text: Utrecht hosts several large institutions of higher education. The most prominent of these is Utrecht University (est. 1636), the largest university of the Netherlands with 30,449 students (as of 2012). The university is partially based in the inner city as well as in the Uithof campus area, to the east of the city. According to Shanghai Jiaotong University's university ranking in 2014 it is the 57th best university in the world. Utrecht also houses the much smaller University of Humanistic Studies, which houses about 400 students.

title: Utrecht

title: Utrecht

text: Utrecht

text: hosts

text: several

text: large

text: institutions

text: of

text: higher

text: education

text: The

text: most

text: prominent

text: of

text: these

text: is

text: Utrecht

text: University

text: est

text: the

text: largest

text: university

text: of

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: with

text: students

text: as

text: of

text: The

text: university

text: is

text: partially

text: based

text: in

text: the

text: inner

text: city

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: in

text: the

text: Uithof

text: campus

text: area

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: According

text: to

text: Shanghai

text: Jiaotong

text: University

text: 's

text: university

text: ranking

text: in

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: best

text: university

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: Utrecht

text: also

text: houses

text: the

text: much

text: smaller

text: University

text: of

text: Humanistic

text: Studies

text: which

text: houses

text: about

text: students

question: What is the largest University in the city

answer: The most prominent of these is Utrecht University (est. 1636), the largest university of the Netherlands with 30,449 students

text: The most prominent of these is Utrecht University (est. 1636), the largest university of the Netherlands with 30,449 students

question: what is shanghai jiaotong rated

answer: According to Shanghai Jiaotong University's university ranking in 2014 it is the 57th best university in the world

text: According to Shanghai Jiaotong University's university ranking in 2014 it is the 57th best university in the world

question: What smaller university is in Utrecht

answer: Utrecht also houses the much smaller University of Humanistic Studies, which houses about 400 students.

text: Utrecht also houses the much smaller University of Humanistic Studies, which houses about 400 students.


text: Possessing a mezzo-soprano vocal range, Madonna has always been self-conscious about her voice, especially in comparison to her vocal idols such as Ella Fitzgerald, Prince, and Chaka Khan. Mark Bego, author of Madonna: Blonde Ambition, called her "the perfect vocalist for lighter-than-air songs", despite not being a "heavyweight talent." According to MSNBC critic Tony Sclafani, "Madonna's vocals are the key to her rock roots. Pop vocalists usually sing songs "straight," but Madonna employs subtext, irony, aggression and all sorts of vocal idiosyncrasies in the ways John Lennon and Bob Dylan did." Madonna used a bright, girlish vocal timbre in her early albums which became passé in her later works. The change was deliberate since she was constantly reminded of how the critics had once labelled her as "Minnie Mouse on helium". During the filming of Evita, Madonna had to take vocal lessons, which increased her range further. Of this experience she commented, "I studied with a vocal coach for Evita and I realized there was a whole piece of my voice I wasn't using. Before, I just believed I had a really limited range and was going to make the most of it."

title: Madonna_(entertainer)

title: Madonna_(entertainer

text: Possessing

text: a

text: mezzo

text: soprano

text: vocal

text: range

text: Madonna

text: has

text: always

text: been

text: self

text: conscious

text: about

text: her

text: voice

text: especially

text: in

text: comparison

text: to

text: her

text: vocal

text: idols

text: such

text: as

text: Ella

text: Fitzgerald

text: Prince

text: and

text: Chaka

text: Khan

text: Mark

text: Bego

text: author

text: of

text: Madonna

text: Blonde

text: Ambition

text: called

text: her

text: the

text: perfect

text: vocalist

text: for

text: lighter

text: than

text: air

text: songs

text: despite

text: not

text: being

text: a

text: heavyweight

text: talent

text: According

text: to

text: MSNBC

text: critic

text: Tony

text: Sclafani

text: Madonna

text: 's

text: vocals

text: are

text: the

text: key

text: to

text: her

text: rock

text: roots

text: Pop

text: vocalists

text: usually

text: sing

text: songs

text: straight

text: but

text: Madonna

text: employs

text: subtext

text: irony

text: aggression

text: and

text: all

text: sorts

text: of

text: vocal

text: idiosyncrasies

text: in

text: the

text: ways

text: John

text: Lennon

text: and

text: Bob

text: Dylan

text: did

text: Madonna

text: used

text: a

text: bright

text: girlish

text: vocal

text: timbre

text: in

text: her

text: early

text: albums

text: which

text: became

text: passé

text: in

text: her

text: later

text: works

text: The

text: change

text: was

text: deliberate

text: since

text: she

text: was

text: constantly

text: reminded

text: of

text: how

text: the

text: critics

text: had

text: once

text: labelled

text: her

text: as

text: Minnie

text: Mouse

text: on

text: helium

text: During

text: the

text: filming

text: of

text: Evita

text: Madonna

text: had

text: to

text: take

text: vocal

text: lessons

text: which

text: increased

text: her

text: range

text: further

text: Of

text: this

text: experience

text: she

text: commented

text: I

text: studied

text: with

text: a

text: vocal

text: coach

text: for

text: Evita

text: and

text: I

text: realized

text: there

text: was

text: a

text: whole

text: piece

text: of

text: my

text: voice

text: I

text: was

text: n't

text: using

text: Before

text: I

text: just

text: believed

text: I

text: had

text: a

text: really

text: limited

text: range

text: and

text: was

text: going

text: to

text: make

text: the

text: most

text: of

text: it

question: Madonna has which vocal range?

answer: mezzo-soprano

text: mezzo-soprano

question: What was the title of Madonna's Book?

answer: Blonde Ambition

text: Blonde Ambition

question: Who stated that Madonna's voice are key to her rock roots?

answer: Tony Sclafani

text: Tony Sclafani

question: When did Madonna take voice lessons?

answer: filming of Evita

text: filming of Evita


text: Originally alphabets were written entirely in majuscule letters, spaced between well-defined upper and lower bounds. When written quickly with a pen, these tended to turn into rounder and much simpler forms. It is from these that the first minuscule hands developed, the half-uncials and cursive minuscule, which no longer stayed bound between a pair of lines. These in turn formed the foundations for the Carolingian minuscule script, developed by Alcuin for use in the court of Charlemagne, which quickly spread across Europe. The advantage of the minuscule over majuscule was improved, faster readability.[citation needed]

title: Letter_case

title: Letter_case

text: Originally

text: alphabets

text: were

text: written

text: entirely

text: in

text: majuscule

text: letters

text: spaced

text: between

text: well

text: defined

text: upper

text: and

text: lower

text: bounds

text: When

text: written

text: quickly

text: with

text: a

text: pen

text: these

text: tended

text: to

text: turn

text: into

text: rounder

text: and

text: much

text: simpler

text: forms

text: It

text: is

text: from

text: these

text: that

text: the

text: first

text: minuscule

text: hands

text: developed

text: the

text: half

text: uncials

text: and

text: cursive

text: minuscule

text: which

text: no

text: longer

text: stayed

text: bound

text: between

text: a

text: pair

text: of

text: lines

text: These

text: in

text: turn

text: formed

text: the

text: foundations

text: for

text: the

text: Carolingian

text: minuscule

text: script

text: developed

text: by

text: Alcuin

text: for

text: use

text: in

text: the

text: court

text: of

text: Charlemagne

text: which

text: quickly

text: spread

text: across

text: Europe

text: The

text: advantage

text: of

text: the

text: minuscule

text: over

text: majuscule

text: was

text: improved

text: faster

text: readability.[citation

text: needed

question: Originally alphabets were written entirely in which type of letter?

answer: majuscule

text: majuscule

question: Rounder and simpler forms of letters came from writing quickly with which instrument?

answer: pen

text: pen

question: Who developed the Carolingian minuscule script for handwriting?

answer: Alcuin

text: Alcuin

question: Carolingian minuscule script quickly spread across which continent?

answer: Europe

text: Europe

question: What is a common advantage of miniscule over majuscule handwriting?

answer: faster readability

text: faster readability


text: Greeks from Cyprus have a similar history of emigration, usually to the English-speaking world because of the island's colonization by the British Empire. Waves of emigration followed the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974, while the population decreased between mid-1974 and 1977 as a result of emigration, war losses, and a temporary decline in fertility. After the ethnic cleansing of a third of the Greek population of the island in 1974, there was also an increase in the number of Greek Cypriots leaving, especially for the Middle East, which contributed to a decrease in population that tapered off in the 1990s. Today more than two-thirds of the Greek population in Cyprus is urban.

title: Greeks

title: Greeks

text: Greeks

text: from

text: Cyprus

text: have

text: a

text: similar

text: history

text: of

text: emigration

text: usually

text: to

text: the

text: English

text: speaking

text: world

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: 's

text: colonization

text: by

text: the

text: British

text: Empire

text: Waves

text: of

text: emigration

text: followed

text: the

text: Turkish

text: invasion

text: of

text: Cyprus

text: in

text: while

text: the

text: population

text: decreased

text: between

text: and

text: as

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: emigration

text: war

text: losses

text: and

text: a

text: temporary

text: decline

text: in

text: fertility

text: After

text: the

text: ethnic

text: cleansing

text: of

text: a

text: third

text: of

text: the

text: Greek

text: population

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: in

text: there

text: was

text: also

text: an

text: increase

text: in

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: Greek

text: Cypriots

text: leaving

text: especially

text: for

text: the

text: Middle

text: East

text: which

text: contributed

text: to

text: a

text: decrease

text: in

text: population

text: that

text: tapered

text: off

text: in

text: the

text: Today

text: more

text: than

text: two

text: thirds

text: of

text: the

text: Greek

text: population

text: in

text: Cyprus

text: is

text: urban

question: Which colonial enterprise for land was the Greek Isles a part of

answer: British Empire

text: British Empire

question: Who was living on with the Greeks in Cyprus s 1974 ?

answer: Turkish

text: Turkish

question: Whee these new inhabitants welcomed ?

answer: Turkish invasion of Cyprus

text: Turkish invasion of Cyprus

question: During the early seventies where did most Cyprus Greeks decide to go ?

answer: the Middle East

text: the Middle East


text: Virgil's biographical tradition is thought to depend on a lost biography by Varius, Virgil's editor, which was incorporated into the biography by Suetonius and the commentaries of Servius and Donatus, the two great commentators on Virgil's poetry. Although the commentaries no doubt record much factual information about Virgil, some of their evidence can be shown to rely on inferences made from his poetry and allegorizing; thus, Virgil's biographical tradition remains problematic.

title: Virgil

title: Virgil

text: Virgil

text: 's

text: biographical

text: tradition

text: is

text: thought

text: to

text: depend

text: on

text: a

text: lost

text: biography

text: by

text: Varius

text: Virgil

text: 's

text: editor

text: which

text: was

text: incorporated

text: into

text: the

text: biography

text: by

text: Suetonius

text: and

text: the

text: commentaries

text: of

text: Servius

text: and

text: Donatus

text: the

text: two

text: great

text: commentators

text: on

text: Virgil

text: 's

text: poetry

text: Although

text: the

text: commentaries

text: no

text: doubt

text: record

text: much

text: factual

text: information

text: about

text: Virgil

text: some

text: of

text: their

text: evidence

text: can

text: be

text: shown

text: to

text: rely

text: on

text: inferences

text: made

text: from

text: his

text: poetry

text: and

text: allegorizing

text: thus

text: Virgil

text: 's

text: biographical

text: tradition

text: remains

text: problematic

question: Who was Virgil's editor?

answer: Varius

text: Varius

question: Whose two commentaries were incorporated into Virgil's biography by Suetonius?

answer: Servius and Donatus

text: Servius and Donatus

question: What do the comentaries rely on for some of their information about Virgil?

answer: inferences made from his poetry and allegorizing

text: inferences made from his poetry and allegorizing

question: Is Virgil's biographical tradition easily researched or is it problematic?

answer: problematic

text: problematic


text: The Soviet request to join NATO arose in the aftermath of the Berlin Conference of January–February 1954. Soviet foreign minister Molotov made proposals to have Germany reunified and elections for a pan-German government, under conditions of withdrawal of the four powers armies and German neutrality, but all were refused by the other foreign ministers, Dulles (USA), Eden (UK) and Bidault (France). Proposals for the reunification of Germany were nothing new: earlier on 20 March 1952, talks about a German reunification, initiated by the socalled 'Stalin Note', ended after the United Kingdom, France, and the United States insisted that a unified Germany should not be neutral and should be free to join the European Defence Community and rearm. James Dunn (USA), who met in Paris with Eden, Adenauer and Robert Schuman (France), affirmed that "the object should be to avoid discussion with the Russians and to press on the European Defense Community". According to John Gaddis "there was little inclination in Western capitals to explore this offer" from USSR. While historian Rolf Steininger asserts that Adenauer's conviction that “neutralization means sovietization” was the main factor in the rejection of the soviet proposals, Adenauer also feared that unification might have resulted in the end of the CDU's dominance in the Bundestag.

title: Warsaw_Pact

title: Warsaw_Pact

text: The

text: Soviet

text: request

text: to

text: join

text: NATO

text: arose

text: in

text: the

text: aftermath

text: of

text: the

text: Berlin

text: Conference

text: of

text: January

text: February

text: Soviet

text: foreign

text: minister

text: Molotov

text: made

text: proposals

text: to

text: have

text: Germany

text: reunified

text: and

text: elections

text: for

text: a

text: pan

text: German

text: government

text: under

text: conditions

text: of

text: withdrawal

text: of

text: the

text: four

text: powers

text: armies

text: and

text: German

text: neutrality

text: but

text: all

text: were

text: refused

text: by

text: the

text: other

text: foreign

text: ministers

text: Dulles

text: USA

text: Eden

text: UK

text: and

text: Bidault

text: France

text: Proposals

text: for

text: the

text: reunification

text: of

text: Germany

text: were

text: nothing

text: new

text: earlier

text: on

text: March

text: talks

text: about

text: a

text: German

text: reunification

text: initiated

text: by

text: the

text: socalled

text: Stalin

text: Note

text: ended

text: after

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: France

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: insisted

text: that

text: a

text: unified

text: Germany

text: should

text: not

text: be

text: neutral

text: and

text: should

text: be

text: free

text: to

text: join

text: the

text: European

text: Defence

text: Community

text: and

text: rearm

text: James

text: Dunn

text: USA

text: who

text: met

text: in

text: Paris

text: with

text: Eden

text: Adenauer

text: and

text: Robert

text: Schuman

text: France

text: affirmed

text: that

text: the

text: object

text: should

text: be

text: to

text: avoid

text: discussion

text: with

text: the

text: Russians

text: and

text: to

text: press

text: on

text: the

text: European

text: Defense

text: Community

text: According

text: to

text: John

text: Gaddis

text: there

text: was

text: little

text: inclination

text: in

text: Western

text: capitals

text: to

text: explore

text: this

text: offer

text: from

text: USSR

text: While

text: historian

text: Rolf

text: Steininger

text: asserts

text: that

text: Adenauer

text: 's

text: conviction

text: that

text: neutralization

text: means

text: sovietization

text: was

text: the

text: main

text: factor

text: in

text: the

text: rejection

text: of

text: the

text: soviet

text: proposals

text: Adenauer

text: also

text: feared

text: that

text: unification

text: might

text: have

text: resulted

text: in

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: CDU

text: 's

text: dominance

text: in

text: the

text: Bundestag

question: Who was the Soviet minister who proposed German reunification?

answer: Molotov

text: Molotov

question: When was reunification first proposed as an idea?

answer: 1952


text: The Canton of Bern school system provides one year of non-obligatory kindergarten, followed by six years of primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower secondary school where the pupils are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower secondary pupils may attend additional schooling or they may enter an apprenticeship.

title: Bern

title: Bern

text: The

text: Canton

text: of

text: Bern

text: school

text: system

text: provides

text: one

text: year

text: of

text: non

text: obligatory

text: kindergarten

text: followed

text: by

text: six

text: years

text: of

text: primary

text: school

text: This

text: is

text: followed

text: by

text: three

text: years

text: of

text: obligatory

text: lower

text: secondary

text: school

text: where

text: the

text: pupils

text: are

text: separated

text: according

text: to

text: ability

text: and

text: aptitude

text: Following

text: the

text: lower

text: secondary

text: pupils

text: may

text: attend

text: additional

text: schooling

text: or

text: they

text: may

text: enter

text: an

text: apprenticeship

question: Do you have to go to the one year of kindergarten?

answer: non

text: non

question: What seperates the children in secondary school?

answer: ability and aptitude

text: ability and aptitude


text: Society in the Japanese "Tokugawa period" (Edo society), unlike the shogunates before it, was based on the strict class hierarchy originally established by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. The daimyo, or lords, were at the top, followed by the warrior-caste of samurai, with the farmers, artisans, and traders ranking below. In some parts of the country, particularly smaller regions, daimyo and samurai were more or less identical, since daimyo might be trained as samurai, and samurai might act as local lords. Otherwise, the largely inflexible nature of this social stratification system unleashed disruptive forces over time. Taxes on the peasantry were set at fixed amounts which did not account for inflation or other changes in monetary value. As a result, the tax revenues collected by the samurai landowners were worth less and less over time. This often led to numerous confrontations between noble but impoverished samurai and well-to-do peasants, ranging from simple local disturbances to much bigger rebellions. None, however, proved compelling enough to seriously challenge the established order until the arrival of foreign powers.

title: Modern_history

title: Modern_history

text: Society

text: in

text: the

text: Japanese

text: Tokugawa

text: period

text: Edo

text: society

text: unlike

text: the

text: shogunates

text: before

text: it

text: was

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: strict

text: class

text: hierarchy

text: originally

text: established

text: by

text: Toyotomi

text: Hideyoshi

text: The

text: daimyo

text: or

text: lords

text: were

text: at

text: the

text: top

text: followed

text: by

text: the

text: warrior

text: caste

text: of

text: samurai

text: with

text: the

text: farmers

text: artisans

text: and

text: traders

text: ranking

text: below

text: In

text: some

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: particularly

text: smaller

text: regions

text: daimyo

text: and

text: samurai

text: were

text: more

text: or

text: less

text: identical

text: since

text: daimyo

text: might

text: be

text: trained

text: as

text: samurai

text: and

text: samurai

text: might

text: act

text: as

text: local

text: lords

text: Otherwise

text: the

text: largely

text: inflexible

text: nature

text: of

text: this

text: social

text: stratification

text: system

text: unleashed

text: disruptive

text: forces

text: over

text: time

text: Taxes

text: on

text: the

text: peasantry

text: were

text: set

text: at

text: fixed

text: amounts

text: which

text: did

text: not

text: account

text: for

text: inflation

text: or

text: other

text: changes

text: in

text: monetary

text: value

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: the

text: tax

text: revenues

text: collected

text: by

text: the

text: samurai

text: landowners

text: were

text: worth

text: less

text: and

text: less

text: over

text: time

text: This

text: often

text: led

text: to

text: numerous

text: confrontations

text: between

text: noble

text: but

text: impoverished

text: samurai

text: and

text: well

text: to

text: do

text: peasants

text: ranging

text: from

text: simple

text: local

text: disturbances

text: to

text: much

text: bigger

text: rebellions

text: however

text: proved

text: compelling

text: enough

text: to

text: seriously

text: challenge

text: the

text: established

text: order

text: until

text: the

text: arrival

text: of

text: foreign

text: powers

question: What was society based on during the Tukugawa period?

answer: strict class hierarchy

text: strict class hierarchy

question: Strict class hierarchy was established by who?

answer: Toyotomi Hideyoshi

text: Toyotomi Hideyoshi

question: What group were considered to be at the top of the Strict Class Hierarchy?

answer: The daimyo, or lords

text: The daimyo, or lords

question: How were taxes charged during the Tukugawa period?

answer: set at fixed amounts

text: set at fixed amounts

question: What effect did  having taxes charged at a fixed amount have on it's revenue?

answer: tax revenues collected by the samurai landowners were worth less and less over time.

text: tax revenues collected by the samurai landowners were worth less and less over time.

question: What is the Tokugawa period also known as?

answer: Edo society

text: Edo society

question: What was society in  the Tokugawa period based in?

answer: strict class hierarchy

text: strict class hierarchy

question: What group was considered at the top of the Strict Class Society?

answer: The daimyo, or lords,

text: The daimyo, or lords,

question: What effect did the way the taxes were charged have on it's revenue.

answer: revenues collected by the samurai landowners were worth less and less over time.

text: revenues collected by the samurai landowners were worth less and less over time.

question: How were taxes charged in the Tokugawa period?

answer: set at fixed amounts

text: set at fixed amounts


text: RCA/Jive Label Group CEO Barry Weiss left the company in March 2011 to become the new CEO of Island Def Jam and Universal Republic, which were both part of Universal Music Group. Weiss had been the RCA/Jive Label Group CEO since 2008 and was head of Jive Records since 1991.

title: Sony_Music_Entertainment

title: Sony_Music_Entertainment

text: RCA

text: Jive

text: Label

text: Group

text: CEO

text: Barry

text: Weiss

text: left

text: the

text: company

text: in

text: March

text: to

text: become

text: the

text: new

text: CEO

text: of

text: Island

text: Def

text: Jam

text: and

text: Universal

text: Republic

text: which

text: were

text: both

text: part

text: of

text: Universal

text: Music

text: Group

text: Weiss

text: had

text: been

text: the

text: RCA

text: Jive

text: Label

text: Group

text: CEO

text: since

text: and

text: was

text: head

text: of

text: Jive

text: Records

text: since

question: In what year did CEO of RCA/Jive Barry Weiss leave?

answer: 2011

question: What company did Barry Weiss move to?

answer: Island Def Jam and Universal Republic

text: Island Def Jam and Universal Republic

question: When did Barry Weiss become CEO of RCA/Jive?

answer: 2008

question: When did Barry Weiss become head of Jive Records?

answer: 1991


text: Fossilized spores suggest that higher plants (embryophytes) have lived on land for at least 475 million years. Early land plants reproduced sexually with flagellated, swimming sperm, like the green algae from which they evolved. An adaptation to terrestrialization was the development of upright meiosporangia for dispersal by spores to new habitats. This feature is lacking in the descendants of their nearest algal relatives, the Charophycean green algae. A later terrestrial adaptation took place with retention of the delicate, avascular sexual stage, the gametophyte, within the tissues of the vascular sporophyte. This occurred by spore germination within sporangia rather than spore release, as in non-seed plants. A current example of how this might have happened can be seen in the precocious spore germination in Selaginella, the spike-moss. The result for the ancestors of angiosperms was enclosing them in a case, the seed. The first seed bearing plants, like the ginkgo, and conifers (such as pines and firs), did not produce flowers. The pollen grains (males) of Ginkgo and cycads produce a pair of flagellated, mobile sperm cells that "swim" down the developing pollen tube to the female and her eggs.

title: Flowering_plant

title: Flowering_plant

text: Fossilized

text: spores

text: suggest

text: that

text: higher

text: plants

text: embryophytes

text: have

text: lived

text: on

text: land

text: for

text: at

text: least

text: million

text: years

text: Early

text: land

text: plants

text: reproduced

text: sexually

text: with

text: flagellated

text: swimming

text: sperm

text: like

text: the

text: green

text: algae

text: from

text: which

text: they

text: evolved

text: An

text: adaptation

text: to

text: terrestrialization

text: was

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: upright

text: meiosporangia

text: for

text: dispersal

text: by

text: spores

text: to

text: new

text: habitats

text: This

text: feature

text: is

text: lacking

text: in

text: the

text: descendants

text: of

text: their

text: nearest

text: algal

text: relatives

text: the

text: Charophycean

text: green

text: algae

text: A

text: later

text: terrestrial

text: adaptation

text: took

text: place

text: with

text: retention

text: of

text: the

text: delicate

text: avascular

text: sexual

text: stage

text: the

text: gametophyte

text: within

text: the

text: tissues

text: of

text: the

text: vascular

text: sporophyte

text: This

text: occurred

text: by

text: spore

text: germination

text: within

text: sporangia

text: rather

text: than

text: spore

text: release

text: as

text: in

text: non

text: seed

text: plants

text: A

text: current

text: example

text: of

text: how

text: this

text: might

text: have

text: happened

text: can

text: be

text: seen

text: in

text: the

text: precocious

text: spore

text: germination

text: in

text: Selaginella

text: the

text: spike

text: moss

text: The

text: result

text: for

text: the

text: ancestors

text: of

text: angiosperms

text: was

text: enclosing

text: them

text: in

text: a

text: case

text: the

text: seed

text: The

text: first

text: seed

text: bearing

text: plants

text: like

text: the

text: ginkgo

text: and

text: conifers

text: such

text: as

text: pines

text: and

text: firs

text: did

text: not

text: produce

text: flowers

text: The

text: pollen

text: grains

text: males

text: of

text: Ginkgo

text: and

text: cycads

text: produce

text: a

text: pair

text: of

text: flagellated

text: mobile

text: sperm

text: cells

text: that

text: swim

text: down

text: the

text: developing

text: pollen

text: tube

text: to

text: the

text: female

text: and

text: her

text: eggs

question: How long have higher plants lived on land?

answer: at least 475 million years

text: at least 475 million years

question: How did early plants reproduce sexually?

answer: with flagellated, swimming sperm

text: with flagellated, swimming sperm

question: Upright meisporangia allowed what to be dispersed to new habitats?

answer: spores

text: spores

question: What are the nearest algal relatives existing today?

answer: Charophycean green algae

text: Charophycean green algae

question: What is the common name for Selaginella?

answer: the spike-moss

text: the spike-moss


text: Political anthropology concerns the structure of political systems, looked at from the basis of the structure of societies. Political anthropology developed as a discipline concerned primarily with politics in stateless societies, a new development started from the 1960s, and is still unfolding: anthropologists started increasingly to study more "complex" social settings in which the presence of states, bureaucracies and markets entered both ethnographic accounts and analysis of local phenomena. The turn towards complex societies meant that political themes were taken up at two main levels. First of all, anthropologists continued to study political organization and political phenomena that lay outside the state-regulated sphere (as in patron-client relations or tribal political organization). Second of all, anthropologists slowly started to develop a disciplinary concern with states and their institutions (and of course on the relationship between formal and informal political institutions). An anthropology of the state developed, and it is a most thriving field today. Geertz' comparative work on "Negara", the Balinese state is an early, famous example.

title: Anthropology

title: Anthropology

text: Political

text: anthropology

text: concerns

text: the

text: structure

text: of

text: political

text: systems

text: looked

text: at

text: from

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: the

text: structure

text: of

text: societies

text: Political

text: anthropology

text: developed

text: as

text: a

text: discipline

text: concerned

text: primarily

text: with

text: politics

text: in

text: stateless

text: societies

text: a

text: new

text: development

text: started

text: from

text: the

text: and

text: is

text: still

text: unfolding

text: anthropologists

text: started

text: increasingly

text: to

text: study

text: more

text: complex

text: social

text: settings

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: presence

text: of

text: states

text: bureaucracies

text: and

text: markets

text: entered

text: both

text: ethnographic

text: accounts

text: and

text: analysis

text: of

text: local

text: phenomena

text: The

text: turn

text: towards

text: complex

text: societies

text: meant

text: that

text: political

text: themes

text: were

text: taken

text: up

text: at

text: two

text: main

text: levels

text: First

text: of

text: all

text: anthropologists

text: continued

text: to

text: study

text: political

text: organization

text: and

text: political

text: phenomena

text: that

text: lay

text: outside

text: the

text: state

text: regulated

text: sphere

text: as

text: in

text: patron

text: client

text: relations

text: or

text: tribal

text: political

text: organization

text: Second

text: of

text: all

text: anthropologists

text: slowly

text: started

text: to

text: develop

text: a

text: disciplinary

text: concern

text: with

text: states

text: and

text: their

text: institutions

text: and

text: of

text: course

text: on

text: the

text: relationship

text: between

text: formal

text: and

text: informal

text: political

text: institutions

text: An

text: anthropology

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: developed

text: and

text: it

text: is

text: a

text: most

text: thriving

text: field

text: today

text: Geertz

text: comparative

text: work

text: on

text: Negara

text: the

text: Balinese

text: state

text: is

text: an

text: early

text: famous

text: example

question: What type of anthropology is interested in the structure of political systems?

answer: Political

text: Political

question: From what basis do political anthropologists examine the structure of political systems?

answer: structure of societies

text: structure of societies

question: When did the new development of a stateless society come about?

answer: the 1960s

text: the 1960s

question: The presence of states, bureaucracies and markets makes for what type of social setting?

answer: "complex"

text: "complex"

question: Who did a comparative work on a Balinese state?

answer: Geertz

text: Geertz


text: Nigeria is divided into thirty-six states and one Federal Capital Territory, which are further sub-divided into 774 Local Government Areas (LGAs). The plethora of states, of which there were only three at independence, reflect the country's tumultuous history and the difficulties of managing such a heterogeneous national entity at all levels of government. In some contexts, the states are aggregated into six geopolitical zones: North West, North East, North Central, South East, South South, and South West.

title: Nigeria

title: Nigeria

text: Nigeria

text: is

text: divided

text: into

text: thirty

text: six

text: states

text: and

text: one

text: Federal

text: Capital

text: Territory

text: which

text: are

text: further

text: sub

text: divided

text: into

text: Local

text: Government

text: Areas

text: LGAs

text: The

text: plethora

text: of

text: states

text: of

text: which

text: there

text: were

text: only

text: three

text: at

text: independence

text: reflect

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: tumultuous

text: history

text: and

text: the

text: difficulties

text: of

text: managing

text: such

text: a

text: heterogeneous

text: national

text: entity

text: at

text: all

text: levels

text: of

text: government

text: In

text: some

text: contexts

text: the

text: states

text: are

text: aggregated

text: into

text: six

text: geopolitical

text: zones

text: North

text: West

text: North

text: East

text: North

text: Central

text: South

text: East

text: South

text: South

text: and

text: South

text: West

question: How many states does Nigeria have?

answer: thirty-six

text: thirty-six

question: What non-state area does Nigeria have?

answer: Federal Capital Territory

text: Federal Capital Territory

question: How many smaller areas are the Nigerian states divided into?

answer: 774

question: What are the Nigerian states' sub-divisions called?

answer: Local Government Areas

text: Local Government Areas

question: How many geopolitical zones do people consider the Nigerian states to be in?

answer: six

text: six


text: Endemic species can be threatened with extinction through the process of genetic pollution, i.e. uncontrolled hybridization, introgression and genetic swamping. Genetic pollution leads to homogenization or replacement of local genomes as a result of either a numerical and/or fitness advantage of an introduced species. Hybridization and introgression are side-effects of introduction and invasion. These phenomena can be especially detrimental to rare species that come into contact with more abundant ones. The abundant species can interbreed with the rare species, swamping its gene pool. This problem is not always apparent from morphological (outward appearance) observations alone. Some degree of gene flow is normal adaptation, and not all gene and genotype constellations can be preserved. However, hybridization with or without introgression may, nevertheless, threaten a rare species' existence.

title: Biodiversity

title: Biodiversity

text: Endemic

text: species

text: can

text: be

text: threatened

text: with

text: extinction

text: through

text: the

text: process

text: of

text: genetic

text: pollution

text: i.e.

text: uncontrolled

text: hybridization

text: introgression

text: and

text: genetic

text: swamping

text: Genetic

text: pollution

text: leads

text: to

text: homogenization

text: or

text: replacement

text: of

text: local

text: genomes

text: as

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: either

text: a

text: numerical

text: and/or

text: fitness

text: advantage

text: of

text: an

text: introduced

text: species

text: Hybridization

text: and

text: introgression

text: are

text: side

text: effects

text: of

text: introduction

text: and

text: invasion

text: These

text: phenomena

text: can

text: be

text: especially

text: detrimental

text: to

text: rare

text: species

text: that

text: come

text: into

text: contact

text: with

text: more

text: abundant

text: ones

text: The

text: abundant

text: species

text: can

text: interbreed

text: with

text: the

text: rare

text: species

text: swamping

text: its

text: gene

text: pool

text: This

text: problem

text: is

text: not

text: always

text: apparent

text: from

text: morphological

text: outward

text: appearance

text: observations

text: alone

text: Some

text: degree

text: of

text: gene

text: flow

text: is

text: normal

text: adaptation

text: and

text: not

text: all

text: gene

text: and

text: genotype

text: constellations

text: can

text: be

text: preserved

text: However

text: hybridization

text: with

text: or

text: without

text: introgression

text: may

text: nevertheless

text: threaten

text: a

text: rare

text: species

text: existence

question: What can threaten endemic species with extinction?

answer: genetic pollution

text: genetic pollution

question: What are another names for genetic pollution?

answer: uncontrolled hybridization, introgression and genetic swamping

text: uncontrolled hybridization, introgression and genetic swamping

question: What causes genetic pollution?

answer: either a numerical and/or fitness advantage of an introduced species

text: either a numerical and/or fitness advantage of an introduced species

question: What are are side-effects of introduction and invasion?

answer: Hybridization and introgression

text: Hybridization and introgression

question: What behavior causes swamping of a gene pool?

answer: The abundant species can interbreed with the rare species

text: The abundant species can interbreed with the rare species


text: Based on earlier transmitted reports, in the year 632, after the demise of Muhammad a number of his companions who knew the Quran by heart were killed in a battle by Musaylimah, the first caliph Abu Bakr (d. 634) decided to collect the book in one volume so that it could be preserved. Zayd ibn Thabit (d. 655) was the person to collect the Quran since "he used to write the Divine Inspiration for Allah's Apostle". Thus, a group of scribes, most importantly Zayd, collected the verses and produced a hand-written manuscript of the complete book. The manuscript according to Zayd remained with Abu Bakr until he died. Zayd's reaction to the task and the difficulties in collecting the Quranic material from parchments, palm-leaf stalks, thin stones and from men who knew it by heart is recorded in earlier narratives. After Abu Bakr, Hafsa bint Umar, Muhammad's widow, was entrusted with the manuscript. In about 650, the third Caliph Uthman ibn Affan (d. 656) began noticing slight differences in pronunciation of the Quran as Islam expanded beyond the Arabian Peninsula into Persia, the Levant, and North Africa. In order to preserve the sanctity of the text, he ordered a committee headed by Zayd to use Abu Bakr's copy and prepare a standard copy of the Quran. Thus, within 20 years of Muhammad's death, the Quran was committed to written form. That text became the model from which copies were made and promulgated throughout the urban centers of the Muslim world, and other versions are believed to have been destroyed. The present form of the Quran text is accepted by Muslim scholars to be the original version compiled by Abu Bakr.

title: Quran

title: Quran

text: Based

text: on

text: earlier

text: transmitted

text: reports

text: in

text: the

text: year

text: after

text: the

text: demise

text: of

text: Muhammad

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: his

text: companions

text: who

text: knew

text: the

text: Quran

text: by

text: heart

text: were

text: killed

text: in

text: a

text: battle

text: by

text: Musaylimah

text: the

text: first

text: caliph

text: Abu

text: Bakr

text: d.

text: decided

text: to

text: collect

text: the

text: book

text: in

text: one

text: volume

text: so

text: that

text: it

text: could

text: be

text: preserved

text: Zayd

text: ibn

text: Thabit

text: d.

text: was

text: the

text: person

text: to

text: collect

text: the

text: Quran

text: since

text: he

text: used

text: to

text: write

text: the

text: Divine

text: Inspiration

text: for

text: Allah

text: 's

text: Apostle

text: Thus

text: a

text: group

text: of

text: scribes

text: most

text: importantly

text: Zayd

text: collected

text: the

text: verses

text: and

text: produced

text: a

text: hand

text: written

text: manuscript

text: of

text: the

text: complete

text: book

text: The

text: manuscript

text: according

text: to

text: Zayd

text: remained

text: with

text: Abu

text: Bakr

text: until

text: he

text: died

text: Zayd

text: 's

text: reaction

text: to

text: the

text: task

text: and

text: the

text: difficulties

text: in

text: collecting

text: the

text: Quranic

text: material

text: from

text: parchments

text: palm

text: leaf

text: stalks

text: thin

text: stones

text: and

text: from

text: men

text: who

text: knew

text: it

text: by

text: heart

text: is

text: recorded

text: in

text: earlier

text: narratives

text: After

text: Abu

text: Bakr

text: Hafsa

text: bint

text: Umar

text: Muhammad

text: 's

text: widow

text: was

text: entrusted

text: with

text: the

text: manuscript

text: In

text: about

text: the

text: third

text: Caliph

text: Uthman

text: ibn

text: Affan

text: d.

text: began

text: noticing

text: slight

text: differences

text: in

text: pronunciation

text: of

text: the

text: Quran

text: as

text: Islam

text: expanded

text: beyond

text: the

text: Arabian

text: Peninsula

text: into

text: Persia

text: the

text: Levant

text: and

text: North

text: Africa

text: In

text: order

text: to

text: preserve

text: the

text: sanctity

text: of

text: the

text: text

text: he

text: ordered

text: a

text: committee

text: headed

text: by

text: Zayd

text: to

text: use

text: Abu

text: Bakr

text: 's

text: copy

text: and

text: prepare

text: a

text: standard

text: copy

text: of

text: the

text: Quran

text: Thus

text: within

text: years

text: of

text: Muhammad

text: 's

text: death

text: the

text: Quran

text: was

text: committed

text: to

text: written

text: form

text: That

text: text

text: became

text: the

text: model

text: from

text: which

text: copies

text: were

text: made

text: and

text: promulgated

text: throughout

text: the

text: urban

text: centers

text: of

text: the

text: Muslim

text: world

text: and

text: other

text: versions

text: are

text: believed

text: to

text: have

text: been

text: destroyed

text: The

text: present

text: form

text: of

text: the

text: Quran

text: text

text: is

text: accepted

text: by

text: Muslim

text: scholars

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: original

text: version

text: compiled

text: by

text: Abu

text: Bakr

question: Which caliph decided to preserve the Quran as a single book after some of Muhammad's companions were killed in battle?

answer: Abu Bakr

text: Abu Bakr

question: Which scribe led the production of the first written Quran?

answer: Zayd ibn Thabit

text: Zayd ibn Thabit

question: In which year did Abu Bakr die?

answer: 634

question: Who took possession of the first Quran manuscript after Abu Bakr?

answer: Hafsa bint Umar

text: Hafsa bint Umar

question: Which caliph ordered the Quran manuscript copied and standardized?

answer: Uthman ibn Affan

text: Uthman ibn Affan


text: In March 2013, Governor Rick Snyder declared a financial emergency in the city, stating that the city has a $327 million budget deficit and faces more than $14 billion in long-term debt. It has been making ends meet on a month-to-month basis with the help of bond money held in a state escrow account and has instituted mandatory unpaid days off for many city workers. Those troubles, along with underfunded city services, such as police and fire departments, and ineffective turnaround plans from Bing and the City Council led the state of Michigan to appoint an emergency manager for Detroit on March 14, 2013. On June 14, 2013 Detroit defaulted on $2.5 billion of debt by withholding $39.7 million in interest payments, while Emergency Manager Kevyn Orr met with bondholders and other creditors in an attempt to restructure the city's $18.5 billion debt and avoid bankruptcy. On July 18, 2013, the City of Detroit filed for Chapter 9 bankruptcy protection. It was declared bankrupt by U.S. judge Stephen Rhodes on December 3, with its $18.5 billion debt he said in accepting the city's contention that it is broke and that negotiations with its thousands of creditors were infeasible.

title: Detroit

title: Detroit

text: In

text: March

text: Governor

text: Rick

text: Snyder

text: declared

text: a

text: financial

text: emergency

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: stating

text: that

text: the

text: city

text: has

text: a

text: million

text: budget

text: deficit

text: and

text: faces

text: more

text: than

text: billion

text: in

text: long

text: term

text: debt

text: It

text: has

text: been

text: making

text: ends

text: meet

text: on

text: a

text: month

text: to

text: month

text: basis

text: with

text: the

text: help

text: of

text: bond

text: money

text: held

text: in

text: a

text: state

text: escrow

text: account

text: and

text: has

text: instituted

text: mandatory

text: unpaid

text: days

text: off

text: for

text: many

text: city

text: workers

text: Those

text: troubles

text: along

text: with

text: underfunded

text: city

text: services

text: such

text: as

text: police

text: and

text: fire

text: departments

text: and

text: ineffective

text: turnaround

text: plans

text: from

text: Bing

text: and

text: the

text: City

text: Council

text: led

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Michigan

text: to

text: appoint

text: an

text: emergency

text: manager

text: for

text: Detroit

text: on

text: March

text: On

text: June

text: Detroit

text: defaulted

text: on

text: billion

text: of

text: debt

text: by

text: withholding

text: million

text: in

text: interest

text: payments

text: while

text: Emergency

text: Manager

text: Kevyn

text: Orr

text: met

text: with

text: bondholders

text: and

text: other

text: creditors

text: in

text: an

text: attempt

text: to

text: restructure

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: billion

text: debt

text: and

text: avoid

text: bankruptcy

text: On

text: July

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: Detroit

text: filed

text: for

text: Chapter

text: bankruptcy

text: protection

text: It

text: was

text: declared

text: bankrupt

text: by

text: U.S.

text: judge

text: Stephen

text: Rhodes

text: on

text: December

text: with

text: its

text: billion

text: debt

text: he

text: said

text: in

text: accepting

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: contention

text: that

text: it

text: is

text: broke

text: and

text: that

text: negotiations

text: with

text: its

text: thousands

text: of

text: creditors

text: were

text: infeasible

question: Who was Michigan's governor in 2013?

answer: Rick Snyder

text: Rick Snyder

question: What judge declared Detroit bankrupt?

answer: Stephen Rhodes

text: Stephen Rhodes

question: What type of bankruptcy did Detroit file?

answer: Chapter 9

text: Chapter 9

question: When did Detroit file for bankruptcy?

answer: July 18, 2013

text: July 18, 2013

question: How much did Detroit owe when it was declared bankrupt?

answer: $18.5 billion

text: $18.5 billion


text: The rulers of the expansionist Qin dynasty, based in present-day Gansu and Shaanxi, were only the first strategists to realize that the area's military importance matched its commercial and agricultural significance. The Sichuan basin is surrounded by the Himalayas to the west, the Qin Mountains to the north, and mountainous areas of Yunnan to the south. Since the Yangtze flows through the basin and then through the perilous Yangzi Gorges to eastern and southern China, Sichuan was a staging area for amphibious military forces and a refuge for political refugees.[citation needed]

title: Sichuan

title: Sichuan

text: The

text: rulers

text: of

text: the

text: expansionist

text: Qin

text: dynasty

text: based

text: in

text: present

text: day

text: Gansu

text: and

text: Shaanxi

text: were

text: only

text: the

text: first

text: strategists

text: to

text: realize

text: that

text: the

text: area

text: 's

text: military

text: importance

text: matched

text: its

text: commercial

text: and

text: agricultural

text: significance

text: The

text: Sichuan

text: basin

text: is

text: surrounded

text: by

text: the

text: Himalayas

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: the

text: Qin

text: Mountains

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: mountainous

text: areas

text: of

text: Yunnan

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Since

text: the

text: Yangtze

text: flows

text: through

text: the

text: basin

text: and

text: then

text: through

text: the

text: perilous

text: Yangzi

text: Gorges

text: to

text: eastern

text: and

text: southern

text: China

text: Sichuan

text: was

text: a

text: staging

text: area

text: for

text: amphibious

text: military

text: forces

text: and

text: a

text: refuge

text: for

text: political

text: refugees.[citation

text: needed

question: What surrounds the Sichuan basin to the west?

answer: the Himalayas

text: the Himalayas

question: What mountains surround the Sichuan basin to the North?

answer: Qin Mountains

text: Qin Mountains

question: What river flows through the Sichuan basin?

answer: Yangtze

text: Yangtze

question: Where was the Qin dynasty based?

answer: present-day Gansu and Shaanxi

text: present-day Gansu and Shaanxi

question: What surrounds the Sichuan basin to the South?

answer: mountainous areas of Yunnan

text: mountainous areas of Yunnan


text: The loss of viewers continued into season seven. The premiere was down 11% among total viewers, and the results show in which Kristy Lee Cook was eliminated delivered its lowest-rated Wednesday show among the 18–34 demo since the first season in 2002. However, the ratings rebounded for the season seven finale with the excitement over the battle of the Davids, and improved over season six as the series' third most watched finale. The strong finish of season seven also helped Fox become the most watched TV network in the country for the first time since its inception, a first ever in American television history for a non-Big Three major broadcast network. Overall ratings for the season were down 10% from season six, which is in line with the fall in viewership across all networks due in part to the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike.

title: American_Idol

title: American_Idol

text: The

text: loss

text: of

text: viewers

text: continued

text: into

text: season

text: seven

text: The

text: premiere

text: was

text: down

text: among

text: total

text: viewers

text: and

text: the

text: results

text: show

text: in

text: which

text: Kristy

text: Lee

text: Cook

text: was

text: eliminated

text: delivered

text: its

text: lowest

text: rated

text: Wednesday

text: show

text: among

text: the

text: demo

text: since

text: the

text: first

text: season

text: in

text: However

text: the

text: ratings

text: rebounded

text: for

text: the

text: season

text: seven

text: finale

text: with

text: the

text: excitement

text: over

text: the

text: battle

text: of

text: the

text: Davids

text: and

text: improved

text: over

text: season

text: six

text: as

text: the

text: series

text: third

text: most

text: watched

text: finale

text: The

text: strong

text: finish

text: of

text: season

text: seven

text: also

text: helped

text: Fox

text: become

text: the

text: most

text: watched

text: TV

text: network

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: for

text: the

text: first

text: time

text: since

text: its

text: inception

text: a

text: first

text: ever

text: in

text: American

text: television

text: history

text: for

text: a

text: non

text: Big

text: Three

text: major

text: broadcast

text: network

text: Overall

text: ratings

text: for

text: the

text: season

text: were

text: down

text: from

text: season

text: six

text: which

text: is

text: in

text: line

text: with

text: the

text: fall

text: in

text: viewership

text: across

text: all

text: networks

text: due

text: in

text: part

text: to

text: the

text: Writers

text: Guild

text: of

text: America

text: strike

question: During which season of American Idol did Fox beat the other networks in ratings for the first time?

answer: season seven

text: season seven

question: Why were television ratings down across the board during American Idols seventh season?

answer: Writers Guild of America strike

text: Writers Guild of America strike

question: On what season was Kristy Lee Cook a contestant on American Idol?

answer: season seven

text: season seven

question: Who was eliminated during the lowest rated show since season one?

answer: Kristy Lee Cook

text: Kristy Lee Cook

question: What was the series' third most watched finale?

answer: season seven

text: season seven

question: Because of the rebound in viewers, Fox became what for the first time?

answer: the most watched TV network

text: the most watched TV network

question: What happened in 2007-2008 that had a drop in viewers for all networks?

answer: Writers Guild of America strike

text: Writers Guild of America strike


text: The most common cause is an infection of the intestines due to either a virus, bacteria, or parasite; a condition known as gastroenteritis. These infections are often acquired from food or water that has been contaminated by stool, or directly from another person who is infected. It may be divided into three types: short duration watery diarrhea, short duration bloody diarrhea, and if it lasts for more than two weeks, persistent diarrhea. The short duration watery diarrhea may be due to an infection by cholera, although this is rare in the developed world. If blood is present it is also known as dysentery. A number of non-infectious causes may also result in diarrhea, including hyperthyroidism, lactose intolerance, inflammatory bowel disease, a number of medications, and irritable bowel syndrome. In most cases, stool cultures are not required to confirm the exact cause.

title: Diarrhea

title: Diarrhea

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: cause

text: is

text: an

text: infection

text: of

text: the

text: intestines

text: due

text: to

text: either

text: a

text: virus

text: bacteria

text: or

text: parasite

text: a

text: condition

text: known

text: as

text: gastroenteritis

text: These

text: infections

text: are

text: often

text: acquired

text: from

text: food

text: or

text: water

text: that

text: has

text: been

text: contaminated

text: by

text: stool

text: or

text: directly

text: from

text: another

text: person

text: who

text: is

text: infected

text: It

text: may

text: be

text: divided

text: into

text: three

text: types

text: short

text: duration

text: watery

text: diarrhea

text: short

text: duration

text: bloody

text: diarrhea

text: and

text: if

text: it

text: lasts

text: for

text: more

text: than

text: two

text: weeks

text: persistent

text: diarrhea

text: The

text: short

text: duration

text: watery

text: diarrhea

text: may

text: be

text: due

text: to

text: an

text: infection

text: by

text: cholera

text: although

text: this

text: is

text: rare

text: in

text: the

text: developed

text: world

text: If

text: blood

text: is

text: present

text: it

text: is

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: dysentery

text: A

text: number

text: of

text: non

text: infectious

text: causes

text: may

text: also

text: result

text: in

text: diarrhea

text: including

text: hyperthyroidism

text: lactose

text: intolerance

text: inflammatory

text: bowel

text: disease

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: medications

text: and

text: irritable

text: bowel

text: syndrome

text: In

text: most

text: cases

text: stool

text: cultures

text: are

text: not

text: required

text: to

text: confirm

text: the

text: exact

text: cause

question: What is the most common cause of diarrhea?

answer: an infection of the intestines

text: an infection of the intestines

question: What can cause an infection in the intestines?

answer: a virus, bacteria, or parasite

text: a virus, bacteria, or parasite

question: What are the three types of diarrhea?

answer: short duration watery diarrhea, short duration bloody diarrhea, and if it lasts for more than two weeks, persistent diarrhea

text: short duration watery diarrhea, short duration bloody diarrhea, and if it lasts for more than two weeks, persistent diarrhea

question: What is it known as if blood is present?

answer: dysentery

text: dysentery


text: In 1970, the New Haven Black Panther trials took place, the largest and longest trials in Connecticut history. Black Panther Party co-founder Bobby Seale and ten other Party members were tried for murdering an alleged informant. Beginning on May Day, the city became a center of protest for 12,000 Panther supporters, college students, and New Left activists (including Jean Genet, Benjamin Spock, Abbie Hoffman, Jerry Rubin, and John Froines), who amassed on the New Haven Green, across the street from where the trials were being held. Violent confrontations between the demonstrators and the New Haven police occurred, and several bombs were set off in the area by radicals. The event became a rallying point for the New Left and critics of the Nixon Administration.

title: New_Haven,_Connecticut

title: New_Haven,_Connecticut

text: In

text: the

text: New

text: Haven

text: Black

text: Panther

text: trials

text: took

text: place

text: the

text: largest

text: and

text: longest

text: trials

text: in

text: Connecticut

text: history

text: Black

text: Panther

text: Party

text: co

text: founder

text: Bobby

text: Seale

text: and

text: ten

text: other

text: Party

text: members

text: were

text: tried

text: for

text: murdering

text: an

text: alleged

text: informant

text: Beginning

text: on

text: May

text: Day

text: the

text: city

text: became

text: a

text: center

text: of

text: protest

text: for

text: Panther

text: supporters

text: college

text: students

text: and

text: New

text: Left

text: activists

text: including

text: Jean

text: Genet

text: Benjamin

text: Spock

text: Abbie

text: Hoffman

text: Jerry

text: Rubin

text: and

text: John

text: Froines

text: who

text: amassed

text: on

text: the

text: New

text: Haven

text: Green

text: across

text: the

text: street

text: from

text: where

text: the

text: trials

text: were

text: being

text: held

text: Violent

text: confrontations

text: between

text: the

text: demonstrators

text: and

text: the

text: New

text: Haven

text: police

text: occurred

text: and

text: several

text: bombs

text: were

text: set

text: off

text: in

text: the

text: area

text: by

text: radicals

text: The

text: event

text: became

text: a

text: rallying

text: point

text: for

text: the

text: New

text: Left

text: and

text: critics

text: of

text: the

text: Nixon

text: Administration

question: What New Haven trial is known to be the longest in the history of Connecticut?

answer: New Haven Black Panther trials

text: New Haven Black Panther trials

question: In what year did the New Haven Black Panther trials take place in New Haven?

answer: 1970

question: Who was the co-founder of the Black Panthers that was placed on trial in New Haven?

answer: Bobby Seale

text: Bobby Seale

question: What day marked the beginning of New Haven being overwhelmed by 12,000 individuals protesting the Black Panther trials?

answer: May Day

text: May Day

question: In what central New Haven location did protesters of the Black Panther trials congregate?

answer: New Haven Green

text: New Haven Green

question: What political movement group is known in within city among non whites?

answer: Black Panther

text: Black Panther

question: How many attended the trials of the Black Panther in 1970?

answer: 12,000

question: The protest of trial result in what specifically?

answer: Violent confrontations

text: Violent confrontations

question: The protest also initiate the start of criticizing what presidential administration?

answer: the Nixon Administration

text: the Nixon Administration

question: What was the name of one of the party's leader that also happen to be on trial?

answer: Bobby Seale

text: Bobby Seale


text: Because the Quran is spoken in classical Arabic, many of the later converts to Islam (mostly non-Arabs) did not always understand the Quranic Arabic, they did not catch allusions that were clear to early Muslims fluent in Arabic and they were concerned with reconciling apparent conflict of themes in the Quran. Commentators erudite in Arabic explained the allusions, and perhaps most importantly, explained which Quranic verses had been revealed early in Muhammad's prophetic career, as being appropriate to the very earliest Muslim community, and which had been revealed later, canceling out or "abrogating" (nāsikh) the earlier text (mansūkh). Other scholars, however, maintain that no abrogation has taken place in the Quran. The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community has published a ten-volume Urdu commentary on the Quran, with the name Tafseer e Kabir.

title: Quran

title: Quran

text: Because

text: the

text: Quran

text: is

text: spoken

text: in

text: classical

text: Arabic

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: later

text: converts

text: to

text: Islam

text: mostly

text: non

text: Arabs

text: did

text: not

text: always

text: understand

text: the

text: Quranic

text: Arabic

text: they

text: did

text: not

text: catch

text: allusions

text: that

text: were

text: clear

text: to

text: early

text: Muslims

text: fluent

text: in

text: Arabic

text: and

text: they

text: were

text: concerned

text: with

text: reconciling

text: apparent

text: conflict

text: of

text: themes

text: in

text: the

text: Quran

text: Commentators

text: erudite

text: in

text: Arabic

text: explained

text: the

text: allusions

text: and

text: perhaps

text: most

text: importantly

text: explained

text: which

text: Quranic

text: verses

text: had

text: been

text: revealed

text: early

text: in

text: Muhammad

text: 's

text: prophetic

text: career

text: as

text: being

text: appropriate

text: to

text: the

text: very

text: earliest

text: Muslim

text: community

text: and

text: which

text: had

text: been

text: revealed

text: later

text: canceling

text: out

text: or

text: abrogating

text: nāsikh

text: the

text: earlier

text: text

text: mansūkh

text: Other

text: scholars

text: however

text: maintain

text: that

text: no

text: abrogation

text: has

text: taken

text: place

text: in

text: the

text: Quran

text: The

text: Ahmadiyya

text: Muslim

text: Community

text: has

text: published

text: a

text: ten

text: volume

text: Urdu

text: commentary

text: on

text: the

text: Quran

text: with

text: the

text: name

text: Tafseer

text: e

text: Kabir

question: In which language is the Quran recited?

answer: classical Arabic

text: classical Arabic

question: What is the Arabic term for the cancellation of one part of the Quran by another?

answer: nāsikh

text: nāsikh

question: What is the name of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community's published Quran commentary?

answer: Tafseer e Kabir

text: Tafseer e Kabir

question: What is the term for earlier portions of the Quran that may have been superseded by later parts?

answer: mansūkh

text: mansūkh

question: In which language is the Tafseer e Kabir written?

answer: Urdu

text: Urdu


text: During this critical period, the number of Preachers seems never to have sunk below 3,500. Statistics for 1876 show 3,748, but 500 of these had been expelled from their convents and were engaged in parochial work. Statistics for 1910 show a total of 4,472 nominally or actually engaged in proper activities of the order. In the year 2000, there were 5,171 Dominican friars in solemn vows, 917 student brothers, and 237 novices. By the year 2013 there were 6058 Dominican friars, including 4,470 priests.

title: Dominican_Order

title: Dominican_Order

text: During

text: this

text: critical

text: period

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: Preachers

text: seems

text: never

text: to

text: have

text: sunk

text: below

text: Statistics

text: for

text: show

text: but

text: of

text: these

text: had

text: been

text: expelled

text: from

text: their

text: convents

text: and

text: were

text: engaged

text: in

text: parochial

text: work

text: Statistics

text: for

text: show

text: a

text: total

text: of

text: nominally

text: or

text: actually

text: engaged

text: in

text: proper

text: activities

text: of

text: the

text: order

text: In

text: the

text: year

text: there

text: were

text: Dominican

text: friars

text: in

text: solemn

text: vows

text: student

text: brothers

text: and

text: novices

text: By

text: the

text: year

text: there

text: were

text: Dominican

text: friars

text: including

text: priests

question: In 1876, how many preachers were expelled from the Dominican Order?

answer: 500

question: In 1910, how many Dominicans were actively engaged in Order work?

answer: 4,472

question: How many Dominican friars were there in 2013?

answer: 6058

question: In what year were there 4,470 priests in the Dominican Order?

answer: 2013

question: How many student brothers were there in the year 2000?

answer: 917


text: Armenians have had a presence in the Armenian Highland for over four thousand years, since the time when Hayk, the legendary patriarch and founder of the first Armenian nation, led them to victory over Bel of Babylon. Today, with a population of 3.5 million, they not only constitute an overwhelming majority in Armenia, but also in the disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh. Armenians in the diaspora informally refer to them as Hayastantsis (Հայաստանցի), meaning those that are from Armenia (that is, those born and raised in Armenia). They, as well as the Armenians of Iran and Russia speak the Eastern dialect of the Armenian language. The country itself is secular as a result of Soviet domination, but most of its citizens identify themselves as Apostolic Armenian Christian.

title: Armenians

title: Armenians

text: Armenians

text: have

text: had

text: a

text: presence

text: in

text: the

text: Armenian

text: Highland

text: for

text: over

text: four

text: thousand

text: years

text: since

text: the

text: time

text: when

text: Hayk

text: the

text: legendary

text: patriarch

text: and

text: founder

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: Armenian

text: nation

text: led

text: them

text: to

text: victory

text: over

text: Bel

text: of

text: Babylon

text: Today

text: with

text: a

text: population

text: of

text: million

text: they

text: not

text: only

text: constitute

text: an

text: overwhelming

text: majority

text: in

text: Armenia

text: but

text: also

text: in

text: the

text: disputed

text: region

text: of

text: Nagorno

text: Karabakh

text: Armenians

text: in

text: the

text: diaspora

text: informally

text: refer

text: to

text: them

text: as

text: Hayastantsis

text: Հայաստանցի

text: meaning

text: those

text: that

text: are

text: from

text: Armenia

text: that

text: is

text: those

text: born

text: and

text: raised

text: in

text: Armenia

text: They

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: Armenians

text: of

text: Iran

text: and

text: Russia

text: speak

text: the

text: Eastern

text: dialect

text: of

text: the

text: Armenian

text: language

text: The

text: country

text: itself

text: is

text: secular

text: as

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: Soviet

text: domination

text: but

text: most

text: of

text: its

text: citizens

text: identify

text: themselves

text: as

text: Apostolic

text: Armenian

text: Christian

question: How long have Armenians lived in the highlands?

answer: over four thousand years

text: over four thousand years

question: Who founded the first Armenian nation?

answer: Hayk

text: Hayk

question: Who did Hayk defeat?

answer: Bel of Babylon

text: Bel of Babylon

question: What does Hayastantsis mean?

answer: those that are from Armenia

text: those that are from Armenia

question: How many native Armenians are in Armenia today?

answer: 3.5 million

text: 3.5 million


text: Peaks in France, Italy and Switzerland lie in the "Houillière zone", which consists of basement with sediments from the Mesozoic Era. High "massifs" with external sedimentary cover are more common in the Western Alps and were affected by Neogene Period thin-skinned thrusting whereas the Eastern Alps have comparatively few high peaked massifs. Similarly the peaks in Switzerland extending to western Austria (Helvetic nappes) consist of thin-skinned sedimentary folding that detached from former basement rock.

title: Alps

title: Alps

text: Peaks

text: in

text: France

text: Italy

text: and

text: Switzerland

text: lie

text: in

text: the

text: Houillière

text: zone

text: which

text: consists

text: of

text: basement

text: with

text: sediments

text: from

text: the

text: Mesozoic

text: Era

text: High

text: massifs

text: with

text: external

text: sedimentary

text: cover

text: are

text: more

text: common

text: in

text: the

text: Western

text: Alps

text: and

text: were

text: affected

text: by

text: Neogene

text: Period

text: thin

text: skinned

text: thrusting

text: whereas

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Alps

text: have

text: comparatively

text: few

text: high

text: peaked

text: massifs

text: Similarly

text: the

text: peaks

text: in

text: Switzerland

text: extending

text: to

text: western

text: Austria

text: Helvetic

text: nappes

text: consist

text: of

text: thin

text: skinned

text: sedimentary

text: folding

text: that

text: detached

text: from

text: former

text: basement

text: rock

question: What area do peaks in France, Italy, and Switzerland lie in?

answer: Houillière zone

text: Houillière zone

question: What are more common in the Western Alps?

answer: High "massifs"

text: High "massifs"

question: When compared to the Western Alps, what area has few high peaked massifs?

answer: Eastern Alps

text: Eastern Alps


text: The Necessary exists 'due-to-Its-Self', and has no quiddity/essence (mahiyya) other than existence (wujud). Furthermore, It is 'One' (wahid ahad) since there cannot be more than one 'Necessary-Existent-due-to-Itself' without differentia (fasl) to distinguish them from each other. Yet, to require differentia entails that they exist 'due-to-themselves' as well as 'due to what is other than themselves'; and this is contradictory. However, if no differentia distinguishes them from each other, then there is no sense in which these 'Existents' are not one and the same. Avicenna adds that the 'Necessary-Existent-due-to-Itself' has no genus (jins), nor a definition (hadd), nor a counterpart (nadd), nor an opposite (did), and is detached (bari) from matter (madda), quality (kayf), quantity (kam), place (ayn), situation (wad), and time (waqt).

title: Avicenna

title: Avicenna

text: The

text: Necessary

text: exists

text: due

text: to

text: Its

text: Self

text: and

text: has

text: no

text: quiddity

text: essence

text: mahiyya

text: other

text: than

text: existence

text: wujud

text: Furthermore

text: It

text: is

text: One

text: wahid

text: ahad

text: since

text: there

text: can

text: not

text: be

text: more

text: than

text: one

text: Necessary

text: Existent

text: due

text: to

text: Itself

text: without

text: differentia

text: fasl

text: to

text: distinguish

text: them

text: from

text: each

text: other

text: Yet

text: to

text: require

text: differentia

text: entails

text: that

text: they

text: exist

text: due

text: to

text: themselves

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: due

text: to

text: what

text: is

text: other

text: than

text: themselves

text: and

text: this

text: is

text: contradictory

text: However

text: if

text: no

text: differentia

text: distinguishes

text: them

text: from

text: each

text: other

text: then

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: sense

text: in

text: which

text: these

text: Existents

text: are

text: not

text: one

text: and

text: the

text: same

text: Avicenna

text: adds

text: that

text: the

text: Necessary

text: Existent

text: due

text: to

text: Itself

text: has

text: no

text: genus

text: jins

text: nor

text: a

text: definition

text: hadd

text: nor

text: a

text: counterpart

text: nadd

text: nor

text: an

text: opposite

text: did

text: and

text: is

text: detached

text: bari

text: from

text: matter

text: madda

text: quality

text: kayf

text: quantity

text: kam

text: place

text: ayn

text: situation

text: wad

text: and

text: time

text: waqt

question: The necessary exists due to what?

answer: Its-Self

text: Its-Self

question: What is something that the necessary does not have?

answer: a definition

text: a definition

question: What is the Arabic for situation?

answer: wad

text: wad

question: What is one thing that the Necessary is detached from?

answer: time

text: time


text: As the number of possible tests for even simple software components is practically infinite, all software testing uses some strategy to select tests that are feasible for the available time and resources. As a result, software testing typically (but not exclusively) attempts to execute a program or application with the intent of finding software bugs (errors or other defects). The job of testing is an iterative process as when one bug is fixed, it can illuminate other, deeper bugs, or can even create new ones.

title: Software_testing

title: Software_testing

text: As

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: possible

text: tests

text: for

text: even

text: simple

text: software

text: components

text: is

text: practically

text: infinite

text: all

text: software

text: testing

text: uses

text: some

text: strategy

text: to

text: select

text: tests

text: that

text: are

text: feasible

text: for

text: the

text: available

text: time

text: and

text: resources

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: software

text: testing

text: typically

text: but

text: not

text: exclusively

text: attempts

text: to

text: execute

text: a

text: program

text: or

text: application

text: with

text: the

text: intent

text: of

text: finding

text: software

text: bugs

text: errors

text: or

text: other

text: defects

text: The

text: job

text: of

text: testing

text: is

text: an

text: iterative

text: process

text: as

text: when

text: one

text: bug

text: is

text: fixed

text: it

text: can

text: illuminate

text: other

text: deeper

text: bugs

text: or

text: can

text: even

text: create

text: new

text: ones

question: What is the purpose of testing software?

answer: finding software bugs

text: finding software bugs

question: Why is it so difficult to locate bugs in software?

answer: tests for even simple software components is practically infinite

text: tests for even simple software components is practically infinite

question: What can come from one bug being fixed?

answer: it can illuminate other, deeper bugs,

text: it can illuminate other, deeper bugs,


text: The Great Exhibition was organised by Prince Albert, Henry Cole, Francis Fuller and other members of the Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce. The Great Exhibition made a surplus of £186,000 used in creating an area in the South of Kensington celebrating the encouragement of the arts, industry, and science. Albert insisted the Great Exhibition surplus should be used as a home for culture and education for everyone. His commitment was to find practical solutions to today's social challenges. Prince Albert's vision built the Victoria and Albert Museum, Science Museum, Natural History Museum, Geological Museum, Royal College of Science, Royal College of Art, Royal School of Mines, Royal School of Music, Royal College of Organists, Royal School of Needlework, Royal Geographical Society, Institute of Recorded Sound, Royal Horticultural Gardens, Royal Albert Hall and the Imperial Institute. Royal colleges and the Imperial Institute merged to form what is now Imperial College London.

title: Imperial_College_London

title: Imperial_College_London

text: The

text: Great

text: Exhibition

text: was

text: organised

text: by

text: Prince

text: Albert

text: Henry

text: Cole

text: Francis

text: Fuller

text: and

text: other

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: Royal

text: Society

text: for

text: the

text: Encouragement

text: of

text: Arts

text: Manufactures

text: and

text: Commerce

text: The

text: Great

text: Exhibition

text: made

text: a

text: surplus

text: of

text: used

text: in

text: creating

text: an

text: area

text: in

text: the

text: South

text: of

text: Kensington

text: celebrating

text: the

text: encouragement

text: of

text: the

text: arts

text: industry

text: and

text: science

text: Albert

text: insisted

text: the

text: Great

text: Exhibition

text: surplus

text: should

text: be

text: used

text: as

text: a

text: home

text: for

text: culture

text: and

text: education

text: for

text: everyone

text: His

text: commitment

text: was

text: to

text: find

text: practical

text: solutions

text: to

text: today

text: 's

text: social

text: challenges

text: Prince

text: Albert

text: 's

text: vision

text: built

text: the

text: Victoria

text: and

text: Albert

text: Museum

text: Science

text: Museum

text: Natural

text: History

text: Museum

text: Geological

text: Museum

text: Royal

text: College

text: of

text: Science

text: Royal

text: College

text: of

text: Art

text: Royal

text: School

text: of

text: Mines

text: Royal

text: School

text: of

text: Music

text: Royal

text: College

text: of

text: Organists

text: Royal

text: School

text: of

text: Needlework

text: Royal

text: Geographical

text: Society

text: Institute

text: of

text: Recorded

text: Sound

text: Royal

text: Horticultural

text: Gardens

text: Royal

text: Albert

text: Hall

text: and

text: the

text: Imperial

text: Institute

text: Royal

text: colleges

text: and

text: the

text: Imperial

text: Institute

text: merged

text: to

text: form

text: what

text: is

text: now

text: Imperial

text: College

text: London

question: Which society organized The Great Exhibition?

answer: Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce

text: Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce

question: How much of a surplus did The Great Ehibition raise?

answer: £186,000

question: Who insisted that the surplus from The Great Exhibition be used as a home for culture and education for all?

answer: Albert

text: Albert

question: What was Prince Albert's commitment?

answer: to find practical solutions to today's social challenges

text: to find practical solutions to today's social challenges

question: What did the Royal colleges and Imperial Institute form when they merged?

answer: Imperial College London

text: Imperial College London


text: Plymouth's gross value added (a measure of the size of its economy) was 5,169 million GBP in 2013 making up 25% of Devon's GVA. Its GVA per person was £19,943 and compared to the national average of £23,755, was £3,812 lower. Plymouth's unemployment rate was 7.0% in 2014 which was 2.0 points higher than the South West average and 0.8 points higher than the average for Great Britain (England, Wales and Scotland).

title: Plymouth

title: Plymouth

text: Plymouth

text: 's

text: gross

text: value

text: added

text: a

text: measure

text: of

text: the

text: size

text: of

text: its

text: economy

text: was

text: million

text: GBP

text: in

text: making

text: up

text: of

text: Devon

text: 's

text: GVA

text: Its

text: GVA

text: per

text: person

text: was

text: and

text: compared

text: to

text: the

text: national

text: average

text: of

text: was

text: lower

text: Plymouth

text: 's

text: unemployment

text: rate

text: was

text: in

text: which

text: was

text: points

text: higher

text: than

text: the

text: South

text: West

text: average

text: and

text: points

text: higher

text: than

text: the

text: average

text: for

text: Great

text: Britain

text: England

text: Wales

text: and

text: Scotland

question: What percentage of Devon's GVA does Plymouth comprise in 2013?

answer: 25%

question: What was Plymouth's 2013 GVA in millions of British Pounds?

answer: 5,169

question: What was Plymouth' per capita GVA in 2013?

answer: £19,943

question: What was the United Kingdom's average per capita GVA in 2013?

answer: £23,755

question: What percentage of Plymouth residents were unemployed in 2014?

answer: 7.0%


text: Under Territorial Governor Thomas Meagher, Montanans held a constitutional convention in 1866 in a failed bid for statehood. A second constitutional convention was held in Helena in 1884 that produced a constitution ratified 3:1 by Montana citizens in November 1884. For political reasons, Congress did not approve Montana statehood until 1889. Congress approved Montana statehood in February 1889 and President Grover Cleveland signed an omnibus bill granting statehood to Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota and Washington once the appropriate state constitutions were crafted. In July 1889, Montanans convened their third constitutional convention and produced a constitution acceptable by the people and the federal government. On November 8, 1889 President Benjamin Harrison proclaimed Montana the forty-first state in the union. The first state governor was Joseph K. Toole. In the 1880s, Helena (the current state capital) had more millionaires per capita than any other United States city.

title: Montana

title: Montana

text: Under

text: Territorial

text: Governor

text: Thomas

text: Meagher

text: Montanans

text: held

text: a

text: constitutional

text: convention

text: in

text: in

text: a

text: failed

text: bid

text: for

text: statehood

text: A

text: second

text: constitutional

text: convention

text: was

text: held

text: in

text: Helena

text: in

text: that

text: produced

text: a

text: constitution

text: ratified

text: by

text: Montana

text: citizens

text: in

text: November

text: For

text: political

text: reasons

text: Congress

text: did

text: not

text: approve

text: Montana

text: statehood

text: until

text: Congress

text: approved

text: Montana

text: statehood

text: in

text: February

text: and

text: President

text: Grover

text: Cleveland

text: signed

text: an

text: omnibus

text: bill

text: granting

text: statehood

text: to

text: Montana

text: North

text: Dakota

text: South

text: Dakota

text: and

text: Washington

text: once

text: the

text: appropriate

text: state

text: constitutions

text: were

text: crafted

text: In

text: July

text: Montanans

text: convened

text: their

text: third

text: constitutional

text: convention

text: and

text: produced

text: a

text: constitution

text: acceptable

text: by

text: the

text: people

text: and

text: the

text: federal

text: government

text: On

text: November

text: President

text: Benjamin

text: Harrison

text: proclaimed

text: Montana

text: the

text: forty

text: first

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: union

text: The

text: first

text: state

text: governor

text: was

text: Joseph

text: K.

text: Toole

text: In

text: the

text: Helena

text: the

text: current

text: state

text: capital

text: had

text: more

text: millionaires

text: per

text: capita

text: than

text: any

text: other

text: United

text: States

text: city

question: When was the first constitutional convention held in Montana?

answer: 1866

question: Why was this constitutional convention held?

answer: bid for statehood

text: bid for statehood

question: When was the second constitutional convention held?

answer: 1884

question: What year was Montana's statehood approved?

answer: 1889

question: What other three states were approved in the same year?

answer: North Dakota, South Dakota and Washington

text: North Dakota, South Dakota and Washington


text: The slowing sales growth has been attributed to the maturing PC market, which constituted 66% of Dell's sales, and analysts suggested that Dell needed to make inroads into non-PC businesses segments such as storage, services and servers. Dell's price advantage was tied to its ultra-lean manufacturing for desktop PCs, but this became less important as savings became harder to find inside the company's supply chain, and as competitors such as Hewlett-Packard and Acer made their PC manufacturing operations more efficient to match Dell, weakening Dell's traditional price differentiation. Throughout the entire PC industry, declines in prices along with commensurate increases in performance meant that Dell had fewer opportunities to upsell to their customers (a lucrative strategy of encouraging buyers to upgrade the processor or memory). As a result, the company was selling a greater proportion of inexpensive PCs than before, which eroded profit margins. The laptop segment had become the fastest-growing of the PC market, but Dell produced low-cost notebooks in China like other PC manufacturers which eliminated Dell's manufacturing cost advantages, plus Dell's reliance on Internet sales meant that it missed out on growing notebook sales in big box stores. CNET has suggested that Dell was getting trapped in the increasing commoditization of high volume low margin computers, which prevented it from offering more exciting devices that consumers demanded.

title: Dell

title: Dell

text: The

text: slowing

text: sales

text: growth

text: has

text: been

text: attributed

text: to

text: the

text: maturing

text: PC

text: market

text: which

text: constituted

text: of

text: Dell

text: 's

text: sales

text: and

text: analysts

text: suggested

text: that

text: Dell

text: needed

text: to

text: make

text: inroads

text: into

text: non

text: PC

text: businesses

text: segments

text: such

text: as

text: storage

text: services

text: and

text: servers

text: Dell

text: 's

text: price

text: advantage

text: was

text: tied

text: to

text: its

text: ultra

text: lean

text: manufacturing

text: for

text: desktop

text: PCs

text: but

text: this

text: became

text: less

text: important

text: as

text: savings

text: became

text: harder

text: to

text: find

text: inside

text: the

text: company

text: 's

text: supply

text: chain

text: and

text: as

text: competitors

text: such

text: as

text: Hewlett

text: Packard

text: and

text: Acer

text: made

text: their

text: PC

text: manufacturing

text: operations

text: more

text: efficient

text: to

text: match

text: Dell

text: weakening

text: Dell

text: 's

text: traditional

text: price

text: differentiation

text: Throughout

text: the

text: entire

text: PC

text: industry

text: declines

text: in

text: prices

text: along

text: with

text: commensurate

text: increases

text: in

text: performance

text: meant

text: that

text: Dell

text: had

text: fewer

text: opportunities

text: to

text: upsell

text: to

text: their

text: customers

text: a

text: lucrative

text: strategy

text: of

text: encouraging

text: buyers

text: to

text: upgrade

text: the

text: processor

text: or

text: memory

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: the

text: company

text: was

text: selling

text: a

text: greater

text: proportion

text: of

text: inexpensive

text: PCs

text: than

text: before

text: which

text: eroded

text: profit

text: margins

text: The

text: laptop

text: segment

text: had

text: become

text: the

text: fastest

text: growing

text: of

text: the

text: PC

text: market

text: but

text: Dell

text: produced

text: low

text: cost

text: notebooks

text: in

text: China

text: like

text: other

text: PC

text: manufacturers

text: which

text: eliminated

text: Dell

text: 's

text: manufacturing

text: cost

text: advantages

text: plus

text: Dell

text: 's

text: reliance

text: on

text: Internet

text: sales

text: meant

text: that

text: it

text: missed

text: out

text: on

text: growing

text: notebook

text: sales

text: in

text: big

text: box

text: stores

text: CNET

text: has

text: suggested

text: that

text: Dell

text: was

text: getting

text: trapped

text: in

text: the

text: increasing

text: commoditization

text: of

text: high

text: volume

text: low

text: margin

text: computers

text: which

text: prevented

text: it

text: from

text: offering

text: more

text: exciting

text: devices

text: that

text: consumers

text: demanded

question: What market made up the majority of Dell's sales?

answer: PC

text: PC

question: What advantage did Dell hold in the PC market?

answer: price

text: price

question: What operation did Hewlett Packard and Acer make more efficient to compete with Dell?

answer: manufacturing

text: manufacturing

question: Where did Dell miss out on sales due to relying on the internet?

answer: big box stores

text: big box stores

question: What company stated that Dell was preventing itself from innovating?

answer: CNET

text: CNET


text: The region, as part of Lorraine, was part of the Holy Roman Empire, and then was gradually annexed by France in the 17th century, and formalized as one of the provinces of France. The Calvinist manufacturing republic of Mulhouse, known as Stadtrepublik Mülhausen, became a part of Alsace after a vote by its citizens on 4 January 1798. Alsace is frequently mentioned with and as part of Lorraine and the former duchy of Lorraine, since it was a vital part of the duchy, and later because German possession as the imperial province (Alsace-Lorraine, 1871–1918) was contested in the 19th and 20th centuries; France and Germany exchanged control of parts of Lorraine (including Alsace) four times in 75 years.

title: Alsace

title: Alsace

text: The

text: region

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: Lorraine

text: was

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Holy

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: and

text: then

text: was

text: gradually

text: annexed

text: by

text: France

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: and

text: formalized

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: provinces

text: of

text: France

text: The

text: Calvinist

text: manufacturing

text: republic

text: of

text: Mulhouse

text: known

text: as

text: Stadtrepublik

text: Mülhausen

text: became

text: a

text: part

text: of

text: Alsace

text: after

text: a

text: vote

text: by

text: its

text: citizens

text: on

text: January

text: Alsace

text: is

text: frequently

text: mentioned

text: with

text: and

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: Lorraine

text: and

text: the

text: former

text: duchy

text: of

text: Lorraine

text: since

text: it

text: was

text: a

text: vital

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: duchy

text: and

text: later

text: because

text: German

text: possession

text: as

text: the

text: imperial

text: province

text: Alsace

text: Lorraine

text: was

text: contested

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

text: France

text: and

text: Germany

text: exchanged

text: control

text: of

text: parts

text: of

text: Lorraine

text: including

text: Alsace

text: four

text: times

text: in

text: years

question: When did Stadtrepublik become a part of Alsace?

answer: 4 January 1798

text: 4 January 1798

question: What years did Germany hold possession over Lorrain-Alscace?

answer: 1871–1918

question: Which other country had control over Alsace?

answer: France

text: France

question: How many times did Germany and France switched and had control of Alscace?

answer: four times

text: four times


text: General Electric switched to use the ASA scale in 1946. Meters manufactured since February 1946 were equipped with the ASA scale (labeled "Exposure Index") already. For some of the older meters with scales in "Film Speed" or "Film Value" (e.g. models DW-48, DW-49 as well as early DW-58 and GW-68 variants), replaceable hoods with ASA scales were available from the manufacturer. The company continued to publish recommended film values after that date, however, they were now aligned to the ASA scale.

title: Film_speed

title: Film_speed

text: General

text: Electric

text: switched

text: to

text: use

text: the

text: ASA

text: scale

text: in

text: Meters

text: manufactured

text: since

text: February

text: were

text: equipped

text: with

text: the

text: ASA

text: scale

text: labeled

text: Exposure

text: Index

text: already

text: For

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: older

text: meters

text: with

text: scales

text: in

text: Film

text: Speed

text: or

text: Film

text: Value

text: e.g.

text: models

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: early

text: and

text: variants

text: replaceable

text: hoods

text: with

text: ASA

text: scales

text: were

text: available

text: from

text: the

text: manufacturer

text: The

text: company

text: continued

text: to

text: publish

text: recommended

text: film

text: values

text: after

text: that

text: date

text: however

text: they

text: were

text: now

text: aligned

text: to

text: the

text: ASA

text: scale

question: Which company adopted the ASA scale in 1946?

answer: General Electric

text: General Electric

question: Beginning what year were cameras built with the ASA meter?

answer: 1946

question: How did older models convert to ASA scale?

answer: replaceable hoods with ASA scales

text: replaceable hoods with ASA scales

question: How was the ASA scale shown on models built after 1946?

answer: labeled "Exposure Index"

text: labeled "Exposure Index"

question: What were recommended film values lined up with after 1946?

answer: they were now aligned to the ASA scale

text: they were now aligned to the ASA scale