text: In the United States, the term "treaty" has a different, more restricted legal sense than exists in international law. United States law distinguishes what it calls treaties from executive agreement, congressional-executive agreements, and sole executive agreements. All four classes are equally treaties under international law; they are distinct only from the perspective of internal American law. The distinctions are primarily concerning their method of approval. Whereas treaties require advice and consent by two-thirds of the Senators present, sole executive agreements may be executed by the President acting alone. Some treaties grant the President the authority to fill in the gaps with executive agreements, rather than additional treaties or protocols. And finally, congressional-executive agreements require majority approval by both the House and the Senate, either before or after the treaty is signed by the President.

title: Treaty

title: Treaty

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: the

text: term

text: treaty

text: has

text: a

text: different

text: more

text: restricted

text: legal

text: sense

text: than

text: exists

text: in

text: international

text: law

text: United

text: States

text: law

text: distinguishes

text: what

text: it

text: calls

text: treaties

text: from

text: executive

text: agreement

text: congressional

text: executive

text: agreements

text: and

text: sole

text: executive

text: agreements

text: All

text: four

text: classes

text: are

text: equally

text: treaties

text: under

text: international

text: law

text: they

text: are

text: distinct

text: only

text: from

text: the

text: perspective

text: of

text: internal

text: American

text: law

text: The

text: distinctions

text: are

text: primarily

text: concerning

text: their

text: method

text: of

text: approval

text: Whereas

text: treaties

text: require

text: advice

text: and

text: consent

text: by

text: two

text: thirds

text: of

text: the

text: Senators

text: present

text: sole

text: executive

text: agreements

text: may

text: be

text: executed

text: by

text: the

text: President

text: acting

text: alone

text: Some

text: treaties

text: grant

text: the

text: President

text: the

text: authority

text: to

text: fill

text: in

text: the

text: gaps

text: with

text: executive

text: agreements

text: rather

text: than

text: additional

text: treaties

text: or

text: protocols

text: And

text: finally

text: congressional

text: executive

text: agreements

text: require

text: majority

text: approval

text: by

text: both

text: the

text: House

text: and

text: the

text: Senate

text: either

text: before

text: or

text: after

text: the

text: treaty

text: is

text: signed

text: by

text: the

text: President

question: Treaties, executive agreements, congressional-executive agreements, and sole executive agreements are the same under international law but different with respect to what?

answer: internal American law

text: internal American law

question: Under US law, what primarily distinguishes treaties, executive agreements, congressional-executive agreements, and sole executive agreements?

answer: their method of approval

text: their method of approval

question: What percentage of United States Senators must give advice and consent in order for the US to enter a treaty?

answer: two-thirds

text: two-thirds

question: What type of agreement may a US president enter by acting alone?

answer: sole executive agreements

text: sole executive agreements

question: What type of agreement requires majority approval by both the House and the Senate before or after a treaty is signed by the United States president?

answer: congressional-executive agreements

text: congressional-executive agreements


text: The island has two local newspapers, both of which are available on the Internet. The St Helena Independent has been published since November 2005. The Sentinel newspaper was introduced in 2012.

title: Saint_Helena

title: Saint_Helena

text: The

text: island

text: has

text: two

text: local

text: newspapers

text: both

text: of

text: which

text: are

text: available

text: on

text: the

text: Internet

text: The

text: St

text: Helena

text: Independent

text: has

text: been

text: published

text: since

text: November

text: The

text: Sentinel

text: newspaper

text: was

text: introduced

text: in

question: How many local newspapers does the island have?

answer: two

text: two

question: Where are both newspapers available?

answer: the Internet

text: the Internet

question: Since when has the St Helena Independent been published?

answer: November 2005

text: November 2005

question: When was the Sentinel Newspaper introduced?

answer: 2012


text: Cork is home to one of Ireland's main national newspapers, the Irish Examiner (formerly the Cork Examiner). It also prints the Evening Echo, which for decades has been connected to the Echo Boys, who were poor and often homeless children who sold the newspaper. Today, the shouts of the vendors selling the Echo can still be heard in various parts of the city centre. One of the biggest free newspapers in the city is the Cork Independent. The city's University publishes the UCC Express and Motley magazine.

title: Cork_(city)

title: Cork_(city

text: Cork

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: one

text: of

text: Ireland

text: 's

text: main

text: national

text: newspapers

text: the

text: Irish

text: Examiner

text: formerly

text: the

text: Cork

text: Examiner

text: It

text: also

text: prints

text: the

text: Evening

text: Echo

text: which

text: for

text: decades

text: has

text: been

text: connected

text: to

text: the

text: Echo

text: Boys

text: who

text: were

text: poor

text: and

text: often

text: homeless

text: children

text: who

text: sold

text: the

text: newspaper

text: Today

text: the

text: shouts

text: of

text: the

text: vendors

text: selling

text: the

text: Echo

text: can

text: still

text: be

text: heard

text: in

text: various

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: centre

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: biggest

text: free

text: newspapers

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: is

text: the

text: Cork

text: Independent

text: The

text: city

text: 's

text: University

text: publishes

text: the

text: UCC

text: Express

text: and

text: Motley

text: magazine

question: WHich Irish newspaper has it's homebase in Cork, Ireland?

answer: the Irish Examiner

text: the Irish Examiner

question: What was the Irish Examiner's previous identity?

answer: Cork Examiner

text: Cork Examiner

question: Who are the Echo Boys?

answer: poor and often homeless children who sold the newspaper

text: poor and often homeless children who sold the newspaper

question: What newspaper did the Echo Boys sell?

answer: Evening Echo

text: Evening Echo

question: What publications are put out by the UCC?

answer: UCC Express and Motley magazine

text: UCC Express and Motley magazine


text: Compression is useful because it helps reduce resource usage, such as data storage space or transmission capacity. Because compressed data must be decompressed to use, this extra processing imposes computational or other costs through decompression; this situation is far from being a free lunch. Data compression is subject to a space–time complexity trade-off. For instance, a compression scheme for video may require expensive hardware for the video to be decompressed fast enough to be viewed as it is being decompressed, and the option to decompress the video in full before watching it may be inconvenient or require additional storage. The design of data compression schemes involves trade-offs among various factors, including the degree of compression, the amount of distortion introduced (when using lossy data compression), and the computational resources required to compress and decompress the data.

title: Data_compression

title: Data_compression

text: Compression

text: is

text: useful

text: because

text: it

text: helps

text: reduce

text: resource

text: usage

text: such

text: as

text: data

text: storage

text: space

text: or

text: transmission

text: capacity

text: Because

text: compressed

text: data

text: must

text: be

text: decompressed

text: to

text: use

text: this

text: extra

text: processing

text: imposes

text: computational

text: or

text: other

text: costs

text: through

text: decompression

text: this

text: situation

text: is

text: far

text: from

text: being

text: a

text: free

text: lunch

text: Data

text: compression

text: is

text: subject

text: to

text: a

text: space

text: time

text: complexity

text: trade

text: off

text: For

text: instance

text: a

text: compression

text: scheme

text: for

text: video

text: may

text: require

text: expensive

text: hardware

text: for

text: the

text: video

text: to

text: be

text: decompressed

text: fast

text: enough

text: to

text: be

text: viewed

text: as

text: it

text: is

text: being

text: decompressed

text: and

text: the

text: option

text: to

text: decompress

text: the

text: video

text: in

text: full

text: before

text: watching

text: it

text: may

text: be

text: inconvenient

text: or

text: require

text: additional

text: storage

text: The

text: design

text: of

text: data

text: compression

text: schemes

text: involves

text: trade

text: offs

text: among

text: various

text: factors

text: including

text: the

text: degree

text: of

text: compression

text: the

text: amount

text: of

text: distortion

text: introduced

text: when

text: using

text: lossy

text: data

text: compression

text: and

text: the

text: computational

text: resources

text: required

text: to

text: compress

text: and

text: decompress

text: the

text: data

question: What helps reduce resource usage?

answer: Compression

text: Compression

question: What must be decompressed?

answer: compressed data

text: compressed data

question: What is subject to a space-time complexity trade off?

answer: Data compression

text: Data compression

question: What type of scheme involves trade offs among other things?

answer: data compression

text: data compression


text: Between 1836 and 1842 Victorian Aboriginal groups were largely dispossessed[by whom?] of their land. By January 1844, there were said to be 675 Aborigines resident in squalid camps in Melbourne. The British Colonial Office appointed five Aboriginal Protectors for the Aborigines of Victoria, in 1839, however their work was nullified by a land policy that favoured squatters to take possession of Aboriginal lands. By 1845, fewer than 240 wealthy Europeans held all the pastoral licences then issued in Victoria and became a powerful political and economic force in Victoria for generations to come.

title: Melbourne

title: Melbourne

text: Between

text: and

text: Victorian

text: Aboriginal

text: groups

text: were

text: largely

text: dispossessed[by

text: whom

text: of

text: their

text: land

text: By

text: January

text: there

text: were

text: said

text: to

text: be

text: Aborigines

text: resident

text: in

text: squalid

text: camps

text: in

text: Melbourne

text: The

text: British

text: Colonial

text: Office

text: appointed

text: five

text: Aboriginal

text: Protectors

text: for

text: the

text: Aborigines

text: of

text: Victoria

text: in

text: however

text: their

text: work

text: was

text: nullified

text: by

text: a

text: land

text: policy

text: that

text: favoured

text: squatters

text: to

text: take

text: possession

text: of

text: Aboriginal

text: lands

text: By

text: fewer

text: than

text: wealthy

text: Europeans

text: held

text: all

text: the

text: pastoral

text: licences

text: then

text: issued

text: in

text: Victoria

text: and

text: became

text: a

text: powerful

text: political

text: and

text: economic

text: force

text: in

text: Victoria

text: for

text: generations

text: to

text: come

question: Between what year's did Victorian aboriginal groups dispossessed?

answer: Between 1836 and 1842

text: Between 1836 and 1842

question: In 1844 how many Aborigines resident in squalid camps in Melbourne?

answer: 675

question: Who appointed five Aboriginal Protectors for the Aborigines of Victoria in 1839?

answer: The British Colonial Office

text: The British Colonial Office

question: Who were the people that were power political and economic force in Victoria in 1845?

answer: 240 wealthy Europeans

text: 240 wealthy Europeans

question: How many Aborigines were said to be resident in squalid camps in Melbourne in January 1844?

answer: 675

question: How many Aboriginal Protectors for the Aborigines of Victoria were appointed in 1839?

answer: five

text: five

question: By what year did fewer than 240 wealthy Europeans hold all the pastoral licenses?

answer: 1845

question: During what years were Victorian Aboriginal groups largely displaced from their land?

answer: Between 1836 and 1842

text: Between 1836 and 1842


text: Even though, both Kashmir Shaivism and Advaita Vedanta are non-dual philosophies which give primacy to Universal Consciousness (Chit or Brahman), in Kashmir Shavisim, as opposed to Advaita, all things are a manifestation of this Consciousness. This implies that from the point of view of Kashmir Shavisim, the phenomenal world (Śakti) is real, and it exists and has its being in Consciousness (Chit). Whereas, Advaita holds that Brahman is inactive (niṣkriya) and the phenomenal world is an illusion (māyā). The objective of human life, according to Kashmir Shaivism, is to merge in Shiva or Universal Consciousness, or to realize one's already existing identity with Shiva, by means of wisdom, yoga and grace.

title: Hindu_philosophy

title: Hindu_philosophy

text: Even

text: though

text: both

text: Kashmir

text: Shaivism

text: and

text: Advaita

text: Vedanta

text: are

text: non

text: dual

text: philosophies

text: which

text: give

text: primacy

text: to

text: Universal

text: Consciousness

text: Chit

text: or

text: Brahman

text: in

text: Kashmir

text: Shavisim

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: Advaita

text: all

text: things

text: are

text: a

text: manifestation

text: of

text: this

text: Consciousness

text: This

text: implies

text: that

text: from

text: the

text: point

text: of

text: view

text: of

text: Kashmir

text: Shavisim

text: the

text: phenomenal

text: world

text: Śakti

text: is

text: real

text: and

text: it

text: exists

text: and

text: has

text: its

text: being

text: in

text: Consciousness

text: Chit

text: Whereas

text: Advaita

text: holds

text: that

text: Brahman

text: is

text: inactive

text: niṣkriya

text: and

text: the

text: phenomenal

text: world

text: is

text: an

text: illusion

text: māyā

text: The

text: objective

text: of

text: human

text: life

text: according

text: to

text: Kashmir

text: Shaivism

text: is

text: to

text: merge

text: in

text: Shiva

text: or

text: Universal

text: Consciousness

text: or

text: to

text: realize

text: one

text: 's

text: already

text: existing

text: identity

text: with

text: Shiva

text: by

text: means

text: of

text: wisdom

text: yoga

text: and

text: grace

question: What type of philosophy does both Kasmir Shaivism and Advaita Vedanta share?

answer: non-dual

text: non-dual

question: What aspect do non-dual philosophies give to the highest order of worship?

answer: Universal Consciousness

text: Universal Consciousness

question: As what does Kashmir Shaivism view the conscious world?

answer: real

text: real

question: Which group sees the world as illusion?

answer: Advaita

text: Advaita

question: According to Kashmir Shaivism, what is the goal in belief?

answer: merge in Shiva

text: merge in Shiva


text: The ranging signals are based on the CDMA principle and have complex structure typical of Galileo or modernized GPS. Similar to the other GNSS, there will be two levels of positioning service: open and restricted (military). The public service shall be available globally to general users. When all the currently planned GNSS systems are deployed, the users will benefit from the use of a total constellation of 75+ satellites, which will significantly improve all the aspects of positioning, especially availability of the signals in so-called urban canyons. The general designer of the COMPASS navigation system is Sun Jiadong, who is also the general designer of its predecessor, the original BeiDou navigation system.

title: BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System

title: BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System

text: The

text: ranging

text: signals

text: are

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: CDMA

text: principle

text: and

text: have

text: complex

text: structure

text: typical

text: of

text: Galileo

text: or

text: modernized

text: GPS

text: Similar

text: to

text: the

text: other

text: GNSS

text: there

text: will

text: be

text: two

text: levels

text: of

text: positioning

text: service

text: open

text: and

text: restricted

text: military

text: The

text: public

text: service

text: shall

text: be

text: available

text: globally

text: to

text: general

text: users

text: When

text: all

text: the

text: currently

text: planned

text: GNSS

text: systems

text: are

text: deployed

text: the

text: users

text: will

text: benefit

text: from

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: a

text: total

text: constellation

text: of

text: satellites

text: which

text: will

text: significantly

text: improve

text: all

text: the

text: aspects

text: of

text: positioning

text: especially

text: availability

text: of

text: the

text: signals

text: in

text: so

text: called

text: urban

text: canyons

text: The

text: general

text: designer

text: of

text: the

text: COMPASS

text: navigation

text: system

text: is

text: Sun

text: Jiadong

text: who

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: general

text: designer

text: of

text: its

text: predecessor

text: the

text: original

text: BeiDou

text: navigation

text: system

question: What are the ranging signals of the BeiDou system based on?

answer: the CDMA principle

text: the CDMA principle

question: What positioning levels will the BeiDou system offer?

answer: open and restricted (military)

text: open and restricted (military)

question: Where will the public service for the BeiDou system be available?

answer: globally to general users

text: globally to general users

question: Who designed the COMPASS navigation system?

answer: Sun Jiadong

text: Sun Jiadong

question: How many satellites will the COMPASS navigation system use?

answer: 75+ satellites

text: 75+ satellites


text: Preschools provide education from ages approximately three to seven, depending on the country, when children enter primary education. These are also known as nursery schools and as kindergarten, except in the US, where kindergarten is a term used for primary education.[citation needed] Kindergarten "provide[s] a child-centered, preschool curriculum for three- to seven-year-old children that aim[s] at unfolding the child's physical, intellectual, and moral nature with balanced emphasis on each of them."

title: Education

title: Education

text: Preschools

text: provide

text: education

text: from

text: ages

text: approximately

text: three

text: to

text: seven

text: depending

text: on

text: the

text: country

text: when

text: children

text: enter

text: primary

text: education

text: These

text: are

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: nursery

text: schools

text: and

text: as

text: kindergarten

text: except

text: in

text: the

text: US

text: where

text: kindergarten

text: is

text: a

text: term

text: used

text: for

text: primary

text: education.[citation

text: needed

text: Kindergarten

text: provide[s

text: a

text: child

text: centered

text: preschool

text: curriculum

text: for

text: three-

text: to

text: seven

text: year

text: old

text: children

text: that

text: aim[s

text: at

text: unfolding

text: the

text: child

text: 's

text: physical

text: intellectual

text: and

text: moral

text: nature

text: with

text: balanced

text: emphasis

text: on

text: each

text: of

text: them

question: Whats the typical age range for pre-school?

answer: three to seven

text: three to seven

question: What are pre-schools also known as?

answer: nursery schools and as kindergarten,

text: nursery schools and as kindergarten,

question: In what country is Kindergarten a term used for primary education?

answer: US

text: US


text: The rebel barons responded by inviting the French prince Louis to lead them: Louis had a claim to the English throne by virtue of his marriage to Blanche of Castile, a granddaughter of Henry II. Philip may have provided him with private support but refused to openly support Louis, who was excommunicated by Innocent for taking part in the war against John. Louis' planned arrival in England presented a significant problem for John, as the prince would bring with him naval vessels and siege engines essential to the rebel cause. Once John contained Alexander in Scotland, he marched south to deal with the challenge of the coming invasion.

title: John,_King_of_England

title: John,_King_of_England

text: The

text: rebel

text: barons

text: responded

text: by

text: inviting

text: the

text: French

text: prince

text: Louis

text: to

text: lead

text: them

text: Louis

text: had

text: a

text: claim

text: to

text: the

text: English

text: throne

text: by

text: virtue

text: of

text: his

text: marriage

text: to

text: Blanche

text: of

text: Castile

text: a

text: granddaughter

text: of

text: Henry

text: II

text: Philip

text: may

text: have

text: provided

text: him

text: with

text: private

text: support

text: but

text: refused

text: to

text: openly

text: support

text: Louis

text: who

text: was

text: excommunicated

text: by

text: Innocent

text: for

text: taking

text: part

text: in

text: the

text: war

text: against

text: John

text: Louis

text: planned

text: arrival

text: in

text: England

text: presented

text: a

text: significant

text: problem

text: for

text: John

text: as

text: the

text: prince

text: would

text: bring

text: with

text: him

text: naval

text: vessels

text: and

text: siege

text: engines

text: essential

text: to

text: the

text: rebel

text: cause

text: Once

text: John

text: contained

text: Alexander

text: in

text: Scotland

text: he

text: marched

text: south

text: to

text: deal

text: with

text: the

text: challenge

text: of

text: the

text: coming

text: invasion

question: The rebel barons invited who to lead them?

answer: French prince Louis

text: French prince Louis

question: Who was Henry II's granddaughter?

answer: Blanche of Castile

text: Blanche of Castile

question: What did John do once he contained Alexander in Scotland?

answer: he marched south to deal with the challenge of the coming invasion

text: he marched south to deal with the challenge of the coming invasion


text: In 1899, the local postage stamps were overprinted "Guam" as was done for the other former Spanish colonies, but this was discontinued shortly thereafter and regular U.S. postage stamps have been used ever since. Because Guam is also part of the U.S. Postal System (postal abbreviation: GU, ZIP code range: 96910–96932), mail to Guam from the U.S. mainland is considered domestic and no additional charges are required. Private shipping companies, such as FedEx, UPS, and DHL, however, have no obligation to do so, and do not regard Guam as domestic.

title: Guam

title: Guam

text: In

text: the

text: local

text: postage

text: stamps

text: were

text: overprinted

text: Guam

text: as

text: was

text: done

text: for

text: the

text: other

text: former

text: Spanish

text: colonies

text: but

text: this

text: was

text: discontinued

text: shortly

text: thereafter

text: and

text: regular

text: U.S.

text: postage

text: stamps

text: have

text: been

text: used

text: ever

text: since

text: Because

text: Guam

text: is

text: also

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Postal

text: System

text: postal

text: abbreviation

text: GU

text: ZIP

text: code

text: range

text: mail

text: to

text: Guam

text: from

text: the

text: U.S.

text: mainland

text: is

text: considered

text: domestic

text: and

text: no

text: additional

text: charges

text: are

text: required

text: Private

text: shipping

text: companies

text: such

text: as

text: FedEx

text: UPS

text: and

text: DHL

text: however

text: have

text: no

text: obligation

text: to

text: do

text: so

text: and

text: do

text: not

text: regard

text: Guam

text: as

text: domestic

question: In what year was the local postage stamp overprinted and has since been replaced?

answer: 1899

question: What type of postal service does Guam currently have today?

answer: U.S. postage

text: U.S. postage

question: What is the current Zip Code range in Guam?

answer: 96910–96932

question: Which three major companies do not consider Guam as domestic when shipping is involved?

answer: FedEx, UPS, and DHL

text: FedEx, UPS, and DHL


text: Unlike the Spanish milled dollar the U.S. dollar is based upon a decimal system of values. In addition to the dollar the coinage act officially established monetary units of mill or one-thousandth of a dollar (symbol ₥), cent or one-hundredth of a dollar (symbol ¢), dime or one-tenth of a dollar, and eagle or ten dollars, with prescribed weights and composition of gold, silver, or copper for each. It was proposed in the mid-1800s that one hundred dollars be known as a union, but no union coins were ever struck and only patterns for the $50 half union exist. However, only cents are in everyday use as divisions of the dollar; "dime" is used solely as the name of the coin with the value of 10¢, while "eagle" and "mill" are largely unknown to the general public, though mills are sometimes used in matters of tax levies, and gasoline prices are usually in the form of $X.XX9 per gallon, e.g., $3.599, sometimes written as $3.599⁄10. When currently issued in circulating form, denominations equal to or less than a dollar are emitted as U.S. coins while denominations equal to or greater than a dollar are emitted as Federal Reserve notes (with the exception of gold, silver and platinum coins valued up to $100 as legal tender, but worth far more as bullion). Both one-dollar coins and notes are produced today, although the note form is significantly more common. In the past, "paper money" was occasionally issued in denominations less than a dollar (fractional currency) and gold coins were issued for circulation up to the value of $20 (known as the "double eagle", discontinued in the 1930s). The term eagle was used in the Coinage Act of 1792 for the denomination of ten dollars, and subsequently was used in naming gold coins. Paper currency less than one dollar in denomination, known as "fractional currency", was also sometimes pejoratively referred to as "shinplasters". In 1854, James Guthrie, then Secretary of the Treasury, proposed creating $100, $50 and $25 gold coins, which were referred to as a "Union", "Half Union", and "Quarter Union", thus implying a denomination of 1 Union = $100.

title: United_States_dollar

title: United_States_dollar

text: Unlike

text: the

text: Spanish

text: milled

text: dollar

text: the

text: U.S.

text: dollar

text: is

text: based

text: upon

text: a

text: decimal

text: system

text: of

text: values

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: the

text: dollar

text: the

text: coinage

text: act

text: officially

text: established

text: monetary

text: units

text: of

text: mill

text: or

text: one

text: thousandth

text: of

text: a

text: dollar

text: symbol

text: cent

text: or

text: one

text: hundredth

text: of

text: a

text: dollar

text: symbol

text: dime

text: or

text: one

text: tenth

text: of

text: a

text: dollar

text: and

text: eagle

text: or

text: ten

text: dollars

text: with

text: prescribed

text: weights

text: and

text: composition

text: of

text: gold

text: silver

text: or

text: copper

text: for

text: each

text: It

text: was

text: proposed

text: in

text: the

text: that

text: one

text: hundred

text: dollars

text: be

text: known

text: as

text: a

text: union

text: but

text: no

text: union

text: coins

text: were

text: ever

text: struck

text: and

text: only

text: patterns

text: for

text: the

text: half

text: union

text: exist

text: However

text: only

text: cents

text: are

text: in

text: everyday

text: use

text: as

text: divisions

text: of

text: the

text: dollar

text: dime

text: is

text: used

text: solely

text: as

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: coin

text: with

text: the

text: value

text: of

text: while

text: eagle

text: and

text: mill

text: are

text: largely

text: unknown

text: to

text: the

text: general

text: public

text: though

text: mills

text: are

text: sometimes

text: used

text: in

text: matters

text: of

text: tax

text: levies

text: and

text: gasoline

text: prices

text: are

text: usually

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: per

text: gallon

text: e.g.

text: sometimes

text: written

text: as

text: When

text: currently

text: issued

text: in

text: circulating

text: form

text: denominations

text: equal

text: to

text: or

text: less

text: than

text: a

text: dollar

text: are

text: emitted

text: as

text: U.S.

text: coins

text: while

text: denominations

text: equal

text: to

text: or

text: greater

text: than

text: a

text: dollar

text: are

text: emitted

text: as

text: Federal

text: Reserve

text: notes

text: with

text: the

text: exception

text: of

text: gold

text: silver

text: and

text: platinum

text: coins

text: valued

text: up

text: to

text: as

text: legal

text: tender

text: but

text: worth

text: far

text: more

text: as

text: bullion

text: Both

text: one

text: dollar

text: coins

text: and

text: notes

text: are

text: produced

text: today

text: although

text: the

text: note

text: form

text: is

text: significantly

text: more

text: common

text: In

text: the

text: past

text: paper

text: money

text: was

text: occasionally

text: issued

text: in

text: denominations

text: less

text: than

text: a

text: dollar

text: fractional

text: currency

text: and

text: gold

text: coins

text: were

text: issued

text: for

text: circulation

text: up

text: to

text: the

text: value

text: of

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: double

text: eagle

text: discontinued

text: in

text: the

text: The

text: term

text: eagle

text: was

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: Coinage

text: Act

text: of

text: for

text: the

text: denomination

text: of

text: ten

text: dollars

text: and

text: subsequently

text: was

text: used

text: in

text: naming

text: gold

text: coins

text: Paper

text: currency

text: less

text: than

text: one

text: dollar

text: in

text: denomination

text: known

text: as

text: fractional

text: currency

text: was

text: also

text: sometimes

text: pejoratively

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: shinplasters

text: In

text: James

text: Guthrie

text: then

text: Secretary

text: of

text: the

text: Treasury

text: proposed

text: creating

text: and

text: gold

text: coins

text: which

text: were

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: a

text: Union

text: Half

text: Union

text: and

text: Quarter

text: Union

text: thus

text: implying

text: a

text: denomination

text: of

text: Union

question: What is the US dollar based upon?

answer: a decimal system of values

text: a decimal system of values

question: How much monetary value does a dime hold?

answer: one-tenth of a dollar

text: one-tenth of a dollar

question: How much was a union going to be worth as proposed in the 1800s?

answer: one hundred dollars

text: one hundred dollars

question: What was the maximum value a gold coin used to be able to have?

answer: $20

question: In what legislation was the term "eagle" used?

answer: Coinage Act of 1792

text: Coinage Act of 1792


text: Carthage was Palermo’s major trading partner under the Phoenicians and the city enjoyed a prolonged peace during this period. Palermo came into contact with the Ancient Greeks between the 6th and the 5th centuries BC which preceded the Sicilian Wars, a conflict fought between the Greeks of Syracuse and the Phoenicians of Carthage for control over the island of Sicily. During this war the Greeks named the settlement Panormos (Πάνορμος) from which the current name is derived, meaning "all port" due to the shape of its coast. It was from Palermo that Hamilcar I's fleet (which was defeated at the Battle of Himera) was launched. In 409 B.C. the city was looted by Hermocrates of Syracuse. The Sicilian Wars ended in 265 BC when Carthage and Syracuse stopped warring and united in order to stop the Romans from gaining full control of the island during the First Punic War. In 276 BC, during the Pyrrhic War, Panormos briefly became a Greek colony after being conquered by Pyrrhus of Epirus, but returned to Phoenician Carthage in 275. In 254 BC Panormos was besieged and conquered by the Romans in the first battle of Panormus (the name Latin name). Carthage attempted to reconquer Panormus in 251 BC but failed.

title: Palermo

title: Palermo

text: Carthage

text: was

text: Palermo

text: ’s

text: major

text: trading

text: partner

text: under

text: the

text: Phoenicians

text: and

text: the

text: city

text: enjoyed

text: a

text: prolonged

text: peace

text: during

text: this

text: period

text: Palermo

text: came

text: into

text: contact

text: with

text: the

text: Ancient

text: Greeks

text: between

text: the

text: and

text: the

text: centuries

text: BC

text: which

text: preceded

text: the

text: Sicilian

text: Wars

text: a

text: conflict

text: fought

text: between

text: the

text: Greeks

text: of

text: Syracuse

text: and

text: the

text: Phoenicians

text: of

text: Carthage

text: for

text: control

text: over

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Sicily

text: During

text: this

text: war

text: the

text: Greeks

text: named

text: the

text: settlement

text: Panormos

text: Πάνορμος

text: from

text: which

text: the

text: current

text: name

text: is

text: derived

text: meaning

text: all

text: port

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: shape

text: of

text: its

text: coast

text: It

text: was

text: from

text: Palermo

text: that

text: Hamilcar

text: I

text: 's

text: fleet

text: which

text: was

text: defeated

text: at

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Himera

text: was

text: launched

text: In

text: B.C.

text: the

text: city

text: was

text: looted

text: by

text: Hermocrates

text: of

text: Syracuse

text: The

text: Sicilian

text: Wars

text: ended

text: in

text: BC

text: when

text: Carthage

text: and

text: Syracuse

text: stopped

text: warring

text: and

text: united

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: stop

text: the

text: Romans

text: from

text: gaining

text: full

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: during

text: the

text: First

text: Punic

text: War

text: In

text: BC

text: during

text: the

text: Pyrrhic

text: War

text: Panormos

text: briefly

text: became

text: a

text: Greek

text: colony

text: after

text: being

text: conquered

text: by

text: Pyrrhus

text: of

text: Epirus

text: but

text: returned

text: to

text: Phoenician

text: Carthage

text: in

text: In

text: BC

text: Panormos

text: was

text: besieged

text: and

text: conquered

text: by

text: the

text: Romans

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: battle

text: of

text: Panormus

text: the

text: name

text: Latin

text: name

text: Carthage

text: attempted

text: to

text: reconquer

text: Panormus

text: in

text: BC

text: but

text: failed

question: In which War did Greeks and Phoenicians fight over control of Sicily?

answer: Sicilian Wars

text: Sicilian Wars

question: Why did the Sicilian Wars end?

answer: Carthage and Syracuse stopped warring and united in order to stop the Romans from gaining full control of the island during the First Punic War

text: Carthage and Syracuse stopped warring and united in order to stop the Romans from gaining full control of the island during the First Punic War

question: Who conquered Panormos and briefly turned it into a Greek colony?

answer: Pyrrhus of Epirus

text: Pyrrhus of Epirus

question: Why did the Greeks name Palermo Panormos?

answer: meaning "all port" due to the shape of its coast.

text: meaning "all port" due to the shape of its coast.


text: However Qing rule saw an massively increasing amount of Han Chinese both illegally and legally streaming into Manchuria and settling down to cultivate land as Manchu landlords desired Han Chinese peasants to rent on their land and grow grain, most Han Chinese migrants were not evicted as they went over the Great Wall and Willow Palisade, during the eighteenth century Han Chinese farmed 500,000 hectares of privately owned land in Manchuria and 203,583 hectares of lands which were part of coutrier stations, noble estates, and Banner lands, in garrisons and towns in Manchuria Han Chinese made up 80% of the population.

title: Qing_dynasty

title: Qing_dynasty

text: However

text: Qing

text: rule

text: saw

text: an

text: massively

text: increasing

text: amount

text: of

text: Han

text: Chinese

text: both

text: illegally

text: and

text: legally

text: streaming

text: into

text: Manchuria

text: and

text: settling

text: down

text: to

text: cultivate

text: land

text: as

text: Manchu

text: landlords

text: desired

text: Han

text: Chinese

text: peasants

text: to

text: rent

text: on

text: their

text: land

text: and

text: grow

text: grain

text: most

text: Han

text: Chinese

text: migrants

text: were

text: not

text: evicted

text: as

text: they

text: went

text: over

text: the

text: Great

text: Wall

text: and

text: Willow

text: Palisade

text: during

text: the

text: eighteenth

text: century

text: Han

text: Chinese

text: farmed

text: hectares

text: of

text: privately

text: owned

text: land

text: in

text: Manchuria

text: and

text: hectares

text: of

text: lands

text: which

text: were

text: part

text: of

text: coutrier

text: stations

text: noble

text: estates

text: and

text: Banner

text: lands

text: in

text: garrisons

text: and

text: towns

text: in

text: Manchuria

text: Han

text: Chinese

text: made

text: up

text: of

text: the

text: population

question: Where did Hans go to to find land?

answer: Manchuria

text: Manchuria

question: How much land did the Han cultivate?

answer: 500,000 hectares

text: 500,000 hectares

question: What percent of the population in Manchuria was Han?

answer: 80%


text: A large number of international institutions have their seats in Switzerland, in part because of its policy of neutrality. Geneva is the birthplace of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and the Geneva Conventions and, since 2006, hosts the United Nations Human Rights Council. Even though Switzerland is one of the most recent countries to have joined the United Nations, the Palace of Nations in Geneva is the second biggest centre for the United Nations after New York, and Switzerland was a founding member and home to the League of Nations.

title: Switzerland

title: Switzerland

text: A

text: large

text: number

text: of

text: international

text: institutions

text: have

text: their

text: seats

text: in

text: Switzerland

text: in

text: part

text: because

text: of

text: its

text: policy

text: of

text: neutrality

text: Geneva

text: is

text: the

text: birthplace

text: of

text: the

text: Red

text: Cross

text: and

text: Red

text: Crescent

text: Movement

text: and

text: the

text: Geneva

text: Conventions

text: and

text: since

text: hosts

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: Human

text: Rights

text: Council

text: Even

text: though

text: Switzerland

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: recent

text: countries

text: to

text: have

text: joined

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: the

text: Palace

text: of

text: Nations

text: in

text: Geneva

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: biggest

text: centre

text: for

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: after

text: New

text: York

text: and

text: Switzerland

text: was

text: a

text: founding

text: member

text: and

text: home

text: to

text: the

text: League

text: of

text: Nations

question: How long has Switzerland hosted the United Nations Human Rights Council?

answer: since 2006

text: since 2006

question: What is the second biggest centre for the U.N.?

answer: Palace of Nations in Geneva

text: Palace of Nations in Geneva

question: Where did the Red Crescent Movement begin?

answer: Geneva

text: Geneva

question: Where is the League of Nations located?

answer: Switzerland

text: Switzerland


text: John initially adopted a defensive posture similar to that of 1199: avoiding open battle and carefully defending his key castles. John's operations became more chaotic as the campaign progressed, and Philip began to make steady progress in the east. John became aware in July that Arthur's forces were threatening his mother, Eleanor, at Mirebeau Castle. Accompanied by William de Roches, his seneschal in Anjou, he swung his mercenary army rapidly south to protect her. His forces caught Arthur by surprise and captured the entire rebel leadership at the battle of Mirebeau. With his southern flank weakening, Philip was forced to withdraw in the east and turn south himself to contain John's army.

title: John,_King_of_England

title: John,_King_of_England

text: John

text: initially

text: adopted

text: a

text: defensive

text: posture

text: similar

text: to

text: that

text: of

text: avoiding

text: open

text: battle

text: and

text: carefully

text: defending

text: his

text: key

text: castles

text: John

text: 's

text: operations

text: became

text: more

text: chaotic

text: as

text: the

text: campaign

text: progressed

text: and

text: Philip

text: began

text: to

text: make

text: steady

text: progress

text: in

text: the

text: east

text: John

text: became

text: aware

text: in

text: July

text: that

text: Arthur

text: 's

text: forces

text: were

text: threatening

text: his

text: mother

text: Eleanor

text: at

text: Mirebeau

text: Castle

text: Accompanied

text: by

text: William

text: de

text: Roches

text: his

text: seneschal

text: in

text: Anjou

text: he

text: swung

text: his

text: mercenary

text: army

text: rapidly

text: south

text: to

text: protect

text: her

text: His

text: forces

text: caught

text: Arthur

text: by

text: surprise

text: and

text: captured

text: the

text: entire

text: rebel

text: leadership

text: at

text: the

text: battle

text: of

text: Mirebeau

text: With

text: his

text: southern

text: flank

text: weakening

text: Philip

text: was

text: forced

text: to

text: withdraw

text: in

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: turn

text: south

text: himself

text: to

text: contain

text: John

text: 's

text: army

question: Who accompanied John?

answer: William de Roches

text: William de Roches

question: Why was Philip forced to withdraw in the east?

answer: southern flank weakening

text: southern flank weakening

question: Who was caught by surprised?

answer: Arthur

text: Arthur


text: One question that is crucial in cognitive neuroscience is how information and mental experiences are coded and represented in the brain. Scientists have gained much knowledge about the neuronal codes from the studies of plasticity, but most of such research has been focused on simple learning in simple neuronal circuits; it is considerably less clear about the neuronal changes involved in more complex examples of memory, particularly declarative memory that requires the storage of facts and events (Byrne 2007). Convergence-divergence zones might be the neural networks where memories are stored and retrieved.

title: Memory

title: Memory

text: One

text: question

text: that

text: is

text: crucial

text: in

text: cognitive

text: neuroscience

text: is

text: how

text: information

text: and

text: mental

text: experiences

text: are

text: coded

text: and

text: represented

text: in

text: the

text: brain

text: Scientists

text: have

text: gained

text: much

text: knowledge

text: about

text: the

text: neuronal

text: codes

text: from

text: the

text: studies

text: of

text: plasticity

text: but

text: most

text: of

text: such

text: research

text: has

text: been

text: focused

text: on

text: simple

text: learning

text: in

text: simple

text: neuronal

text: circuits

text: it

text: is

text: considerably

text: less

text: clear

text: about

text: the

text: neuronal

text: changes

text: involved

text: in

text: more

text: complex

text: examples

text: of

text: memory

text: particularly

text: declarative

text: memory

text: that

text: requires

text: the

text: storage

text: of

text: facts

text: and

text: events

text: Byrne

text: Convergence

text: divergence

text: zones

text: might

text: be

text: the

text: neural

text: networks

text: where

text: memories

text: are

text: stored

text: and

text: retrieved

question: Is it important to know how information is coded in the brain?

answer: that is crucial

text: that is crucial

question: Have researchers learned anything studying plasticity?

answer: have gained much knowledge

text: have gained much knowledge

question: What are the roles of Covergence-divergence zones?

answer: might be the neural networks where memories are stored and retrieved.

text: might be the neural networks where memories are stored and retrieved.

question: What has most of the research on memories revolved around?

answer: simple learning in simple neuronal circuits;

text: simple learning in simple neuronal circuits;


text: When Empress Dowager Deng died, Emperor An (r. 106–125 AD) was convinced by the accusations of the eunuchs Li Run (李閏) and Jiang Jing (江京) that Deng and her family had planned to depose him. An dismissed Deng's clan members from office, exiled them and forced many to commit suicide. After An's death, his wife, Empress Dowager Yan (d. 126 AD) placed the child Marquess of Beixiang on the throne in an attempt to retain power within her family. However, palace eunuch Sun Cheng (d. 132 AD) masterminded a successful overthrow of her regime to enthrone Emperor Shun of Han (r. 125–144 AD). Yan was placed under house arrest, her relatives were either killed or exiled, and her eunuch allies were slaughtered. The regent Liang Ji (d. 159 AD), brother of Empress Liang Na (d. 150 AD), had the brother-in-law of Consort Deng Mengnü (later empress) (d. 165 AD) killed after Deng Mengnü resisted Liang Ji's attempts to control her. Afterward, Emperor Huan employed eunuchs to depose Liang Ji, who was then forced to commit suicide.

title: Han_dynasty

title: Han_dynasty

text: When

text: Empress

text: Dowager

text: Deng

text: died

text: Emperor

text: An

text: r.

text: AD

text: was

text: convinced

text: by

text: the

text: accusations

text: of

text: the

text: eunuchs

text: Li

text: Run

text: 李閏

text: and

text: Jiang

text: Jing

text: 江京

text: that

text: Deng

text: and

text: her

text: family

text: had

text: planned

text: to

text: depose

text: him

text: An

text: dismissed

text: Deng

text: 's

text: clan

text: members

text: from

text: office

text: exiled

text: them

text: and

text: forced

text: many

text: to

text: commit

text: suicide

text: After

text: An

text: 's

text: death

text: his

text: wife

text: Empress

text: Dowager

text: Yan

text: d.

text: AD

text: placed

text: the

text: child

text: Marquess

text: of

text: Beixiang

text: on

text: the

text: throne

text: in

text: an

text: attempt

text: to

text: retain

text: power

text: within

text: her

text: family

text: However

text: palace

text: eunuch

text: Sun

text: Cheng

text: d.

text: AD

text: masterminded

text: a

text: successful

text: overthrow

text: of

text: her

text: regime

text: to

text: enthrone

text: Emperor

text: Shun

text: of

text: Han

text: r.

text: AD

text: Yan

text: was

text: placed

text: under

text: house

text: arrest

text: her

text: relatives

text: were

text: either

text: killed

text: or

text: exiled

text: and

text: her

text: eunuch

text: allies

text: were

text: slaughtered

text: The

text: regent

text: Liang

text: Ji

text: d.

text: AD

text: brother

text: of

text: Empress

text: Liang

text: d.

text: AD

text: had

text: the

text: brother

text: in

text: law

text: of

text: Consort

text: Deng

text: Mengnü

text: later

text: empress

text: d.

text: AD

text: killed

text: after

text: Deng

text: Mengnü

text: resisted

text: Liang

text: Ji

text: 's

text: attempts

text: to

text: control

text: her

text: Afterward

text: Emperor

text: Huan

text: employed

text: eunuchs

text: to

text: depose

text: Liang

text: Ji

text: who

text: was

text: then

text: forced

text: to

text: commit

text: suicide

question: Who had forced a large number of Empress Dowager Deng's clan members to kill themselves?

answer: Emperor An

text: Emperor An

question: Which person plotted to overthrew the regime of Empress Dowager Yan?

answer: Sun Cheng

text: Sun Cheng

question: Who did Emperor Huan hire to depose Liang Ji?

answer: eunuchs

text: eunuchs

question: Relatives of what family were exiled after Sun Cheng had overthrown the regime?

answer: Yan

text: Yan

question: How did Liang Ji die?

answer: forced to commit suicide

text: forced to commit suicide


text: The Sydney Mandolins (Artistic Director: Adrian Hooper) have contributed greatly to the repertoire through commissioning over 200 works by Australian and International composers. Most of these works have been released on Compact Disks and can regularly be heard on radio stations on the ABC and MBS networks. One of their members, mandolin virtuoso Paul Hooper, has had a number of Concertos written for him by composers such as Eric Gross. He has performed and recorded these works with the Sydney Symphony Orchestra and the Tasmanian Symphony Orchestra. As well, Paul Hooper has had many solo works dedicated to him by Australian composers e.g., Caroline Szeto, Ian Shanahan, Larry Sitsky and Michael Smetanin.

title: Mandolin

title: Mandolin

text: The

text: Sydney

text: Mandolins

text: Artistic

text: Director

text: Adrian

text: Hooper

text: have

text: contributed

text: greatly

text: to

text: the

text: repertoire

text: through

text: commissioning

text: over

text: works

text: by

text: Australian

text: and

text: International

text: composers

text: Most

text: of

text: these

text: works

text: have

text: been

text: released

text: on

text: Compact

text: Disks

text: and

text: can

text: regularly

text: be

text: heard

text: on

text: radio

text: stations

text: on

text: the

text: ABC

text: and

text: MBS

text: networks

text: One

text: of

text: their

text: members

text: mandolin

text: virtuoso

text: Paul

text: Hooper

text: has

text: had

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: Concertos

text: written

text: for

text: him

text: by

text: composers

text: such

text: as

text: Eric

text: Gross

text: He

text: has

text: performed

text: and

text: recorded

text: these

text: works

text: with

text: the

text: Sydney

text: Symphony

text: Orchestra

text: and

text: the

text: Tasmanian

text: Symphony

text: Orchestra

text: As

text: well

text: Paul

text: Hooper

text: has

text: had

text: many

text: solo

text: works

text: dedicated

text: to

text: him

text: by

text: Australian

text: composers

text: e.g.

text: Caroline

text: Szeto

text: Ian

text: Shanahan

text: Larry

text: Sitsky

text: and

text: Michael

text: Smetanin

question: Who is the director of the Sydney Mandolins?

answer: Adrian Hooper

text: Adrian Hooper

question: How many commisions of Sydney Mandolins have their been?

answer: over 200 works

text: over 200 works

question: On what media was most of these work released?

answer: Compact Disks

text: Compact Disks

question: What radio stations can they be heard on?

answer: ABC and MBS networks

text: ABC and MBS networks

question: Who has had many Concertos written for him?

answer: mandolin virtuoso Paul Hooper

text: mandolin virtuoso Paul Hooper


text: Other historians find incongruity in the proposition that the very place where the vast number of the scholars that influenced the scientific revolution received their education should also be the place that inhibits their research and the advancement of science. In fact, more than 80% of the European scientists between 1450–1650 included in the Dictionary of Scientific Biography were university trained, of which approximately 45% held university posts. It was the case that the academic foundations remaining from the Middle Ages were stable, and they did provide for an environment that fostered considerable growth and development. There was considerable reluctance on the part of universities to relinquish the symmetry and comprehensiveness provided by the Aristotelian system, which was effective as a coherent system for understanding and interpreting the world. However, university professors still utilized some autonomy, at least in the sciences, to choose epistemological foundations and methods. For instance, Melanchthon and his disciples at University of Wittenberg were instrumental for integrating Copernican mathematical constructs into astronomical debate and instruction. Another example was the short-lived but fairly rapid adoption of Cartesian epistemology and methodology in European universities, and the debates surrounding that adoption, which led to more mechanistic approaches to scientific problems as well as demonstrated an openness to change. There are many examples which belie the commonly perceived intransigence of universities. Although universities may have been slow to accept new sciences and methodologies as they emerged, when they did accept new ideas it helped to convey legitimacy and respectability, and supported the scientific changes through providing a stable environment for instruction and material resources.

title: University

title: University

text: Other

text: historians

text: find

text: incongruity

text: in

text: the

text: proposition

text: that

text: the

text: very

text: place

text: where

text: the

text: vast

text: number

text: of

text: the

text: scholars

text: that

text: influenced

text: the

text: scientific

text: revolution

text: received

text: their

text: education

text: should

text: also

text: be

text: the

text: place

text: that

text: inhibits

text: their

text: research

text: and

text: the

text: advancement

text: of

text: science

text: In

text: fact

text: more

text: than

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: scientists

text: between

text: included

text: in

text: the

text: Dictionary

text: of

text: Scientific

text: Biography

text: were

text: university

text: trained

text: of

text: which

text: approximately

text: held

text: university

text: posts

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: case

text: that

text: the

text: academic

text: foundations

text: remaining

text: from

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: were

text: stable

text: and

text: they

text: did

text: provide

text: for

text: an

text: environment

text: that

text: fostered

text: considerable

text: growth

text: and

text: development

text: There

text: was

text: considerable

text: reluctance

text: on

text: the

text: part

text: of

text: universities

text: to

text: relinquish

text: the

text: symmetry

text: and

text: comprehensiveness

text: provided

text: by

text: the

text: Aristotelian

text: system

text: which

text: was

text: effective

text: as

text: a

text: coherent

text: system

text: for

text: understanding

text: and

text: interpreting

text: the

text: world

text: However

text: university

text: professors

text: still

text: utilized

text: some

text: autonomy

text: at

text: least

text: in

text: the

text: sciences

text: to

text: choose

text: epistemological

text: foundations

text: and

text: methods

text: For

text: instance

text: Melanchthon

text: and

text: his

text: disciples

text: at

text: University

text: of

text: Wittenberg

text: were

text: instrumental

text: for

text: integrating

text: Copernican

text: mathematical

text: constructs

text: into

text: astronomical

text: debate

text: and

text: instruction

text: Another

text: example

text: was

text: the

text: short

text: lived

text: but

text: fairly

text: rapid

text: adoption

text: of

text: Cartesian

text: epistemology

text: and

text: methodology

text: in

text: European

text: universities

text: and

text: the

text: debates

text: surrounding

text: that

text: adoption

text: which

text: led

text: to

text: more

text: mechanistic

text: approaches

text: to

text: scientific

text: problems

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: demonstrated

text: an

text: openness

text: to

text: change

text: There

text: are

text: many

text: examples

text: which

text: belie

text: the

text: commonly

text: perceived

text: intransigence

text: of

text: universities

text: Although

text: universities

text: may

text: have

text: been

text: slow

text: to

text: accept

text: new

text: sciences

text: and

text: methodologies

text: as

text: they

text: emerged

text: when

text: they

text: did

text: accept

text: new

text: ideas

text: it

text: helped

text: to

text: convey

text: legitimacy

text: and

text: respectability

text: and

text: supported

text: the

text: scientific

text: changes

text: through

text: providing

text: a

text: stable

text: environment

text: for

text: instruction

text: and

text: material

text: resources

question: What percentage of scientists from 1450–1650 in the Dictionary of Scientific Biography were taught in a university?

answer: more than 80%

text: more than 80%

question: On the part of universities what was their reaction to giving up the Aristotelian system?

answer: considerable reluctance

text: considerable reluctance

question: What university was Melancthon from?

answer: University of Wittenberg

text: University of Wittenberg

question: The acceptance of new concepts and sciences by universities brought these ideas what?

answer: legitimacy and respectability

text: legitimacy and respectability

question: What type of epistemology was adopted for a short period of time in European universities?

answer: Cartesian

text: Cartesian


text: South Korea: The event was held in Seoul, which hosted the 1988 Summer Olympics, on April 27. Intended torchbearers Choi Seung-kook and Park Won-sun boycotted the event to protest against the Chinese government's crackdown in Tibet. More than 8,000 riot police were deployed to guard the 24-kilometre route, which began at Olympic Park, which was built when Seoul hosted the 1988 Summer Games. On the day of the torch relay in Seoul, Chinese students clashed with protesters, throwing rocks, bottles, and punches. A North Korean defector whose brother defected to China but was captured and executed by the DPRK, attempted to set himself on fire in protest of China's treatment of North Korean refugees. He poured gasoline on himself but police quickly surrounded him and carried him away. Two other demonstrators tried to storm the torch but failed. Fighting broke out near the beginning of the relay between a group of 500 Chinese supporters and approximately 50 protesters who carried a banner that read: "Free North Korean refugees in China." The students threw stones and water bottles as approximately 2,500 police tried to keep the groups separated. Police said they arrested five people, including a Chinese student who was arrested for allegedly throwing rocks. Thousands of Chinese followed the torch on its 4.5 hour journey, some chanting, "Go China, go Olympics!" By the end of the relay, Chinese students became violent, and it was reported in Korean media that they were "lynching" everyone who was disagreeing with them. One police man was also rushed to hospital after being attacked by Chinese students. On Apr 29, the Secretary of Justice, Kim Kyung Han, told the prime minister that he will find "every single Chinese who was involved and bring them to justice." Later in the day, South Korea's Prosecutor's Office, National Police Agency, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and National Intelligence Service made a joint statement saying that they will be deporting every Chinese student that was involved in the incident. China defended the conduct of the students.

title: 2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay

title: 2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay

text: South

text: Korea

text: The

text: event

text: was

text: held

text: in

text: Seoul

text: which

text: hosted

text: the

text: Summer

text: Olympics

text: on

text: April

text: Intended

text: torchbearers

text: Choi

text: Seung

text: kook

text: and

text: Park

text: Won

text: sun

text: boycotted

text: the

text: event

text: to

text: protest

text: against

text: the

text: Chinese

text: government

text: 's

text: crackdown

text: in

text: Tibet

text: More

text: than

text: riot

text: police

text: were

text: deployed

text: to

text: guard

text: the

text: route

text: which

text: began

text: at

text: Olympic

text: Park

text: which

text: was

text: built

text: when

text: Seoul

text: hosted

text: the

text: Summer

text: Games

text: On

text: the

text: day

text: of

text: the

text: torch

text: relay

text: in

text: Seoul

text: Chinese

text: students

text: clashed

text: with

text: protesters

text: throwing

text: rocks

text: bottles

text: and

text: punches

text: A

text: North

text: Korean

text: defector

text: whose

text: brother

text: defected

text: to

text: China

text: but

text: was

text: captured

text: and

text: executed

text: by

text: the

text: DPRK

text: attempted

text: to

text: set

text: himself

text: on

text: fire

text: in

text: protest

text: of

text: China

text: 's

text: treatment

text: of

text: North

text: Korean

text: refugees

text: He

text: poured

text: gasoline

text: on

text: himself

text: but

text: police

text: quickly

text: surrounded

text: him

text: and

text: carried

text: him

text: away

text: Two

text: other

text: demonstrators

text: tried

text: to

text: storm

text: the

text: torch

text: but

text: failed

text: Fighting

text: broke

text: out

text: near

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: relay

text: between

text: a

text: group

text: of

text: Chinese

text: supporters

text: and

text: approximately

text: protesters

text: who

text: carried

text: a

text: banner

text: that

text: read

text: Free

text: North

text: Korean

text: refugees

text: in

text: China

text: The

text: students

text: threw

text: stones

text: and

text: water

text: bottles

text: as

text: approximately

text: police

text: tried

text: to

text: keep

text: the

text: groups

text: separated

text: Police

text: said

text: they

text: arrested

text: five

text: people

text: including

text: a

text: Chinese

text: student

text: who

text: was

text: arrested

text: for

text: allegedly

text: throwing

text: rocks

text: Thousands

text: of

text: Chinese

text: followed

text: the

text: torch

text: on

text: its

text: hour

text: journey

text: some

text: chanting

text: Go

text: China

text: go

text: Olympics

text: By

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: relay

text: Chinese

text: students

text: became

text: violent

text: and

text: it

text: was

text: reported

text: in

text: Korean

text: media

text: that

text: they

text: were

text: lynching

text: everyone

text: who

text: was

text: disagreeing

text: with

text: them

text: One

text: police

text: man

text: was

text: also

text: rushed

text: to

text: hospital

text: after

text: being

text: attacked

text: by

text: Chinese

text: students

text: On

text: Apr

text: the

text: Secretary

text: of

text: Justice

text: Kim

text: Kyung

text: Han

text: told

text: the

text: prime

text: minister

text: that

text: he

text: will

text: find

text: every

text: single

text: Chinese

text: who

text: was

text: involved

text: and

text: bring

text: them

text: to

text: justice

text: Later

text: in

text: the

text: day

text: South

text: Korea

text: 's

text: Prosecutor

text: 's

text: Office

text: National

text: Police

text: Agency

text: Ministry

text: of

text: Foreign

text: Affairs

text: and

text: National

text: Intelligence

text: Service

text: made

text: a

text: joint

text: statement

text: saying

text: that

text: they

text: will

text: be

text: deporting

text: every

text: Chinese

text: student

text: that

text: was

text: involved

text: in

text: the

text: incident

text: China

text: defended

text: the

text: conduct

text: of

text: the

text: students

question: Where was the torch relay event held in South Korea?

answer: Seoul

text: Seoul

question: When did Seoul host the Olympics?

answer: 1988 Summer Olympics

text: 1988 Summer Olympics

question: Where was the start point for the relay?

answer: Olympic Park

text: Olympic Park

question: Who became violent during the relay route and was promised deportation when caught?

answer: Chinese students

text: Chinese students

question: Where was the relay event held in South Korea?

answer: Seoul

text: Seoul

question: Which Olympics did Seoul host?

answer: 1988 Summer Olympics

text: 1988 Summer Olympics


text: Catalan pronouns exhibit T–V distinction, like all other Romance languages (and most European languages, but not Modern English). This feature implies the use of a different set of second person pronouns for formality.

title: Catalan_language

title: Catalan_language

text: Catalan

text: pronouns

text: exhibit

text: T

text: V

text: distinction

text: like

text: all

text: other

text: Romance

text: languages

text: and

text: most

text: European

text: languages

text: but

text: not

text: Modern

text: English

text: This

text: feature

text: implies

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: a

text: different

text: set

text: of

text: second

text: person

text: pronouns

text: for

text: formality

question: What is this distinction similar to?

answer: all other Romance languages

text: all other Romance languages

question: What modern language does not have a T-Y distinction?

answer: English

text: English

question: What does this imply the use an extra group of pronouns for?

answer: formality

text: formality


text: Although some indigenous peoples of the Americas were traditionally hunter-gatherers—and many, especially in Amazonia, still are—many groups practiced aquaculture and agriculture. The impact of their agricultural endowment to the world is a testament to their time and work in reshaping and cultivating the flora indigenous to the Americas. Although some societies depended heavily on agriculture, others practiced a mix of farming, hunting, and gathering. In some regions the indigenous peoples created monumental architecture, large-scale organized cities, chiefdoms, states, and empires.

title: Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

title: Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

text: Although

text: some

text: indigenous

text: peoples

text: of

text: the

text: Americas

text: were

text: traditionally

text: hunter

text: gatherers

text: and

text: many

text: especially

text: in

text: Amazonia

text: still

text: are

text: many

text: groups

text: practiced

text: aquaculture

text: and

text: agriculture

text: The

text: impact

text: of

text: their

text: agricultural

text: endowment

text: to

text: the

text: world

text: is

text: a

text: testament

text: to

text: their

text: time

text: and

text: work

text: in

text: reshaping

text: and

text: cultivating

text: the

text: flora

text: indigenous

text: to

text: the

text: Americas

text: Although

text: some

text: societies

text: depended

text: heavily

text: on

text: agriculture

text: others

text: practiced

text: a

text: mix

text: of

text: farming

text: hunting

text: and

text: gathering

text: In

text: some

text: regions

text: the

text: indigenous

text: peoples

text: created

text: monumental

text: architecture

text: large

text: scale

text: organized

text: cities

text: chiefdoms

text: states

text: and

text: empires

question: What were many of the indigenous people of the Americas traditionally?

answer: hunter-gatherers

text: hunter-gatherers

question: What remains as a testament to the time and work the indigenous people spent cultivating the flora of the Americas?

answer: agricultural endowment

text: agricultural endowment

question: What did many of the societies practice a mix of?

answer: farming, hunting, and gathering

text: farming, hunting, and gathering

question: Large cities, chiefdoms, monuments and empires were just some of the things created by which peoples?

answer: indigenous

text: indigenous

question: What did many segments of the indigenous population also practice?

answer: aquaculture and agriculture

text: aquaculture and agriculture


text: In the late 1960s, the term heavy metal was used interchangeably with hard rock, but gradually began to be used to describe music played with even more volume and intensity. While hard rock maintained a bluesy rock and roll identity, including some swing in the back beat and riffs that tended to outline chord progressions in their hooks, heavy metal's riffs often functioned as stand-alone melodies and had no swing in them. Heavy metal took on "darker" characteristics after Black Sabbath's breakthrough at the beginning of the 1970s. In the 1980s it developed a number of subgenres, often termed extreme metal, some of which were influenced by hardcore punk, and which further differentiated the two styles. Despite this differentiation, hard rock and heavy metal have existed side by side, with bands frequently standing on the boundary of, or crossing between, the genres.

title: Hard_rock

title: Hard_rock

text: In

text: the

text: late

text: the

text: term

text: heavy

text: metal

text: was

text: used

text: interchangeably

text: with

text: hard

text: rock

text: but

text: gradually

text: began

text: to

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: describe

text: music

text: played

text: with

text: even

text: more

text: volume

text: and

text: intensity

text: While

text: hard

text: rock

text: maintained

text: a

text: bluesy

text: rock

text: and

text: roll

text: identity

text: including

text: some

text: swing

text: in

text: the

text: back

text: beat

text: and

text: riffs

text: that

text: tended

text: to

text: outline

text: chord

text: progressions

text: in

text: their

text: hooks

text: heavy

text: metal

text: 's

text: riffs

text: often

text: functioned

text: as

text: stand

text: alone

text: melodies

text: and

text: had

text: no

text: swing

text: in

text: them

text: Heavy

text: metal

text: took

text: on

text: darker

text: characteristics

text: after

text: Black

text: Sabbath

text: 's

text: breakthrough

text: at

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: In

text: the

text: it

text: developed

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: subgenres

text: often

text: termed

text: extreme

text: metal

text: some

text: of

text: which

text: were

text: influenced

text: by

text: hardcore

text: punk

text: and

text: which

text: further

text: differentiated

text: the

text: two

text: styles

text: Despite

text: this

text: differentiation

text: hard

text: rock

text: and

text: heavy

text: metal

text: have

text: existed

text: side

text: by

text: side

text: with

text: bands

text: frequently

text: standing

text: on

text: the

text: boundary

text: of

text: or

text: crossing

text: between

text: the

text: genres

question: By the late 60s, what term was synonymous with hard rock?

answer: heavy metal

text: heavy metal

question: What heavy metal group introduced darker themes to the music?

answer: Black Sabbath

text: Black Sabbath

question: What genre was an influence on extreme metal in the 1980s?

answer: hardcore punk

text: hardcore punk

question: Hard rock is differentiated from heavy metal by containing more of an influence of what genre?

answer: bluesy

text: bluesy

question: In heavy metal, riffs typically form what element of a song?

answer: stand-alone melodies

text: stand-alone melodies


text: Eisenhower did provide France with bombers and non-combat personnel. After a few months with no success by the French, he added other aircraft to drop napalm for clearing purposes. Further requests for assistance from the French were agreed to but only on conditions Eisenhower knew were impossible to meet – allied participation and congressional approval. When the French fortress of Dien Bien Phu fell to the Vietnamese Communists in May 1954, Eisenhower refused to intervene despite urgings from the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs, the Vice President and the head of NCS.

title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

text: Eisenhower

text: did

text: provide

text: France

text: with

text: bombers

text: and

text: non

text: combat

text: personnel

text: After

text: a

text: few

text: months

text: with

text: no

text: success

text: by

text: the

text: French

text: he

text: added

text: other

text: aircraft

text: to

text: drop

text: napalm

text: for

text: clearing

text: purposes

text: Further

text: requests

text: for

text: assistance

text: from

text: the

text: French

text: were

text: agreed

text: to

text: but

text: only

text: on

text: conditions

text: Eisenhower

text: knew

text: were

text: impossible

text: to

text: meet

text: allied

text: participation

text: and

text: congressional

text: approval

text: When

text: the

text: French

text: fortress

text: of

text: Dien

text: Bien

text: Phu

text: fell

text: to

text: the

text: Vietnamese

text: Communists

text: in

text: May

text: Eisenhower

text: refused

text: to

text: intervene

text: despite

text: urgings

text: from

text: the

text: Chairman

text: of

text: the

text: Joint

text: Chiefs

text: the

text: Vice

text: President

text: and

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: NCS

question: Aside from bombers, what aid did Eisenhower provide to the French?

answer: non-combat personnel

text: non-combat personnel

question: What did American bombers drop on Vietnam?

answer: napalm

text: napalm

question: When did Dien Bien Phu fall to the communists?

answer: May 1954

text: May 1954

question: Along with the Vice President and NCS head, who urged Eisenhower to intervene after the fall of Dien Bien Phu?

answer: Chairman of the Joint Chiefs

text: Chairman of the Joint Chiefs

question: What arguably impossible conditions did Eisenhower set for further intervention on behalf of the French?

answer: allied participation and congressional approval

text: allied participation and congressional approval


text: The system was originally targeted for release in the spring of 1985, but the release date was pushed back. After test-marketing in the New York City area in late fall, retailers had reportedly stated the system "failed miserably".[contradictory] While others stated that Nintendo had an excellent nine-week market test in New York last fall Due to the moderate success launch in New York City, Nintendo tried a second time; the system was test-marketed further beginning in February 1986, with the nationwide release occurring in September 1986.

title: Nintendo_Entertainment_System

title: Nintendo_Entertainment_System

text: The

text: system

text: was

text: originally

text: targeted

text: for

text: release

text: in

text: the

text: spring

text: of

text: but

text: the

text: release

text: date

text: was

text: pushed

text: back

text: After

text: test

text: marketing

text: in

text: the

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: area

text: in

text: late

text: fall

text: retailers

text: had

text: reportedly

text: stated

text: the

text: system

text: failed

text: miserably".[contradictory

text: While

text: others

text: stated

text: that

text: Nintendo

text: had

text: an

text: excellent

text: nine

text: week

text: market

text: test

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: last

text: fall

text: Due

text: to

text: the

text: moderate

text: success

text: launch

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: Nintendo

text: tried

text: a

text: second

text: time

text: the

text: system

text: was

text: test

text: marketed

text: further

text: beginning

text: in

text: February

text: with

text: the

text: nationwide

text: release

text: occurring

text: in

text: September

question: When was the system originally supposed to be released?

answer: spring of 1985

text: spring of 1985

question: Retailers in what test area reported a miserable failure of sales?

answer: New York City

text: New York City

question: When was the second time Nintendo test marketed the NES?

answer: February 1986

text: February 1986

question: When was the nationwide release of the NES?

answer: September 1986

text: September 1986


text: Electrical recording preceded electrical home reproduction because of the initial high cost of the new system. In 1925, the Victor company introduced the Victor Orthophonic Victrola, an acoustical record player that was specifically designed to play electrically recorded discs, as part of a line that also included electrically reproducing Electrolas. The acoustical Orthophonics ranged in price from US$95 to US$300, depending on cabinetry; by comparison, the cheapest Electrola cost US$650, the price of a new Ford automobile in an era when clerical jobs paid about $20 a week.

title: Gramophone_record

title: Gramophone_record

text: Electrical

text: recording

text: preceded

text: electrical

text: home

text: reproduction

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: initial

text: high

text: cost

text: of

text: the

text: new

text: system

text: In

text: the

text: Victor

text: company

text: introduced

text: the

text: Victor

text: Orthophonic

text: Victrola

text: an

text: acoustical

text: record

text: player

text: that

text: was

text: specifically

text: designed

text: to

text: play

text: electrically

text: recorded

text: discs

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: a

text: line

text: that

text: also

text: included

text: electrically

text: reproducing

text: Electrolas

text: The

text: acoustical

text: Orthophonics

text: ranged

text: in

text: price

text: from

text: US$

text: to

text: US$

text: depending

text: on

text: cabinetry

text: by

text: comparison

text: the

text: cheapest

text: Electrola

text: cost

text: US$

text: the

text: price

text: of

text: a

text: new

text: Ford

text: automobile

text: in

text: an

text: era

text: when

text: clerical

text: jobs

text: paid

text: about

text: a

text: week

question: What was a drawback of early home recording systems?

answer: high cost

text: high cost

question: What was the initial cost range of early recording devices?

answer: US$95 to US$300

text: US$95 to US$300

question: What year  was the  Victor Orthophonic Victrola released?

answer: 1925

question: What was the typical weekly pay of a worker in 1925?

answer: $20

question: What options were available that effected the cost of the Victor Orthophonic Victorla?

answer: cabinetry

text: cabinetry


text: In 1568, Spanish navigator Álvaro de Mendaña was the first European to sail through the archipelago, sighting the island of Nui during his expedition in search of Terra Australis. In 1819 the island of Funafuti was named Ellice's Island; the name Ellice was applied to all nine islands after the work of English hydrographer Alexander George Findlay. The islands came under Britain's sphere of influence in the late 19th century, when each of the Ellice Islands was declared a British Protectorate by Captain Gibson of HMS Curacoa between 9 and 16 October 1892. The Ellice Islands were administered as British protectorate by a Resident Commissioner from 1892 to 1916 as part of the British Western Pacific Territories (BWPT), and then as part of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands colony from 1916 to 1974.

title: Tuvalu

title: Tuvalu

text: In

text: Spanish

text: navigator

text: Álvaro

text: de

text: Mendaña

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: European

text: to

text: sail

text: through

text: the

text: archipelago

text: sighting

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Nui

text: during

text: his

text: expedition

text: in

text: search

text: of

text: Terra

text: Australis

text: In

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Funafuti

text: was

text: named

text: Ellice

text: 's

text: Island

text: the

text: name

text: Ellice

text: was

text: applied

text: to

text: all

text: nine

text: islands

text: after

text: the

text: work

text: of

text: English

text: hydrographer

text: Alexander

text: George

text: Findlay

text: The

text: islands

text: came

text: under

text: Britain

text: 's

text: sphere

text: of

text: influence

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: when

text: each

text: of

text: the

text: Ellice

text: Islands

text: was

text: declared

text: a

text: British

text: Protectorate

text: by

text: Captain

text: Gibson

text: of

text: HMS

text: Curacoa

text: between

text: and

text: October

text: The

text: Ellice

text: Islands

text: were

text: administered

text: as

text: British

text: protectorate

text: by

text: a

text: Resident

text: Commissioner

text: from

text: to

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: Western

text: Pacific

text: Territories

text: BWPT

text: and

text: then

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Gilbert

text: and

text: Ellice

text: Islands

text: colony

text: from

text: to

question: In what year was Tuvalu discovered by a European?

answer: 1568

question: Who was the discoverer of Tuvalu?

answer: Álvaro de Mendaña

text: Álvaro de Mendaña

question: What land mass was de Mendana actually seeking?

answer: Terra Australis

text: Terra Australis

question: What was Tuvalu named in 1819?

answer: Ellice Islands

text: Ellice Islands

question: By what means did the British govern Tuvalu?

answer: British protectorate

text: British protectorate


text: In 2005, Beyoncé teamed up with House of Brands, a shoe company, to produce a range of footwear for House of Deréon. In January 2008, Starwave Mobile launched Beyoncé Fashion Diva, a "high-style" mobile game with a social networking component, featuring the House of Deréon collection. In July 2009, Beyoncé and her mother launched a new junior apparel label, Sasha Fierce for Deréon, for back-to-school selling. The collection included sportswear, outerwear, handbags, footwear, eyewear, lingerie and jewelry. It was available at department stores including Macy's and Dillard's, and specialty stores Jimmy Jazz and Against All Odds. On May 27, 2010, Beyoncé teamed up with clothing store C&A to launch Deréon by Beyoncé at their stores in Brazil. The collection included tailored blazers with padded shoulders, little black dresses, embroidered tops and shirts and bandage dresses.

title: Beyoncé

title: Beyoncé

text: In

text: Beyoncé

text: teamed

text: up

text: with

text: House

text: of

text: Brands

text: a

text: shoe

text: company

text: to

text: produce

text: a

text: range

text: of

text: footwear

text: for

text: House

text: of

text: Deréon

text: In

text: January

text: Starwave

text: Mobile

text: launched

text: Beyoncé

text: Fashion

text: Diva

text: a

text: high

text: style

text: mobile

text: game

text: with

text: a

text: social

text: networking

text: component

text: featuring

text: the

text: House

text: of

text: Deréon

text: collection

text: In

text: July

text: Beyoncé

text: and

text: her

text: mother

text: launched

text: a

text: new

text: junior

text: apparel

text: label

text: Sasha

text: Fierce

text: for

text: Deréon

text: for

text: back

text: to

text: school

text: selling

text: The

text: collection

text: included

text: sportswear

text: outerwear

text: handbags

text: footwear

text: eyewear

text: lingerie

text: and

text: jewelry

text: It

text: was

text: available

text: at

text: department

text: stores

text: including

text: Macy

text: 's

text: and

text: Dillard

text: 's

text: and

text: specialty

text: stores

text: Jimmy

text: Jazz

text: and

text: Against

text: All

text: Odds

text: On

text: May

text: Beyoncé

text: teamed

text: up

text: with

text: clothing

text: store

text: C&A

text: to

text: launch

text: Deréon

text: by

text: Beyoncé

text: at

text: their

text: stores

text: in

text: Brazil

text: The

text: collection

text: included

text: tailored

text: blazers

text: with

text: padded

text: shoulders

text: little

text: black

text: dresses

text: embroidered

text: tops

text: and

text: shirts

text: and

text: bandage

text: dresses

question: What type of accessory company did Beyonce partner with in 2005?

answer: shoe

text: shoe

question: In 2010, Beyonce released Dereon to what country?

answer: Brazil

text: Brazil

question: Back-to-school shopping was introduced in what year of Beyonce's clothing line?

answer: 2009

question: What did Beyonce's Fashion Diva  feature?

answer: House of Deréon collection

text: House of Deréon collection

question: What new idea did Beyonce and her mother launch in 2009?

answer: Sasha Fierce for Deréon

text: Sasha Fierce for Deréon

question: When did Beyonce partner with C&A to sell fashion in Brazil?

answer: May 27, 2010

text: May 27, 2010

question: What company did Beyoncé get together with in 2005 to add shoes to her fashions?

answer: House of Brands

text: House of Brands

question: What was the name of the game put out by Starwave Mobile in 2008 that featured Beyoncé fashions?

answer: Beyoncé Fashion Diva

text: Beyoncé Fashion Diva

question: What was the name of the junior fashions launched in 2009 by Beyoncé and her mother?

answer: Sasha Fierce for Deréon

text: Sasha Fierce for Deréon

question: Who did Beyoncé team up with in 2010 to get her fashions into Brazil?

answer: C&A

text: C&A

question: Sasha Fierce for Deréon fashions were sold at stores that included Macy's and what other store?

answer: Dillard's

text: Dillard's


text: At the outset of the Korean War the CIA still only had a few thousand employees, a thousand of whom worked in analysis. Intelligence primarily came from the Office of Reports and Estimates, which drew its reports from a daily take of State Department telegrams, military dispatches, and other public documents. The CIA still lacked its own intelligence gathering abilities. On 21 August 1950, shortly after the invasion of South Korea, Truman announced Walter Bedell Smith as the new Director of the CIA to correct what was seen as a grave failure of Intelligence.[clarification needed]

title: Central_Intelligence_Agency

title: Central_Intelligence_Agency

text: At

text: the

text: outset

text: of

text: the

text: Korean

text: War

text: the

text: CIA

text: still

text: only

text: had

text: a

text: few

text: thousand

text: employees

text: a

text: thousand

text: of

text: whom

text: worked

text: in

text: analysis

text: Intelligence

text: primarily

text: came

text: from

text: the

text: Office

text: of

text: Reports

text: and

text: Estimates

text: which

text: drew

text: its

text: reports

text: from

text: a

text: daily

text: take

text: of

text: State

text: Department

text: telegrams

text: military

text: dispatches

text: and

text: other

text: public

text: documents

text: The

text: CIA

text: still

text: lacked

text: its

text: own

text: intelligence

text: gathering

text: abilities

text: On

text: August

text: shortly

text: after

text: the

text: invasion

text: of

text: South

text: Korea

text: Truman

text: announced

text: Walter

text: Bedell

text: Smith

text: as

text: the

text: new

text: Director

text: of

text: the

text: CIA

text: to

text: correct

text: what

text: was

text: seen

text: as

text: a

text: grave

text: failure

text: of

text: Intelligence.[clarification

text: needed

question: Who was appointed to be the new Director of the CIA in 1950?

answer: Walter Bedell Smith

text: Walter Bedell Smith

question: What president announced the new CIA director?

answer: Truman

text: Truman

question: Where was most of the CIA's intelligence coming from before 1950?

answer: the Office of Reports and Estimates

text: the Office of Reports and Estimates


text: Bell's father was invited by Sarah Fuller, principal of the Boston School for Deaf Mutes (which continues today as the public Horace Mann School for the Deaf), in Boston, Massachusetts, to introduce the Visible Speech System by providing training for Fuller's instructors, but he declined the post in favor of his son. Traveling to Boston in April 1871, Bell proved successful in training the school's instructors. He was subsequently asked to repeat the program at the American Asylum for Deaf-mutes in Hartford, Connecticut, and the Clarke School for the Deaf in Northampton, Massachusetts.

title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

text: Bell

text: 's

text: father

text: was

text: invited

text: by

text: Sarah

text: Fuller

text: principal

text: of

text: the

text: Boston

text: School

text: for

text: Deaf

text: Mutes

text: which

text: continues

text: today

text: as

text: the

text: public

text: Horace

text: Mann

text: School

text: for

text: the

text: Deaf

text: in

text: Boston

text: Massachusetts

text: to

text: introduce

text: the

text: Visible

text: Speech

text: System

text: by

text: providing

text: training

text: for

text: Fuller

text: 's

text: instructors

text: but

text: he

text: declined

text: the

text: post

text: in

text: favor

text: of

text: his

text: son

text: Traveling

text: to

text: Boston

text: in

text: April

text: Bell

text: proved

text: successful

text: in

text: training

text: the

text: school

text: 's

text: instructors

text: He

text: was

text: subsequently

text: asked

text: to

text: repeat

text: the

text: program

text: at

text: the

text: American

text: Asylum

text: for

text: Deaf

text: mutes

text: in

text: Hartford

text: Connecticut

text: and

text: the

text: Clarke

text: School

text: for

text: the

text: Deaf

text: in

text: Northampton

text: Massachusetts

question: Who ran the Boston School for Deaf Mutes?

answer: Sarah Fuller

text: Sarah Fuller

question: What name does the Boston School for Deaf Mutes go by now?

answer: the public Horace Mann School for the Deaf

text: the public Horace Mann School for the Deaf

question: What month did Bell go to Boston?

answer: April

text: April

question: Bell trained who in Boston?

answer: instructors

text: instructors

question: What city was the American Asylum in?

answer: Hartford

text: Hartford


text: Between 135 BC and 71 BC there were three "Servile Wars" involving slave uprisings against the Roman state. The third and final uprising was the most serious, involving ultimately between 120,000 and 150,000 slaves under the command of the gladiator Spartacus. In 91 BC the Social War broke out between Rome and its former allies in Italy when the allies complained that they shared the risk of Rome's military campaigns, but not its rewards. Although they lost militarily, the allies achieved their objectives with legal proclamations which granted citizenship to more than 500,000 Italians.

title: Roman_Republic

title: Roman_Republic

text: Between

text: BC

text: and

text: BC

text: there

text: were

text: three

text: Servile

text: Wars

text: involving

text: slave

text: uprisings

text: against

text: the

text: Roman

text: state

text: The

text: third

text: and

text: final

text: uprising

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: serious

text: involving

text: ultimately

text: between

text: and

text: slaves

text: under

text: the

text: command

text: of

text: the

text: gladiator

text: Spartacus

text: In

text: BC

text: the

text: Social

text: War

text: broke

text: out

text: between

text: Rome

text: and

text: its

text: former

text: allies

text: in

text: Italy

text: when

text: the

text: allies

text: complained

text: that

text: they

text: shared

text: the

text: risk

text: of

text: Rome

text: 's

text: military

text: campaigns

text: but

text: not

text: its

text: rewards

text: Although

text: they

text: lost

text: militarily

text: the

text: allies

text: achieved

text: their

text: objectives

text: with

text: legal

text: proclamations

text: which

text: granted

text: citizenship

text: to

text: more

text: than

text: Italians

question: How many slaves at most were under the command of Spartacus?

answer: 150,000

question: When was the beginning of the Social War?

answer: 91 BC

text: 91 BC

question: How many Italians became citizens after the loss of the Social War?

answer: more than 500,000

text: more than 500,000

question: How many slave uprisings were there between the years of 135 BC and 71 BC?

answer: three

text: three

question: Ultimately what started the Social War?

answer: allies complained that they shared the risk of Rome's military campaigns, but not its rewards

text: allies complained that they shared the risk of Rome's military campaigns, but not its rewards


text: In April 2009, the United States Supreme Court agreed to hear a suit over reverse discrimination brought by 20 white and Hispanic firefighters against the city. The suit involved the 2003 promotion test for the New Haven Fire Department. After the tests were scored, no blacks scored high enough to qualify for consideration for promotion, so the city announced that no one would be promoted. On 29 June 2009, the United States Supreme Court ruled in favor of the firefighters, agreeing that they were improperly denied promotion because of their race. The case, Ricci v. DeStefano, became highly publicized and brought national attention to New Haven politics due to the involvement of then-Supreme Court nominee (and Yale Law School graduate) Sonia Sotomayor in a lower court decision.

title: New_Haven,_Connecticut

title: New_Haven,_Connecticut

text: In

text: April

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Supreme

text: Court

text: agreed

text: to

text: hear

text: a

text: suit

text: over

text: reverse

text: discrimination

text: brought

text: by

text: white

text: and

text: Hispanic

text: firefighters

text: against

text: the

text: city

text: The

text: suit

text: involved

text: the

text: promotion

text: test

text: for

text: the

text: New

text: Haven

text: Fire

text: Department

text: After

text: the

text: tests

text: were

text: scored

text: no

text: blacks

text: scored

text: high

text: enough

text: to

text: qualify

text: for

text: consideration

text: for

text: promotion

text: so

text: the

text: city

text: announced

text: that

text: no

text: one

text: would

text: be

text: promoted

text: On

text: June

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Supreme

text: Court

text: ruled

text: in

text: favor

text: of

text: the

text: firefighters

text: agreeing

text: that

text: they

text: were

text: improperly

text: denied

text: promotion

text: because

text: of

text: their

text: race

text: The

text: case

text: Ricci

text: v.

text: DeStefano

text: became

text: highly

text: publicized

text: and

text: brought

text: national

text: attention

text: to

text: New

text: Haven

text: politics

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: involvement

text: of

text: then

text: Supreme

text: Court

text: nominee

text: and

text: Yale

text: Law

text: School

text: graduate

text: Sonia

text: Sotomayor

text: in

text: a

text: lower

text: court

text: decision

question: In what year did the U.S. Supreme Court agree to hear a lawsuit originally filed by 20 white and Hispanic firefighters seeking relief from the city of New Haven?

answer: 2009

question: What was the primary legal issue at the center of the suit filed against New Haven by firefighters?

answer: reverse discrimination

text: reverse discrimination

question: In what year did the city of New Haven deny all firefighters promotions citing the poor performance of black firefighters on performance tests ?

answer: 2003

question: What was the name of the 2009 case in which the U.S. Supreme Court awarded relief to New Haven firefighters against the city of New Haven?

answer: Ricci v. DeStefano

text: Ricci v. DeStefano

question: Which Supreme Court Justice was a graduate of Yale Law School and was currently undergoing the nomination process at the time of the 2009 lawsuit filed by firefighters against the city of New Haven?

answer: Sonia Sotomayor

text: Sonia Sotomayor

question: The 2009 Supreme Court Case which had the City of New Haven versus who?

answer: 20 white and Hispanic firefighters

text: 20 white and Hispanic firefighters

question: What was the date of the final ruling?

answer: 29 June 2009

text: 29 June 2009

question: The actual name for the case was what?

answer: Ricci v. DeStefano

text: Ricci v. DeStefano

question: The court cast was rather popular due to which person on the case?

answer: Sonia Sotomayor

text: Sonia Sotomayor

question: Upon reaching a verdict the summary statement was that city denied the firefighter a promotion because of what?

answer: because of their race

text: because of their race