text: On 29 November 1947, the United Nations General Assembly recommended the adoption and implementation of the Partition Plan for Mandatory Palestine. This UN plan specified borders for new Arab and Jewish states and also specified an area of Jerusalem and its environs which was to be administered by the UN under an international regime. The end of the British Mandate for Palestine was set for midnight on 14 May 1948. That day, David Ben-Gurion, the executive head of the Zionist Organization and president of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, declared "the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel," which would start to function from the termination of the mandate. The borders of the new state were not specified in the declaration. Neighboring Arab armies invaded the former Palestinian mandate on the next day and fought the Israeli forces. Israel has since fought several wars with neighboring Arab states, in the course of which it has occupied the West Bank, Sinai Peninsula (1956–57, 1967–82), part of Southern Lebanon (1982–2000), Gaza Strip (1967–2005; still considered occupied after 2005 disengagement) and the Golan Heights. It extended its laws to the Golan Heights and East Jerusalem, but not the West Bank. Efforts to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict have not resulted in peace. However, peace treaties between Israel and both Egypt and Jordan have successfully been signed. Israel's occupation of Gaza, the West Bank and East Jerusalem is the world's longest military occupation in modern times.[note 2]

title: Israel

title: Israel

text: On

text: November

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: General

text: Assembly

text: recommended

text: the

text: adoption

text: and

text: implementation

text: of

text: the

text: Partition

text: Plan

text: for

text: Mandatory

text: Palestine

text: This

text: UN

text: plan

text: specified

text: borders

text: for

text: new

text: Arab

text: and

text: Jewish

text: states

text: and

text: also

text: specified

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: Jerusalem

text: and

text: its

text: environs

text: which

text: was

text: to

text: be

text: administered

text: by

text: the

text: UN

text: under

text: an

text: international

text: regime

text: The

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: Mandate

text: for

text: Palestine

text: was

text: set

text: for

text: midnight

text: on

text: May

text: That

text: day

text: David

text: Ben

text: Gurion

text: the

text: executive

text: head

text: of

text: the

text: Zionist

text: Organization

text: and

text: president

text: of

text: the

text: Jewish

text: Agency

text: for

text: Palestine

text: declared

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: a

text: Jewish

text: state

text: in

text: Eretz

text: Israel

text: to

text: be

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: State

text: of

text: Israel

text: which

text: would

text: start

text: to

text: function

text: from

text: the

text: termination

text: of

text: the

text: mandate

text: The

text: borders

text: of

text: the

text: new

text: state

text: were

text: not

text: specified

text: in

text: the

text: declaration

text: Neighboring

text: Arab

text: armies

text: invaded

text: the

text: former

text: Palestinian

text: mandate

text: on

text: the

text: next

text: day

text: and

text: fought

text: the

text: Israeli

text: forces

text: Israel

text: has

text: since

text: fought

text: several

text: wars

text: with

text: neighboring

text: Arab

text: states

text: in

text: the

text: course

text: of

text: which

text: it

text: has

text: occupied

text: the

text: West

text: Bank

text: Sinai

text: Peninsula

text: part

text: of

text: Southern

text: Lebanon

text: Gaza

text: Strip

text: still

text: considered

text: occupied

text: after

text: disengagement

text: and

text: the

text: Golan

text: Heights

text: It

text: extended

text: its

text: laws

text: to

text: the

text: Golan

text: Heights

text: and

text: East

text: Jerusalem

text: but

text: not

text: the

text: West

text: Bank

text: Efforts

text: to

text: resolve

text: the

text: Israeli

text: Palestinian

text: conflict

text: have

text: not

text: resulted

text: in

text: peace

text: However

text: peace

text: treaties

text: between

text: Israel

text: and

text: both

text: Egypt

text: and

text: Jordan

text: have

text: successfully

text: been

text: signed

text: Israel

text: 's

text: occupation

text: of

text: Gaza

text: the

text: West

text: Bank

text: and

text: East

text: Jerusalem

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: longest

text: military

text: occupation

text: in

text: modern

text: times.[note

question: When did the UN recommend the Partition Plan?

answer: 29 November 1947

text: 29 November 1947

question: When was the end of the British Mandate set?

answer: midnight on 14 May 1948

text: midnight on 14 May 1948

question: Who was the executive head of the Zionist Organization?

answer: David Ben-Gurion

text: David Ben-Gurion


text: Jehovah's Witnesses refuse blood transfusions, which they consider a violation of God's law based on their interpretation of Acts 15:28, 29 and other scriptures. Since 1961 the willing acceptance of a blood transfusion by an unrepentant member has been grounds for expulsion from the religion. Members are directed to refuse blood transfusions, even in "a life-or-death situation". Jehovah's Witnesses accept non-blood alternatives and other medical procedures in lieu of blood transfusions, and their literature provides information about non-blood medical procedures.

title: Jehovah%27s_Witnesses

title: Jehovah%27s_Witnesses

text: Jehovah

text: 's

text: Witnesses

text: refuse

text: blood

text: transfusions

text: which

text: they

text: consider

text: a

text: violation

text: of

text: God

text: 's

text: law

text: based

text: on

text: their

text: interpretation

text: of

text: Acts

text: and

text: other

text: scriptures

text: Since

text: the

text: willing

text: acceptance

text: of

text: a

text: blood

text: transfusion

text: by

text: an

text: unrepentant

text: member

text: has

text: been

text: grounds

text: for

text: expulsion

text: from

text: the

text: religion

text: Members

text: are

text: directed

text: to

text: refuse

text: blood

text: transfusions

text: even

text: in

text: a

text: life

text: or

text: death

text: situation

text: Jehovah

text: 's

text: Witnesses

text: accept

text: non

text: blood

text: alternatives

text: and

text: other

text: medical

text: procedures

text: in

text: lieu

text: of

text: blood

text: transfusions

text: and

text: their

text: literature

text: provides

text: information

text: about

text: non

text: blood

text: medical

text: procedures

question: What biblical passage informs Jehovah Witnesses' refusal of blood transfusions?

answer: Acts 15:28, 29

text: Acts 15:28, 29

question: What is grounds for expulsion from Jehovah Witnesses, since 1961?

answer: willing acceptance of a blood transfusion

text: willing acceptance of a blood transfusion

question: What do Jehovah Witnesses accept in lieu of blood transfusions?

answer: non-blood alternatives

text: non-blood alternatives

question: What does Jehovah Witnesses' literature provide about non-blood medical procedures?

answer: information

text: information


text: Ann Arbor is a major scene of college sports, most notably at the University of Michigan, a member of the Big Ten Conference. Several well-known college sports facilities exist in the city, including Michigan Stadium, the largest American football stadium in the world. The stadium was completed in 1927 and cost more than $950,000 to build. It has a 109,901 seating capacity after multiple renovations were made. The stadium is colloquially known as "The Big House". Crisler Center and Yost Ice Arena play host to the school's basketball (both men's and women's) and ice hockey teams, respectively. Concordia University, a member of the NAIA, also fields sports teams.

title: Ann_Arbor,_Michigan

title: Ann_Arbor,_Michigan

text: Ann

text: Arbor

text: is

text: a

text: major

text: scene

text: of

text: college

text: sports

text: most

text: notably

text: at

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Michigan

text: a

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Big

text: Ten

text: Conference

text: Several

text: well

text: known

text: college

text: sports

text: facilities

text: exist

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: including

text: Michigan

text: Stadium

text: the

text: largest

text: American

text: football

text: stadium

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: The

text: stadium

text: was

text: completed

text: in

text: and

text: cost

text: more

text: than

text: to

text: build

text: It

text: has

text: a

text: seating

text: capacity

text: after

text: multiple

text: renovations

text: were

text: made

text: The

text: stadium

text: is

text: colloquially

text: known

text: as

text: The

text: Big

text: House

text: Crisler

text: Center

text: and

text: Yost

text: Ice

text: Arena

text: play

text: host

text: to

text: the

text: school

text: 's

text: basketball

text: both

text: men

text: 's

text: and

text: women

text: 's

text: and

text: ice

text: hockey

text: teams

text: respectively

text: Concordia

text: University

text: a

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: NAIA

text: also

text: fields

text: sports

text: teams

question: Who is the member of the Big Ten Conference in college sports in the city?

answer: University of Michigan

text: University of Michigan

question: Which is the largest American football stadium in the world?

answer: Michigan Stadium

text: Michigan Stadium

question: What is the Michigan Stadium called colloquially?

answer: The Big House

text: The Big House


text: A dispute during the Lausanne Congress of Supreme Councils of 1875 prompted the Grand Orient de France to commission a report by a Protestant pastor which concluded that, as Freemasonry was not a religion, it should not require a religious belief. The new constitutions read, "Its principles are absolute liberty of conscience and human solidarity", the existence of God and the immortality of the soul being struck out. It is possible that the immediate objections of the United Grand Lodge of England were at least partly motivated by the political tension between France and Britain at the time. The result was the withdrawal of recognition of the Grand Orient of France by the United Grand Lodge of England, a situation that continues today.

title: Freemasonry

title: Freemasonry

text: A

text: dispute

text: during

text: the

text: Lausanne

text: Congress

text: of

text: Supreme

text: Councils

text: of

text: prompted

text: the

text: Grand

text: Orient

text: de

text: France

text: to

text: commission

text: a

text: report

text: by

text: a

text: Protestant

text: pastor

text: which

text: concluded

text: that

text: as

text: Freemasonry

text: was

text: not

text: a

text: religion

text: it

text: should

text: not

text: require

text: a

text: religious

text: belief

text: The

text: new

text: constitutions

text: read

text: Its

text: principles

text: are

text: absolute

text: liberty

text: of

text: conscience

text: and

text: human

text: solidarity

text: the

text: existence

text: of

text: God

text: and

text: the

text: immortality

text: of

text: the

text: soul

text: being

text: struck

text: out

text: It

text: is

text: possible

text: that

text: the

text: immediate

text: objections

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Grand

text: Lodge

text: of

text: England

text: were

text: at

text: least

text: partly

text: motivated

text: by

text: the

text: political

text: tension

text: between

text: France

text: and

text: Britain

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: The

text: result

text: was

text: the

text: withdrawal

text: of

text: recognition

text: of

text: the

text: Grand

text: Orient

text: of

text: France

text: by

text: the

text: United

text: Grand

text: Lodge

text: of

text: England

text: a

text: situation

text: that

text: continues

text: today

question: Why did the Grand Orient de France conclude that Freemasonry shouldn't require religious belief?

answer: Freemasonry was not a religion

text: Freemasonry was not a religion

question: What was removed from the Freemasonry constitution?

answer: existence of God and the immortality of the soul

text: existence of God and the immortality of the soul

question: Who withdrew recognition from the Grand Orient de France?

answer: United Grand Lodge of England

text: United Grand Lodge of England

question: What was a possible condition that made the United Grand Lodge of England withdraw it's recognition of the Grand Orient de France?

answer: political tension between France and Britain

text: political tension between France and Britain

question: How was the belief of the existance of God and the immortal soul replaced in the constitution?

answer: Its principles are absolute liberty of conscience and human solidarity

text: Its principles are absolute liberty of conscience and human solidarity

question: What year was it ruled that Freemasonry was not a religion?

answer: 1875

question: What Grand Lodge had a withdrawal of recognition by the United Grand Lodge of England?

answer: Grand Orient of France

text: Grand Orient of France

question: What was a motivation of the Grand Lodge of England's objection?

answer: political tension between France and Britain

text: political tension between France and Britain

question: Who disputed the Lausanne Congress of Supreme Councils?

answer: Grand Orient de France

text: Grand Orient de France


text: Due to insistence by the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA), the international governing body of football, that domestic leagues reduce the number of games clubs played, the number of clubs was reduced to 20 in 1995 when four teams were relegated from the league and only two teams promoted. On 8 June 2006, FIFA requested that all major European leagues, including Italy's Serie A and Spain's La Liga be reduced to 18 teams by the start of the 2007–08 season. The Premier League responded by announcing their intention to resist such a reduction. Ultimately, the 2007–08 season kicked off again with 20 teams.

title: Premier_League

title: Premier_League

text: Due

text: to

text: insistence

text: by

text: the

text: International

text: Federation

text: of

text: Association

text: Football

text: FIFA

text: the

text: international

text: governing

text: body

text: of

text: football

text: that

text: domestic

text: leagues

text: reduce

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: games

text: clubs

text: played

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: clubs

text: was

text: reduced

text: to

text: in

text: when

text: four

text: teams

text: were

text: relegated

text: from

text: the

text: league

text: and

text: only

text: two

text: teams

text: promoted

text: On

text: June

text: FIFA

text: requested

text: that

text: all

text: major

text: European

text: leagues

text: including

text: Italy

text: 's

text: Serie

text: A

text: and

text: Spain

text: 's

text: La

text: Liga

text: be

text: reduced

text: to

text: teams

text: by

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: the

text: season

text: The

text: Premier

text: League

text: responded

text: by

text: announcing

text: their

text: intention

text: to

text: resist

text: such

text: a

text: reduction

text: Ultimately

text: the

text: season

text: kicked

text: off

text: again

text: with

text: teams

question: What was the number of clubs reduced to in 1995.

answer: the number of clubs was reduced to 20 in 1995

text: the number of clubs was reduced to 20 in 1995

question: In 1995, who requested that domestic leagues lower the amount of games played.

answer: Due to insistence by the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA), the international governing body of football

text: Due to insistence by the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA), the international governing body of football

question: Who insisted that the number of games played in each domestic league must be reduced?

answer: FIFA

text: FIFA

question: In 1995, what was the number of clubs in the league reduced to?

answer: 20

question: On which date did FIFA request that all European leagues reduce the number of teams within themselves to 18?

answer: 8 June 2006

text: 8 June 2006

question: In the 2007-08 season, how many teams was the Premier League left with?

answer: 20

question: How many teams were relegated from the Premier League in 1995?

answer: four

text: four


text: To prevent the risk of out-of-phase supplies mixing, sections of line fed from different feeder stations must be kept strictly isolated. This is achieved by Neutral Sections (also known as Phase Breaks), usually provided at feeder stations and midway between them although, typically, only half are in use at any time, the others being provided to allow a feeder station to be shut down and power provided from adjacent feeder stations. Neutral Sections usually consist of an earthed section of wire which is separated from the live wires on either side by insulating material, typically ceramic beads, designed so that the pantograph will smoothly run from one section to the other. The earthed section prevents an arc being drawn from one live section to the other, as the voltage difference may be higher than the normal system voltage if the live sections are on different phases and the protective circuit breakers may not be able to safely interrupt the considerable current that would flow. To prevent the risk of an arc being drawn across from one section of wire to earth, when passing through the neutral section, the train must be coasting and the circuit breakers must be open. In many cases, this is done manually by the drivers. To help them, a warning board is provided just before both the neutral section and an advance warning some distance before. A further board is then provided after the neutral section to tell drivers to re-close the circuit breaker, although drivers must not do this until the rear pantograph has passed this board. In the UK, a system known as Automatic Power Control (APC) automatically opens and closes the circuit breaker, this being achieved by using sets of permanent magnets alongside the track communicating with a detector on the train. The only action needed by the driver is to shut off power and coast and therefore warning boards are still provided at and on the approach to neutral sections.

title: Railway_electrification_system

title: Railway_electrification_system

text: To

text: prevent

text: the

text: risk

text: of

text: out

text: of

text: phase

text: supplies

text: mixing

text: sections

text: of

text: line

text: fed

text: from

text: different

text: feeder

text: stations

text: must

text: be

text: kept

text: strictly

text: isolated

text: This

text: is

text: achieved

text: by

text: Neutral

text: Sections

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Phase

text: Breaks

text: usually

text: provided

text: at

text: feeder

text: stations

text: and

text: midway

text: between

text: them

text: although

text: typically

text: only

text: half

text: are

text: in

text: use

text: at

text: any

text: time

text: the

text: others

text: being

text: provided

text: to

text: allow

text: a

text: feeder

text: station

text: to

text: be

text: shut

text: down

text: and

text: power

text: provided

text: from

text: adjacent

text: feeder

text: stations

text: Neutral

text: Sections

text: usually

text: consist

text: of

text: an

text: earthed

text: section

text: of

text: wire

text: which

text: is

text: separated

text: from

text: the

text: live

text: wires

text: on

text: either

text: side

text: by

text: insulating

text: material

text: typically

text: ceramic

text: beads

text: designed

text: so

text: that

text: the

text: pantograph

text: will

text: smoothly

text: run

text: from

text: one

text: section

text: to

text: the

text: other

text: The

text: earthed

text: section

text: prevents

text: an

text: arc

text: being

text: drawn

text: from

text: one

text: live

text: section

text: to

text: the

text: other

text: as

text: the

text: voltage

text: difference

text: may

text: be

text: higher

text: than

text: the

text: normal

text: system

text: voltage

text: if

text: the

text: live

text: sections

text: are

text: on

text: different

text: phases

text: and

text: the

text: protective

text: circuit

text: breakers

text: may

text: not

text: be

text: able

text: to

text: safely

text: interrupt

text: the

text: considerable

text: current

text: that

text: would

text: flow

text: To

text: prevent

text: the

text: risk

text: of

text: an

text: arc

text: being

text: drawn

text: across

text: from

text: one

text: section

text: of

text: wire

text: to

text: earth

text: when

text: passing

text: through

text: the

text: neutral

text: section

text: the

text: train

text: must

text: be

text: coasting

text: and

text: the

text: circuit

text: breakers

text: must

text: be

text: open

text: In

text: many

text: cases

text: this

text: is

text: done

text: manually

text: by

text: the

text: drivers

text: To

text: help

text: them

text: a

text: warning

text: board

text: is

text: provided

text: just

text: before

text: both

text: the

text: neutral

text: section

text: and

text: an

text: advance

text: warning

text: some

text: distance

text: before

text: A

text: further

text: board

text: is

text: then

text: provided

text: after

text: the

text: neutral

text: section

text: to

text: tell

text: drivers

text: to

text: re

text: close

text: the

text: circuit

text: breaker

text: although

text: drivers

text: must

text: not

text: do

text: this

text: until

text: the

text: rear

text: pantograph

text: has

text: passed

text: this

text: board

text: In

text: the

text: UK

text: a

text: system

text: known

text: as

text: Automatic

text: Power

text: Control

text: APC

text: automatically

text: opens

text: and

text: closes

text: the

text: circuit

text: breaker

text: this

text: being

text: achieved

text: by

text: using

text: sets

text: of

text: permanent

text: magnets

text: alongside

text: the

text: track

text: communicating

text: with

text: a

text: detector

text: on

text: the

text: train

text: The

text: only

text: action

text: needed

text: by

text: the

text: driver

text: is

text: to

text: shut

text: off

text: power

text: and

text: coast

text: and

text: therefore

text: warning

text: boards

text: are

text: still

text: provided

text: at

text: and

text: on

text: the

text: approach

text: to

text: neutral

text: sections

question: What was the main requirement for electric feeder stations?

answer: line fed from different feeder stations must be kept strictly isolated

text: line fed from different feeder stations must be kept strictly isolated

question: What invention prevented lines from getting mixed?

answer: Phase Breaks

text: Phase Breaks

question: What was the part of wire in Phase Break sections an arc being drawn from one wire to another?

answer: The earthed section

text: The earthed section

question: How were the drivers warned to start coasting the train?

answer: warning board

text: warning board

question: What should the driver do in order to open and close the circuit breaker?

answer: to shut off power and coast

text: to shut off power and coast


text: Plant anatomy is the study of the structure of plant cells and tissues, whereas plant morphology is the study of their external form. All plants are multicellular eukaryotes, their DNA stored in nuclei. The characteristic features of plant cells that distinguish them from those of animals and fungi include a primary cell wall composed of the polysaccharides cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin,  larger vacuoles than in animal cells and the presence of plastids with unique photosynthetic and biosynthetic functions as in the chloroplasts. Other plastids contain storage products such as starch (amyloplasts) or lipids (elaioplasts). Uniquely, streptophyte cells and those of the green algal order Trentepohliales divide by construction of a phragmoplast as a template for building a cell plate late in cell division.

title: Botany

title: Botany

text: Plant

text: anatomy

text: is

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: structure

text: of

text: plant

text: cells

text: and

text: tissues

text: whereas

text: plant

text: morphology

text: is

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: their

text: external

text: form

text: All

text: plants

text: are

text: multicellular

text: eukaryotes

text: their

text: DNA

text: stored

text: in

text: nuclei

text: The

text: characteristic

text: features

text: of

text: plant

text: cells

text: that

text: distinguish

text: them

text: from

text: those

text: of

text: animals

text: and

text: fungi

text: include

text: a

text: primary

text: cell

text: wall

text: composed

text: of

text: the

text: polysaccharides

text: cellulose

text: hemicellulose

text: and

text: pectin

text: larger

text: vacuoles

text: than

text: in

text: animal

text: cells

text: and

text: the

text: presence

text: of

text: plastids

text: with

text: unique

text: photosynthetic

text: and

text: biosynthetic

text: functions

text: as

text: in

text: the

text: chloroplasts

text: Other

text: plastids

text: contain

text: storage

text: products

text: such

text: as

text: starch

text: amyloplasts

text: or

text: lipids

text: elaioplasts

text: Uniquely

text: streptophyte

text: cells

text: and

text: those

text: of

text: the

text: green

text: algal

text: order

text: Trentepohliales

text: divide

text: by

text: construction

text: of

text: a

text: phragmoplast

text: as

text: a

text: template

text: for

text: building

text: a

text: cell

text: plate

text: late

text: in

text: cell

text: division

question: What is the study of the inside of plants?

answer: Plant anatomy

text: Plant anatomy

question: What is the study of the outside of plants?

answer: plant morphology

text: plant morphology

question: How are plants different from animals?

answer: primary cell wall composed of the polysaccharides cellulose

text: primary cell wall composed of the polysaccharides cellulose

question: Where do plants store their DNA?

answer: in nuclei

text: in nuclei

question: Are the vacuoles of plant cells larger or smaller than animal cells?

answer: larger

text: larger


text: The brewing industry is a global business, consisting of several dominant multinational companies and many thousands of smaller producers ranging from brewpubs to regional breweries. More than 133 billion litres (35 billion gallons) are sold per year—producing total global revenues of $294.5 billion (£147.7 billion) in 2006. The history of breweries has been one of absorbing smaller breweries in order to ensure economy of scale. In 2002 South African Breweries bought the North American Miller Brewing Company to found SABMiller, becoming the second largest brewery, after North American Anheuser-Bush. In 2004 the Belgian Interbrew was the third largest brewery by volume and the Brazilian AmBev was the fifth largest. They merged into InBev, becoming the largest brewery. In 2007, SABMiller surpassed InBev and Anheuser-Bush when it acquired Royal Grolsch, brewer of Dutch premium beer brand Grolsch in 2007. In 2008, InBev (the second-largest) bought Anheuser-Busch (the third largest), the new Anheuser-Busch InBev company became again the largest brewer in the world. As of 2015[update] AB InBev is the largest brewery, with SABMiller second, and Heineken International third.

title: Beer

title: Beer

text: The

text: brewing

text: industry

text: is

text: a

text: global

text: business

text: consisting

text: of

text: several

text: dominant

text: multinational

text: companies

text: and

text: many

text: thousands

text: of

text: smaller

text: producers

text: ranging

text: from

text: brewpubs

text: to

text: regional

text: breweries

text: More

text: than

text: billion

text: litres

text: billion

text: gallons

text: are

text: sold

text: per

text: year

text: producing

text: total

text: global

text: revenues

text: of

text: billion

text: billion

text: in

text: The

text: history

text: of

text: breweries

text: has

text: been

text: one

text: of

text: absorbing

text: smaller

text: breweries

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: ensure

text: economy

text: of

text: scale

text: In

text: South

text: African

text: Breweries

text: bought

text: the

text: North

text: American

text: Miller

text: Brewing

text: Company

text: to

text: found

text: SABMiller

text: becoming

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: brewery

text: after

text: North

text: American

text: Anheuser

text: Bush

text: In

text: the

text: Belgian

text: Interbrew

text: was

text: the

text: third

text: largest

text: brewery

text: by

text: volume

text: and

text: the

text: Brazilian

text: AmBev

text: was

text: the

text: fifth

text: largest

text: They

text: merged

text: into

text: InBev

text: becoming

text: the

text: largest

text: brewery

text: In

text: SABMiller

text: surpassed

text: InBev

text: and

text: Anheuser

text: Bush

text: when

text: it

text: acquired

text: Royal

text: Grolsch

text: brewer

text: of

text: Dutch

text: premium

text: beer

text: brand

text: Grolsch

text: in

text: In

text: InBev

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: bought

text: Anheuser

text: Busch

text: the

text: third

text: largest

text: the

text: new

text: Anheuser

text: Busch

text: InBev

text: company

text: became

text: again

text: the

text: largest

text: brewer

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: As

text: of

text: AB

text: InBev

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: brewery

text: with

text: SABMiller

text: second

text: and

text: Heineken

text: International

text: third

question: How many liters of beer are bought and sold every year?

answer: More than 133 billion

text: More than 133 billion

question: How much revenue did beer bring in in 2006?

answer: $294.5 billion

text: $294.5 billion

question: What year was the brewing Company SABMiller founded?

answer: 2002

question: What company acquired the Anheuser-Busch brewing Company in 2008?

answer: InBev

text: InBev

question: What was the largest brewing company in the world in 2015?

answer: AB InBev

text: AB InBev


text: By 1940 the Third Reich had occupied many of the Alpine countries. Austria underwent a political coup that made it part of the Third Reich; France had been invaded and Italy was a fascist regime. Switzerland was the only country to luckily avoid invasion. The Swiss Confederate mobilized its troops—the country follows the doctrine of "armed neutrality" with all males required to have military training—a number that General Eisenhower estimated to be about 850,000. The Swiss commanders wired the infrastructure leading into the country, and threatening to destroy bridges, railway tunnels and passes in the event of a Nazi invasion, and then they retreated to the heart of the mountain peaks where conditions were harsher and a military invasion would involve difficult and protracted battles.

title: Alps

title: Alps

text: By

text: the

text: Third

text: Reich

text: had

text: occupied

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: Alpine

text: countries

text: Austria

text: underwent

text: a

text: political

text: coup

text: that

text: made

text: it

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Third

text: Reich

text: France

text: had

text: been

text: invaded

text: and

text: Italy

text: was

text: a

text: fascist

text: regime

text: Switzerland

text: was

text: the

text: only

text: country

text: to

text: luckily

text: avoid

text: invasion

text: The

text: Swiss

text: Confederate

text: mobilized

text: its

text: troops

text: the

text: country

text: follows

text: the

text: doctrine

text: of

text: armed

text: neutrality

text: with

text: all

text: males

text: required

text: to

text: have

text: military

text: training

text: a

text: number

text: that

text: General

text: Eisenhower

text: estimated

text: to

text: be

text: about

text: The

text: Swiss

text: commanders

text: wired

text: the

text: infrastructure

text: leading

text: into

text: the

text: country

text: and

text: threatening

text: to

text: destroy

text: bridges

text: railway

text: tunnels

text: and

text: passes

text: in

text: the

text: event

text: of

text: a

text: Nazi

text: invasion

text: and

text: then

text: they

text: retreated

text: to

text: the

text: heart

text: of

text: the

text: mountain

text: peaks

text: where

text: conditions

text: were

text: harsher

text: and

text: a

text: military

text: invasion

text: would

text: involve

text: difficult

text: and

text: protracted

text: battles

question: By 1940 who occupied many of the Alpine countries?

answer: the Third Reich

text: the Third Reich

question: What country underwent a political coup that made it part of the Third Reich?

answer: Austria

text: Austria

question: What was the only country that avoided invasion from the Third Reich?

answer: Switzerland

text: Switzerland

question: Who wired the infrastructure leading into Switzerland?

answer: The Swiss commanders

text: The Swiss commanders


text: In June, Truman became the first president to address the NAACP. His speech was a significant departure from traditional race relations in the United States. In front of 10,000 people at the Lincoln Memorial, the president left no doubt where he stood on civil rights. According to his speech, America had "reached a turning point in the long history of our country's efforts to guarantee freedom and equality to all our citizens…Each man must be guaranteed equality of opportunity." He proposed what black citizens had been calling for - an enhanced role of federal authority through the states. "We must make the Federal government a friendly, vigilant defender of the rights and equalities of all Americans. And again I mean all Americans.":40

title: Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States

title: Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States

text: In

text: June

text: Truman

text: became

text: the

text: first

text: president

text: to

text: address

text: the

text: NAACP

text: His

text: speech

text: was

text: a

text: significant

text: departure

text: from

text: traditional

text: race

text: relations

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: In

text: front

text: of

text: people

text: at

text: the

text: Lincoln

text: Memorial

text: the

text: president

text: left

text: no

text: doubt

text: where

text: he

text: stood

text: on

text: civil

text: rights

text: According

text: to

text: his

text: speech

text: America

text: had

text: reached

text: a

text: turning

text: point

text: in

text: the

text: long

text: history

text: of

text: our

text: country

text: 's

text: efforts

text: to

text: guarantee

text: freedom

text: and

text: equality

text: to

text: all

text: our

text: citizens

text: Each

text: man

text: must

text: be

text: guaranteed

text: equality

text: of

text: opportunity

text: He

text: proposed

text: what

text: black

text: citizens

text: had

text: been

text: calling

text: for

text: an

text: enhanced

text: role

text: of

text: federal

text: authority

text: through

text: the

text: states

text: We

text: must

text: make

text: the

text: Federal

text: government

text: a

text: friendly

text: vigilant

text: defender

text: of

text: the

text: rights

text: and

text: equalities

text: of

text: all

text: Americans

text: And

text: again

text: I

text: mean

text: all

question: Who was the first President to address the NAACP?

answer: Truman

text: Truman

question: How many people were present at the speech that Truman made?

answer: 10,000

question: Where did Truman's historic speech take place?

answer: Lincoln Memorial

text: Lincoln Memorial

question: During the speech, Truman made the statement that each man should be guaranteed what?

answer: equality of opportunity

text: equality of opportunity

question: Who's authority did Truman want to increase throughout the states?

answer: federal

text: federal


text: Baroque instruments included some instruments from the earlier periods (e.g., the hurdy-gurdy and recorder) and a number of new instruments (e.g, the cello, contrabass and fortepiano). Some instruments from previous eras fell into disuse, such as the shawm and the wooden cornet. The key Baroque instruments for strings included the violin, viol, viola, viola d'amore, cello, contrabass, lute, theorbo (which often played the basso continuo parts), mandolin, cittern, Baroque guitar, harp and hurdy-gurdy. Woodwinds included the Baroque flute, Baroque oboe, rackett, recorder and the bassoon. Brass instruments included the cornett, natural horn, Baroque trumpet, serpent and the trombone. Keyboard instruments included the clavichord, tangent piano, the fortepiano (an early version of the piano), the harpsichord and the pipe organ. Percussion instruments included the timpani, snare drum, tambourine and the castanets.

title: Classical_music

title: Classical_music

text: Baroque

text: instruments

text: included

text: some

text: instruments

text: from

text: the

text: earlier

text: periods

text: e.g.

text: the

text: hurdy

text: gurdy

text: and

text: recorder

text: and

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: new

text: instruments

text: e.g

text: the

text: cello

text: contrabass

text: and

text: fortepiano

text: Some

text: instruments

text: from

text: previous

text: eras

text: fell

text: into

text: disuse

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: shawm

text: and

text: the

text: wooden

text: cornet

text: The

text: key

text: Baroque

text: instruments

text: for

text: strings

text: included

text: the

text: violin

text: viol

text: viola

text: viola

text: d'amore

text: cello

text: contrabass

text: lute

text: theorbo

text: which

text: often

text: played

text: the

text: basso

text: continuo

text: parts

text: mandolin

text: cittern

text: Baroque

text: guitar

text: harp

text: and

text: hurdy

text: gurdy

text: Woodwinds

text: included

text: the

text: Baroque

text: flute

text: Baroque

text: oboe

text: rackett

text: recorder

text: and

text: the

text: bassoon

text: Brass

text: instruments

text: included

text: the

text: cornett

text: natural

text: horn

text: Baroque

text: trumpet

text: serpent

text: and

text: the

text: trombone

text: Keyboard

text: instruments

text: included

text: the

text: clavichord

text: tangent

text: piano

text: the

text: fortepiano

text: an

text: early

text: version

text: of

text: the

text: piano

text: the

text: harpsichord

text: and

text: the

text: pipe

text: organ

text: Percussion

text: instruments

text: included

text: the

text: timpani

text: snare

text: drum

text: tambourine

text: and

text: the

text: castanets

question: The cello, contrabrass and fortepiano were new instruments during what period?

answer: Baroque

text: Baroque

question: What happened to the shawn and the wooden cornet during the Baroque period?

answer: fell into disuse

text: fell into disuse

question: The timpani ans castanets are what type of instrument?

answer: Percussion

text: Percussion

question: The serpent is what type of instrument?

answer: Brass

text: Brass

question: Which string instrument often played the basso continuo parts?

answer: theorbo

text: theorbo


text: The first half of the 20th century in Russia and the Soviet Union was marked by a succession of wars, famines and other disasters, each accompanied by large-scale population losses. Stephen J. Lee estimates that, by the end of World War II in 1945, the Russian population was about 90 million fewer than it could have been otherwise.

title: Slavs

title: Slavs

text: The

text: first

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: in

text: Russia

text: and

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: was

text: marked

text: by

text: a

text: succession

text: of

text: wars

text: famines

text: and

text: other

text: disasters

text: each

text: accompanied

text: by

text: large

text: scale

text: population

text: losses

text: Stephen

text: J.

text: Lee

text: estimates

text: that

text: by

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: in

text: the

text: Russian

text: population

text: was

text: about

text: million

text: fewer

text: than

text: it

text: could

text: have

text: been

text: otherwise

question: The first half of the 20th century was marked by what in Russia and the Soviet Union?

answer: succession of wars, famines and other disasters

text: succession of wars, famines and other disasters

question: Who estimated the Russian population was 90 million fewer than it could have been in 1945?

answer: Stephen J. Lee

text: Stephen J. Lee

question: When was the Russian population estimated to be about 90 million fewer than it could have been?

answer: 1945

question: What was marked by succession of wars, famines, and other disasters in the 20th century?

answer: Russia and the Soviet Union

text: Russia and the Soviet Union


text: According to Y chromosome studies by Sanchez et al. (2005), Cruciani et al. (2004, 2007), the Somalis are paternally closely related to other Afro-Asiatic-speaking groups in Northeast Africa. Besides comprising the majority of the Y-DNA in Somalis, the E1b1b1a (formerly E3b1a) haplogroup also makes up a significant proportion of the paternal DNA of Ethiopians, Sudanese, Egyptians, Berbers, North African Arabs, as well as many Mediterranean populations. Sanchez et al. (2005) observed the M78 subclade of E1b1b in about 77% of their Somali male samples. According to Cruciani et al. (2007), the presence of this subhaplogroup in the Horn region may represent the traces of an ancient migration from Egypt/Libya. After haplogroup E1b1b, the second most frequently occurring Y-DNA haplogroup among Somalis is the West Asian haplogroup T (M70). It is observed in slightly more than 10% of Somali males. Haplogroup T, like haplogroup E1b1b, is also typically found among populations of Northeast Africa, North Africa, the Near East and the Mediterranean.

title: Somalis

title: Somalis

text: According

text: to

text: Y

text: chromosome

text: studies

text: by

text: Sanchez

text: et

text: al

text: Cruciani

text: et

text: al

text: the

text: Somalis

text: are

text: paternally

text: closely

text: related

text: to

text: other

text: Afro

text: Asiatic

text: speaking

text: groups

text: in

text: Northeast

text: Africa

text: Besides

text: comprising

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: Y

text: DNA

text: in

text: Somalis

text: the

text: formerly

text: haplogroup

text: also

text: makes

text: up

text: a

text: significant

text: proportion

text: of

text: the

text: paternal

text: DNA

text: of

text: Ethiopians

text: Sudanese

text: Egyptians

text: Berbers

text: North

text: African

text: Arabs

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: many

text: Mediterranean

text: populations

text: Sanchez

text: et

text: al

text: observed

text: the

text: subclade

text: of

text: in

text: about

text: of

text: their

text: Somali

text: male

text: samples

text: According

text: to

text: Cruciani

text: et

text: al

text: the

text: presence

text: of

text: this

text: subhaplogroup

text: in

text: the

text: Horn

text: region

text: may

text: represent

text: the

text: traces

text: of

text: an

text: ancient

text: migration

text: from

text: Egypt

text: Libya

text: After

text: haplogroup

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: frequently

text: occurring

text: Y

text: DNA

text: haplogroup

text: among

text: Somalis

text: is

text: the

text: West

text: Asian

text: haplogroup

text: T

text: It

text: is

text: observed

text: in

text: slightly

text: more

text: than

text: of

text: Somali

text: males

text: Haplogroup

text: T

text: like

text: haplogroup

text: is

text: also

text: typically

text: found

text: among

text: populations

text: of

text: Northeast

text: Africa

text: North

text: Africa

text: the

text: Near

text: East

text: and

text: the

text: Mediterranean

question: In what year did Sanchez publish his study on Somali ethnicity?

answer: 2005

question: What language group speakers are ethnic Somalis closely related to?

answer: Afro-Asiatic

text: Afro-Asiatic

question: What haplogroup is present in a significant number of Somalis?

answer: E1b1b1a

question: Based on the presence of the M78 subclade, where do some researchers think Somalis originated?

answer: Egypt/Libya

text: Egypt/Libya

question: What percentage of Somali males had DNA containing the M78 subclade of E1b1b?

answer: 77%


text: Britain retains sovereignty over 14 territories outside the British Isles, which were renamed the British Overseas Territories in 2002. Some are uninhabited except for transient military or scientific personnel; the remainder are self-governing to varying degrees and are reliant on the UK for foreign relations and defence. The British government has stated its willingness to assist any Overseas Territory that wishes to proceed to independence, where that is an option. British sovereignty of several of the overseas territories is disputed by their geographical neighbours: Gibraltar is claimed by Spain, the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands are claimed by Argentina, and the British Indian Ocean Territory is claimed by Mauritius and Seychelles. The British Antarctic Territory is subject to overlapping claims by Argentina and Chile, while many countries do not recognise any territorial claims in Antarctica.

title: British_Empire

title: British_Empire

text: Britain

text: retains

text: sovereignty

text: over

text: territories

text: outside

text: the

text: British

text: Isles

text: which

text: were

text: renamed

text: the

text: British

text: Overseas

text: Territories

text: in

text: Some

text: are

text: uninhabited

text: except

text: for

text: transient

text: military

text: or

text: scientific

text: personnel

text: the

text: remainder

text: are

text: self

text: governing

text: to

text: varying

text: degrees

text: and

text: are

text: reliant

text: on

text: the

text: UK

text: for

text: foreign

text: relations

text: and

text: defence

text: The

text: British

text: government

text: has

text: stated

text: its

text: willingness

text: to

text: assist

text: any

text: Overseas

text: Territory

text: that

text: wishes

text: to

text: proceed

text: to

text: independence

text: where

text: that

text: is

text: an

text: option

text: British

text: sovereignty

text: of

text: several

text: of

text: the

text: overseas

text: territories

text: is

text: disputed

text: by

text: their

text: geographical

text: neighbours

text: Gibraltar

text: is

text: claimed

text: by

text: Spain

text: the

text: Falkland

text: Islands

text: and

text: South

text: Georgia

text: and

text: the

text: South

text: Sandwich

text: Islands

text: are

text: claimed

text: by

text: Argentina

text: and

text: the

text: British

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: Territory

text: is

text: claimed

text: by

text: Mauritius

text: and

text: Seychelles

text: The

text: British

text: Antarctic

text: Territory

text: is

text: subject

text: to

text: overlapping

text: claims

text: by

text: Argentina

text: and

text: Chile

text: while

text: many

text: countries

text: do

text: not

text: recognise

text: any

text: territorial

text: claims

text: in

text: Antarctica

question: How many overseas territories does Britain still have?

answer: 14

question: When did Britain decide to call its territories the British Overseas Territories?

answer: 2002

question: Which country besides Britain claims Gibraltar?

answer: Spain

text: Spain

question: Which country besides Britain claims the Falkland Islands?

answer: Argentina

text: Argentina

question: Which country besides Britain claims the South Sandwich Islands?

answer: Argentina

text: Argentina


text: The classification of speech varieties as dialects or languages and their relationship to other varieties of speech can be controversial and the verdicts inconsistent. English and Serbo-Croatian illustrate the point. English and Serbo-Croatian each have two major variants (British and American English, and Serbian and Croatian, respectively), along with numerous other varieties. For political reasons, analyzing these varieties as "languages" or "dialects" yields inconsistent results: British and American English, spoken by close political and military allies, are almost universally regarded as dialects of a single language, whereas the standard languages of Serbia and Croatia, which differ from each other to a similar extent as the dialects of English, are being treated by some linguists from the region as distinct languages, largely because the two countries oscillate from being brotherly to being bitter enemies. (The Serbo-Croatian language article deals with this topic much more fully.)

title: Dialect

title: Dialect

text: The

text: classification

text: of

text: speech

text: varieties

text: as

text: dialects

text: or

text: languages

text: and

text: their

text: relationship

text: to

text: other

text: varieties

text: of

text: speech

text: can

text: be

text: controversial

text: and

text: the

text: verdicts

text: inconsistent

text: English

text: and

text: Serbo

text: Croatian

text: illustrate

text: the

text: point

text: English

text: and

text: Serbo

text: Croatian

text: each

text: have

text: two

text: major

text: variants

text: British

text: and

text: American

text: English

text: and

text: Serbian

text: and

text: Croatian

text: respectively

text: along

text: with

text: numerous

text: other

text: varieties

text: For

text: political

text: reasons

text: analyzing

text: these

text: varieties

text: as

text: languages

text: or

text: dialects

text: yields

text: inconsistent

text: results

text: British

text: and

text: American

text: English

text: spoken

text: by

text: close

text: political

text: and

text: military

text: allies

text: are

text: almost

text: universally

text: regarded

text: as

text: dialects

text: of

text: a

text: single

text: language

text: whereas

text: the

text: standard

text: languages

text: of

text: Serbia

text: and

text: Croatia

text: which

text: differ

text: from

text: each

text: other

text: to

text: a

text: similar

text: extent

text: as

text: the

text: dialects

text: of

text: English

text: are

text: being

text: treated

text: by

text: some

text: linguists

text: from

text: the

text: region

text: as

text: distinct

text: languages

text: largely

text: because

text: the

text: two

text: countries

text: oscillate

text: from

text: being

text: brotherly

text: to

text: being

text: bitter

text: enemies

text: The

text: Serbo

text: Croatian

text: language

text: article

text: deals

text: with

text: this

text: topic

text: much

text: more

text: fully

question: Along with British English, what is the major variant of the English language?

answer: American English

text: American English

question: What are the two major variants of Serbo-Croatian?

answer: Serbian and Croatian

text: Serbian and Croatian

question: Are British and American English regarded as distinct languages, or dialects of a single language?

answer: dialects of a single language

text: dialects of a single language

question: Do regional linguists treat Serbian and Croation as distinct languages or as dialects of a single language?

answer: distinct languages

text: distinct languages

question: Why are Serbian and Croatian often treated like distinct languages?

answer: the two countries oscillate from being brotherly to being bitter enemies

text: the two countries oscillate from being brotherly to being bitter enemies


text: All military occupations were open to women in 1989, with the exception of submarine service, which opened in 2000. Throughout the 1990s, the introduction of women into the combat arms increased the potential recruiting pool by about 100 percent. It also provided opportunities for all persons to serve their country to the best of their abilities. Women were fully integrated in all occupations and roles by the government of Jean Chretien, and by 8 March 2000, even allowed to serve on submarines.

title: Canadian_Armed_Forces

title: Canadian_Armed_Forces

text: All

text: military

text: occupations

text: were

text: open

text: to

text: women

text: in

text: with

text: the

text: exception

text: of

text: submarine

text: service

text: which

text: opened

text: in

text: Throughout

text: the

text: the

text: introduction

text: of

text: women

text: into

text: the

text: combat

text: arms

text: increased

text: the

text: potential

text: recruiting

text: pool

text: by

text: about

text: percent

text: It

text: also

text: provided

text: opportunities

text: for

text: all

text: persons

text: to

text: serve

text: their

text: country

text: to

text: the

text: best

text: of

text: their

text: abilities

text: Women

text: were

text: fully

text: integrated

text: in

text: all

text: occupations

text: and

text: roles

text: by

text: the

text: government

text: of

text: Jean

text: Chretien

text: and

text: by

text: March

text: even

text: allowed

text: to

text: serve

text: on

text: submarines

question: What year were most military occupations opened to women?

answer: 1989

question: What military occupation wasn't opened to women until the 2000s?

answer: submarine service

text: submarine service

question: By how much did opening these jobs to women increase the recruiting pool by?

answer: 100 percent

text: 100 percent

question: Which government was responsible in Canadian history for this fact?

answer: the government of Jean Chretien

text: the government of Jean Chretien


text: The engagement was not without controversy: Philip had no financial standing, was foreign-born (though a British subject who had served in the Royal Navy throughout the Second World War), and had sisters who had married German noblemen with Nazi links. Marion Crawford wrote, "Some of the King's advisors did not think him good enough for her. He was a prince without a home or kingdom. Some of the papers played long and loud tunes on the string of Philip's foreign origin." Elizabeth's mother was reported, in later biographies, to have opposed the union initially, even dubbing Philip "The Hun". In later life, however, she told biographer Tim Heald that Philip was "an English gentleman".

title: Elizabeth_II

title: Elizabeth_II

text: The

text: engagement

text: was

text: not

text: without

text: controversy

text: Philip

text: had

text: no

text: financial

text: standing

text: was

text: foreign

text: born

text: though

text: a

text: British

text: subject

text: who

text: had

text: served

text: in

text: the

text: Royal

text: Navy

text: throughout

text: the

text: Second

text: World

text: War

text: and

text: had

text: sisters

text: who

text: had

text: married

text: German

text: noblemen

text: with

text: Nazi

text: links

text: Marion

text: Crawford

text: wrote

text: Some

text: of

text: the

text: King

text: 's

text: advisors

text: did

text: not

text: think

text: him

text: good

text: enough

text: for

text: her

text: He

text: was

text: a

text: prince

text: without

text: a

text: home

text: or

text: kingdom

text: Some

text: of

text: the

text: papers

text: played

text: long

text: and

text: loud

text: tunes

text: on

text: the

text: string

text: of

text: Philip

text: 's

text: foreign

text: origin

text: Elizabeth

text: 's

text: mother

text: was

text: reported

text: in

text: later

text: biographies

text: to

text: have

text: opposed

text: the

text: union

text: initially

text: even

text: dubbing

text: Philip

text: The

text: Hun

text: In

text: later

text: life

text: however

text: she

text: told

text: biographer

text: Tim

text: Heald

text: that

text: Philip

text: was

text: an

text: English

text: gentleman

question: Where did Philip serve during WWII?

answer: Royal Navy

text: Royal Navy

question: What did Crawford report that some of the King's advisers thought of Philip?

answer: good enough

text: good enough

question: To whom did Philip's sisters marry?

answer: German noblemen

text: German noblemen

question: What did Elizabeth's mother call Philip?

answer: "The Hun"

text: "The Hun"

question: What did Elizabeth's mother later say that Philip was?

answer: "an English gentleman"

text: "an English gentleman"


text: In 1911 arsphenamine, the first synthetic anti-infective drug, was developed by Paul Ehrlich and chemist Alfred Bertheim of the Institute of Experimental Therapy in Berlin. The drug was given the commercial name Salvarsan. Ehrlich, noting both the general toxicity of arsenic and the selective absorption of certain dyes by bacteria, hypothesized that an arsenic-containing dye with similar selective absorption properties could be used to treat bacterial infections. Arsphenamine was prepared as part of a campaign to synthesize a series of such compounds, and found to exhibit partially selective toxicity. Arsphenamine proved to be the first effective treatment for syphilis, a disease which prior to that time was incurable and led inexorably to severe skin ulceration, neurological damage, and death.[citation needed]

title: Pharmaceutical_industry

title: Pharmaceutical_industry

text: In

text: arsphenamine

text: the

text: first

text: synthetic

text: anti

text: infective

text: drug

text: was

text: developed

text: by

text: Paul

text: Ehrlich

text: and

text: chemist

text: Alfred

text: Bertheim

text: of

text: the

text: Institute

text: of

text: Experimental

text: Therapy

text: in

text: Berlin

text: The

text: drug

text: was

text: given

text: the

text: commercial

text: name

text: Salvarsan

text: Ehrlich

text: noting

text: both

text: the

text: general

text: toxicity

text: of

text: arsenic

text: and

text: the

text: selective

text: absorption

text: of

text: certain

text: dyes

text: by

text: bacteria

text: hypothesized

text: that

text: an

text: arsenic

text: containing

text: dye

text: with

text: similar

text: selective

text: absorption

text: properties

text: could

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: treat

text: bacterial

text: infections

text: Arsphenamine

text: was

text: prepared

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: a

text: campaign

text: to

text: synthesize

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: such

text: compounds

text: and

text: found

text: to

text: exhibit

text: partially

text: selective

text: toxicity

text: Arsphenamine

text: proved

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: first

text: effective

text: treatment

text: for

text: syphilis

text: a

text: disease

text: which

text: prior

text: to

text: that

text: time

text: was

text: incurable

text: and

text: led

text: inexorably

text: to

text: severe

text: skin

text: ulceration

text: neurological

text: damage

text: and

text: death.[citation

text: needed

question: Who developed Arsphenamine?

answer: Paul Ehrlich and chemist Alfred Bertheim

text: Paul Ehrlich and chemist Alfred Bertheim

question: What was the first effective treatment for Syphilis?

answer: Arsphenamine

text: Arsphenamine

question: What complications are associated with Syphilis?

answer: severe skin ulceration, neurological damage, and death

text: severe skin ulceration, neurological damage, and death

question: What is Amphetamine's market name?

answer: Institute of Experimental Therapy

text: Institute of Experimental Therapy

question: Where is the Institute of Experimental Therapy located?

answer: Berlin

text: Berlin

question: Bacterial infections could be treated with medicines containing what kind of dye?

answer: arsenic

text: arsenic

question: What was the name of the first synthetic bacterial drug?

answer: arsphenamine

text: arsphenamine

question: Arsphenamine became the first treatment for what previously incurable disease?

answer: syphilis

text: syphilis

question: In what year was arsphenamine discovered?

answer: 1911

question: What was the commercial name of arsphenamine?

answer: Salvarsan

text: Salvarsan


text: An influx of interstate and overseas migrants, particularly Irish, German and Chinese, saw the development of slums including a temporary "tent city" established on the southern banks of the Yarra. Chinese migrants founded the Melbourne Chinatown in 1851, which remains the longest continuous Chinese settlement in the Western World. In the aftermath of the Eureka Stockade, mass public support for the plight of the miners resulted in major political changes to the colony, including changes to working conditions across local industries including mining, agriculture and manufacturing. The nationalities involved in the Eureka revolt and Burke and Wills expedition gave an indication of immigration flows in the second half of the nineteenth century.

title: Melbourne

title: Melbourne

text: An

text: influx

text: of

text: interstate

text: and

text: overseas

text: migrants

text: particularly

text: Irish

text: German

text: and

text: Chinese

text: saw

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: slums

text: including

text: a

text: temporary

text: tent

text: city

text: established

text: on

text: the

text: southern

text: banks

text: of

text: the

text: Yarra

text: Chinese

text: migrants

text: founded

text: the

text: Melbourne

text: Chinatown

text: in

text: which

text: remains

text: the

text: longest

text: continuous

text: Chinese

text: settlement

text: in

text: the

text: Western

text: World

text: In

text: the

text: aftermath

text: of

text: the

text: Eureka

text: Stockade

text: mass

text: public

text: support

text: for

text: the

text: plight

text: of

text: the

text: miners

text: resulted

text: in

text: major

text: political

text: changes

text: to

text: the

text: colony

text: including

text: changes

text: to

text: working

text: conditions

text: across

text: local

text: industries

text: including

text: mining

text: agriculture

text: and

text: manufacturing

text: The

text: nationalities

text: involved

text: in

text: the

text: Eureka

text: revolt

text: and

text: Burke

text: and

text: Wills

text: expedition

text: gave

text: an

text: indication

text: of

text: immigration

text: flows

text: in

text: the

text: second

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: nineteenth

text: century

question: What term is given to the slums established on the souther banks of the Yarra?

answer: tent city

text: tent city

question: In what year was Melbourne Chinatown founded?

answer: 1851

question: Which ethninticities contributed an influx of interstate and overseas migrants to Melbourne?

answer: Irish, German and Chinese

text: Irish, German and Chinese

question: Which community is the longest continuous Chinese settlement in the Western World?

answer: Melbourne Chinatown

text: Melbourne Chinatown

question: During the second half of what century did the Burke and Wills expedition give an indication of immigration flows?

answer: second half of the nineteenth century

text: second half of the nineteenth century


text: Hiberni (Ireland), Pictish (northern Britain) and Britons (southern Britain) tribes, all speaking Insular Celtic, inhabited the islands at the beginning of the 1st millennium AD. Much of Brittonic-controlled Britain was conquered by the Roman Empire from AD 43. The first Anglo-Saxons arrived as Roman power waned in the 5th century and eventually dominated the bulk of what is now England. Viking invasions began in the 9th century, followed by more permanent settlements and political change—particularly in England. The subsequent Norman conquest of England in 1066 and the later Angevin partial conquest of Ireland from 1169 led to the imposition of a new Norman ruling elite across much of Britain and parts of Ireland. By the Late Middle Ages, Great Britain was separated into the Kingdoms of England and Scotland, while control in Ireland fluxed between Gaelic kingdoms, Hiberno-Norman lords and the English-dominated Lordship of Ireland, soon restricted only to The Pale. The 1603 Union of the Crowns, Acts of Union 1707 and Acts of Union 1800 attempted to consolidate Britain and Ireland into a single political unit, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, with the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands remaining as Crown Dependencies. The expansion of the British Empire and migrations following the Irish Famine and Highland Clearances resulted in the distribution of the islands' population and culture throughout the world and a rapid de-population of Ireland in the second half of the 19th century. Most of Ireland seceded from the United Kingdom after the Irish War of Independence and the subsequent Anglo-Irish Treaty (1919–1922), with six counties remaining in the UK as Northern Ireland.

title: British_Isles

title: British_Isles

text: Hiberni

text: Ireland

text: Pictish

text: northern

text: Britain

text: and

text: Britons

text: southern

text: Britain

text: tribes

text: all

text: speaking

text: Insular

text: Celtic

text: inhabited

text: the

text: islands

text: at

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: millennium

text: AD

text: Much

text: of

text: Brittonic

text: controlled

text: Britain

text: was

text: conquered

text: by

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: from

text: AD

text: The

text: first

text: Anglo

text: Saxons

text: arrived

text: as

text: Roman

text: power

text: waned

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: and

text: eventually

text: dominated

text: the

text: bulk

text: of

text: what

text: is

text: now

text: England

text: Viking

text: invasions

text: began

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: followed

text: by

text: more

text: permanent

text: settlements

text: and

text: political

text: change

text: particularly

text: in

text: England

text: The

text: subsequent

text: Norman

text: conquest

text: of

text: England

text: in

text: and

text: the

text: later

text: Angevin

text: partial

text: conquest

text: of

text: Ireland

text: from

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: imposition

text: of

text: a

text: new

text: Norman

text: ruling

text: elite

text: across

text: much

text: of

text: Britain

text: and

text: parts

text: of

text: Ireland

text: By

text: the

text: Late

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: Great

text: Britain

text: was

text: separated

text: into

text: the

text: Kingdoms

text: of

text: England

text: and

text: Scotland

text: while

text: control

text: in

text: Ireland

text: fluxed

text: between

text: Gaelic

text: kingdoms

text: Hiberno

text: Norman

text: lords

text: and

text: the

text: English

text: dominated

text: Lordship

text: of

text: Ireland

text: soon

text: restricted

text: only

text: to

text: The

text: Pale

text: The

text: Union

text: of

text: the

text: Crowns

text: Acts

text: of

text: Union

text: and

text: Acts

text: of

text: Union

text: attempted

text: to

text: consolidate

text: Britain

text: and

text: Ireland

text: into

text: a

text: single

text: political

text: unit

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: and

text: Ireland

text: with

text: the

text: Isle

text: of

text: Man

text: and

text: the

text: Channel

text: Islands

text: remaining

text: as

text: Crown

text: Dependencies

text: The

text: expansion

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: Empire

text: and

text: migrations

text: following

text: the

text: Irish

text: Famine

text: and

text: Highland

text: Clearances

text: resulted

text: in

text: the

text: distribution

text: of

text: the

text: islands

text: population

text: and

text: culture

text: throughout

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: a

text: rapid

text: de

text: population

text: of

text: Ireland

text: in

text: the

text: second

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: Most

text: of

text: Ireland

text: seceded

text: from

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: after

text: the

text: Irish

text: War

text: of

text: Independence

text: and

text: the

text: subsequent

text: Anglo

text: Irish

text: Treaty

text: with

text: six

text: counties

text: remaining

text: in

text: the

text: UK

text: as

text: Northern

text: Ireland

question: Which is one of the tribes that spoke Insular Celtic?

answer: Pictish (northern Britain)

text: Pictish (northern Britain)

question: When did the Pictish tribe start to inhabit the islands?

answer: beginning of the 1st millennium AD

text: beginning of the 1st millennium AD

question: Who foreign group conquered Britain around AD 43?

answer: Roman Empire

text: Roman Empire

question: When did the Vikings invade Britain?

answer: 9th century

text: 9th century

question: What are the six counties in Ireland called that are still part of the United Kingdom?

answer: Northern Ireland

text: Northern Ireland


text: Since incandescent light bulbs use more energy than alternatives such as CFLs and LED lamps, many governments have introduced measures to ban their use, by setting minimum efficacy standards higher than can be achieved by incandescent lamps. Measures to ban light bulbs have been implemented in the European Union, the United States, Russia, Brazil, Argentina, Canada and Australia, among others. In the Europe the EC has calculated that the ban contributes 5 to 10 billion euros to the economy and saves 40 TWh of electricity every year, translating in CO2 emission reductions of 15 million tonnes.

title: Incandescent_light_bulb

title: Incandescent_light_bulb

text: Since

text: incandescent

text: light

text: bulbs

text: use

text: more

text: energy

text: than

text: alternatives

text: such

text: as

text: CFLs

text: and

text: LED

text: lamps

text: many

text: governments

text: have

text: introduced

text: measures

text: to

text: ban

text: their

text: use

text: by

text: setting

text: minimum

text: efficacy

text: standards

text: higher

text: than

text: can

text: be

text: achieved

text: by

text: incandescent

text: lamps

text: Measures

text: to

text: ban

text: light

text: bulbs

text: have

text: been

text: implemented

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Russia

text: Brazil

text: Argentina

text: Canada

text: and

text: Australia

text: among

text: others

text: In

text: the

text: Europe

text: the

text: EC

text: has

text: calculated

text: that

text: the

text: ban

text: contributes

text: to

text: billion

text: euros

text: to

text: the

text: economy

text: and

text: saves

text: TWh

text: of

text: electricity

text: every

text: year

text: translating

text: in

text: emission

text: reductions

text: of

text: million

text: tonnes

question: Do incandescent light bulbs use more or less energy as compared to CFLs and LED lamps?

answer: more

text: more

question: How much does the incandescent light ban in Europe contribute to the economy each year?

answer: 5 to 10 billion euros

text: 5 to 10 billion euros

question: How much energy does the incandescent light ban in Europe save each year?

answer: 40 TWh of electricity

text: 40 TWh of electricity

question: How much CO2 emissions does the incandescent light ban in Europe save each year?

answer: 15 million tonnes

text: 15 million tonnes

question: How are laws written that bring about a ban of incandescent light bulbs?

answer: by setting minimum efficacy standards higher than can be achieved by incandescent lamps

text: by setting minimum efficacy standards higher than can be achieved by incandescent lamps


text: Few large stone buildings were constructed between the Constantinian basilicas of the 4th century and the 8th century, although many smaller ones were built during the 6th and 7th centuries. By the beginning of the 8th century, the Carolingian Empire revived the basilica form of architecture. One feature of the basilica is the use of a transept, or the "arms" of a cross-shaped building that are perpendicular to the long nave. Other new features of religious architecture include the crossing tower and a monumental entrance to the church, usually at the west end of the building.

title: Middle_Ages

title: Middle_Ages

text: Few

text: large

text: stone

text: buildings

text: were

text: constructed

text: between

text: the

text: Constantinian

text: basilicas

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: and

text: the

text: century

text: although

text: many

text: smaller

text: ones

text: were

text: built

text: during

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

text: By

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: Carolingian

text: Empire

text: revived

text: the

text: basilica

text: form

text: of

text: architecture

text: One

text: feature

text: of

text: the

text: basilica

text: is

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: a

text: transept

text: or

text: the

text: arms

text: of

text: a

text: cross

text: shaped

text: building

text: that

text: are

text: perpendicular

text: to

text: the

text: long

text: nave

text: Other

text: new

text: features

text: of

text: religious

text: architecture

text: include

text: the

text: crossing

text: tower

text: and

text: a

text: monumental

text: entrance

text: to

text: the

text: church

text: usually

text: at

text: the

text: west

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: building

question: When were the Constantinian basilicas built?

answer: 4th century

text: 4th century

question: In what part of the church was the monumental entrance typically placed?

answer: the west end

text: the west end

question: What type of architecture did the Carolingian Empire bring back into use?

answer: the basilica

text: the basilica

question: What is a notable architectural feature of the basilica?

answer: transept

text: transept

question: How is the transept positioned in relation to the nave?

answer: perpendicular

text: perpendicular


text: The major and native language spoken in the Punjab is Punjabi (which is written in a Shahmukhi script in Pakistan) and Punjabis comprise the largest ethnic group in country. Punjabi is the provincial language of Punjab. There is not a single district in the province where Punjabi language is mother-tongue of less than 89% of population. The language is not given any official recognition in the Constitution of Pakistan at the national level. Punjabis themselves are a heterogeneous group comprising different tribes, clans (Urdu: برادری) and communities. In Pakistani Punjab these tribes have more to do with traditional occupations such as blacksmiths or artisans as opposed to rigid social stratifications. Punjabi dialects spoken in the province include Majhi (Standard), Saraiki and Hindko. Saraiki is mostly spoken in south Punjab, and Pashto, spoken in some parts of north west Punjab, especially in Attock District and Mianwali District.

title: Punjab,_Pakistan

title: Punjab,_Pakistan

text: The

text: major

text: and

text: native

text: language

text: spoken

text: in

text: the

text: Punjab

text: is

text: Punjabi

text: which

text: is

text: written

text: in

text: a

text: Shahmukhi

text: script

text: in

text: Pakistan

text: and

text: Punjabis

text: comprise

text: the

text: largest

text: ethnic

text: group

text: in

text: country

text: Punjabi

text: is

text: the

text: provincial

text: language

text: of

text: Punjab

text: There

text: is

text: not

text: a

text: single

text: district

text: in

text: the

text: province

text: where

text: Punjabi

text: language

text: is

text: mother

text: tongue

text: of

text: less

text: than

text: of

text: population

text: The

text: language

text: is

text: not

text: given

text: any

text: official

text: recognition

text: in

text: the

text: Constitution

text: of

text: Pakistan

text: at

text: the

text: national

text: level

text: Punjabis

text: themselves

text: are

text: a

text: heterogeneous

text: group

text: comprising

text: different

text: tribes

text: clans

text: Urdu

text: برادری

text: and

text: communities

text: In

text: Pakistani

text: Punjab

text: these

text: tribes

text: have

text: more

text: to

text: do

text: with

text: traditional

text: occupations

text: such

text: as

text: blacksmiths

text: or

text: artisans

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: rigid

text: social

text: stratifications

text: Punjabi

text: dialects

text: spoken

text: in

text: the

text: province

text: include

text: Majhi

text: Standard

text: Saraiki

text: and

text: Hindko

text: Saraiki

text: is

text: mostly

text: spoken

text: in

text: south

text: Punjab

text: and

text: Pashto

text: spoken

text: in

text: some

text: parts

text: of

text: north

text: west

text: Punjab

text: especially

text: in

text: Attock

text: District

text: and

text: Mianwali

text: District

question: What is Punjab's major language?

answer: Punjabi

text: Punjabi

question: How is Punjabi written?

answer: in a Shahmukhi script

text: in a Shahmukhi script

question: What is the largest ethnic group in Pakistan?

answer: Punjabis

text: Punjabis

question: What minimum percent of each Punjab district speaks Punjabi natively?

answer: 89%

question: Where is Saraiki usually spoken?

answer: south Punjab

text: south Punjab


text: Ann Arbor was founded in 1824, named for wives of the village's founders and the stands of Bur Oak trees. The University of Michigan moved from Detroit to Ann Arbor in 1837, and the city grew at a rapid rate in the early to mid-20th century. During the 1960s and 1970s, the city gained a reputation as a center for left-wing politics. Ann Arbor became a focal point for political activism and served as a hub for the civil-rights movement and anti-Vietnam War movement, as well as various student movements.

title: Ann_Arbor,_Michigan

title: Ann_Arbor,_Michigan

text: Ann

text: Arbor

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: named

text: for

text: wives

text: of

text: the

text: village

text: 's

text: founders

text: and

text: the

text: stands

text: of

text: Bur

text: Oak

text: trees

text: The

text: University

text: of

text: Michigan

text: moved

text: from

text: Detroit

text: to

text: Ann

text: Arbor

text: in

text: and

text: the

text: city

text: grew

text: at

text: a

text: rapid

text: rate

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: to

text: century

text: During

text: the

text: and

text: the

text: city

text: gained

text: a

text: reputation

text: as

text: a

text: center

text: for

text: left

text: wing

text: politics

text: Ann

text: Arbor

text: became

text: a

text: focal

text: point

text: for

text: political

text: activism

text: and

text: served

text: as

text: a

text: hub

text: for

text: the

text: civil

text: rights

text: movement

text: and

text: anti

text: Vietnam

text: War

text: movement

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: various

text: student

text: movements

question: When was Ann Arbor founded?

answer: 1824

question: Which University moved from Detroit to Ann Arbor in 1837?

answer: University of Michigan

text: University of Michigan

question: During  the 1960's & 70's, Ann Arbor gained a reputation for what?

answer: center for left-wing politics

text: center for left-wing politics

question: Which type of tree is associated with the city Ann Arbor's name?

answer: Bur Oak

text: Bur Oak


text: Coordinative definition has two major features. The first has to do with coordinating units of length with certain physical objects. This is motivated by the fact that we can never directly apprehend length. Instead we must choose some physical object, say the Standard Metre at the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (International Bureau of Weights and Measures), or the wavelength of cadmium to stand in as our unit of length. The second feature deals with separated objects. Although we can, presumably, directly test the equality of length of two measuring rods when they are next to one another, we can not find out as much for two rods distant from one another. Even supposing that two rods, whenever brought near to one another are seen to be equal in length, we are not justified in stating that they are always equal in length. This impossibility undermines our ability to decide the equality of length of two distant objects. Sameness of length, to the contrary, must be set by definition.

title: Philosophy_of_space_and_time

title: Philosophy_of_space_and_time

text: Coordinative

text: definition

text: has

text: two

text: major

text: features

text: The

text: first

text: has

text: to

text: do

text: with

text: coordinating

text: units

text: of

text: length

text: with

text: certain

text: physical

text: objects

text: This

text: is

text: motivated

text: by

text: the

text: fact

text: that

text: we

text: can

text: never

text: directly

text: apprehend

text: length

text: Instead

text: we

text: must

text: choose

text: some

text: physical

text: object

text: say

text: the

text: Standard

text: Metre

text: at

text: the

text: Bureau

text: International

text: des

text: Poids

text: et

text: Mesures

text: International

text: Bureau

text: of

text: Weights

text: and

text: Measures

text: or

text: the

text: wavelength

text: of

text: cadmium

text: to

text: stand

text: in

text: as

text: our

text: unit

text: of

text: length

text: The

text: second

text: feature

text: deals

text: with

text: separated

text: objects

text: Although

text: we

text: can

text: presumably

text: directly

text: test

text: the

text: equality

text: of

text: length

text: of

text: two

text: measuring

text: rods

text: when

text: they

text: are

text: next

text: to

text: one

text: another

text: we

text: can

text: not

text: find

text: out

text: as

text: much

text: for

text: two

text: rods

text: distant

text: from

text: one

text: another

text: Even

text: supposing

text: that

text: two

text: rods

text: whenever

text: brought

text: near

text: to

text: one

text: another

text: are

text: seen

text: to

text: be

text: equal

text: in

text: length

text: we

text: are

text: not

text: justified

text: in

text: stating

text: that

text: they

text: are

text: always

text: equal

text: in

text: length

text: This

text: impossibility

text: undermines

text: our

text: ability

text: to

text: decide

text: the

text: equality

text: of

text: length

text: of

text: two

text: distant

text: objects

text: Sameness

text: of

text: length

text: to

text: the

text: contrary

text: must

text: be

text: set

text: by

text: definition

question: Coordinative definition has how many major features?

answer: two

text: two

question: The first feature of Coordinative definition involves what?

answer: coordinating units of length with certain physical objects

text: coordinating units of length with certain physical objects

question: What is the first feature motivated by?

answer: we can never directly apprehend length

text: we can never directly apprehend length

question: The second feature of Coordinative definition involves what?

answer: separated objects

text: separated objects

question: Sameness of length must be set how?

answer: by definition

text: by definition


text: Undergraduate tuition for the 2012/13 school year was $61,240; this includes the basic tuition of $43,380, fees (health $200, etc.), room and board of $13,329 (less if commuting), books and supplies $1,842, personal expenses $1,890, transportation cost of $400. Northwestern awards financial aid solely on the basis of need through loans, work-study, grants, and scholarships. The University processed in excess of $472 million in financial aid for the 2009–2010 academic year. This included $265 million in institutional funds, with the remainder coming from federal and state governments and private organizations and individuals. Northwestern scholarship programs for undergraduate students support needy students from a variety of income and backgrounds. Approximately 44 percent of the June 2010 graduates had received federal and/or private loans for their undergraduate education, graduating with an average debt of $17,200.

title: Northwestern_University

title: Northwestern_University

text: Undergraduate

text: tuition

text: for

text: the

text: school

text: year

text: was

text: this

text: includes

text: the

text: basic

text: tuition

text: of

text: fees

text: health

text: etc

text: room

text: and

text: board

text: of

text: less

text: if

text: commuting

text: books

text: and

text: supplies

text: personal

text: expenses

text: transportation

text: cost

text: of

text: Northwestern

text: awards

text: financial

text: aid

text: solely

text: on

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: need

text: through

text: loans

text: work

text: study

text: grants

text: and

text: scholarships

text: The

text: University

text: processed

text: in

text: excess

text: of

text: million

text: in

text: financial

text: aid

text: for

text: the

text: academic

text: year

text: This

text: included

text: million

text: in

text: institutional

text: funds

text: with

text: the

text: remainder

text: coming

text: from

text: federal

text: and

text: state

text: governments

text: and

text: private

text: organizations

text: and

text: individuals

text: Northwestern

text: scholarship

text: programs

text: for

text: undergraduate

text: students

text: support

text: needy

text: students

text: from

text: a

text: variety

text: of

text: income

text: and

text: backgrounds

text: Approximately

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: June

text: graduates

text: had

text: received

text: federal

text: and/or

text: private

text: loans

text: for

text: their

text: undergraduate

text: education

text: graduating

text: with

text: an

text: average

text: debt

text: of

question: What was the total undergrad tuition for the 2012/2013 school year?

answer: $61,240

question: On what basis does Northwestern award financial aid?

answer: need

text: need

question: What percentage of the June 2010 graduates received federal or private loans?

answer: Approximately 44

text: Approximately 44

question: What was the average debt for the June 2010 graduates?

answer: $17,200

question: How much financial aid did Northwestern process for the 2009-2010 academic year?

answer: in excess of $472 million

text: in excess of $472 million


text: According to eastern homeland theory, prior to becoming known to the Roman world, Slavic-speaking tribes were part of the many multi-ethnic confederacies of Eurasia – such as the Sarmatian, Hun and Gothic empires. The Slavs emerged from obscurity when the westward movement of Germans in the 5th and 6th centuries CE (thought to be in conjunction with the movement of peoples from Siberia and Eastern Europe: Huns, and later Avars and Bulgars) started the great migration of the Slavs, who settled the lands abandoned by Germanic tribes fleeing the Huns and their allies: westward into the country between the Oder and the Elbe-Saale line; southward into Bohemia, Moravia, much of present-day Austria, the Pannonian plain and the Balkans; and northward along the upper Dnieper river. Perhaps some Slavs migrated with the movement of the Vandals to Iberia and north Africa.

title: Slavs

title: Slavs

text: According

text: to

text: eastern

text: homeland

text: theory

text: prior

text: to

text: becoming

text: known

text: to

text: the

text: Roman

text: world

text: Slavic

text: speaking

text: tribes

text: were

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: many

text: multi

text: ethnic

text: confederacies

text: of

text: Eurasia

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Sarmatian

text: Hun

text: and

text: Gothic

text: empires

text: The

text: Slavs

text: emerged

text: from

text: obscurity

text: when

text: the

text: westward

text: movement

text: of

text: Germans

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

text: CE

text: thought

text: to

text: be

text: in

text: conjunction

text: with

text: the

text: movement

text: of

text: peoples

text: from

text: Siberia

text: and

text: Eastern

text: Europe

text: Huns

text: and

text: later

text: Avars

text: and

text: Bulgars

text: started

text: the

text: great

text: migration

text: of

text: the

text: Slavs

text: who

text: settled

text: the

text: lands

text: abandoned

text: by

text: Germanic

text: tribes

text: fleeing

text: the

text: Huns

text: and

text: their

text: allies

text: westward

text: into

text: the

text: country

text: between

text: the

text: Oder

text: and

text: the

text: Elbe

text: Saale

text: line

text: southward

text: into

text: Bohemia

text: Moravia

text: much

text: of

text: present

text: day

text: Austria

text: the

text: Pannonian

text: plain

text: and

text: the

text: Balkans

text: and

text: northward

text: along

text: the

text: upper

text: Dnieper

text: river

text: Perhaps

text: some

text: Slavs

text: migrated

text: with

text: the

text: movement

text: of

text: the

text: Vandals

text: to

text: Iberia

text: and

text: north

text: Africa

question: Slavic-speaking tribes were part of what prior to becoming known to the Roman world?

answer: multi-ethnic confederacies of Eurasia

text: multi-ethnic confederacies of Eurasia

question: What were some of the multi-ethnic confederacies of Eurasia?

answer: the Sarmatian, Hun and Gothic empires

text: the Sarmatian, Hun and Gothic empires

question: Who started the great migration of the Slavs?

answer: Germans

text: Germans

question: Some Slavs migrated with the movement of the Vandals to where?

answer: Iberia and north Africa

text: Iberia and north Africa

question: Who were the Germanic tribes fleeing?

answer: the Huns and their allies

text: the Huns and their allies


text: Philip II of Spain decreed the change from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar, which affected much of Roman Catholic Europe, as Philip was at the time ruler over Spain and Portugal as well as much of Italy. In these territories, as well as in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (ruled by Anna Jagiellon) and in the Papal States, the new calendar was implemented on the date specified by the bull, with Julian Thursday, 4 October 1582, being followed by Gregorian Friday, 15 October 1582. The Spanish and Portuguese colonies followed somewhat later de facto because of delay in communication.

title: Gregorian_calendar

title: Gregorian_calendar

text: Philip

text: II

text: of

text: Spain

text: decreed

text: the

text: change

text: from

text: the

text: Julian

text: to

text: the

text: Gregorian

text: calendar

text: which

text: affected

text: much

text: of

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: Europe

text: as

text: Philip

text: was

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: ruler

text: over

text: Spain

text: and

text: Portugal

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: much

text: of

text: Italy

text: In

text: these

text: territories

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: in

text: the

text: Polish

text: Lithuanian

text: Commonwealth

text: ruled

text: by

text: Anna

text: Jagiellon

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: Papal

text: States

text: the

text: new

text: calendar

text: was

text: implemented

text: on

text: the

text: date

text: specified

text: by

text: the

text: bull

text: with

text: Julian

text: Thursday

text: October

text: being

text: followed

text: by

text: Gregorian

text: Friday

text: October

text: The

text: Spanish

text: and

text: Portuguese

text: colonies

text: followed

text: somewhat

text: later

text: de

text: facto

text: because

text: of

text: delay

text: in

text: communication

question: What ruler decreed the change to the Gregorian calendar?

answer: Philip II of Spain

text: Philip II of Spain

question: Besides part of Italy, over what areas did Phillip rule?

answer: Spain and Portugal

text: Spain and Portugal

question: What was the first day selected to be the first day using the new calendar?

answer: Friday, 15 October 1582

text: Friday, 15 October 1582

question: What was the last day the Julian calendar was used?

answer: Thursday, 4 October 1582

text: Thursday, 4 October 1582

question: Why did the Spanish colonies lag behind in adopting the calendar?

answer: delay in communication

text: delay in communication


text: On January 9, 1957, Karachay Autonomous Oblast and Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic were restored by Khrushchev and they were transferred from the Georgian SSR back to the Russian SFSR.

title: Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic

text: On

text: January

text: Karachay

text: Autonomous

text: Oblast

text: and

text: Chechen

text: Ingush

text: Autonomous

text: Soviet

text: Socialist

text: Republic

text: were

text: restored

text: by

text: Khrushchev

text: and

text: they

text: were

text: transferred

text: from

text: the

text: Georgian

text: SSR

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: Russian

text: SFSR

question: When was the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic transferred from the Georgian SSR?

answer: January 9, 1957

text: January 9, 1957

question: What territory was transferred along with the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic?

answer: Karachay Autonomous Oblast

text: Karachay Autonomous Oblast

question: Who transferred the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1957?

answer: Khrushchev

text: Khrushchev

question: To what republic was the Karachay Autonomous Oblast transferred in 1957?

answer: the Russian SFSR

text: the Russian SFSR

question: What republic had the Karachay Autonomous Oblast previously been a part of?

answer: the Georgian SSR

text: the Georgian SSR


text: The Low German varieties spoken in Germany are often counted among the German dialects. This reflects the modern situation where they are roofed by standard German. This is different from the situation in the Middle Ages when Low German had strong tendencies towards an ausbau language.

title: Dialect

title: Dialect

text: The

text: Low

text: German

text: varieties

text: spoken

text: in

text: Germany

text: are

text: often

text: counted

text: among

text: the

text: German

text: dialects

text: This

text: reflects

text: the

text: modern

text: situation

text: where

text: they

text: are

text: roofed

text: by

text: standard

text: German

text: This

text: is

text: different

text: from

text: the

text: situation

text: in

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: when

text: Low

text: German

text: had

text: strong

text: tendencies

text: towards

text: an

text: ausbau

text: language

question: What type of language was Low German in the Middle Ages?

answer: an ausbau language

text: an ausbau language

question: Why are Low German varieties regarded as dialects of standard German?

answer: they are roofed by standard German

text: they are roofed by standard German


text: In 1958, Korolev upgraded the R-7 to be able to launch a 400-kilogram (880 lb) payload to the Moon. Three secret 1958 attempts to launch Luna E-1-class impactor probes failed. The fourth attempt, Luna 1, launched successfully on January 2, 1959, but missed the Moon. The fifth attempt on June 18 also failed at launch. The 390-kilogram (860 lb) Luna 2 successfully impacted the Moon on September 14, 1959. The 278.5-kilogram (614 lb) Luna 3 successfully flew by the Moon and sent back pictures of its far side on October 6, 1959.

title: Space_Race

title: Space_Race

text: In

text: Korolev

text: upgraded

text: the

text: to

text: be

text: able

text: to

text: launch

text: a

text: lb

text: payload

text: to

text: the

text: Moon

text: Three

text: secret

text: attempts

text: to

text: launch

text: Luna

text: impactor

text: probes

text: failed

text: The

text: fourth

text: attempt

text: Luna

text: launched

text: successfully

text: on

text: January

text: but

text: missed

text: the

text: Moon

text: The

text: fifth

text: attempt

text: on

text: June

text: also

text: failed

text: at

text: launch

text: The

text: lb

text: Luna

text: successfully

text: impacted

text: the

text: Moon

text: on

text: September

text: The

text: lb

text: Luna

text: successfully

text: flew

text: by

text: the

text: Moon

text: and

text: sent

text: back

text: pictures

text: of

text: its

text: far

text: side

text: on

text: October

question: How many attempts to the Moon did Luna E-1-class probes fail before successfully launching?

answer: 4

question: The first probe to land on the Moon was in what year?

answer: 1959

question: Which Luna probe successfully photographed the back side of the Moon?

answer: Luna 3

text: Luna 3