?

answer: Flash applications and Java applets

text: Flash applications and Java applets


text: The English term polytechnic appeared in the early 19th century, from the French École Polytechnique, an engineering school founded in 1794 in Paris. The French term comes from the Greek πολύ (polú or polý) meaning "many" and τεχνικός (tekhnikós) meaning "arts".

title: Institute_of_technology

title: Institute_of_technology

text: The

text: English

text: term

text: polytechnic

text: appeared

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: from

text: the

text: French

text: École

text: Polytechnique

text: an

text: engineering

text: school

text: founded

text: in

text: in

text: Paris

text: The

text: French

text: term

text: comes

text: from

text: the

text: Greek

text: πολύ

text: polú

text: or

text: polý

text: meaning

text: many

text: and

text: τεχνικός

text: tekhnikós

text: meaning

text: arts

question: In what century did the term polytechnic first show up?

answer: 19th century

text: 19th century

question: What school founded in 1794 first used a form of the word polytechnic in its name?

answer: École Polytechnique

text: École Polytechnique

question: What language does the French word polytechnique come from?

answer: Greek

text: Greek


text: Although the intensity of the bombing was not as great as prewar expectations so an equal comparison is impossible, no psychiatric crisis occurred because of the Blitz even during the period of greatest bombing of September 1940. An American witness wrote "By every test and measure I am able to apply, these people are staunch to the bone and won't quit ... the British are stronger and in a better position than they were at its beginning". People referred to raids as if they were weather, stating that a day was "very blitzy".:75,261 However, another American who visited Britain, the publisher Ralph Ingersoll, wrote soon after the Blitz eased on 15 September that:

title: The_Blitz

title: The_Blitz

text: Although

text: the

text: intensity

text: of

text: the

text: bombing

text: was

text: not

text: as

text: great

text: as

text: prewar

text: expectations

text: so

text: an

text: equal

text: comparison

text: is

text: impossible

text: no

text: psychiatric

text: crisis

text: occurred

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: Blitz

text: even

text: during

text: the

text: period

text: of

text: greatest

text: bombing

text: of

text: September

text: An

text: American

text: witness

text: wrote

text: By

text: every

text: test

text: and

text: measure

text: I

text: am

text: able

text: to

text: apply

text: these

text: people

text: are

text: staunch

text: to

text: the

text: bone

text: and

text: wo

text: n't

text: quit

text: the

text: British

text: are

text: stronger

text: and

text: in

text: a

text: better

text: position

text: than

text: they

text: were

text: at

text: its

text: beginning

text: People

text: referred

text: to

text: raids

text: as

text: if

text: they

text: were

text: weather

text: stating

text: that

text: a

text: day

text: was

text: very

text: However

text: another

text: American

text: who

text: visited

text: Britain

text: the

text: publisher

text: Ralph

text: Ingersoll

text: wrote

text: soon

text: after

text: the

text: Blitz

text: eased

text: on

text: September

text: that

question: What witness wrote that these people are staunch to the bone and won't quit?

answer: American

text: American

question: With the intense bomb what did not happen as great as prewar predictions expected?

answer: psychiatric crisis

text: psychiatric crisis

question: People called the raids very blitzy like they were talking about what?

answer: weather

text: weather


text: The poor performance of the Portuguese economy was explored in April 2007 by The Economist, which described Portugal as "a new sick man of Europe". From 2002 to 2007, the number of unemployed increased by 65% (270,500 unemployed citizens in 2002, 448,600 unemployed citizens in 2007). By early December 2009, the unemployment rate had reached 10.2% – a 23-year record high. In December 2009, ratings agency Standard & Poor's lowered its long-term credit assessment of Portugal to "negative" from "stable," voicing pessimism on the country's structural weaknesses in the economy and weak competitiveness that would hamper growth and the capacity to strengthen its public finances and reduce debt. In July 2011, ratings agency Moody's downgraded its long-term credit assessment of Portugal after warning of deteriorating risk of default in March 2011.

title: Portugal

title: Portugal

text: The

text: poor

text: performance

text: of

text: the

text: Portuguese

text: economy

text: was

text: explored

text: in

text: April

text: by

text: The

text: Economist

text: which

text: described

text: Portugal

text: as

text: a

text: new

text: sick

text: man

text: of

text: Europe

text: From

text: to

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: unemployed

text: increased

text: by

text: unemployed

text: citizens

text: in

text: unemployed

text: citizens

text: in

text: By

text: early

text: December

text: the

text: unemployment

text: rate

text: had

text: reached

text: a

text: record

text: high

text: In

text: December

text: ratings

text: agency

text: Standard

text: Poor

text: 's

text: lowered

text: its

text: long

text: term

text: credit

text: assessment

text: of

text: Portugal

text: to

text: negative

text: from

text: stable

text: voicing

text: pessimism

text: on

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: structural

text: weaknesses

text: in

text: the

text: economy

text: and

text: weak

text: competitiveness

text: that

text: would

text: hamper

text: growth

text: and

text: the

text: capacity

text: to

text: strengthen

text: its

text: public

text: finances

text: and

text: reduce

text: debt

text: In

text: July

text: ratings

text: agency

text: Moody

text: 's

text: downgraded

text: its

text: long

text: term

text: credit

text: assessment

text: of

text: Portugal

text: after

text: warning

text: of

text: deteriorating

text: risk

text: of

text: default

text: in

text: March

question: What magazine described Portugal as "a new sick man of Europe?"

answer: The Economist

text: The Economist

question: Between 2002 and 2007, by what percentage did the rate of unemployment change?

answer: 65%

question: What percentage did the unemployment rate reach in December, 2009?

answer: 10.2%

question: In 2009, what rating did Standard & Poor's assign to Portugal's long-term credit assessment?

answer: negative

text: negative

question: In which year did Moody's downgrade Portugal's long-term credit assessment?

answer: 2011


text: There is little consensus on the precise beginning of the Age of Enlightenment; the beginning of the 18th century (1701) or the middle of the 17th century (1650) are often used as epochs. French historians usually place the period, called the Siècle des Lumières (Century of Enlightenments), between 1715 and 1789, from the beginning of the reign of Louis XV until the French Revolution. If taken back to the mid-17th century, the Enlightenment would trace its origins to Descartes' Discourse on Method, published in 1637. In France, many cited the publication of Isaac Newton's Principia Mathematica in 1687. It is argued by several historians and philosophers that the beginning of the Enlightenment is when Descartes shifted the epistemological basis from external authority to internal certainty by his cogito ergo sum published in 1637. As to its end, most scholars use the last years of the century, often choosing the French Revolution of 1789 or the beginning of the Napoleonic Wars (1804–15) as a convenient point in time with which to date the end of the Enlightenment.

title: Age_of_Enlightenment

title: Age_of_Enlightenment

text: There

text: is

text: little

text: consensus

text: on

text: the

text: precise

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Age

text: of

text: Enlightenment

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: or

text: the

text: middle

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: are

text: often

text: used

text: as

text: epochs

text: French

text: historians

text: usually

text: place

text: the

text: period

text: called

text: the

text: Siècle

text: des

text: Lumières

text: Century

text: of

text: Enlightenments

text: between

text: and

text: from

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: reign

text: of

text: Louis

text: XV

text: until

text: the

text: French

text: Revolution

text: If

text: taken

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: Enlightenment

text: would

text: trace

text: its

text: origins

text: to

text: Descartes

text: Discourse

text: on

text: Method

text: published

text: in

text: In

text: France

text: many

text: cited

text: the

text: publication

text: of

text: Isaac

text: Newton

text: 's

text: Principia

text: Mathematica

text: in

text: It

text: is

text: argued

text: by

text: several

text: historians

text: and

text: philosophers

text: that

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Enlightenment

text: is

text: when

text: Descartes

text: shifted

text: the

text: epistemological

text: basis

text: from

text: external

text: authority

text: to

text: internal

text: certainty

text: by

text: his

text: cogito

text: ergo

text: sum

text: published

text: in

text: As

text: to

text: its

text: end

text: most

text: scholars

text: use

text: the

text: last

text: years

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: often

text: choosing

text: the

text: French

text: Revolution

text: of

text: or

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Napoleonic

text: Wars

text: as

text: a

text: convenient

text: point

text: in

text: time

text: with

text: which

text: to

text: date

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Enlightenment

question: Most scholars use the beginning of the Napoleonic Wars or which other battle as a convenient date to end the Enlightenment?

answer: French Revolution

text: French Revolution

question: French historians generally use the beginning of which King's reign to date the start of the Enlightenment?

answer: Louis XV

text: Louis XV

question: What do French historians commonly call the Age of Enlightenment?

answer: Siècle des Lumières (Century of Enlightenments)

text: Siècle des Lumières (Century of Enlightenments)

question: In what year was Descartes' Discourse on Method published?

answer: 1637

question: In what year was Issaac Newton's Principia Mathematica published?

answer: 1687


text: Midtown Raleigh is a residential and commercial area just North of the I-440 Beltline and is part of North Raleigh. It is roughly framed by Glenwood/Creedmoor Road to the West, Wake Forest Road to the East, and Millbrook Road to the North. It includes shopping centers such as North Hills and Crabtree Valley Mall. It also includes North Hills Park and part of the Raleigh Greenway System. The term was coined by the Greater Raleigh Chamber of Commerce, developer John Kane and planning director Mitchell Silver. The News & Observer newspaper started using the term for marketing purposes only. The Midtown Raleigh Alliance was founded on July 25, 2011 as a way for community leaders to promote the area.

title: Raleigh,_North_Carolina

title: Raleigh,_North_Carolina

text: Midtown

text: Raleigh

text: is

text: a

text: residential

text: and

text: commercial

text: area

text: just

text: North

text: of

text: the

text: Beltline

text: and

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: North

text: Raleigh

text: It

text: is

text: roughly

text: framed

text: by

text: Glenwood

text: Creedmoor

text: Road

text: to

text: the

text: West

text: Wake

text: Forest

text: Road

text: to

text: the

text: East

text: and

text: Millbrook

text: Road

text: to

text: the

text: North

text: It

text: includes

text: shopping

text: centers

text: such

text: as

text: North

text: Hills

text: and

text: Crabtree

text: Valley

text: Mall

text: It

text: also

text: includes

text: North

text: Hills

text: Park

text: and

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Raleigh

text: Greenway

text: System

text: The

text: term

text: was

text: coined

text: by

text: the

text: Greater

text: Raleigh

text: Chamber

text: of

text: Commerce

text: developer

text: John

text: Kane

text: and

text: planning

text: director

text: Mitchell

text: Silver

text: The

text: News

text: Observer

text: newspaper

text: started

text: using

text: the

text: term

text: for

text: marketing

text: purposes

text: only

text: The

text: Midtown

text: Raleigh

text: Alliance

text: was

text: founded

text: on

text: July

text: as

text: a

text: way

text: for

text: community

text: leaders

text: to

text: promote

text: the

text: area

question: Where is Midtown Raleigh?

answer: North of the I-440 Beltline

text: North of the I-440 Beltline

question: What frames Midtown Raleigh?

answer: Glenwood/Creedmoor Road to the West, Wake Forest Road to the East, and Millbrook Road

text: Glenwood/Creedmoor Road to the West, Wake Forest Road to the East, and Millbrook Road

question: Where is the North Hills Shopping center?

answer: Midtown Raleigh

text: Midtown Raleigh

question: Who was the area developer?

answer: John Kane

text: John Kane

question: When was the Midtown Raleigh Alliance formed?

answer: July 25, 2011

text: July 25, 2011


text: In November 1945, Eisenhower returned to Washington to replace Marshall as Chief of Staff of the Army. His main role was rapid demobilization of millions of soldiers, a slow job that was delayed by lack of shipping. Eisenhower was convinced in 1946 that the Soviet Union did not want war and that friendly relations could be maintained; he strongly supported the new United Nations and favored its involvement in the control of atomic bombs. However, in formulating policies regarding the atomic bomb and relations with the Soviets, Truman was guided by the U.S. State Department and ignored Eisenhower and the Pentagon. Indeed, Eisenhower had opposed the use of the atomic bomb against the Japanese, writing, "First, the Japanese were ready to surrender and it wasn't necessary to hit them with that awful thing. Second, I hated to see our country be the first to use such a weapon." Initially, Eisenhower was characterized by hopes for cooperation with the Soviets. He even visited Warsaw in 1945. Invited by Bolesław Bierut and decorated with the highest military decoration, he was shocked by the scale of destruction in the city. However, by mid-1947, as East–West tensions over economic recovery in Germany and the Greek Civil War escalated, Eisenhower gave up and agreed with a containment policy to stop Soviet expansion.

title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

text: In

text: November

text: Eisenhower

text: returned

text: to

text: Washington

text: to

text: replace

text: Marshall

text: as

text: Chief

text: of

text: Staff

text: of

text: the

text: Army

text: His

text: main

text: role

text: was

text: rapid

text: demobilization

text: of

text: millions

text: of

text: soldiers

text: a

text: slow

text: job

text: that

text: was

text: delayed

text: by

text: lack

text: of

text: shipping

text: Eisenhower

text: was

text: convinced

text: in

text: that

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: did

text: not

text: want

text: war

text: and

text: that

text: friendly

text: relations

text: could

text: be

text: maintained

text: he

text: strongly

text: supported

text: the

text: new

text: United

text: Nations

text: and

text: favored

text: its

text: involvement

text: in

text: the

text: control

text: of

text: atomic

text: bombs

text: However

text: in

text: formulating

text: policies

text: regarding

text: the

text: atomic

text: bomb

text: and

text: relations

text: with

text: the

text: Soviets

text: Truman

text: was

text: guided

text: by

text: the

text: U.S.

text: State

text: Department

text: and

text: ignored

text: Eisenhower

text: and

text: the

text: Pentagon

text: Indeed

text: Eisenhower

text: had

text: opposed

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: atomic

text: bomb

text: against

text: the

text: Japanese

text: writing

text: First

text: the

text: Japanese

text: were

text: ready

text: to

text: surrender

text: and

text: it

text: was

text: n't

text: necessary

text: to

text: hit

text: them

text: with

text: that

text: awful

text: thing

text: Second

text: I

text: hated

text: to

text: see

text: our

text: country

text: be

text: the

text: first

text: to

text: use

text: such

text: a

text: weapon

text: Initially

text: Eisenhower

text: was

text: characterized

text: by

text: hopes

text: for

text: cooperation

text: with

text: the

text: Soviets

text: He

text: even

text: visited

text: Warsaw

text: in

text: Invited

text: by

text: Bolesław

text: Bierut

text: and

text: decorated

text: with

text: the

text: highest

text: military

text: decoration

text: he

text: was

text: shocked

text: by

text: the

text: scale

text: of

text: destruction

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: However

text: by

text: as

text: East

text: West

text: tensions

text: over

text: economic

text: recovery

text: in

text: Germany

text: and

text: the

text: Greek

text: Civil

text: War

text: escalated

text: Eisenhower

text: gave

text: up

text: and

text: agreed

text: with

text: a

text: containment

text: policy

text: to

text: stop

text: Soviet

text: expansion

question: Who was Chief of Staff of the Army before Eisenhower?

answer: Marshall

text: Marshall

question: About how many soldiers demobilized after the war ended?

answer: millions

text: millions

question: What president ignored Eisenhower's recommendations in regard to atomic weapons?

answer: Truman

text: Truman

question: What was Eisenhower's position on the use of nuclear weapons against Japan?

answer: opposed

text: opposed

question: What city did Eisenhower notably visit in 1945?

answer: Warsaw

text: Warsaw


text: The level of Hellenistic achievement in astronomy and engineering is impressively shown by the Antikythera mechanism (150–100 BC). It is a 37-gear mechanical computer which computed the motions of the Sun and Moon, including lunar and solar eclipses predicted on the basis of astronomical periods believed to have been learned from the Babylonians. Devices of this sort are not found again until the 10th century, when a simpler eight-geared luni-solar calculator incorporated into an astrolabe was described by the Persian scholar, Al-Biruni.[not in citation given] Similarly complex devices were also developed by other Muslim engineers and astronomers during the Middle Ages.[not in citation given]

title: Hellenistic_period

title: Hellenistic_period

text: The

text: level

text: of

text: Hellenistic

text: achievement

text: in

text: astronomy

text: and

text: engineering

text: is

text: impressively

text: shown

text: by

text: the

text: Antikythera

text: mechanism

text: BC

text: It

text: is

text: a

text: mechanical

text: computer

text: which

text: computed

text: the

text: motions

text: of

text: the

text: Sun

text: and

text: Moon

text: including

text: lunar

text: and

text: solar

text: eclipses

text: predicted

text: on

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: astronomical

text: periods

text: believed

text: to

text: have

text: been

text: learned

text: from

text: the

text: Babylonians

text: Devices

text: of

text: this

text: sort

text: are

text: not

text: found

text: again

text: until

text: the

text: century

text: when

text: a

text: simpler

text: eight

text: geared

text: luni

text: solar

text: calculator

text: incorporated

text: into

text: an

text: astrolabe

text: was

text: described

text: by

text: the

text: Persian

text: scholar

text: Al

text: Biruni.[not

text: in

text: citation

text: given

text: Similarly

text: complex

text: devices

text: were

text: also

text: developed

text: by

text: other

text: Muslim

text: engineers

text: and

text: astronomers

text: during

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages.[not

text: in

text: citation

text: given

question: What is the name of the 37 gear computer which noted the motions of the Sun and Moon?

answer: Antikythera mechanism

text: Antikythera mechanism

question: Until what century were similar devices like the Antikythera mechanism found?

answer: 10th

question: What Persian scholar noted the 10th century calculator similar to the Antikythera mechanism?

answer: Al-Biruni

text: Al-Biruni

question: What range of years is the Antikythera mechanism thought to have been created?

answer: 150–100 BC

text: 150–100 BC


text: In a 2007 meeting with the House of Lords Select Committee on Communications, which was investigating media ownership and the news, Murdoch stated that the law and the independent board prevented him from exercising editorial control.

title: The_Times

title: The_Times

text: In

text: a

text: meeting

text: with

text: the

text: House

text: of

text: Lords

text: Select

text: Committee

text: on

text: Communications

text: which

text: was

text: investigating

text: media

text: ownership

text: and

text: the

text: news

text: Murdoch

text: stated

text: that

text: the

text: law

text: and

text: the

text: independent

text: board

text: prevented

text: him

text: from

text: exercising

text: editorial

text: control

question: In what year was the meeting of the House of Lords Select Committee on Communications that was investigating media ownership and the news?

answer: 2007

question: In the 2007 meeting with the government, Rupert Murdoch, owner of The Times, stated that the law and the independent board prevented him from doing what?

answer: exercising editorial control

text: exercising editorial control

question: What government committee was investigating Rupert Murdoch and The Times in 2007?

answer: House of Lords Select Committee on Communications

text: House of Lords Select Committee on Communications


text: Saint Valentine, a Roman Catholic Bishop or priest who was martyred in about 296 AD, seems to have had no known connection with romantic love, but the day of his martyrdom on the Roman Catholic calendar, Saint Valentine's Day (February 14), became, in the 14th century, an occasion for lovers to send messages to each other. In recent years the celebration of Saint Valentine' s day has spread beyond Christian countries to Japan and China and other parts of the world. The celebration of Saint Valentine's Day is forbidden or strongly condemned in many Islamic countries, including Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and Iran. In Saudi Arabia, in 2002 and 2011, religious police banned the sale of all Valentine's Day items, telling shop workers to remove any red items, as the day is considered a Christian holiday.

title: Red

title: Red

text: Saint

text: Valentine

text: a

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: Bishop

text: or

text: priest

text: who

text: was

text: martyred

text: in

text: about

text: AD

text: seems

text: to

text: have

text: had

text: no

text: known

text: connection

text: with

text: romantic

text: love

text: but

text: the

text: day

text: of

text: his

text: martyrdom

text: on

text: the

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: calendar

text: Saint

text: Valentine

text: 's

text: Day

text: February

text: became

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: an

text: occasion

text: for

text: lovers

text: to

text: send

text: messages

text: to

text: each

text: other

text: In

text: recent

text: years

text: the

text: celebration

text: of

text: Saint

text: Valentine

text: s

text: day

text: has

text: spread

text: beyond

text: Christian

text: countries

text: to

text: Japan

text: and

text: China

text: and

text: other

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: The

text: celebration

text: of

text: Saint

text: Valentine

text: 's

text: Day

text: is

text: forbidden

text: or

text: strongly

text: condemned

text: in

text: many

text: Islamic

text: countries

text: including

text: Saudi

text: Arabia

text: Pakistan

text: and

text: Iran

text: In

text: Saudi

text: Arabia

text: in

text: and

text: religious

text: police

text: banned

text: the

text: sale

text: of

text: all

text: Valentine

text: 's

text: Day

text: items

text: telling

text: shop

text: workers

text: to

text: remove

text: any

text: red

text: items

text: as

text: the

text: day

text: is

text: considered

text: a

text: Christian

text: holiday

question: When was Saint Valentine martyred?

answer: 296 AD

text: 296 AD

question: Who was Saint Valentine?

answer: a Roman Catholic Bishop or priest

text: a Roman Catholic Bishop or priest

question: In which century did Saint Valentine's day become connected with lovers?

answer: 14th

question: In what kind of countries is the celebration of Valentine's day forbidden?

answer: Islamic

text: Islamic

question: Which nation forbade the sale of Valentine's Day products in 2002 and 2011?

answer: Saudi Arabia

text: Saudi Arabia


text: Prior to Confederation in 1867, residents of the colonies in what is now Canada served as regular members of French and British forces and in local militia groups. The latter aided in the defence of their respective territories against attacks by other European powers, Aboriginal peoples, and later American forces during the American Revolutionary War and War of 1812, as well as in the Fenian raids, Red River Rebellion, and North-West Rebellion. Consequently, the lineages of some Canadian army units stretch back to the early 19th century, when militia units were formed to assist in the defence of British North America against invasion by the United States.

title: Canadian_Armed_Forces

title: Canadian_Armed_Forces

text: Prior

text: to

text: Confederation

text: in

text: residents

text: of

text: the

text: colonies

text: in

text: what

text: is

text: now

text: Canada

text: served

text: as

text: regular

text: members

text: of

text: French

text: and

text: British

text: forces

text: and

text: in

text: local

text: militia

text: groups

text: The

text: latter

text: aided

text: in

text: the

text: defence

text: of

text: their

text: respective

text: territories

text: against

text: attacks

text: by

text: other

text: European

text: powers

text: Aboriginal

text: peoples

text: and

text: later

text: American

text: forces

text: during

text: the

text: American

text: Revolutionary

text: War

text: and

text: War

text: of

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: in

text: the

text: Fenian

text: raids

text: Red

text: River

text: Rebellion

text: and

text: North

text: West

text: Rebellion

text: Consequently

text: the

text: lineages

text: of

text: some

text: Canadian

text: army

text: units

text: stretch

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: when

text: militia

text: units

text: were

text: formed

text: to

text: assist

text: in

text: the

text: defence

text: of

text: British

text: North

text: America

text: against

text: invasion

text: by

text: the

text: United

text: States

question: What year was Canada united in a confederation?

answer: 1867

question: The forces of what countries did people serve before the unification?

answer: French and British forces

text: French and British forces

question: What is one of the threats that faced them?

answer: European powers

text: European powers

question: What American war threatened Canada?

answer: the American Revolutionary War

text: the American Revolutionary War

question: Early on, what did they defend against with the British?

answer: invasion by the United States

text: invasion by the United States


text: In 1393 King Richard II compelled landlords to erect signs outside their premises. The legislation stated "Whosoever shall brew ale in the town with intention of selling it must hang out a sign, otherwise he shall forfeit his ale." This was to make alehouses easily visible to passing inspectors, borough ale tasters, who would decide the quality of the ale they provided. William Shakespeare's father, John Shakespeare, was one such inspector.

title: Pub

title: Pub

text: In

text: King

text: Richard

text: II

text: compelled

text: landlords

text: to

text: erect

text: signs

text: outside

text: their

text: premises

text: The

text: legislation

text: stated

text: Whosoever

text: shall

text: brew

text: ale

text: in

text: the

text: town

text: with

text: intention

text: of

text: selling

text: it

text: must

text: hang

text: out

text: a

text: sign

text: otherwise

text: he

text: shall

text: forfeit

text: his

text: ale

text: This

text: was

text: to

text: make

text: alehouses

text: easily

text: visible

text: to

text: passing

text: inspectors

text: borough

text: ale

text: tasters

text: who

text: would

text: decide

text: the

text: quality

text: of

text: the

text: ale

text: they

text: provided

text: William

text: Shakespeare

text: 's

text: father

text: John

text: Shakespeare

text: was

text: one

text: such

text: inspector

question: Which monarch required landlords to post a sign if they wanted to sell ale?

answer: Richard II

text: Richard II

question: In what year did the king demand ale-sellers post signage on pain of forfeiture?

answer: 1393

question: What was William Shakespeare's father's first name?

answer: John

text: John

question: What was John Shakespeare's profession?

answer: inspectors

text: inspectors

question: If an ale-seller refused to post a sign, what punishment would he receive?

answer: forfeit his ale

text: forfeit his ale


text: Currently printed denominations are $1, $2, $5, $10, $20, $50, and $100. Notes above the $100 denomination stopped being printed in 1946 and were officially withdrawn from circulation in 1969. These notes were used primarily in inter-bank transactions or by organized crime; it was the latter usage that prompted President Richard Nixon to issue an executive order in 1969 halting their use. With the advent of electronic banking, they became less necessary. Notes in denominations of $500, $1,000, $5,000, $10,000 and $100,000 were all produced at one time; see large denomination bills in U.S. currency for details. These notes are now collectors' items and are worth more than their face value to collectors.

title: United_States_dollar

title: United_States_dollar

text: Currently

text: printed

text: denominations

text: are

text: and

text: Notes

text: above

text: the

text: denomination

text: stopped

text: being

text: printed

text: in

text: and

text: were

text: officially

text: withdrawn

text: from

text: circulation

text: in

text: These

text: notes

text: were

text: used

text: primarily

text: in

text: inter

text: bank

text: transactions

text: or

text: by

text: organized

text: crime

text: it

text: was

text: the

text: latter

text: usage

text: that

text: prompted

text: President

text: Richard

text: Nixon

text: to

text: issue

text: an

text: executive

text: order

text: in

text: halting

text: their

text: use

text: With

text: the

text: advent

text: of

text: electronic

text: banking

text: they

text: became

text: less

text: necessary

text: Notes

text: in

text: denominations

text: of

text: and

text: were

text: all

text: produced

text: at

text: one

text: time

text: see

text: large

text: denomination

text: bills

text: in

text: U.S.

text: currency

text: for

text: details

text: These

text: notes

text: are

text: now

text: collectors

text: items

text: and

text: are

text: worth

text: more

text: than

text: their

text: face

text: value

text: to

text: collectors

question: What is the highest currently printed denomination of bill?

answer: $100

question: In which year were notes valued above $100 no longer printed?

answer: 1946

question: When were bills above the $100 denomination withdrawn from circulation?

answer: 1969

question: What use of higher value bills prompted Nixon to halt the use of said bills?

answer: organized crime

text: organized crime

question: What was issued to halt the use of higher currency denomations?

answer: an executive order

text: an executive order


text: Some pubs in the UK also have football teams composed of regular customers. Many of these teams are in leagues that play matches on Sundays, hence the term "Sunday League Football". Bowling is found in association with pubs in some parts of the country and the local team will play matches against teams invited from elsewhere on the pub's bowling green.

title: Pub

title: Pub

text: Some

text: pubs

text: in

text: the

text: UK

text: also

text: have

text: football

text: teams

text: composed

text: of

text: regular

text: customers

text: Many

text: of

text: these

text: teams

text: are

text: in

text: leagues

text: that

text: play

text: matches

text: on

text: Sundays

text: hence

text: the

text: term

text: Sunday

text: League

text: Football

text: Bowling

text: is

text: found

text: in

text: association

text: with

text: pubs

text: in

text: some

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: and

text: the

text: local

text: team

text: will

text: play

text: matches

text: against

text: teams

text: invited

text: from

text: elsewhere

text: on

text: the

text: pub

text: 's

text: bowling

text: green

question: What is the term for pub-based football that is often played on Sundays?

answer: Sunday League Football

text: Sunday League Football

question: What sport is played on a pub's bowling green?

answer: Bowling

text: Bowling


text: The Association for Asian Studies states that there is no known written evidence to suggest that later leaders of the Gelug—Gendün Drup (1391–1474) and Gendün Gyatso (1475–1571)—had any contacts with Ming China. These two religious leaders were preoccupied with an overriding concern for dealing with the powerful secular Rinpungpa princes, who were patrons and protectors of the Karma Kargyu lamas. The Rinpungpa leaders were relatives of the Phagmodrupa, yet their authority shifted over time from simple governors to rulers in their own right over large areas of Ü-Tsang. The prince of Rinbung occupied Lhasa in 1498 and excluded the Gelug from attending New Years ceremonies and prayers, the most important event in the Gelug. While the task of New Years prayers in Lhasa was granted to the Karmapa and others, Gendün Gyatso traveled in exile looking for allies. However, it was not until 1518 that the secular Phagmodru ruler captured Lhasa from the Rinbung, and thereafter the Gelug was given rights to conduct the New Years prayer. When the Drikung Kagyu abbot of Drigung Monastery threatened Lhasa in 1537, Gendün Gyatso was forced to abandon the Drepung Monastery, although he eventually returned.

title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty

title: Sino

text: The

text: Association

text: for

text: Asian

text: Studies

text: states

text: that

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: known

text: written

text: evidence

text: to

text: suggest

text: that

text: later

text: leaders

text: of

text: the

text: Gelug

text: Gendün

text: Drup

text: and

text: Gendün

text: Gyatso

text: any

text: contacts

text: with

text: Ming

text: China

text: These

text: two

text: religious

text: leaders

text: were

text: preoccupied

text: with

text: an

text: overriding

text: concern

text: for

text: dealing

text: with

text: the

text: powerful

text: secular

text: Rinpungpa

text: princes

text: who

text: were

text: patrons

text: and

text: protectors

text: of

text: the

text: Karma

text: Kargyu

text: lamas

text: The

text: Rinpungpa

text: leaders

text: were

text: relatives

text: of

text: the

text: Phagmodrupa

text: yet

text: their

text: authority

text: shifted

text: over

text: time

text: from

text: simple

text: governors

text: to

text: rulers

text: in

text: their

text: own

text: right

text: over

text: large

text: areas

text: of

text: Ü

text: Tsang

text: The

text: prince

text: of

text: Rinbung

text: occupied

text: Lhasa

text: in

text: and

text: excluded

text: the

text: Gelug

text: from

text: attending

text: New

text: Years

text: ceremonies

text: and

text: prayers

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: event

text: in

text: the

text: Gelug

text: While

text: the

text: task

text: of

text: New

text: Years

text: prayers

text: in

text: Lhasa

text: was

text: granted

text: to

text: the

text: Karmapa

text: and

text: others

text: Gendün

text: Gyatso

text: traveled

text: in

text: exile

text: looking

text: for

text: allies

text: However

text: it

text: was

text: not

text: until

text: that

text: the

text: secular

text: Phagmodru

text: ruler

text: captured

text: Lhasa

text: from

text: the

text: Rinbung

text: and

text: thereafter

text: the

text: Gelug

text: was

text: given

text: rights

text: to

text: conduct

text: the

text: New

text: Years

text: prayer

text: When

text: the

text: Drikung

text: Kagyu

text: abbot

text: of

text: Drigung

text: Monastery

text: threatened

text: Lhasa

text: in

text: Gendün

text: Gyatso

text: was

text: forced

text: to

text: abandon

text: the

text: Drepung

text: Monastery

text: although

text: he

text: eventually

text: returned

question: Who were the Rinpungpa leaders related to?

answer: the Phagmodrupa

text: the Phagmodrupa

question: When did the the prince of Rinbung occupy Lhasa?

answer: 1498

question: What was the most important event to the Gelug?

answer: New Years ceremonies and prayers

text: New Years ceremonies and prayers

question: When was Gelug was given the right to conduct the New Years prayer?

answer: 1518


text: Ozawa's "Northern Force" had four aircraft carriers, two obsolete battleships partly converted to carriers, three cruisers and nine destroyers. The carriers had only 108 planes. The force was not spotted by the Allies until 16:40 on 24 October. At 20:00 Toyoda ordered all remaining Japanese forces to attack. Halsey saw an opportunity to destroy the remnants of the Japanese carrier force. The U.S. Third Fleet was formidable – nine large carriers, eight light carriers, six battleships, 17 cruisers, 63 destroyers and 1,000 planes – and completely outgunned Ozawa's force. Halsey's ships set out in pursuit of Ozawa just after midnight. U.S. commanders ignored reports that Kurita had turned back towards San Bernardino Strait. They had taken the bait set by Ozawa. On the morning of 25 October Ozawa launched 75 planes. Most were shot down by U.S. fighter patrols. By 08:00 U.S. fighters had destroyed the screen of Japanese fighters and were hitting ships. By evening, they had sunk the carriers Zuikaku, Zuihō, and Chiyoda, and a destroyer. The fourth carrier, Chitose, and a cruiser were disabled and later sank.

title: Pacific_War

title: Pacific_War

text: Ozawa

text: 's

text: Northern

text: Force

text: had

text: four

text: aircraft

text: carriers

text: two

text: obsolete

text: battleships

text: partly

text: converted

text: to

text: carriers

text: three

text: cruisers

text: and

text: nine

text: destroyers

text: The

text: carriers

text: had

text: only

text: planes

text: The

text: force

text: was

text: not

text: spotted

text: by

text: the

text: Allies

text: until

text: on

text: October

text: At

text: Toyoda

text: ordered

text: all

text: remaining

text: Japanese

text: forces

text: to

text: attack

text: Halsey

text: saw

text: an

text: opportunity

text: to

text: destroy

text: the

text: remnants

text: of

text: the

text: Japanese

text: carrier

text: force

text: The

text: U.S.

text: Third

text: Fleet

text: was

text: formidable

text: nine

text: large

text: carriers

text: eight

text: light

text: carriers

text: six

text: battleships

text: cruisers

text: destroyers

text: and

text: planes

text: and

text: completely

text: outgunned

text: Ozawa

text: 's

text: force

text: Halsey

text: 's

text: ships

text: set

text: out

text: in

text: pursuit

text: of

text: Ozawa

text: just

text: after

text: midnight

text: U.S.

text: commanders

text: ignored

text: reports

text: that

text: Kurita

text: had

text: turned

text: back

text: towards

text: San

text: Bernardino

text: Strait

text: They

text: had

text: taken

text: the

text: bait

text: set

text: by

text: Ozawa

text: On

text: the

text: morning

text: of

text: October

text: Ozawa

text: launched

text: planes

text: Most

text: were

text: shot

text: down

text: by

text: U.S.

text: fighter

text: patrols

text: By

text: U.S.

text: fighters

text: had

text: destroyed

text: the

text: screen

text: of

text: Japanese

text: fighters

text: and

text: were

text: hitting

text: ships

text: By

text: evening

text: they

text: had

text: sunk

text: the

text: carriers

text: Zuikaku

text: Zuihō

text: and

text: Chiyoda

text: and

text: a

text: destroyer

text: The

text: fourth

text: carrier

text: Chitose

text: and

text: a

text: cruiser

text: were

text: disabled

text: and

text: later

text: sank

question: When did the allies spot Ozawa's "Northern Force"?

answer: 16:40 on 24 October

text: 16:40 on 24 October

question: How many aircraft carriers were in Ozawa's "Northern Force"?

answer: four

text: four

question: How many planes were in the U.S. 3rd Fleet?

answer: 1,000

question: How many cruisers were in the U.S. Third Fleet?

answer: 17

question: How many destroyers were in the U.S. Third Fleet?

answer: 63


text: In 1989, Prince Andrew launched the replacement RMS St Helena to serve the island; the vessel was specially built for the Cardiff–Cape Town route and features a mixed cargo/passenger layout.

title: Saint_Helena

title: Saint_Helena

text: In

text: Prince

text: Andrew

text: launched

text: the

text: replacement

text: RMS

text: St

text: Helena

text: to

text: serve

text: the

text: island

text: the

text: vessel

text: was

text: specially

text: built

text: for

text: the

text: Cardiff

text: Cape

text: Town

text: route

text: and

text: features

text: a

text: mixed

text: cargo

text: passenger

text: layout

question: What year was the replacement for the RMS St Helena launched?

answer: 1989

question: Who launched the replacement RMS St Helena?

answer: Prince Andrew

text: Prince Andrew

question: What route was the replacement RMS St Helena built for?

answer: Cardiff–Cape Town route

text: Cardiff–Cape Town route

question: What kind of layout did the RMS St Helena have?

answer: a mixed cargo/passenger layout.

text: a mixed cargo/passenger layout.


text: Although John was the Count of Poitou and therefore the rightful feudal lord over the Lusignans, they could legitimately appeal John's actions in France to his own feudal lord, Philip. Hugh did exactly this in 1201 and Philip summoned John to attend court in Paris in 1202, citing the Le Goulet treaty to strengthen his case. John was unwilling to weaken his authority in western France in this way. He argued that he need not attend Philip's court because of his special status as the Duke of Normandy, who was exempt by feudal tradition from being called to the French court. Philip argued that he was summoning John not as the Duke of Normandy, but as the Count of Poitou, which carried no such special status. When John still refused to come, Philip declared John in breach of his feudal responsibilities, reassigned all of John's lands that fell under the French crown to Arthur – with the exception of Normandy, which he took back for himself – and began a fresh war against John.

title: John,_King_of_England

title: John,_King_of_England

text: Although

text: John

text: was

text: the

text: Count

text: of

text: Poitou

text: and

text: therefore

text: the

text: rightful

text: feudal

text: lord

text: over

text: the

text: Lusignans

text: they

text: could

text: legitimately

text: appeal

text: John

text: 's

text: actions

text: in

text: France

text: to

text: his

text: own

text: feudal

text: lord

text: Philip

text: Hugh

text: did

text: exactly

text: this

text: in

text: and

text: Philip

text: summoned

text: John

text: to

text: attend

text: court

text: in

text: Paris

text: in

text: citing

text: the

text: Le

text: Goulet

text: treaty

text: to

text: strengthen

text: his

text: case

text: John

text: was

text: unwilling

text: to

text: weaken

text: his

text: authority

text: in

text: western

text: France

text: in

text: this

text: way

text: He

text: argued

text: that

text: he

text: need

text: not

text: attend

text: Philip

text: 's

text: court

text: because

text: of

text: his

text: special

text: status

text: as

text: the

text: Duke

text: of

text: Normandy

text: who

text: was

text: exempt

text: by

text: feudal

text: tradition

text: from

text: being

text: called

text: to

text: the

text: French

text: court

text: Philip

text: argued

text: that

text: he

text: was

text: summoning

text: John

text: not

text: as

text: the

text: Duke

text: of

text: Normandy

text: but

text: as

text: the

text: Count

text: of

text: Poitou

text: which

text: carried

text: no

text: such

text: special

text: status

text: When

text: John

text: still

text: refused

text: to

text: come

text: Philip

text: declared

text: John

text: in

text: breach

text: of

text: his

text: feudal

text: responsibilities

text: reassigned

text: all

text: of

text: John

text: 's

text: lands

text: that

text: fell

text: under

text: the

text: French

text: crown

text: to

text: Arthur

text: with

text: the

text: exception

text: of

text: Normandy

text: which

text: he

text: took

text: back

text: for

text: himself

text: and

text: began

text: a

text: fresh

text: war

text: against

text: John

question: When did Philip summon John to attend court?

answer: 1202

question: What was John summoned as?

answer: Count of Poitou

text: Count of Poitou


text: In 1059, the right of electing the pope was reserved to the principal clergy of Rome and the bishops of the seven suburbicarian sees. In the 12th century the practice of appointing ecclesiastics from outside Rome as cardinals began, with each of them assigned a church in Rome as his titular church or linked with one of the suburbicarian dioceses, while still being incardinated in a diocese other than that of Rome.[citation needed]

title: Cardinal_(Catholicism)

title: Cardinal_(Catholicism

text: In

text: the

text: right

text: of

text: electing

text: the

text: pope

text: was

text: reserved

text: to

text: the

text: principal

text: clergy

text: of

text: Rome

text: and

text: the

text: bishops

text: of

text: the

text: seven

text: suburbicarian

text: sees

text: In

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: practice

text: of

text: appointing

text: ecclesiastics

text: from

text: outside

text: Rome

text: as

text: cardinals

text: began

text: with

text: each

text: of

text: them

text: assigned

text: a

text: church

text: in

text: Rome

text: as

text: his

text: titular

text: church

text: or

text: linked

text: with

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: suburbicarian

text: dioceses

text: while

text: still

text: being

text: incardinated

text: in

text: a

text: diocese

text: other

text: than

text: that

text: of

text: Rome.[citation

text: needed

question: In 1059, who was responsible for electing the pope?

answer: the principal clergy of Rome and the bishops of the seven suburbicarian sees.

text: the principal clergy of Rome and the bishops of the seven suburbicarian sees.

question: What were the cardinals assigned?

answer: a church in Rome as his titular church or linked with one of the suburbicarian dioceses

text: a church in Rome as his titular church or linked with one of the suburbicarian dioceses


text: Avicenna's consideration of the essence-attributes question may be elucidated in terms of his ontological analysis of the modalities of being; namely impossibility, contingency, and necessity. Avicenna argued that the impossible being is that which cannot exist, while the contingent in itself (mumkin bi-dhatihi) has the potentiality to be or not to be without entailing a contradiction. When actualized, the contingent becomes a 'necessary existent due to what is other than itself' (wajib al-wujud bi-ghayrihi). Thus, contingency-in-itself is potential beingness that could eventually be actualized by an external cause other than itself. The metaphysical structures of necessity and contingency are different. Necessary being due to itself (wajib al-wujud bi-dhatihi) is true in itself, while the contingent being is 'false in itself' and 'true due to something else other than itself'. The necessary is the source of its own being without borrowed existence. It is what always exists.

title: Avicenna

title: Avicenna

text: Avicenna

text: 's

text: consideration

text: of

text: the

text: essence

text: attributes

text: question

text: may

text: be

text: elucidated

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: his

text: ontological

text: analysis

text: of

text: the

text: modalities

text: of

text: being

text: namely

text: impossibility

text: contingency

text: and

text: necessity

text: Avicenna

text: argued

text: that

text: the

text: impossible

text: being

text: is

text: that

text: which

text: can

text: not

text: exist

text: while

text: the

text: contingent

text: in

text: itself

text: mumkin

text: bi

text: dhatihi

text: has

text: the

text: potentiality

text: to

text: be

text: or

text: not

text: to

text: be

text: without

text: entailing

text: a

text: contradiction

text: When

text: actualized

text: the

text: contingent

text: becomes

text: a

text: necessary

text: existent

text: due

text: to

text: what

text: is

text: other

text: than

text: itself

text: wajib

text: al

text: wujud

text: bi

text: ghayrihi

text: Thus

text: contingency

text: in

text: itself

text: is

text: potential

text: beingness

text: that

text: could

text: eventually

text: be

text: actualized

text: by

text: an

text: external

text: cause

text: other

text: than

text: itself

text: The

text: metaphysical

text: structures

text: of

text: necessity

text: and

text: contingency

text: are

text: different

text: Necessary

text: being

text: due

text: to

text: itself

text: wajib

text: al

text: wujud

text: bi

text: dhatihi

text: is

text: true

text: in

text: itself

text: while

text: the

text: contingent

text: being

text: is

text: false

text: in

text: itself

text: and

text: true

text: due

text: to

text: something

text: else

text: other

text: than

text: itself

text: The

text: necessary

text: is

text: the

text: source

text: of

text: its

text: own

text: being

text: without

text: borrowed

text: existence

text: It

text: is

text: what

text: always

text: exists

question: What is one modality of being that Avicenna analyzed?

answer: necessity

text: necessity

question: According to Avicenna, what could eventually be actualized by an external cause?

answer: contingency-in-itself

text: contingency-in-itself

question: What is the necessary according to Avicenna?

answer: the source of its own being without borrowed existence

text: the source of its own being without borrowed existence

question: According to Avicenna, what always exists?

answer: The necessary

text: The necessary

question: If necessary being is true in itself, what is contingent?

answer: false in itself

text: false in itself


text: The first polytechnic in Hong Kong is The Hong Kong Polytechnic, established in 1972 through upgrading the Hong Kong Technical College (Government Trade School before 1947). The second polytechnic, the City Polytechnic of Hong Kong, was founded in 1984. These polytechnics awards diplomas, higher diplomas, as well as academic degrees. Like the United Kingdom, the two polytechnics were granted university status in 1994, and renamed The Hong Kong Polytechnic University and the City University of Hong Kong respectively. The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, a university with a focus in applied science, engineering and business, was founded in 1991.

title: Institute_of_technology

title: Institute_of_technology

text: The

text: first

text: polytechnic

text: in

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: is

text: The

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: Polytechnic

text: established

text: in

text: through

text: upgrading

text: the

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: Technical

text: College

text: Government

text: Trade

text: School

text: before

text: The

text: second

text: polytechnic

text: the

text: City

text: Polytechnic

text: of

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: These

text: polytechnics

text: awards

text: diplomas

text: higher

text: diplomas

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: academic

text: degrees

text: Like

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: the

text: two

text: polytechnics

text: were

text: granted

text: university

text: status

text: in

text: and

text: renamed

text: The

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: Polytechnic

text: University

text: and

text: the

text: City

text: University

text: of

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: respectively

text: The

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: University

text: of

text: Science

text: and

text: Technology

text: a

text: university

text: with

text: a

text: focus

text: in

text: applied

text: science

text: engineering

text: and

text: business

text: was

text: founded

text: in

question: What was the very first polytechnic school in Hong Kong?

answer: The Hong Kong Polytechnic

text: The Hong Kong Polytechnic

question: What was the original name of Hong Kong Polytechnic?

answer: Hong Kong Technical College

text: Hong Kong Technical College

question: In what year was the City Polytechnic of Hong Kong founded?

answer: 1984

question: What Hong Kong university was created in 1991?

answer: Hong Kong University of Science and Technology

text: Hong Kong University of Science and Technology

question: When did the two polytechnic schools in Hong Kong receive status as universities?

answer: 1994


text: France used the right moment and occupied Alger in 1830. In 1831 Muhammad Ali of Egypt, who was the most powerful vassal of the Ottoman Empire, claimed independence. Ottoman forces were defeated in a number of battles, and Egyptians were ready to capture Constantinople, which forced the sultan Mahmud II to seek for Russian military aid. 10 000 Russian army corps landed on the Bosphorus shores in 1833 and helped to prevent the capture of Constantinople, thus the possible disappearance of the Ottoman Empire was prevented.

title: Crimean_War

title: Crimean_War

text: France

text: used

text: the

text: right

text: moment

text: and

text: occupied

text: Alger

text: in

text: In

text: Muhammad

text: Ali

text: of

text: Egypt

text: who

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: powerful

text: vassal

text: of

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: claimed

text: independence

text: Ottoman

text: forces

text: were

text: defeated

text: in

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: battles

text: and

text: Egyptians

text: were

text: ready

text: to

text: capture

text: Constantinople

text: which

text: forced

text: the

text: sultan

text: Mahmud

text: II

text: to

text: seek

text: for

text: Russian

text: military

text: aid

text: Russian

text: army

text: corps

text: landed

text: on

text: the

text: Bosphorus

text: shores

text: in

text: and

text: helped

text: to

text: prevent

text: the

text: capture

text: of

text: Constantinople

text: thus

text: the

text: possible

text: disappearance

text: of

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: was

text: prevented

question: In what year did France move into Alger?

answer: 1830

question: In 1831, who was the strongest vassal of the Ottoman Empire?

answer: Muhammad Ali of Egypt

text: Muhammad Ali of Egypt

question: Who wanted to take over Constantinople?

answer: Egyptians

text: Egyptians

question: What military force did Mahmud II ask for aid?

answer: Russian

text: Russian

question: How many Russians troops were sent to the Bosphorus shores?

answer: 10 000

text: 10 000


text: In Central Catalan, unstressed vowels reduce to three: /a e ɛ/ > [ə]; /o ɔ u/ > [u]; /i/ remains distinct. The other dialects have different vowel reduction processes (see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article).

title: Catalan_language

title: Catalan_language

text: In

text: Central

text: Catalan

text: unstressed

text: vowels

text: reduce

text: to

text: three

text: /a

text: e

text: ɛ/

text: ə

text: /o

text: ɔ

text: u/

text: u

text: /i/

text: remains

text: distinct

text: The

text: other

text: dialects

text: have

text: different

text: vowel

text: reduction

text: processes

text: see

text: the

text: section

text: pronunciation

text: of

text: dialects

text: in

text: this

text: article

question: How many  reduced unstressed are vowels are there in Central Catalan?

answer: three

text: three

question: What vowel stays distinct?

answer: /i/

text: /i/

question: What kind of vowel processes do other dialects have?

answer: different

text: different

question: Where do unstressed vowels reduce to three?

answer: In Central Catalan

text: In Central Catalan

question: Where do you find dialectic vowel reductions?

answer: section pronunciation

text: section pronunciation


text: At the 2009 American Community Survey, Black Americans made the second largest group in the Bronx after Hispanics and Latinos. Blacks of both Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin represented over one-third (35.4%) of the Bronx's population. Blacks of non-Hispanic origin made up 30.8% of the population. Over 495,200 blacks resided in the borough, of which 430,600 were non-Hispanic blacks. Over 61,000 people identified themselves as "Sub-Saharan African" in the survey, making up 4.4% of the population.

title: The_Bronx

title: The_Bronx

text: At

text: the

text: American

text: Community

text: Survey

text: Black

text: Americans

text: made

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: group

text: in

text: the

text: Bronx

text: after

text: Hispanics

text: and

text: Latinos

text: Blacks

text: of

text: both

text: Hispanic

text: and

text: non

text: Hispanic

text: origin

text: represented

text: over

text: one

text: third

text: of

text: the

text: Bronx

text: 's

text: population

text: Blacks

text: of

text: non

text: Hispanic

text: origin

text: made

text: up

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: Over

text: blacks

text: resided

text: in

text: the

text: borough

text: of

text: which

text: were

text: non

text: Hispanic

text: blacks

text: Over

text: people

text: identified

text: themselves

text: as

text: Sub

text: Saharan

text: African

text: in

text: the

text: survey

text: making

text: up

text: of

text: the

text: population

question: How much of the Bronx's population is black (including Hispanic)?

answer: 35.4%

question: How much of the Bronx's population is black (not including Hispanic)?

answer: 30.8%

question: How many Bronx residents called themselves "Sub-Saharan African" in 2009?

answer: Over 61,000

text: Over 61,000

question: What percent of Bronx residents called themselves "Sub-Saharan African" in 2009?

answer: 4.4%

question: How many people in the Bronx are black (not including Hispanic)?

answer: 430,600


text: A wide range of beliefs and practices is found across the world among those who call themselves Christian. Denominations and sects disagree on a common definition of "Christianity". For example, Timothy Beal notes the disparity of beliefs among those who identify as Christians in the United States as follows:

title: Christian

title: Christian

text: A

text: wide

text: range

text: of

text: beliefs

text: and

text: practices

text: is

text: found

text: across

text: the

text: world

text: among

text: those

text: who

text: call

text: themselves

text: Christian

text: Denominations

text: and

text: sects

text: disagree

text: on

text: a

text: common

text: definition

text: of

text: Christianity

text: For

text: example

text: Timothy

text: Beal

text: notes

text: the

text: disparity

text: of

text: beliefs

text: among

text: those

text: who

text: identify

text: as

text: Christians

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: as

text: follows

question: While Christianity is ultimately one belief, a wide range of what is found among the different denominations and sects?

answer: beliefs and practices

text: beliefs and practices


text: According to a study done by Helmut Fend (who had always been a fierce proponent of comprehensive schools) revealed that comprehensive schools do not help working class students. He compared alumni of the tripartite system to alumni of comprehensive schools. While working class alumni of comprehensive schools were awarded better school diplomas at age 35, they held similar occupational positions as working class alumni of the tripartite system and were as unlikely to graduate from college.

title: Comprehensive_school

title: Comprehensive_school

text: According

text: to

text: a

text: study

text: done

text: by

text: Helmut

text: Fend

text: who

text: had

text: always

text: been

text: a

text: fierce

text: proponent

text: of

text: comprehensive

text: schools

text: revealed

text: that

text: comprehensive

text: schools

text: do

text: not

text: help

text: working

text: class

text: students

text: He

text: compared

text: alumni

text: of

text: the

text: tripartite

text: system

text: to

text: alumni

text: of

text: comprehensive

text: schools

text: While

text: working

text: class

text: alumni

text: of

text: comprehensive

text: schools

text: were

text: awarded

text: better

text: school

text: diplomas

text: at

text: age

text: they

text: held

text: similar

text: occupational

text: positions

text: as

text: working

text: class

text: alumni

text: of

text: the

text: tripartite

text: system

text: and

text: were

text: as

text: unlikely

text: to

text: graduate

text: from

text: college

question: Who conducted a study on comprehensive schools?

answer: Helmut Fend

text: Helmut Fend

question: To which system did Fend compare comprehensive school alumni?

answer: tripartite system

text: tripartite system


text: The "snug", sometimes called the smoke room, was typically a small, very private room with access to the bar that had a frosted glass external window, set above head height. A higher price was paid for beer in the snug and nobody could look in and see the drinkers. It was not only the wealthy visitors who would use these rooms. The snug was for patrons who preferred not to be seen in the public bar. Ladies would often enjoy a private drink in the snug in a time when it was frowned upon for women to be in a pub. The local police officer might nip in for a quiet pint, the parish priest for his evening whisky, or lovers for a rendezvous.

title: Pub

title: Pub

text: The

text: snug

text: sometimes

text: called

text: the

text: smoke

text: room

text: was

text: typically

text: a

text: small

text: very

text: private

text: room

text: with

text: access

text: to

text: the

text: bar

text: that

text: had

text: a

text: frosted

text: glass

text: external

text: window

text: set

text: above

text: head

text: height

text: A

text: higher

text: price

text: was

text: paid

text: for

text: beer

text: in

text: the

text: snug

text: and

text: nobody

text: could

text: look

text: in

text: and

text: see

text: the

text: drinkers

text: It

text: was

text: not

text: only

text: the

text: wealthy

text: visitors

text: who

text: would

text: use

text: these

text: rooms

text: The

text: snug

text: was

text: for

text: patrons

text: who

text: preferred

text: not

text: to

text: be

text: seen

text: in

text: the

text: public

text: bar

text: Ladies

text: would

text: often

text: enjoy

text: a

text: private

text: drink

text: in

text: the

text: snug

text: in

text: a

text: time

text: when

text: it

text: was

text: frowned

text: upon

text: for

text: women

text: to

text: be

text: in

text: a

text: pub

text: The

text: local

text: police

text: officer

text: might

text: nip

text: in

text: for

text: a

text: quiet

text: pint

text: the

text: parish

text: priest

text: for

text: his

text: evening

text: whisky

text: or

text: lovers

text: for

text: a

text: rendezvous

question: What is another name for the smoke room?

answer: snug

text: snug

question: What was the relationship between the price of beer in the smoke room versus the rest of the bar?

answer: higher

text: higher

question: Along with the local police, what profession is given as an example of someone who might use the snug?

answer: the parish priest

text: the parish priest

question: What were the windows in the snug made out of?

answer: frosted glass

text: frosted glass


text: The success of its football team made Notre Dame a household name. The success of Note Dame reflected rising status of Irish Americans and Catholics in the 1920s. Catholics rallied up around the team and listen to the games on the radio, especially when it knocked off the schools that symbolized the Protestant establishment in America — Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and Army. Yet this role as high-profile flagship institution of Catholicism made it an easy target of anti-Catholicism. The most remarkable episode of violence was the clash between Notre Dame students and the Ku Klux Klan in 1924. Nativism and anti-Catholicism, especially when directed towards immigrants, were cornerstones of the KKK's rhetoric, and Notre Dame was seen as a symbol of the threat posed by the Catholic Church. The Klan decided to have a week-long Klavern in South Bend. Clashes with the student body started on March 17, when students, aware of the anti-Catholic animosity, blocked the Klansmen from descending from their trains in the South Bend station and ripped the KKK clothes and regalia. On May 19 thousands of students massed downtown protesting the Klavern, and only the arrival of college president Fr. Matthew Walsh prevented any further clashes. The next day, football coach Knute Rockne spoke at a campus rally and implored the students to obey the college president and refrain from further violence. A few days later the Klavern broke up, but the hostility shown by the students was an omen and a contribution to the downfall of the KKK in Indiana.

title: University_of_Notre_Dame

title: University_of_Notre_Dame

text: The

text: success

text: of

text: its

text: football

text: team

text: made

text: Notre

text: Dame

text: a

text: household

text: name

text: The

text: success

text: of

text: Note

text: Dame

text: reflected

text: rising

text: status

text: of

text: Irish

text: Americans

text: and

text: Catholics

text: in

text: the

text: Catholics

text: rallied

text: up

text: around

text: the

text: team

text: and

text: listen

text: to

text: the

text: games

text: on

text: the

text: radio

text: especially

text: when

text: it

text: knocked

text: off

text: the

text: schools

text: that

text: symbolized

text: the

text: Protestant

text: establishment

text: in

text: America

text: Harvard

text: Yale

text: Princeton

text: and

text: Army

text: Yet

text: this

text: role

text: as

text: high

text: profile

text: flagship

text: institution

text: of

text: Catholicism

text: made

text: it

text: an

text: easy

text: target

text: of

text: anti

text: Catholicism

text: The

text: most

text: remarkable

text: episode

text: of

text: violence

text: was

text: the

text: clash

text: between

text: Notre

text: Dame

text: students

text: and

text: the

text: Ku

text: Klux

text: Klan

text: in

text: Nativism

text: and

text: anti

text: Catholicism

text: especially

text: when

text: directed

text: towards

text: immigrants

text: were

text: cornerstones

text: of

text: the

text: KKK

text: 's

text: rhetoric

text: and

text: Notre

text: Dame

text: was

text: seen

text: as

text: a

text: symbol

text: of

text: the

text: threat

text: posed

text: by

text: the

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: The

text: Klan

text: decided

text: to

text: have

text: a

text: week

text: long

text: Klavern

text: in

text: South

text: Bend

text: Clashes

text: with

text: the

text: student

text: body

text: started

text: on

text: March

text: when

text: students

text: aware

text: of

text: the

text: anti

text: Catholic

text: animosity

text: blocked

text: the

text: Klansmen

text: from

text: descending

text: from

text: their

text: trains

text: in

text: the

text: South

text: Bend

text: station

text: and

text: ripped

text: the

text: KKK

text: clothes

text: and

text: regalia

text: On

text: May

text: thousands

text: of

text: students

text: massed

text: downtown

text: protesting

text: the

text: Klavern

text: and

text: only

text: the

text: arrival

text: of

text: college

text: president

text: Fr

text: Matthew

text: Walsh

text: prevented

text: any

text: further

text: clashes

text: The

text: next

text: day

text: football

text: coach

text: Knute

text: Rockne

text: spoke

text: at

text: a

text: campus

text: rally

text: and

text: implored

text: the

text: students

text: to

text: obey

text: the

text: college

text: president

text: and

text: refrain

text: from

text: further

text: violence

text: A

text: few

text: days

text: later

text: the

text: Klavern

text: broke

text: up

text: but

text: the

text: hostility

text: shown

text: by

text: the

text: students

text: was

text: an

text: omen

text: and

text: a

text: contribution

text: to

text: the

text: downfall

text: of

text: the

text: KKK

text: in

text: Indiana

question: Catholic people identified with Notre Dame, what religious group did people feel Yale represented?

answer: the Protestant establishment

text: the Protestant establishment

question: Notre Dame students had a showdown in 1924 with which anti-catholic group?

answer: the Ku Klux Klan

text: the Ku Klux Klan

question: Which college president of Notre Dame is credited with preventing more confrontations between students and the KKK?

answer: Fr. Matthew Walsh

text: Fr. Matthew Walsh

question: What type of event did the Klan intend to have at Notre Dame in March of 1924?

answer: a week-long Klavern

text: a week-long Klavern

question: Where did Notre Dame students and the KKK have their encounter?

answer: South Bend

text: South Bend


text: The word asphalt is derived from the late Middle English, in turn from French asphalte, based on Late Latin asphalton, asphaltum, which is the latinisation of the Greek ἄσφαλτος (ásphaltos, ásphalton), a word meaning "asphalt/bitumen/pitch", which perhaps derives from ἀ-, "without" and σφάλλω (sfallō), "make fall". Note that in French, the term asphalte is used for naturally occurring bitumen-soaked limestone deposits, and for specialised manufactured products with fewer voids or greater bitumen content than the "asphaltic concrete" used to pave roads. It is a significant fact that the first use of asphalt by the ancients was in the nature of a cement for securing or joining together various objects, and it thus seems likely that the name itself was expressive of this application. Specifically Herodotus mentioned that bitumen was brought to Babylon to build its gigantic fortification wall. From the Greek, the word passed into late Latin, and thence into French (asphalte) and English ("asphaltum" and "asphalt").

title: Asphalt

title: Asphalt

text: The

text: word

text: asphalt

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: late

text: Middle

text: English

text: in

text: turn

text: from

text: French

text: asphalte

text: based

text: on

text: Late

text: Latin

text: asphalton

text: asphaltum

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: latinisation

text: of

text: the

text: Greek

text: ἄσφαλτος

text: ásphaltos

text: ásphalton

text: a

text: word

text: meaning

text: asphalt

text: bitumen

text: pitch

text: which

text: perhaps

text: derives

text: from

text: ἀ-

text: without

text: and

text: σφάλλω

text: sfallō

text: make

text: fall

text: Note

text: that

text: in

text: French

text: the

text: term

text: asphalte

text: is

text: used

text: for

text: naturally

text: occurring

text: bitumen

text: soaked

text: limestone

text: deposits

text: and

text: for

text: specialised

text: manufactured

text: products

text: with

text: fewer

text: voids

text: or

text: greater

text: bitumen

text: content

text: than

text: the

text: asphaltic

text: concrete

text: used

text: to

text: pave

text: roads

text: It

text: is

text: a

text: significant

text: fact

text: that

text: the

text: first

text: use

text: of

text: asphalt

text: by

text: the

text: ancients

text: was

text: in

text: the

text: nature

text: of

text: a

text: cement

text: for

text: securing

text: or

text: joining

text: together

text: various

text: objects

text: and

text: it

text: thus

text: seems

text: likely

text: that

text: the

text: name

text: itself

text: was

text: expressive

text: of

text: this

text: application

text: Specifically

text: Herodotus

text: mentioned

text: that

text: bitumen

text: was

text: brought

text: to

text: Babylon

text: to

text: build

text: its

text: gigantic

text: fortification

text: wall

text: From

text: the

text: Greek

text: the

text: word

text: passed

text: into

text: late

text: Latin

text: and

text: thence

text: into

text: French

text: asphalte

text: and

text: English

text: asphaltum

text: and

text: asphalt

question: What is the last origination of the word asphalt?

answer: late Middle English

text: late Middle English

question: From what language does asphalt initially come?

answer: Greek

text: Greek

question: What are the meanings of the Greek word for asphalt?

answer: asphalt/bitumen/pitch

text: asphalt/bitumen/pitch

question: What is the French term for natural asphalt?

answer: asphalte

text: asphalte

question: To construct what feature was asphalt brought to Babylon?

answer: wall

text: wall


text: The Earth of the early Archean (4,000 to 2,500 million years ago) may have had a different tectonic style. During this time, the Earth's crust cooled enough that rocks and continental plates began to form. Some scientists think because the Earth was hotter, that plate tectonic activity was more vigorous than it is today, resulting in a much greater rate of recycling of crustal material. This may have prevented cratonisation and continent formation until the mantle cooled and convection slowed down. Others argue that the subcontinental lithospheric mantle is too buoyant to subduct and that the lack of Archean rocks is a function of erosion and subsequent tectonic events.

title: Geological_history_of_Earth

title: Geological_history_of_Earth

text: The

text: Earth

text: of

text: the

text: early

text: Archean

text: to

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: may

text: have

text: had

text: a

text: different

text: tectonic

text: style

text: During

text: this

text: time

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: crust

text: cooled

text: enough

text: that

text: rocks

text: and

text: continental

text: plates

text: began

text: to

text: form

text: Some

text: scientists

text: think

text: because

text: the

text: Earth

text: was

text: hotter

text: that

text: plate

text: tectonic

text: activity

text: was

text: more

text: vigorous

text: than

text: it

text: is

text: today

text: resulting

text: in

text: a

text: much

text: greater

text: rate

text: of

text: recycling

text: of

text: crustal

text: material

text: This

text: may

text: have

text: prevented

text: cratonisation

text: and

text: continent

text: formation

text: until

text: the

text: mantle

text: cooled

text: and

text: convection

text: slowed

text: down

text: Others

text: argue

text: that

text: the

text: subcontinental

text: lithospheric

text: mantle

text: is

text: too

text: buoyant

text: to

text: subduct

text: and

text: that

text: the

text: lack

text: of

text: Archean

text: rocks

text: is

text: a

text: function

text: of

text: erosion

text: and

text: subsequent

text: tectonic

text: events

question: During what time period was the Archean era?

answer: 4,000 to 2,500 million years ago

text: 4,000 to 2,500 million years ago

question: During what period did the earths crust cooling allow the creation of plates?

answer: Archean

text: Archean

question: It is believed that a very warm earth would lead to more recycling of what?

answer: crustal material

text: crustal material

question: What might have a very hot earth stopped from occurring?

answer: cratonisation and continent formation

text: cratonisation and continent formation

question: What do some believe accounts for the small amount of Archean rocks?

answer: erosion and subsequent tectonic events

text: erosion and subsequent tectonic events


text: I-275 runs north–south from I-75 in the south to the junction of I-96 and I-696 in the north, providing a bypass through the western suburbs of Detroit. I-375 is a short spur route in downtown Detroit, an extension of the Chrysler Freeway. I-696 (Reuther Freeway) runs east–west from the junction of I-96 and I-275, providing a route through the northern suburbs of Detroit. Taken together, I-275 and I-696 form a semicircle around Detroit. Michigan state highways designated with the letter M serve to connect major freeways.

title: Detroit

title: Detroit

text: runs

text: north

text: south

text: from

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: to

text: the

text: junction

text: of

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: providing

text: a

text: bypass

text: through

text: the

text: western

text: suburbs

text: of

text: Detroit

text: is

text: a

text: short

text: spur

text: route

text: in

text: downtown

text: Detroit

text: an

text: extension

text: of

text: the

text: Chrysler

text: Freeway

text: Reuther

text: Freeway

text: runs

text: east

text: west

text: from

text: the

text: junction

text: of

text: and

text: providing

text: a

text: route

text: through

text: the

text: northern

text: suburbs

text: of

text: Detroit

text: Taken

text: together

text: and

text: form

text: a

text: semicircle

text: around

text: Detroit

text: Michigan

text: state

text: highways

text: designated

text: with

text: the

text: letter

text: M

text: serve

text: to

text: connect

text: major

text: freeways

question: Which highway is an extension of the Chrysler Freeway?

answer: I-375

question: What is I-696 called?

answer: Reuther Freeway

text: Reuther Freeway

question: Which highway runs through the northern suburbs of Detroit?

answer: I-696

question: Michigan uses what letter to designate roads that connect major highways?

answer: M

text: M

question: Which highway runs north from I-75 to the junction of I-96 and I-696?

answer: I-275


text: It is an important source of renewable energy and its technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture and distribute solar energy or convert it into solar power. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power and solar water heating to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air.

title: Solar_energy

title: Solar_energy

text: It

text: is

text: an

text: important

text: source

text: of

text: renewable

text: energy

text: and

text: its

text: technologies

text: are

text: broadly

text: characterized

text: as

text: either

text: passive

text: solar

text: or

text: active

text: solar

text: depending

text: on

text: the

text: way

text: they

text: capture

text: and

text: distribute

text: solar

text: energy

text: or

text: convert

text: it

text: into

text: solar

text: power

text: Active

text: solar

text: techniques

text: include

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: photovoltaic

text: systems

text: concentrated

text: solar

text: power

text: and

text: solar

text: water

text: heating

text: to

text: harness

text: the

text: energy

text: Passive

text: solar

text: techniques

text: include

text: orienting

text: a

text: building

text: to

text: the

text: Sun

text: selecting

text: materials

text: with

text: favorable

text: thermal

text: mass

text: or

text: light

text: dispersing

text: properties

text: and

text: designing

text: spaces

text: that

text: naturally

text: circulate

text: air

question: What are the technologies used to capture solar energy characterized as?

answer: passive solar or active solar

text: passive solar or active solar

question: What are some active solar techniques used to harness solar energy?

answer: photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power and solar water heating

text: photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power and solar water heating

question: What is an example of a passive solar technique?

answer: orienting a building to the Sun

text: orienting a building to the Sun


text: The Bibliothèque nationale et universitaire (BNU) is, with its collection of more than 3,000,000 titles, the second largest library in France after the Bibliothèque nationale de France. It was founded by the German administration after the complete destruction of the previous municipal library in 1871 and holds the unique status of being simultaneously a students' and a national library. The Strasbourg municipal library had been marked erroneously as "City Hall" in a French commercial map, which had been captured and used by the German artillery to lay their guns. A librarian from Munich later pointed out "...that the destruction of the precious collection was not the fault of a German artillery officer, who used the French map, but of the slovenly and inaccurate scholarship of a Frenchman."

title: Strasbourg

title: Strasbourg

text: The

text: Bibliothèque

text: nationale

text: et

text: universitaire

text: BNU

text: is

text: with

text: its

text: collection

text: of

text: more

text: than

text: titles

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: library

text: in

text: France

text: after

text: the

text: Bibliothèque

text: nationale

text: de

text: France

text: It

text: was

text: founded

text: by

text: the

text: German

text: administration

text: after

text: the

text: complete

text: destruction

text: of

text: the

text: previous

text: municipal

text: library

text: in

text: and

text: holds

text: the

text: unique

text: status

text: of

text: being

text: simultaneously

text: a

text: students

text: and

text: a

text: national

text: library

text: The

text: Strasbourg

text: municipal

text: library

text: had

text: been

text: marked

text: erroneously

text: as

text: City

text: Hall

text: in

text: a

text: French

text: commercial

text: map

text: which

text: had

text: been

text: captured

text: and

text: used

text: by

text: the

text: German

text: artillery

text: to

text: lay

text: their

text: guns

text: A

text: librarian

text: from

text: Munich

text: later

text: pointed

text: out

text: that

text: the

text: destruction

text: of

text: the

text: precious

text: collection

text: was

text: not

text: the

text: fault

text: of

text: a

text: German

text: artillery

text: officer

text: who

text: used

text: the

text: French

text: map

text: but

text: of

text: the

text: slovenly

text: and

text: inaccurate

text: scholarship

text: of

text: a

text: Frenchman

question: What is the second largest library in France?

answer: Bibliothèque nationale et universitaire

text: Bibliothèque nationale et universitaire

question: How many titles does the library have?

answer: 3,000,000

question: Who founded the library?

answer: German administration

text: German administration

question: When was the previous library destroyed?

answer: 1871

question: What was the library marked as on the map?

answer: City Hall

text: City Hall


text: It was the pub that first introduced the concept of the bar counter being used to serve the beer. Until that time beer establishments used to bring the beer out to the table or benches, as remains the practice in (for example) beer gardens and other drinking establishments in Germany. A bar might be provided for the manager to do paperwork while keeping an eye on his or her customers, but the casks of ale were kept in a separate taproom. When the first pubs were built, the main room was the public room with a large serving bar copied from the gin houses, the idea being to serve the maximum number of people in the shortest possible time. It became known as the public bar[citation needed]. The other, more private, rooms had no serving bar—they had the beer brought to them from the public bar. There are a number of pubs in the Midlands or the North which still retain this set up but these days the beer is fetched by the customer from the taproom or public bar. One of these is The Vine, known locally as The Bull and Bladder, in Brierley Hill near Birmingham, another the Cock at Broom, Bedfordshire a series of small rooms served drinks and food by waiting staff. In the Manchester district the public bar was known as the "vault", other rooms being the lounge and snug as usual elsewhere. By the early 1970s there was a tendency to change to one large drinking room and breweries were eager to invest in interior design and theming.

title: Pub

title: Pub

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: pub

text: that

text: first

text: introduced

text: the

text: concept

text: of

text: the

text: bar

text: counter

text: being

text: used

text: to

text: serve

text: the

text: beer

text: Until

text: that

text: time

text: beer

text: establishments

text: used

text: to

text: bring

text: the

text: beer

text: out

text: to

text: the

text: table

text: or

text: benches

text: as

text: remains

text: the

text: practice

text: in

text: for

text: example

text: beer

text: gardens

text: and

text: other

text: drinking

text: establishments

text: in

text: Germany

text: A

text: bar

text: might

text: be

text: provided

text: for

text: the

text: manager

text: to

text: do

text: paperwork

text: while

text: keeping

text: an

text: eye

text: on

text: his

text: or

text: her

text: customers

text: but

text: the

text: casks

text: of

text: ale

text: were

text: kept

text: in

text: a

text: separate

text: taproom

text: When

text: the

text: first

text: pubs

text: were

text: built

text: the

text: main

text: room

text: was

text: the

text: public

text: room

text: with

text: a

text: large

text: serving

text: bar

text: copied

text: from

text: the

text: gin

text: houses

text: the

text: idea

text: being

text: to

text: serve

text: the

text: maximum

text: number

text: of

text: people

text: in

text: the

text: shortest

text: possible

text: time

text: It

text: became

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: public

text: bar[citation

text: needed

text: The

text: other

text: more

text: private

text: rooms

text: had

text: no

text: serving

text: bar

text: they

text: had

text: the

text: beer

text: brought

text: to

text: them

text: from

text: the

text: public

text: bar

text: There

text: are

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: pubs

text: in

text: the

text: Midlands

text: or

text: the

text: North

text: which

text: still

text: retain

text: this

text: set

text: up

text: but

text: these

text: days

text: the

text: beer

text: is

text: fetched

text: by

text: the

text: customer

text: from

text: the

text: taproom

text: or

text: public

text: bar

text: One

text: of

text: these

text: is

text: The

text: Vine

text: known

text: locally

text: as

text: The

text: Bull

text: and

text: Bladder

text: in

text: Brierley

text: Hill

text: near

text: Birmingham

text: another

text: the

text: Cock

text: at

text: Broom

text: Bedfordshire

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: small

text: rooms

text: served

text: drinks

text: and

text: food

text: by

text: waiting

text: staff

text: In

text: the

text: Manchester

text: district

text: the

text: public

text: bar

text: was

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: vault

text: other

text: rooms

text: being

text: the

text: lounge

text: and

text: snug

text: as

text: usual

text: elsewhere

text: By

text: the

text: early

text: there

text: was

text: a

text: tendency

text: to

text: change

text: to

text: one

text: large

text: drinking

text: room

text: and

text: breweries

text: were

text: eager

text: to

text: invest

text: in

text: interior

text: design

text: and

text: theming

question: In Germany, what do servers do to serve beer in beer gardens?

answer: bring the beer out to the table

text: bring the beer out to the table

question: Before the pub, where did beer establishments keep their casks of ale?

answer: taproom

text: taproom

question: What establishments inspired pubs to set up serving bars?

answer: gin houses

text: gin houses

question: In what settlement is the pub known as The Vine located?

answer: Brierley Hill

text: Brierley Hill

question: What do the locals call The Vine?

answer: The Bull and Bladder

text: The Bull and Bladder