text: In the 1950s, the Ethiopian feudal administration under Emperor Haile Selassie sought to annex Eritrea and Italian Somaliland. He laid claim to both territories in a letter to Franklin D. Roosevelt at the Paris Peace Conference and at the First Session of the United Nations. In the United Nations, the debate over the fate of the former Italian colonies continued. The British and Americans preferred to cede all of Eritrea except the Western province to the Ethiopians as a reward for their support during World War II. The Independence Bloc of Eritrean parties consistently requested from the UN General Assembly that a referendum be held immediately to settle the Eritrean question of sovereignty.

title: Eritrea

title: Eritrea

text: In

text: the

text: the

text: Ethiopian

text: feudal

text: administration

text: under

text: Emperor

text: Haile

text: Selassie

text: sought

text: to

text: annex

text: Eritrea

text: and

text: Italian

text: Somaliland

text: He

text: laid

text: claim

text: to

text: both

text: territories

text: in

text: a

text: letter

text: to

text: Franklin

text: D.

text: Roosevelt

text: at

text: the

text: Paris

text: Peace

text: Conference

text: and

text: at

text: the

text: First

text: Session

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: the

text: debate

text: over

text: the

text: fate

text: of

text: the

text: former

text: Italian

text: colonies

text: continued

text: The

text: British

text: and

text: Americans

text: preferred

text: to

text: cede

text: all

text: of

text: Eritrea

text: except

text: the

text: Western

text: province

text: to

text: the

text: Ethiopians

text: as

text: a

text: reward

text: for

text: their

text: support

text: during

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: The

text: Independence

text: Bloc

text: of

text: Eritrean

text: parties

text: consistently

text: requested

text: from

text: the

text: UN

text: General

text: Assembly

text: that

text: a

text: referendum

text: be

text: held

text: immediately

text: to

text: settle

text: the

text: Eritrean

text: question

text: of

text: sovereignty

question: What did Emperor Haile Selassie seek to annex in the 1950's?

answer: Eritrea and Italian Somaliland

text: Eritrea and Italian Somaliland

question: Why did the British and Americans want to cede most of Eritrea to the Ethiopians?

answer: as a reward for their support during World War II

text: as a reward for their support during World War II

question: Who laid claim to Eritrea and Italian Somaliland in a letter to Franklin D. Roosevelt?

answer: Emperor Haile Selassie

text: Emperor Haile Selassie

question: Who consistently requested that a referendum be held immediately to settle the question of Eritrean sovereignty?

answer: The Independence Bloc of Eritrean parties

text: The Independence Bloc of Eritrean parties

question: Who did Ethiopians support in World War II?

answer: The British and Americans

text: The British and Americans


text: Throughout this article Norman uses "Near East" to mean the countries where "the eastern question" applied; that is, to all of the Balkans. The countries and regions mentioned are Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia, Bosnia-Herzegovina (which was Moslem and needed, in his view, to be suppressed), Macedonia, Montenegro, Albania, Romania. The rest of the Ottoman domain is demoted to just "the east."

title: Near_East

title: Near_East

text: Throughout

text: this

text: article

text: Norman

text: uses

text: Near

text: East

text: to

text: mean

text: the

text: countries

text: where

text: the

text: eastern

text: question

text: applied

text: that

text: is

text: to

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: Balkans

text: The

text: countries

text: and

text: regions

text: mentioned

text: are

text: Greece

text: Bulgaria

text: Serbia

text: Bosnia

text: Herzegovina

text: which

text: was

text: Moslem

text: and

text: needed

text: in

text: his

text: view

text: to

text: be

text: suppressed

text: Macedonia

text: Montenegro

text: Albania

text: Romania

text: The

text: rest

text: of

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: domain

text: is

text: demoted

text: to

text: just

text: the

text: east

question: What does Norman mean in the article when saying "Near East"?

answer: the countries where "the eastern question" applied

text: the countries where "the eastern question" applied

question: What is the rest of the Ottoman domain demoted to?

answer: just "the east."

text: just "the east."

question: "The East" refers to what?

answer: The rest of the Ottoman domain

text: The rest of the Ottoman domain


text: This annexation was one of the direct causes of the brief and bloody War of the Reunions whose outcome left the French in possession. The French annexation was recognized by the Treaty of Ryswick (1697). The official policy of religious intolerance which drove most Protestants from France after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685 was not applied in Strasbourg and in Alsace, because both had a special status as a province à l'instar de l'étranger effectif (a kind of foreign province of the king of France). Strasbourg Cathedral, however, was taken from the Lutherans to be returned to the Catholics as the French authorities tried to promote Catholicism wherever they could (some other historic churches remained in Protestant hands). Its language also remained overwhelmingly German: the German Lutheran university persisted until the French Revolution. Famous students included Goethe and Herder.

title: Strasbourg

title: Strasbourg

text: This

text: annexation

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: direct

text: causes

text: of

text: the

text: brief

text: and

text: bloody

text: War

text: of

text: the

text: Reunions

text: whose

text: outcome

text: left

text: the

text: French

text: in

text: possession

text: The

text: French

text: annexation

text: was

text: recognized

text: by

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Ryswick

text: The

text: official

text: policy

text: of

text: religious

text: intolerance

text: which

text: drove

text: most

text: Protestants

text: from

text: France

text: after

text: the

text: revocation

text: of

text: the

text: Edict

text: of

text: Nantes

text: in

text: was

text: not

text: applied

text: in

text: Strasbourg

text: and

text: in

text: Alsace

text: because

text: both

text: had

text: a

text: special

text: status

text: as

text: a

text: province

text: à

text: l'instar

text: de

text: l'étranger

text: effectif

text: a

text: kind

text: of

text: foreign

text: province

text: of

text: the

text: king

text: of

text: France

text: Strasbourg

text: Cathedral

text: however

text: was

text: taken

text: from

text: the

text: Lutherans

text: to

text: be

text: returned

text: to

text: the

text: Catholics

text: as

text: the

text: French

text: authorities

text: tried

text: to

text: promote

text: Catholicism

text: wherever

text: they

text: could

text: some

text: other

text: historic

text: churches

text: remained

text: in

text: Protestant

text: hands

text: Its

text: language

text: also

text: remained

text: overwhelmingly

text: German

text: the

text: German

text: Lutheran

text: university

text: persisted

text: until

text: the

text: French

text: Revolution

text: Famous

text: students

text: included

text: Goethe

text: and

text: Herder

question: What was one of the causes of the War of the Reunions?

answer: annexation

text: annexation

question: When was the French annexation recognized by the Treaty of Ryswick?

answer: 1697

question: What church was taken from the Lutherans and returned to the Catholics?

answer: Strasbourg Cathedral

text: Strasbourg Cathedral

question: Who were the famous students that attended German Lutheran University?

answer: Goethe and Herder

text: Goethe and Herder


text: On the other hand, changes through the Phanerozoic correlate much better with the hyperbolic model (widely used in population biology, demography and macrosociology, as well as fossil biodiversity) than with exponential and logistic models. The latter models imply that changes in diversity are guided by a first-order positive feedback (more ancestors, more descendants) and/or a negative feedback arising from resource limitation. Hyperbolic model implies a second-order positive feedback. The hyperbolic pattern of the world population growth arises from a second-order positive feedback between the population size and the rate of technological growth. The hyperbolic character of biodiversity growth can be similarly accounted for by a feedback between diversity and community structure complexity. The similarity between the curves of biodiversity and human population probably comes from the fact that both are derived from the interference of the hyperbolic trend with cyclical and stochastic dynamics.

title: Biodiversity

title: Biodiversity

text: On

text: the

text: other

text: hand

text: changes

text: through

text: the

text: Phanerozoic

text: correlate

text: much

text: better

text: with

text: the

text: hyperbolic

text: model

text: widely

text: used

text: in

text: population

text: biology

text: demography

text: and

text: macrosociology

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: fossil

text: biodiversity

text: than

text: with

text: exponential

text: and

text: logistic

text: models

text: The

text: latter

text: models

text: imply

text: that

text: changes

text: in

text: diversity

text: are

text: guided

text: by

text: a

text: first

text: order

text: positive

text: feedback

text: more

text: ancestors

text: more

text: descendants

text: and/or

text: a

text: negative

text: feedback

text: arising

text: from

text: resource

text: limitation

text: Hyperbolic

text: model

text: implies

text: a

text: second

text: order

text: positive

text: feedback

text: The

text: hyperbolic

text: pattern

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: population

text: growth

text: arises

text: from

text: a

text: second

text: order

text: positive

text: feedback

text: between

text: the

text: population

text: size

text: and

text: the

text: rate

text: of

text: technological

text: growth

text: The

text: hyperbolic

text: character

text: of

text: biodiversity

text: growth

text: can

text: be

text: similarly

text: accounted

text: for

text: by

text: a

text: feedback

text: between

text: diversity

text: and

text: community

text: structure

text: complexity

text: The

text: similarity

text: between

text: the

text: curves

text: of

text: biodiversity

text: and

text: human

text: population

text: probably

text: comes

text: from

text: the

text: fact

text: that

text: both

text: are

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: interference

text: of

text: the

text: hyperbolic

text: trend

text: with

text: cyclical

text: and

text: stochastic

text: dynamics

question: What model correlates much better than the hyperbolic model?

answer: the Phanerozoic

text: the Phanerozoic

question: What model is widely used in macrosociology?

answer: hyperbolic model

text: hyperbolic model

question: What models imply that changes in diversity are guided by a first-order positive feedback?

answer: exponential and logistic models

text: exponential and logistic models

question: What model implies a second-order positive feedback?

answer: Hyperbolic model

text: Hyperbolic model

question: What can be accounted for by a feedback between diversity and community structure complexity?

answer: The hyperbolic character of biodiversity growth

text: The hyperbolic character of biodiversity growth


text: Infectious diseases are sometimes called contagious disease when they are easily transmitted by contact with an ill person or their secretions (e.g., influenza). Thus, a contagious disease is a subset of infectious disease that is especially infective or easily transmitted. Other types of infectious/transmissible/communicable diseases with more specialized routes of infection, such as vector transmission or sexual transmission, are usually not regarded as "contagious", and often do not require medical isolation (sometimes loosely called quarantine) of victims. However, this specialized connotation of the word "contagious" and "contagious disease" (easy transmissibility) is not always respected in popular use.

title: Infection

title: Infection

text: Infectious

text: diseases

text: are

text: sometimes

text: called

text: contagious

text: disease

text: when

text: they

text: are

text: easily

text: transmitted

text: by

text: contact

text: with

text: an

text: ill

text: person

text: or

text: their

text: secretions

text: e.g.

text: influenza

text: Thus

text: a

text: contagious

text: disease

text: is

text: a

text: subset

text: of

text: infectious

text: disease

text: that

text: is

text: especially

text: infective

text: or

text: easily

text: transmitted

text: Other

text: types

text: of

text: infectious

text: transmissible

text: communicable

text: diseases

text: with

text: more

text: specialized

text: routes

text: of

text: infection

text: such

text: as

text: vector

text: transmission

text: or

text: sexual

text: transmission

text: are

text: usually

text: not

text: regarded

text: as

text: contagious

text: and

text: often

text: do

text: not

text: require

text: medical

text: isolation

text: sometimes

text: loosely

text: called

text: quarantine

text: of

text: victims

text: However

text: this

text: specialized

text: connotation

text: of

text: the

text: word

text: contagious

text: and

text: contagious

text: disease

text: easy

text: transmissibility

text: is

text: not

text: always

text: respected

text: in

text: popular

text: use

question: When are infectious diseases called contagious diseases?

answer: when they are easily transmitted by contact with an ill person

text: when they are easily transmitted by contact with an ill person

question: What is a contagious disease a subset of?

answer: infectious disease

text: infectious disease

question: What sets a contagious disease after from a standard infectious disease?

answer: especially infective or easily transmitted

text: especially infective or easily transmitted

question: Diseases with vector transmission or sexual transmission don't often require what type of isolation?

answer: medical

text: medical

question: What is not always respected in popular use?

answer: specialized connotation of the word "contagious"

text: specialized connotation of the word "contagious"


text: Another civil war ensued after the death of Karim Khan in 1779, out of which Aqa Mohammad Khan emerged, founding the Qajar Dynasty in 1794. In 1795, following the disobedience of the Georgian subjects and their alliance with the Russians, the Qajars captured Tblisi by the Battle of Krtsanisi, and drove the Russians out of the entire Caucasus, reestablishing a short-lived Iranian suzerainty over the region. The Russo-Persian wars of 1804–1813 and 1826–1828 resulted in large irrevocable territorial losses for Iran in the Caucasus, comprising all of Transcaucasia and Dagestan, which made part of the very concept of Iran for centuries, and thus substantial gains for the neighboring Russian Empire.

title: Iran

title: Iran

text: Another

text: civil

text: war

text: ensued

text: after

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: Karim

text: Khan

text: in

text: out

text: of

text: which

text: Aqa

text: Mohammad

text: Khan

text: emerged

text: founding

text: the

text: Qajar

text: Dynasty

text: in

text: In

text: following

text: the

text: disobedience

text: of

text: the

text: Georgian

text: subjects

text: and

text: their

text: alliance

text: with

text: the

text: Russians

text: the

text: Qajars

text: captured

text: Tblisi

text: by

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Krtsanisi

text: and

text: drove

text: the

text: Russians

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: entire

text: Caucasus

text: reestablishing

text: a

text: short

text: lived

text: Iranian

text: suzerainty

text: over

text: the

text: region

text: The

text: Russo

text: Persian

text: wars

text: of

text: and

text: resulted

text: in

text: large

text: irrevocable

text: territorial

text: losses

text: for

text: Iran

text: in

text: the

text: Caucasus

text: comprising

text: all

text: of

text: Transcaucasia

text: and

text: Dagestan

text: which

text: made

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: very

text: concept

text: of

text: Iran

text: for

text: centuries

text: and

text: thus

text: substantial

text: gains

text: for

text: the

text: neighboring

text: Russian

text: Empire

question: Whose death in 1779 led to a civil war in Iran?

answer: Karim Khan

text: Karim Khan

question: Who founded the following Qajar Empire in 1794?

answer: Aqa Mohammad Khan

text: Aqa Mohammad Khan

question: The Qajars drove the Russians out of what entire region?

answer: the entire Caucasus

text: the entire Caucasus

question: The Qajars defeated the Russians at what battle to take over Tblisi?

answer: Battle of Krtsanisi

text: Battle of Krtsanisi

question: Iran lost territory in the Caucasus during what wars in the early 1800s?

answer: Russo-Persian wars

text: Russo-Persian wars


text: According to the U.S. Census Bureau, in 2004, Miami had the third highest incidence of family incomes below the federal poverty line in the United States, making it the third poorest city in the USA, behind only Detroit, Michigan (ranked #1) and El Paso, Texas (ranked #2). Miami is also one of the very few cities where its local government went bankrupt, in 2001. However, since that time, Miami has experienced a revival: in 2008, Miami was ranked as "America's Cleanest City" according to Forbes for its year-round good air quality, vast green spaces, clean drinking water, clean streets and city-wide recycling programs. In a 2009 UBS study of 73 world cities, Miami was ranked as the richest city in the United States (of four U.S. cities included in the survey) and the world's fifth-richest city, in terms of purchasing power.

title: Miami

title: Miami

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Census

text: Bureau

text: in

text: Miami

text: had

text: the

text: third

text: highest

text: incidence

text: of

text: family

text: incomes

text: below

text: the

text: federal

text: poverty

text: line

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: third

text: poorest

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: USA

text: behind

text: only

text: Detroit

text: Michigan

text: ranked

text: and

text: El

text: Paso

text: Texas

text: ranked

text: Miami

text: is

text: also

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: very

text: few

text: cities

text: where

text: its

text: local

text: government

text: went

text: bankrupt

text: in

text: However

text: since

text: that

text: time

text: Miami

text: has

text: experienced

text: a

text: revival

text: in

text: Miami

text: was

text: ranked

text: as

text: America

text: 's

text: Cleanest

text: City

text: according

text: to

text: Forbes

text: for

text: its

text: year

text: round

text: good

text: air

text: quality

text: vast

text: green

text: spaces

text: clean

text: drinking

text: water

text: clean

text: streets

text: and

text: city

text: wide

text: recycling

text: programs

text: In

text: a

text: UBS

text: study

text: of

text: world

text: cities

text: Miami

text: was

text: ranked

text: as

text: the

text: richest

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: of

text: four

text: U.S.

text: cities

text: included

text: in

text: the

text: survey

text: and

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: fifth

text: richest

text: city

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: purchasing

text: power

question: As of 2004, what city was the poorest in the United States?

answer: Detroit

text: Detroit

question: What was the second poorest US city in 2004?

answer: El Paso

text: El Paso

question: In 2004, what city ranked third poorest in America?

answer: Miami

text: Miami

question: In what year did Miami's government declare bankruptcy?

answer: 2001

question: In terms of purchasing power, where did Miami rank among world cities in a 2009 UBS study?

answer: fifth

text: fifth


text: In 2007, the USAF undertook a Reduction-in-Force (RIF). Because of budget constraints, the USAF planned to reduce the service's size from 360,000 active duty personnel to 316,000. The size of the active duty force in 2007 was roughly 64% of that of what the USAF was at the end of the first Gulf War in 1991. However, the reduction was ended at approximately 330,000 personnel in 2008 in order to meet the demand signal of combatant commanders and associated mission requirements. These same constraints have seen a sharp reduction in flight hours for crew training since 2005 and the Deputy Chief of Staff for Manpower and Personnel directing Airmen's Time Assessments.

title: United_States_Air_Force

title: United_States_Air_Force

text: In

text: the

text: USAF

text: undertook

text: a

text: Reduction

text: in

text: Force

text: RIF

text: Because

text: of

text: budget

text: constraints

text: the

text: USAF

text: planned

text: to

text: reduce

text: the

text: service

text: 's

text: size

text: from

text: active

text: duty

text: personnel

text: to

text: The

text: size

text: of

text: the

text: active

text: duty

text: force

text: in

text: was

text: roughly

text: of

text: that

text: of

text: what

text: the

text: USAF

text: was

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: Gulf

text: War

text: in

text: However

text: the

text: reduction

text: was

text: ended

text: at

text: approximately

text: personnel

text: in

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: meet

text: the

text: demand

text: signal

text: of

text: combatant

text: commanders

text: and

text: associated

text: mission

text: requirements

text: These

text: same

text: constraints

text: have

text: seen

text: a

text: sharp

text: reduction

text: in

text: flight

text: hours

text: for

text: crew

text: training

text: since

text: and

text: the

text: Deputy

text: Chief

text: of

text: Staff

text: for

text: Manpower

text: and

text: Personnel

text: directing

text: Airmen

text: 's

text: Time

text: Assessments

question: What year did the USAF take a Reduction-in-force?

answer: 2007

question: Why did the USAF plan to take a reduction-in-force?

answer: budget constraints

text: budget constraints

question: How many USAF personnel did the reduction end in during 2008?

answer: 330,000

question: What has there been a sharp reduction in during the years following 2005 in the USAF?

answer: flight hours for crew training

text: flight hours for crew training


text: Detroit is home to several institutions of higher learning including Wayne State University, a national research university with medical and law schools in the Midtown area offering hundreds of academic degrees and programs. The University of Detroit Mercy, located in Northwest Detroit in the University District, is a prominent Roman Catholic co-educational university affiliated with the Society of Jesus (the Jesuits) and the Sisters of Mercy. The University of Detroit Mercy offers more than a hundred academic degrees and programs of study including business, dentistry, law, engineering, architecture, nursing and allied health professions. The University of Detroit Mercy School of Law is located Downtown across from the Renaissance Center.

title: Detroit

title: Detroit

text: Detroit

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: several

text: institutions

text: of

text: higher

text: learning

text: including

text: Wayne

text: State

text: University

text: a

text: national

text: research

text: university

text: with

text: medical

text: and

text: law

text: schools

text: in

text: the

text: Midtown

text: area

text: offering

text: hundreds

text: of

text: academic

text: degrees

text: and

text: programs

text: The

text: University

text: of

text: Detroit

text: Mercy

text: located

text: in

text: Northwest

text: Detroit

text: in

text: the

text: University

text: District

text: is

text: a

text: prominent

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: co

text: educational

text: university

text: affiliated

text: with

text: the

text: Society

text: of

text: Jesus

text: the

text: Jesuits

text: and

text: the

text: Sisters

text: of

text: Mercy

text: The

text: University

text: of

text: Detroit

text: Mercy

text: offers

text: more

text: than

text: a

text: hundred

text: academic

text: degrees

text: and

text: programs

text: of

text: study

text: including

text: business

text: dentistry

text: law

text: engineering

text: architecture

text: nursing

text: and

text: allied

text: health

text: professions

text: The

text: University

text: of

text: Detroit

text: Mercy

text: School

text: of

text: Law

text: is

text: located

text: Downtown

text: across

text: from

text: the

text: Renaissance

text: Center

question: What research university is located in Midtown?

answer: Wayne State University

text: Wayne State University

question: What Catholic university is in Detroit?

answer: University of Detroit Mercy

text: University of Detroit Mercy

question: In which district is Detroit Mercy's Law School located?

answer: Downtown

text: Downtown

question: Which Catholic society is Detroit Mercy affiliated with?

answer: Society of Jesus

text: Society of Jesus


text: On Saturday, 24 June 1950, U.S. Secretary of State Dean Acheson informed President Truman that the North Koreans had invaded South Korea. Truman and Acheson discussed a U.S. invasion response and agreed that the United States was obligated to act, paralleling the North Korean invasion with Adolf Hitler's aggressions in the 1930s, with the conclusion being that the mistake of appeasement must not be repeated. Several U.S. industries were mobilized to supply materials, labor, capital, production facilities, and other services necessary to support the military objectives of the Korean War. However, President Truman later acknowledged that he believed fighting the invasion was essential to the American goal of the global containment of communism as outlined in the National Security Council Report 68 (NSC-68) (declassified in 1975):

title: Korean_War

title: Korean_War

text: On

text: Saturday

text: June

text: U.S.

text: Secretary

text: of

text: State

text: Dean

text: Acheson

text: informed

text: President

text: Truman

text: that

text: the

text: North

text: Koreans

text: had

text: invaded

text: South

text: Korea

text: Truman

text: and

text: Acheson

text: discussed

text: a

text: U.S.

text: invasion

text: response

text: and

text: agreed

text: that

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: was

text: obligated

text: to

text: act

text: paralleling

text: the

text: North

text: Korean

text: invasion

text: with

text: Adolf

text: Hitler

text: 's

text: aggressions

text: in

text: the

text: with

text: the

text: conclusion

text: being

text: that

text: the

text: mistake

text: of

text: appeasement

text: must

text: not

text: be

text: repeated

text: Several

text: U.S.

text: industries

text: were

text: mobilized

text: to

text: supply

text: materials

text: labor

text: capital

text: production

text: facilities

text: and

text: other

text: services

text: necessary

text: to

text: support

text: the

text: military

text: objectives

text: of

text: the

text: Korean

text: War

text: However

text: President

text: Truman

text: later

text: acknowledged

text: that

text: he

text: believed

text: fighting

text: the

text: invasion

text: was

text: essential

text: to

text: the

text: American

text: goal

text: of

text: the

text: global

text: containment

text: of

text: communism

text: as

text: outlined

text: in

text: the

text: National

text: Security

text: Council

text: Report

text: declassified

text: in

question: Which Secretary of State did President Truman hold discussions about how the US would respond to the invasion of South Korea?

answer: Dean Acheson

text: Dean Acheson

question: What did the US not want to see repeated?

answer: the mistake of appeasement

text: the mistake of appeasement

question: The US involvement in the Korean War was important to achieving what goal?

answer: the global containment of communism

text: the global containment of communism

question: What report discussed the United States's goals for containing communism?

answer: National Security Council Report 68

text: National Security Council Report 68

question: The North Korean invasion of South Korea was compared to what event?

answer: Adolf Hitler's aggressions

text: Adolf Hitler's aggressions


text: Ashkenazi Jews represent the bulk of modern Jewry, with at least 70% of Jews worldwide (and up to 90% prior to World War II and the Holocaust). As a result of their emigration from Europe, Ashkenazim also represent the overwhelming majority of Jews in the New World continents, in countries such as the United States, Canada, Argentina, Australia, and Brazil. In France, the immigration of Jews from Algeria (Sephardim) has led them to outnumber the Ashkenazim. Only in Israel is the Jewish population representative of all groups, a melting pot independent of each group's proportion within the overall world Jewish population.

title: Jews

title: Jews

text: Ashkenazi

text: Jews

text: represent

text: the

text: bulk

text: of

text: modern

text: Jewry

text: with

text: at

text: least

text: of

text: Jews

text: worldwide

text: and

text: up

text: to

text: prior

text: to

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: and

text: the

text: Holocaust

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: their

text: emigration

text: from

text: Europe

text: Ashkenazim

text: also

text: represent

text: the

text: overwhelming

text: majority

text: of

text: Jews

text: in

text: the

text: New

text: World

text: continents

text: in

text: countries

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Canada

text: Argentina

text: Australia

text: and

text: Brazil

text: In

text: France

text: the

text: immigration

text: of

text: Jews

text: from

text: Algeria

text: Sephardim

text: has

text: led

text: them

text: to

text: outnumber

text: the

text: Ashkenazim

text: Only

text: in

text: Israel

text: is

text: the

text: Jewish

text: population

text: representative

text: of

text: all

text: groups

text: a

text: melting

text: pot

text: independent

text: of

text: each

text: group

text: 's

text: proportion

text: within

text: the

text: overall

text: world

text: Jewish

text: population

question: What group of Jews represent the bulk of modern Jewry?

answer: Ashkenazi Jews

text: Ashkenazi Jews

question: Which group represents at least 70% of Jews worldwide?

answer: Ashkenazi Jews

text: Ashkenazi Jews

question: Why does Ashkenazim represent the overwhelming majority of Jews in the New World continents?

answer: As a result of their emigration from Europe

text: As a result of their emigration from Europe

question: In what country does the immigration of Jews from Algeria (Sephardim) has led them to outnumber the Ashkenazim?

answer: France

text: France


text: The rule of law is the legal principle that law should govern a nation, as opposed to being governed by arbitrary decisions of individual government officials. It primarily refers to the influence and authority of law within society, particularly as a constraint upon behaviour, including behaviour of government officials. The phrase can be traced back to 16th century Britain, and in the following century the Scottish theologian Samuel Rutherford used the phrase in his argument against the divine right of kings. The rule of law was further popularized in the 19th century by British jurist A. V. Dicey. The concept, if not the phrase, was familiar to ancient philosophers such as Aristotle, who wrote "Law should govern".

title: Rule_of_law

title: Rule_of_law

text: The

text: rule

text: of

text: law

text: is

text: the

text: legal

text: principle

text: that

text: law

text: should

text: govern

text: a

text: nation

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: being

text: governed

text: by

text: arbitrary

text: decisions

text: of

text: individual

text: government

text: officials

text: It

text: primarily

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: influence

text: and

text: authority

text: of

text: law

text: within

text: society

text: particularly

text: as

text: a

text: constraint

text: upon

text: behaviour

text: including

text: behaviour

text: of

text: government

text: officials

text: The

text: phrase

text: can

text: be

text: traced

text: back

text: to

text: century

text: Britain

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: following

text: century

text: the

text: Scottish

text: theologian

text: Samuel

text: Rutherford

text: used

text: the

text: phrase

text: in

text: his

text: argument

text: against

text: the

text: divine

text: right

text: of

text: kings

text: The

text: rule

text: of

text: law

text: was

text: further

text: popularized

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: by

text: British

text: jurist

text: A.

text: V.

text: Dicey

text: The

text: concept

text: if

text: not

text: the

text: phrase

text: was

text: familiar

text: to

text: ancient

text: philosophers

text: such

text: as

text: Aristotle

text: who

text: wrote

text: Law

text: should

text: govern

question: Which Scottish theologian is first credited with using the phrase "rule of law"?

answer: Samuel Rutherford

text: Samuel Rutherford

question: Which British jurist later made the phrase "rule of law" popular in the 1800s?

answer: A. V. Dicey

text: A. V. Dicey

question: What phrase Ariostle also use which is closely related to "the rule of law"?

answer: Law should govern

text: Law should govern

question: Samuel Rutherford used the principle of the rule of law to argue what point?

answer: against the divine right of kings

text: against the divine right of kings

question: According to the rule of law, what should hold the determination for rules in a land?

answer: law

text: law


text: Mexico city primarily rests on what was Lake Texcoco. Seismic activity is frequent here. Lake Texcoco was drained starting from the 17th century. Although none of the lake waters remain, the city rests on the lake bed's heavily saturated clay. This soft base is collapsing due to the over-extraction of groundwater, called groundwater-related subsidence. Since the beginning of the 20th century the city has sunk as much as nine metres (30 feet) in some areas. This sinking is causing problems with runoff and wastewater management, leading to flooding problems, especially during the rainy season. The entire lake bed is now paved over and most of the city's remaining forested areas lie in the southern boroughs of Milpa Alta, Tlalpan and Xochimilco.

title: Mexico_City

title: Mexico_City

text: Mexico

text: city

text: primarily

text: rests

text: on

text: what

text: was

text: Lake

text: Texcoco

text: Seismic

text: activity

text: is

text: frequent

text: here

text: Lake

text: Texcoco

text: was

text: drained

text: starting

text: from

text: the

text: century

text: Although

text: of

text: the

text: lake

text: waters

text: remain

text: the

text: city

text: rests

text: on

text: the

text: lake

text: bed

text: 's

text: heavily

text: saturated

text: clay

text: This

text: soft

text: base

text: is

text: collapsing

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: over

text: extraction

text: of

text: groundwater

text: called

text: groundwater

text: related

text: subsidence

text: Since

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: city

text: has

text: sunk

text: as

text: much

text: as

text: nine

text: metres

text: feet

text: in

text: some

text: areas

text: This

text: sinking

text: is

text: causing

text: problems

text: with

text: runoff

text: and

text: wastewater

text: management

text: leading

text: to

text: flooding

text: problems

text: especially

text: during

text: the

text: rainy

text: season

text: The

text: entire

text: lake

text: bed

text: is

text: now

text: paved

text: over

text: and

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: remaining

text: forested

text: areas

text: lie

text: in

text: the

text: southern

text: boroughs

text: of

text: Milpa

text: Alta

text: Tlalpan

text: and

text: Xochimilco

question: When did draining of Lake Texcoco begin?

answer: 17th century

text: 17th century

question: How much water is there, approximately, in the lake Mexico City is on?

answer: none

question: How much has the city fallen?

answer: as much as nine metres (30 feet)

text: as much as nine metres (30 feet)

question: What does Mexico City rest on?

answer: Lake Texcoco

text: Lake Texcoco

question: Where are most of the trees located in Mexico City?

answer: southern boroughs

text: southern boroughs


text: Contact with European diseases such as smallpox and measles killed between 50 and 67 per cent of the Aboriginal population of North America in the first hundred years after the arrival of Europeans. Some 90 per cent of the native population near Massachusetts Bay Colony died of smallpox in an epidemic in 1617–1619. In 1633, in Plymouth, the Native Americans there were exposed to smallpox because of contact with Europeans. As it had done elsewhere, the virus wiped out entire population groups of Native Americans. It reached Lake Ontario in 1636, and the lands of the Iroquois by 1679. During the 1770s, smallpox killed at least 30% of the West Coast Native Americans. The 1775–82 North American smallpox epidemic and 1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic brought devastation and drastic population depletion among the Plains Indians. In 1832, the federal government of the United States established a smallpox vaccination program for Native Americans (The Indian Vaccination Act of 1832).

title: Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

title: Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

text: Contact

text: with

text: European

text: diseases

text: such

text: as

text: smallpox

text: and

text: measles

text: killed

text: between

text: and

text: per

text: cent

text: of

text: the

text: Aboriginal

text: population

text: of

text: North

text: America

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: hundred

text: years

text: after

text: the

text: arrival

text: of

text: Europeans

text: Some

text: per

text: cent

text: of

text: the

text: native

text: population

text: near

text: Massachusetts

text: Bay

text: Colony

text: died

text: of

text: smallpox

text: in

text: an

text: epidemic

text: in

text: In

text: in

text: Plymouth

text: the

text: Native

text: Americans

text: there

text: were

text: exposed

text: to

text: smallpox

text: because

text: of

text: contact

text: with

text: Europeans

text: As

text: it

text: had

text: done

text: elsewhere

text: the

text: virus

text: wiped

text: out

text: entire

text: population

text: groups

text: of

text: Native

text: Americans

text: It

text: reached

text: Lake

text: Ontario

text: in

text: and

text: the

text: lands

text: of

text: the

text: Iroquois

text: by

text: During

text: the

text: smallpox

text: killed

text: at

text: least

text: of

text: the

text: West

text: Coast

text: Native

text: Americans

text: The

text: North

text: American

text: smallpox

text: epidemic

text: and

text: Great

text: Plains

text: smallpox

text: epidemic

text: brought

text: devastation

text: and

text: drastic

text: population

text: depletion

text: among

text: the

text: Plains

text: Indians

text: In

text: the

text: federal

text: government

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: established

text: a

text: smallpox

text: vaccination

text: program

text: for

text: Native

text: Americans

text: The

text: Indian

text: Vaccination

text: Act

text: of

question: What percent of the Aboriginal population of North America was killed in the first hundred years after first contact by smallpox and measles?

answer: between 50 and 67 per cent

text: between 50 and 67 per cent

question: How much of the native population near Massachusetts was killed by smallpox in the epidemic between 1617 and 1619?

answer: 90 per cent

text: 90 per cent

question: Who were the Native Americans exposed to smallpox because of?

answer: Europeans

text: Europeans

question: When did smallpox read the lands of the Iroquois?

answer: by 1679

text: by 1679

question: What did the Indian Vaccination Act of 1832 establish?

answer: a smallpox vaccination program for Native Americans

text: a smallpox vaccination program for Native Americans


text: In most nations with constitutions modelled after the Soviet Union, the legislature was given the power of being the court of last resort. In the People's Republic of China, the final power to interpret the law is vested in the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC). This power includes the power to interpret the basic laws of Hong Kong and Macau, the constitutional documents of the two special administrative regions which are common law and Portuguese-based legal system jurisdictions respectively. This power is a legislative power and not a judicial one in that an interpretation by the NPCSC does not affect cases which have already been decided.

title: Supreme_court

title: Supreme_court

text: In

text: most

text: nations

text: with

text: constitutions

text: modelled

text: after

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: the

text: legislature

text: was

text: given

text: the

text: power

text: of

text: being

text: the

text: court

text: of

text: last

text: resort

text: In

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: the

text: final

text: power

text: to

text: interpret

text: the

text: law

text: is

text: vested

text: in

text: the

text: Standing

text: Committee

text: of

text: the

text: National

text: People

text: 's

text: Congress

text: NPCSC

text: This

text: power

text: includes

text: the

text: power

text: to

text: interpret

text: the

text: basic

text: laws

text: of

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: and

text: Macau

text: the

text: constitutional

text: documents

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: special

text: administrative

text: regions

text: which

text: are

text: common

text: law

text: and

text: Portuguese

text: based

text: legal

text: system

text: jurisdictions

text: respectively

text: This

text: power

text: is

text: a

text: legislative

text: power

text: and

text: not

text: a

text: judicial

text: one

text: in

text: that

text: an

text: interpretation

text: by

text: the

text: NPCSC

text: does

text: not

text: affect

text: cases

text: which

text: have

text: already

text: been

text: decided

question: What nation's model gives the power of the high court to the legistlature?

answer: Soviet Union

text: Soviet Union

question: What is the name of China's high court which sits as a legislative committee?

answer: Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC)

text: Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC)

question: Current decisions by the NPCSC do not affect what?

answer: cases which have already been decided

text: cases which have already been decided

question: Hong Kong's legal system was traditionally based on what?

answer: common law

text: common law

question: Macau's legal system comes from what tradition?

answer: Portuguese-based legal system

text: Portuguese-based legal system


text: A variety of Indian social scientists as well as the Non-Governmental Organization (NGOs) have done extensive research on the numeric figures of child labour found in India and determined that India contributes to one-third of Asia’s child labour and one-fourth of the world's child labour. Due to a large number of children being illegally employed, the Indian government began to take extensive actions to reduce the number of children working, and to focus on the importance of facilitating the proper growth and development of children.

title: Child_labour

title: Child_labour

text: A

text: variety

text: of

text: Indian

text: social

text: scientists

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: Non

text: Governmental

text: Organization

text: NGOs

text: have

text: done

text: extensive

text: research

text: on

text: the

text: numeric

text: figures

text: of

text: child

text: labour

text: found

text: in

text: India

text: and

text: determined

text: that

text: India

text: contributes

text: to

text: one

text: third

text: of

text: Asia

text: ’s

text: child

text: labour

text: and

text: one

text: fourth

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: child

text: labour

text: Due

text: to

text: a

text: large

text: number

text: of

text: children

text: being

text: illegally

text: employed

text: the

text: Indian

text: government

text: began

text: to

text: take

text: extensive

text: actions

text: to

text: reduce

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: children

text: working

text: and

text: to

text: focus

text: on

text: the

text: importance

text: of

text: facilitating

text: the

text: proper

text: growth

text: and

text: development

text: of

text: children

question: How much of the world's child labour does India's workers contribute to?

answer: one-fourth

text: one-fourth

question: How many Asian child workers are from India?

answer: one-third

text: one-third

question: Did the India goverment take any actions against child labour?

answer: extensive actions to reduce the number of children working, and to focus on the importance of facilitating the proper growth and development of children.

text: extensive actions to reduce the number of children working, and to focus on the importance of facilitating the proper growth and development of children.


text: Ship transport is an important component of Melbourne's transport system. The Port of Melbourne is Australia's largest container and general cargo port and also its busiest. The port handled two million shipping containers in a 12-month period during 2007, making it one of the top five ports in the Southern Hemisphere. Station Pier on Port Phillip Bay is the main passenger ship terminal with cruise ships and the Spirit of Tasmania ferries which cross Bass Strait to Tasmania docking there. Ferries and water taxis run from berths along the Yarra River as far upstream as South Yarra and across Port Phillip Bay.

title: Melbourne

title: Melbourne

text: Ship

text: transport

text: is

text: an

text: important

text: component

text: of

text: Melbourne

text: 's

text: transport

text: system

text: The

text: Port

text: of

text: Melbourne

text: is

text: Australia

text: 's

text: largest

text: container

text: and

text: general

text: cargo

text: port

text: and

text: also

text: its

text: busiest

text: The

text: port

text: handled

text: two

text: million

text: shipping

text: containers

text: in

text: a

text: period

text: during

text: making

text: it

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: top

text: five

text: ports

text: in

text: the

text: Southern

text: Hemisphere

text: Station

text: Pier

text: on

text: Port

text: Phillip

text: Bay

text: is

text: the

text: main

text: passenger

text: ship

text: terminal

text: with

text: cruise

text: ships

text: and

text: the

text: Spirit

text: of

text: Tasmania

text: ferries

text: which

text: cross

text: Bass

text: Strait

text: to

text: Tasmania

text: docking

text: there

text: Ferries

text: and

text: water

text: taxis

text: run

text: from

text: berths

text: along

text: the

text: Yarra

text: River

text: as

text: far

text: upstream

text: as

text: South

text: Yarra

text: and

text: across

text: Port

text: Phillip

text: Bay

question: Which port is Australia's largest container and general cargo port?

answer: The Port of Melbourne

text: The Port of Melbourne

question: How far upstream to water taxis run along the Yarra River?

answer: South Yarra

text: South Yarra

question: How many shipping containers did the Port of Melbourne handle during a 12-month period in 2007, making it one of the top five ports in the Southern Hemisphere?

answer: two million

text: two million

question: Which is Australia's busiest port?

answer: The Port of Melbourne

text: The Port of Melbourne

question: Where is Station Pier located?

answer: Port Phillip Bay

text: Port Phillip Bay


text: Besides parents, Liu Shaokun (刘绍坤), a Sichuan school teacher, was detained on June 25, 2008 for "disseminating rumors and destroying social order" about the Sichuan earthquake. Liu’s family was later told that he was being investigated on suspicion of the crime of inciting subversion. Liu had travelled to the Shifang, taken photos of collapsed school buildings, and put them online. He had also expressed his anger at “the shoddy tofu-dregs buildings” (豆腐渣工程) in a media interview. He was ordered to serve one year of re-education through labor (RTL). According to the organization Human Rights in China, Liu has been released to serve his RTL sentence outside of the labor camp.

title: 2008_Sichuan_earthquake

title: 2008_Sichuan_earthquake

text: Besides

text: parents

text: Liu

text: Shaokun

text: 刘绍坤

text: a

text: Sichuan

text: school

text: teacher

text: was

text: detained

text: on

text: June

text: for

text: disseminating

text: rumors

text: and

text: destroying

text: social

text: order

text: about

text: the

text: Sichuan

text: earthquake

text: Liu

text: ’s

text: family

text: was

text: later

text: told

text: that

text: he

text: was

text: being

text: investigated

text: on

text: suspicion

text: of

text: the

text: crime

text: of

text: inciting

text: subversion

text: Liu

text: had

text: travelled

text: to

text: the

text: Shifang

text: taken

text: photos

text: of

text: collapsed

text: school

text: buildings

text: and

text: put

text: them

text: online

text: He

text: had

text: also

text: expressed

text: his

text: anger

text: at

text: the

text: shoddy

text: tofu

text: dregs

text: buildings

text: 豆腐渣工程

text: in

text: a

text: media

text: interview

text: He

text: was

text: ordered

text: to

text: serve

text: one

text: year

text: of

text: re

text: education

text: through

text: labor

text: RTL

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: organization

text: Human

text: Rights

text: in

text: China

text: Liu

text: has

text: been

text: released

text: to

text: serve

text: his

text: RTL

text: sentence

text: outside

text: of

text: the

text: labor

text: camp

question: Who was a Sichuan school teacher?

answer: Liu Shaokun

text: Liu Shaokun

question: What was Liu's family told?

answer: that he was being investigated on suspicion of the crime of inciting subversion

text: that he was being investigated on suspicion of the crime of inciting subversion

question: What was Liu Shaokun's profession?

answer: Sichuan school teacher

text: Sichuan school teacher

question: Why was he investigated?

answer: crime of inciting subversion

text: crime of inciting subversion

question: What did Liu Shankun do with the pictures he took of collapsed schools?

answer: put them online

text: put them online

question: Where did he call the schoolhouses shoddy?

answer: in a media interview

text: in a media interview

question: What was his assigned punishment ?

answer: one year of re-education

text: one year of re-education


text: The motif of the England national football team has three lions passant guardant, the emblem of King Richard I, who reigned from 1189 to 1199. The lions, often blue, have had minor changes to colour and appearance. Initially topped by a crown, this was removed in 1949 when the FA was given an official coat of arms by the College of Arms; this introduced ten Tudor roses, one for each of the regional branches of the FA. Since 2003, England top their logo with a star to recognise their World Cup win in 1966; this was first embroidered onto the left sleeve of the home kit, and a year later was moved to its current position, first on the away shirt.

title: England_national_football_team

title: England_national_football_team

text: The

text: motif

text: of

text: the

text: England

text: national

text: football

text: team

text: has

text: three

text: lions

text: passant

text: guardant

text: the

text: emblem

text: of

text: King

text: Richard

text: I

text: who

text: reigned

text: from

text: to

text: The

text: lions

text: often

text: blue

text: have

text: had

text: minor

text: changes

text: to

text: colour

text: and

text: appearance

text: Initially

text: topped

text: by

text: a

text: crown

text: this

text: was

text: removed

text: in

text: when

text: the

text: FA

text: was

text: given

text: an

text: official

text: coat

text: of

text: arms

text: by

text: the

text: College

text: of

text: Arms

text: this

text: introduced

text: ten

text: Tudor

text: roses

text: one

text: for

text: each

text: of

text: the

text: regional

text: branches

text: of

text: the

text: FA

text: Since

text: England

text: top

text: their

text: logo

text: with

text: a

text: star

text: to

text: recognise

text: their

text: World

text: Cup

text: win

text: in

text: this

text: was

text: first

text: embroidered

text: onto

text: the

text: left

text: sleeve

text: of

text: the

text: home

text: kit

text: and

text: a

text: year

text: later

text: was

text: moved

text: to

text: its

text: current

text: position

text: first

text: on

text: the

text: away

text: shirt

question: When did King Richard I begin his reign?

answer: 1189

question: Which animal is the main motif of England's national football team?

answer: lions

text: lions

question: What type of headgear originally appeared on the lions' heads on England's national football team motif?

answer: a crown

text: a crown

question: In which year was the FA given an official coat of arms by the College of Arms?

answer: 1949

question: Since 2003, England has topped their logo with a star to recognize their World Cup win in which year?

answer: 1966


text: Apple debuted the iTunes Wi-Fi Music Store on September 5, 2007, in its Media Event entitled "The Beat Goes On...". This service allows users to access the Music Store from either an iPhone or an iPod Touch and download songs directly to the device that can be synced to the user's iTunes Library over a WiFi connection, or, in the case of an iPhone, the telephone network.

title: IPod

title: IPod

text: Apple

text: debuted

text: the

text: iTunes

text: Wi

text: Fi

text: Music

text: Store

text: on

text: September

text: in

text: its

text: Media

text: Event

text: entitled

text: The

text: Beat

text: Goes

text: On

text: This

text: service

text: allows

text: users

text: to

text: access

text: the

text: Music

text: Store

text: from

text: either

text: an

text: iPhone

text: or

text: an

text: iPod

text: Touch

text: and

text: download

text: songs

text: directly

text: to

text: the

text: device

text: that

text: can

text: be

text: synced

text: to

text: the

text: user

text: 's

text: iTunes

text: Library

text: over

text: a

text: WiFi

text: connection

text: or

text: in

text: the

text: case

text: of

text: an

text: iPhone

text: the

text: telephone

text: network

question: What was the name of the event at which the iTunes Wi-Fi store was launched?

answer: The Beat Goes On...

text: The Beat Goes On...

question: On what date was the iTunes Wi-Fi Music Store launched?

answer: September 5, 2007

text: September 5, 2007

question: In what year was the iTunes Wi-Fi Music Store introduced?

answer: 2007

question: Which Apple device has the ability to sync with iTunes via the phone network?

answer: iPhone

text: iPhone


text: Alongside Barre, the Supreme Revolutionary Council (SRC) that assumed power after President Sharmarke's assassination was led by Lieutenant Colonel Salaad Gabeyre Kediye and Chief of Police Jama Korshel. The SRC subsequently renamed the country the Somali Democratic Republic, dissolved the parliament and the Supreme Court, and suspended the constitution.

title: Somalis

title: Somalis

text: Alongside

text: Barre

text: the

text: Supreme

text: Revolutionary

text: Council

text: SRC

text: that

text: assumed

text: power

text: after

text: President

text: Sharmarke

text: 's

text: assassination

text: was

text: led

text: by

text: Lieutenant

text: Colonel

text: Salaad

text: Gabeyre

text: Kediye

text: and

text: Chief

text: of

text: Police

text: Jama

text: Korshel

text: The

text: SRC

text: subsequently

text: renamed

text: the

text: country

text: the

text: Somali

text: Democratic

text: Republic

text: dissolved

text: the

text: parliament

text: and

text: the

text: Supreme

text: Court

text: and

text: suspended

text: the

text: constitution

question: Along with Jama Korshel, who led the Supreme Revolutionary Council?

answer: Salaad Gabeyre Kediye

text: Salaad Gabeyre Kediye

question: What was Jama Korshel's title?

answer: Chief of Police

text: Chief of Police

question: What was the military rank of Salaad Gabeyre Kediye?

answer: Lieutenant Colonel

text: Lieutenant Colonel

question: What name did the Supreme Revolutionary Council give to Somalia?

answer: the Somali Democratic Republic

text: the Somali Democratic Republic

question: Along with dissolving the Supreme Court and parliament, what action did the Supreme Revolutionary Council take?

answer: suspended the constitution

text: suspended the constitution


text: Art historian Hravard Hakobyan notes that "Artsakh carpets occupy a special place in the history of Armenian carpet-making." Common themes and patterns found on Armenian carpets were the depiction of dragons and eagles. They were diverse in style, rich in color and ornamental motifs, and were even separated in categories depending on what sort of animals were depicted on them, such as artsvagorgs (eagle-carpets), vishapagorgs (dragon-carpets) and otsagorgs (serpent-carpets). The rug mentioned in the Kaptavan inscriptions is composed of three arches, "covered with vegatative ornaments", and bears an artistic resemblance to the illuminated manuscripts produced in Artsakh.

title: Armenians

title: Armenians

text: Art

text: historian

text: Hravard

text: Hakobyan

text: notes

text: that

text: Artsakh

text: carpets

text: occupy

text: a

text: special

text: place

text: in

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: Armenian

text: carpet

text: making

text: Common

text: themes

text: and

text: patterns

text: found

text: on

text: Armenian

text: carpets

text: were

text: the

text: depiction

text: of

text: dragons

text: and

text: eagles

text: They

text: were

text: diverse

text: in

text: style

text: rich

text: in

text: color

text: and

text: ornamental

text: motifs

text: and

text: were

text: even

text: separated

text: in

text: categories

text: depending

text: on

text: what

text: sort

text: of

text: animals

text: were

text: depicted

text: on

text: them

text: such

text: as

text: artsvagorgs

text: eagle

text: carpets

text: vishapagorgs

text: dragon

text: carpets

text: and

text: otsagorgs

text: serpent

text: carpets

text: The

text: rug

text: mentioned

text: in

text: the

text: Kaptavan

text: inscriptions

text: is

text: composed

text: of

text: three

text: arches

text: covered

text: with

text: vegatative

text: ornaments

text: and

text: bears

text: an

text: artistic

text: resemblance

text: to

text: the

text: illuminated

text: manuscripts

text: produced

text: in

text: Artsakh

question: What is Hakobyan's career?

answer: Art historian

text: Art historian

question: What creatures are often depicted on Armenian carpets?

answer: dragons and eagles

text: dragons and eagles

question: What are artsvagorgs?

answer: eagle-carpets

text: eagle-carpets

question: What are vishapagorgs?

answer: dragon-carpets

text: dragon-carpets

question: What are otsagorgs?

answer: serpent-carpets

text: serpent-carpets


text: Guinea-Bissau was once part of the kingdom of Gabu, as well as part of the Mali Empire. Parts of this kingdom persisted until the 18th century, while a few others were under some rule by the Portuguese Empire since the 16th century. In the 19th century, it was colonized as Portuguese Guinea. Upon independence, declared in 1973 and recognised in 1974, the name of its capital, Bissau, was added to the country's name to prevent confusion with Guinea (formerly French Guinea). Guinea-Bissau has a history of political instability since independence, and no elected president has successfully served a full five-year term.

title: Guinea-Bissau

title: Guinea

title: Bissau

text: Guinea

text: Bissau

text: was

text: once

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: kingdom

text: of

text: Gabu

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Mali

text: Empire

text: Parts

text: of

text: this

text: kingdom

text: persisted

text: until

text: the

text: century

text: while

text: a

text: few

text: others

text: were

text: under

text: some

text: rule

text: by

text: the

text: Portuguese

text: Empire

text: since

text: the

text: century

text: In

text: the

text: century

text: it

text: was

text: colonized

text: as

text: Portuguese

text: Guinea

text: Upon

text: independence

text: declared

text: in

text: and

text: recognised

text: in

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: its

text: capital

text: Bissau

text: was

text: added

text: to

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: name

text: to

text: prevent

text: confusion

text: with

text: Guinea

text: formerly

text: French

text: Guinea

text: Guinea

text: Bissau

text: has

text: a

text: history

text: of

text: political

text: instability

text: since

text: independence

text: and

text: no

text: elected

text: president

text: has

text: successfully

text: served

text: a

text: full

text: five

text: year

text: term

question: What kingdom was Guinea-Bissau once part of?

answer: Gabu

text: Gabu

question: What empire was Guinea-Bissau once part of?

answer: Mali Empire

text: Mali Empire

question: What year was Guinea-Bissau declared independent?

answer: 1973

question: What country did Guinea-Bissau seek to differentiate itself from?

answer: Guinea (formerly French Guinea)

text: Guinea (formerly French Guinea)

question: Guinea-Bissau has a history of what since independence?

answer: political instability

text: political instability


text: Larry Christenson, a Lutheran theologian based in San Pedro, California, did much in the 1960s and 1970s to interpret the charismatic movement for Lutherans. A very large annual conference regarding that matter was held in Minneapolis. Charismatic Lutheran congregations in Minnesota became especially large and influential; especially "Hosanna!" in Lakeville, and North Heights in St. Paul. The next generation of Lutheran charismatics cluster around the Alliance of Renewal Churches. There is considerable charismatic activity among young Lutheran leaders in California centered around an annual gathering at Robinwood Church in Huntington Beach. Richard A. Jensen's Touched by the Spirit published in 1974, played a major role of the Lutheran understanding to the charismatic movement.

title: Protestantism

title: Protestantism

text: Larry

text: Christenson

text: a

text: Lutheran

text: theologian

text: based

text: in

text: San

text: Pedro

text: California

text: did

text: much

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: to

text: interpret

text: the

text: charismatic

text: movement

text: for

text: Lutherans

text: A

text: very

text: large

text: annual

text: conference

text: regarding

text: that

text: matter

text: was

text: held

text: in

text: Minneapolis

text: Charismatic

text: Lutheran

text: congregations

text: in

text: Minnesota

text: became

text: especially

text: large

text: and

text: influential

text: especially

text: Hosanna

text: in

text: Lakeville

text: and

text: North

text: Heights

text: in

text: St.

text: Paul

text: The

text: next

text: generation

text: of

text: Lutheran

text: charismatics

text: cluster

text: around

text: the

text: Alliance

text: of

text: Renewal

text: Churches

text: There

text: is

text: considerable

text: charismatic

text: activity

text: among

text: young

text: Lutheran

text: leaders

text: in

text: California

text: centered

text: around

text: an

text: annual

text: gathering

text: at

text: Robinwood

text: Church

text: in

text: Huntington

text: Beach

text: Richard

text: A.

text: Jensen

text: 's

text: Touched

text: by

text: the

text: Spirit

text: published

text: in

text: played

text: a

text: major

text: role

text: of

text: the

text: Lutheran

text: understanding

text: to

text: the

text: charismatic

text: movement

question: Who helped Lutherans understand the charismatic movement in the 1960s?

answer: Larry Christenson

text: Larry Christenson

question: In what state did charismatic Lutheran congregations grow to be quite large?

answer: Minnesota

text: Minnesota

question: Where is an annual event that has quite a bit of charismatic activity?

answer: Huntington Beach

text: Huntington Beach

question: What was published in 1974?

answer: Touched by the Spirit

text: Touched by the Spirit

question: Who wrote Touched by the Spirit?

answer: Richard A. Jensen

text: Richard A. Jensen


text: Most of the Estonian Defence Forces surrendered according to the orders of the Estonian government, believing that resistance was useless and were disarmed by the Red Army. Only the Estonian Independent Signal Battalion showed resistance to Red Army and Communist militia "People's Self-Defence" units in front of the XXI Grammar School in Tallinn on 21 June. As the Red Army brought in additional reinforcements supported by six armoured fighting vehicles, the battle lasted several hours until sundown. Finally the military resistance was ended with negotiations and the Independent Signal Battalion surrendered and was disarmed. There were two dead Estonian servicemen, Aleksei Männikus and Johannes Mandre, and several wounded on the Estonian side and about ten killed and more wounded on the Soviet side.

title: Estonia

title: Estonia

text: Most

text: of

text: the

text: Estonian

text: Defence

text: Forces

text: surrendered

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: orders

text: of

text: the

text: Estonian

text: government

text: believing

text: that

text: resistance

text: was

text: useless

text: and

text: were

text: disarmed

text: by

text: the

text: Red

text: Army

text: Only

text: the

text: Estonian

text: Independent

text: Signal

text: Battalion

text: showed

text: resistance

text: to

text: Red

text: Army

text: and

text: Communist

text: militia

text: People

text: 's

text: Self

text: Defence

text: units

text: in

text: front

text: of

text: the

text: XXI

text: Grammar

text: School

text: in

text: Tallinn

text: on

text: June

text: As

text: the

text: Red

text: Army

text: brought

text: in

text: additional

text: reinforcements

text: supported

text: by

text: six

text: armoured

text: fighting

text: vehicles

text: the

text: battle

text: lasted

text: several

text: hours

text: until

text: sundown

text: Finally

text: the

text: military

text: resistance

text: was

text: ended

text: with

text: negotiations

text: and

text: the

text: Independent

text: Signal

text: Battalion

text: surrendered

text: and

text: was

text: disarmed

text: There

text: were

text: two

text: dead

text: Estonian

text: servicemen

text: Aleksei

text: Männikus

text: and

text: Johannes

text: Mandre

text: and

text: several

text: wounded

text: on

text: the

text: Estonian

text: side

text: and

text: about

text: ten

text: killed

text: and

text: more

text: wounded

text: on

text: the

text: Soviet

text: side

question: Who commanded the defense of the Estonia to surrender?

answer: the Estonian government

text: the Estonian government

question: Who disarmed the Estonian Defence Forces?

answer: the Red Army

text: the Red Army

question: What was the name of the single unit that didn't surrender?

answer: the Estonian Independent Signal Battalion

text: the Estonian Independent Signal Battalion

question: When did the Estonian Independent Signal Battalion face off against the Soviets?

answer: 21 June

text: 21 June


text: Central Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language. The descriptions below are mostly for this variety. For the differences in pronunciation of the different dialects, see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article.

title: Catalan_language

title: Catalan_language

text: Central

text: Catalan

text: is

text: considered

text: the

text: standard

text: pronunciation

text: of

text: the

text: language

text: The

text: descriptions

text: below

text: are

text: mostly

text: for

text: this

text: variety

text: For

text: the

text: differences

text: in

text: pronunciation

text: of

text: the

text: different

text: dialects

text: see

text: the

text: section

text: pronunciation

text: of

text: dialects

text: in

text: this

text: article

question: What is the standard pronunciation of Catalan?

answer: Central Catalan

text: Central Catalan

question: What is Central Catalan?

answer: standard pronunciation

text: standard pronunciation

question: What are the descriptions for?

answer: standard pronunciation

text: standard pronunciation

question: Where do you look for the pronunciation of different dialects?

answer: section pronunciation

text: section pronunciation


text: Currently, the army is divided into the Regular Army, the Army Reserve, and the Army National Guard. The army is also divided into major branches such as Air Defense Artillery, Infantry, Aviation, Signal Corps, Corps of Engineers, and Armor. Before 1903 members of the National Guard were considered state soldiers unless federalized (i.e., activated) by the President. Since the Militia Act of 1903 all National Guard soldiers have held dual status: as National Guardsmen under the authority of the governor of their state or territory and, when activated, as a reserve of the U.S. Army under the authority of the President.

title: United_States_Army

title: United_States_Army

text: Currently

text: the

text: army

text: is

text: divided

text: into

text: the

text: Regular

text: Army

text: the

text: Army

text: Reserve

text: and

text: the

text: Army

text: National

text: Guard

text: The

text: army

text: is

text: also

text: divided

text: into

text: major

text: branches

text: such

text: as

text: Air

text: Defense

text: Artillery

text: Infantry

text: Aviation

text: Signal

text: Corps

text: Corps

text: of

text: Engineers

text: and

text: Armor

text: Before

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: National

text: Guard

text: were

text: considered

text: state

text: soldiers

text: unless

text: federalized

text: i.e.

text: activated

text: by

text: the

text: President

text: Since

text: the

text: Militia

text: Act

text: of

text: all

text: National

text: Guard

text: soldiers

text: have

text: held

text: dual

text: status

text: as

text: National

text: Guardsmen

text: under

text: the

text: authority

text: of

text: the

text: governor

text: of

text: their

text: state

text: or

text: territory

text: and

text: when

text: activated

text: as

text: a

text: reserve

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Army

text: under

text: the

text: authority

text: of

text: the

text: President

question: What were National Guard members considered before 1903?

answer: state soldiers

text: state soldiers

question: In what year did the Milita Act take place?

answer: 1903

question: The Air Defense Artillery is a branch of what?

answer: the Army

text: the Army

question: National Guardsmen are under the authority of who?

answer: the governor

text: the governor


text: The current Chief of the Defence Staff, the professional head of the British Armed Forces, is General Sir Nicholas Houghton, late Green Howards. He is supported by the Vice Chief of the Defence Staff, by the professional heads of the three services of HM Armed Forces and by the Commander of Joint Forces Command.

title: Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)

title: Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom

text: The

text: current

text: Chief

text: of

text: the

text: Defence

text: Staff

text: the

text: professional

text: head

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: Armed

text: Forces

text: is

text: General

text: Sir

text: Nicholas

text: Houghton

text: late

text: Green

text: Howards

text: He

text: is

text: supported

text: by

text: the

text: Vice

text: Chief

text: of

text: the

text: Defence

text: Staff

text: by

text: the

text: professional

text: heads

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: services

text: of

text: HM

text: Armed

text: Forces

text: and

text: by

text: the

text: Commander

text: of

text: Joint

text: Forces

text: Command

question: What is the name of the person who is the current Chief of the Defence Staff?

answer: General Sir Nicholas Houghton

text: General Sir Nicholas Houghton

question: Who is the professional head of the British Armed Forces?

answer: Chief of the Defence Staff

text: Chief of the Defence Staff

question: The professional heads of what three services support the Chief of the Defence Staff?

answer: HM Armed Forces

text: HM Armed Forces

question: Which person in the Joint Forces Command supports the Chief of the Defence Staff?

answer: the Commander

text: the Commander


text: The Sumerians were a non-Semitic caucasoid people, and spoke a language isolate; a number of linguists believed they could detect a substrate language beneath Sumerian, because names of some of Sumer's major cities are not Sumerian, revealing influences of earlier inhabitants. However, the archaeological record shows clear uninterrupted cultural continuity from the time of the early Ubaid period (5300 – 4700 BC C-14) settlements in southern Mesopotamia. The Sumerian people who settled here farmed the lands in this region that were made fertile by silt deposited by the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers.

title: Sumer

title: Sumer

text: The

text: Sumerians

text: were

text: a

text: non

text: Semitic

text: caucasoid

text: people

text: and

text: spoke

text: a

text: language

text: isolate

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: linguists

text: believed

text: they

text: could

text: detect

text: a

text: substrate

text: language

text: beneath

text: Sumerian

text: because

text: names

text: of

text: some

text: of

text: Sumer

text: 's

text: major

text: cities

text: are

text: not

text: Sumerian

text: revealing

text: influences

text: of

text: earlier

text: inhabitants

text: However

text: the

text: archaeological

text: record

text: shows

text: clear

text: uninterrupted

text: cultural

text: continuity

text: from

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: the

text: early

text: Ubaid

text: period

text: BC

text: settlements

text: in

text: southern

text: Mesopotamia

text: The

text: Sumerian

text: people

text: who

text: settled

text: here

text: farmed

text: the

text: lands

text: in

text: this

text: region

text: that

text: were

text: made

text: fertile

text: by

text: silt

text: deposited

text: by

text: the

text: Tigris

text: and

text: the

text: Euphrates

text: rivers

question: Who were a non-Semitic caucasoid people?

answer: The Sumerians

text: The Sumerians

question: What influences did the Sumerian language seem to retain?

answer: earlier inhabitants

text: earlier inhabitants

question: What do archaeological records clearly show about the Sumerian culture?

answer: uninterrupted cultural continuity

text: uninterrupted cultural continuity

question: When were settlements started in southern Mesopotamia?

answer: early Ubaid period

text: early Ubaid period

question: Why were the lands in the region the Sumerian people settled fertile?

answer: silt deposited by the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers

text: silt deposited by the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers


text: Some możni (Magnates) descending from past tribal dynasties regarded themselves as co-proprietors of Piast realms, even though the Piasts attempted to deprive them of their independence. These możni (Magnates) constantly sought to undermine princely authority.:75, 76 In Gall Anonym's chronicle, there is noted the nobility's alarm when the Palatine Sieciech "elevated those of a lower class over those who were noble born" entrusting them with state offices. (Manteuffel 1982, p. 149)

title: Szlachta

title: Szlachta

text: Some

text: możni

text: Magnates

text: descending

text: from

text: past

text: tribal

text: dynasties

text: regarded

text: themselves

text: as

text: co

text: proprietors

text: of

text: Piast

text: realms

text: even

text: though

text: the

text: Piasts

text: attempted

text: to

text: deprive

text: them

text: of

text: their

text: independence

text: These

text: możni

text: Magnates

text: constantly

text: sought

text: to

text: undermine

text: princely

text: In

text: Gall

text: Anonym

text: 's

text: chronicle

text: there

text: is

text: noted

text: the

text: nobility

text: 's

text: alarm

text: when

text: the

text: Palatine

text: Sieciech

text: elevated

text: those

text: of

text: a

text: lower

text: class

text: over

text: those

text: who

text: were

text: noble

text: born

text: entrusting

text: them

text: with

text: state

text: offices

text: Manteuffel

text: p.

question: What did some Mozni regard themselves with?

answer: co-proprietors of Piast realms

text: co-proprietors of Piast realms

question: What did the magnates do to the Piasts realms?

answer: attempted to deprive them of their independence

text: attempted to deprive them of their independence

question: Who constantly sought to undermine princely authority?

answer: możni

text: możni


text: Between 1945 and 1989, the share of ethnic Estonians in the population resident within the currently defined boundaries of Estonia dropped to 61%, caused primarily by the Soviet programme promoting mass immigration of urban industrial workers from Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus, as well as by wartime emigration and Joseph Stalin's mass deportations and executions.[citation needed] By 1989, minorities constituted more than one-third of the population, as the number of non-Estonians had grown almost fivefold.

title: Estonia

title: Estonia

text: Between

text: and

text: the

text: share

text: of

text: ethnic

text: Estonians

text: in

text: the

text: population

text: resident

text: within

text: the

text: currently

text: defined

text: boundaries

text: of

text: Estonia

text: dropped

text: to

text: caused

text: primarily

text: by

text: the

text: Soviet

text: programme

text: promoting

text: mass

text: immigration

text: of

text: urban

text: industrial

text: workers

text: from

text: Russia

text: Ukraine

text: and

text: Belarus

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: by

text: wartime

text: emigration

text: and

text: Joseph

text: Stalin

text: 's

text: mass

text: deportations

text: and

text: executions.[citation

text: needed

text: By

text: minorities

text: constituted

text: more

text: than

text: one

text: third

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: as

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: non

text: Estonians

text: had

text: grown

text: almost

text: fivefold

question: What period did the amount of ethnic Estonians drop by 61%?

answer: Between 1945 and 1989

text: Between 1945 and 1989

question: What trend caused the drop of ethnic Estonians?

answer: mass immigration of urban industrial workers from Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus

text: mass immigration of urban industrial workers from Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus

question: Who ordered large scales of deportations and executions?

answer: Joseph Stalin

text: Joseph Stalin

question: What year did minorities in Estonia make up more than a third of the country?

answer: 1989


text: The landing was north of Sevastopol, so the Russians had arrayed their army in expectation of a direct attack. The allies advanced and on the morning of 20 September came up to the Alma river and the whole Russian army. The position was strong, but after three hours,:424 the frontal attack had driven the Russians out of their dug in positions with losses of 6000 men. The Battle of the Alma had 3,300 Allied losses. Failing to pursue the retreating forces was one of many strategic errors made during the war, and the Russians themselves noted that had they pressed south that day they would have easily captured Sevastopol.

title: Crimean_War

title: Crimean_War

text: The

text: landing

text: was

text: north

text: of

text: Sevastopol

text: so

text: the

text: Russians

text: had

text: arrayed

text: their

text: army

text: in

text: expectation

text: of

text: a

text: direct

text: attack

text: The

text: allies

text: advanced

text: and

text: on

text: the

text: morning

text: of

text: September

text: came

text: up

text: to

text: the

text: Alma

text: river

text: and

text: the

text: whole

text: Russian

text: army

text: The

text: position

text: was

text: strong

text: but

text: after

text: three

text: the

text: frontal

text: attack

text: had

text: driven

text: the

text: Russians

text: out

text: of

text: their

text: dug

text: in

text: positions

text: with

text: losses

text: of

text: men

text: The

text: Battle

text: of

text: the

text: Alma

text: had

text: Allied

text: losses

text: Failing

text: to

text: pursue

text: the

text: retreating

text: forces

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: many

text: strategic

text: errors

text: made

text: during

text: the

text: war

text: and

text: the

text: Russians

text: themselves

text: noted

text: that

text: had

text: they

text: pressed

text: south

text: that

text: day

text: they

text: would

text: have

text: easily

text: captured

text: Sevastopol

question: How many men did the Russians lose after three hours?

answer: 6000 men

text: 6000 men

question: Which river did the allies come across the Russian Army?

answer: Alma river

text: Alma river

question: How many hours did it take to force the Russians away during the attack?

answer: three hours

text: three hours

question: How many allies were lost during the battle?

answer: 3,300

question: Which way did the Russians believe they should have traveled?

answer: south

text: south


text: During this time, Atlantic City was under the mayoral reign of Edward L. Bader, known for his contributions to the construction, athletics and aviation of Atlantic City. Despite the opposition of many others, he purchased land that became the city's municipal airport and high school football stadium, both of which were later named Bader Field in his honor. He led the initiative, in 1923, to construct the Atlantic City High School at Albany and Atlantic Avenues. Bader, in November 1923, initiated a public referendum, during the general election, at which time residents approved the construction of a Convention Center. The city passed an ordinance approving a bond issue for $1.5 million to be used for the purchase of land for Convention Hall, now known as the Boardwalk Hall, finalized September 30, 1924. Bader was also a driving force behind the creation of the Miss America competition.

title: Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey

title: Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey

text: During

text: this

text: time

text: Atlantic

text: City

text: was

text: under

text: the

text: mayoral

text: reign

text: of

text: Edward

text: L.

text: Bader

text: known

text: for

text: his

text: contributions

text: to

text: the

text: construction

text: athletics

text: and

text: aviation

text: of

text: Atlantic

text: City

text: Despite

text: the

text: opposition

text: of

text: many

text: others

text: he

text: purchased

text: land

text: that

text: became

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: municipal

text: airport

text: and

text: high

text: school

text: football

text: stadium

text: both

text: of

text: which

text: were

text: later

text: named

text: Bader

text: Field

text: in

text: his

text: honor

text: He

text: led

text: the

text: initiative

text: in

text: to

text: construct

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: City

text: High

text: School

text: at

text: Albany

text: and

text: Atlantic

text: Avenues

text: Bader

text: in

text: November

text: initiated

text: a

text: public

text: referendum

text: during

text: the

text: general

text: election

text: at

text: which

text: time

text: residents

text: approved

text: the

text: construction

text: of

text: a

text: Convention

text: Center

text: The

text: city

text: passed

text: an

text: ordinance

text: approving

text: a

text: bond

text: issue

text: for

text: million

text: to

text: be

text: used

text: for

text: the

text: purchase

text: of

text: land

text: for

text: Convention

text: Hall

text: now

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Boardwalk

text: Hall

text: finalized

text: September

text: Bader

text: was

text: also

text: a

text: driving

text: force

text: behind

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: the

text: Miss

text: America

text: competition

question: During the 1920s, who was the mayor of Atlantic City?

answer: Edward L. Bader

text: Edward L. Bader

question: What three contributions to Atlantic City was Edward L. Bader known for?

answer: construction, athletics and aviation

text: construction, athletics and aviation

question: What year did Edward L. Bader lead the initiative to construct the Atlantic City High School?

answer: 1923

question: How much was the bond for that was to be used to purchase land for a Convention Center?

answer: $1.5 million

text: $1.5 million

question: What year was Boardwalk Hall finished?

answer: 1924


text: Madonna Louise Ciccone (/tʃɪˈkoʊni/; Italian: [tʃikˈkoːne]; born August 16, 1958) is an American singer, songwriter, actress, and businesswoman. She achieved popularity by pushing the boundaries of lyrical content in mainstream popular music and imagery in her music videos, which became a fixture on MTV. Madonna is known for reinventing both her music and image, and for maintaining her autonomy within the recording industry. Music critics have acclaimed her musical productions, which have generated some controversy. Often referred to as the "Queen of Pop", she is often cited as an influence by other artists.

title: Madonna_(entertainer)

title: Madonna_(entertainer

text: Madonna

text: Louise

text: Ciccone

text: /tʃɪˈkoʊni/

text: Italian

text: tʃikˈkoːne

text: born

text: August

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: singer

text: songwriter

text: actress

text: and

text: businesswoman

text: She

text: achieved

text: popularity

text: by

text: pushing

text: the

text: boundaries

text: of

text: lyrical

text: content

text: in

text: mainstream

text: popular

text: music

text: and

text: imagery

text: in

text: her

text: music

text: videos

text: which

text: became

text: a

text: fixture

text: on

text: MTV

text: Madonna

text: is

text: known

text: for

text: reinventing

text: both

text: her

text: music

text: and

text: image

text: and

text: for

text: maintaining

text: her

text: autonomy

text: within

text: the

text: recording

text: industry

text: Music

text: critics

text: have

text: acclaimed

text: her

text: musical

text: productions

text: which

text: have

text: generated

text: some

text: controversy

text: Often

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Queen

text: of

text: Pop

text: she

text: is

text: often

text: cited

text: as

text: an

text: influence

text: by

text: other

text: artists

question: What is Madonna's real name?

answer: Madonna Louise Ciccone

text: Madonna Louise Ciccone

question: When was Madonna born?

answer: August 16, 1958

text: August 16, 1958

question: Which is the other name that Madonna is always referred as?

answer: Queen of Pop

text: Queen of Pop

question: Madonna became a fixture on which TV channel?

answer: MTV

text: MTV

question: Who is known for maintaining her autonomy and reinventing her image in the music industry?

answer: Madonna

text: Madonna


text: Michel Foucault claims that the contemporary concept of police as a paid and funded functionary of the state was developed by German and French legal scholars and practitioners in Public administration and Statistics in the 17th and early 18th centuries, most notably with Nicolas Delamare's Traité de la Police ("Treatise on the Police"), first published in 1705. The German Polizeiwissenschaft (Science of Police) first theorized by Philipp von Hörnigk a 17th-century Austrian Political economist and civil servant and much more famously by Johann Heinrich Gottlob Justi who produced an important theoretical work known as Cameral science on the formulation of police. Foucault cites Magdalene Humpert author of Bibliographie der Kameralwissenschaften (1937) in which the author makes note of a substantial bibliography was produced of over 4000 pieces of the practice of Polizeiwissenschaft however, this maybe a mistranslation of Foucault's own work the actual source of Magdalene Humpert states over 14,000 items were produced from the 16th century dates ranging from 1520-1850.

title: Police

title: Police

text: Michel

text: Foucault

text: claims

text: that

text: the

text: contemporary

text: concept

text: of

text: police

text: as

text: a

text: paid

text: and

text: funded

text: functionary

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: was

text: developed

text: by

text: German

text: and

text: French

text: legal

text: scholars

text: and

text: practitioners

text: in

text: Public

text: administration

text: and

text: Statistics

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: early

text: centuries

text: most

text: notably

text: with

text: Nicolas

text: Delamare

text: 's

text: Traité

text: de

text: la

text: Police

text: Treatise

text: on

text: the

text: Police

text: first

text: published

text: in

text: The

text: German

text: Polizeiwissenschaft

text: Science

text: of

text: Police

text: first

text: theorized

text: by

text: Philipp

text: von

text: Hörnigk

text: a

text: century

text: Austrian

text: Political

text: economist

text: and

text: civil

text: servant

text: and

text: much

text: more

text: famously

text: by

text: Johann

text: Heinrich

text: Gottlob

text: Justi

text: who

text: produced

text: an

text: important

text: theoretical

text: work

text: known

text: as

text: Cameral

text: science

text: on

text: the

text: formulation

text: of

text: police

text: Foucault

text: cites

text: Magdalene

text: Humpert

text: author

text: of

text: Bibliographie

text: der

text: Kameralwissenschaften

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: author

text: makes

text: note

text: of

text: a

text: substantial

text: bibliography

text: was

text: produced

text: of

text: over

text: pieces

text: of

text: the

text: practice

text: of

text: Polizeiwissenschaft

text: however

text: this

text: maybe

text: a

text: mistranslation

text: of

text: Foucault

text: 's

text: own

text: work

text: the

text: actual

text: source

text: of

text: Magdalene

text: Humpert

text: states

text: over

text: items

text: were

text: produced

text: from

text: the

text: century

text: dates

text: ranging

text: from

question: Which countries' scholars developed the contemporary police concept?

answer: German and French

text: German and French

question: When was the 'Treatise on the Police' published?

answer: 1705

question: What was the 'Treatise on the Police' called in French?

answer: Traité de la Police

text: Traité de la Police

question: Who wrote the 'Treatise on the Police'?

answer: Nicolas Delamare

text: Nicolas Delamare

question: What was von Hornigk's career?

answer: Political economist and civil servant

text: Political economist and civil servant


text: Roman Catholic Jesuits and Capuchins arrived from Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries. Portuguese missionaries Jesuit Father António de Andrade and Brother Manuel Marques first reached the kingdom of Gelu in western Tibet in 1624 and was welcomed by the royal family who allowed them to build a church later on. By 1627, there were about a hundred local converts in the Guge kingdom. Later on, Christianity was introduced to Rudok, Ladakh and Tsang and was welcomed by the ruler of the Tsang kingdom, where Andrade and his fellows established a Jesuit outpost at Shigatse in 1626.

title: Tibet

title: Tibet

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: Jesuits

text: and

text: Capuchins

text: arrived

text: from

text: Europe

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

text: Portuguese

text: missionaries

text: Jesuit

text: Father

text: António

text: de

text: Andrade

text: and

text: Brother

text: Manuel

text: Marques

text: first

text: reached

text: the

text: kingdom

text: of

text: Gelu

text: in

text: western

text: Tibet

text: in

text: and

text: was

text: welcomed

text: by

text: the

text: royal

text: family

text: who

text: allowed

text: them

text: to

text: build

text: a

text: church

text: later

text: on

text: By

text: there

text: were

text: about

text: a

text: hundred

text: local

text: converts

text: in

text: the

text: Guge

text: kingdom

text: Later

text: on

text: Christianity

text: was

text: introduced

text: to

text: Rudok

text: Ladakh

text: and

text: Tsang

text: and

text: was

text: welcomed

text: by

text: the

text: ruler

text: of

text: the

text: Tsang

text: kingdom

text: where

text: Andrade

text: and

text: his

text: fellows

text: established

text: a

text: Jesuit

text: outpost

text: at

text: Shigatse

text: in

question: When did Roman Catholic Jesuits and Capuchins arrive in Tibet from Europe?

answer: 17th and 18th centuries

text: 17th and 18th centuries

question: When did Portuguese missionaries first arrive in western Tibet?

answer: 1624

question: When was Christianity introduced to Rudok, Ladakh, and Tsang?

answer: 1626


text: The institutes of technology and polytechnics have been in existence since at least the 18th century, but became popular after World War II with the expansion of engineering and applied science education, associated with the new needs created by industrialization. The world's first institution of technology, the Berg-Schola (today its legal successor is the University of Miskolc) was founded by the Court Chamber of Vienna in Selmecbánya, Kingdom of Hungary in 1735 in order to train specialists of precious metal and copper mining according to the requirements of the industrial revolution in Hungary. The oldest German Institute of Technology is the Braunschweig University of Technology (founded in 1745 as "Collegium Carolinum"). Another exception is the École Polytechnique, which has educated French élites since its foundation in 1794. In some cases, polytechnics or institutes of technology are engineering schools or technical colleges.

title: Institute_of_technology

title: Institute_of_technology

text: The

text: institutes

text: of

text: technology

text: and

text: polytechnics

text: have

text: been

text: in

text: existence

text: since

text: at

text: least

text: the

text: century

text: but

text: became

text: popular

text: after

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: with

text: the

text: expansion

text: of

text: engineering

text: and

text: applied

text: science

text: education

text: associated

text: with

text: the

text: new

text: needs

text: created

text: by

text: industrialization

text: The

text: world

text: 's

text: first

text: institution

text: of

text: technology

text: the

text: Berg

text: Schola

text: today

text: its

text: legal

text: successor

text: is

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Miskolc

text: was

text: founded

text: by

text: the

text: Court

text: Chamber

text: of

text: Vienna

text: in

text: Selmecbánya

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Hungary

text: in

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: train

text: specialists

text: of

text: precious

text: metal

text: and

text: copper

text: mining

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: requirements

text: of

text: the

text: industrial

text: revolution

text: in

text: Hungary

text: The

text: oldest

text: German

text: Institute

text: of

text: Technology

text: is

text: the

text: Braunschweig

text: University

text: of

text: Technology

text: founded

text: in

text: as

text: Collegium

text: Carolinum

text: Another

text: exception

text: is

text: the

text: École

text: Polytechnique

text: which

text: has

text: educated

text: French

text: élites

text: since

text: its

text: foundation

text: in

text: In

text: some

text: cases

text: polytechnics

text: or

text: institutes

text: of

text: technology

text: are

text: engineering

text: schools

text: or

text: technical

text: colleges

question: What was the first institute of technology in the world?

answer: the Berg-Schola

text: the Berg-Schola

question: What war led to the increased popularity of institutes of technology and polytechnics?

answer: World War II

text: World War II

question: What was the founding name of the Braunschweig University of Technology?

answer: Collegium Carolinum

text: Collegium Carolinum

question: In what year was the École Polytechnique founded?

answer: 1794