text: Perhaps the most prominent, controversial and far-reaching theory in all of science has been the theory of evolution by natural selection put forward by the British naturalist Charles Darwin in his book On the Origin of Species in 1859. Darwin proposed that the features of all living things, including humans, were shaped by natural processes over long periods of time. The theory of evolution in its current form affects almost all areas of biology. Implications of evolution on fields outside of pure science have led to both opposition and support from different parts of society, and profoundly influenced the popular understanding of "man's place in the universe". In the early 20th century, the study of heredity became a major investigation after the rediscovery in 1900 of the laws of inheritance developed by the Moravian monk Gregor Mendel in 1866. Mendel's laws provided the beginnings of the study of genetics, which became a major field of research for both scientific and industrial research. By 1953, James D. Watson, Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins clarified the basic structure of DNA, the genetic material for expressing life in all its forms. In the late 20th century, the possibilities of genetic engineering became practical for the first time, and a massive international effort began in 1990 to map out an entire human genome (the Human Genome Project).

title: History_of_science

title: History_of_science

text: Perhaps

text: the

text: most

text: prominent

text: controversial

text: and

text: far

text: reaching

text: theory

text: in

text: all

text: of

text: science

text: has

text: been

text: the

text: theory

text: of

text: evolution

text: by

text: natural

text: selection

text: put

text: forward

text: by

text: the

text: British

text: naturalist

text: Charles

text: Darwin

text: in

text: his

text: book

text: On

text: the

text: Origin

text: of

text: Species

text: in

text: Darwin

text: proposed

text: that

text: the

text: features

text: of

text: all

text: living

text: things

text: including

text: humans

text: were

text: shaped

text: by

text: natural

text: processes

text: over

text: long

text: periods

text: of

text: time

text: The

text: theory

text: of

text: evolution

text: in

text: its

text: current

text: form

text: affects

text: almost

text: all

text: areas

text: of

text: biology

text: Implications

text: of

text: evolution

text: on

text: fields

text: outside

text: of

text: pure

text: science

text: have

text: led

text: to

text: both

text: opposition

text: and

text: support

text: from

text: different

text: parts

text: of

text: society

text: and

text: profoundly

text: influenced

text: the

text: popular

text: understanding

text: of

text: man

text: 's

text: place

text: in

text: the

text: universe

text: In

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: heredity

text: became

text: a

text: major

text: investigation

text: after

text: the

text: rediscovery

text: in

text: of

text: the

text: laws

text: of

text: inheritance

text: developed

text: by

text: the

text: Moravian

text: monk

text: Gregor

text: Mendel

text: in

text: Mendel

text: 's

text: laws

text: provided

text: the

text: beginnings

text: of

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: genetics

text: which

text: became

text: a

text: major

text: field

text: of

text: research

text: for

text: both

text: scientific

text: and

text: industrial

text: research

text: By

text: James

text: D.

text: Watson

text: Francis

text: Crick

text: and

text: Maurice

text: Wilkins

text: clarified

text: the

text: basic

text: structure

text: of

text: DNA

text: the

text: genetic

text: material

text: for

text: expressing

text: life

text: in

text: all

text: its

text: forms

text: In

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: the

text: possibilities

text: of

text: genetic

text: engineering

text: became

text: practical

text: for

text: the

text: first

text: time

text: and

text: a

text: massive

text: international

text: effort

text: began

text: in

text: to

text: map

text: out

text: an

text: entire

text: human

text: genome

text: the

text: Human

text: Genome

text: Project

question: Which scientist championed the idea of evolution?

answer: Charles Darwin

text: Charles Darwin

question: What was the name of the book that Darwin wrote about evolution?

answer: On the Origin of Species

text: On the Origin of Species

question: What was the reception of Darwin's ideas about evolution?

answer: both opposition and support from different parts of society

text: both opposition and support from different parts of society

question: Who rediscovered the laws of inheritance?

answer: Moravian monk Gregor Mendel

text: Moravian monk Gregor Mendel

question: What was the major break through for the study of genetics?

answer: the basic structure of DNA

text: the basic structure of DNA


text: Traditionally, subspecies are seen as geographically isolated and genetically differentiated populations. That is, "the designation 'subspecies' is used to indicate an objective degree of microevolutionary divergence" One objection to this idea is that it does not specify what degree of differentiation is required. Therefore, any population that is somewhat biologically different could be considered a subspecies, even to the level of a local population. As a result, Templeton has argued that it is necessary to impose a threshold on the level of difference that is required for a population to be designated a subspecies.

title: Race_(human_categorization)

title: Race_(human_categorization

text: Traditionally

text: subspecies

text: are

text: seen

text: as

text: geographically

text: isolated

text: and

text: genetically

text: differentiated

text: populations

text: That

text: is

text: the

text: designation

text: subspecies

text: is

text: used

text: to

text: indicate

text: an

text: objective

text: degree

text: of

text: microevolutionary

text: divergence

text: One

text: objection

text: to

text: this

text: idea

text: is

text: that

text: it

text: does

text: not

text: specify

text: what

text: degree

text: of

text: differentiation

text: is

text: required

text: Therefore

text: any

text: population

text: that

text: is

text: somewhat

text: biologically

text: different

text: could

text: be

text: considered

text: a

text: subspecies

text: even

text: to

text: the

text: level

text: of

text: a

text: local

text: population

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: Templeton

text: has

text: argued

text: that

text: it

text: is

text: necessary

text: to

text: impose

text: a

text: threshold

text: on

text: the

text: level

text: of

text: difference

text: that

text: is

text: required

text: for

text: a

text: population

text: to

text: be

text: designated

text: a

text: subspecies

question: What are traditionally geographically isolated?

answer: subspecies

text: subspecies

question: What is "subspecies" used to indicate an objective degree of?

answer: microevolutionary divergence

text: microevolutionary divergence

question: What is an objection to the idea of subspecies because it doesn't specify this?

answer: degree of differentiation

text: degree of differentiation

question: What would a population have to somewhat be to be considered a subspecies?

answer: biologically different

text: biologically different

question: What did Templeton argue is necessary to impose a threshold on for a population to be a subspecies?

answer: level of difference

text: level of difference


text: On 13 March 2015, several members of the cast and crew, including Craig, Whishaw, Wilson and Mendes, as well as previous James Bond actor, Sir Roger Moore, appeared in a sketch written by David Walliams and the Dawson Brothers for Comic Relief's Red Nose Day on BBC One. In the sketch, they film a behind-the-scenes mockumentary on the filming of Spectre. The first teaser trailer for Spectre was released worldwide in March 2015, followed by the theatrical trailer in July and the final trailer in October.

title: Spectre_(2015_film)

title: Spectre_(2015_film

text: On

text: March

text: several

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: cast

text: and

text: crew

text: including

text: Craig

text: Whishaw

text: Wilson

text: and

text: Mendes

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: previous

text: James

text: Bond

text: actor

text: Sir

text: Roger

text: Moore

text: appeared

text: in

text: a

text: sketch

text: written

text: by

text: David

text: Walliams

text: and

text: the

text: Dawson

text: Brothers

text: for

text: Comic

text: Relief

text: 's

text: Red

text: Nose

text: Day

text: on

text: BBC

text: One

text: In

text: the

text: sketch

text: they

text: film

text: a

text: behind

text: the

text: scenes

text: mockumentary

text: on

text: the

text: filming

text: of

text: Spectre

text: The

text: first

text: teaser

text: trailer

text: for

text: Spectre

text: was

text: released

text: worldwide

text: in

text: March

text: followed

text: by

text: the

text: theatrical

text: trailer

text: in

text: July

text: and

text: the

text: final

text: trailer

text: in

text: October

question: What comedy production did Spectre actors appear in?

answer: Comic Relief's Red Nose Day

text: Comic Relief's Red Nose Day

question: On what TV station did Red Nose Day appear?

answer: BBC One

text: BBC One

question: In what month was the preview of Spectre released in movie theaters?

answer: July

text: July

question: When was the first teaser trailer of Spectre released?

answer: March 2015

text: March 2015

question: What show did several members of the cast and crew appear on in March 2015?

answer: Comic Relief's Red Nose Day

text: Comic Relief's Red Nose Day

question: Who wrote the comedy sketch for the cast and crew?

answer: David Walliams and the Dawson Brothers

text: David Walliams and the Dawson Brothers


text: Manhattan Island is linked to New York City's outer boroughs and New Jersey by several tunnels as well. The Lincoln Tunnel, which carries 120,000 vehicles a day under the Hudson River between New Jersey and Midtown Manhattan, is the busiest vehicular tunnel in the world. The tunnel was built instead of a bridge to allow unfettered passage of large passenger and cargo ships that sailed through New York Harbor and up the Hudson River to Manhattan's piers. The Holland Tunnel, connecting Lower Manhattan to Jersey City, New Jersey, was the world's first mechanically ventilated vehicular tunnel when it opened in 1927. The Queens-Midtown Tunnel, built to relieve congestion on the bridges connecting Manhattan with Queens and Brooklyn, was the largest non-federal project in its time when it was completed in 1940. President Franklin D. Roosevelt was the first person to drive through it. The Hugh L. Carey Tunnel runs underneath Battery Park and connects the Financial District at the southern tip of Manhattan to Red Hook in Brooklyn.

title: New_York_City

title: New_York_City

text: Manhattan

text: Island

text: is

text: linked

text: to

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: 's

text: outer

text: boroughs

text: and

text: New

text: Jersey

text: by

text: several

text: tunnels

text: as

text: well

text: The

text: Lincoln

text: Tunnel

text: which

text: carries

text: vehicles

text: a

text: day

text: under

text: the

text: Hudson

text: River

text: between

text: New

text: Jersey

text: and

text: Midtown

text: Manhattan

text: is

text: the

text: busiest

text: vehicular

text: tunnel

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: The

text: tunnel

text: was

text: built

text: instead

text: of

text: a

text: bridge

text: to

text: allow

text: unfettered

text: passage

text: of

text: large

text: passenger

text: and

text: cargo

text: ships

text: that

text: sailed

text: through

text: New

text: York

text: Harbor

text: and

text: up

text: the

text: Hudson

text: River

text: to

text: Manhattan

text: 's

text: piers

text: The

text: Holland

text: Tunnel

text: connecting

text: Lower

text: Manhattan

text: to

text: Jersey

text: City

text: New

text: Jersey

text: was

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: first

text: mechanically

text: ventilated

text: vehicular

text: tunnel

text: when

text: it

text: opened

text: in

text: The

text: Queens

text: Midtown

text: Tunnel

text: built

text: to

text: relieve

text: congestion

text: on

text: the

text: bridges

text: connecting

text: Manhattan

text: with

text: Queens

text: and

text: Brooklyn

text: was

text: the

text: largest

text: non

text: federal

text: project

text: in

text: its

text: time

text: when

text: it

text: was

text: completed

text: in

text: President

text: Franklin

text: D.

text: Roosevelt

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: person

text: to

text: drive

text: through

text: it

text: The

text: Hugh

text: L.

text: Carey

text: Tunnel

text: runs

text: underneath

text: Battery

text: Park

text: and

text: connects

text: the

text: Financial

text: District

text: at

text: the

text: southern

text: tip

text: of

text: Manhattan

text: to

text: Red

text: Hook

text: in

text: Brooklyn

question: Which tunnel do 120,000 vehicles travel through a day in NYC?

answer: The Lincoln Tunnel

text: The Lincoln Tunnel

question: The Holland Tunnel opened in what year?

answer: 1927

question: The Queens-Midtown Tunnel was finished in what year?

answer: 1940

question: Who was the first person to drive through The Queens-Midtown Tunnel?

answer: President Franklin D. Roosevelt

text: President Franklin D. Roosevelt

question: How many vehicles utilize the Lincoln Tunnel daily?

answer: 120,000

question: What body of water is above the Lincoln Tunnel?

answer: Hudson River

text: Hudson River

question: What borough is connected to New Jersey via the Lincoln Tunnel?

answer: Manhattan

text: Manhattan

question: In what New Jersey city does the Holland Tunnel terminate?

answer: Jersey City

text: Jersey City

question: Who drove through the Queens-Midtown Tunnel before anyone else?

answer: Franklin D. Roosevelt

text: Franklin D. Roosevelt


text: As part of its education-related initiatives, the foundation has funded journalists, think tanks, lobbying organizations and governments. Millions of dollars of grants to news organizations have funded reporting on education and higher education, including more than $1.4 million to the Education Writers Association to fund training for journalists who cover education. While some critics have feared the foundation for directing the conversation on education or pushing its point of view through news coverage, the foundation has said it lists all its grants publicly and does not enforce any rules for content among its grantees, who have editorial independence. Union activists in Chicago have accused Gates Foundation grantee Teach Plus, which was founded by new teachers and advocates against seniority-based layoffs, of "astroturfing".

title: Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation

title: Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation

text: As

text: part

text: of

text: its

text: education

text: related

text: initiatives

text: the

text: foundation

text: has

text: funded

text: journalists

text: think

text: tanks

text: lobbying

text: organizations

text: and

text: governments

text: Millions

text: of

text: dollars

text: of

text: grants

text: to

text: news

text: organizations

text: have

text: funded

text: reporting

text: on

text: education

text: and

text: higher

text: education

text: including

text: more

text: than

text: million

text: to

text: the

text: Education

text: Writers

text: Association

text: to

text: fund

text: training

text: for

text: journalists

text: who

text: cover

text: education

text: While

text: some

text: critics

text: have

text: feared

text: the

text: foundation

text: for

text: directing

text: the

text: conversation

text: on

text: education

text: or

text: pushing

text: its

text: point

text: of

text: view

text: through

text: news

text: coverage

text: the

text: foundation

text: has

text: said

text: it

text: lists

text: all

text: its

text: grants

text: publicly

text: and

text: does

text: not

text: enforce

text: any

text: rules

text: for

text: content

text: among

text: its

text: grantees

text: who

text: have

text: editorial

text: independence

text: Union

text: activists

text: in

text: Chicago

text: have

text: accused

text: Gates

text: Foundation

text: grantee

text: Teach

text: Plus

text: which

text: was

text: founded

text: by

text: new

text: teachers

text: and

text: advocates

text: against

text: seniority

text: based

text: layoffs

text: of

text: astroturfing

question: What has been funded as part of the education initiatives

answer: As part of its education-related initiatives, the foundation has funded journalists, think tanks, lobbying organizations and governments

text: As part of its education-related initiatives, the foundation has funded journalists, think tanks, lobbying organizations and governments

question: what do the millions in grants given to news agencies do

answer: Millions of dollars of grants to news organizations have funded reporting on education and higher education

text: Millions of dollars of grants to news organizations have funded reporting on education and higher education

question: Critics don't like the foundations use of media why

answer: critics have feared the foundation for directing the conversation on education or pushing its point of view through news coverage

text: critics have feared the foundation for directing the conversation on education or pushing its point of view through news coverage

question: Where does the foundation list grants

answer: the foundation has said it lists all its grants publicly

text: the foundation has said it lists all its grants publicly

question: who founded teach plus

answer: Teach Plus, which was founded by new teachers and advocates against seniority-based layoffs

text: Teach Plus, which was founded by new teachers and advocates against seniority-based layoffs


text: The activities that constitute illegal corruption differ depending on the country or jurisdiction. For instance, some political funding practices that are legal in one place may be illegal in another. In some cases, government officials have broad or ill-defined powers, which make it difficult to distinguish between legal and illegal actions. Worldwide, bribery alone is estimated to involve over 1 trillion US dollars annually. A state of unrestrained political corruption is known as a kleptocracy, literally meaning "rule by thieves".

title: Political_corruption

title: Political_corruption

text: The

text: activities

text: that

text: constitute

text: illegal

text: corruption

text: differ

text: depending

text: on

text: the

text: country

text: or

text: jurisdiction

text: For

text: instance

text: some

text: political

text: funding

text: practices

text: that

text: are

text: legal

text: in

text: one

text: place

text: may

text: be

text: illegal

text: in

text: another

text: In

text: some

text: cases

text: government

text: officials

text: have

text: broad

text: or

text: ill

text: defined

text: powers

text: which

text: make

text: it

text: difficult

text: to

text: distinguish

text: between

text: legal

text: and

text: illegal

text: actions

text: Worldwide

text: bribery

text: alone

text: is

text: estimated

text: to

text: involve

text: over

text: trillion

text: US

text: dollars

text: annually

text: A

text: state

text: of

text: unrestrained

text: political

text: corruption

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: a

text: kleptocracy

text: literally

text: meaning

text: rule

text: by

text: thieves

question: What is considered political corruption is differnt in each what?

answer: country or jurisdiction

text: country or jurisdiction

question: Sometime sit is hard to tell if actions are legal or illegal because governement officials have what kind of power?

answer: broad or ill-defined

text: broad or ill-defined

question: How much money is involved in bribery in the world each year?

answer: 1 trillion US dollars

text: 1 trillion US dollars

question: unrestrsined political corruption is known as what?

answer: kleptocracy

text: kleptocracy

question: What does kleptocracy mean?

answer: rule by thieves

text: rule by thieves

question: A sate of unrestrained political corruption is known as what?

answer: kleptocracy

text: kleptocracy

question: Which crime costs over one trillion U.S. dollars every year, world-wide?

answer: bribery

text: bribery

question: What does kleptocracy mean?

answer: rule by thieves

text: rule by thieves


text: From the caliphate's north-western African bases, a series of raids on coastal areas of the Visigothic Kingdom paved the way to the permanent occupation of most of Iberia by the Umayyads (starting in 711), and on into south-eastern Gaul (last stronghold at Narbonne in 759). Hisham's reign witnessed the end of expansion in the west, following the defeat of the Arab army by the Franks at the Battle of Tours in 732. In 739 a major Berber Revolt broke out in North Africa, which was subdued only with difficulty, but it was followed by the collapse of Umayyad authority in al-Andalus. In India the Arab armies were defeated by the south Indian Chalukya dynasty and by the north Indian Pratiharas Dynasty in the 8th century and the Arabs were driven out of India. In the Caucasus, the confrontation with the Khazars peaked under Hisham: the Arabs established Derbent as a major military base and launched several invasions of the northern Caucasus, but failed to subdue the nomadic Khazars. The conflict was arduous and bloody, and the Arab army even suffered a major defeat at the Battle of Marj Ardabil in 730. Marwan ibn Muhammad, the future Marwan II, finally ended the war in 737 with a massive invasion that is reported to have reached as far as the Volga, but the Khazars remained unsubdued.

title: Umayyad_Caliphate

title: Umayyad_Caliphate

text: From

text: the

text: caliphate

text: 's

text: north

text: western

text: African

text: bases

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: raids

text: on

text: coastal

text: areas

text: of

text: the

text: Visigothic

text: Kingdom

text: paved

text: the

text: way

text: to

text: the

text: permanent

text: occupation

text: of

text: most

text: of

text: Iberia

text: by

text: the

text: Umayyads

text: starting

text: in

text: and

text: on

text: into

text: south

text: eastern

text: Gaul

text: last

text: stronghold

text: at

text: Narbonne

text: in

text: Hisham

text: 's

text: reign

text: witnessed

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: expansion

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: following

text: the

text: defeat

text: of

text: the

text: Arab

text: army

text: by

text: the

text: Franks

text: at

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Tours

text: in

text: In

text: a

text: major

text: Berber

text: Revolt

text: broke

text: out

text: in

text: North

text: Africa

text: which

text: was

text: subdued

text: only

text: with

text: difficulty

text: but

text: it

text: was

text: followed

text: by

text: the

text: collapse

text: of

text: Umayyad

text: authority

text: in

text: al

text: Andalus

text: In

text: India

text: the

text: Arab

text: armies

text: were

text: defeated

text: by

text: the

text: south

text: Indian

text: Chalukya

text: dynasty

text: and

text: by

text: the

text: north

text: Indian

text: Pratiharas

text: Dynasty

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: and

text: the

text: Arabs

text: were

text: driven

text: out

text: of

text: India

text: In

text: the

text: Caucasus

text: the

text: confrontation

text: with

text: the

text: Khazars

text: peaked

text: under

text: Hisham

text: the

text: Arabs

text: established

text: Derbent

text: as

text: a

text: major

text: military

text: base

text: and

text: launched

text: several

text: invasions

text: of

text: the

text: northern

text: Caucasus

text: but

text: failed

text: to

text: subdue

text: the

text: nomadic

text: Khazars

text: The

text: conflict

text: was

text: arduous

text: and

text: bloody

text: and

text: the

text: Arab

text: army

text: even

text: suffered

text: a

text: major

text: defeat

text: at

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Marj

text: Ardabil

text: in

text: Marwan

text: ibn

text: Muhammad

text: the

text: future

text: Marwan

text: II

text: finally

text: ended

text: the

text: war

text: in

text: with

text: a

text: massive

text: invasion

text: that

text: is

text: reported

text: to

text: have

text: reached

text: as

text: far

text: as

text: the

text: Volga

text: but

text: the

text: Khazars

text: remained

text: unsubdued

question: When did the Umayyads begin to occupy Iberia?

answer: 711

question: What was the final year that the Umayyads held Narbonne?

answer: 759

question: What was Marwan II's name before he became caliph?

answer: Marwan ibn Muhammad

text: Marwan ibn Muhammad

question: Who defeated the Arabs at the Battle of Tours?

answer: Franks

text: Franks

question: In what year did the Berber Revolt begin?

answer: 739


text: Agricultural production on the island is difficult given the dry and rocky terrain, but the early settlers managed to produce vegetables, cotton, pineapples, salt, bananas and also fishing. Sweet potato is also grown in patches. The islanders developed commerce through the port of Gustavia. Duty-free port attractions, retail trade, high-end tourism (mostly from North America) and its luxury hotels and villas have increased the island's prosperity, reflected in the high standard of living of its citizens.

title: Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy

title: Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy

text: Agricultural

text: production

text: on

text: the

text: island

text: is

text: difficult

text: given

text: the

text: dry

text: and

text: rocky

text: terrain

text: but

text: the

text: early

text: settlers

text: managed

text: to

text: produce

text: vegetables

text: cotton

text: pineapples

text: salt

text: bananas

text: and

text: also

text: fishing

text: Sweet

text: potato

text: is

text: also

text: grown

text: in

text: patches

text: The

text: islanders

text: developed

text: commerce

text: through

text: the

text: port

text: of

text: Gustavia

text: Duty

text: free

text: port

text: attractions

text: retail

text: trade

text: high

text: end

text: tourism

text: mostly

text: from

text: North

text: America

text: and

text: its

text: luxury

text: hotels

text: and

text: villas

text: have

text: increased

text: the

text: island

text: 's

text: prosperity

text: reflected

text: in

text: the

text: high

text: standard

text: of

text: living

text: of

text: its

text: citizens

question: What is often difficult on the island?

answer: Agricultural production

text: Agricultural production

question: What is grown in patches on the island?

answer: Sweet potato

text: Sweet potato

question: What seasoning is found naturally on the island?

answer: salt

text: salt

question: What type of activity did early settlers use to get food that didn't involve farming?

answer: fishing

text: fishing

question: What is the name of the main commercial port in St. Barts?

answer: Gustavia

text: Gustavia


text: Despite the dominance of the above formula, there are documented attempts of the financial industry, occurring before the crisis, to address the formula limitations, specifically the lack of dependence dynamics and the poor representation of extreme events. The volume "Credit Correlation: Life After Copulas", published in 2007 by World Scientific, summarizes a 2006 conference held by Merrill Lynch in London where several practitioners attempted to propose models rectifying some of the copula limitations. See also the article by Donnelly and Embrechts and the book by Brigo, Pallavicini and Torresetti, that reports relevant warnings and research on CDOs appeared in 2006.

title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

text: Despite

text: the

text: dominance

text: of

text: the

text: above

text: formula

text: there

text: are

text: documented

text: attempts

text: of

text: the

text: financial

text: industry

text: occurring

text: before

text: the

text: crisis

text: to

text: address

text: the

text: formula

text: limitations

text: specifically

text: the

text: lack

text: of

text: dependence

text: dynamics

text: and

text: the

text: poor

text: representation

text: of

text: extreme

text: events

text: The

text: volume

text: Credit

text: Correlation

text: Life

text: After

text: Copulas

text: published

text: in

text: by

text: World

text: Scientific

text: summarizes

text: a

text: conference

text: held

text: by

text: Merrill

text: Lynch

text: in

text: London

text: where

text: several

text: practitioners

text: attempted

text: to

text: propose

text: models

text: rectifying

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: copula

text: limitations

text: See

text: also

text: the

text: article

text: by

text: Donnelly

text: and

text: Embrechts

text: and

text: the

text: book

text: by

text: Brigo

text: Pallavicini

text: and

text: Torresetti

text: that

text: reports

text: relevant

text: warnings

text: and

text: research

text: on

text: CDOs

text: appeared

text: in

question: Who published "Credit Correlation: Life After Copulas" in 2007?

answer: World Scientific

text: World Scientific

question: When did relevant warnings and research on CDOs appear in an article by Donnelly and Embrechts?

answer: 2006

question: The volume "Credit Correlation: Life After Copulas" summarizes a 2006 conference held by what firm in London?

answer: Merrill Lynch

text: Merrill Lynch

question: What did the volume "Credit Correlation: Life After Copulas" propose models to rectify?

answer: some of the copula limitations

text: some of the copula limitations

question: What year did the book by Brigo, Pallavicini and Torresetti report warnings and research on CDOs?

answer: 2006


text: Dunn and Dunn focused on identifying relevant stimuli that may influence learning and manipulating the school environment, at about the same time as Joseph Renzulli recommended varying teaching strategies. Howard Gardner identified a wide range of modalities in his Multiple Intelligences theories. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and Keirsey Temperament Sorter, based on the works of Jung, focus on understanding how people's personality affects the way they interact personally, and how this affects the way individuals respond to each other within the learning environment. The work of David Kolb and Anthony Gregorc's Type Delineator follows a similar but more simplified approach.

title: Education

title: Education

text: Dunn

text: and

text: Dunn

text: focused

text: on

text: identifying

text: relevant

text: stimuli

text: that

text: may

text: influence

text: learning

text: and

text: manipulating

text: the

text: school

text: environment

text: at

text: about

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: as

text: Joseph

text: Renzulli

text: recommended

text: varying

text: teaching

text: strategies

text: Howard

text: Gardner

text: identified

text: a

text: wide

text: range

text: of

text: modalities

text: in

text: his

text: Multiple

text: Intelligences

text: theories

text: The

text: Myers

text: Briggs

text: Type

text: Indicator

text: and

text: Keirsey

text: Temperament

text: Sorter

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: works

text: of

text: Jung

text: focus

text: on

text: understanding

text: how

text: people

text: 's

text: personality

text: affects

text: the

text: way

text: they

text: interact

text: personally

text: and

text: how

text: this

text: affects

text: the

text: way

text: individuals

text: respond

text: to

text: each

text: other

text: within

text: the

text: learning

text: environment

text: The

text: work

text: of

text: David

text: Kolb

text: and

text: Anthony

text: Gregorc

text: 's

text: Type

text: Delineator

text: follows

text: a

text: similar

text: but

text: more

text: simplified

text: approach

question: Who focused on identifying stimuli that can influence learning?

answer: Dunn

text: Dunn

question: Who also along with Dunn recommended other teaching studies?

answer: Joseph Renzulli

text: Joseph Renzulli

question: Who created the Type Delineator?

answer: David Kolb and Anthony Gregorc's

text: David Kolb and Anthony Gregorc's


text: By the 12th century, Romanesque architecture (termed Norman architecture in England because of its association with the Norman invasion), was established throughout Europe and provided the basic architectural forms and units that were to remain in evolution throughout the Medieval period. The important categories of building: the cathedral church, the parish church, the monastery, the castle, the palace, the great hall, the gatehouse, the civic building, had been established in the Romanesque period.

title: Gothic_architecture

title: Gothic_architecture

text: By

text: the

text: century

text: Romanesque

text: architecture

text: termed

text: Norman

text: architecture

text: in

text: England

text: because

text: of

text: its

text: association

text: with

text: the

text: Norman

text: invasion

text: was

text: established

text: throughout

text: Europe

text: and

text: provided

text: the

text: basic

text: architectural

text: forms

text: and

text: units

text: that

text: were

text: to

text: remain

text: in

text: evolution

text: throughout

text: the

text: Medieval

text: period

text: The

text: important

text: categories

text: of

text: building

text: the

text: cathedral

text: church

text: the

text: parish

text: church

text: the

text: monastery

text: the

text: castle

text: the

text: palace

text: the

text: great

text: hall

text: the

text: gatehouse

text: the

text: civic

text: building

text: had

text: been

text: established

text: in

text: the

text: Romanesque

text: period

question: What is Romanesque architecture known as in England?

answer: Norman architecture

text: Norman architecture

question: By the beginning of what century was the Romanesque style established all over Europe?

answer: the 12th century

text: the 12th century

question: The Romanesque style continued to affect and inspire  the basic architectural forms throughout which period?

answer: the Medieval period

text: the Medieval period

question: What is one important category of building that was recognized during the Romanesque period?

answer: the cathedral church

text: the cathedral church

question: What is another category of building that was established during the Romanesque period?

answer: the palace

text: the palace


text: However, the formation of one's identity occurs through one's identifications with significant others (primarily with parents and other individuals during one's biographical experiences, and also with "groups" as they are perceived). These others may be benign - such that one aspires to their characteristics, values and beliefs (a process of idealistic-identification), or malign - when one wishes to dissociate from their characteristics (a process of defensive contra-identification) (Weinreich & Saunderson 2003, Chapter 1, pp 54–61).

title: Identity_(social_science)

title: Identity_(social_science

text: However

text: the

text: formation

text: of

text: one

text: 's

text: identity

text: occurs

text: through

text: one

text: 's

text: identifications

text: with

text: significant

text: others

text: primarily

text: with

text: parents

text: and

text: other

text: individuals

text: during

text: one

text: 's

text: biographical

text: experiences

text: and

text: also

text: with

text: groups

text: as

text: they

text: are

text: perceived

text: These

text: others

text: may

text: be

text: benign

text: such

text: that

text: one

text: aspires

text: to

text: their

text: characteristics

text: values

text: and

text: beliefs

text: a

text: process

text: of

text: idealistic

text: identification

text: or

text: malign

text: when

text: one

text: wishes

text: to

text: dissociate

text: from

text: their

text: characteristics

text: a

text: process

text: of

text: defensive

text: contra

text: identification

text: Weinreich

text: Saunderson

text: Chapter

text: pp

question: What is it called when someone aspires to the characteristics of significant others?

answer: benign

text: benign

question: What is it called when someone wants to dissociate from the characteristics of significant others?

answer: malign

text: malign

question: Dissociating from the characteristics of significant others is a process of what?

answer: defensive contra-identification

text: defensive contra-identification

question: The formation of identity occurs through identifications with whom?

answer: significant others

text: significant others


text: Soon after, a Russian cavalry movement was countered by the Heavy Brigade, who charged and fought hand-to-hand until the Russians retreated. This caused a more widespread Russian retreat, including a number of their artillery units. When the local commanders failed to take advantage of the retreat, Lord Raglan sent out orders to move up. The local commanders ignored the demands, leading to the British aide-de-camp personally delivering a quickly written and confusing order to attack the artillery. When the Earl of Cardigan questioned what they referred to, the aide-de-camp pointed to the first Russian battery he could see – the wrong one.

title: Crimean_War

title: Crimean_War

text: Soon

text: after

text: a

text: Russian

text: cavalry

text: movement

text: was

text: countered

text: by

text: the

text: Heavy

text: Brigade

text: who

text: charged

text: and

text: fought

text: hand

text: to

text: hand

text: until

text: the

text: Russians

text: retreated

text: This

text: caused

text: a

text: more

text: widespread

text: Russian

text: retreat

text: including

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: their

text: artillery

text: units

text: When

text: the

text: local

text: commanders

text: failed

text: to

text: take

text: advantage

text: of

text: the

text: retreat

text: Lord

text: Raglan

text: sent

text: out

text: orders

text: to

text: move

text: up

text: The

text: local

text: commanders

text: ignored

text: the

text: demands

text: leading

text: to

text: the

text: British

text: aide

text: de

text: camp

text: personally

text: delivering

text: a

text: quickly

text: written

text: and

text: confusing

text: order

text: to

text: attack

text: the

text: artillery

text: When

text: the

text: Earl

text: of

text: Cardigan

text: questioned

text: what

text: they

text: referred

text: to

text: the

text: aide

text: de

text: camp

text: pointed

text: to

text: the

text: first

text: Russian

text: battery

text: he

text: could

text: see

text: the

text: wrong

text: one

question: Who countered the Russian cavalry's movement?

answer: Heavy Brigade

text: Heavy Brigade

question: Who failed to take advantage of the retreat?

answer: local commanders

text: local commanders

question: Who sent the order to have them advance their position?

answer: Lord Raglan

text: Lord Raglan

question: Who ignored Lord Raglan's advice to advance?

answer: The local commanders

text: The local commanders


text: Dogs bear their litters roughly 58 to 68 days after fertilization, with an average of 63 days, although the length of gestation can vary. An average litter consists of about six puppies, though this number may vary widely based on the breed of dog. In general, toy dogs produce from one to four puppies in each litter, while much larger breeds may average as many as twelve.

title: Dog

title: Dog

text: Dogs

text: bear

text: their

text: litters

text: roughly

text: to

text: days

text: after

text: fertilization

text: with

text: an

text: average

text: of

text: days

text: although

text: the

text: length

text: of

text: gestation

text: can

text: vary

text: An

text: average

text: litter

text: consists

text: of

text: about

text: six

text: puppies

text: though

text: this

text: number

text: may

text: vary

text: widely

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: breed

text: of

text: dog

text: In

text: general

text: toy

text: dogs

text: produce

text: from

text: one

text: to

text: four

text: puppies

text: in

text: each

text: litter

text: while

text: much

text: larger

text: breeds

text: may

text: average

text: as

text: many

text: as

text: twelve

question: How long do female dogs carry before delivering puppies?

answer: 58 to 68 days

text: 58 to 68 days

question: What is the average length of dog pregnancy?

answer: 63 days

text: 63 days

question: What is the average number of pups in a litter?

answer: about six

text: about six

question: For small dogs, what is the average number of pups in a litter?

answer: one to four

text: one to four

question: What is the average for a dog to bear her litter?

answer: 63 days

text: 63 days

question: What is the average number of pups per litter?

answer: six

text: six

question: Smaller dogs tend to have how many pups per litter?

answer: one to four

text: one to four


text: The first elected head of government was Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas. Cárdenas resigned in 1999 to run in the 2000 presidential elections and designated Rosario Robles to succeed him, who became the first woman (elected or otherwise) to govern Mexico City. In 2000 Andrés Manuel López Obrador was elected, and resigned in 2005 to run in the 2006 presidential elections, Alejandro Encinas being designated by the Legislative Assembly to finish the term. In 2006, Marcelo Ebrard was elected for the 2006–2012 period.

title: Mexico_City

title: Mexico_City

text: The

text: first

text: elected

text: head

text: of

text: government

text: was

text: Cuauhtémoc

text: Cárdenas

text: Cárdenas

text: resigned

text: in

text: to

text: run

text: in

text: the

text: presidential

text: elections

text: and

text: designated

text: Rosario

text: Robles

text: to

text: succeed

text: him

text: who

text: became

text: the

text: first

text: woman

text: elected

text: or

text: otherwise

text: to

text: govern

text: Mexico

text: City

text: In

text: Andrés

text: Manuel

text: López

text: Obrador

text: was

text: elected

text: and

text: resigned

text: in

text: to

text: run

text: in

text: the

text: presidential

text: elections

text: Alejandro

text: Encinas

text: being

text: designated

text: by

text: the

text: Legislative

text: Assembly

text: to

text: finish

text: the

text: term

text: In

text: Marcelo

text: Ebrard

text: was

text: elected

text: for

text: the

text: period

question: Who was elected to be the head of government in 2006?

answer: Marcelo Ebrard

text: Marcelo Ebrard

question: Why did the first elected head of government of Mexico City resign?

answer: to run in the 2000 presidential elections

text: to run in the 2000 presidential elections

question: Who was the second head of government elected?

answer: Andrés Manuel López Obrador

text: Andrés Manuel López Obrador

question: Who was head of government after the first elected head of government?

answer: Rosario Robles

text: Rosario Robles

question: Who was the first woman to run Mexico City?

answer: Rosario Robles

text: Rosario Robles


text: Dell announced a change campaign called "Dell 2.0," reducing the number of employees and diversifying the company's products. While chairman of the board after relinquishing his CEO position, Michael Dell still had significant input in the company during Rollins' years as CEO. With the return of Michael Dell as CEO, the company saw immediate changes in operations, the exodus of many senior vice-presidents and new personnel brought in from outside the company. Michael Dell announced a number of initiatives and plans (part of the "Dell 2.0" initiative) to improve the company's financial performance. These include elimination of 2006 bonuses for employees with some discretionary awards, reduction in the number of managers reporting directly to Michael Dell from 20 to 12, and reduction of "bureaucracy". Jim Schneider retired as CFO and was replaced by Donald Carty, as the company came under an SEC probe for its accounting practices.

title: Dell

title: Dell

text: Dell

text: announced

text: a

text: change

text: campaign

text: called

text: Dell

text: reducing

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: employees

text: and

text: diversifying

text: the

text: company

text: 's

text: products

text: While

text: chairman

text: of

text: the

text: board

text: after

text: relinquishing

text: his

text: CEO

text: position

text: Michael

text: Dell

text: still

text: had

text: significant

text: input

text: in

text: the

text: company

text: during

text: Rollins

text: years

text: as

text: CEO

text: With

text: the

text: return

text: of

text: Michael

text: Dell

text: as

text: CEO

text: the

text: company

text: saw

text: immediate

text: changes

text: in

text: operations

text: the

text: exodus

text: of

text: many

text: senior

text: vice

text: presidents

text: and

text: new

text: personnel

text: brought

text: in

text: from

text: outside

text: the

text: company

text: Michael

text: Dell

text: announced

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: initiatives

text: and

text: plans

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Dell

text: initiative

text: to

text: improve

text: the

text: company

text: 's

text: financial

text: performance

text: These

text: include

text: elimination

text: of

text: bonuses

text: for

text: employees

text: with

text: some

text: discretionary

text: awards

text: reduction

text: in

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: managers

text: reporting

text: directly

text: to

text: Michael

text: Dell

text: from

text: to

text: and

text: reduction

text: of

text: bureaucracy

text: Jim

text: Schneider

text: retired

text: as

text: CFO

text: and

text: was

text: replaced

text: by

text: Donald

text: Carty

text: as

text: the

text: company

text: came

text: under

text: an

text: SEC

text: probe

text: for

text: its

text: accounting

text: practices

question: What was the name of Dell's change campaign?

answer: Dell 2.0

text: Dell 2.0

question: Who relinquished his position as CEO to take a seat on the board?

answer: Michael Dell

text: Michael Dell

question: Michael Dell removed employee bonuses from what year with his new incentive?

answer: 2006

question: Who replaced Jim Schneider as Dell CFO?

answer: Donald Carty

text: Donald Carty


text: Miami is home to one of the largest ports in the United States, the PortMiami. It is the largest cruise ship port in the world. The port is often called the "Cruise Capital of the World" and the "Cargo Gateway of the Americas". It has retained its status as the number one cruise/passenger port in the world for well over a decade accommodating the largest cruise ships and the major cruise lines. In 2007, the port served 3,787,410 passengers. Additionally, the port is one of the nation's busiest cargo ports, importing 7.8 million tons of cargo in 2007. Among North American ports, it ranks second only to the Port of South Louisiana in New Orleans in terms of cargo tonnage imported/exported from Latin America. The port is on 518 acres (2 km2) and has 7 passenger terminals. China is the port's number one import country, and Honduras is the number one export country. Miami has the world's largest amount of cruise line headquarters, home to: Carnival Cruise Lines, Celebrity Cruises, Norwegian Cruise Line, Oceania Cruises, and Royal Caribbean International. In 2014, the Port of Miami Tunnel was completed and will serve the PortMiami.

title: Miami

title: Miami

text: Miami

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: ports

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: the

text: PortMiami

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: cruise

text: ship

text: port

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: The

text: port

text: is

text: often

text: called

text: the

text: Cruise

text: Capital

text: of

text: the

text: World

text: and

text: the

text: Cargo

text: Gateway

text: of

text: the

text: Americas

text: It

text: has

text: retained

text: its

text: status

text: as

text: the

text: number

text: one

text: cruise

text: passenger

text: port

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: for

text: well

text: over

text: a

text: decade

text: accommodating

text: the

text: largest

text: cruise

text: ships

text: and

text: the

text: major

text: cruise

text: lines

text: In

text: the

text: port

text: served

text: passengers

text: Additionally

text: the

text: port

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: nation

text: 's

text: busiest

text: cargo

text: ports

text: importing

text: million

text: tons

text: of

text: cargo

text: in

text: Among

text: North

text: American

text: ports

text: it

text: ranks

text: second

text: only

text: to

text: the

text: Port

text: of

text: South

text: Louisiana

text: in

text: New

text: Orleans

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: cargo

text: tonnage

text: imported

text: exported

text: from

text: Latin

text: America

text: The

text: port

text: is

text: on

text: acres

text: and

text: has

text: passenger

text: terminals

text: China

text: is

text: the

text: port

text: 's

text: number

text: one

text: import

text: country

text: and

text: Honduras

text: is

text: the

text: number

text: one

text: export

text: country

text: Miami

text: has

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: amount

text: of

text: cruise

text: line

text: headquarters

text: home

text: to

text: Carnival

text: Cruise

text: Lines

text: Celebrity

text: Cruises

text: Norwegian

text: Cruise

text: Line

text: Oceania

text: Cruises

text: and

text: Royal

text: Caribbean

text: International

text: In

text: the

text: Port

text: of

text: Miami

text: Tunnel

text: was

text: completed

text: and

text: will

text: serve

text: the

text: PortMiami

question: Along with "Cargo Gateway of the Americas," what is another nickname for PortMiami?

answer: "Cruise Capital of the World"

text: "Cruise Capital of the World"

question: How many passengers used PortMiami in 2007?

answer: 3,787,410

question: How many tons of cargo arrived in PortMiami in 2007?

answer: 7.8 million

text: 7.8 million

question: What North American port sees the largest amount of imported and exported cargo?

answer: Port of South Louisiana

text: Port of South Louisiana

question: How many square kilometers is PortMiami?

answer: 2


text: The Gorkha Kingdom ended the Malla confederation after the Battle of Kathmandu in 1768. This marked the beginning of the modern era in Kathmandu. The Battle of Kirtipur was the start of the Gorkha conquest of the Kathmandu Valley. Kathmandu was adopted as the capital of the Gorkha empire, and the empire itself was dubbed Nepal. During the early part of this era, Kathmandu maintained its distinctive culture. Buildings with characteristic Nepali architecture, such as the nine-story tower of Basantapur, were built during this era. However, trade declined because of continual war with neighboring nations. Bhimsen Thapa supported France against Great Britain; this led to the development of modern military structures, such as modern barracks in Kathmandu. The nine-storey tower Dharahara was originally built during this era.

title: Kathmandu

title: Kathmandu

text: The

text: Gorkha

text: Kingdom

text: ended

text: the

text: Malla

text: confederation

text: after

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Kathmandu

text: in

text: This

text: marked

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: modern

text: era

text: in

text: Kathmandu

text: The

text: Battle

text: of

text: Kirtipur

text: was

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: the

text: Gorkha

text: conquest

text: of

text: the

text: Kathmandu

text: Valley

text: Kathmandu

text: was

text: adopted

text: as

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: Gorkha

text: empire

text: and

text: the

text: empire

text: itself

text: was

text: dubbed

text: Nepal

text: During

text: the

text: early

text: part

text: of

text: this

text: era

text: Kathmandu

text: maintained

text: its

text: distinctive

text: culture

text: Buildings

text: with

text: characteristic

text: Nepali

text: architecture

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: nine

text: story

text: tower

text: of

text: Basantapur

text: were

text: built

text: during

text: this

text: era

text: However

text: trade

text: declined

text: because

text: of

text: continual

text: war

text: with

text: neighboring

text: nations

text: Bhimsen

text: Thapa

text: supported

text: France

text: against

text: Great

text: Britain

text: this

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: modern

text: military

text: structures

text: such

text: as

text: modern

text: barracks

text: in

text: Kathmandu

text: The

text: nine

text: storey

text: tower

text: Dharahara

text: was

text: originally

text: built

text: during

text: this

text: era

question: Who won the Battle of Kathmandu?

answer: Gorkha Kingdom

text: Gorkha Kingdom

question: What battle inaugurated the conquering of the Kathmandu Valley by the Gorkha?

answer: Kirtipur

text: Kirtipur

question: How many stories high was the Basantapur tower?

answer: nine

text: nine

question: What European country did Bhimsen Thapa oppose?

answer: Great Britain

text: Great Britain

question: How many stories made up the Dharahara tower?

answer: nine

text: nine


text: The USAF's KC-135 and KC-10 aerial refueling aircraft are based on civilian jets. The USAF aircraft are equipped primarily for providing the fuel via a tail-mounted refueling boom, and can be equipped with "probe and drogue" refueling systems. Air-to-air refueling is extensively used in large-scale operations and also used in normal operations; fighters, bombers, and cargo aircraft rely heavily on the lesser-known "tanker" aircraft. This makes these aircraft an essential part of the Air Force's global mobility and the U.S. force projection. The KC-46A Pegasus is undergoing testing and is projected to be delivered to USAF units starting in 2017.

title: United_States_Air_Force

title: United_States_Air_Force

text: The

text: USAF

text: 's

text: and

text: aerial

text: refueling

text: aircraft

text: are

text: based

text: on

text: civilian

text: jets

text: The

text: USAF

text: aircraft

text: are

text: equipped

text: primarily

text: for

text: providing

text: the

text: fuel

text: via

text: a

text: tail

text: mounted

text: refueling

text: boom

text: and

text: can

text: be

text: equipped

text: with

text: probe

text: and

text: drogue

text: refueling

text: systems

text: Air

text: to

text: air

text: refueling

text: is

text: extensively

text: used

text: in

text: large

text: scale

text: operations

text: and

text: also

text: used

text: in

text: normal

text: operations

text: fighters

text: bombers

text: and

text: cargo

text: aircraft

text: rely

text: heavily

text: on

text: the

text: lesser

text: known

text: tanker

text: aircraft

text: This

text: makes

text: these

text: aircraft

text: an

text: essential

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Air

text: Force

text: 's

text: global

text: mobility

text: and

text: the

text: U.S.

text: force

text: projection

text: The

text: Pegasus

text: is

text: undergoing

text: testing

text: and

text: is

text: projected

text: to

text: be

text: delivered

text: to

text: USAF

text: units

text: starting

text: in

question: What kind of aircraft is the USAF's KC-135?

answer: aerial refueling aircraft

text: aerial refueling aircraft

question: How does the aerial refueling aircraft supply fuel during flight?

answer: tail-mounted refueling boom

text: tail-mounted refueling boom

question: When is air-to-air refueling primarily used by the US Air Force?

answer: large-scale operations

text: large-scale operations

question: What aircraft will be available for use by the US Air Force in 2017?

answer: KC-46A Pegasus

text: KC-46A Pegasus


text: On 16 September 2001, at Camp David, President George W. Bush used the phrase war on terrorism in an unscripted and controversial comment when he said, "This crusade – this war on terrorism – is going to take a while, ... " Bush later apologized for this remark due to the negative connotations the term crusade has to people, e.g. of Muslim faith. The word crusade was not used again. On 20 September 2001, during a televised address to a joint session of congress, Bush stated that, "(o)ur 'war on terror' begins with al-Qaeda, but it does not end there. It will not end until every terrorist group of global reach has been found, stopped, and defeated."

title: War_on_Terror

title: War_on_Terror

text: On

text: September

text: at

text: Camp

text: David

text: President

text: George

text: W.

text: Bush

text: used

text: the

text: phrase

text: war

text: on

text: terrorism

text: in

text: an

text: unscripted

text: and

text: controversial

text: comment

text: when

text: he

text: said

text: This

text: crusade

text: this

text: war

text: on

text: terrorism

text: is

text: going

text: to

text: take

text: a

text: while

text: Bush

text: later

text: apologized

text: for

text: this

text: remark

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: negative

text: connotations

text: the

text: term

text: crusade

text: has

text: to

text: people

text: e.g.

text: of

text: Muslim

text: faith

text: The

text: word

text: crusade

text: was

text: not

text: used

text: again

text: On

text: September

text: during

text: a

text: televised

text: address

text: to

text: a

text: joint

text: session

text: of

text: congress

text: Bush

text: stated

text: that

text: o)ur

text: war

text: on

text: terror

text: begins

text: with

text: al

text: Qaeda

text: but

text: it

text: does

text: not

text: end

text: there

text: It

text: will

text: not

text: end

text: until

text: every

text: terrorist

text: group

text: of

text: global

text: reach

text: has

text: been

text: found

text: stopped

text: and

text: defeated

question: When did George W. Bush first say 'war on terrorism'?

answer: 16 September 2001

text: 16 September 2001

question: Which word did George W. Bush apologize for using when talking about the war?

answer: crusade

text: crusade

question: When did George W. Bush first say 'war on terror'?

answer: 20 September 2001

text: 20 September 2001

question: Where did Bush say the 'war on terror' begins?

answer: with al-Qaeda

text: with al-Qaeda

question: When did Bush say the 'war on terror' ends?

answer: every terrorist group of global reach has been found, stopped, and defeated

text: every terrorist group of global reach has been found, stopped, and defeated


text: Alexander Graham Bell (March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born[N 3] scientist, inventor, engineer and innovator who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone.

title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

text: Alexander

text: Graham

text: Bell

text: March

text: August

text: was

text: a

text: Scottish

text: born[N

text: scientist

text: inventor

text: engineer

text: and

text: innovator

text: who

text: is

text: credited

text: with

text: patenting

text: the

text: first

text: practical

text: telephone

question: What is Bell most famous for inventing?

answer: telephone

text: telephone

question: What year did Bell die?

answer: 1922

question: What was special about his telephone?

answer: practical

text: practical

question: What is Bell's full name?

answer: Alexander Graham Bell

text: Alexander Graham Bell

question: What is Bell famous for inventing?

answer: telephone

text: telephone


text: At Princeton, the physicist Robert R. Wilson encouraged Feynman to participate in the Manhattan Project—the wartime U.S. Army project at Los Alamos developing the atomic bomb. Feynman said he was persuaded to join this effort to build it before Nazi Germany developed their own bomb. He was assigned to Hans Bethe's theoretical division and impressed Bethe enough to be made a group leader. He and Bethe developed the Bethe–Feynman formula for calculating the yield of a fission bomb, which built upon previous work by Robert Serber.

title: Richard_Feynman

title: Richard_Feynman

text: At

text: Princeton

text: the

text: physicist

text: Robert

text: R.

text: Wilson

text: encouraged

text: Feynman

text: to

text: participate

text: in

text: the

text: Manhattan

text: Project

text: the

text: wartime

text: U.S.

text: Army

text: project

text: at

text: Los

text: Alamos

text: developing

text: the

text: atomic

text: bomb

text: Feynman

text: said

text: he

text: was

text: persuaded

text: to

text: join

text: this

text: effort

text: to

text: build

text: it

text: before

text: Nazi

text: Germany

text: developed

text: their

text: own

text: bomb

text: He

text: was

text: assigned

text: to

text: Hans

text: Bethe

text: 's

text: theoretical

text: division

text: and

text: impressed

text: Bethe

text: enough

text: to

text: be

text: made

text: a

text: group

text: leader

text: He

text: and

text: Bethe

text: developed

text: the

text: Bethe

text: Feynman

text: formula

text: for

text: calculating

text: the

text: yield

text: of

text: a

text: fission

text: bomb

text: which

text: built

text: upon

text: previous

text: work

text: by

text: Robert

text: Serber

question: Which weaponry research did Feynman engage in?

answer: Manhattan Project

text: Manhattan Project

question: Whose division was Feynman assigned to at the Manhattan Project?

answer: Hans Bethe

text: Hans Bethe

question: What did Feynman produce with the help of Bethe?

answer: Bethe–Feynman formula

text: Bethe–Feynman formula

question: What was the purpose of the Bethe-Feynman formula?

answer: calculating the yield of a fission bomb

text: calculating the yield of a fission bomb

question: Who had previously worked on fission bomb yields before Feynman?

answer: Robert Serber

text: Robert Serber


text: Roman Catholics believe in the Immaculate Conception of Mary, as proclaimed Ex Cathedra by Pope Pius IX in 1854, namely that she was filled with grace from the very moment of her conception in her mother's womb and preserved from the stain of original sin. The Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church has a liturgical feast by that name, kept on December 8. Orthodox Christians reject the Immaculate Conception dogma principally because their understanding of ancestral sin (the Greek term corresponding to the Latin "original sin") differs from the Augustinian interpretation and that of the Roman Catholic Church.

title: Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)

title: Mary_(mother_of_Jesus

text: Roman

text: Catholics

text: believe

text: in

text: the

text: Immaculate

text: Conception

text: of

text: Mary

text: as

text: proclaimed

text: Ex

text: Cathedra

text: by

text: Pope

text: Pius

text: IX

text: in

text: namely

text: that

text: she

text: was

text: filled

text: with

text: grace

text: from

text: the

text: very

text: moment

text: of

text: her

text: conception

text: in

text: her

text: mother

text: 's

text: womb

text: and

text: preserved

text: from

text: the

text: stain

text: of

text: original

text: sin

text: The

text: Latin

text: Rite

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: has

text: a

text: liturgical

text: feast

text: by

text: that

text: name

text: kept

text: on

text: December

text: Orthodox

text: Christians

text: reject

text: the

text: Immaculate

text: Conception

text: dogma

text: principally

text: because

text: their

text: understanding

text: of

text: ancestral

text: sin

text: the

text: Greek

text: term

text: corresponding

text: to

text: the

text: Latin

text: original

text: sin

text: differs

text: from

text: the

text: Augustinian

text: interpretation

text: and

text: that

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: Church

question: On what date is the feast of the Immaculate Conception in the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church?

answer: December 8

text: December 8

question: Which pope proclaimed the Immaculate Conception of Mary?

answer: Pope Pius IX

text: Pope Pius IX

question: In what year did Pope Pius IX make his Ex Cathedra proclamation of the Immaculate Conception of Mary?

answer: 1854

question: According to the doctrine of Immaculate Conception, where was Mary when she first become filled with grace?

answer: in her mother's womb

text: in her mother's womb

question: What is the Greek term that means the same thing as "original sin?"

answer: ancestral sin

text: ancestral sin


text: The house which forms the architectural core of the palace was built for the first Duke of Buckingham and Normanby in 1703 to the design of William Winde. The style chosen was of a large, three-floored central block with two smaller flanking service wings. Buckingham House was eventually sold by Buckingham's descendant, Sir Charles Sheffield, in 1761 to George III for £21,000. Sheffield's leasehold on the mulberry garden site, the freehold of which was still owned by the royal family, was due to expire in 1774.

title: Buckingham_Palace

title: Buckingham_Palace

text: The

text: house

text: which

text: forms

text: the

text: architectural

text: core

text: of

text: the

text: palace

text: was

text: built

text: for

text: the

text: first

text: Duke

text: of

text: Buckingham

text: and

text: Normanby

text: in

text: to

text: the

text: design

text: of

text: William

text: Winde

text: The

text: style

text: chosen

text: was

text: of

text: a

text: large

text: three

text: floored

text: central

text: block

text: with

text: two

text: smaller

text: flanking

text: service

text: wings

text: Buckingham

text: House

text: was

text: eventually

text: sold

text: by

text: Buckingham

text: 's

text: descendant

text: Sir

text: Charles

text: Sheffield

text: in

text: to

text: George

text: III

text: for

text: Sheffield

text: 's

text: leasehold

text: on

text: the

text: mulberry

text: garden

text: site

text: the

text: freehold

text: of

text: which

text: was

text: still

text: owned

text: by

text: the

text: royal

text: family

text: was

text: due

text: to

text: expire

text: in

question: In what year did William Winde design the house which forms the core of the palace?

answer: 1703

question: Who sold Buckingham house in 1761?

answer: Sir Charles Sheffield

text: Sir Charles Sheffield

question: How much did George III pay for the house?

answer: £21,000

question: In what year was the leasehold of the Mulberry site due to expire?

answer: 1774

question: How many flanking service wings did the original Buckingham House have?

answer: two

text: two

question: The house which is the core of Buckingham was first built for who?

answer: Duke of Buckingham and Normanby

text: Duke of Buckingham and Normanby

question: Who designed the house for the Duke of Buckingham?

answer: William Winde

text: William Winde

question: How many flanking service wings did Buckingham House have?

answer: two

text: two

question: Who bought Buckingham House in 1761?

answer: George III

text: George III

question: How much did George III pay for Buckingham House?

answer: £21,000


text: Starting in the 1890s and stretching in some places to the early 1910s, gold rushes in Alaska and the nearby Yukon Territory brought thousands of miners and settlers to Alaska. Alaska was officially incorporated as an organized territory in 1912. Alaska's capital, which had been in Sitka until 1906, was moved north to Juneau. Construction of the Alaska Governor's Mansion began that same year. European immigrants from Norway and Sweden also settled in southeast Alaska, where they entered the fishing and logging industries.

title: Alaska

title: Alaska

text: Starting

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: stretching

text: in

text: some

text: places

text: to

text: the

text: early

text: gold

text: rushes

text: in

text: Alaska

text: and

text: the

text: nearby

text: Yukon

text: Territory

text: brought

text: thousands

text: of

text: miners

text: and

text: settlers

text: to

text: Alaska

text: Alaska

text: was

text: officially

text: incorporated

text: as

text: an

text: organized

text: territory

text: in

text: Alaska

text: 's

text: capital

text: which

text: had

text: been

text: in

text: Sitka

text: until

text: was

text: moved

text: north

text: to

text: Juneau

text: Construction

text: of

text: the

text: Alaska

text: Governor

text: 's

text: Mansion

text: began

text: that

text: same

text: year

text: European

text: immigrants

text: from

text: Norway

text: and

text: Sweden

text: also

text: settled

text: in

text: southeast

text: Alaska

text: where

text: they

text: entered

text: the

text: fishing

text: and

text: logging

text: industries

question: What event brought thousands of people to Alaska in the 1890s to early 1910s?

answer: gold rushes

text: gold rushes

question: What year was Alaska officially incorporated as a territory?

answer: 1912

question: In what year was Alaska's capital officially changed to Juneau?

answer: 1906

question: Which industries did European settlers in Alaska begin?

answer: fishing and logging

text: fishing and logging

question: From what countries were European settlers in Alaska?

answer: Norway and Sweden

text: Norway and Sweden


text: Including Kerry, the Democratic primary race had 10 candidates, including attorney Paul J. Sheehy, State Representative Anthony R. DiFruscia, John J. Desmond and Robert B. Kennedy. Kerry ran a "very expensive, sophisticated campaign", financed by out-of-state backers and supported by many young volunteers. DiFruscia's campaign headquarters shared the same building as Kerry's. On the eve of the September 19 primary, police found Kerry's younger brother Cameron and campaign field director Thomas J. Vallely, breaking into where the building's telephone lines were located. They were arrested and charged with "breaking and entering with the intent to commit grand larceny", but the charges were dropped a year later. At the time of the incident, DiFruscia alleged that the two were trying to disrupt his get-out-the vote efforts. Vallely and Cameron Kerry maintained that they were only checking their own telephone lines because they had received an anonymous call warning that the Kerry lines would be cut.

title: John_Kerry

title: John_Kerry

text: Including

text: Kerry

text: the

text: Democratic

text: primary

text: race

text: had

text: candidates

text: including

text: attorney

text: Paul

text: J.

text: Sheehy

text: State

text: Representative

text: Anthony

text: R.

text: DiFruscia

text: John

text: J.

text: Desmond

text: and

text: Robert

text: B.

text: Kennedy

text: Kerry

text: ran

text: a

text: very

text: expensive

text: sophisticated

text: campaign

text: financed

text: by

text: out

text: of

text: state

text: backers

text: and

text: supported

text: by

text: many

text: young

text: volunteers

text: DiFruscia

text: 's

text: campaign

text: headquarters

text: shared

text: the

text: same

text: building

text: as

text: Kerry

text: 's

text: On

text: the

text: eve

text: of

text: the

text: September

text: primary

text: police

text: found

text: Kerry

text: 's

text: younger

text: brother

text: Cameron

text: and

text: campaign

text: field

text: director

text: Thomas

text: J.

text: Vallely

text: breaking

text: into

text: where

text: the

text: building

text: 's

text: telephone

text: lines

text: were

text: located

text: They

text: were

text: arrested

text: and

text: charged

text: with

text: breaking

text: and

text: entering

text: with

text: the

text: intent

text: to

text: commit

text: grand

text: larceny

text: but

text: the

text: charges

text: were

text: dropped

text: a

text: year

text: later

text: At

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: the

text: incident

text: DiFruscia

text: alleged

text: that

text: the

text: two

text: were

text: trying

text: to

text: disrupt

text: his

text: get

text: out

text: the

text: vote

text: efforts

text: Vallely

text: and

text: Cameron

text: Kerry

text: maintained

text: that

text: they

text: were

text: only

text: checking

text: their

text: own

text: telephone

text: lines

text: because

text: they

text: had

text: received

text: an

text: anonymous

text: call

text: warning

text: that

text: the

text: Kerry

text: lines

text: would

text: be

text: cut

question: What was Paul Sheehy's job?

answer: attorney

text: attorney

question: What was DiFruscia's position?

answer: State Representative

text: State Representative

question: Who did Kerry share a campaign headquarters with?

answer: Anthony R. DiFruscia

text: Anthony R. DiFruscia

question: Why was Kerry's brother messing with phone lines?

answer: they had received an anonymous call warning that the Kerry lines would be cut

text: they had received an anonymous call warning that the Kerry lines would be cut

question: What is Kerry's younger brother's name?

answer: Cameron

text: Cameron


text: The English held the city for 16 months and defeated several attempts to expel them. English soldiers advanced as far as Requena on the road to Madrid. After the victory of the Bourbons at the Battle of Almansa on 25 April 1707, the English army evacuated Valencia and Philip V ordered the repeal of the privileges of Valencia as punishment for the kingdom's support of Charles of Austria. By the Nueva Planta decrees (Decretos de Nueva Planta) the ancient Charters of Valencia were abolished and the city was governed by the Castilian Charter. The Bourbon forces burned important cities like Xativa, where pictures of the Spanish Bourbons in public places are hung upside down as a protest to this day. The capital of the Kingdom of Valencia was moved to Orihuela, an outrage to the citizens of Valencia. Philip ordered the Cortes to meet with the Viceroy of Valencia, Cardinal Luis de Belluga, who opposed the change of capital because of the proximity of Orihuela, a religious, cultural and now political centre, to Murcia (capital of another viceroyalty and his diocese). Because of his hatred of the city of Orihuela, which had bombarded and looted Valencia during the War of Succession, the cardinal resigned the viceroyalty in protest against the actions of Philip, who finally relented and returned the capital to Valencia.

title: Valencia

title: Valencia

text: The

text: English

text: held

text: the

text: city

text: for

text: months

text: and

text: defeated

text: several

text: attempts

text: to

text: expel

text: them

text: English

text: soldiers

text: advanced

text: as

text: far

text: as

text: Requena

text: on

text: the

text: road

text: to

text: Madrid

text: After

text: the

text: victory

text: of

text: the

text: Bourbons

text: at

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Almansa

text: on

text: April

text: the

text: English

text: army

text: evacuated

text: Valencia

text: and

text: Philip

text: V

text: ordered

text: the

text: repeal

text: of

text: the

text: privileges

text: of

text: Valencia

text: as

text: punishment

text: for

text: the

text: kingdom

text: 's

text: support

text: of

text: Charles

text: of

text: Austria

text: By

text: the

text: Nueva

text: Planta

text: decrees

text: Decretos

text: de

text: Nueva

text: Planta

text: the

text: ancient

text: Charters

text: of

text: Valencia

text: were

text: abolished

text: and

text: the

text: city

text: was

text: governed

text: by

text: the

text: Castilian

text: Charter

text: The

text: Bourbon

text: forces

text: burned

text: important

text: cities

text: like

text: Xativa

text: where

text: pictures

text: of

text: the

text: Spanish

text: Bourbons

text: in

text: public

text: places

text: are

text: hung

text: upside

text: down

text: as

text: a

text: protest

text: to

text: this

text: day

text: The

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Valencia

text: was

text: moved

text: to

text: Orihuela

text: an

text: outrage

text: to

text: the

text: citizens

text: of

text: Valencia

text: Philip

text: ordered

text: the

text: Cortes

text: to

text: meet

text: with

text: the

text: Viceroy

text: of

text: Valencia

text: Cardinal

text: Luis

text: de

text: Belluga

text: who

text: opposed

text: the

text: change

text: of

text: capital

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: proximity

text: of

text: Orihuela

text: a

text: religious

text: cultural

text: and

text: now

text: political

text: centre

text: to

text: Murcia

text: capital

text: of

text: another

text: viceroyalty

text: and

text: his

text: diocese

text: Because

text: of

text: his

text: hatred

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Orihuela

text: which

text: had

text: bombarded

text: and

text: looted

text: Valencia

text: during

text: the

text: War

text: of

text: Succession

text: the

text: cardinal

text: resigned

text: the

text: viceroyalty

text: in

text: protest

text: against

text: the

text: actions

text: of

text: Philip

text: who

text: finally

text: relented

text: and

text: returned

text: the

text: capital

text: to

text: Valencia

question: How long did the English occupy Valencia?

answer: 16 months

text: 16 months

question: At what battle were the Bourbons victorious?

answer: Battle of Almansa

text: Battle of Almansa

question: Who ordered Valencia punished for supporting Charles?

answer: Philip V

text: Philip V

question: What abolished Valencia's ancient charters?

answer: Nueva Planta decrees

text: Nueva Planta decrees

question: Who resigned in protest against Philip?

answer: Cardinal Luis de Belluga

text: Cardinal Luis de Belluga


text: Schwarzenegger's goal was to become the greatest bodybuilder in the world, which meant becoming Mr. Olympia. His first attempt was in 1969, when he lost to three-time champion Sergio Oliva. However, Schwarzenegger came back in 1970 and won the competition, making him the youngest ever Mr. Olympia at the age of 23, a record he still holds to this day.

title: Arnold_Schwarzenegger

title: Arnold_Schwarzenegger

text: Schwarzenegger

text: 's

text: goal

text: was

text: to

text: become

text: the

text: greatest

text: bodybuilder

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: which

text: meant

text: becoming

text: Mr.

text: Olympia

text: His

text: first

text: attempt

text: was

text: in

text: when

text: he

text: lost

text: to

text: three

text: time

text: champion

text: Sergio

text: Oliva

text: However

text: Schwarzenegger

text: came

text: back

text: in

text: and

text: won

text: the

text: competition

text: making

text: him

text: the

text: youngest

text: ever

text: Mr.

text: Olympia

text: at

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: a

text: record

text: he

text: still

text: holds

text: to

text: this

text: day

question: What year did Schwarzenegger first try to win the Mr. Olympia title?

answer: 1969

question: Who won Mr. Olympia 1969?

answer: Sergio Oliva

text: Sergio Oliva

question: At which year's Mr. Olympia contest did Schwarzenegger become the youngest person to win the title?

answer: 1970

question: How old was Schwarzenegger when he won Mr. Olympia in 1970?

answer: 23


text: Inns are buildings where travellers can seek lodging and, usually, food and drink. They are typically located in the country or along a highway. In Europe, they possibly first sprang up when the Romans built a system of roads two millennia ago.[citation needed] Some inns in Europe are several centuries old. In addition to providing for the needs of travellers, inns traditionally acted as community gathering places.

title: Pub

title: Pub

text: Inns

text: are

text: buildings

text: where

text: travellers

text: can

text: seek

text: lodging

text: and

text: usually

text: food

text: and

text: drink

text: They

text: are

text: typically

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: or

text: along

text: a

text: highway

text: In

text: Europe

text: they

text: possibly

text: first

text: sprang

text: up

text: when

text: the

text: Romans

text: built

text: a

text: system

text: of

text: roads

text: two

text: millennia

text: ago.[citation

text: needed

text: Some

text: inns

text: in

text: Europe

text: are

text: several

text: centuries

text: old

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: providing

text: for

text: the

text: needs

text: of

text: travellers

text: inns

text: traditionally

text: acted

text: as

text: community

text: gathering

text: places

question: Where is an inn typically located?

answer: in the country or along a highway

text: in the country or along a highway

question: In addition to providing for the needs of travelers what was another typical use for an inn?

answer: community gathering places

text: community gathering places

question: How old are some of the inns in Europe?

answer: several centuries

text: several centuries

question: Aside from lodging, what amenities are often offered at inns?

answer: food and drink

text: food and drink

question: What road is an inn often located near?

answer: highway

text: highway

question: How many thousand years ago did the Romans build their road system?

answer: two

text: two

question: About how old are the oldest inns in Europe?

answer: several centuries

text: several centuries

question: What role did inns serve other than housing travelers?

answer: community gathering places

text: community gathering places


text: On December 20, 2005, the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit ruled in the case of ACLU v. Mercer County that the continued display of the Ten Commandments as part of a larger display on American legal traditions in a Kentucky courthouse was allowed, because the purpose of the display (educating the public on American legal traditions) was secular in nature. In ruling on the Mount Soledad cross controversy on May 3, 2006, however, a federal judge ruled that the cross on public property on Mount Soledad must be removed.

title: Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States

text: On

text: December

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Court

text: of

text: Appeals

text: for

text: the

text: Sixth

text: Circuit

text: ruled

text: in

text: the

text: case

text: of

text: ACLU

text: v.

text: Mercer

text: County

text: that

text: the

text: continued

text: display

text: of

text: the

text: Ten

text: Commandments

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: a

text: larger

text: display

text: on

text: American

text: legal

text: traditions

text: in

text: a

text: Kentucky

text: courthouse

text: was

text: allowed

text: because

text: the

text: purpose

text: of

text: the

text: display

text: educating

text: the

text: public

text: on

text: American

text: legal

text: traditions

text: was

text: secular

text: in

text: nature

text: In

text: ruling

text: on

text: the

text: Mount

text: Soledad

text: cross

text: controversy

text: on

text: May

text: however

text: a

text: federal

text: judge

text: ruled

text: that

text: the

text: cross

text: on

text: public

text: property

text: on

text: Mount

text: Soledad

text: must

text: be

text: removed

question: When did the US Court of Appeals rule in the case of ACLU v. Mercer County?

answer: December 20, 2005

text: December 20, 2005

question: What was displayed in Kentucky courthouses?

answer: the Ten Commandments

text: the Ten Commandments

question: What did a federal judge rule must be removed from public property?

answer: the cross

text: the cross

question: When was a ruling handed down on the Mount Soledad cross controversy?

answer: May 3, 2006

text: May 3, 2006

question: Why were the displays of the ten Commandments allowed?

answer: secular in nature

text: secular in nature


text: There was a constant power struggle between the Orangists, who supported the stadtholders and specifically the princes of Orange, and the Republicans, who supported the States General and hoped to replace the semi-hereditary nature of the stadtholdership with a true republican structure.

title: Dutch_Republic

title: Dutch_Republic

text: There

text: was

text: a

text: constant

text: power

text: struggle

text: between

text: the

text: Orangists

text: who

text: supported

text: the

text: stadtholders

text: and

text: specifically

text: the

text: princes

text: of

text: Orange

text: and

text: the

text: Republicans

text: who

text: supported

text: the

text: States

text: General

text: and

text: hoped

text: to

text: replace

text: the

text: semi

text: hereditary

text: nature

text: of

text: the

text: stadtholdership

text: with

text: a

text: true

text: republican

text: structure

question: What group of people supported the stadtholders, particularly the princes of Orange?

answer: Orangists

text: Orangists

question: Who wanted to replace the stadtholders with a republican structure?

answer: Republicans

text: Republicans


text: These territories are sometimes referred to as the Països Catalans (Catalan Countries), a denomination based on cultural affinity and common heritage, that has also had a subsequent political interpretation but no official status. Various interpretations of the term may include some or all of these regions.

title: Catalan_language

title: Catalan_language

text: These

text: territories

text: are

text: sometimes

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Països

text: Catalans

text: Catalan

text: Countries

text: a

text: denomination

text: based

text: on

text: cultural

text: affinity

text: and

text: common

text: heritage

text: that

text: has

text: also

text: had

text: a

text: subsequent

text: political

text: interpretation

text: but

text: no

text: official

text: status

text: Various

text: interpretations

text: of

text: the

text: term

text: may

text: include

text: some

text: or

text: all

text: of

text: these

text: regions

question: What are the Paisos Catalans

answer: Catalan Countries

text: Catalan Countries

question: What is that determination based on?

answer: cultural affinity and common heritage

text: cultural affinity and common heritage

question: What status does Catalan Countries have?

answer: no official status

text: no official status

question: What is the interpretation of the term?

answer: Various interpretations

text: Various interpretations

question: What is the term for Catalan Countries?

answer: Països Catalans

text: Països Catalans


text: The leading naturalist in Britain was the anatomist Richard Owen, an idealist who had shifted to the view in the 1850s that the history of life was the gradual unfolding of a divine plan. Owen's review of the Origin in the April 1860 Edinburgh Review bitterly attacked Huxley, Hooker and Darwin, but also signalled acceptance of a kind of evolution as a teleological plan in a continuous "ordained becoming", with new species appearing by natural birth. Others that rejected natural selection, but supported "creation by birth", included the Duke of Argyll who explained beauty in plumage by design. Since 1858, Huxley had emphasised anatomical similarities between apes and humans, contesting Owen's view that humans were a separate sub-class. Their disagreement over human origins came to the fore at the British Association for the Advancement of Science meeting featuring the legendary 1860 Oxford evolution debate. In two years of acrimonious public dispute that Charles Kingsley satirised as the "Great Hippocampus Question" and parodied in The Water-Babies as the "great hippopotamus test", Huxley showed that Owen was incorrect in asserting that ape brains lacked a structure present in human brains. Others, including Charles Lyell and Alfred Russel Wallace, thought that humans shared a common ancestor with apes, but higher mental faculties could not have evolved through a purely material process. Darwin published his own explanation in the Descent of Man (1871).

title: On_the_Origin_of_Species

title: On_the_Origin_of_Species

text: The

text: leading

text: naturalist

text: in

text: Britain

text: was

text: the

text: anatomist

text: Richard

text: Owen

text: an

text: idealist

text: who

text: had

text: shifted

text: to

text: the

text: view

text: in

text: the

text: that

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: life

text: was

text: the

text: gradual

text: unfolding

text: of

text: a

text: divine

text: plan

text: Owen

text: 's

text: review

text: of

text: the

text: Origin

text: in

text: the

text: April

text: Edinburgh

text: Review

text: bitterly

text: attacked

text: Huxley

text: Hooker

text: and

text: Darwin

text: but

text: also

text: signalled

text: acceptance

text: of

text: a

text: kind

text: of

text: evolution

text: as

text: a

text: teleological

text: plan

text: in

text: a

text: continuous

text: ordained

text: becoming

text: with

text: new

text: species

text: appearing

text: by

text: natural

text: birth

text: Others

text: that

text: rejected

text: natural

text: selection

text: but

text: supported

text: creation

text: by

text: birth

text: included

text: the

text: Duke

text: of

text: Argyll

text: who

text: explained

text: beauty

text: in

text: plumage

text: by

text: design

text: Since

text: Huxley

text: had

text: emphasised

text: anatomical

text: similarities

text: between

text: apes

text: and

text: humans

text: contesting

text: Owen

text: 's

text: view

text: that

text: humans

text: were

text: a

text: separate

text: sub

text: class

text: Their

text: disagreement

text: over

text: human

text: origins

text: came

text: to

text: the

text: fore

text: at

text: the

text: British

text: Association

text: for

text: the

text: Advancement

text: of

text: Science

text: meeting

text: featuring

text: the

text: legendary

text: Oxford

text: evolution

text: debate

text: In

text: two

text: years

text: of

text: acrimonious

text: public

text: dispute

text: that

text: Charles

text: Kingsley

text: satirised

text: as

text: the

text: Great

text: Hippocampus

text: Question

text: and

text: parodied

text: in

text: The

text: Water

text: Babies

text: as

text: the

text: great

text: hippopotamus

text: test

text: Huxley

text: showed

text: that

text: Owen

text: was

text: incorrect

text: in

text: asserting

text: that

text: ape

text: brains

text: lacked

text: a

text: structure

text: present

text: in

text: human

text: brains

text: Others

text: including

text: Charles

text: Lyell

text: and

text: Alfred

text: Russel

text: Wallace

text: thought

text: that

text: humans

text: shared

text: a

text: common

text: ancestor

text: with

text: apes

text: but

text: higher

text: mental

text: faculties

text: could

text: not

text: have

text: evolved

text: through

text: a

text: purely

text: material

text: process

text: Darwin

text: published

text: his

text: own

text: explanation

text: in

text: the

text: Descent

text: of

text: Man

question: Who was the leading naturalist in Britain?

answer: Richard Owen,

text: Richard Owen,

question: How did Owen respond to On the Origin of Species with his review?

answer: bitterly attacked Huxley, Hooker and Darwin, but also signalled acceptance of a kind of evolution as a teleological plan in a continuous "ordained becoming"

text: bitterly attacked Huxley, Hooker and Darwin, but also signalled acceptance of a kind of evolution as a teleological plan in a continuous "ordained becoming"

question: What was the debate between Huxley and Owen concerning humans and apes?

answer: Huxley had emphasised anatomical similarities between apes and humans, contesting Owen's view that humans were a separate sub-class

text: Huxley had emphasised anatomical similarities between apes and humans, contesting Owen's view that humans were a separate sub-class

question: What was the primary debate at the British Association for the Advancement of Science meeting of 1860?

answer: legendary 1860 Oxford evolution debate

text: legendary 1860 Oxford evolution debate

question: When did Darwin publish his own explanation of the question of the evolution of man and ape?

answer: Darwin published his own explanation in the Descent of Man (1871)

text: Darwin published his own explanation in the Descent of Man (1871)


text: The contracting parties' full names or sovereign titles are often included in the preamble, along with the full names and titles of their representatives, and a boilerplate clause about how their representatives have communicated (or exchanged) their full powers (i.e., the official documents appointing them to act on behalf of their respective states) and found them in good or proper form.

title: Treaty

title: Treaty

text: The

text: contracting

text: parties

text: full

text: names

text: or

text: sovereign

text: titles

text: are

text: often

text: included

text: in

text: the

text: preamble

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: full

text: names

text: and

text: titles

text: of

text: their

text: representatives

text: and

text: a

text: boilerplate

text: clause

text: about

text: how

text: their

text: representatives

text: have

text: communicated

text: or

text: exchanged

text: their

text: full

text: powers

text: i.e.

text: the

text: official

text: documents

text: appointing

text: them

text: to

text: act

text: on

text: behalf

text: of

text: their

text: respective

text: states

text: and

text: found

text: them

text: in

text: good

text: or

text: proper

text: form

question: What term describes a common clause in a treaty stating that the representatives of the parties have communicated their full powers?

answer: boilerplate

text: boilerplate

question: What are the official documents appointing a party's representative to act on their behalf?

answer: full powers

text: full powers

question: In addition to their full names, what else is included in the preamble that identifies the parties to a treaty?

answer: sovereign titles

text: sovereign titles

question: How must the full powers of a parties' representatives be found in order to enter into a treaty?

answer: in good or proper form.

text: in good or proper form.

question: Who else besides the parties themselves is typically identified in the preamble to a treaty?

answer: their representatives

text: their representatives


text: In the aftermath of John's death William Marshal was declared the protector of the nine-year-old Henry III. The civil war continued until royalist victories at the battles of Lincoln and Dover in 1217. Louis gave up his claim to the English throne and signed the Treaty of Lambeth. The failed Magna Carta agreement was resuscitated by Marshal's administration and reissued in an edited form in 1217 as a basis for future government. Henry III continued his attempts to reclaim Normandy and Anjou until 1259, but John's continental losses and the consequent growth of Capetian power in the 13th century proved to mark a "turning point in European history".

title: John,_King_of_England

title: John,_King_of_England

text: In

text: the

text: aftermath

text: of

text: John

text: 's

text: death

text: William

text: Marshal

text: was

text: declared

text: the

text: protector

text: of

text: the

text: nine

text: year

text: old

text: Henry

text: III

text: The

text: civil

text: war

text: continued

text: until

text: royalist

text: victories

text: at

text: the

text: battles

text: of

text: Lincoln

text: and

text: Dover

text: in

text: Louis

text: gave

text: up

text: his

text: claim

text: to

text: the

text: English

text: throne

text: and

text: signed

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Lambeth

text: The

text: failed

text: Magna

text: Carta

text: agreement

text: was

text: resuscitated

text: by

text: Marshal

text: 's

text: administration

text: and

text: reissued

text: in

text: an

text: edited

text: form

text: in

text: as

text: a

text: basis

text: for

text: future

text: government

text: Henry

text: III

text: continued

text: his

text: attempts

text: to

text: reclaim

text: Normandy

text: and

text: Anjou

text: until

text: but

text: John

text: 's

text: continental

text: losses

text: and

text: the

text: consequent

text: growth

text: of

text: Capetian

text: power

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: proved

text: to

text: mark

text: a

text: turning

text: point

text: in

text: European

text: history

question: Who was declared the protector of Henry III after John's death?

answer: William Marshal

text: William Marshal

question: Who gave up their claim to the English throne?

answer: Louis

text: Louis

question: What agreement failed?

answer: Magna Carta

text: Magna Carta

question: Until when did Henry III continue his attempts to reclaim Normandy?

answer: 1259