text: New York City has the largest European and non-Hispanic white population of any American city. At 2.7 million in 2012, New York's non-Hispanic white population is larger than the non-Hispanic white populations of Los Angeles (1.1 million), Chicago (865,000), and Houston (550,000) combined. The European diaspora residing in the city is very diverse. According to 2012 Census estimates, there were roughly 560,000 Italian Americans, 385,000 Irish Americans, 253,000 German Americans, 223,000 Russian Americans, 201,000 Polish Americans, and 137,000 English Americans. Additionally, Greek and French Americans numbered 65,000 each, with those of Hungarian descent estimated at 60,000 people. Ukrainian and Scottish Americans numbered 55,000 and 35,000, respectively. People identifying ancestry from Spain numbered 30,838 total in 2010. People of Norwegian and Swedish descent both stood at about 20,000 each, while people of Czech, Lithuanian, Portuguese, Scotch-Irish, and Welsh descent all numbered between 12,000–14,000 people. Arab Americans number over 160,000 in New York City, with the highest concentration in Brooklyn. Central Asians, primarily Uzbek Americans, are a rapidly growing segment of the city's non-Hispanic white population, enumerating over 30,000, and including over half of all Central Asian immigrants to the United States, most settling in Queens or Brooklyn. Albanian Americans are most highly concentrated in the Bronx.

title: New_York_City

title: New_York_City

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: has

text: the

text: largest

text: European

text: and

text: non

text: Hispanic

text: white

text: population

text: of

text: any

text: American

text: city

text: At

text: million

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: 's

text: non

text: Hispanic

text: white

text: population

text: is

text: larger

text: than

text: the

text: non

text: Hispanic

text: white

text: populations

text: of

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: million

text: Chicago

text: and

text: Houston

text: combined

text: The

text: European

text: diaspora

text: residing

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: is

text: very

text: diverse

text: According

text: to

text: Census

text: estimates

text: there

text: were

text: roughly

text: Italian

text: Americans

text: Irish

text: Americans

text: German

text: Americans

text: Russian

text: Americans

text: Polish

text: Americans

text: and

text: English

text: Americans

text: Additionally

text: Greek

text: and

text: French

text: Americans

text: numbered

text: each

text: with

text: those

text: of

text: Hungarian

text: descent

text: estimated

text: at

text: people

text: Ukrainian

text: and

text: Scottish

text: Americans

text: numbered

text: and

text: respectively

text: People

text: identifying

text: ancestry

text: from

text: Spain

text: numbered

text: total

text: in

text: People

text: of

text: Norwegian

text: and

text: Swedish

text: descent

text: both

text: stood

text: at

text: about

text: each

text: while

text: people

text: of

text: Czech

text: Lithuanian

text: Portuguese

text: Scotch

text: Irish

text: and

text: Welsh

text: descent

text: all

text: numbered

text: between

text: people

text: Arab

text: Americans

text: number

text: over

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: with

text: the

text: highest

text: concentration

text: in

text: Brooklyn

text: Central

text: Asians

text: primarily

text: Uzbek

text: Americans

text: are

text: a

text: rapidly

text: growing

text: segment

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: non

text: Hispanic

text: white

text: population

text: enumerating

text: over

text: and

text: including

text: over

text: half

text: of

text: all

text: Central

text: Asian

text: immigrants

text: to

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: most

text: settling

text: in

text: Queens

text: or

text: Brooklyn

text: Albanian

text: Americans

text: are

text: most

text: highly

text: concentrated

text: in

text: the

text: Bronx

question: How many non-Hispanic whites lived in New York City in 2012?

answer: 2.7 million

text: 2.7 million

question: What is the non-Hispanic white population of Houston?

answer: 550,000

question: How many New Yorkers are of Polish ancestry?

answer: 201,000

question: How many New York City residents are of Greek heritage?

answer: 65,000

question: What borough has the largest population of ethnic Albanians?

answer: the Bronx

text: the Bronx

question: NYC has the largest white population by how many people?

answer: 2.7 million

text: 2.7 million


text: The rebels made the first move in the war, seizing the strategic Rochester Castle, owned by Langton but left almost unguarded by the archbishop. John was well prepared for a conflict. He had stockpiled money to pay for mercenaries and ensured the support of the powerful marcher lords with their own feudal forces, such as William Marshal and Ranulf of Chester. The rebels lacked the engineering expertise or heavy equipment necessary to assault the network of royal castles that cut off the northern rebel barons from those in the south. John's strategy was to isolate the rebel barons in London, protect his own supply lines to his key source of mercenaries in Flanders, prevent the French from landing in the south-east, and then win the war through slow attrition. John put off dealing with the badly deteriorating situation in North Wales, where Llywelyn the Great was leading a rebellion against the 1211 settlement.

title: John,_King_of_England

title: John,_King_of_England

text: The

text: rebels

text: made

text: the

text: first

text: move

text: in

text: the

text: war

text: seizing

text: the

text: strategic

text: Rochester

text: Castle

text: owned

text: by

text: Langton

text: but

text: left

text: almost

text: unguarded

text: by

text: the

text: archbishop

text: John

text: was

text: well

text: prepared

text: for

text: a

text: conflict

text: He

text: had

text: stockpiled

text: money

text: to

text: pay

text: for

text: mercenaries

text: and

text: ensured

text: the

text: support

text: of

text: the

text: powerful

text: marcher

text: lords

text: with

text: their

text: own

text: feudal

text: forces

text: such

text: as

text: William

text: Marshal

text: and

text: Ranulf

text: of

text: Chester

text: The

text: rebels

text: lacked

text: the

text: engineering

text: expertise

text: or

text: heavy

text: equipment

text: necessary

text: to

text: assault

text: the

text: network

text: of

text: royal

text: castles

text: that

text: cut

text: off

text: the

text: northern

text: rebel

text: barons

text: from

text: those

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: John

text: 's

text: strategy

text: was

text: to

text: isolate

text: the

text: rebel

text: barons

text: in

text: London

text: protect

text: his

text: own

text: supply

text: lines

text: to

text: his

text: key

text: source

text: of

text: mercenaries

text: in

text: Flanders

text: prevent

text: the

text: French

text: from

text: landing

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: east

text: and

text: then

text: win

text: the

text: war

text: through

text: slow

text: attrition

text: John

text: put

text: off

text: dealing

text: with

text: the

text: badly

text: deteriorating

text: situation

text: in

text: North

text: Wales

text: where

text: Llywelyn

text: the

text: Great

text: was

text: leading

text: a

text: rebellion

text: against

text: the

text: settlement

question: Who made the first move in the war?

answer: rebels

text: rebels

question: What did the rebels seize?

answer: Rochester Castle

text: Rochester Castle

question: Who lead the rebellion against the 1211 settlement?

answer: Llywelyn the Great

text: Llywelyn the Great

question: What was John's strategy?

answer: isolate the rebel barons in London

text: isolate the rebel barons in London


text: As they grew older Madonna and her sisters would feel deep sadness as the vivid memory of their mother began drifting farther from them. They would study pictures of her and come to think that she resembled poet Anne Sexton and Hollywood actresses. This would later raise Madonna's interest in poetry, with Sylvia Plath being her favourite. Later, Madonna commented: "We were all wounded in one way or another by [her death], and then we spent the rest of our lives reacting to it or dealing with it or trying to turn into something else. The anguish of losing my mom left me with a certain kind of loneliness and an incredible longing for something. If I hadn't had that emptiness, I wouldn't have been so driven. Her death had a lot to do with me saying—after I got over my heartache—I'm going to be really strong if I can't have my mother. I'm going to take care of myself." Taraborrelli felt that in time, no doubt because of the devastation she felt, Madonna would never again allow herself, or even her daughter, to feel as abandoned as she had felt when her mother died. "Her death had taught [Madonna] a valuable lesson, that she would have to remain strong for herself because, she feared weakness—particularly her own—and wanted to be the queen of her own castle."

title: Madonna_(entertainer)

title: Madonna_(entertainer

text: As

text: they

text: grew

text: older

text: Madonna

text: and

text: her

text: sisters

text: would

text: feel

text: deep

text: sadness

text: as

text: the

text: vivid

text: memory

text: of

text: their

text: mother

text: began

text: drifting

text: farther

text: from

text: them

text: They

text: would

text: study

text: pictures

text: of

text: her

text: and

text: come

text: to

text: think

text: that

text: she

text: resembled

text: poet

text: Anne

text: Sexton

text: and

text: Hollywood

text: actresses

text: This

text: would

text: later

text: raise

text: Madonna

text: 's

text: interest

text: in

text: poetry

text: with

text: Sylvia

text: Plath

text: being

text: her

text: favourite

text: Later

text: Madonna

text: commented

text: We

text: were

text: all

text: wounded

text: in

text: one

text: way

text: or

text: another

text: by

text: her

text: death

text: and

text: then

text: we

text: spent

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: our

text: lives

text: reacting

text: to

text: it

text: or

text: dealing

text: with

text: it

text: or

text: trying

text: to

text: turn

text: into

text: something

text: else

text: The

text: anguish

text: of

text: losing

text: my

text: mom

text: left

text: me

text: with

text: a

text: certain

text: kind

text: of

text: loneliness

text: and

text: an

text: incredible

text: longing

text: for

text: something

text: If

text: I

text: had

text: n't

text: had

text: that

text: emptiness

text: I

text: would

text: n't

text: have

text: been

text: so

text: driven

text: Her

text: death

text: had

text: a

text: lot

text: to

text: do

text: with

text: me

text: saying

text: after

text: I

text: got

text: over

text: my

text: heartache

text: I'm

text: going

text: to

text: be

text: really

text: strong

text: if

text: I

text: ca

text: n't

text: have

text: my

text: mother

text: I

text: 'm

text: going

text: to

text: take

text: care

text: of

text: myself

text: Taraborrelli

text: felt

text: that

text: in

text: time

text: no

text: doubt

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: devastation

text: she

text: felt

text: Madonna

text: would

text: never

text: again

text: allow

text: herself

text: or

text: even

text: her

text: daughter

text: to

text: feel

text: as

text: abandoned

text: as

text: she

text: had

text: felt

text: when

text: her

text: mother

text: died

text: Her

text: death

text: had

text: taught

text: Madonna

text: a

text: valuable

text: lesson

text: that

text: she

text: would

text: have

text: to

text: remain

text: strong

text: for

text: herself

text: because

text: she

text: feared

text: weakness

text: particularly

text: her

text: own

text: and

text: wanted

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: queen

text: of

text: her

text: own

text: castle

question: Who felt deep sadness as the death of their mother fades away?

answer: Madonna and her sisters

text: Madonna and her sisters

question: Who does Madonna's mum resemble?

answer: poet Anne Sexton

text: poet Anne Sexton

question: Who is Madonna's favorite poet?

answer: Sylvia Plath

text: Sylvia Plath

question: Who felt that her mother death was the driving force behind her success?

answer: Madonna

text: Madonna


text: Alaska is the northernmost and westernmost state in the United States and has the most easterly longitude in the United States because the Aleutian Islands extend into the eastern hemisphere. Alaska is the only non-contiguous U.S. state on continental North America; about 500 miles (800 km) of British Columbia (Canada) separates Alaska from Washington. It is technically part of the continental U.S., but is sometimes not included in colloquial use; Alaska is not part of the contiguous U.S., often called "the Lower 48". The capital city, Juneau, is situated on the mainland of the North American continent but is not connected by road to the rest of the North American highway system.

title: Alaska

title: Alaska

text: Alaska

text: is

text: the

text: northernmost

text: and

text: westernmost

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: has

text: the

text: most

text: easterly

text: longitude

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: because

text: the

text: Aleutian

text: Islands

text: extend

text: into

text: the

text: eastern

text: hemisphere

text: Alaska

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: non

text: contiguous

text: U.S.

text: state

text: on

text: continental

text: North

text: America

text: about

text: miles

text: km

text: of

text: British

text: Columbia

text: Canada

text: separates

text: Alaska

text: from

text: Washington

text: It

text: is

text: technically

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: continental

text: U.S.

text: but

text: is

text: sometimes

text: not

text: included

text: in

text: colloquial

text: use

text: Alaska

text: is

text: not

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: contiguous

text: U.S.

text: often

text: called

text: the

text: Lower

text: The

text: capital

text: city

text: Juneau

text: is

text: situated

text: on

text: the

text: mainland

text: of

text: the

text: North

text: American

text: continent

text: but

text: is

text: not

text: connected

text: by

text: road

text: to

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: the

text: North

text: American

text: highway

text: system

question: What are the contiguous states sometimes called?

answer: "the Lower 48"

text: "the Lower 48"

question: What is Alaska's capital city?

answer: Juneau

text: Juneau

question: How many miles are between Alaska and Washington state?

answer: 500

question: Which set of islands extend into the Eastern Hemisphere?

answer: Aleutian Islands

text: Aleutian Islands


text: Oda Nobunaga made innovations in the fields of organization and war tactics, heavily used arquebuses, developed commerce and industry and treasured innovation. Consecutive victories enabled him to realize the termination of the Ashikaga Bakufu and the disarmament of the military powers of the Buddhist monks, which had inflamed futile struggles among the populace for centuries. Attacking from the "sanctuary" of Buddhist temples, they were constant headaches to any warlord and even the Emperor who tried to control their actions. He died in 1582 when one of his generals, Akechi Mitsuhide, turned upon him with his army.

title: Samurai

title: Samurai

text: Oda

text: Nobunaga

text: made

text: innovations

text: in

text: the

text: fields

text: of

text: organization

text: and

text: war

text: tactics

text: heavily

text: used

text: arquebuses

text: developed

text: commerce

text: and

text: industry

text: and

text: treasured

text: innovation

text: Consecutive

text: victories

text: enabled

text: him

text: to

text: realize

text: the

text: termination

text: of

text: the

text: Ashikaga

text: Bakufu

text: and

text: the

text: disarmament

text: of

text: the

text: military

text: powers

text: of

text: the

text: Buddhist

text: monks

text: which

text: had

text: inflamed

text: futile

text: struggles

text: among

text: the

text: populace

text: for

text: centuries

text: Attacking

text: from

text: the

text: sanctuary

text: of

text: Buddhist

text: temples

text: they

text: were

text: constant

text: headaches

text: to

text: any

text: warlord

text: and

text: even

text: the

text: Emperor

text: who

text: tried

text: to

text: control

text: their

text: actions

text: He

text: died

text: in

text: when

text: one

text: of

text: his

text: generals

text: Akechi

text: Mitsuhide

text: turned

text: upon

text: him

text: with

text: his

text: army

question: Who used arquebuses a lot?

answer: Oda Nobunaga

text: Oda Nobunaga

question: What did Oda Nobunaga value?

answer: innovation

text: innovation

question: Who disarmed Japan's Buddhist monks?

answer: Oda Nobunaga

text: Oda Nobunaga

question: When did Oda Nobunaga die?

answer: 1582

question: Who caused Oda Nobunaga's death?

answer: Akechi Mitsuhide

text: Akechi Mitsuhide


text: The main local and regional bus station of Utrecht is located adjacent to Utrecht Centraal railway station, at the East and West entrances. Due to large scale renovation and construction works at the railway station, the station's bus stops are changing frequently. As a general rule, westbound buses depart from the bus station on the west entrance, other buses from the east side station. Local buses in Utrecht are operated by Qbuzz – its services include a high-frequency service to the Uithof university district. The local bus fleet is one of Europe's cleanest, using only buses compliant with the Euro-VI standard as well as electric buses for inner city transport. Regional buses from the city are operated by Arriva and Connexxion.

title: Utrecht

title: Utrecht

text: The

text: main

text: local

text: and

text: regional

text: bus

text: station

text: of

text: Utrecht

text: is

text: located

text: adjacent

text: to

text: Utrecht

text: Centraal

text: railway

text: station

text: at

text: the

text: East

text: and

text: West

text: entrances

text: Due

text: to

text: large

text: scale

text: renovation

text: and

text: construction

text: works

text: at

text: the

text: railway

text: station

text: the

text: station

text: 's

text: bus

text: stops

text: are

text: changing

text: frequently

text: As

text: a

text: general

text: rule

text: westbound

text: buses

text: depart

text: from

text: the

text: bus

text: station

text: on

text: the

text: west

text: entrance

text: other

text: buses

text: from

text: the

text: east

text: side

text: station

text: Local

text: buses

text: in

text: Utrecht

text: are

text: operated

text: by

text: Qbuzz

text: its

text: services

text: include

text: a

text: high

text: frequency

text: service

text: to

text: the

text: Uithof

text: university

text: district

text: The

text: local

text: bus

text: fleet

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: Europe

text: 's

text: cleanest

text: using

text: only

text: buses

text: compliant

text: with

text: the

text: Euro

text: VI

text: standard

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: electric

text: buses

text: for

text: inner

text: city

text: transport

text: Regional

text: buses

text: from

text: the

text: city

text: are

text: operated

text: by

text: Arriva

text: and

text: Connexxion

question: Where is the bus station located

answer: The main local and regional bus station of Utrecht is located adjacent to Utrecht Centraal railway station, at the East and West entrances

text: The main local and regional bus station of Utrecht is located adjacent to Utrecht Centraal railway station, at the East and West entrances

question: renovations are causing what changes

answer: large scale renovation and construction works at the railway station, the station's bus stops are changing frequently

text: large scale renovation and construction works at the railway station, the station's bus stops are changing frequently

question: what is qbuzz

answer: Local buses in Utrecht are operated by Qbuzz – its services include a high-frequency service to the Uithof university district

text: Local buses in Utrecht are operated by Qbuzz – its services include a high-frequency service to the Uithof university district

question: What is one of Europes cleanest

answer: The local bus fleet is one of Europe's cleanest, using only buses compliant with the Euro-VI standard as well as electric buses for inner city transport

text: The local bus fleet is one of Europe's cleanest, using only buses compliant with the Euro-VI standard as well as electric buses for inner city transport


text: On June 25, 2006, Warren Buffett (then the world's richest person, estimated worth of US$62 billion as of April 16, 2008) pledged to give the foundation approximately 10 million Berkshire Hathaway Class B shares spread over multiple years through annual contributions, with the first year's donation of 500,000 shares being worth approximately US$1.5 billion. Buffett set conditions so that these contributions do not simply increase the foundation's endowment, but effectively work as a matching contribution, doubling the Foundation's annual giving: "Buffett's gift came with three conditions for the Gates foundation: Bill or Melinda Gates must be alive and active in its administration; it must continue to qualify as a charity; and each year it must give away an amount equal to the previous year's Berkshire gift, plus an additional amount equal to 5 percent of net assets. Buffett gave the foundation two years to abide by the third requirement." The Gates Foundation received 5% (500,000) of the shares in July 2006 and will receive 5% of the remaining earmarked shares in the July of each following year (475,000 in 2007, 451,250 in 2008). In July 2013, Buffet announced another donation of his company's Class B, this time in the amount worth $2 billion, is going to the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.

title: Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation

title: Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation

text: On

text: June

text: Warren

text: Buffett

text: then

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: richest

text: person

text: estimated

text: worth

text: of

text: US$

text: billion

text: as

text: of

text: April

text: pledged

text: to

text: give

text: the

text: foundation

text: approximately

text: million

text: Berkshire

text: Hathaway

text: Class

text: B

text: shares

text: spread

text: over

text: multiple

text: years

text: through

text: annual

text: contributions

text: with

text: the

text: first

text: year

text: 's

text: donation

text: of

text: shares

text: being

text: worth

text: approximately

text: US$

text: billion

text: Buffett

text: set

text: conditions

text: so

text: that

text: these

text: contributions

text: do

text: not

text: simply

text: increase

text: the

text: foundation

text: 's

text: endowment

text: but

text: effectively

text: work

text: as

text: a

text: matching

text: contribution

text: doubling

text: the

text: Foundation

text: 's

text: annual

text: giving

text: Buffett

text: 's

text: gift

text: came

text: with

text: three

text: conditions

text: for

text: the

text: Gates

text: foundation

text: Bill

text: or

text: Melinda

text: Gates

text: must

text: be

text: alive

text: and

text: active

text: in

text: its

text: administration

text: it

text: must

text: continue

text: to

text: qualify

text: as

text: a

text: charity

text: and

text: each

text: year

text: it

text: must

text: give

text: away

text: an

text: amount

text: equal

text: to

text: the

text: previous

text: year

text: 's

text: Berkshire

text: gift

text: plus

text: an

text: additional

text: amount

text: equal

text: to

text: percent

text: of

text: net

text: assets

text: Buffett

text: gave

text: the

text: foundation

text: two

text: years

text: to

text: abide

text: by

text: the

text: third

text: requirement

text: The

text: Gates

text: Foundation

text: received

text: of

text: the

text: shares

text: in

text: July

text: and

text: will

text: receive

text: of

text: the

text: remaining

text: earmarked

text: shares

text: in

text: the

text: July

text: of

text: each

text: following

text: year

text: in

text: in

text: In

text: July

text: Buffet

text: announced

text: another

text: donation

text: of

text: his

text: company

text: 's

text: Class

text: B

text: this

text: time

text: in

text: the

text: amount

text: worth

text: billion

text: is

text: going

text: to

text: the

text: Bill

text: and

text: Melinda

text: Gates

text: Foundation

question: What was warren Buffett's estimated net worth in 2008

answer: Warren Buffett (then the world's richest person, estimated worth of US$62 billion as of April 16, 2008)

text: Warren Buffett (then the world's richest person, estimated worth of US$62 billion as of April 16, 2008)

question: How many shares of berkshire hathway was pledged as a donation

answer: pledged to give the foundation approximately 10 million Berkshire Hathaway Class B shares

text: pledged to give the foundation approximately 10 million Berkshire Hathaway Class B shares

question: In 2013 Buffett announced another donation to the foundation for how much

answer: In July 2013, Buffet announced another donation of his company's Class B, this time in the amount worth $2 billion

text: In July 2013, Buffet announced another donation of his company's Class B, this time in the amount worth $2 billion


text: Courts check both the executive branch and the legislative branch through judicial review. This concept is not written into the Constitution, but was envisioned by many of the Constitution's Framers (for example, The Federalist Papers mention it). The Supreme Court established a precedent for judicial review in Marbury v. Madison. There were protests by some at this decision, born chiefly of political expediency, but political realities in the particular case paradoxically restrained opposing views from asserting themselves. For this reason, precedent alone established the principle that a court may strike down a law it deems unconstitutional.

title: Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution

text: Courts

text: check

text: both

text: the

text: executive

text: branch

text: and

text: the

text: legislative

text: branch

text: through

text: judicial

text: review

text: This

text: concept

text: is

text: not

text: written

text: into

text: the

text: Constitution

text: but

text: was

text: envisioned

text: by

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: Constitution

text: 's

text: Framers

text: for

text: example

text: The

text: Federalist

text: Papers

text: mention

text: it

text: The

text: Supreme

text: Court

text: established

text: a

text: precedent

text: for

text: judicial

text: review

text: in

text: Marbury

text: v.

text: Madison

text: There

text: were

text: protests

text: by

text: some

text: at

text: this

text: decision

text: born

text: chiefly

text: of

text: political

text: expediency

text: but

text: political

text: realities

text: in

text: the

text: particular

text: case

text: paradoxically

text: restrained

text: opposing

text: views

text: from

text: asserting

text: themselves

text: For

text: this

text: reason

text: precedent

text: alone

text: established

text: the

text: principle

text: that

text: a

text: court

text: may

text: strike

text: down

text: a

text: law

text: it

text: deems

text: unconstitutional

question: Who is responsible for judicial review?

answer: Courts

text: Courts

question: What is the court case that established judicial review?

answer: Marbury v. Madison

text: Marbury v. Madison


text: Most organisms studied to date utilize a reward–punishment mechanism: for instance, worms and insects can alter their behavior to seek food sources or to avoid dangers. In vertebrates, the reward-punishment system is implemented by a specific set of brain structures, at the heart of which lie the basal ganglia, a set of interconnected areas at the base of the forebrain. There is substantial evidence that the basal ganglia are the central site at which decisions are made: the basal ganglia exert a sustained inhibitory control over most of the motor systems in the brain; when this inhibition is released, a motor system is permitted to execute the action it is programmed to carry out. Rewards and punishments function by altering the relationship between the inputs that the basal ganglia receive and the decision-signals that are emitted. The reward mechanism is better understood than the punishment mechanism, because its role in drug abuse has caused it to be studied very intensively. Research has shown that the neurotransmitter dopamine plays a central role: addictive drugs such as cocaine, amphetamine, and nicotine either cause dopamine levels to rise or cause the effects of dopamine inside the brain to be enhanced.

title: Brain

title: Brain

text: Most

text: organisms

text: studied

text: to

text: date

text: utilize

text: a

text: reward

text: punishment

text: mechanism

text: for

text: instance

text: worms

text: and

text: insects

text: can

text: alter

text: their

text: behavior

text: to

text: seek

text: food

text: sources

text: or

text: to

text: avoid

text: dangers

text: In

text: vertebrates

text: the

text: reward

text: punishment

text: system

text: is

text: implemented

text: by

text: a

text: specific

text: set

text: of

text: brain

text: structures

text: at

text: the

text: heart

text: of

text: which

text: lie

text: the

text: basal

text: ganglia

text: a

text: set

text: of

text: interconnected

text: areas

text: at

text: the

text: base

text: of

text: the

text: forebrain

text: There

text: is

text: substantial

text: evidence

text: that

text: the

text: basal

text: ganglia

text: are

text: the

text: central

text: site

text: at

text: which

text: decisions

text: are

text: made

text: the

text: basal

text: ganglia

text: exert

text: a

text: sustained

text: inhibitory

text: control

text: over

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: motor

text: systems

text: in

text: the

text: brain

text: when

text: this

text: inhibition

text: is

text: released

text: a

text: motor

text: system

text: is

text: permitted

text: to

text: execute

text: the

text: action

text: it

text: is

text: programmed

text: to

text: carry

text: out

text: Rewards

text: and

text: punishments

text: function

text: by

text: altering

text: the

text: relationship

text: between

text: the

text: inputs

text: that

text: the

text: basal

text: ganglia

text: receive

text: and

text: the

text: decision

text: signals

text: that

text: are

text: emitted

text: The

text: reward

text: mechanism

text: is

text: better

text: understood

text: than

text: the

text: punishment

text: mechanism

text: because

text: its

text: role

text: in

text: drug

text: abuse

text: has

text: caused

text: it

text: to

text: be

text: studied

text: very

text: intensively

text: Research

text: has

text: shown

text: that

text: the

text: neurotransmitter

text: dopamine

text: plays

text: a

text: central

text: role

text: addictive

text: drugs

text: such

text: as

text: cocaine

text: amphetamine

text: and

text: nicotine

text: either

text: cause

text: dopamine

text: levels

text: to

text: rise

text: or

text: cause

text: the

text: effects

text: of

text: dopamine

text: inside

text: the

text: brain

text: to

text: be

text: enhanced

question: A set of interconnected areas at the base of the forebrain is called what?

answer: basal ganglia

text: basal ganglia

question: The basal ganglia is thought to be the central location at which what are made?

answer: decisions

text: decisions

question: Which neurotransmitter plays a large role in drug abuse?

answer: dopamine

text: dopamine

question: Which of the two systems, reward or punishment is better understood?

answer: The reward mechanism

text: The reward mechanism


text: The 2004 election was the first to be affected by the campaign finance reforms mandated by the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 (also known as the McCain–Feingold Bill for its sponsors in the United States Senate). Because of the Act's restrictions on candidates' and parties' fundraising, a large number of so-called 527 groups emerged. Named for a section of the Internal Revenue Code, these groups were able to raise large amounts of money for various political causes as long as they do not coordinate their activities with political campaigns. Examples of 527s include Swift Boat Veterans for Truth, MoveOn.org, the Media Fund, and America Coming Together. Many such groups were active throughout the campaign season. (There was some similar activity, although on a much lesser scale, during the 2000 campaign.)

title: United_States_presidential_election,_2004

text: The

text: election

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: to

text: be

text: affected

text: by

text: the

text: campaign

text: finance

text: reforms

text: mandated

text: by

text: the

text: Bipartisan

text: Campaign

text: Reform

text: Act

text: of

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: McCain

text: Feingold

text: Bill

text: for

text: its

text: sponsors

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Senate

text: Because

text: of

text: the

text: Act

text: 's

text: restrictions

text: on

text: candidates

text: and

text: parties

text: fundraising

text: a

text: large

text: number

text: of

text: so

text: called

text: groups

text: emerged

text: Named

text: for

text: a

text: section

text: of

text: the

text: Internal

text: Revenue

text: Code

text: these

text: groups

text: were

text: able

text: to

text: raise

text: large

text: amounts

text: of

text: money

text: for

text: various

text: political

text: causes

text: as

text: long

text: as

text: they

text: do

text: not

text: coordinate

text: their

text: activities

text: with

text: political

text: campaigns

text: Examples

text: of

text: include

text: Swift

text: Boat

text: Veterans

text: for

text: Truth

text: MoveOn.org

text: the

text: Media

text: Fund

text: and

text: America

text: Coming

text: Together

text: Many

text: such

text: groups

text: were

text: active

text: throughout

text: the

text: campaign

text: season

text: There

text: was

text: some

text: similar

text: activity

text: although

text: on

text: a

text: much

text: lesser

text: scale

text: during

text: the

text: campaign

question: What finance act affected the 2004 election?

answer: the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002

text: the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002

question: Where did the moniker McCain-Feingold Bill come from?

answer: its sponsors in the United States Senate

text: its sponsors in the United States Senate

question: How did the 527 groups come up with their title?

answer: Named for a section of the Internal Revenue Code

text: Named for a section of the Internal Revenue Code

question: What stipulation enabled the 527 groups to campaign for funds?

answer: as long as they do not coordinate their activities with political campaigns

text: as long as they do not coordinate their activities with political campaigns

question: What is one of the named 527 groups from the 2004 election?

answer: MoveOn.org

text: MoveOn.org


text: According to UNFPA these elements promote the right of "reproductive health", that is physical, mental, and social health in matters related to reproduction and the reproductive system.

title: United_Nations_Population_Fund

title: United_Nations_Population_Fund

text: According

text: to

text: UNFPA

text: these

text: elements

text: promote

text: the

text: right

text: of

text: reproductive

text: health

text: that

text: is

text: physical

text: mental

text: and

text: social

text: health

text: in

text: matters

text: related

text: to

text: reproduction

text: and

text: the

text: reproductive

text: system

question: UNFPA lists elements that promote what human right?

answer: reproductive health

text: reproductive health

question: These elements concern health related to reproduction and what else?

answer: the reproductive system

text: the reproductive system

question: What is the third element?

answer: social health

text: social health


text: In Danish and most southern varieties of German, the "lenis" consonants transcribed for historical reasons as ⟨b d ɡ⟩ are distinguished from their fortis counterparts ⟨p t k⟩, mainly in their lack of aspiration.

title: Aspirated_consonant

title: Aspirated_consonant

text: In

text: Danish

text: and

text: most

text: southern

text: varieties

text: of

text: German

text: the

text: lenis

text: consonants

text: transcribed

text: for

text: historical

text: reasons

text: as

text: ⟨b

text: d

text: ɡ⟩

text: are

text: distinguished

text: from

text: their

text: fortis

text: counterparts

text: ⟨p

text: t

text: k⟩

text: mainly

text: in

text: their

text: lack

text: of

text: aspiration

question: How are lenis consonants distinguished from fortis consonants?

answer: their lack of aspiration

text: their lack of aspiration

question: If the lenis are ⟨b d ɡ⟩, what are the fortis counterparts?

answer: ⟨p t k⟩

text: ⟨p t k⟩


text: Like the rest of India, Hyderabad has a large informal economy that employs 30% of the labour force.:71 According to a survey published in 2007, it had 40–50,000 street vendors, and their numbers were increasing.:9 Among the street vendors, 84% are male and 16% female,:12 and four fifths are "stationary vendors" operating from a fixed pitch, often with their own stall.:15–16 Most are financed through personal savings; only 8% borrow from moneylenders.:19 Vendor earnings vary from ₹50 (74¢ US) to ₹800 (US$12) per day.:25 Other unorganised economic sectors include dairy, poultry farming, brick manufacturing, casual labour and domestic help. Those involved in the informal economy constitute a major portion of urban poor.:71

title: Hyderabad

title: Hyderabad

text: Like

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: India

text: Hyderabad

text: has

text: a

text: large

text: informal

text: economy

text: that

text: employs

text: of

text: the

text: labour

text: According

text: to

text: a

text: survey

text: published

text: in

text: it

text: had

text: street

text: vendors

text: and

text: their

text: numbers

text: were

text: Among

text: the

text: street

text: vendors

text: are

text: male

text: and

text: and

text: four

text: fifths

text: are

text: stationary

text: vendors

text: operating

text: from

text: a

text: fixed

text: pitch

text: often

text: with

text: their

text: own

text: Most

text: are

text: financed

text: through

text: personal

text: savings

text: only

text: borrow

text: from

text: Vendor

text: earnings

text: vary

text: from

text: US

text: to

text: US$

text: per

text: Other

text: unorganised

text: economic

text: sectors

text: include

text: dairy

text: poultry

text: farming

text: brick

text: manufacturing

text: casual

text: labour

text: and

text: domestic

text: help

text: Those

text: involved

text: in

text: the

text: informal

text: economy

text: constitute

text: a

text: major

text: portion

text: of

text: urban

question: What percentage of Hyderabad's employed are employed informally?

answer: 30%

question: In 2007 how many street vendors did Hyderabad have?

answer: 40–50,000

question: What percentage of the street vendors in Hyderabad were male in 2007?

answer: 84%

question: Of the street vendors in Hyderabad what percentage owned their own stall in 2007?

answer: four fifths

text: four fifths

question: In 2007 what percentage of street vendors in Hyderabad borrowed money to finance their operations?

answer: 8%


text: The Napoleonic Wars were the cause of the final dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, and ultimately the cause for the quest for a German nation state in 19th-century German nationalism. After the Congress of Vienna, Austria and Prussia emerged as two competitors. Austria, trying to remain the dominant power in Central Europe, led the way in the terms of the Congress of Vienna. The Congress of Vienna was essentially conservative, assuring that little would change in Europe and preventing Germany from uniting. These terms came to a sudden halt following the Revolutions of 1848 and the Crimean War in 1856, paving the way for German unification in the 1860s. By the 1820s, large numbers of Jewish German women had intermarried with Christian German men and had converted to Christianity. Jewish German Eduard Lasker was a prominent German nationalist figure who promoted the unification of Germany in the mid-19th century.

title: Germans

title: Germans

text: The

text: Napoleonic

text: Wars

text: were

text: the

text: cause

text: of

text: the

text: final

text: dissolution

text: of

text: the

text: Holy

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: and

text: ultimately

text: the

text: cause

text: for

text: the

text: quest

text: for

text: a

text: German

text: nation

text: state

text: in

text: century

text: German

text: nationalism

text: After

text: the

text: Congress

text: of

text: Vienna

text: Austria

text: and

text: Prussia

text: emerged

text: as

text: two

text: competitors

text: Austria

text: trying

text: to

text: remain

text: the

text: dominant

text: power

text: in

text: Central

text: Europe

text: led

text: the

text: way

text: in

text: the

text: terms

text: of

text: the

text: Congress

text: of

text: Vienna

text: The

text: Congress

text: of

text: Vienna

text: was

text: essentially

text: conservative

text: assuring

text: that

text: little

text: would

text: change

text: in

text: Europe

text: and

text: preventing

text: Germany

text: from

text: uniting

text: These

text: terms

text: came

text: to

text: a

text: sudden

text: halt

text: following

text: the

text: Revolutions

text: of

text: and

text: the

text: Crimean

text: War

text: in

text: paving

text: the

text: way

text: for

text: German

text: unification

text: in

text: the

text: By

text: the

text: large

text: numbers

text: of

text: Jewish

text: German

text: women

text: had

text: intermarried

text: with

text: Christian

text: German

text: men

text: and

text: had

text: converted

text: to

text: Christianity

text: Jewish

text: German

text: Eduard

text: Lasker

text: was

text: a

text: prominent

text: German

text: nationalist

text: figure

text: who

text: promoted

text: the

text: unification

text: of

text: Germany

text: in

text: the

text: century

question: What was one of the main factors that caused the dissolve of the Holy Roman Empire?

answer: Napoleonic Wars

text: Napoleonic Wars

question: What assured  Europe would remain the same preventing Germany from becoming one country?

answer: Congress of Vienna

text: Congress of Vienna

question: When was the Crimean War?

answer: 1856

question: When was Germany's unification?

answer: 1860s

question: What prominent Jewish German  sought German unification in the mid 19th century?

answer: Eduard Lasker

text: Eduard Lasker

question: What was the cause of the final dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire?

answer: The Napoleonic Wars

text: The Napoleonic Wars

question: What two countries emerged as competitors after the Congress of Vienna?

answer: Austria and Prussia

text: Austria and Prussia

question: Who led the way for the Congress of Vienna?

answer: Austria

text: Austria

question: In what decade was German unification?

answer: 1860s

question: Who was Eduard Lasker?

answer: a prominent German nationalist figure who promoted the unification of Germany in the mid-19th century

text: a prominent German nationalist figure who promoted the unification of Germany in the mid-19th century


text: These styles generally have either two f-shaped soundholes like a violin (F-5 and A-5), or an oval sound hole (F-4 and A-4 and lower models) directly under the strings. Much variation exists between makers working from these archetypes, and other variants have become increasingly common. Generally, in the United States, Gibson F-hole F-5 mandolins and mandolins influenced by that design are strongly associated with bluegrass, while the A-style is associated other types of music, although it too is most often used for and associated with bluegrass. The F-5's more complicated woodwork also translates into a more expensive instrument.

title: Mandolin

title: Mandolin

text: These

text: styles

text: generally

text: have

text: either

text: two

text: f

text: shaped

text: soundholes

text: like

text: a

text: violin

text: and

text: or

text: an

text: oval

text: sound

text: hole

text: and

text: and

text: lower

text: models

text: directly

text: under

text: the

text: strings

text: Much

text: variation

text: exists

text: between

text: makers

text: working

text: from

text: these

text: archetypes

text: and

text: other

text: variants

text: have

text: become

text: increasingly

text: common

text: Generally

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Gibson

text: F

text: hole

text: mandolins

text: and

text: mandolins

text: influenced

text: by

text: that

text: design

text: are

text: strongly

text: associated

text: with

text: bluegrass

text: while

text: the

text: A

text: style

text: is

text: associated

text: other

text: types

text: of

text: music

text: although

text: it

text: too

text: is

text: most

text: often

text: used

text: for

text: and

text: associated

text: with

text: bluegrass

text: The

text: 's

text: more

text: complicated

text: woodwork

text: also

text: translates

text: into

text: a

text: more

text: expensive

text: instrument

question: What shape sounds holes do these styles of mandolins have?

answer: two f-shaped soundholes like a violin (F-5 and A-5), or an oval sound hole (F-4 and A-4 and lower models)

text: two f-shaped soundholes like a violin (F-5 and A-5), or an oval sound hole (F-4 and A-4 and lower models)

question: Where are the soundholes located?

answer: directly under the strings

text: directly under the strings

question: What mandolin is associate with Bluegrass music?

answer: Gibson F-hole F-5 mandolins

text: Gibson F-hole F-5 mandolins

question: What style is associate with other types of music?

answer: A-style

text: A-style

question: Why is the F-5 mandolin more expensive?

answer: complicated woodwork

text: complicated woodwork


text: Martorell's outstanding novel of chivalry Tirant lo Blanc (1490) shows a transition from Medieval to Renaissance values, something that can also be seen in Metge's work. The first book produced with movable type in the Iberian Peninsula was printed in Catalan.

title: Catalan_language

title: Catalan_language

text: Martorell

text: 's

text: outstanding

text: novel

text: of

text: chivalry

text: Tirant

text: lo

text: Blanc

text: shows

text: a

text: transition

text: from

text: Medieval

text: to

text: Renaissance

text: values

text: something

text: that

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: seen

text: in

text: Metge

text: 's

text: work

text: The

text: first

text: book

text: produced

text: with

text: movable

text: type

text: in

text: the

text: Iberian

text: Peninsula

text: was

text: printed

text: in

text: Catalan

question: Who wrote Tirant lo Blanc?

answer: Martorell

text: Martorell

question: What kind of tale was Tirant lo Blanc?

answer: chivalry

text: chivalry

question: To what does Matorell's work show a transition?

answer: Renaissance values

text: Renaissance values

question: What other writer showed a transition to the Renaissance?

answer: Metge

text: Metge

question: In what was the first Catalan book printed on the Iberian Peninsula?

answer: movable type

text: movable type


text: In 1816, the United Kingdom annexed the islands, ruling them from the Cape Colony in South Africa. This is reported to have primarily been a measure to ensure that the French would be unable to use the islands as a base for a rescue operation to free Napoleon Bonaparte from his prison on Saint Helena. The occupation also prevented the United States from using Tristan da Cunha as a cruiser base, as it had during the War of 1812.

title: Tristan_da_Cunha

title: Tristan_da_Cunha

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: annexed

text: the

text: islands

text: ruling

text: them

text: from

text: the

text: Cape

text: Colony

text: in

text: South

text: Africa

text: This

text: is

text: reported

text: to

text: have

text: primarily

text: been

text: a

text: measure

text: to

text: ensure

text: that

text: the

text: French

text: would

text: be

text: unable

text: to

text: use

text: the

text: islands

text: as

text: a

text: base

text: for

text: a

text: rescue

text: operation

text: to

text: free

text: Napoleon

text: Bonaparte

text: from

text: his

text: prison

text: on

text: Saint

text: Helena

text: The

text: occupation

text: also

text: prevented

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: from

text: using

text: Tristan

text: da

text: Cunha

text: as

text: a

text: cruiser

text: base

text: as

text: it

text: had

text: during

text: the

text: War

text: of

question: in what year did the UK annex the islands?

answer: 1816

question: where did the UK rule the islands from?

answer: South Africa

text: South Africa


text: Carriers have evolved since their inception in the early twentieth century from wooden vessels used to deploy balloons to nuclear-powered warships that carry dozens of aircraft, including fighter jets and helicopters. As of 3 March 2016, there are thirty-seven active aircraft carriers in the world within twelve navies. The United States Navy has 10 large nuclear-powered carriers (known as supercarriers, carrying up to 90 aircraft each), the largest carriers in the world; the total deckspace is over twice that of all other nations' combined. As well as the supercarrier fleet, the US Navy has nine amphibious assault ships used primarily for helicopters (sometimes called helicopter carriers); these can also carry up to 25 fighter jets, and in some cases, are as large as some other nations' fixed-wing carriers.

title: Aircraft_carrier

title: Aircraft_carrier

text: Carriers

text: have

text: evolved

text: since

text: their

text: inception

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: twentieth

text: century

text: from

text: wooden

text: vessels

text: used

text: to

text: deploy

text: balloons

text: to

text: nuclear

text: powered

text: warships

text: that

text: carry

text: dozens

text: of

text: aircraft

text: including

text: fighter

text: jets

text: and

text: helicopters

text: As

text: of

text: March

text: there

text: are

text: thirty

text: seven

text: active

text: aircraft

text: carriers

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: within

text: twelve

text: navies

text: The

text: United

text: States

text: Navy

text: has

text: large

text: nuclear

text: powered

text: carriers

text: known

text: as

text: supercarriers

text: carrying

text: up

text: to

text: aircraft

text: each

text: the

text: largest

text: carriers

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: the

text: total

text: deckspace

text: is

text: over

text: twice

text: that

text: of

text: all

text: other

text: nations

text: combined

text: As

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: supercarrier

text: fleet

text: the

text: US

text: Navy

text: has

text: nine

text: amphibious

text: assault

text: ships

text: used

text: primarily

text: for

text: helicopters

text: sometimes

text: called

text: helicopter

text: carriers

text: these

text: can

text: also

text: carry

text: up

text: to

text: fighter

text: jets

text: and

text: in

text: some

text: cases

text: are

text: as

text: large

text: as

text: some

text: other

text: nations

text: fixed

text: wing

text: carriers

question: What were carriers used for in the early 20th century?

answer: to deploy balloons

text: to deploy balloons

question: As of 3/3/2016, how many active aircraft carriers are there worldwide?

answer: thirty-seven

text: thirty-seven

question: What is another name for the 10 large nuclear-powered carriers operated by the U.S. Navy?

answer: supercarriers

text: supercarriers

question: How many aircraft can supercarriers carry?

answer: up to 90

text: up to 90

question: Who owns the largest carriers in the world?

answer: The United States Navy

text: The United States Navy


text: The US Air Force had been developing a program to launch the first man in space, named Man in Space Soonest. This program studied several different types of one-man space vehicles, settling on a ballistic re-entry capsule launched on a derivative Atlas missile, and selecting a group of nine candidate pilots. After NASA's creation, the program was transferred over to the civilian agency and renamed Project Mercury on November 26, 1958. NASA selected a new group of astronaut (from the Greek for "star sailor") candidates from Navy, Air Force and Marine test pilots, and narrowed this down to a group of seven for the program. Capsule design and astronaut training began immediately, working toward preliminary suborbital flights on the Redstone missile, followed by orbital flights on the Atlas. Each flight series would first start unmanned, then carry a primate, then finally men.

title: Space_Race

title: Space_Race

text: The

text: US

text: Air

text: Force

text: had

text: been

text: developing

text: a

text: program

text: to

text: launch

text: the

text: first

text: man

text: in

text: space

text: named

text: Man

text: in

text: Space

text: Soonest

text: This

text: program

text: studied

text: several

text: different

text: types

text: of

text: one

text: man

text: space

text: vehicles

text: settling

text: on

text: a

text: ballistic

text: re

text: entry

text: capsule

text: launched

text: on

text: a

text: derivative

text: Atlas

text: missile

text: and

text: selecting

text: a

text: group

text: of

text: nine

text: candidate

text: pilots

text: After

text: NASA

text: 's

text: creation

text: the

text: program

text: was

text: transferred

text: over

text: to

text: the

text: civilian

text: agency

text: and

text: renamed

text: Project

text: Mercury

text: on

text: November

text: NASA

text: selected

text: a

text: new

text: group

text: of

text: astronaut

text: from

text: the

text: Greek

text: for

text: star

text: sailor

text: candidates

text: from

text: Navy

text: Air

text: Force

text: and

text: Marine

text: test

text: pilots

text: and

text: narrowed

text: this

text: down

text: to

text: a

text: group

text: of

text: seven

text: for

text: the

text: program

text: Capsule

text: design

text: and

text: astronaut

text: training

text: began

text: immediately

text: working

text: toward

text: preliminary

text: suborbital

text: flights

text: on

text: the

text: Redstone

text: missile

text: followed

text: by

text: orbital

text: flights

text: on

text: the

text: Atlas

text: Each

text: flight

text: series

text: would

text: first

text: start

text: unmanned

text: then

text: carry

text: a

text: primate

text: then

text: finally

text: men

question: Man in Space Soonest was a program by which organization?

answer: US Air Force

text: US Air Force

question: Man in Space Soonest was reestablished as what in November 26, 1958?

answer: Project Mercury

text: Project Mercury


text: In 2013 it was found that the Ministry of Defence had overspent on its equipment budget by £6.5bn on orders that could take up to 39 years to fulfil. The Ministry of Defence has been criticised in the past for poor management and financial control, investing in projects that have taken up to 10 and even as much as 15 years to be delivered.

title: Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)

title: Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom

text: In

text: it

text: was

text: found

text: that

text: the

text: Ministry

text: of

text: Defence

text: had

text: overspent

text: on

text: its

text: equipment

text: budget

text: by

text: on

text: orders

text: that

text: could

text: take

text: up

text: to

text: years

text: to

text: fulfil

text: The

text: Ministry

text: of

text: Defence

text: has

text: been

text: criticised

text: in

text: the

text: past

text: for

text: poor

text: management

text: and

text: financial

text: control

text: investing

text: in

text: projects

text: that

text: have

text: taken

text: up

text: to

text: and

text: even

text: as

text: much

text: as

text: years

text: to

text: be

text: delivered

question: By how much did the MoD go over its equipment budget?

answer: £6.5bn

question: When was the overbudget amount discovered?

answer: 2013

question: What are some of the criticisms that have been directed at the MoD?

answer: poor management and financial control

text: poor management and financial control

question: What is a long-range estimate on fulfillment of some of the equipment orders made by the MoD?

answer: up to 39 years

text: up to 39 years

question: Past projects ordered by the MoD have taken what type of time frame to fulfill?

answer: up to 10 and even as much as 15 years

text: up to 10 and even as much as 15 years


text: Tuvalu participates in the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS), which is a coalition of small island and low-lying coastal countries that have concerns about their vulnerability to the adverse effects of global climate change. Under the Majuro Declaration, which was signed on 5 September 2013, Tuvalu has commitment to implement power generation of 100% renewable energy (between 2013 and 2020), which is proposed to be implemented using Solar PV (95% of demand) and biodiesel (5% of demand). The feasibility of wind power generation will be considered. Tuvalu participates in the operations of the Pacific Islands Applied Geoscience Commission (SOPAC) and the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP).

title: Tuvalu

title: Tuvalu

text: Tuvalu

text: participates

text: in

text: the

text: Alliance

text: of

text: Small

text: Island

text: States

text: AOSIS

text: which

text: is

text: a

text: coalition

text: of

text: small

text: island

text: and

text: low

text: lying

text: coastal

text: countries

text: that

text: have

text: concerns

text: about

text: their

text: vulnerability

text: to

text: the

text: adverse

text: effects

text: of

text: global

text: climate

text: change

text: Under

text: the

text: Majuro

text: Declaration

text: which

text: was

text: signed

text: on

text: September

text: Tuvalu

text: has

text: commitment

text: to

text: implement

text: power

text: generation

text: of

text: renewable

text: energy

text: between

text: and

text: which

text: is

text: proposed

text: to

text: be

text: implemented

text: using

text: Solar

text: PV

text: of

text: demand

text: and

text: biodiesel

text: of

text: demand

text: The

text: feasibility

text: of

text: wind

text: power

text: generation

text: will

text: be

text: considered

text: Tuvalu

text: participates

text: in

text: the

text: operations

text: of

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Islands

text: Applied

text: Geoscience

text: Commission

text: SOPAC

text: and

text: the

text: Secretariat

text: of

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Regional

text: Environment

text: Programme

text: SPREP

question: Of what alliance is Tuvalu a member?

answer: Alliance of Small Island States

text: Alliance of Small Island States

question: What is the AOSIS'S main concern?

answer: climate change

text: climate change

question: To what agreement has Tuvalu committed?

answer: Majuro Declaration

text: Majuro Declaration

question: What type of energy does the Majuro Declaration advocate?

answer: 100% renewable

text: 100% renewable

question: By what means does Tuvalu plan to produce 95% of its energy?

answer: Solar PV

text: Solar PV


text: Like other settled, agrarian societies in history, those in the Indian subcontinent have been attacked by nomadic tribes throughout its long history. In evaluating the impact of Islam on the sub-continent, one must note that the northwestern sub-continent was a frequent target of tribes raiding from Central Asia. In that sense, the Muslim intrusions and later Muslim invasions were not dissimilar to those of the earlier invasions during the 1st millennium. What does however, make the Muslim intrusions and later Muslim invasions different is that unlike the preceding invaders who assimilated into the prevalent social system, the successful Muslim conquerors retained their Islamic identity and created new legal and administrative systems that challenged and usually in many cases superseded the existing systems of social conduct and ethics, even influencing the non-Muslim rivals and common masses to a large extent, though non-Muslim population was left to their own laws and customs. They also introduced new cultural codes that in some ways were very different from the existing cultural codes. This led to the rise of a new Indian culture which was mixed in nature, though different from both the ancient Indian culture and later westernized modern Indian culture. At the same time it must be noted that overwhelming majority of Muslims in India are Indian natives converted to Islam. This factor also played an important role in the synthesis of cultures.

title: History_of_India

title: History_of_India

text: Like

text: other

text: settled

text: agrarian

text: societies

text: in

text: history

text: those

text: in

text: the

text: Indian

text: subcontinent

text: have

text: been

text: attacked

text: by

text: nomadic

text: tribes

text: throughout

text: its

text: long

text: history

text: In

text: evaluating

text: the

text: impact

text: of

text: Islam

text: on

text: the

text: sub

text: continent

text: one

text: must

text: note

text: that

text: the

text: northwestern

text: sub

text: continent

text: was

text: a

text: frequent

text: target

text: of

text: tribes

text: raiding

text: from

text: Central

text: Asia

text: In

text: that

text: sense

text: the

text: Muslim

text: intrusions

text: and

text: later

text: Muslim

text: invasions

text: were

text: not

text: dissimilar

text: to

text: those

text: of

text: the

text: earlier

text: invasions

text: during

text: the

text: millennium

text: What

text: does

text: however

text: make

text: the

text: Muslim

text: intrusions

text: and

text: later

text: Muslim

text: invasions

text: different

text: is

text: that

text: unlike

text: the

text: preceding

text: invaders

text: who

text: assimilated

text: into

text: the

text: prevalent

text: social

text: system

text: the

text: successful

text: Muslim

text: conquerors

text: retained

text: their

text: Islamic

text: identity

text: and

text: created

text: new

text: legal

text: and

text: administrative

text: systems

text: that

text: challenged

text: and

text: usually

text: in

text: many

text: cases

text: superseded

text: the

text: existing

text: systems

text: of

text: social

text: conduct

text: and

text: ethics

text: even

text: influencing

text: the

text: non

text: Muslim

text: rivals

text: and

text: common

text: masses

text: to

text: a

text: large

text: extent

text: though

text: non

text: Muslim

text: population

text: was

text: left

text: to

text: their

text: own

text: laws

text: and

text: customs

text: They

text: also

text: introduced

text: new

text: cultural

text: codes

text: that

text: in

text: some

text: ways

text: were

text: very

text: different

text: from

text: the

text: existing

text: cultural

text: codes

text: This

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: a

text: new

text: Indian

text: culture

text: which

text: was

text: mixed

text: in

text: nature

text: though

text: different

text: from

text: both

text: the

text: ancient

text: Indian

text: culture

text: and

text: later

text: westernized

text: modern

text: Indian

text: culture

text: At

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: it

text: must

text: be

text: noted

text: that

text: overwhelming

text: majority

text: of

text: Muslims

text: in

text: India

text: are

text: Indian

text: natives

text: converted

text: to

text: Islam

text: This

text: factor

text: also

text: played

text: an

text: important

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: synthesis

text: of

text: cultures

question: From where did raiders come to attack the agrarian Indians?

answer: Central Asia

text: Central Asia

question: After a history of raiding groups, what is not remarkable in the history of the subcontinent?

answer: Muslim intrusions

text: Muslim intrusions

question: Before the Muslim invasions, what did previous invaders do in the local cultures?

answer: assimilated

text: assimilated

question: What did the Muslim invaders staunchly keep after invading?

answer: Islamic identity

text: Islamic identity

question: What type of new Indian culture was formed from this mixture of cultures?

answer: mixed

text: mixed


text: Antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use, and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated. However, some antibiotics have been associated with a range of adverse side effects. Side-effects range from mild to very serious depending on the antibiotics used, the microbial organisms targeted, and the individual patient. Side effects may reflect the pharmacological or toxicological properties of the antibiotic or may involve hypersensitivity reactions or anaphylaxis. Safety profiles of newer drugs are often not as well established as for those that have a long history of use. Adverse effects range from fever and nausea to major allergic reactions, including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis. Common side-effects include diarrhea, resulting from disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora, resulting, for example, in overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria, such as Clostridium difficile. Antibacterials can also affect the vaginal flora, and may lead to overgrowth of yeast species of the genus Candida in the vulvo-vaginal area. Additional side-effects can result from interaction with other drugs, such as elevated risk of tendon damage from administration of a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid. Some scientists have hypothesized that the indiscriminate use of antibiotics alter the host microbiota and this has been associated with chronic disease.

title: Antibiotics

title: Antibiotics

text: Antibiotics

text: are

text: screened

text: for

text: any

text: negative

text: effects

text: on

text: humans

text: or

text: other

text: mammals

text: before

text: approval

text: for

text: clinical

text: use

text: and

text: are

text: usually

text: considered

text: safe

text: and

text: most

text: are

text: well

text: tolerated

text: However

text: some

text: antibiotics

text: have

text: been

text: associated

text: with

text: a

text: range

text: of

text: adverse

text: side

text: effects

text: Side

text: effects

text: range

text: from

text: mild

text: to

text: very

text: serious

text: depending

text: on

text: the

text: antibiotics

text: used

text: the

text: microbial

text: organisms

text: targeted

text: and

text: the

text: individual

text: patient

text: Side

text: effects

text: may

text: reflect

text: the

text: pharmacological

text: or

text: toxicological

text: properties

text: of

text: the

text: antibiotic

text: or

text: may

text: involve

text: hypersensitivity

text: reactions

text: or

text: anaphylaxis

text: Safety

text: profiles

text: of

text: newer

text: drugs

text: are

text: often

text: not

text: as

text: well

text: established

text: as

text: for

text: those

text: that

text: have

text: a

text: long

text: history

text: of

text: use

text: Adverse

text: effects

text: range

text: from

text: fever

text: and

text: nausea

text: to

text: major

text: allergic

text: reactions

text: including

text: photodermatitis

text: and

text: anaphylaxis

text: Common

text: side

text: effects

text: include

text: diarrhea

text: resulting

text: from

text: disruption

text: of

text: the

text: species

text: composition

text: in

text: the

text: intestinal

text: flora

text: resulting

text: for

text: example

text: in

text: overgrowth

text: of

text: pathogenic

text: bacteria

text: such

text: as

text: Clostridium

text: difficile

text: Antibacterials

text: can

text: also

text: affect

text: the

text: vaginal

text: flora

text: and

text: may

text: lead

text: to

text: overgrowth

text: of

text: yeast

text: species

text: of

text: the

text: genus

text: Candida

text: in

text: the

text: vulvo

text: vaginal

text: area

text: Additional

text: side

text: effects

text: can

text: result

text: from

text: interaction

text: with

text: other

text: drugs

text: such

text: as

text: elevated

text: risk

text: of

text: tendon

text: damage

text: from

text: administration

text: of

text: a

text: quinolone

text: antibiotic

text: with

text: a

text: systemic

text: corticosteroid

text: Some

text: scientists

text: have

text: hypothesized

text: that

text: the

text: indiscriminate

text: use

text: of

text: antibiotics

text: alter

text: the

text: host

text: microbiota

text: and

text: this

text: has

text: been

text: associated

text: with

text: chronic

text: disease

question: What are two examples of minor side effects caused by some antibiotics?

answer: fever and nausea

text: fever and nausea

question: What causes diarrhea?

answer: disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora

text: disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora

question: What negative effects can antibiotics have on the vaginal area?

answer: yeast

text: yeast

question: What is one example of antibiotics that may have a possible side effect of tendon damage?

answer: a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid

text: a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid

question: What is one possible serious side effect of over-using antibiotics?

answer: alter the host microbiota

text: alter the host microbiota

question: What are antibiotics screened for on mammals and humans?

answer: negative effects

text: negative effects

question: What do antibiotics need approval for?

answer: clinical use

text: clinical use

question: What besides the individual patient is targeted when antibiotics is being used?

answer: microbial organisms

text: microbial organisms

question: Photodermatitis, nausea, allergic reactions and anaphylaxis are all what type of side effect?

answer: Adverse effects

text: Adverse effects

question: What was altered during the hypothesis of indiscriminate use of antibiotics?

answer: host microbiota

text: host microbiota

question: Why are antibiotics checked before use?

answer: negative effects on humans or other mammals

text: negative effects on humans or other mammals

question: Name some adverse effects?

answer: fever and nausea to major allergic reactions, including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis

text: fever and nausea to major allergic reactions, including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis

question: Name some side-effects?

answer: diarrhea

text: diarrhea

question: What can happen to vaginal flora?

answer: overgrowth of yeast

text: overgrowth of yeast

question: What can happen when antibiotics are used with other drugs?

answer: Additional side-effects

text: Additional side-effects


text: Many annelids move by peristalsis (waves of contraction and expansion that sweep along the body), or flex the body while using parapodia to crawl or swim. In these animals the septa enable the circular and longitudinal muscles to change the shape of individual segments, by making each segment a separate fluid-filled "balloon". However, the septa are often incomplete in annelids that are semi-sessile or that do not move by peristalsis or by movements of parapodia – for example some move by whipping movements of the body, some small marine species move by means of cilia (fine muscle-powered hairs) and some burrowers turn their pharynges (throats) inside out to penetrate the sea-floor and drag themselves into it.

title: Annelid

title: Annelid

text: Many

text: annelids

text: move

text: by

text: peristalsis

text: waves

text: of

text: contraction

text: and

text: expansion

text: that

text: sweep

text: along

text: the

text: body

text: or

text: flex

text: the

text: body

text: while

text: using

text: parapodia

text: to

text: crawl

text: or

text: swim

text: In

text: these

text: animals

text: the

text: septa

text: enable

text: the

text: circular

text: and

text: longitudinal

text: muscles

text: to

text: change

text: the

text: shape

text: of

text: individual

text: segments

text: by

text: making

text: each

text: segment

text: a

text: separate

text: fluid

text: filled

text: balloon

text: However

text: the

text: septa

text: are

text: often

text: incomplete

text: in

text: annelids

text: that

text: are

text: semi

text: sessile

text: or

text: that

text: do

text: not

text: move

text: by

text: peristalsis

text: or

text: by

text: movements

text: of

text: parapodia

text: for

text: example

text: some

text: move

text: by

text: whipping

text: movements

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: some

text: small

text: marine

text: species

text: move

text: by

text: means

text: of

text: cilia

text: fine

text: muscle

text: powered

text: hairs

text: and

text: some

text: burrowers

text: turn

text: their

text: pharynges

text: throats

text: inside

text: out

text: to

text: penetrate

text: the

text: sea

text: floor

text: and

text: drag

text: themselves

text: into

text: it

question: How does peristalsis work?

answer: waves of contraction and expansion that sweep along the body

text: waves of contraction and expansion that sweep along the body

question: Why are annelids' segments like water-balloons?

answer: the septa enable the circular and longitudinal muscles to change the shape of individual segments

text: the septa enable the circular and longitudinal muscles to change the shape of individual segments

question: What are phrynges?

answer: throats

text: throats

question: What are cilia?

answer: fine muscle-powered hairs

text: fine muscle-powered hairs


text: al-Qarawīyīn University in Fez, Morocco is recognised by many historians as the oldest degree-granting university in the world, having been founded in 859 by Fatima al-Fihri. While the madrasa college could also issue degrees at all levels, the jāmiʻahs (such as al-Qarawīyīn and al-Azhar University) differed in the sense that they were larger institutions, more universal in terms of their complete source of studies, had individual faculties for different subjects, and could house a number of mosques, madaris, and other institutions within them. Such an institution has thus been described as an "Islamic university".

title: Madrasa

title: Madrasa

text: al

text: Qarawīyīn

text: University

text: in

text: Fez

text: Morocco

text: is

text: recognised

text: by

text: many

text: historians

text: as

text: the

text: oldest

text: degree

text: granting

text: university

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: having

text: been

text: founded

text: in

text: by

text: Fatima

text: al

text: Fihri

text: While

text: the

text: madrasa

text: college

text: could

text: also

text: issue

text: degrees

text: at

text: all

text: levels

text: the

text: jāmiʻahs

text: such

text: as

text: al

text: Qarawīyīn

text: and

text: al

text: Azhar

text: University

text: differed

text: in

text: the

text: sense

text: that

text: they

text: were

text: larger

text: institutions

text: more

text: universal

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: their

text: complete

text: source

text: of

text: studies

text: had

text: individual

text: faculties

text: for

text: different

text: subjects

text: and

text: could

text: house

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: mosques

text: madaris

text: and

text: other

text: institutions

text: within

text: them

text: Such

text: an

text: institution

text: has

text: thus

text: been

text: described

text: as

text: an

text: Islamic

text: university

question: When was al-Qarawiyin University founded?

answer: 859

question: Who founded al-Qarawiyin University?

answer: Fatima al-Fihri

text: Fatima al-Fihri

question: What types of degrees were earned at al-Qarawiyin University?

answer: all levels

text: all levels

question: What religious buildings were housed inside al-Qarawiyin University?

answer: mosques

text: mosques

question: What types of teachers were at al-Qarawiyin University?

answer: individual faculties for different subjects

text: individual faculties for different subjects


text: Before the early 20th century, treatments for infections were based primarily on medicinal folklore. Mixtures with antimicrobial properties that were used in treatments of infections were described over 2000 years ago. Many ancient cultures, including the ancient Egyptians and ancient Greeks, used specially selected mold and plant materials and extracts to treat infections. More recent observations made in the laboratory of antibiosis between microorganisms led to the discovery of natural antibacterials produced by microorganisms. Louis Pasteur observed, "if we could intervene in the antagonism observed between some bacteria, it would offer perhaps the greatest hopes for therapeutics". The term 'antibiosis', meaning "against life", was introduced by the French bacteriologist Jean Paul Vuillemin as a descriptive name of the phenomenon exhibited by these early antibacterial drugs. Antibiosis was first described in 1877 in bacteria when Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch observed that an airborne bacillus could inhibit the growth of Bacillus anthracis. These drugs were later renamed antibiotics by Selman Waksman, an American microbiologist, in 1942. Synthetic antibiotic chemotherapy as a science and development of antibacterials began in Germany with Paul Ehrlich in the late 1880s. Ehrlich noted certain dyes would color human, animal, or bacterial cells, whereas others did not. He then proposed the idea that it might be possible to create chemicals that would act as a selective drug that would bind to and kill bacteria without harming the human host. After screening hundreds of dyes against various organisms, in 1907, he discovered a medicinally useful drug, the synthetic antibacterial salvarsan now called arsphenamine.

title: Antibiotics

title: Antibiotics

text: Before

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: treatments

text: for

text: infections

text: were

text: based

text: primarily

text: on

text: medicinal

text: folklore

text: Mixtures

text: with

text: antimicrobial

text: properties

text: that

text: were

text: used

text: in

text: treatments

text: of

text: infections

text: were

text: described

text: over

text: years

text: ago

text: Many

text: ancient

text: cultures

text: including

text: the

text: ancient

text: Egyptians

text: and

text: ancient

text: Greeks

text: used

text: specially

text: selected

text: mold

text: and

text: plant

text: materials

text: and

text: extracts

text: to

text: treat

text: infections

text: More

text: recent

text: observations

text: made

text: in

text: the

text: laboratory

text: of

text: antibiosis

text: between

text: microorganisms

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: discovery

text: of

text: natural

text: antibacterials

text: produced

text: by

text: microorganisms

text: Louis

text: Pasteur

text: observed

text: if

text: we

text: could

text: intervene

text: in

text: the

text: antagonism

text: observed

text: between

text: some

text: bacteria

text: it

text: would

text: offer

text: perhaps

text: the

text: greatest

text: hopes

text: for

text: therapeutics

text: The

text: term

text: antibiosis

text: meaning

text: against

text: life

text: was

text: introduced

text: by

text: the

text: French

text: bacteriologist

text: Jean

text: Paul

text: Vuillemin

text: as

text: a

text: descriptive

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: phenomenon

text: exhibited

text: by

text: these

text: early

text: antibacterial

text: drugs

text: Antibiosis

text: was

text: first

text: described

text: in

text: in

text: bacteria

text: when

text: Louis

text: Pasteur

text: and

text: Robert

text: Koch

text: observed

text: that

text: an

text: airborne

text: bacillus

text: could

text: inhibit

text: the

text: growth

text: of

text: Bacillus

text: anthracis

text: These

text: drugs

text: were

text: later

text: renamed

text: antibiotics

text: by

text: Selman

text: Waksman

text: an

text: American

text: microbiologist

text: in

text: Synthetic

text: antibiotic

text: chemotherapy

text: as

text: a

text: science

text: and

text: development

text: of

text: antibacterials

text: began

text: in

text: Germany

text: with

text: Paul

text: Ehrlich

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: Ehrlich

text: noted

text: certain

text: dyes

text: would

text: color

text: human

text: animal

text: or

text: bacterial

text: cells

text: whereas

text: others

text: did

text: not

text: He

text: then

text: proposed

text: the

text: idea

text: that

text: it

text: might

text: be

text: possible

text: to

text: create

text: chemicals

text: that

text: would

text: act

text: as

text: a

text: selective

text: drug

text: that

text: would

text: bind

text: to

text: and

text: kill

text: bacteria

text: without

text: harming

text: the

text: human

text: host

text: After

text: screening

text: hundreds

text: of

text: dyes

text: against

text: various

text: organisms

text: in

text: he

text: discovered

text: a

text: medicinally

text: useful

text: drug

text: the

text: synthetic

text: antibacterial

text: salvarsan

text: now

text: called

text: arsphenamine

question: What methods did people use before antibiotics to treat infections?

answer: medicinal folklore

text: medicinal folklore

question: When were some kinds of antimicrobials first used?

answer: over 2000 years ago

text: over 2000 years ago

question: What type of things did Egyptians and Greeks use?

answer: mold and plant materials and extracts

text: mold and plant materials and extracts

question: What does antibiosis mean?

answer: against life

text: against life

question: Who came up with the term antibiosis?

answer: Jean Paul Vuillemin

text: Jean Paul Vuillemin


text: The competition is open to any eligible club down to Levels 10 of the English football league system - all 92 professional clubs in the Premier League and Football League (Levels 1 to 4), and several hundred "non-league" teams in Steps 1 to 6 of the National League System (Levels 5 to 10). A record 763 clubs competed in 2011–12. The tournament consists of 12 randomly drawn rounds followed by the semi-finals and the final. Entrants are not seeded, although a system of byes based on league level ensures higher ranked teams enter in later rounds - the minimum number of games needed to win the competition ranges from six to fourteen.

title: FA_Cup

title: FA_Cup

text: The

text: competition

text: is

text: open

text: to

text: any

text: eligible

text: club

text: down

text: to

text: Levels

text: of

text: the

text: English

text: football

text: league

text: system

text: all

text: professional

text: clubs

text: in

text: the

text: Premier

text: League

text: and

text: Football

text: League

text: Levels

text: to

text: and

text: several

text: hundred

text: non

text: league

text: teams

text: in

text: Steps

text: to

text: of

text: the

text: National

text: League

text: System

text: Levels

text: to

text: A

text: record

text: clubs

text: competed

text: in

text: The

text: tournament

text: consists

text: of

text: randomly

text: drawn

text: rounds

text: followed

text: by

text: the

text: semi

text: finals

text: and

text: the

text: final

text: Entrants

text: are

text: not

text: seeded

text: although

text: a

text: system

text: of

text: byes

text: based

text: on

text: league

text: level

text: ensures

text: higher

text: ranked

text: teams

text: enter

text: in

text: later

text: rounds

text: the

text: minimum

text: number

text: of

text: games

text: needed

text: to

text: win

text: the

text: competition

text: ranges

text: from

text: six

text: to

text: fourteen

question: Who is the competition open too?

answer: any eligible club

text: any eligible club

question: How many clubs competed in 20011-12?

answer: 763 clubs

text: 763 clubs

question: How many rounds in the tournament?

answer: 12

question: How many games are needed to win?

answer: six to fourteen

text: six to fourteen

question: What league can compete?

answer: Premier League and Football League

text: Premier League and Football League


text: Technische Universität (abbreviation: TU) are the common terms for universities of technology or technical university. These institutions can grant habilitation and doctoral degrees and focus on research.

title: Institute_of_technology

title: Institute_of_technology

text: Technische

text: Universität

text: abbreviation

text: TU

text: are

text: the

text: common

text: terms

text: for

text: universities

text: of

text: technology

text: or

text: technical

text: university

text: These

text: institutions

text: can

text: grant

text: habilitation

text: and

text: doctoral

text: degrees

text: and

text: focus

text: on

text: research

question: What's the abbreviation for a Technische Universität?

answer: TU

text: TU

question: What's the main focus of a Technische Universität?

answer: research

text: research


text: The first vertebrates appeared over 500 million years ago (Mya), during the Cambrian period, and may have resembled the modern hagfish in form. Sharks appeared about 450 Mya, amphibians about 400 Mya, reptiles about 350 Mya, and mammals about 200 Mya. Each species has an equally long evolutionary history, but the brains of modern hagfishes, lampreys, sharks, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals show a gradient of size and complexity that roughly follows the evolutionary sequence. All of these brains contain the same set of basic anatomical components, but many are rudimentary in the hagfish, whereas in mammals the foremost part (the telencephalon) is greatly elaborated and expanded.

title: Brain

title: Brain

text: The

text: first

text: vertebrates

text: appeared

text: over

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: Mya

text: during

text: the

text: Cambrian

text: period

text: and

text: may

text: have

text: resembled

text: the

text: modern

text: hagfish

text: in

text: form

text: Sharks

text: appeared

text: about

text: Mya

text: amphibians

text: about

text: Mya

text: reptiles

text: about

text: Mya

text: and

text: mammals

text: about

text: Mya

text: Each

text: species

text: has

text: an

text: equally

text: long

text: evolutionary

text: history

text: but

text: the

text: brains

text: of

text: modern

text: hagfishes

text: lampreys

text: sharks

text: amphibians

text: reptiles

text: and

text: mammals

text: show

text: a

text: gradient

text: of

text: size

text: and

text: complexity

text: that

text: roughly

text: follows

text: the

text: evolutionary

text: sequence

text: All

text: of

text: these

text: brains

text: contain

text: the

text: same

text: set

text: of

text: basic

text: anatomical

text: components

text: but

text: many

text: are

text: rudimentary

text: in

text: the

text: hagfish

text: whereas

text: in

text: mammals

text: the

text: foremost

text: part

text: the

text: telencephalon

text: is

text: greatly

text: elaborated

text: and

text: expanded

question: How long ago did the first vertebrate organisms appear?

answer: over 500 million years ago

text: over 500 million years ago

question: During which scientific period did vertebrates appear?

answer: Cambrian period

text: Cambrian period

question: Sharks appeared at about how many Mya?

answer: 450 Mya

text: 450 Mya

question: The foremost part of the brain in mammals is known as what?

answer: (the telencephalon

text: (the telencephalon

question: At how many mya did mammals first appear in time?

answer: 200 Mya

text: 200 Mya


text: Bermuda was colonised by the English as an extension of Virginia and has long had close ties with the US Atlantic Seaboard and Canadian Maritimes as well as the UK. It had a history of African slavery, although Britain abolished it decades before the US. Since the 20th century, there has been considerable immigration to Bermuda from the West Indies, as well as continued immigration from Portuguese Atlantic islands. Unlike immigrants from British colonies in the West Indies, the latter immigrants have had greater difficulty in becoming permanent residents as they lacked British citizenship, mostly spoke no English, and required renewal of work permits to remain beyond an initial period. From the 1950s onwards, Bermuda relaxed its immigration laws, allowing increased immigration from Britain and Canada. Some Black politicians accused the government of using this device to counter the West Indian immigration of previous decades.

title: Bermuda

title: Bermuda

text: Bermuda

text: was

text: colonised

text: by

text: the

text: English

text: as

text: an

text: extension

text: of

text: Virginia

text: and

text: has

text: long

text: had

text: close

text: ties

text: with

text: the

text: US

text: Atlantic

text: Seaboard

text: and

text: Canadian

text: Maritimes

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: UK

text: It

text: had

text: a

text: history

text: of

text: African

text: slavery

text: although

text: Britain

text: abolished

text: it

text: decades

text: before

text: the

text: US

text: Since

text: the

text: century

text: there

text: has

text: been

text: considerable

text: immigration

text: to

text: Bermuda

text: from

text: the

text: West

text: Indies

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: continued

text: immigration

text: from

text: Portuguese

text: Atlantic

text: islands

text: Unlike

text: immigrants

text: from

text: British

text: colonies

text: in

text: the

text: West

text: Indies

text: the

text: latter

text: immigrants

text: have

text: had

text: greater

text: difficulty

text: in

text: becoming

text: permanent

text: residents

text: as

text: they

text: lacked

text: British

text: citizenship

text: mostly

text: spoke

text: no

text: English

text: and

text: required

text: renewal

text: of

text: work

text: permits

text: to

text: remain

text: beyond

text: an

text: initial

text: period

text: From

text: the

text: onwards

text: Bermuda

text: relaxed

text: its

text: immigration

text: laws

text: allowing

text: increased

text: immigration

text: from

text: Britain

text: and

text: Canada

text: Some

text: Black

text: politicians

text: accused

text: the

text: government

text: of

text: using

text: this

text: device

text: to

text: counter

text: the

text: West

text: Indian

text: immigration

text: of

text: previous

text: decades

question: Why did the English originally colonize Bermuda?

answer: an extension of Virginia

text: an extension of Virginia

question: What two areas have provided a constant stream of immigration to Bermuda since the 20th century?

answer: West Indies, as well as continued immigration from Portuguese Atlantic islands

text: West Indies, as well as continued immigration from Portuguese Atlantic islands

question: Why have these recent immigrants had trouble becoming permanent residents?

answer: they lacked British citizenship

text: they lacked British citizenship

question: When did Bermuda ease up on its immigration laws?

answer: 1950s

question: Why were Black politicians upset about the change in immigration laws?

answer: accused the government of using this device to counter the West Indian immigration of previous decades.

text: accused the government of using this device to counter the West Indian immigration of previous decades.


text: These first European HDTV broadcasts used the 1080i format with MPEG-2 compression on a DVB-S signal from SES's Astra 1H satellite. Euro1080 transmissions later changed to MPEG-4/AVC compression on a DVB-S2 signal in line with subsequent broadcast channels in Europe.

title: High-definition_television

title: High

title: definition_television

text: These

text: first

text: European

text: HDTV

text: broadcasts

text: used

text: the

text: format

text: with

text: compression

text: on

text: a

text: DVB

text: S

text: signal

text: from

text: SES

text: 's

text: Astra

text: satellite

text: transmissions

text: later

text: changed

text: to

text: compression

text: on

text: a

text: DVB

text: signal

text: in

text: line

text: with

text: subsequent

text: broadcast

text: channels

text: in

text: Europe

question: What format did the first European HDTV broadcast use?

answer: 1080i format

text: 1080i format

question: What compression did the first European HDTV broadcast use?

answer: MPEG-2

question: What signal did the first European HDTV broadcast use?

answer: DVB-S

text: DVB-S

question: What compression did Euro1080 later change to?

answer: MPEG-4/AVC

question: What signal did Euro1080 later change to?

answer: DVB-S2