text: The sky is usually clear above the desert and the sunshine duration is extremely high everywhere in the Sahara. Most of the desert enjoys more than 3,600 h of bright sunshine annually or over 82% of the time and a wide area in the eastern part experiences in excess of 4,000 h of bright sunshine a year or over 91% of the time, and the highest values are very close to the theoretical maximum value. A value of 4,300 h or 98% of the time would be recorded in Upper Egypt (Aswan, Luxor) and in the Nubian Desert (Wadi Halfa). The annual average direct solar irradiation is around 2,800 kWh/(m2 year) in the Great Desert. The Sahara has a huge potential for solar energy production. The constantly high position of the sun, the extremely low relative humidity, the lack of vegetation and rainfall make the Great Desert the hottest continuously large area worldwide and certainly the hottest place on Earth during summertime in some spots. The average high temperature exceeds 38 °C (100.4 °F) - 40 °C (104 °F) during the hottest month nearly everywhere in the desert except at very high mountainous areas. The highest officially recorded average high temperature was 47 °C (116.6 °F) in a remote desert town in the Algerian Desert called Bou Bernous with an elevation of 378 meters above sea level. It's the world's highest recorded average high temperature and only Death Valley, California rivals it. Other hot spots in Algeria such as Adrar, Timimoun, In Salah, Ouallene, Aoulef, Reggane with an elevation between 200 and 400 meters above sea level get slightly lower summer average highs around 46 °C (114.8 °F) during the hottest months of the year. Salah, well known in Algeria for its extreme heat, has an average high temperature of 43.8 °C (110.8 °F), 46.4 °C (115.5 °F), 45.5 (113.9 °F). Furthermore, 41.9 °C (107.4 °F) in June, July, August and September. In fact, there are even hotter spots in the Sahara, but they are located in extremely remote areas, especially in the Azalai, lying in northern Mali. The major part of the desert experiences around 3 – 5 months when the average high strictly exceeds 40 °C (104 °F). The southern central part of the desert experiences up to 6 – 7 months when the average high temperature strictly exceeds 40 °C (104 °F) which shows the constancy and the length of the really hot season in the Sahara. Some examples of this are Bilma, Niger and Faya-Largeau, Chad. The annual average daily temperature exceeds 20 °C (68 °F) everywhere and can approach 30 °C (86 °F) in the hottest regions year-round. However, most of the desert has a value in excess of 25 °C (77 °F). The sand and ground temperatures are even more extreme. During daytime, the sand temperature is extremely high as it can easily reach 80 °C (176 °F) or more. A sand temperature of 83.5 °C (182.3 °F) has been recorded in Port Sudan. Ground temperatures of 72 °C (161.6 °F) have been recorded in the Adrar of Mauritania and a value of 75 °C (167 °F) has been measured in Borkou, northern Chad. Due to lack of cloud cover and very low humidity, the desert usually features high diurnal temperature variations between days and nights. However, it's a myth that the nights are cold after extremely hot days in the Sahara. The average diurnal temperature range is typically between 13 °C (55.4 °F) and 20 °C (68 °F). The lowest values are found along the coastal regions due to high humidity and are often even lower than 10 °C (50 °F), while the highest values are found in inland desert areas where the humidity is the lowest, mainly in the southern Sahara. Still, it's true that winter nights can be cold as it can drop to the freezing point and even below, especially in high-elevation areas.

title: Sahara

title: Sahara

text: The

text: sky

text: is

text: usually

text: clear

text: above

text: the

text: desert

text: and

text: the

text: sunshine

text: duration

text: is

text: extremely

text: high

text: everywhere

text: in

text: the

text: Sahara

text: Most

text: of

text: the

text: desert

text: enjoys

text: more

text: than

text: h

text: of

text: bright

text: sunshine

text: annually

text: or

text: over

text: of

text: the

text: time

text: and

text: a

text: wide

text: area

text: in

text: the

text: eastern

text: part

text: experiences

text: in

text: excess

text: of

text: h

text: of

text: bright

text: sunshine

text: a

text: year

text: or

text: over

text: of

text: the

text: time

text: and

text: the

text: highest

text: values

text: are

text: very

text: close

text: to

text: the

text: theoretical

text: maximum

text: value

text: A

text: value

text: of

text: h

text: or

text: of

text: the

text: time

text: would

text: be

text: recorded

text: in

text: Upper

text: Egypt

text: Aswan

text: Luxor

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: Nubian

text: Desert

text: Wadi

text: Halfa

text: The

text: annual

text: average

text: direct

text: solar

text: irradiation

text: is

text: around

text: year

text: in

text: the

text: Great

text: Desert

text: The

text: Sahara

text: has

text: a

text: huge

text: potential

text: for

text: solar

text: energy

text: production

text: The

text: constantly

text: high

text: position

text: of

text: the

text: sun

text: the

text: extremely

text: low

text: relative

text: humidity

text: the

text: lack

text: of

text: vegetation

text: and

text: rainfall

text: make

text: the

text: Great

text: Desert

text: the

text: hottest

text: continuously

text: large

text: area

text: worldwide

text: and

text: certainly

text: the

text: hottest

text: place

text: on

text: Earth

text: during

text: summertime

text: in

text: some

text: spots

text: The

text: average

text: high

text: temperature

text: exceeds

text: C

text: F

text: C

text: F

text: during

text: the

text: hottest

text: month

text: nearly

text: everywhere

text: in

text: the

text: desert

text: except

text: at

text: very

text: high

text: mountainous

text: areas

text: The

text: highest

text: officially

text: recorded

text: average

text: high

text: temperature

text: was

text: C

text: F

text: in

text: a

text: remote

text: desert

text: town

text: in

text: the

text: Algerian

text: Desert

text: called

text: Bou

text: Bernous

text: with

text: an

text: elevation

text: of

text: meters

text: above

text: sea

text: level

text: It

text: 's

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: highest

text: recorded

text: average

text: high

text: temperature

text: and

text: only

text: Death

text: Valley

text: California

text: rivals

text: it

text: Other

text: hot

text: spots

text: in

text: Algeria

text: such

text: as

text: Adrar

text: Timimoun

text: In

text: Salah

text: Ouallene

text: Aoulef

text: Reggane

text: with

text: an

text: elevation

text: between

text: and

text: meters

text: above

text: sea

text: level

text: get

text: slightly

text: lower

text: summer

text: average

text: highs

text: around

text: C

text: F

text: during

text: the

text: hottest

text: months

text: of

text: the

text: year

text: Salah

text: well

text: known

text: in

text: Algeria

text: for

text: its

text: extreme

text: heat

text: has

text: an

text: average

text: high

text: temperature

text: of

text: C

text: F

text: C

text: F

text: F

text: Furthermore

text: C

text: F

text: in

text: June

text: July

text: August

text: and

text: September

text: In

text: fact

text: there

text: are

text: even

text: hotter

text: spots

text: in

text: the

text: Sahara

text: but

text: they

text: are

text: located

text: in

text: extremely

text: remote

text: areas

text: especially

text: in

text: the

text: Azalai

text: lying

text: in

text: northern

text: Mali

text: The

text: major

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: desert

text: experiences

text: around

text: months

text: when

text: the

text: average

text: high

text: strictly

text: exceeds

text: C

text: F

text: The

text: southern

text: central

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: desert

text: experiences

text: up

text: to

text: months

text: when

text: the

text: average

text: high

text: temperature

text: strictly

text: exceeds

text: C

text: F

text: which

text: shows

text: the

text: constancy

text: and

text: the

text: length

text: of

text: the

text: really

text: hot

text: season

text: in

text: the

text: Sahara

text: Some

text: examples

text: of

text: this

text: are

text: Bilma

text: Niger

text: and

text: Faya

text: Largeau

text: Chad

text: The

text: annual

text: average

text: daily

text: temperature

text: exceeds

text: C

text: F

text: everywhere

text: and

text: can

text: approach

text: C

text: F

text: in

text: the

text: hottest

text: regions

text: year

text: round

text: However

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: desert

text: has

text: a

text: value

text: in

text: excess

text: of

text: C

text: F

text: The

text: sand

text: and

text: ground

text: temperatures

text: are

text: even

text: more

text: extreme

text: During

text: daytime

text: the

text: sand

text: temperature

text: is

text: extremely

text: high

text: as

text: it

text: can

text: easily

text: reach

text: C

text: F

text: or

text: more

text: A

text: sand

text: temperature

text: of

text: C

text: F

text: has

text: been

text: recorded

text: in

text: Port

text: Sudan

text: Ground

text: temperatures

text: of

text: C

text: F

text: have

text: been

text: recorded

text: in

text: the

text: Adrar

text: of

text: Mauritania

text: and

text: a

text: value

text: of

text: C

text: F

text: has

text: been

text: measured

text: in

text: Borkou

text: northern

text: Chad

text: Due

text: to

text: lack

text: of

text: cloud

text: cover

text: and

text: very

text: low

text: humidity

text: the

text: desert

text: usually

text: features

text: high

text: diurnal

text: temperature

text: variations

text: between

text: days

text: and

text: nights

text: However

text: it

text: 's

text: a

text: myth

text: that

text: the

text: nights

text: are

text: cold

text: after

text: extremely

text: hot

text: days

text: in

text: the

text: Sahara

text: The

text: average

text: diurnal

text: temperature

text: range

text: is

text: typically

text: between

text: C

text: F

text: and

text: C

text: F

text: The

text: lowest

text: values

text: are

text: found

text: along

text: the

text: coastal

text: regions

text: due

text: to

text: high

text: humidity

text: and

text: are

text: often

text: even

text: lower

text: than

text: C

text: F

text: while

text: the

text: highest

text: values

text: are

text: found

text: in

text: inland

text: desert

text: areas

text: where

text: the

text: humidity

text: is

text: the

text: lowest

text: mainly

text: in

text: the

text: southern

text: Sahara

text: Still

text: it

text: 's

text: true

text: that

text: winter

text: nights

text: can

text: be

text: cold

text: as

text: it

text: can

text: drop

text: to

text: the

text: freezing

text: point

text: and

text: even

text: below

text: especially

text: in

text: high

text: elevation

text: areas

question: What is the largest hottest continuously large area   worldwide?

answer: the Great Desert

text: the Great Desert

question: What is the value temperature of most of the desert?

answer: 25 °C

text: 25 °C

question: What percent of time is the sun generally over most of the   desert?

answer: 82% of the time

text: 82% of the time

question: What is the annual average direct solar irradiation?

answer: around 2,800 kWh/(m2 year)

text: around 2,800 kWh/(m2 year)

question: During daytime how high can the temperatures reach?

answer: 80 °C (176 °F)

text: 80 °C (176 °F)


text: The Egyptians begrudgingly accepted the Ptolemies as the successors to the pharaohs of independent Egypt, though the kingdom went through several native revolts. The Ptolemies took on the traditions of the Egyptian Pharaohs, such as marrying their siblings (Ptolemy II was the first to adopt this custom), having themselves portrayed on public monuments in Egyptian style and dress, and participating in Egyptian religious life. The Ptolemaic ruler cult portrayed the Ptolemies as gods, and temples to the Ptolemies were erected throughout the kingdom. Ptolemy I even created a new god, Serapis, who was combination of two Egyptian gods: Apis and Osiris, with attributes of Greek gods. Ptolemaic administration was, like the Ancient Egyptian bureaucracy, highly centralized and focused on squeezing as much revenue out of the population as possible though tariffs, excise duties, fines, taxes and so forth. A whole class of petty officials, tax farmers, clerks and overseers made this possible. The Egyptian countryside was directly administered by this royal bureaucracy. External possessions such as Cyprus and Cyrene were run by strategoi, military commanders appointed by the crown.

title: Hellenistic_period

title: Hellenistic_period

text: The

text: Egyptians

text: begrudgingly

text: accepted

text: the

text: Ptolemies

text: as

text: the

text: successors

text: to

text: the

text: pharaohs

text: of

text: independent

text: Egypt

text: though

text: the

text: kingdom

text: went

text: through

text: several

text: native

text: revolts

text: The

text: Ptolemies

text: took

text: on

text: the

text: traditions

text: of

text: the

text: Egyptian

text: Pharaohs

text: such

text: as

text: marrying

text: their

text: siblings

text: Ptolemy

text: II

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: to

text: adopt

text: this

text: custom

text: having

text: themselves

text: portrayed

text: on

text: public

text: monuments

text: in

text: Egyptian

text: style

text: and

text: dress

text: and

text: participating

text: in

text: Egyptian

text: religious

text: life

text: The

text: Ptolemaic

text: ruler

text: cult

text: portrayed

text: the

text: Ptolemies

text: as

text: gods

text: and

text: temples

text: to

text: the

text: Ptolemies

text: were

text: erected

text: throughout

text: the

text: kingdom

text: Ptolemy

text: I

text: even

text: created

text: a

text: new

text: god

text: Serapis

text: who

text: was

text: combination

text: of

text: two

text: Egyptian

text: gods

text: Apis

text: and

text: Osiris

text: with

text: attributes

text: of

text: Greek

text: gods

text: Ptolemaic

text: administration

text: was

text: like

text: the

text: Ancient

text: Egyptian

text: bureaucracy

text: highly

text: centralized

text: and

text: focused

text: on

text: squeezing

text: as

text: much

text: revenue

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: as

text: possible

text: though

text: tariffs

text: excise

text: duties

text: fines

text: taxes

text: and

text: so

text: forth

text: A

text: whole

text: class

text: of

text: petty

text: officials

text: tax

text: farmers

text: clerks

text: and

text: overseers

text: made

text: this

text: possible

text: The

text: Egyptian

text: countryside

text: was

text: directly

text: administered

text: by

text: this

text: royal

text: bureaucracy

text: External

text: possessions

text: such

text: as

text: Cyprus

text: and

text: Cyrene

text: were

text: run

text: by

text: strategoi

text: military

text: commanders

text: appointed

text: by

text: the

text: crown

question: Whose tradition did Ptolemy take on as leader of Egypt?

answer: Egyptian Pharaohs

text: Egyptian Pharaohs

question: What god did Ptolemy I create?

answer: Serapis

text: Serapis

question: Cyprus and Cyrene were run by whom?

answer: strategoi

text: strategoi

question: By using a central government that taxes heavily, Ptolemy ran his country akin to which bureaucracy?

answer: Ancient Egyptian

text: Ancient Egyptian

question: Apis and Osiris combined to make which god?

answer: Serapis

text: Serapis


text: Jewish law does not prohibit keeping dogs and other pets. Jewish law requires Jews to feed dogs (and other animals that they own) before themselves, and make arrangements for feeding them before obtaining them. In Christianity, dogs represent faithfulness.

title: Dog

title: Dog

text: Jewish

text: law

text: does

text: not

text: prohibit

text: keeping

text: dogs

text: and

text: other

text: pets

text: Jewish

text: law

text: requires

text: Jews

text: to

text: feed

text: dogs

text: and

text: other

text: animals

text: that

text: they

text: own

text: before

text: themselves

text: and

text: make

text: arrangements

text: for

text: feeding

text: them

text: before

text: obtaining

text: them

text: In

text: Christianity

text: dogs

text: represent

text: faithfulness

question: What do dogs represent to Christians?

answer: faithfulness.

text: faithfulness.

question: Jewish law dictates that anyone owning a dog must feed the dog before who?

answer: themselves

text: themselves

question: If a Jewish person owns a dog, he must do what to do the dog before he does it to himself?

answer: feed

text: feed

question: What does a dog represent in the Christian culture?

answer: faithfulness

text: faithfulness


text: Data compression can be viewed as a special case of data differencing: Data differencing consists of producing a difference given a source and a target, with patching producing a target given a source and a difference, while data compression consists of producing a compressed file given a target, and decompression consists of producing a target given only a compressed file. Thus, one can consider data compression as data differencing with empty source data, the compressed file corresponding to a "difference from nothing." This is the same as considering absolute entropy (corresponding to data compression) as a special case of relative entropy (corresponding to data differencing) with no initial data.

title: Data_compression

title: Data_compression

text: Data

text: compression

text: can

text: be

text: viewed

text: as

text: a

text: special

text: case

text: of

text: data

text: differencing

text: Data

text: differencing

text: consists

text: of

text: producing

text: a

text: difference

text: given

text: a

text: source

text: and

text: a

text: target

text: with

text: patching

text: producing

text: a

text: target

text: given

text: a

text: source

text: and

text: a

text: difference

text: while

text: data

text: compression

text: consists

text: of

text: producing

text: a

text: compressed

text: file

text: given

text: a

text: target

text: and

text: decompression

text: consists

text: of

text: producing

text: a

text: target

text: given

text: only

text: a

text: compressed

text: file

text: Thus

text: one

text: can

text: consider

text: data

text: compression

text: as

text: data

text: differencing

text: with

text: empty

text: source

text: data

text: the

text: compressed

text: file

text: corresponding

text: to

text: a

text: difference

text: from

text: nothing

text: This

text: is

text: the

text: same

text: as

text: considering

text: absolute

text: entropy

text: corresponding

text: to

text: data

text: compression

text: as

text: a

text: special

text: case

text: of

text: relative

text: entropy

text: corresponding

text: to

text: data

text: differencing

text: with

text: no

text: initial

text: data

question: What can be looked at as a special case of data differencing?

answer: Data compression

text: Data compression

question: What is made up of producing a difference given a source and a target?

answer: Data differencing

text: Data differencing

question: What can classified as data differencing with empty source data?

answer: data compression

text: data compression


text: The university owns several centers around the world used for international studies and research, conferences abroad, and alumni support. The university has had a presence in London, England, since 1968. Since 1998, its London center has been based in the former United University Club at 1 Suffolk Street in Trafalgar Square. The center enables the Colleges of Arts & Letters, Business Administration, Science, Engineering and the Law School to develop their own programs in London, as well as hosting conferences and symposia. Other Global Gateways are located in Beijing, Chicago, Dublin, Jerusalem and Rome.

title: University_of_Notre_Dame

title: University_of_Notre_Dame

text: The

text: university

text: owns

text: several

text: centers

text: around

text: the

text: world

text: used

text: for

text: international

text: studies

text: and

text: research

text: conferences

text: abroad

text: and

text: alumni

text: support

text: The

text: university

text: has

text: had

text: a

text: presence

text: in

text: London

text: England

text: since

text: Since

text: its

text: London

text: center

text: has

text: been

text: based

text: in

text: the

text: former

text: United

text: University

text: Club

text: at

text: Suffolk

text: Street

text: in

text: Trafalgar

text: Square

text: The

text: center

text: enables

text: the

text: Colleges

text: of

text: Arts

text: Letters

text: Business

text: Administration

text: Science

text: Engineering

text: and

text: the

text: Law

text: School

text: to

text: develop

text: their

text: own

text: programs

text: in

text: London

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: hosting

text: conferences

text: and

text: symposia

text: Other

text: Global

text: Gateways

text: are

text: located

text: in

text: Beijing

text: Chicago

text: Dublin

text: Jerusalem

text: and

text: Rome

question: In what year did Notre Dame first have a facility in England?

answer: 1968

question: At which location is the London Center operated by Notre Dame found?

answer: 1 Suffolk Street in Trafalgar Square

text: 1 Suffolk Street in Trafalgar Square

question: Notre Dame has a center in Beijing, what is it referred to as?

answer: Global Gateways

text: Global Gateways

question: In what year did the Suffolk Street location start to house a Notre Dame facility?

answer: 1998


text: In April 2014, it was announced that GE was in talks to acquire the global power division of French engineering group Alstom for a figure of around $13 billion. A rival joint bid was submitted in June 2014 by Siemens and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) with Siemens seeking to acquire Alstom's gas turbine business for €3.9 billion, and MHI proposing a joint venture in steam turbines, plus a €3.1 billion cash investment. In June 2014 a formal offer From GE worth $17 billion was agreed by the Alstom board. Part of the transaction involved the French government taking a 20% stake in Alstom to help secure France's energy and transport interests, and French jobs. A rival offer from Siemens-Mitsubishi Heavy Industries was rejected. The acquisition was expected to be completed in 2015.

title: General_Electric

title: General_Electric

text: In

text: April

text: it

text: was

text: announced

text: that

text: GE

text: was

text: in

text: talks

text: to

text: acquire

text: the

text: global

text: power

text: division

text: of

text: French

text: engineering

text: group

text: Alstom

text: for

text: a

text: figure

text: of

text: around

text: billion

text: A

text: rival

text: joint

text: bid

text: was

text: submitted

text: in

text: June

text: by

text: Siemens

text: and

text: Mitsubishi

text: Heavy

text: Industries

text: MHI

text: with

text: Siemens

text: seeking

text: to

text: acquire

text: Alstom

text: 's

text: gas

text: turbine

text: business

text: for

text: billion

text: and

text: MHI

text: proposing

text: a

text: joint

text: venture

text: in

text: steam

text: turbines

text: plus

text: a

text: billion

text: cash

text: investment

text: In

text: June

text: a

text: formal

text: offer

text: From

text: GE

text: worth

text: billion

text: was

text: agreed

text: by

text: the

text: Alstom

text: board

text: Part

text: of

text: the

text: transaction

text: involved

text: the

text: French

text: government

text: taking

text: a

text: stake

text: in

text: Alstom

text: to

text: help

text: secure

text: France

text: 's

text: energy

text: and

text: transport

text: interests

text: and

text: French

text: jobs

text: A

text: rival

text: offer

text: from

text: Siemens

text: Mitsubishi

text: Heavy

text: Industries

text: was

text: rejected

text: The

text: acquisition

text: was

text: expected

text: to

text: be

text: completed

text: in

question: When did GE announce it was in talks to acquire the French engineering group Alstom?

answer: April 2014

text: April 2014

question: What was the final acquisition price paid by GE for Alstom?

answer: $17 billion

text: $17 billion

question: How big was the stake in Alstom taken by the French government as part of the acquisition deal?

answer: 20%

question: When was GE's acquisition of Alstom agreed to by Alstom's board?

answer: June 2014

text: June 2014

question: From which company did the Alstom board reject a rival acquisition proposal?

answer: Siemens-Mitsubishi Heavy Industries

text: Siemens-Mitsubishi Heavy Industries


text: From September 1823 to 1826 Chopin attended the Warsaw Lyceum, where he received organ lessons from the Czech musician Wilhelm Würfel during his first year. In the autumn of 1826 he began a three-year course under the Silesian composer Józef Elsner at the Warsaw Conservatory, studying music theory, figured bass and composition.[n 3] Throughout this period he continued to compose and to give recitals in concerts and salons in Warsaw. He was engaged by the inventors of a mechanical organ, the "eolomelodicon", and on this instrument in May 1825 he performed his own improvisation and part of a concerto by Moscheles. The success of this concert led to an invitation to give a similar recital on the instrument before Tsar Alexander I, who was visiting Warsaw; the Tsar presented him with a diamond ring. At a subsequent eolomelodicon concert on 10 June 1825, Chopin performed his Rondo Op. 1. This was the first of his works to be commercially published and earned him his first mention in the foreign press, when the Leipzig Allgemeine Musikalische Zeitung praised his "wealth of musical ideas".

title: Frédéric_Chopin

title: Frédéric_Chopin

text: From

text: September

text: to

text: Chopin

text: attended

text: the

text: Warsaw

text: Lyceum

text: where

text: he

text: received

text: organ

text: lessons

text: from

text: the

text: Czech

text: musician

text: Wilhelm

text: Würfel

text: during

text: his

text: first

text: year

text: In

text: the

text: autumn

text: of

text: he

text: began

text: a

text: three

text: year

text: course

text: under

text: the

text: Silesian

text: composer

text: Józef

text: Elsner

text: at

text: the

text: Warsaw

text: Conservatory

text: studying

text: music

text: theory

text: figured

text: bass

text: and

text: composition.[n

text: Throughout

text: this

text: period

text: he

text: continued

text: to

text: compose

text: and

text: to

text: give

text: recitals

text: in

text: concerts

text: and

text: salons

text: in

text: Warsaw

text: He

text: was

text: engaged

text: by

text: the

text: inventors

text: of

text: a

text: mechanical

text: organ

text: the

text: eolomelodicon

text: and

text: on

text: this

text: instrument

text: in

text: May

text: he

text: performed

text: his

text: own

text: improvisation

text: and

text: part

text: of

text: a

text: concerto

text: by

text: Moscheles

text: The

text: success

text: of

text: this

text: concert

text: led

text: to

text: an

text: invitation

text: to

text: give

text: a

text: similar

text: recital

text: on

text: the

text: instrument

text: before

text: Tsar

text: Alexander

text: I

text: who

text: was

text: visiting

text: Warsaw

text: the

text: Tsar

text: presented

text: him

text: with

text: a

text: diamond

text: ring

text: At

text: a

text: subsequent

text: eolomelodicon

text: concert

text: on

text: June

text: Chopin

text: performed

text: his

text: Rondo

text: Op

text: This

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: of

text: his

text: works

text: to

text: be

text: commercially

text: published

text: and

text: earned

text: him

text: his

text: first

text: mention

text: in

text: the

text: foreign

text: press

text: when

text: the

text: Leipzig

text: Allgemeine

text: Musikalische

text: Zeitung

text: praised

text: his

text: wealth

text: of

text: musical

text: ideas

question: During what years did Frédéric visit the Warsaw Lyceum for lessons?

answer: 1823 to 1826

text: 1823 to 1826

question: Who was Frédéric a student of involving music theory starting in 1826?

answer: Józef Elsner

text: Józef Elsner

question: What was the name of the mechanical organ Frédéric performed on during 1825?

answer: eolomelodicon

text: eolomelodicon

question: Which tsar did Frédéric perform for due to his success in previous concerts?

answer: Alexander I

text: Alexander I

question: On what date was Frédéric's first performance that earned international esteem?

answer: 10 June 1825

text: 10 June 1825

question: Who taught Chopin to play the organ?

answer: Wilhelm Würfel

text: Wilhelm Würfel

question: Chopin had three years of lessons with whom?

answer: Józef Elsner

text: Józef Elsner

question: What instrument did Chopin play in front of Tsar Alexander I?

answer: eolomelodicon

text: eolomelodicon

question: What gift did Tsar Alexander I give to Chopin?

answer: diamond ring

text: diamond ring

question: What was the first of Chopin's works to gain international renown?

answer: Rondo Op. 1

text: Rondo Op. 1

question: Who gave Chopin instruction on how to play the organ?

answer: Wilhelm Würfel

text: Wilhelm Würfel

question: What was the name of the teacher of Chopin's three year course that began in the fall of 1826?

answer: Józef Elsner

text: Józef Elsner

question: What is th ename of the mechanical organ Chopin played in 1825?

answer: eolomelodicon

text: eolomelodicon

question: What did Tsar Alexander I give to Chopin?

answer: a diamond ring.

text: a diamond ring.

question: What is the title of his first commercially successful work?

answer: Rondo Op. 1.

text: Rondo Op. 1.


text: In 1808, Napoleon and Czar Alexander met at the Congress of Erfurt to preserve the Russo-French alliance. The leaders had a friendly personal relationship after their first meeting at Tilsit in 1807. By 1811, however, tensions had increased and Alexander was under pressure from the Russian nobility to break off the alliance. A major strain on the relationship between the two nations became the regular violations of the Continental System by the Russians, which led Napoleon to threaten Alexander with serious consequences if he formed an alliance with Britain.

title: Napoleon

title: Napoleon

text: In

text: Napoleon

text: and

text: Czar

text: Alexander

text: met

text: at

text: the

text: Congress

text: of

text: Erfurt

text: to

text: preserve

text: the

text: Russo

text: French

text: alliance

text: The

text: leaders

text: had

text: a

text: friendly

text: personal

text: relationship

text: after

text: their

text: first

text: meeting

text: at

text: Tilsit

text: in

text: By

text: however

text: tensions

text: had

text: increased

text: and

text: Alexander

text: was

text: under

text: pressure

text: from

text: the

text: Russian

text: nobility

text: to

text: break

text: off

text: the

text: alliance

text: A

text: major

text: strain

text: on

text: the

text: relationship

text: between

text: the

text: two

text: nations

text: became

text: the

text: regular

text: violations

text: of

text: the

text: Continental

text: System

text: by

text: the

text: Russians

text: which

text: led

text: Napoleon

text: to

text: threaten

text: Alexander

text: with

text: serious

text: consequences

text: if

text: he

text: formed

text: an

text: alliance

text: with

text: Britain

question: What meeting did Napoleon and Czar Alexander participate in in 1808?

answer: the Congress of Erfurt

text: the Congress of Erfurt

question: In what year did the Congress of Erfurt take place?

answer: 1808

question: Where did Napoleon and Czar Alexander first meet?

answer: Tilsit

text: Tilsit

question: In what year did Napoleon and Czar Alexander first meet?

answer: 1807

question: Violations of what Napoleonic policy by Russia led to tensions between Russia and France?

answer: the Continental System

text: the Continental System


text: Men's rhythmic gymnastics is related to both Men's artistic gymnastics and wushu martial arts. It emerged in Japan from stick gymnastics. Stick gymnastics has been taught and performed for many years with the aim of improving physical strength and health. Male athletes are judged on some of the same physical abilities and skills as their female counterparts, such as hand/body-eye co-ordination, but tumbling, strength, power, and martial arts skills are the main focus, as opposed to flexibility and dance in women's rhythmic gymnastics. There are a growing number of participants, competing alone and on a team; it is most popular in Asia, especially in Japan where high school and university teams compete fiercely. As of 2002[update], there were 1000 men's rhythmic gymnasts in Japan.[citation needed]

title: Gymnastics

title: Gymnastics

text: Men

text: 's

text: rhythmic

text: gymnastics

text: is

text: related

text: to

text: both

text: Men

text: 's

text: artistic

text: gymnastics

text: and

text: wushu

text: martial

text: arts

text: It

text: emerged

text: in

text: Japan

text: from

text: stick

text: gymnastics

text: Stick

text: gymnastics

text: has

text: been

text: taught

text: and

text: performed

text: for

text: many

text: years

text: with

text: the

text: aim

text: of

text: improving

text: physical

text: strength

text: and

text: health

text: Male

text: athletes

text: are

text: judged

text: on

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: physical

text: abilities

text: and

text: skills

text: as

text: their

text: female

text: counterparts

text: such

text: as

text: hand

text: body

text: eye

text: co

text: ordination

text: but

text: tumbling

text: strength

text: power

text: and

text: martial

text: arts

text: skills

text: are

text: the

text: main

text: focus

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: flexibility

text: and

text: dance

text: in

text: women

text: 's

text: rhythmic

text: gymnastics

text: There

text: are

text: a

text: growing

text: number

text: of

text: participants

text: competing

text: alone

text: and

text: on

text: a

text: team

text: it

text: is

text: most

text: popular

text: in

text: Asia

text: especially

text: in

text: Japan

text: where

text: high

text: school

text: and

text: university

text: teams

text: compete

text: fiercely

text: As

text: of

text: there

text: were

text: men

text: 's

text: rhythmic

text: gymnasts

text: in

text: Japan.[citation

text: needed

question: What are mens' rhythmic gymnastics related to?

answer: both Men's artistic gymnastics and wushu martial arts

text: both Men's artistic gymnastics and wushu martial arts

question: Where did mens' rhythmic gymnastics develop from?

answer: stick gymnastics

text: stick gymnastics

question: What is the aim of stick gymnastics?

answer: improving physical strength and health

text: improving physical strength and health

question: What are the main focus?

answer: tumbling, strength, power, and martial arts skills are the main focus

text: tumbling, strength, power, and martial arts skills are the main focus

question: How many mens' rhythmic gymnasts were in Japan in 2002?

answer: 1000


text: Nasser made Egypt fully independent of British influence, and the country became a major power in the developing world under his leadership. One of Nasser's main domestic efforts was to establish social justice, which he deemed a prerequisite to liberal democracy. During his presidency, ordinary citizens enjoyed unprecedented access to housing, education, jobs, health services and nourishment, as well as other forms of social welfare, while feudalistic influence waned. By the end of his presidency, employment and working conditions improved considerably, although poverty was still high in the country and substantial resources allocated for social welfare had been diverted to the war effort.

title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

text: Nasser

text: made

text: Egypt

text: fully

text: independent

text: of

text: British

text: influence

text: and

text: the

text: country

text: became

text: a

text: major

text: power

text: in

text: the

text: developing

text: world

text: under

text: his

text: leadership

text: One

text: of

text: Nasser

text: 's

text: main

text: domestic

text: efforts

text: was

text: to

text: establish

text: social

text: justice

text: which

text: he

text: deemed

text: a

text: prerequisite

text: to

text: liberal

text: democracy

text: During

text: his

text: presidency

text: ordinary

text: citizens

text: enjoyed

text: unprecedented

text: access

text: to

text: housing

text: education

text: jobs

text: health

text: services

text: and

text: nourishment

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: other

text: forms

text: of

text: social

text: welfare

text: while

text: feudalistic

text: influence

text: waned

text: By

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: his

text: presidency

text: employment

text: and

text: working

text: conditions

text: improved

text: considerably

text: although

text: poverty

text: was

text: still

text: high

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: and

text: substantial

text: resources

text: allocated

text: for

text: social

text: welfare

text: had

text: been

text: diverted

text: to

text: the

text: war

text: effort

question: What did Nasser completely eliminate from Egypt?

answer: British influence

text: British influence

question: What did Nasser work to put into place in Egypt?

answer: social justice

text: social justice

question: How were working conditions and employment at the end of Nasser's presidency?

answer: improved considerably

text: improved considerably

question: What had drained resources from Nasser's social programs?

answer: war effort

text: war effort


text: In the post-apartheid era, the Constitution of South Africa has declared the country to be a "Non-racial democracy". In an effort to redress past injustices, the ANC government has introduced laws in support of affirmative action policies for Blacks; under these they define "Black" people to include "Africans", "Coloureds" and "Asians". Some affirmative action policies favor "Africans" over "Coloureds" in terms of qualifying for certain benefits. Some South Africans categorized as "African Black" say that "Coloureds" did not suffer as much as they did during apartheid. "Coloured" South Africans are known to discuss their dilemma by saying, "we were not white enough under apartheid, and we are not black enough under the ANC (African National Congress)".[citation needed]

title: Black_people

title: Black_people

text: In

text: the

text: post

text: apartheid

text: era

text: the

text: Constitution

text: of

text: South

text: Africa

text: has

text: declared

text: the

text: country

text: to

text: be

text: a

text: Non

text: racial

text: democracy

text: In

text: an

text: effort

text: to

text: redress

text: past

text: injustices

text: the

text: ANC

text: government

text: has

text: introduced

text: laws

text: in

text: support

text: of

text: affirmative

text: action

text: policies

text: for

text: Blacks

text: under

text: these

text: they

text: define

text: Black

text: people

text: to

text: include

text: Africans

text: Coloureds

text: and

text: Asians

text: Some

text: affirmative

text: action

text: policies

text: favor

text: Africans

text: over

text: Coloureds

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: qualifying

text: for

text: certain

text: benefits

text: Some

text: South

text: Africans

text: categorized

text: as

text: African

text: Black

text: say

text: that

text: Coloureds

text: did

text: not

text: suffer

text: as

text: much

text: as

text: they

text: did

text: during

text: apartheid

text: Coloured

text: South

text: Africans

text: are

text: known

text: to

text: discuss

text: their

text: dilemma

text: by

text: saying

text: we

text: were

text: not

text: white

text: enough

text: under

text: apartheid

text: and

text: we

text: are

text: not

text: black

text: enough

text: under

text: the

text: ANC

text: African

text: National

text: Congress)".[citation

text: needed

question: What laws did they introduce to support blacks?

answer: affirmative action policies

text: affirmative action policies

question: Who does the term "black" people include?

answer: "Africans", "Coloureds" and "Asians"

text: "Africans", "Coloureds" and "Asians"

question: What did South Africa's Constitution Declare to be?

answer: a "Non-racial democracy"

text: a "Non-racial democracy"

question: Who makes the "Coloured" people feel "Not black enough"?

answer: ANC (African National Congress)

text: ANC (African National Congress)

question: Who is favored more under the affirmative action policies?

answer: "Africans

text: "Africans


text: Since 1993, the Sodor and Man Diocesan Synod has had power to enact measures making provision "with respect to any matter concerning the Church of England in the Island". If approved by Tynwald, a measure "shall have the force and effect of an Act of Tynwald upon the Royal Assent thereto being announced to Tynwald". Between 1979 and 1993, the Synod had similar powers, but limited to the extension to the Isle of Man of measures of the General Synod. Before 1994, royal assent was granted by Order in Council, as for a bill, but the power to grant royal assent to measures has now been delegated to the lieutenant governor. A Measure does not require promulgation.

title: Royal_assent

title: Royal_assent

text: Since

text: the

text: Sodor

text: and

text: Man

text: Diocesan

text: Synod

text: has

text: had

text: power

text: to

text: enact

text: measures

text: making

text: provision

text: with

text: respect

text: to

text: any

text: matter

text: concerning

text: the

text: Church

text: of

text: England

text: in

text: the

text: Island

text: If

text: approved

text: by

text: Tynwald

text: a

text: measure

text: shall

text: have

text: the

text: force

text: and

text: effect

text: of

text: an

text: Act

text: of

text: Tynwald

text: upon

text: the

text: Royal

text: Assent

text: thereto

text: being

text: announced

text: to

text: Tynwald

text: Between

text: and

text: the

text: Synod

text: had

text: similar

text: powers

text: but

text: limited

text: to

text: the

text: extension

text: to

text: the

text: Isle

text: of

text: Man

text: of

text: measures

text: of

text: the

text: General

text: Synod

text: Before

text: royal

text: assent

text: was

text: granted

text: by

text: Order

text: in

text: Council

text: as

text: for

text: a

text: bill

text: but

text: the

text: power

text: to

text: grant

text: royal

text: assent

text: to

text: measures

text: has

text: now

text: been

text: delegated

text: to

text: the

text: lieutenant

text: governor

text: A

text: Measure

text: does

text: not

text: require

text: promulgation

question: Since 1993, which body has had power to enact measures?

answer: Sodor and Man Diocesan Synod

text: Sodor and Man Diocesan Synod

question: This body makes provisions in respect to matters concerning whom?

answer: Church of England in the Island

text: Church of England in the Island

question: Up until 1994, royal assent was given by whom?

answer: Order in Council

text: Order in Council

question: Which position now has the power to grant royal assent?

answer: lieutenant governor

text: lieutenant governor

question: Before what year was royal assent approved by Order in Council?

answer: 1994

question: Who currently holds the power to grant royal assent to measures?

answer: the lieutenant governor

text: the lieutenant governor

question: During which years did the Synod have power to enact measures?

answer: Between 1979 and 1993

text: Between 1979 and 1993


text: About five percent of the population are of full-blooded indigenous descent, but upwards to eighty percent more or the majority of Hondurans are mestizo or part-indigenous with European admixture, and about ten percent are of indigenous or African descent. The main concentration of indigenous in Honduras are in the rural westernmost areas facing Guatemala and to the Caribbean Sea coastline, as well on the Nicaraguan border. The majority of indigenous people are Lencas, Miskitos to the east, Mayans, Pech, Sumos, and Tolupan.

title: Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

title: Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

text: About

text: five

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: are

text: of

text: full

text: blooded

text: indigenous

text: descent

text: but

text: upwards

text: to

text: eighty

text: percent

text: more

text: or

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: Hondurans

text: are

text: mestizo

text: or

text: part

text: indigenous

text: with

text: European

text: admixture

text: and

text: about

text: ten

text: percent

text: are

text: of

text: indigenous

text: or

text: African

text: descent

text: The

text: main

text: concentration

text: of

text: indigenous

text: in

text: Honduras

text: are

text: in

text: the

text: rural

text: westernmost

text: areas

text: facing

text: Guatemala

text: and

text: to

text: the

text: Caribbean

text: Sea

text: coastline

text: as

text: well

text: on

text: the

text: Nicaraguan

text: border

text: The

text: majority

text: of

text: indigenous

text: people

text: are

text: Lencas

text: Miskitos

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Mayans

text: Pech

text: Sumos

text: and

text: Tolupan

question: How much of the population of Honduras is of full-blooded indigenous descent?

answer: About five percent

text: About five percent

question: What percentage of Hondurans have African blood mixed in with the rest of their ancestry?

answer: about ten percent

text: about ten percent

question: Where are the main concentrations of indigenous people in Honduras?

answer: rural westernmost areas

text: rural westernmost areas

question: The Lencas, Miskitos, Mayans Pech, Sumos and Tolupan comprise the majority of what in Honduras?

answer: indigenous people

text: indigenous people


text: To the extent that Italy held the territory by UN mandate, the trusteeship provisions gave the Somalis the opportunity to gain experience in political education and self-government. These were advantages that British Somaliland, which was to be incorporated into the new Somali state, did not have. Although in the 1950s British colonial officials attempted, through various administrative development efforts, to make up for past neglect, the protectorate stagnated. The disparity between the two territories in economic development and political experience would cause serious difficulties when it came time to integrate the two parts. Meanwhile, in 1948, under pressure from their World War II allies and to the dismay of the Somalis, the British "returned" the Haud (an important Somali grazing area that was presumably 'protected' by British treaties with the Somalis in 1884 and 1886) and the Ogaden to Ethiopia, based on a treaty they signed in 1897 in which the British ceded Somali territory to the Ethiopian Emperor Menelik in exchange for his help against plundering by Somali clans. Britain included the proviso that the Somali nomads would retain their autonomy, but Ethiopia immediately claimed sovereignty over them. This prompted an unsuccessful bid by Britain in 1956 to buy back the Somali lands it had turned over. Britain also granted administration of the almost exclusively Somali-inhabited Northern Frontier District (NFD) to Kenyan nationalists despite an informal plebiscite demonstrating the overwhelming desire of the region's population to join the newly formed Somali Republic.

title: Somalis

title: Somalis

text: To

text: the

text: extent

text: that

text: Italy

text: held

text: the

text: territory

text: by

text: UN

text: mandate

text: the

text: trusteeship

text: provisions

text: gave

text: the

text: Somalis

text: the

text: opportunity

text: to

text: gain

text: experience

text: in

text: political

text: education

text: and

text: self

text: government

text: These

text: were

text: advantages

text: that

text: British

text: Somaliland

text: which

text: was

text: to

text: be

text: incorporated

text: into

text: the

text: new

text: Somali

text: state

text: did

text: not

text: have

text: Although

text: in

text: the

text: British

text: colonial

text: officials

text: attempted

text: through

text: various

text: administrative

text: development

text: efforts

text: to

text: make

text: up

text: for

text: past

text: neglect

text: the

text: protectorate

text: stagnated

text: The

text: disparity

text: between

text: the

text: two

text: territories

text: in

text: economic

text: development

text: and

text: political

text: experience

text: would

text: cause

text: serious

text: difficulties

text: when

text: it

text: came

text: time

text: to

text: integrate

text: the

text: two

text: parts

text: Meanwhile

text: in

text: under

text: pressure

text: from

text: their

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: allies

text: and

text: to

text: the

text: dismay

text: of

text: the

text: Somalis

text: the

text: British

text: returned

text: the

text: Haud

text: an

text: important

text: Somali

text: grazing

text: area

text: that

text: was

text: presumably

text: protected

text: by

text: British

text: treaties

text: with

text: the

text: Somalis

text: in

text: and

text: and

text: the

text: Ogaden

text: to

text: Ethiopia

text: based

text: on

text: a

text: treaty

text: they

text: signed

text: in

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: British

text: ceded

text: Somali

text: territory

text: to

text: the

text: Ethiopian

text: Emperor

text: Menelik

text: in

text: exchange

text: for

text: his

text: help

text: against

text: plundering

text: by

text: Somali

text: clans

text: Britain

text: included

text: the

text: proviso

text: that

text: the

text: Somali

text: nomads

text: would

text: retain

text: their

text: autonomy

text: but

text: Ethiopia

text: immediately

text: claimed

text: sovereignty

text: over

text: them

text: This

text: prompted

text: an

text: unsuccessful

text: bid

text: by

text: Britain

text: in

text: to

text: buy

text: back

text: the

text: Somali

text: lands

text: it

text: had

text: turned

text: over

text: Britain

text: also

text: granted

text: administration

text: of

text: the

text: almost

text: exclusively

text: Somali

text: inhabited

text: Northern

text: Frontier

text: District

text: NFD

text: to

text: Kenyan

text: nationalists

text: despite

text: an

text: informal

text: plebiscite

text: demonstrating

text: the

text: overwhelming

text: desire

text: of

text: the

text: region

text: 's

text: population

text: to

text: join

text: the

text: newly

text: formed

text: Somali

text: Republic

question: Along with the Haud, what area of Somalia was given to Ethiopia by the British?

answer: the Ogaden

text: the Ogaden

question: In what year did the British give the Haud to Ethiopia?

answer: 1948

question: The Ogaden was given to Ethiopia on the basis of a treaty signed by the British with what Ethiopian leader?

answer: Emperor Menelik

text: Emperor Menelik

question: In what year did Britain try to purchase Somali lands from Ethiopia?

answer: 1956

question: What people constituted almost the entire population of the Northern Frontier District?

answer: Somali

text: Somali


text: It gained great momentum in the 18th and 19th centuries with the emergence of Methodism and the Great Awakenings in Britain and North America. The origins of Evangelicalism are usually traced back to the English Methodist movement, Nicolaus Zinzendorf, the Moravian Church, Lutheran pietism, Presbyterianism and Puritanism. Among leaders and major figures of the Evangelical Protestant movement were John Wesley, George Whitefield, Jonathan Edwards, Billy Graham, Harold John Ockenga, John Stott and Martyn Lloyd-Jones.

title: Protestantism

title: Protestantism

text: It

text: gained

text: great

text: momentum

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

text: with

text: the

text: emergence

text: of

text: Methodism

text: and

text: the

text: Great

text: Awakenings

text: in

text: Britain

text: and

text: North

text: America

text: The

text: origins

text: of

text: Evangelicalism

text: are

text: usually

text: traced

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: English

text: Methodist

text: movement

text: Nicolaus

text: Zinzendorf

text: the

text: Moravian

text: Church

text: Lutheran

text: pietism

text: Presbyterianism

text: and

text: Puritanism

text: Among

text: leaders

text: and

text: major

text: figures

text: of

text: the

text: Evangelical

text: Protestant

text: movement

text: were

text: John

text: Wesley

text: George

text: Whitefield

text: Jonathan

text: Edwards

text: Billy

text: Graham

text: Harold

text: John

text: Ockenga

text: John

text: Stott

text: and

text: Martyn

text: Lloyd

text: Jones

question: What period saw a large upswing in Evangelicalism?

answer: the 18th and 19th centuries

text: the 18th and 19th centuries

question: Where did the Great Awakenings increase interest in Evangelicalism?

answer: Britain and North America

text: Britain and North America

question: Methodism is part of what movement?

answer: Evangelicalism

text: Evangelicalism

question: What man is associated with the beginnings of Evangelicalism?

answer: Nicolaus Zinzendorf

text: Nicolaus Zinzendorf


text: BYU alumni in academia include former Dean of the Harvard Business School Kim B. Clark, two time world's most influential business thinker Clayton M. Christensen, Michael K. Young '73, current president of the University of Washington, Matthew S. Holland, current president of Utah Valley University, Stan L. Albrecht, current president of Utah State University, Teppo Felin, Professor at the University of Oxford, and Stephen D. Nadauld, previous president of Dixie State University. The University also graduated Nobel Prize winner Paul D. Boyer, as well as Philo Farnsworth (inventor of the electronic television) and Harvey Fletcher (inventor of the hearing aid). Four of BYU's thirteen presidents were alumni of the University. Additionally, alumni of BYU who have served as business leaders include Citigroup CFO Gary Crittenden '76, former Dell CEO Kevin Rollins '84, Deseret Book CEO Sheri L. Dew, and Matthew K. McCauley, CEO of children's clothing company Gymboree.

title: Brigham_Young_University

title: Brigham_Young_University

text: BYU

text: alumni

text: in

text: academia

text: include

text: former

text: Dean

text: of

text: the

text: Harvard

text: Business

text: School

text: Kim

text: B.

text: Clark

text: two

text: time

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: influential

text: business

text: thinker

text: Clayton

text: M.

text: Christensen

text: Michael

text: K.

text: Young

text: current

text: president

text: of

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Washington

text: Matthew

text: S.

text: Holland

text: current

text: president

text: of

text: Utah

text: Valley

text: University

text: Stan

text: L.

text: Albrecht

text: current

text: president

text: of

text: Utah

text: State

text: University

text: Teppo

text: Felin

text: Professor

text: at

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Oxford

text: and

text: Stephen

text: D.

text: Nadauld

text: previous

text: president

text: of

text: Dixie

text: State

text: University

text: The

text: University

text: also

text: graduated

text: Nobel

text: Prize

text: winner

text: Paul

text: D.

text: Boyer

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: Philo

text: Farnsworth

text: inventor

text: of

text: the

text: electronic

text: television

text: and

text: Harvey

text: Fletcher

text: inventor

text: of

text: the

text: hearing

text: aid

text: Four

text: of

text: BYU

text: 's

text: thirteen

text: presidents

text: were

text: alumni

text: of

text: the

text: University

text: Additionally

text: alumni

text: of

text: BYU

text: who

text: have

text: served

text: as

text: business

text: leaders

text: include

text: Citigroup

text: CFO

text: Gary

text: Crittenden

text: former

text: Dell

text: CEO

text: Kevin

text: Rollins

text: Deseret

text: Book

text: CEO

text: Sheri

text: L.

text: Dew

text: and

text: Matthew

text: K.

text: McCauley

text: CEO

text: of

text: children

text: 's

text: clothing

text: company

text: Gymboree

question: What is former alumnus Paul D. Boyer known for being?

answer: Nobel Prize winner

text: Nobel Prize winner

question: What did former BYU graduate Harvey Fletcher invent?

answer: the hearing aid

text: the hearing aid

question: Which famous clothing company was BYU alumnus Matthew K. McCauley CEO of?

answer: Gymboree

text: Gymboree

question: What was BYU graduate Clayton M. Christensen known as?

answer: two time world's most influential business thinker

text: two time world's most influential business thinker

question: Which Nobel Prize winner graduated from BYU?

answer: Paul D. Boyer

text: Paul D. Boyer


text: Independently of the method used to signify royal assent, it is the responsibility of the Clerk of the Parliaments, once the assent has been duly notified to both houses, not only to endorse the act in the name of the monarch with the formal Norman French formula, but to certify that assent has been granted. The clerk signs one authentic copy of the bill and inserts the date (in English) on which the assent was notified to the two houses after the title of the act. When an act is published, the signature of the clerk is omitted, as is the Norman French formula, should the endorsement have been made in writing. However, the date on which the assent was notified is printed in brackets.

title: Royal_assent

title: Royal_assent

text: Independently

text: of

text: the

text: method

text: used

text: to

text: signify

text: royal

text: assent

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: responsibility

text: of

text: the

text: Clerk

text: of

text: the

text: Parliaments

text: once

text: the

text: assent

text: has

text: been

text: duly

text: notified

text: to

text: both

text: houses

text: not

text: only

text: to

text: endorse

text: the

text: act

text: in

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: monarch

text: with

text: the

text: formal

text: Norman

text: French

text: formula

text: but

text: to

text: certify

text: that

text: assent

text: has

text: been

text: granted

text: The

text: clerk

text: signs

text: one

text: authentic

text: copy

text: of

text: the

text: bill

text: and

text: inserts

text: the

text: date

text: in

text: English

text: on

text: which

text: the

text: assent

text: was

text: notified

text: to

text: the

text: two

text: houses

text: after

text: the

text: title

text: of

text: the

text: act

text: When

text: an

text: act

text: is

text: published

text: the

text: signature

text: of

text: the

text: clerk

text: is

text: omitted

text: as

text: is

text: the

text: Norman

text: French

text: formula

text: should

text: the

text: endorsement

text: have

text: been

text: made

text: in

text: writing

text: However

text: the

text: date

text: on

text: which

text: the

text: assent

text: was

text: notified

text: is

text: printed

text: in

text: brackets

question: Whose responsibility is it to assure that assent has been granted?

answer: Clerk of the Parliaments

text: Clerk of the Parliaments

question: What is omitted when an act is published?

answer: signature of the clerk is omitted, as is the Norman French formula

text: signature of the clerk is omitted, as is the Norman French formula

question: Who writes the formal Norman French formula on passed acts?

answer: Clerk of the Parliaments

text: Clerk of the Parliaments


text: Many people gain a sense of positive self-esteem from their identity groups, which furthers a sense of community and belonging. Another issue that researchers have attempted to address is the question of why people engage in discrimination, i.e., why they tend to favor those they consider a part of their "in-group" over those considered to be outsiders. Both questions have been given extensive attention by researchers working in the social identity tradition. For example, in work relating to social identity theory it has been shown that merely crafting cognitive distinction between in- and out-groups can lead to subtle effects on people's evaluations of others (Cote & Levine 2002).

title: Identity_(social_science)

title: Identity_(social_science

text: Many

text: people

text: gain

text: a

text: sense

text: of

text: positive

text: self

text: esteem

text: from

text: their

text: identity

text: groups

text: which

text: furthers

text: a

text: sense

text: of

text: community

text: and

text: belonging

text: Another

text: issue

text: that

text: researchers

text: have

text: attempted

text: to

text: address

text: is

text: the

text: question

text: of

text: why

text: people

text: engage

text: in

text: discrimination

text: i.e.

text: why

text: they

text: tend

text: to

text: favor

text: those

text: they

text: consider

text: a

text: part

text: of

text: their

text: in

text: group

text: over

text: those

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: outsiders

text: Both

text: questions

text: have

text: been

text: given

text: extensive

text: attention

text: by

text: researchers

text: working

text: in

text: the

text: social

text: identity

text: tradition

text: For

text: example

text: in

text: work

text: relating

text: to

text: social

text: identity

text: theory

text: it

text: has

text: been

text: shown

text: that

text: merely

text: crafting

text: cognitive

text: distinction

text: between

text: in-

text: and

text: out

text: groups

text: can

text: lead

text: to

text: subtle

text: effects

text: on

text: people

text: 's

text: evaluations

text: of

text: others

text: Cote

text: Levine

question: What do many people gain from their identity groups?

answer: a sense of positive self-esteem

text: a sense of positive self-esteem

question: People favoring those in their group over outsiders, is an example of what?

answer: discrimination

text: discrimination

question: Belonging and discrimination are both important to researchers working in what tradition?

answer: the social identity tradition

text: the social identity tradition

question: Distinction between in and out groups has been shown to affect people's evaluations of others in work related to what?

answer: social identity theory

text: social identity theory


text: Some succeeded their fathers as rulers, such as Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur, who ruled Morocco from 1578 to 1608. He was not technically considered as a mixed-race child of a slave; his mother was Fulani and a concubine of his father. Such tolerance for black persons, even when technically "free", was not so common in Morocco. The long association of sub-Saharan peoples as slaves is shown in the term abd (Arabic: عبد,) (meaning "slave"); it is still frequently used in the Arabic-speaking world as a term for black people.

title: Black_people

title: Black_people

text: Some

text: succeeded

text: their

text: fathers

text: as

text: rulers

text: such

text: as

text: Sultan

text: Ahmad

text: al

text: Mansur

text: who

text: ruled

text: Morocco

text: from

text: to

text: He

text: was

text: not

text: technically

text: considered

text: as

text: a

text: mixed

text: race

text: child

text: of

text: a

text: slave

text: his

text: mother

text: was

text: Fulani

text: and

text: a

text: concubine

text: of

text: his

text: father

text: Such

text: tolerance

text: for

text: black

text: persons

text: even

text: when

text: technically

text: free

text: was

text: not

text: so

text: common

text: in

text: Morocco

text: The

text: long

text: association

text: of

text: sub

text: Saharan

text: peoples

text: as

text: slaves

text: is

text: shown

text: in

text: the

text: term

text: abd

text: Arabic

text: عبد

text: meaning

text: slave

text: it

text: is

text: still

text: frequently

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: Arabic

text: speaking

text: world

text: as

text: a

text: term

text: for

text: black

text: people

question: Who was the ruler in Morocco?

answer: Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur

text: Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur

question: When did Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur rule?

answer: from 1578 to 1608

text: from 1578 to 1608

question: What ethnicity was his mother?

answer: Fulani

text: Fulani

question: What Arabic term is still used for black people?

answer: (Arabic: عبد,) (meaning "slave")

text: (Arabic: عبد,) (meaning "slave")

question: Who still had the term "slave" used in reference to them?

answer: sub-Saharan peoples

text: sub-Saharan peoples


text: By that time, the majority of black people in the United States were native-born, so the use of the term "African" became problematic. Though initially a source of pride, many blacks feared that the use of African as an identity would be a hindrance to their fight for full citizenship in the US. They also felt that it would give ammunition to those who were advocating repatriating black people back to Africa. In 1835, black leaders called upon Black Americans to remove the title of "African" from their institutions and replace it with "Negro" or "Colored American". A few institutions chose to keep their historic names, such as the African Methodist Episcopal Church. African Americans popularly used the terms "Negro" or "colored" for themselves until the late 1960s.

title: Black_people

title: Black_people

text: By

text: that

text: time

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: black

text: people

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: were

text: native

text: born

text: so

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: term

text: African

text: became

text: problematic

text: Though

text: initially

text: a

text: source

text: of

text: pride

text: many

text: blacks

text: feared

text: that

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: African

text: as

text: an

text: identity

text: would

text: be

text: a

text: hindrance

text: to

text: their

text: fight

text: for

text: full

text: citizenship

text: in

text: the

text: US

text: They

text: also

text: felt

text: that

text: it

text: would

text: give

text: ammunition

text: to

text: those

text: who

text: were

text: advocating

text: repatriating

text: black

text: people

text: back

text: to

text: Africa

text: In

text: black

text: leaders

text: called

text: upon

text: Black

text: Americans

text: to

text: remove

text: the

text: title

text: of

text: African

text: from

text: their

text: institutions

text: and

text: replace

text: it

text: with

text: Negro

text: or

text: Colored

text: American

text: A

text: few

text: institutions

text: chose

text: to

text: keep

text: their

text: historic

text: names

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: African

text: Methodist

text: Episcopal

text: Church

text: African

text: Americans

text: popularly

text: used

text: the

text: terms

text: Negro

text: or

text: colored

text: for

text: themselves

text: until

text: the

text: late

question: Why did the use of "African" become an issue?

answer: the majority of black people in the United States were native-born

text: the majority of black people in the United States were native-born

question: Why did blacks fear to identify as African?

answer: would be a hindrance to their fight for full citizenship in the US.

text: would be a hindrance to their fight for full citizenship in the US.

question: What year did Black leaders call for this change in language?

answer: 1835,

question: What group decided to keep the "African" in their name?

answer: the African Methodist Episcopal Church

text: the African Methodist Episcopal Church

question: What terms did African Americans use instead?

answer: "Negro" or "colored"

text: "Negro" or "colored"


text: The Chicago Transit Authority's elevated train running through Evanston is called the Purple Line, taking its name from Northwestern's school color. The Foster and Davis stations are within walking distance of the southern end of the campus, while the Noyes station is close to the northern end of the campus. The Central station is close to Ryan Field, Northwestern's football stadium. The Evanston Davis Street Metra station serves the Northwestern campus in downtown Evanston and the Evanston Central Street Metra station is near Ryan Field. Pace Suburban Bus Service and the CTA have several bus routes that run through or near the Evanston campus.

title: Northwestern_University

title: Northwestern_University

text: The

text: Chicago

text: Transit

text: Authority

text: 's

text: elevated

text: train

text: running

text: through

text: Evanston

text: is

text: called

text: the

text: Purple

text: Line

text: taking

text: its

text: name

text: from

text: Northwestern

text: 's

text: school

text: color

text: The

text: Foster

text: and

text: Davis

text: stations

text: are

text: within

text: walking

text: distance

text: of

text: the

text: southern

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: campus

text: while

text: the

text: Noyes

text: station

text: is

text: close

text: to

text: the

text: northern

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: campus

text: The

text: Central

text: station

text: is

text: close

text: to

text: Ryan

text: Field

text: Northwestern

text: 's

text: football

text: stadium

text: The

text: Evanston

text: Davis

text: Street

text: Metra

text: station

text: serves

text: the

text: Northwestern

text: campus

text: in

text: downtown

text: Evanston

text: and

text: the

text: Evanston

text: Central

text: Street

text: Metra

text: station

text: is

text: near

text: Ryan

text: Field

text: Pace

text: Suburban

text: Bus

text: Service

text: and

text: the

text: CTA

text: have

text: several

text: bus

text: routes

text: that

text: run

text: through

text: or

text: near

text: the

text: Evanston

text: campus

question: What is the name of the Chicago Transit Authority's elevated train through Evanston?

answer: the Purple Line

text: the Purple Line

question: What was Chicago's Purple Line train route named after?

answer: Northwestern's school color

text: Northwestern's school color

question: Which train stations are within walking distance of the southern end of campus?

answer: Foster and Davis

text: Foster and Davis

question: Which train station is close to the northern end of campus?

answer: Noyes

text: Noyes

question: What is the name of Northwestern's football stadium?

answer: Ryan Field

text: Ryan Field


text: The period between 1815 and 1871 saw a large number of revolutionary attempts and independence wars. Balkan nations began to regain independence from the Ottoman Empire. Italy unified into a nation state. The capture of Rome in 1870 ended the Papal temporal power. Rivalry in a scramble for empires spread in what is known as The Age of Empire.

title: Southern_Europe

title: Southern_Europe

text: The

text: period

text: between

text: and

text: saw

text: a

text: large

text: number

text: of

text: revolutionary

text: attempts

text: and

text: independence

text: wars

text: Balkan

text: nations

text: began

text: to

text: regain

text: independence

text: from

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: Italy

text: unified

text: into

text: a

text: nation

text: state

text: The

text: capture

text: of

text: Rome

text: in

text: ended

text: the

text: Papal

text: temporal

text: power

text: Rivalry

text: in

text: a

text: scramble

text: for

text: empires

text: spread

text: in

text: what

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: The

text: Age

text: of

text: Empire

question: When were there many struggles for independence or overthrowing prevailing governments?

answer: between 1815 and 1871

text: between 1815 and 1871

question: From whom did Balkan states start retaking their independence?

answer: the Ottoman Empire

text: the Ottoman Empire

question: In what year was Rome conquered?

answer: 1870

question: What phrase is used to describe the period marked by competition for extant lands?

answer: The Age of Empire

text: The Age of Empire


text: Somali scholars have for centuries produced many notable examples of Islamic literature ranging from poetry to Hadith. With the adoption of the Latin alphabet in 1972 to transcribe the Somali language, numerous contemporary Somali authors have also released novels, some of which have gone on to receive worldwide acclaim. Of these modern writers, Nuruddin Farah is probably the most celebrated. Books such as From a Crooked Rib and Links are considered important literary achievements, works which have earned Farah, among other accolades, the 1998 Neustadt International Prize for Literature. Farah Mohamed Jama Awl is another prominent Somali writer who is perhaps best known for his Dervish era novel, Ignorance is the enemy of love. Young upstart Nadifa Mohamed was also awarded the 2010 Betty Trask Prize. Additionally, Mohamed Ibrahim Warsame 'Hadrawi' is considered by many to be the greatest living Somali poet, and several of his works have been translated internationally.

title: Somalis

title: Somalis

text: Somali

text: scholars

text: have

text: for

text: centuries

text: produced

text: many

text: notable

text: examples

text: of

text: Islamic

text: literature

text: ranging

text: from

text: poetry

text: to

text: Hadith

text: With

text: the

text: adoption

text: of

text: the

text: Latin

text: alphabet

text: in

text: to

text: transcribe

text: the

text: Somali

text: language

text: numerous

text: contemporary

text: Somali

text: authors

text: have

text: also

text: released

text: novels

text: some

text: of

text: which

text: have

text: gone

text: on

text: to

text: receive

text: worldwide

text: acclaim

text: Of

text: these

text: modern

text: writers

text: Nuruddin

text: Farah

text: is

text: probably

text: the

text: most

text: celebrated

text: Books

text: such

text: as

text: From

text: a

text: Crooked

text: Rib

text: and

text: Links

text: are

text: considered

text: important

text: literary

text: achievements

text: works

text: which

text: have

text: earned

text: Farah

text: among

text: other

text: accolades

text: the

text: Neustadt

text: International

text: Prize

text: for

text: Literature

text: Farah

text: Mohamed

text: Jama

text: Awl

text: is

text: another

text: prominent

text: Somali

text: writer

text: who

text: is

text: perhaps

text: best

text: known

text: for

text: his

text: Dervish

text: era

text: novel

text: Ignorance

text: is

text: the

text: enemy

text: of

text: love

text: Young

text: upstart

text: Nadifa

text: Mohamed

text: was

text: also

text: awarded

text: the

text: Betty

text: Trask

text: Prize

text: Additionally

text: Mohamed

text: Ibrahim

text: Warsame

text: Hadrawi

text: is

text: considered

text: by

text: many

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: greatest

text: living

text: Somali

text: poet

text: and

text: several

text: of

text: his

text: works

text: have

text: been

text: translated

text: internationally

question: When did Somalis begin to render their language using the Latin alphabet?

answer: 1972

question: Who is the most well-known modern Somali writer?

answer: Nuruddin Farah

text: Nuruddin Farah

question: In what year did Nuruddin Farah win the Neustadt International Prize for Literature?

answer: 1998

question: Who wrote Ignorance is the enemy of love?

answer: Farah Mohamed Jama Awl

text: Farah Mohamed Jama Awl

question: Who won the 2010 Betty Trask Prize?

answer: Nadifa Mohamed

text: Nadifa Mohamed


text: The third Digimon series, which began airing on April 1, 2001, is set largely in a "real world" where the Adventure and Adventure 02 series are television shows, and where Digimon game merchandise (based on actual items) become key to providing power boosts to real Digimon which appear in that world. The plot revolves around three Tamers, Takato Matsuki, Rika Nonaka, and Henry Wong. It began with Takato creating his own Digimon partner by sliding a mysterious blue card through his card reader, which then became a D-Power. Guilmon takes form from Takato's sketchings of a new Digimon. (Tamers’ only human connection to the Adventure series is Ryo Akiyama, a character featured in some of the Digimon video games and who made an appearance in some occasions of the Adventure story-line.) Some of the changes in this series include the way the Digimon digivolve with the introduction of Biomerge-Digivolution and the way their "Digivices" work. In this series, the Tamers can slide game cards through their "Digivices" and give their Digimon partners certain advantages, as in the card game. This act is called "Digi-Modify" (Card Slash in the Japanese version). The same process was often used to Digivolve the Digimon, but as usual, emotions play a big part in the digivolving process. Unlike the two seasons before it and most of the seasons that followed, Digimon Tamers takes a darker and more realistic approach to its story featuring Digimon who do not reincarnate after their deaths and more complex character development in the original Japanese. The anime has become controversial over the decade, with debates about how appropriate this show actually is for its "target" audience, especially due to the Lovecraftian nature of the last arc. The English dub is more lighthearted dialogue-wise, though still not as much as previous series.

title: Digimon

title: Digimon

text: The

text: third

text: Digimon

text: series

text: which

text: began

text: airing

text: on

text: April

text: is

text: set

text: largely

text: in

text: a

text: real

text: world

text: where

text: the

text: Adventure

text: and

text: Adventure

text: series

text: are

text: television

text: shows

text: and

text: where

text: Digimon

text: game

text: merchandise

text: based

text: on

text: actual

text: items

text: become

text: key

text: to

text: providing

text: power

text: boosts

text: to

text: real

text: Digimon

text: which

text: appear

text: in

text: that

text: world

text: The

text: plot

text: revolves

text: around

text: three

text: Tamers

text: Takato

text: Matsuki

text: Rika

text: Nonaka

text: and

text: Henry

text: Wong

text: It

text: began

text: with

text: Takato

text: creating

text: his

text: own

text: Digimon

text: partner

text: by

text: sliding

text: a

text: mysterious

text: blue

text: card

text: through

text: his

text: card

text: reader

text: which

text: then

text: became

text: a

text: D

text: Power

text: Guilmon

text: takes

text: form

text: from

text: Takato

text: 's

text: sketchings

text: of

text: a

text: new

text: Digimon

text: Tamers’

text: only

text: human

text: connection

text: to

text: the

text: Adventure

text: series

text: is

text: Ryo

text: Akiyama

text: a

text: character

text: featured

text: in

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: Digimon

text: video

text: games

text: and

text: who

text: made

text: an

text: appearance

text: in

text: some

text: occasions

text: of

text: the

text: Adventure

text: story

text: line

text: Some

text: of

text: the

text: changes

text: in

text: this

text: series

text: include

text: the

text: way

text: the

text: Digimon

text: digivolve

text: with

text: the

text: introduction

text: of

text: Biomerge

text: Digivolution

text: and

text: the

text: way

text: their

text: Digivices

text: work

text: In

text: this

text: series

text: the

text: Tamers

text: can

text: slide

text: game

text: cards

text: through

text: their

text: Digivices

text: and

text: give

text: their

text: Digimon

text: partners

text: certain

text: advantages

text: as

text: in

text: the

text: card

text: game

text: This

text: act

text: is

text: called

text: Digi

text: Modify

text: Card

text: Slash

text: in

text: the

text: Japanese

text: version

text: The

text: same

text: process

text: was

text: often

text: used

text: to

text: Digivolve

text: the

text: Digimon

text: but

text: as

text: usual

text: emotions

text: play

text: a

text: big

text: part

text: in

text: the

text: digivolving

text: process

text: Unlike

text: the

text: two

text: seasons

text: before

text: it

text: and

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: seasons

text: that

text: followed

text: Digimon

text: Tamers

text: takes

text: a

text: darker

text: and

text: more

text: realistic

text: approach

text: to

text: its

text: story

text: featuring

text: Digimon

text: who

text: do

text: not

text: reincarnate

text: after

text: their

text: deaths

text: and

text: more

text: complex

text: character

text: development

text: in

text: the

text: original

text: Japanese

text: The

text: anime

text: has

text: become

text: controversial

text: over

text: the

text: decade

text: with

text: debates

text: about

text: how

text: appropriate

text: this

text: show

text: actually

text: is

text: for

text: its

text: target

text: audience

text: especially

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: Lovecraftian

text: nature

text: of

text: the

text: last

text: arc

text: The

text: English

text: dub

text: is

text: more

text: lighthearted

text: dialogue

text: wise

text: though

text: still

text: not

text: as

text: much

text: as

text: previous

text: series

question: When did the third Digimon series begin?

answer: April 1, 2001

text: April 1, 2001

question: What can tamers do in order to give their partners advantages?

answer: slide game cards through their "Digivices

text: slide game cards through their "Digivices

question: What is the act called of giving partners advantages in Digimon?

answer: Digi-Modify

text: Digi-Modify


text: In April 2009, the United States Supreme Court agreed to hear a suit over reverse discrimination brought by 18 white firefighters against the city. The suit involved the 2003 promotion test for the New Haven Fire Department. After the tests were scored, no black firefighters scored high enough to qualify for consideration for promotion, so the city announced that no one would be promoted. In the subsequent Ricci v. DeStefano decision the court found 5-4 that New Haven's decision to ignore the test results violated Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. As a result, a district court subsequently ordered the city to promote 14 of the white firefighters.

title: New_Haven,_Connecticut

title: New_Haven,_Connecticut

text: In

text: April

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Supreme

text: Court

text: agreed

text: to

text: hear

text: a

text: suit

text: over

text: reverse

text: discrimination

text: brought

text: by

text: white

text: firefighters

text: against

text: the

text: city

text: The

text: suit

text: involved

text: the

text: promotion

text: test

text: for

text: the

text: New

text: Haven

text: Fire

text: Department

text: After

text: the

text: tests

text: were

text: scored

text: no

text: black

text: firefighters

text: scored

text: high

text: enough

text: to

text: qualify

text: for

text: consideration

text: for

text: promotion

text: so

text: the

text: city

text: announced

text: that

text: no

text: one

text: would

text: be

text: promoted

text: In

text: the

text: subsequent

text: Ricci

text: v.

text: DeStefano

text: decision

text: the

text: court

text: found

text: that

text: New

text: Haven

text: 's

text: decision

text: to

text: ignore

text: the

text: test

text: results

text: violated

text: Title

text: VII

text: of

text: the

text: Civil

text: Rights

text: Act

text: of

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: a

text: district

text: court

text: subsequently

text: ordered

text: the

text: city

text: to

text: promote

text: of

text: the

text: white

text: firefighters

question: In what year did the U.S. Supreme Court entertain a lawsuit filed by 18 New Haven firefighters against the city of New Haven?

answer: 2009

question: What was the distinguishing issue of the lawsuit over which 18 white firefighters in New Haven sought relief from the U.S. Supreme Court?

answer: reverse discrimination

text: reverse discrimination

question: What was the name of the case in which the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the city of New Haven had violated the Civil Rights Act of 1964 by denying any firefighter a promotion?

answer: Ricci v. DeStefano

text: Ricci v. DeStefano

question: In what year did low scores of black firefighters on a promotion test issued by the New Haven Fire Department ultimately halt promotions for all firefighters of any race in the city?

answer: 2003

question: How many of the 18 white firefighters received promotions via district court order to the city of New Haven following the U.S. Supreme Court ruling in favor of the petitioning firefighters?

answer: 14

question: What was the decision from the 2009 Supreme Court Case?

answer: to ignore the test results

text: to ignore the test results

question: The Court case was involve between which two parties?

answer: firefighters against the city

text: firefighters against the city

question: What did the city do after the fail test scores for promotions?

answer: no one would be promoted

text: no one would be promoted

question: Out of how many of the white fireman got a promotion afterwards?

answer: 14 of the white firefighters

text: 14 of the white firefighters


text: In the 9th century, the rise of the cult of the Apostle James in Santiago de Compostela gave Galicia a particular symbolic importance among Christians, an importance it would hold throughout the Reconquista. As the Middle Ages went on, Santiago became a major pilgrim destination and the Way of Saint James (Camiño de Santiago) a major pilgrim road, a route for the propagation of Romanesque art and the words and music of the troubadors. During the 10th and 11th centuries, a period during which Galician nobility become related to the royal family, Galicia was at times headed by its own native kings, while Vikings (locally known as Leodemanes or Lordomanes) occasionally raided the coasts. The Towers of Catoira (Pontevedra) were built as a system of fortifications to prevent and stop the Viking raids on Santiago de Compostela.

title: Galicia_(Spain)

title: Galicia_(Spain

text: In

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: the

text: cult

text: of

text: the

text: Apostle

text: James

text: in

text: Santiago

text: de

text: Compostela

text: gave

text: Galicia

text: a

text: particular

text: symbolic

text: importance

text: among

text: Christians

text: an

text: importance

text: it

text: would

text: hold

text: throughout

text: the

text: Reconquista

text: As

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: went

text: on

text: Santiago

text: became

text: a

text: major

text: pilgrim

text: destination

text: and

text: the

text: Way

text: of

text: Saint

text: James

text: Camiño

text: de

text: Santiago

text: a

text: major

text: pilgrim

text: road

text: a

text: route

text: for

text: the

text: propagation

text: of

text: Romanesque

text: art

text: and

text: the

text: words

text: and

text: music

text: of

text: the

text: troubadors

text: During

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

text: a

text: period

text: during

text: which

text: Galician

text: nobility

text: become

text: related

text: to

text: the

text: royal

text: family

text: Galicia

text: was

text: at

text: times

text: headed

text: by

text: its

text: own

text: native

text: kings

text: while

text: Vikings

text: locally

text: known

text: as

text: Leodemanes

text: or

text: Lordomanes

text: occasionally

text: raided

text: the

text: coasts

text: The

text: Towers

text: of

text: Catoira

text: Pontevedra

text: were

text: built

text: as

text: a

text: system

text: of

text: fortifications

text: to

text: prevent

text: and

text: stop

text: the

text: Viking

text: raids

text: on

text: Santiago

text: de

text: Compostela

question: Which cult arose in Galicia during the 9th century?

answer: Apostle James

text: Apostle James

question: Where was this cult based in?

answer: Santiago de Compostela

text: Santiago de Compostela

question: Name the road that lead there.

answer: Way of Saint James

text: Way of Saint James

question: What did Galicians call the Vikings?

answer: Leodemanes or Lordomanes

text: Leodemanes or Lordomanes

question: To stop the Vikings from raiding, what did the Galicians build as a defense system?

answer: Towers of Catoira

text: Towers of Catoira


text: The era saw Libya's return to the international arena. In 1999, Libya began secret talks with the British government to normalise relations. In 2001, Gaddafi condemned the September 11 attacks on the U.S. by al-Qaeda, expressing sympathy with the victims and calling for Libyan involvement in the War on Terror against militant Islamism. His government continued suppressing domestic Islamism, at the same time as Gaddafi called for the wider application of sharia law. Libya also cemented connections with China and North Korea, being visited by Chinese President Jiang Zemin in April 2002. Influenced by the events of the Iraq War, in December 2003, Libya renounced its possession of weapons of mass destruction, decommissioning its chemical and nuclear weapons programs. Relations with the U.S. improved as a result, while UK Prime Minister Tony Blair met with Gaddafi in the Libyan desert in March 2004. The following month, Gaddafi travelled to the headquarters of the European Union (EU) in Brussels, signifying improved relations between Libya and the EU, the latter ending its remaining sanctions in October. In October 2010, the EU paid Libya €50 million to stop African migrants passing into Europe; Gaddafi encouraged the move, saying that it was necessary to prevent the loss of European cultural identity to a new "Black Europe". Removed from the U.S. list of state sponsors of terrorism in 2006, Gaddafi nevertheless continued his anti-western rhetoric, and at the Second Africa-South America Summit in Venezuela in September 2009, joined Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez in calling for an "anti-imperialist" front across Africa and Latin America. Gaddafi proposed the establishment of a South Atlantic Treaty Organization to rival NATO. That month he also addressed the United Nations General Assembly in New York for the first time, using it to condemn "western aggression". In Spring 2010, Gaddafi proclaimed jihad against Switzerland after Swiss police accused two of his family members of criminal activity in the country, resulting in the breakdown of bilateral relations.

title: Muammar_Gaddafi

title: Muammar_Gaddafi

text: The

text: era

text: saw

text: Libya

text: 's

text: return

text: to

text: the

text: international

text: arena

text: In

text: Libya

text: began

text: secret

text: talks

text: with

text: the

text: British

text: government

text: to

text: normalise

text: relations

text: In

text: Gaddafi

text: condemned

text: the

text: September

text: attacks

text: on

text: the

text: U.S.

text: by

text: al

text: Qaeda

text: expressing

text: sympathy

text: with

text: the

text: victims

text: and

text: calling

text: for

text: Libyan

text: involvement

text: in

text: the

text: War

text: on

text: Terror

text: against

text: militant

text: Islamism

text: His

text: government

text: continued

text: suppressing

text: domestic

text: Islamism

text: at

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: as

text: Gaddafi

text: called

text: for

text: the

text: wider

text: application

text: of

text: sharia

text: law

text: Libya

text: also

text: cemented

text: connections

text: with

text: China

text: and

text: North

text: Korea

text: being

text: visited

text: by

text: Chinese

text: President

text: Jiang

text: Zemin

text: in

text: April

text: Influenced

text: by

text: the

text: events

text: of

text: the

text: Iraq

text: War

text: in

text: December

text: Libya

text: renounced

text: its

text: possession

text: of

text: weapons

text: of

text: mass

text: destruction

text: decommissioning

text: its

text: chemical

text: and

text: nuclear

text: weapons

text: programs

text: Relations

text: with

text: the

text: U.S.

text: improved

text: as

text: a

text: result

text: while

text: UK

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: Tony

text: Blair

text: met

text: with

text: Gaddafi

text: in

text: the

text: Libyan

text: desert

text: in

text: March

text: The

text: following

text: month

text: Gaddafi

text: travelled

text: to

text: the

text: headquarters

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: EU

text: in

text: Brussels

text: signifying

text: improved

text: relations

text: between

text: Libya

text: and

text: the

text: EU

text: the

text: latter

text: ending

text: its

text: remaining

text: sanctions

text: in

text: October

text: In

text: October

text: the

text: EU

text: paid

text: Libya

text: million

text: to

text: stop

text: African

text: migrants

text: passing

text: into

text: Europe

text: Gaddafi

text: encouraged

text: the

text: move

text: saying

text: that

text: it

text: was

text: necessary

text: to

text: prevent

text: the

text: loss

text: of

text: European

text: cultural

text: identity

text: to

text: a

text: new

text: Black

text: Europe

text: Removed

text: from

text: the

text: U.S.

text: list

text: of

text: state

text: sponsors

text: of

text: terrorism

text: in

text: Gaddafi

text: nevertheless

text: continued

text: his

text: anti

text: western

text: rhetoric

text: and

text: at

text: the

text: Second

text: Africa

text: South

text: America

text: Summit

text: in

text: Venezuela

text: in

text: September

text: joined

text: Venezuelan

text: President

text: Hugo

text: Chávez

text: in

text: calling

text: for

text: an

text: anti

text: imperialist

text: front

text: across

text: Africa

text: and

text: Latin

text: America

text: Gaddafi

text: proposed

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: a

text: South

text: Atlantic

text: Treaty

text: Organization

text: to

text: rival

text: NATO

text: That

text: month

text: he

text: also

text: addressed

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: General

text: Assembly

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: for

text: the

text: first

text: time

text: using

text: it

text: to

text: condemn

text: western

text: aggression

text: In

text: Spring

text: Gaddafi

text: proclaimed

text: jihad

text: against

text: Switzerland

text: after

text: Swiss

text: police

text: accused

text: two

text: of

text: his

text: family

text: members

text: of

text: criminal

text: activity

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: resulting

text: in

text: the

text: breakdown

text: of

text: bilateral

text: relations

question: What world leader notably visited Libya in 2002?

answer: Jiang Zemin

text: Jiang Zemin

question: What conflict prompted Libya to end its nuclear weapons program?

answer: Iraq War

text: Iraq War

question: What world leader visited Gaddafi in 2004?

answer: Tony Blair

text: Tony Blair

question: In what city is the EU headquarters located?

answer: Brussels

text: Brussels

question: How much money did Libya receive to stem the flow of African migrants into Europe?

answer: €50 million

text: €50 million


text: Additionally, genes can have regulatory regions many kilobases upstream or downstream of the open reading frame. These act by binding to transcription factors which then cause the DNA to loop so that the regulatory sequence (and bound transcription factor) become close to the RNA polymerase binding site. For example, enhancers increase transcription by binding an activator protein which then helps to recruit the RNA polymerase to the promoter; conversely silencers bind repressor proteins and make the DNA less available for RNA polymerase.

title: Gene

title: Gene

text: Additionally

text: genes

text: can

text: have

text: regulatory

text: regions

text: many

text: kilobases

text: upstream

text: or

text: downstream

text: of

text: the

text: open

text: reading

text: frame

text: These

text: act

text: by

text: binding

text: to

text: transcription

text: factors

text: which

text: then

text: cause

text: the

text: DNA

text: to

text: loop

text: so

text: that

text: the

text: regulatory

text: sequence

text: and

text: bound

text: transcription

text: factor

text: become

text: close

text: to

text: the

text: RNA

text: polymerase

text: binding

text: site

text: For

text: example

text: enhancers

text: increase

text: transcription

text: by

text: binding

text: an

text: activator

text: protein

text: which

text: then

text: helps

text: to

text: recruit

text: the

text: RNA

text: polymerase

text: to

text: the

text: promoter

text: conversely

text: silencers

text: bind

text: repressor

text: proteins

text: and

text: make

text: the

text: DNA

text: less

text: available

text: for

text: RNA

text: polymerase

question: How do regulatory regions act?

answer: by binding to transcription factors

text: by binding to transcription factors

question: What happens when a regulatory region binds to transcription factors?

answer: the DNA to loop

text: the DNA to loop

question: How do enhancers increase transcription?

answer: by binding an activator protein

text: by binding an activator protein

question: What happens after an enhancer binds an activator protein?

answer: helps to recruit the RNA polymerase to the promoter

text: helps to recruit the RNA polymerase to the promoter

question: What causes DNA to be less available for RNA polymerase?

answer: silencers bind repressor proteins

text: silencers bind repressor proteins