text: In most computers, individual instructions are stored as machine code with each instruction being given a unique number (its operation code or opcode for short). The command to add two numbers together would have one opcode; the command to multiply them would have a different opcode, and so on. The simplest computers are able to perform any of a handful of different instructions; the more complex computers have several hundred to choose from, each with a unique numerical code. Since the computer's memory is able to store numbers, it can also store the instruction codes. This leads to the important fact that entire programs (which are just lists of these instructions) can be represented as lists of numbers and can themselves be manipulated inside the computer in the same way as numeric data. The fundamental concept of storing programs in the computer's memory alongside the data they operate on is the crux of the von Neumann, or stored program[citation needed], architecture. In some cases, a computer might store some or all of its program in memory that is kept separate from the data it operates on. This is called the Harvard architecture after the Harvard Mark I computer. Modern von Neumann computers display some traits of the Harvard architecture in their designs, such as in CPU caches.

title: Computer

title: Computer

text: In

text: most

text: computers

text: individual

text: instructions

text: are

text: stored

text: as

text: machine

text: code

text: with

text: each

text: instruction

text: being

text: given

text: a

text: unique

text: number

text: its

text: operation

text: code

text: or

text: opcode

text: for

text: short

text: The

text: command

text: to

text: add

text: two

text: numbers

text: together

text: would

text: have

text: one

text: opcode

text: the

text: command

text: to

text: multiply

text: them

text: would

text: have

text: a

text: different

text: opcode

text: and

text: so

text: on

text: The

text: simplest

text: computers

text: are

text: able

text: to

text: perform

text: any

text: of

text: a

text: handful

text: of

text: different

text: instructions

text: the

text: more

text: complex

text: computers

text: have

text: several

text: hundred

text: to

text: choose

text: from

text: each

text: with

text: a

text: unique

text: numerical

text: code

text: Since

text: the

text: computer

text: 's

text: memory

text: is

text: able

text: to

text: store

text: numbers

text: it

text: can

text: also

text: store

text: the

text: instruction

text: codes

text: This

text: leads

text: to

text: the

text: important

text: fact

text: that

text: entire

text: programs

text: which

text: are

text: just

text: lists

text: of

text: these

text: instructions

text: can

text: be

text: represented

text: as

text: lists

text: of

text: numbers

text: and

text: can

text: themselves

text: be

text: manipulated

text: inside

text: the

text: computer

text: in

text: the

text: same

text: way

text: as

text: numeric

text: data

text: The

text: fundamental

text: concept

text: of

text: storing

text: programs

text: in

text: the

text: computer

text: 's

text: memory

text: alongside

text: the

text: data

text: they

text: operate

text: on

text: is

text: the

text: crux

text: of

text: the

text: von

text: Neumann

text: or

text: stored

text: program[citation

text: needed

text: architecture

text: In

text: some

text: cases

text: a

text: computer

text: might

text: store

text: some

text: or

text: all

text: of

text: its

text: program

text: in

text: memory

text: that

text: is

text: kept

text: separate

text: from

text: the

text: data

text: it

text: operates

text: on

text: This

text: is

text: called

text: the

text: Harvard

text: architecture

text: after

text: the

text: Harvard

text: Mark

text: I

text: computer

text: Modern

text: von

text: Neumann

text: computers

text: display

text: some

text: traits

text: of

text: the

text: Harvard

text: architecture

text: in

text: their

text: designs

text: such

text: as

text: in

text: CPU

text: caches

question: Which computer is the Harvard architecture modeled after?

answer: Harvard Mark I computer

text: Harvard Mark I computer

question: A computer that stores its program in memory and kept separate from the data is called what?

answer: the Harvard architecture

text: the Harvard architecture


text: Metropolitan Kathmandu is divided into five sectors: the Central Sector, the East Sector, the North Sector, the City Core and the West Sector. For civic administration, the city is further divided into 35 administrative wards. The Council administers the Metropolitan area of Kathmandu city through its 177 elected representatives and 20 nominated members. It holds biannual meetings to review, process and approve the annual budget and make major policy decisions. The ward's profile documents for the 35 wards prepared by the Kathmandu Metropolitan Council is detailed and provides information for each ward on population, the structure and condition of houses, the type of roads, educational, health and financial institutions, entertainment facilities, parking space, security provisions, etc. It also includes lists of development projects completed, on-going and planned, along with informative data about the cultural heritage, festivals, historical sites and the local inhabitants. Ward 16 is the largest, with an area of 437.4 ha; ward 26 is the smallest, with an area of 4 ha.

title: Kathmandu

title: Kathmandu

text: Metropolitan

text: Kathmandu

text: is

text: divided

text: into

text: five

text: sectors

text: the

text: Central

text: Sector

text: the

text: East

text: Sector

text: the

text: North

text: Sector

text: the

text: City

text: Core

text: and

text: the

text: West

text: Sector

text: For

text: civic

text: administration

text: the

text: city

text: is

text: further

text: divided

text: into

text: administrative

text: wards

text: The

text: Council

text: administers

text: the

text: Metropolitan

text: area

text: of

text: Kathmandu

text: city

text: through

text: its

text: elected

text: representatives

text: and

text: nominated

text: members

text: It

text: holds

text: biannual

text: meetings

text: to

text: review

text: process

text: and

text: approve

text: the

text: annual

text: budget

text: and

text: make

text: major

text: policy

text: decisions

text: The

text: ward

text: 's

text: profile

text: documents

text: for

text: the

text: wards

text: prepared

text: by

text: the

text: Kathmandu

text: Metropolitan

text: Council

text: is

text: detailed

text: and

text: provides

text: information

text: for

text: each

text: ward

text: on

text: population

text: the

text: structure

text: and

text: condition

text: of

text: houses

text: the

text: type

text: of

text: roads

text: educational

text: health

text: and

text: financial

text: institutions

text: entertainment

text: facilities

text: parking

text: space

text: security

text: provisions

text: etc

text: It

text: also

text: includes

text: lists

text: of

text: development

text: projects

text: completed

text: on

text: going

text: and

text: planned

text: along

text: with

text: informative

text: data

text: about

text: the

text: cultural

text: heritage

text: festivals

text: historical

text: sites

text: and

text: the

text: local

text: inhabitants

text: Ward

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: with

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: ha

text: ward

text: is

text: the

text: smallest

text: with

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: ha

question: How many sectors make up the Kathmandu metropolitan area?

answer: five

text: five

question: What sector of Kathmandu doesn't have the word 'sector' in its name?

answer: City Core

text: City Core

question: What is the purpose of Kathmandu being divided into 35 wards?

answer: civic administration

text: civic administration

question: How many members of the Council received their positions via nomination rather than election?

answer: 20

question: How many hectares in size is Kathmandu's ward 26?

answer: 4


text: The first Dominican site in England was at Oxford, in the parishes of St. Edward and St. Adelaide. The friars built an oratory to the Blessed Virgin Mary and by 1265, the brethren, in keeping with their devotion to study, began erecting a school. Actually, the Dominican brothers likely began a school immediately after their arrival, as priories were legally schools. Information about the schools of the English Province is limited, but a few facts are known. Much of the information available is taken from visitation records. The "visitation" was a section of the province through which visitors to each priory could describe the state of its religious life and its studies to the next chapter. There were four such visits in England and Wales—Oxford, London, Cambridge and York. All Dominican students were required to learn grammar, old and new logic, natural philosophy and theology. Of all of the curricular areas, however, theology was the most important. This is not surprising when one remembers Dominic's zeal for it.

title: Dominican_Order

title: Dominican_Order

text: The

text: first

text: Dominican

text: site

text: in

text: England

text: was

text: at

text: Oxford

text: in

text: the

text: parishes

text: of

text: St.

text: Edward

text: and

text: St.

text: Adelaide

text: The

text: friars

text: built

text: an

text: oratory

text: to

text: the

text: Blessed

text: Virgin

text: Mary

text: and

text: by

text: the

text: brethren

text: in

text: keeping

text: with

text: their

text: devotion

text: to

text: study

text: began

text: erecting

text: a

text: school

text: Actually

text: the

text: Dominican

text: brothers

text: likely

text: began

text: a

text: school

text: immediately

text: after

text: their

text: arrival

text: as

text: priories

text: were

text: legally

text: schools

text: Information

text: about

text: the

text: schools

text: of

text: the

text: English

text: Province

text: is

text: limited

text: but

text: a

text: few

text: facts

text: are

text: known

text: Much

text: of

text: the

text: information

text: available

text: is

text: taken

text: from

text: visitation

text: records

text: The

text: visitation

text: was

text: a

text: section

text: of

text: the

text: province

text: through

text: which

text: visitors

text: to

text: each

text: priory

text: could

text: describe

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: its

text: religious

text: life

text: and

text: its

text: studies

text: to

text: the

text: next

text: chapter

text: There

text: were

text: four

text: such

text: visits

text: in

text: England

text: and

text: Wales

text: Oxford

text: London

text: Cambridge

text: and

text: York

text: All

text: Dominican

text: students

text: were

text: required

text: to

text: learn

text: grammar

text: old

text: and

text: new

text: logic

text: natural

text: philosophy

text: and

text: theology

text: Of

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: curricular

text: areas

text: however

text: theology

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: This

text: is

text: not

text: surprising

text: when

text: one

text: remembers

text: Dominic

text: 's

text: zeal

text: for

text: it

question: What famous school was home to the first English Dominican Order?

answer: Oxford

text: Oxford

question: Who did the friars build an oratory in honor of?

answer: the Blessed Virgin Mary

text: the Blessed Virgin Mary

question: What was a subject that all Dominican students had to learn?

answer: natural philosophy

text: natural philosophy

question: What was the most important subject for Dominican students?

answer: theology

text: theology

question: By what year was the school in Oxford completed?

answer: 1265


text: One boarding house, College, is reserved for seventy King's Scholars, who attend Eton on scholarships provided by the original foundation and awarded by examination each year; King's Scholars pay up to 90% of full fees, depending on their means. Of the other pupils, up to a third receive some kind of bursary or scholarship. The name "King's Scholars" is because the school was founded by King Henry VI in 1440. The original School consisted of the seventy Scholars (together with some Commensals) and the Scholars were educated and boarded at the foundation's expense.

title: Eton_College

title: Eton_College

text: One

text: boarding

text: house

text: College

text: is

text: reserved

text: for

text: seventy

text: King

text: 's

text: Scholars

text: who

text: attend

text: Eton

text: on

text: scholarships

text: provided

text: by

text: the

text: original

text: foundation

text: and

text: awarded

text: by

text: examination

text: each

text: year

text: King

text: 's

text: Scholars

text: pay

text: up

text: to

text: of

text: full

text: fees

text: depending

text: on

text: their

text: means

text: Of

text: the

text: other

text: pupils

text: up

text: to

text: a

text: third

text: receive

text: some

text: kind

text: of

text: bursary

text: or

text: scholarship

text: The

text: name

text: King

text: 's

text: Scholars

text: is

text: because

text: the

text: school

text: was

text: founded

text: by

text: King

text: Henry

text: VI

text: in

text: The

text: original

text: School

text: consisted

text: of

text: the

text: seventy

text: Scholars

text: together

text: with

text: some

text: Commensals

text: and

text: the

text: Scholars

text: were

text: educated

text: and

text: boarded

text: at

text: the

text: foundation

text: 's

text: expense

question: The College boarding house is reserved for whom?

answer: King's Scholars

text: King's Scholars

question: Where do "King's Scholars" get their name?

answer: the school was founded by King Henry VI

text: the school was founded by King Henry VI

question: How many original Scholars were there in the original School?

answer: seventy

text: seventy

question: How many students receive some form of financial aid?

answer: up to a third

text: up to a third


text: On 12 January 1953, he was appointed Patriarch of Venice and, accordingly, raised to the rank of Cardinal-Priest of Santa Prisca by Pope Pius XII. Roncalli left France for Venice on 23 February 1953 stopping briefly in Milan and then to Rome. On 15 March 1953, he took possession of his new diocese in Venice. As a sign of his esteem, the President of France, Vincent Auriol, claimed the ancient privilege possessed by French monarchs and bestowed the red biretta on Roncalli at a ceremony in the Élysée Palace. It was around this time that he, with the aid of Monsignor Bruno Heim, formed his coat of arms with a lion of Saint Mark on a white ground. Auriol also awarded Roncalli three months later with the award of Commander of the Legion of Honour.

title: Pope_John_XXIII

title: Pope_John_XXIII

text: On

text: January

text: he

text: was

text: appointed

text: Patriarch

text: of

text: Venice

text: and

text: accordingly

text: raised

text: to

text: the

text: rank

text: of

text: Cardinal

text: Priest

text: of

text: Santa

text: Prisca

text: by

text: Pope

text: Pius

text: XII

text: Roncalli

text: left

text: France

text: for

text: Venice

text: on

text: February

text: stopping

text: briefly

text: in

text: Milan

text: and

text: then

text: to

text: Rome

text: On

text: March

text: he

text: took

text: possession

text: of

text: his

text: new

text: diocese

text: in

text: Venice

text: As

text: a

text: sign

text: of

text: his

text: esteem

text: the

text: President

text: of

text: France

text: Vincent

text: Auriol

text: claimed

text: the

text: ancient

text: privilege

text: possessed

text: by

text: French

text: monarchs

text: and

text: bestowed

text: the

text: red

text: biretta

text: on

text: Roncalli

text: at

text: a

text: ceremony

text: in

text: the

text: Élysée

text: Palace

text: It

text: was

text: around

text: this

text: time

text: that

text: he

text: with

text: the

text: aid

text: of

text: Monsignor

text: Bruno

text: Heim

text: formed

text: his

text: coat

text: of

text: arms

text: with

text: a

text: lion

text: of

text: Saint

text: Mark

text: on

text: a

text: white

text: ground

text: Auriol

text: also

text: awarded

text: Roncalli

text: three

text: months

text: later

text: with

text: the

text: award

text: of

text: Commander

text: of

text: the

text: Legion

text: of

text: Honour

question: When was he appointed Patriarch of Venice?

answer: 12 January 1953

text: 12 January 1953

question: Pope Pius XII raised him to what rank?

answer: Cardinal-Priest of Santa Prisca

text: Cardinal-Priest of Santa Prisca

question: When did he leave France for Venice?

answer: 23 February 1953

text: 23 February 1953

question: When did he take up his new diocese in Venice?

answer: 15 March 1953

text: 15 March 1953

question: Who was the President of France in 1953?

answer: Vincent Auriol

text: Vincent Auriol


text: Another work from Ancient Greece that made an early impact on botany is De Materia Medica, a five-volume encyclopedia about herbal medicine written in the middle of the first century by Greek physician and pharmacologist Pedanius Dioscorides. De Materia Medica was widely read for more than 1,500 years. Important contributions from the medieval Muslim world include Ibn Wahshiyya's Nabatean Agriculture, Abū Ḥanīfa Dīnawarī's (828–896) the Book of Plants, and Ibn Bassal's The Classification of Soils. In the early 13th century, Abu al-Abbas al-Nabati, and Ibn al-Baitar (d. 1248) wrote on botany in a systematic and scientific manner.

title: Botany

title: Botany

text: Another

text: work

text: from

text: Ancient

text: Greece

text: that

text: made

text: an

text: early

text: impact

text: on

text: botany

text: is

text: De

text: Materia

text: Medica

text: a

text: five

text: volume

text: encyclopedia

text: about

text: herbal

text: medicine

text: written

text: in

text: the

text: middle

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: century

text: by

text: Greek

text: physician

text: and

text: pharmacologist

text: Pedanius

text: Dioscorides

text: De

text: Materia

text: Medica

text: was

text: widely

text: read

text: for

text: more

text: than

text: years

text: Important

text: contributions

text: from

text: the

text: medieval

text: Muslim

text: world

text: include

text: Ibn

text: Wahshiyya

text: 's

text: Nabatean

text: Agriculture

text: Abū

text: Ḥanīfa

text: Dīnawarī

text: 's

text: the

text: Book

text: of

text: Plants

text: and

text: Ibn

text: Bassal

text: 's

text: The

text: Classification

text: of

text: Soils

text: In

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: Abu

text: al

text: Abbas

text: al

text: Nabati

text: and

text: Ibn

text: al

text: Baitar

text: d.

text: wrote

text: on

text: botany

text: in

text: a

text: systematic

text: and

text: scientific

text: manner

question: What is the name of an ancient Greek work impacting botany?

answer: De Materia Medica

text: De Materia Medica

question: What was the De Materia Medica written about?

answer: herbal medicine

text: herbal medicine

question: What was the profession of the man who wrote De Materia Medica?

answer: physician and pharmacologist

text: physician and pharmacologist

question: Besides the Greeks, what other culture contributed to the study of botany?

answer: medieval Muslim world

text: medieval Muslim world

question: How long a book is the De Materia Medica?

answer: five-volume

text: five-volume


text: Quite a few words from the variety of Old Chinese spoken in the state of Wu (where the ancestral language of Min and Wu dialect families originated and which was likely influenced by the Chinese spoken in the state of Chu which itself was not founded by Chinese speakers),[citation needed] and later words from Middle Chinese as well, have retained the original meanings in Hokkien, while many of their counterparts in Mandarin Chinese have either fallen out of daily use, have been substituted with other words (some of which are borrowed from other languages while others are new developments), or have developed newer meanings. The same may be said of Hokkien as well, since some lexical meaning evolved in step with Mandarin while others are wholly innovative developments.

title: Hokkien

title: Hokkien

text: Quite

text: a

text: few

text: words

text: from

text: the

text: variety

text: of

text: Old

text: Chinese

text: spoken

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Wu

text: where

text: the

text: ancestral

text: language

text: of

text: Min

text: and

text: Wu

text: dialect

text: families

text: originated

text: and

text: which

text: was

text: likely

text: influenced

text: by

text: the

text: Chinese

text: spoken

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Chu

text: which

text: itself

text: was

text: not

text: founded

text: by

text: Chinese

text: speakers),[citation

text: needed

text: and

text: later

text: words

text: from

text: Middle

text: Chinese

text: as

text: well

text: have

text: retained

text: the

text: original

text: meanings

text: in

text: Hokkien

text: while

text: many

text: of

text: their

text: counterparts

text: in

text: Mandarin

text: Chinese

text: have

text: either

text: fallen

text: out

text: of

text: daily

text: use

text: have

text: been

text: substituted

text: with

text: other

text: words

text: some

text: of

text: which

text: are

text: borrowed

text: from

text: other

text: languages

text: while

text: others

text: are

text: new

text: developments

text: or

text: have

text: developed

text: newer

text: meanings

text: The

text: same

text: may

text: be

text: said

text: of

text: Hokkien

text: as

text: well

text: since

text: some

text: lexical

text: meaning

text: evolved

text: in

text: step

text: with

text: Mandarin

text: while

text: others

text: are

text: wholly

text: innovative

text: developments

question: Where did the language of Min and Wu dialects originate?

answer: in the state of Wu

text: in the state of Wu

question: Chinese spoken in Wu was influenced by Chinese spoken where?

answer: the state of Chu

text: the state of Chu

question: Many middle chinese words have retained their meanings in Hokkein but not in what?

answer: Mandarin Chinese

text: Mandarin Chinese


text: A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the current through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal. Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits.

title: Transistor

title: Transistor

text: A

text: transistor

text: is

text: a

text: semiconductor

text: device

text: used

text: to

text: amplify

text: or

text: switch

text: electronic

text: signals

text: and

text: electrical

text: power

text: It

text: is

text: composed

text: of

text: semiconductor

text: material

text: with

text: at

text: least

text: three

text: terminals

text: for

text: connection

text: to

text: an

text: external

text: circuit

text: A

text: voltage

text: or

text: current

text: applied

text: to

text: one

text: pair

text: of

text: the

text: transistor

text: 's

text: terminals

text: changes

text: the

text: current

text: through

text: another

text: pair

text: of

text: terminals

text: Because

text: the

text: controlled

text: output

text: power

text: can

text: be

text: higher

text: than

text: the

text: controlling

text: input

text: power

text: a

text: transistor

text: can

text: amplify

text: a

text: signal

text: Today

text: some

text: transistors

text: are

text: packaged

text: individually

text: but

text: many

text: more

text: are

text: found

text: embedded

text: in

text: integrated

text: circuits

question: What is the use of a transistor?

answer: to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power

text: to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power

question: What is a transistor made of?

answer: semiconductor material

text: semiconductor material

question: Why does a transistor increase a signal?

answer: the controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power

text: the controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power

question: What is the minimum amount of external connection terminals to call an item a transistor?

answer: three

text: three

question: Where are most transistors found?

answer: embedded in integrated circuits

text: embedded in integrated circuits


text: Early Asian writings on architecture include the Kao Gong Ji of China from the 7th–5th centuries BCE; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India and Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka.

title: Architecture

title: Architecture

text: Early

text: Asian

text: writings

text: on

text: architecture

text: include

text: the

text: Kao

text: Gong

text: Ji

text: of

text: China

text: from

text: the

text: centuries

text: BCE

text: the

text: Shilpa

text: Shastras

text: of

text: ancient

text: India

text: and

text: Manjusri

text: Vasthu

text: Vidya

text: Sastra

text: of

text: Sri

text: Lanka

question: Name one Asian architectural writer.

answer: Kao Gong Ji

text: Kao Gong Ji

question: What country produced the Kao Gong Ji?

answer: China

text: China

question: When was the Kao Gong Ji written?

answer: 7th–5th centuries BCE

text: 7th–5th centuries BCE

question: What architectural writing came from Sri Lanka?

answer: Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra

text: Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra

question: India produced which early architectural text?

answer: Shilpa Shastras

text: Shilpa Shastras


text: A commutator is a mechanism used to switch the input of most DC machines and certain AC machines consisting of slip ring segments insulated from each other and from the electric motor's shaft. The motor's armature current is supplied through the stationary brushes in contact with the revolving commutator, which causes required current reversal and applies power to the machine in an optimal manner as the rotor rotates from pole to pole. In absence of such current reversal, the motor would brake to a stop. In light of significant advances in the past few decades due to improved technologies in electronic controller, sensorless control, induction motor, and permanent magnet motor fields, electromechanically commutated motors are increasingly being displaced by externally commutated induction and permanent-magnet motors.

title: Electric_motor

title: Electric_motor

text: A

text: commutator

text: is

text: a

text: mechanism

text: used

text: to

text: switch

text: the

text: input

text: of

text: most

text: DC

text: machines

text: and

text: certain

text: AC

text: machines

text: consisting

text: of

text: slip

text: ring

text: segments

text: insulated

text: from

text: each

text: other

text: and

text: from

text: the

text: electric

text: motor

text: 's

text: shaft

text: The

text: motor

text: 's

text: armature

text: current

text: is

text: supplied

text: through

text: the

text: stationary

text: brushes

text: in

text: contact

text: with

text: the

text: revolving

text: commutator

text: which

text: causes

text: required

text: current

text: reversal

text: and

text: applies

text: power

text: to

text: the

text: machine

text: in

text: an

text: optimal

text: manner

text: as

text: the

text: rotor

text: rotates

text: from

text: pole

text: to

text: pole

text: In

text: absence

text: of

text: such

text: current

text: reversal

text: the

text: motor

text: would

text: brake

text: to

text: a

text: stop

text: In

text: light

text: of

text: significant

text: advances

text: in

text: the

text: past

text: few

text: decades

text: due

text: to

text: improved

text: technologies

text: in

text: electronic

text: controller

text: sensorless

text: control

text: induction

text: motor

text: and

text: permanent

text: magnet

text: motor

text: fields

text: electromechanically

text: commutated

text: motors

text: are

text: increasingly

text: being

text: displaced

text: by

text: externally

text: commutated

text: induction

text: and

text: permanent

text: magnet

text: motors

question: What would a rotor do without current reversal?

answer: brake to a stop

text: brake to a stop

question: What switches the input of most DC motors?

answer: commutator

text: commutator

question: From where is current to the motor supplied?

answer: stationary brushes

text: stationary brushes

question: What two motor types are ascendant today?

answer: externally commutated induction and permanent-magnet

text: externally commutated induction and permanent-magnet


text: Antigonus then sent his son Demetrius to regain control of Greece. In 307 he took Athens, expelling Demetrius of Phaleron, Cassander's governor, and proclaiming the city free again. Demetrius now turned his attention to Ptolemy, defeating his fleet at the Battle of Salamis and taking control of Cyprus. In the aftermath of this victory, Antigonus took the title of king (basileus) and bestowed it on his son Demetrius Poliorcetes, the rest of the Diadochi soon followed suit. Demetrius continued his campaigns by laying siege to Rhodes and conquering most of Greece in 302, creating a league against Cassander's Macedon.

title: Hellenistic_period

title: Hellenistic_period

text: Antigonus

text: then

text: sent

text: his

text: son

text: Demetrius

text: to

text: regain

text: control

text: of

text: Greece

text: In

text: he

text: took

text: Athens

text: expelling

text: Demetrius

text: of

text: Phaleron

text: Cassander

text: 's

text: governor

text: and

text: proclaiming

text: the

text: city

text: free

text: again

text: Demetrius

text: now

text: turned

text: his

text: attention

text: to

text: Ptolemy

text: defeating

text: his

text: fleet

text: at

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Salamis

text: and

text: taking

text: control

text: of

text: Cyprus

text: In

text: the

text: aftermath

text: of

text: this

text: victory

text: Antigonus

text: took

text: the

text: title

text: of

text: king

text: basileus

text: and

text: bestowed

text: it

text: on

text: his

text: son

text: Demetrius

text: Poliorcetes

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: the

text: Diadochi

text: soon

text: followed

text: suit

text: Demetrius

text: continued

text: his

text: campaigns

text: by

text: laying

text: siege

text: to

text: Rhodes

text: and

text: conquering

text: most

text: of

text: Greece

text: in

text: creating

text: a

text: league

text: against

text: Cassander

text: 's

text: Macedon

question: Which son did Antigonus send to regain control of Greece?

answer: Demetrius

text: Demetrius

question: When did Demetrius take control of Athens?

answer: 307

question: Who bestowed the title of king to Demetrius Poliorcetes?

answer: Antigonus

text: Antigonus

question: What battle did Demetrius Poliorcetes defeat the fleet of Ptolemy?

answer: Battle of Salamis

text: Battle of Salamis

question: What region was fought over in the Battle of Salamis?

answer: Cyprus

text: Cyprus


text: The city's elevation is 2,643 ft (806 m) above sea level (as measured at the Tucson International Airport). Tucson is situated on an alluvial plain in the Sonoran desert, surrounded by five minor ranges of mountains: the Santa Catalina Mountains and the Tortolita Mountains to the north, the Santa Rita Mountains to the south, the Rincon Mountains to the east, and the Tucson Mountains to the west. The high point of the Santa Catalina Mountains is 9,157 ft (2,791 m) Mount Lemmon, the southernmost ski destination in the continental U.S., while the Tucson Mountains include 4,687 ft (1,429 m) Wasson Peak. The highest point in the area is Mount Wrightson, found in the Santa Rita Mountains at 9,453 ft (2,881 m) above sea level.

title: Tucson,_Arizona

title: Tucson,_Arizona

text: The

text: city

text: 's

text: elevation

text: is

text: ft

text: m

text: above

text: sea

text: level

text: as

text: measured

text: at

text: the

text: Tucson

text: International

text: Airport

text: Tucson

text: is

text: situated

text: on

text: an

text: alluvial

text: plain

text: in

text: the

text: Sonoran

text: desert

text: surrounded

text: by

text: five

text: minor

text: ranges

text: of

text: mountains

text: the

text: Santa

text: Catalina

text: Mountains

text: and

text: the

text: Tortolita

text: Mountains

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: the

text: Santa

text: Rita

text: Mountains

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: the

text: Rincon

text: Mountains

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: the

text: Tucson

text: Mountains

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: The

text: high

text: point

text: of

text: the

text: Santa

text: Catalina

text: Mountains

text: is

text: ft

text: m

text: Mount

text: Lemmon

text: the

text: southernmost

text: ski

text: destination

text: in

text: the

text: continental

text: U.S.

text: while

text: the

text: Tucson

text: Mountains

text: include

text: ft

text: m

text: Wasson

text: Peak

text: The

text: highest

text: point

text: in

text: the

text: area

text: is

text: Mount

text: Wrightson

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: Santa

text: Rita

text: Mountains

text: at

text: ft

text: m

text: above

text: sea

text: level

question: Which Mountain has the Highest point surrounding Tuscon?

answer: Mount Wrightson

text: Mount Wrightson

question: Which desert is Tuscon in?

answer: Sonoran

text: Sonoran

question: How many mountain ranges is Tuscon surrounded by?

answer: five

text: five

question: How above sea level is Wasson Peak in feet?

answer: 4,687 ft

text: 4,687 ft

question: What direction are the Tortolita Mountains from Tuscon?

answer: north

text: north

question: How high is Tucson's airport?

answer: 2,643 ft (806 m) above sea level

text: 2,643 ft (806 m) above sea level

question: What desert is Tucson in?

answer: Sonoran

text: Sonoran

question: What mountain range is east of Tucson?

answer: Rincon Mountains

text: Rincon Mountains

question: What mountain range is north of Tucson?

answer: Tortolita Mountains

text: Tortolita Mountains

question: What mountain range is west of Tucson?

answer: Tucson Mountains

text: Tucson Mountains


text: The Suez Crisis very publicly exposed Britain's limitations to the world and confirmed Britain's decline on the world stage, demonstrating that henceforth it could no longer act without at least the acquiescence, if not the full support, of the United States. The events at Suez wounded British national pride, leading one MP to describe it as "Britain's Waterloo" and another to suggest that the country had become an "American satellite". Margaret Thatcher later described the mindset she believed had befallen the British political establishment as "Suez syndrome", from which Britain did not recover until the successful recapture of the Falkland Islands from Argentina in 1982.

title: British_Empire

title: British_Empire

text: The

text: Suez

text: Crisis

text: very

text: publicly

text: exposed

text: Britain

text: 's

text: limitations

text: to

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: confirmed

text: Britain

text: 's

text: decline

text: on

text: the

text: world

text: stage

text: demonstrating

text: that

text: henceforth

text: it

text: could

text: no

text: longer

text: act

text: without

text: at

text: least

text: the

text: acquiescence

text: if

text: not

text: the

text: full

text: support

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: The

text: events

text: at

text: Suez

text: wounded

text: British

text: national

text: pride

text: leading

text: one

text: MP

text: to

text: describe

text: it

text: as

text: Britain

text: 's

text: Waterloo

text: and

text: another

text: to

text: suggest

text: that

text: the

text: country

text: had

text: become

text: an

text: American

text: satellite

text: Margaret

text: Thatcher

text: later

text: described

text: the

text: mindset

text: she

text: believed

text: had

text: befallen

text: the

text: British

text: political

text: establishment

text: as

text: Suez

text: syndrome

text: from

text: which

text: Britain

text: did

text: not

text: recover

text: until

text: the

text: successful

text: recapture

text: of

text: the

text: Falkland

text: Islands

text: from

text: Argentina

text: in

question: Where did 'Britain's Waterloo' occur?

answer: Suez

text: Suez

question: Who referred to 'Suez Syndrome'?

answer: Margaret Thatcher

text: Margaret Thatcher

question: When did Britain retake the Falkland Islands?

answer: 1982

question: From whom did Britain retake the Falkland Islands?

answer: Argentina

text: Argentina

question: A British minister thought which country was becoming an 'American satellite'?

answer: Britain

text: Britain


text: The primary city airport is George Bush Intercontinental Airport (IAH), the tenth-busiest in the United States for total passengers, and twenty eighth-busiest worldwide. Bush Intercontinental currently ranks fourth in the United States for non-stop domestic and international service with 182 destinations. In 2006, the United States Department of Transportation named IAH the fastest-growing of the top ten airports in the United States. The Houston Air Route Traffic Control Center stands on the George Bush Intercontinental Airport grounds.

title: Houston

title: Houston

text: The

text: primary

text: city

text: airport

text: is

text: George

text: Bush

text: Intercontinental

text: Airport

text: IAH

text: the

text: tenth

text: busiest

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: for

text: total

text: passengers

text: and

text: twenty

text: eighth

text: busiest

text: worldwide

text: Bush

text: Intercontinental

text: currently

text: ranks

text: fourth

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: for

text: non

text: stop

text: domestic

text: and

text: international

text: service

text: with

text: destinations

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Department

text: of

text: Transportation

text: named

text: IAH

text: the

text: fastest

text: growing

text: of

text: the

text: top

text: ten

text: airports

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: The

text: Houston

text: Air

text: Route

text: Traffic

text: Control

text: Center

text: stands

text: on

text: the

text: George

text: Bush

text: Intercontinental

text: Airport

text: grounds

question: How does Houston's George Bush Intercontinental Airport rank for number of passengers?

answer: tenth-busiest

text: tenth-busiest

question: How many destinations does George Bush Intercontinental Airport serve?

answer: 182

question: When did the U.S. Department of Transportation name IAH as fastest growing of U.S. airports?

answer: 2006

question: Where is the Houston Air Route Traffic Control Center located?

answer: George Bush Intercontinental Airport

text: George Bush Intercontinental Airport

question: What is Houston's primary airport?

answer: George Bush Intercontinental Airport

text: George Bush Intercontinental Airport


text: The library system of the university is divided between the main library and each of the colleges and schools. The main building is the 14-story Theodore M. Hesburgh Library, completed in 1963, which is the third building to house the main collection of books. The front of the library is adorned with the Word of Life mural designed by artist Millard Sheets. This mural is popularly known as "Touchdown Jesus" because of its proximity to Notre Dame Stadium and Jesus' arms appearing to make the signal for a touchdown.

title: University_of_Notre_Dame

title: University_of_Notre_Dame

text: The

text: library

text: system

text: of

text: the

text: university

text: is

text: divided

text: between

text: the

text: main

text: library

text: and

text: each

text: of

text: the

text: colleges

text: and

text: schools

text: The

text: main

text: building

text: is

text: the

text: Theodore

text: M.

text: Hesburgh

text: Library

text: completed

text: in

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: building

text: to

text: house

text: the

text: main

text: collection

text: of

text: books

text: The

text: front

text: of

text: the

text: library

text: is

text: adorned

text: with

text: the

text: Word

text: of

text: Life

text: mural

text: designed

text: by

text: artist

text: Millard

text: Sheets

text: This

text: mural

text: is

text: popularly

text: known

text: as

text: Touchdown

text: Jesus

text: because

text: of

text: its

text: proximity

text: to

text: Notre

text: Dame

text: Stadium

text: and

text: Jesus

text: arms

text: appearing

text: to

text: make

text: the

text: signal

text: for

text: a

text: touchdown

question: How many stories tall is the main library at Notre Dame?

answer: 14

question: What is the name of the main library at Notre Dame?

answer: Theodore M. Hesburgh Library

text: Theodore M. Hesburgh Library

question: In what year was the Theodore M. Hesburgh Library at Notre Dame finished?

answer: 1963

question: Which artist created the mural on the Theodore M. Hesburgh Library?

answer: Millard Sheets

text: Millard Sheets

question: What is a common name to reference the mural created by Millard Sheets at Notre Dame?

answer: Touchdown Jesus

text: Touchdown Jesus


text: The New York City Charter School Center assists the setup of new charter schools. There are approximately 900 additional privately run secular and religious schools in the city.

title: New_York_City

title: New_York_City

text: The

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: Charter

text: School

text: Center

text: assists

text: the

text: setup

text: of

text: new

text: charter

text: schools

text: There

text: are

text: approximately

text: additional

text: privately

text: run

text: secular

text: and

text: religious

text: schools

text: in

text: the

text: city

question: What institution aids in the creation of charter schools in New York?

answer: New York City Charter School Center

text: New York City Charter School Center

question: About how many private schools does New York have?

answer: 900


text: These categories are aspects of the more nuanced nature of sexual identity and terminology. For example, people may use other labels, such as pansexual or polysexual, or none at all. According to the American Psychological Association, sexual orientation "also refers to a person's sense of identity based on those attractions, related behaviors, and membership in a community of others who share those attractions". Androphilia and gynephilia are terms used in behavioral science to describe sexual orientation as an alternative to a gender binary conceptualization. Androphilia describes sexual attraction to masculinity; gynephilia describes the sexual attraction to femininity. The term sexual preference largely overlaps with sexual orientation, but is generally distinguished in psychological research. A person who identifies as bisexual, for example, may sexually prefer one sex over the other. Sexual preference may also suggest a degree of voluntary choice, whereas the scientific consensus is that sexual orientation is not a choice.

title: Sexual_orientation

title: Sexual_orientation

text: These

text: categories

text: are

text: aspects

text: of

text: the

text: more

text: nuanced

text: nature

text: of

text: sexual

text: identity

text: and

text: terminology

text: For

text: example

text: people

text: may

text: use

text: other

text: labels

text: such

text: as

text: pansexual

text: or

text: polysexual

text: or

text: at

text: all

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: American

text: Psychological

text: Association

text: sexual

text: orientation

text: also

text: refers

text: to

text: a

text: person

text: 's

text: sense

text: of

text: identity

text: based

text: on

text: those

text: attractions

text: related

text: behaviors

text: and

text: membership

text: in

text: a

text: community

text: of

text: others

text: who

text: share

text: those

text: attractions

text: Androphilia

text: and

text: gynephilia

text: are

text: terms

text: used

text: in

text: behavioral

text: science

text: to

text: describe

text: sexual

text: orientation

text: as

text: an

text: alternative

text: to

text: a

text: gender

text: binary

text: conceptualization

text: Androphilia

text: describes

text: sexual

text: attraction

text: to

text: masculinity

text: gynephilia

text: describes

text: the

text: sexual

text: attraction

text: to

text: femininity

text: The

text: term

text: sexual

text: preference

text: largely

text: overlaps

text: with

text: sexual

text: orientation

text: but

text: is

text: generally

text: distinguished

text: in

text: psychological

text: research

text: A

text: person

text: who

text: identifies

text: as

text: bisexual

text: for

text: example

text: may

text: sexually

text: prefer

text: one

text: sex

text: over

text: the

text: other

text: Sexual

text: preference

text: may

text: also

text: suggest

text: a

text: degree

text: of

text: voluntary

text: choice

text: whereas

text: the

text: scientific

text: consensus

text: is

text: that

text: sexual

text: orientation

text: is

text: not

text: a

text: choice

question: Whar words may people use for sexual idenity?

answer: pansexual or polysexual,

text: pansexual or polysexual,

question: What does the American Pyschological Association say sexual orientation refers to?

answer: a person's sense of identity based on those attractions, related behaviors, and membership in a community of others who share those attractions

text: a person's sense of identity based on those attractions, related behaviors, and membership in a community of others who share those attractions

question: What terms does behavorial science use instead of using gender binary conceptualization?

answer: Androphilia and gynephilia

text: Androphilia and gynephilia

question: What is androphilia used to describe?

answer: sexual attraction to masculinity

text: sexual attraction to masculinity

question: What is gynephilia used to describe?

answer: the sexual attraction to femininity

text: the sexual attraction to femininity


text: Christianity is the most widely practised religion in Galicia, as it has been since its introduction in Late Antiquity, although it lived alongside the old Gallaeci religion for a few centuries. Today about 73% of Galicians identify themselves as Christians. The largest form of Christianity practised in the present day is Catholicism, though only 20% of the population described themselves as active members. The Catholic Church in Galicia has had its primatial seat in Santiago de Compostela since the 12th century.

title: Galicia_(Spain)

title: Galicia_(Spain

text: Christianity

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: widely

text: practised

text: religion

text: in

text: Galicia

text: as

text: it

text: has

text: been

text: since

text: its

text: introduction

text: in

text: Late

text: Antiquity

text: although

text: it

text: lived

text: alongside

text: the

text: old

text: Gallaeci

text: religion

text: for

text: a

text: few

text: centuries

text: Today

text: about

text: of

text: Galicians

text: identify

text: themselves

text: as

text: Christians

text: The

text: largest

text: form

text: of

text: Christianity

text: practised

text: in

text: the

text: present

text: day

text: is

text: Catholicism

text: though

text: only

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: described

text: themselves

text: as

text: active

text: members

text: The

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: in

text: Galicia

text: has

text: had

text: its

text: primatial

text: seat

text: in

text: Santiago

text: de

text: Compostela

text: since

text: the

text: century

question: What is Galicia's most widespread religion?

answer: Christianity

text: Christianity

question: What percentage of Galicians identify with this religion?

answer: 73%


text: The bombing failed to demoralise the British into surrender or significantly damage the war economy. The eight months of bombing never seriously hampered British production and the war industries continued to operate and expand. The Blitz was only authorised when the Luftwaffe had failed to meet preconditions for a 1940 launch of Operation Sea Lion, the provisionally planned German invasion of Britain. By May 1941 the threat of an invasion of Britain had passed, and Hitler's attention had turned to Operation Barbarossa in the East. In comparison to the later Allied bombing campaign against Germany, the Blitz resulted in relatively few casualties; the British bombing of Hamburg in July 1943 inflicted some 42,000 civilian deaths, about the same as the entire Blitz.

title: The_Blitz

title: The_Blitz

text: The

text: bombing

text: failed

text: to

text: demoralise

text: the

text: British

text: into

text: surrender

text: or

text: significantly

text: damage

text: the

text: war

text: economy

text: The

text: eight

text: months

text: of

text: bombing

text: never

text: seriously

text: hampered

text: British

text: production

text: and

text: the

text: war

text: industries

text: continued

text: to

text: operate

text: and

text: expand

text: The

text: Blitz

text: was

text: only

text: authorised

text: when

text: the

text: Luftwaffe

text: had

text: failed

text: to

text: meet

text: preconditions

text: for

text: a

text: launch

text: of

text: Operation

text: Sea

text: Lion

text: the

text: provisionally

text: planned

text: German

text: invasion

text: of

text: Britain

text: By

text: May

text: the

text: threat

text: of

text: an

text: invasion

text: of

text: Britain

text: had

text: passed

text: and

text: Hitler

text: 's

text: attention

text: had

text: turned

text: to

text: Operation

text: Barbarossa

text: in

text: the

text: East

text: In

text: comparison

text: to

text: the

text: later

text: Allied

text: bombing

text: campaign

text: against

text: Germany

text: the

text: Blitz

text: resulted

text: in

text: relatively

text: few

text: casualties

text: the

text: British

text: bombing

text: of

text: Hamburg

text: in

text: July

text: inflicted

text: some

text: civilian

text: deaths

text: about

text: the

text: same

text: as

text: the

text: entire

text: Blitz

question: What was the name of the Luftwaffe plan to invade Britain?

answer: Operation Sea Lion

text: Operation Sea Lion

question: How many people died in the bombing of Hamburg?

answer: 42,000

question: What was the date of the bombing of Hamburg?

answer: July 1943

text: July 1943

question: Who was the leader of the Luftwaffe?

answer: Hitler

text: Hitler


text: Since annelids are soft-bodied, their fossils are rare – mostly jaws and the mineralized tubes that some of the species secreted. Although some late Ediacaran fossils may represent annelids, the oldest known fossil that is identified with confidence comes from about 518 million years ago in the early Cambrian period. Fossils of most modern mobile polychaete groups appeared by the end of the Carboniferous, about 299 million years ago. Palaeontologists disagree about whether some body fossils from the mid Ordovician, about 472 to 461 million years ago, are the remains of oligochaetes, and the earliest indisputable fossils of the group appear in the Tertiary period, which began 65 million years ago.

title: Annelid

title: Annelid

text: Since

text: annelids

text: are

text: soft

text: bodied

text: their

text: fossils

text: are

text: rare

text: mostly

text: jaws

text: and

text: the

text: mineralized

text: tubes

text: that

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: species

text: secreted

text: Although

text: some

text: late

text: Ediacaran

text: fossils

text: may

text: represent

text: annelids

text: the

text: oldest

text: known

text: fossil

text: that

text: is

text: identified

text: with

text: confidence

text: comes

text: from

text: about

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: Cambrian

text: period

text: Fossils

text: of

text: most

text: modern

text: mobile

text: polychaete

text: groups

text: appeared

text: by

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Carboniferous

text: about

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: Palaeontologists

text: disagree

text: about

text: whether

text: some

text: body

text: fossils

text: from

text: the

text: mid

text: Ordovician

text: about

text: to

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: are

text: the

text: remains

text: of

text: oligochaetes

text: and

text: the

text: earliest

text: indisputable

text: fossils

text: of

text: the

text: group

text: appear

text: in

text: the

text: Tertiary

text: period

text: which

text: began

text: million

text: years

text: ago

question: Why are annelid fossils rare?

answer: annelids are soft-bodied

text: annelids are soft-bodied

question: What fossil signs of annelids are found?

answer: jaws and the mineralized tubes that some of the species secreted

text: jaws and the mineralized tubes that some of the species secreted

question: How old is the earliest annelid fossil?

answer: 518 million years ago

text: 518 million years ago

question: What types of annelids appeared 299 million years ago?

answer: modern mobile polychaete groups

text: modern mobile polychaete groups

question: What period started around 472 million years ago?

answer: the mid Ordovician

text: the mid Ordovician


text: Fetuvalu offers the Cambridge syllabus. Motufoua offers the Fiji Junior Certificate (FJC) at year 10, Tuvaluan Certificate at Year 11 and the Pacific Senior Secondary Certificate (PSSC) at Year 12, set by the Fiji-based exam board SPBEA. Sixth form students who pass their PSSC go on to the Augmented Foundation Programme, funded by the government of Tuvalu. This program is required for tertiary education programmes outside of Tuvalu and is available at the University of the South Pacific (USP) Extension Centre in Funafuti.

title: Tuvalu

title: Tuvalu

text: Fetuvalu

text: offers

text: the

text: Cambridge

text: syllabus

text: Motufoua

text: offers

text: the

text: Fiji

text: Junior

text: Certificate

text: FJC

text: at

text: year

text: Tuvaluan

text: Certificate

text: at

text: Year

text: and

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Senior

text: Secondary

text: Certificate

text: PSSC

text: at

text: Year

text: set

text: by

text: the

text: Fiji

text: based

text: exam

text: board

text: SPBEA

text: Sixth

text: form

text: students

text: who

text: pass

text: their

text: PSSC

text: go

text: on

text: to

text: the

text: Augmented

text: Foundation

text: Programme

text: funded

text: by

text: the

text: government

text: of

text: Tuvalu

text: This

text: program

text: is

text: required

text: for

text: tertiary

text: education

text: programmes

text: outside

text: of

text: Tuvalu

text: and

text: is

text: available

text: at

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: the

text: South

text: Pacific

text: USP

text: Extension

text: Centre

text: in

text: Funafuti

question: Where is the Extension Centre for the USP?

answer: Funafuti

text: Funafuti

question: What group funds the Augmented Foundation Programme?

answer: government of Tuvalu

text: government of Tuvalu

question: Where is the Augmented Programme required for further education?

answer: outside of Tuvalu

text: outside of Tuvalu

question: Which students go into the Augmented Foundation Programme?

answer: Sixth form

text: Sixth form

question: In what educational institution is the program found?

answer: University of the South Pacific

text: University of the South Pacific


text: New Haven's best-known geographic features are its large deep harbor, and two reddish basalt trap rock ridges which rise to the northeast and northwest of the city core. These trap rocks are known respectively as East Rock and West Rock, and both serve as extensive parks. West Rock has been tunneled through to make way for the east-west passage of the Wilbur Cross Parkway (the only highway tunnel through a natural obstacle in Connecticut), and once served as the hideout of the "Regicides" (see: Regicides Trail). Most New Haveners refer to these men as "The Three Judges". East Rock features the prominent Soldiers and Sailors war monument on its peak as well as the "Great/Giant Steps" which run up the rock's cliffside.

title: New_Haven,_Connecticut

title: New_Haven,_Connecticut

text: New

text: Haven

text: 's

text: best

text: known

text: geographic

text: features

text: are

text: its

text: large

text: deep

text: harbor

text: and

text: two

text: reddish

text: basalt

text: trap

text: rock

text: ridges

text: which

text: rise

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: and

text: northwest

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: core

text: These

text: trap

text: rocks

text: are

text: known

text: respectively

text: as

text: East

text: Rock

text: and

text: West

text: Rock

text: and

text: both

text: serve

text: as

text: extensive

text: parks

text: West

text: Rock

text: has

text: been

text: tunneled

text: through

text: to

text: make

text: way

text: for

text: the

text: east

text: west

text: passage

text: of

text: the

text: Wilbur

text: Cross

text: Parkway

text: the

text: only

text: highway

text: tunnel

text: through

text: a

text: natural

text: obstacle

text: in

text: Connecticut

text: and

text: once

text: served

text: as

text: the

text: hideout

text: of

text: the

text: Regicides

text: see

text: Regicides

text: Trail

text: Most

text: New

text: Haveners

text: refer

text: to

text: these

text: men

text: as

text: The

text: Three

text: Judges

text: East

text: Rock

text: features

text: the

text: prominent

text: Soldiers

text: and

text: Sailors

text: war

text: monument

text: on

text: its

text: peak

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: Great

text: Giant

text: Steps

text: which

text: run

text: up

text: the

text: rock

text: 's

text: cliffside

question: In addition to the New Haven Harbor, what additional natural element is a prominent geographic feature of the area, flanking the northeast and northwest boundaries?

answer: basalt trap rock ridges

text: basalt trap rock ridges

question: Which trap rock ridge was altered to accommodate the east-west portion of the Wilbur Park Crossway?

answer: West Rock

text: West Rock

question: What was the name of the group that once utilized West Rock as a hideout, known colloquially as "The Three Judges?"

answer: "Regicides"

text: "Regicides"

question: What is the name of the war monument located at the peak of East Rock?

answer: Soldiers and Sailors

text: Soldiers and Sailors

question: What is the name for the popular feature that ascends the cliffside of East Rock?

answer: "Great/Giant Steps"

text: "Great/Giant Steps"

question: What is New Haven best known for in terms of the main landmark and structure?

answer: large deep harbor

text: large deep harbor

question: In terms of economy and geographic landscape what is the used for the two trop rocks ridges north nearby the city?

answer: as extensive parks

text: as extensive parks

question: The West Rock is also used for what sort of infrastructure?

answer: highway tunnel

text: highway tunnel

question: What does the Eastern Rocks offer as a park on the other hand?

answer: war monument

text: war monument


text: Beginning in the 1940s and continuing into the 1970s, the bureau investigated cases of espionage against the United States and its allies. Eight Nazi agents who had planned sabotage operations against American targets were arrested, and six were executed (Ex parte Quirin) under their sentences. Also during this time, a joint US/UK code-breaking effort (the Venona project)—with which the FBI was heavily involved—broke Soviet diplomatic and intelligence communications codes, allowing the US and British governments to read Soviet communications. This effort confirmed the existence of Americans working in the United States for Soviet intelligence. Hoover was administering this project but failed to notify the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) until 1952. Another notable case is the arrest of Soviet spy Rudolf Abel in 1957. The discovery of Soviet spies operating in the US allowed Hoover to pursue his longstanding obsession with the threat he perceived from the American Left, ranging from Communist Party of the United States of America (CPUSA) union organizers to American liberals.

title: Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation

title: Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation

text: Beginning

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: continuing

text: into

text: the

text: the

text: bureau

text: investigated

text: cases

text: of

text: espionage

text: against

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: its

text: allies

text: Eight

text: Nazi

text: agents

text: who

text: had

text: planned

text: sabotage

text: operations

text: against

text: American

text: targets

text: were

text: arrested

text: and

text: six

text: were

text: executed

text: Ex

text: parte

text: Quirin

text: under

text: their

text: sentences

text: Also

text: during

text: this

text: time

text: a

text: joint

text: US

text: UK

text: code

text: breaking

text: effort

text: the

text: Venona

text: project)—with

text: which

text: the

text: FBI

text: was

text: heavily

text: involved

text: broke

text: Soviet

text: diplomatic

text: and

text: intelligence

text: communications

text: codes

text: allowing

text: the

text: US

text: and

text: British

text: governments

text: to

text: read

text: Soviet

text: communications

text: This

text: effort

text: confirmed

text: the

text: existence

text: of

text: Americans

text: working

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: for

text: Soviet

text: intelligence

text: Hoover

text: was

text: administering

text: this

text: project

text: but

text: failed

text: to

text: notify

text: the

text: Central

text: Intelligence

text: Agency

text: CIA

text: until

text: Another

text: notable

text: case

text: is

text: the

text: arrest

text: of

text: Soviet

text: spy

text: Rudolf

text: Abel

text: in

text: The

text: discovery

text: of

text: Soviet

text: spies

text: operating

text: in

text: the

text: US

text: allowed

text: Hoover

text: to

text: pursue

text: his

text: longstanding

text: obsession

text: with

text: the

text: threat

text: he

text: perceived

text: from

text: the

text: American

text: Left

text: ranging

text: from

text: Communist

text: Party

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: of

text: America

text: CPUSA

text: union

text: organizers

text: to

text: American

text: liberals

question: When did the FBI begin investigating espionage?

answer: 1940s

question: How many Nazis were arrested?

answer: Eight

text: Eight

question: What project broke Soviet codes?

answer: the Venona project

text: the Venona project

question: What agency did Hoover not tell about the code break and the discoveries gained from it?

answer: CIA

text: CIA


text: Popper contrasts his views with the notion of the "hopeful monster" that has large phenotype mutations and calls it the "hopeful behavioural monster". After behaviour has changed radically, small but quick changes of the phenotype follow to make the organism fitter to its changed goals. This way it looks as if the phenotype were changing guided by some invisible hand, while it is merely natural selection working in combination with the new behaviour. For example, according to this hypothesis, the eating habits of the giraffe must have changed before its elongated neck evolved. Popper contrasted this view as "evolution from within" or "active Darwinism" (the organism actively trying to discover new ways of life and being on a quest for conquering new ecological niches), with the naturalistic "evolution from without" (which has the picture of a hostile environment only trying to kill the mostly passive organism, or perhaps segregate some of its groups).

title: Karl_Popper

title: Karl_Popper

text: Popper

text: contrasts

text: his

text: views

text: with

text: the

text: notion

text: of

text: the

text: hopeful

text: monster

text: that

text: has

text: large

text: phenotype

text: mutations

text: and

text: calls

text: it

text: the

text: hopeful

text: behavioural

text: monster

text: After

text: behaviour

text: has

text: changed

text: radically

text: small

text: but

text: quick

text: changes

text: of

text: the

text: phenotype

text: follow

text: to

text: make

text: the

text: organism

text: fitter

text: to

text: its

text: changed

text: goals

text: This

text: way

text: it

text: looks

text: as

text: if

text: the

text: phenotype

text: were

text: changing

text: guided

text: by

text: some

text: invisible

text: hand

text: while

text: it

text: is

text: merely

text: natural

text: selection

text: working

text: in

text: combination

text: with

text: the

text: new

text: behaviour

text: For

text: example

text: according

text: to

text: this

text: hypothesis

text: the

text: eating

text: habits

text: of

text: the

text: giraffe

text: must

text: have

text: changed

text: before

text: its

text: elongated

text: neck

text: evolved

text: Popper

text: contrasted

text: this

text: view

text: as

text: evolution

text: from

text: within

text: or

text: active

text: Darwinism

text: the

text: organism

text: actively

text: trying

text: to

text: discover

text: new

text: ways

text: of

text: life

text: and

text: being

text: on

text: a

text: quest

text: for

text: conquering

text: new

text: ecological

text: niches

text: with

text: the

text: naturalistic

text: evolution

text: from

text: without

text: which

text: has

text: the

text: picture

text: of

text: a

text: hostile

text: environment

text: only

text: trying

text: to

text: kill

text: the

text: mostly

text: passive

text: organism

text: or

text: perhaps

text: segregate

text: some

text: of

text: its

text: groups

question: Which view of evolution emphasizing large changes in organisms' phenotypes does Popper oppose to his own?

answer: hopeful monster

text: hopeful monster

question: Which aspect of organisms changes most radically in the process of evolution Popper envisions?

answer: behaviour

text: behaviour

question: How does Popper describe the "monsters" that evolve in his view of evolutionary processes?

answer: hopeful behavioural monster

text: hopeful behavioural monster

question: What kind of Darwinism does Popper subscribe to in contrast to the naturalistic kind?

answer: active

text: active


text: Davies' and Gribbin's objections are shared by proponents of digital physics who view information rather than matter to be fundamental. Their objections were also shared by some founders of quantum theory, such as Max Planck, who wrote:

title: Materialism

title: Materialism

text: Davies

text: and

text: Gribbin

text: 's

text: objections

text: are

text: shared

text: by

text: proponents

text: of

text: digital

text: physics

text: who

text: view

text: information

text: rather

text: than

text: matter

text: to

text: be

text: fundamental

text: Their

text: objections

text: were

text: also

text: shared

text: by

text: some

text: founders

text: of

text: quantum

text: theory

text: such

text: as

text: Max

text: Planck

text: who

text: wrote

question: Digital physicists consider what to be more important than matter?

answer: information

text: information


text: Palawan Island, between Borneo and Mindoro, the fifth largest and western-most Philippine Island, was invaded on 28 February with landings of the Eighth Army at Puerto Princesa. The Japanese put up little direct defense of Palawan, but cleaning up pockets of Japanese resistance lasted until late April, as the Japanese used their common tactic of withdrawing into the mountain jungles, dispersed as small units. Throughout the Philippines, U.S. forces were aided by Filipino guerrillas to find and dispatch the holdouts.

title: Pacific_War

title: Pacific_War

text: Palawan

text: Island

text: between

text: Borneo

text: and

text: Mindoro

text: the

text: fifth

text: largest

text: and

text: western

text: most

text: Philippine

text: Island

text: was

text: invaded

text: on

text: February

text: with

text: landings

text: of

text: the

text: Eighth

text: Army

text: at

text: Puerto

text: Princesa

text: The

text: Japanese

text: put

text: up

text: little

text: direct

text: defense

text: of

text: Palawan

text: but

text: cleaning

text: up

text: pockets

text: of

text: Japanese

text: resistance

text: lasted

text: until

text: late

text: April

text: as

text: the

text: Japanese

text: used

text: their

text: common

text: tactic

text: of

text: withdrawing

text: into

text: the

text: mountain

text: jungles

text: dispersed

text: as

text: small

text: units

text: Throughout

text: the

text: Philippines

text: U.S.

text: forces

text: were

text: aided

text: by

text: Filipino

text: guerrillas

text: to

text: find

text: and

text: dispatch

text: the

text: holdouts

question: What island was between Borneo and Mindoro?

answer: Palawan

text: Palawan

question: What island was invaded by the Eighth Army on February 28?

answer: Palawan

text: Palawan

question: Where did the Eighth Army land?

answer: Puerto Princesa

text: Puerto Princesa

question: Who aided U.S. forces in finding Japanese holdouts in the Philippines?

answer: Filipino guerrillas

text: Filipino guerrillas

question: What is the western-most Philippine island?

answer: Palawan

text: Palawan


text: On March 10, 1876, three days after his patent was issued, Bell succeeded in getting his telephone to work, using a liquid transmitter similar to Gray's design. Vibration of the diaphragm caused a needle to vibrate in the water, varying the electrical resistance in the circuit. When Bell spoke the famous sentence "Mr. Watson—Come here—I want to see you" into the liquid transmitter, Watson, listening at the receiving end in an adjoining room, heard the words clearly.

title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

text: On

text: March

text: three

text: days

text: after

text: his

text: patent

text: was

text: issued

text: Bell

text: succeeded

text: in

text: getting

text: his

text: telephone

text: to

text: work

text: using

text: a

text: liquid

text: transmitter

text: similar

text: to

text: Gray

text: 's

text: design

text: Vibration

text: of

text: the

text: diaphragm

text: caused

text: a

text: needle

text: to

text: vibrate

text: in

text: the

text: water

text: varying

text: the

text: electrical

text: resistance

text: in

text: the

text: circuit

text: When

text: Bell

text: spoke

text: the

text: famous

text: sentence

text: Mr.

text: Watson

text: Come

text: here

text: I

text: want

text: to

text: see

text: you

text: into

text: the

text: liquid

text: transmitter

text: Watson

text: listening

text: at

text: the

text: receiving

text: end

text: in

text: an

text: adjoining

text: room

text: heard

text: the

text: words

text: clearly

question: What kind of transmitter did Bell put in his telephone?

answer: liquid

text: liquid

question: How did Bell refer to his partner in his well known line?

answer: Mr. Watson

text: Mr. Watson

question: What did the vibrations cause to change?

answer: electrical resistance

text: electrical resistance


text: In Theravada Buddhism, the ultimate goal is the attainment of the sublime state of Nirvana, achieved by practicing the Noble Eightfold Path (also known as the Middle Way), thus escaping what is seen as a cycle of suffering and rebirth. Mahayana Buddhism instead aspires to Buddhahood via the bodhisattva path, a state wherein one remains in this cycle to help other beings reach awakening. Tibetan Buddhism aspires to Buddhahood or rainbow body.

title: Buddhism

title: Buddhism

text: In

text: Theravada

text: Buddhism

text: the

text: ultimate

text: goal

text: is

text: the

text: attainment

text: of

text: the

text: sublime

text: state

text: of

text: Nirvana

text: achieved

text: by

text: practicing

text: the

text: Noble

text: Eightfold

text: Path

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Middle

text: Way

text: thus

text: escaping

text: what

text: is

text: seen

text: as

text: a

text: cycle

text: of

text: suffering

text: and

text: rebirth

text: Mahayana

text: Buddhism

text: instead

text: aspires

text: to

text: Buddhahood

text: via

text: the

text: bodhisattva

text: path

text: a

text: state

text: wherein

text: one

text: remains

text: in

text: this

text: cycle

text: to

text: help

text: other

text: beings

text: reach

text: awakening

text: Tibetan

text: Buddhism

text: aspires

text: to

text: Buddhahood

text: or

text: rainbow

text: body

question: What is the goal of Theravada Buddhism?

answer: the attainment of the sublime state of Nirvana

text: the attainment of the sublime state of Nirvana

question: How is Nirvana achieved?

answer: practicing the Noble Eightfold Path (also known as the Middle Way)

text: practicing the Noble Eightfold Path (also known as the Middle Way)

question: What is the bodhisattva path?

answer: a state wherein one remains in this cycle to help other beings reach awakening

text: a state wherein one remains in this cycle to help other beings reach awakening

question: What is the goal of Tibetan Buddhism?

answer: Buddhahood or rainbow body

text: Buddhahood or rainbow body

question: How is Nirvana attained?

answer: by practicing the Noble Eightfold Path

text: by practicing the Noble Eightfold Path

question: In what buddhism is the goal a state of nirvana?

answer: Theravada

text: Theravada

question: What buddhism has a goal of Buddhahood or rainbow body?

answer: Tibetan

text: Tibetan

question: The Noble Eightfold Path is also known as what?

answer: the Middle Way

text: the Middle Way

question: Mahayana aspires to Buddhahood through what path?

answer: bodhisattva

text: bodhisattva

question: Theravada escapes what cycle?

answer: suffering and rebirth

text: suffering and rebirth


text: Hyderabad sits at the junction of three National Highways linking it to six other states: NH-7 runs 2,369 km (1,472 mi) from Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, in the north to Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, in the south; NH-9, runs 841 km (523 mi) east-west between Machilipatnam, Andhra Pradesh, and Pune, Maharashtra; and the 280 km (174 mi) NH-163 links Hyderabad to Bhopalpatnam, Chhattisgarh NH-765 links Hyderabad to Srisailam. Five state highways, SH-1, SH-2, SH-4, SH-5 and SH-6, either start from, or pass through, Hyderabad.:58

title: Hyderabad

title: Hyderabad

text: Hyderabad

text: sits

text: at

text: the

text: junction

text: of

text: three

text: National

text: Highways

text: linking

text: it

text: to

text: six

text: other

text: states

text: runs

text: km

text: mi

text: from

text: Varanasi

text: Uttar

text: Pradesh

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: to

text: Kanyakumari

text: Tamil

text: Nadu

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: runs

text: km

text: mi

text: east

text: west

text: between

text: Machilipatnam

text: Andhra

text: Pradesh

text: and

text: Pune

text: Maharashtra

text: and

text: the

text: km

text: mi

text: links

text: Hyderabad

text: to

text: Bhopalpatnam

text: Chhattisgarh

text: links

text: Hyderabad

text: to

text: Srisailam

text: Five

text: state

text: highways

text: and

text: either

text: start

text: from

text: or

text: pass

text: through

question: How many national highways form a junction in Hyderabad?

answer: three

text: three

question: How many states are linked to from highways in Hyderabad?

answer: six

text: six

question: How many miles long is NH-7?

answer: 1,472 mi

text: 1,472 mi

question: How many state highways pass through or begin in Hyderabad?

answer: Five

text: Five

question: What road connects Hyderabad to Bhopalpatnam?

answer: NH-163


text: The secondary and high school education system in Swaziland is a five-year programme divided into three years junior secondary and two years senior secondary. There is an external public examination (Junior Certificate) at the end of the junior secondary that learners have to pass to progress to the senior secondary level. The Examination Council of Swaziland (ECOS) administers this examination. At the end of the senior secondary level, learners sit for a public examination, the Swaziland General Certificate of Secondary Education (SGCSE) and International General Certificate of Secondary Education (IGCSE) which is accredited by the Cambridge International Examination (CIE). A few schools offer the Advanced Studies (AS) programme in their curriculum.

title: Swaziland

title: Swaziland

text: The

text: secondary

text: and

text: high

text: school

text: education

text: system

text: in

text: Swaziland

text: is

text: a

text: five

text: year

text: programme

text: divided

text: into

text: three

text: years

text: junior

text: secondary

text: and

text: two

text: years

text: senior

text: secondary

text: There

text: is

text: an

text: external

text: public

text: examination

text: Junior

text: Certificate

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: junior

text: secondary

text: that

text: learners

text: have

text: to

text: pass

text: to

text: progress

text: to

text: the

text: senior

text: secondary

text: level

text: The

text: Examination

text: Council

text: of

text: Swaziland

text: ECOS

text: administers

text: this

text: examination

text: At

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: senior

text: secondary

text: level

text: learners

text: sit

text: for

text: a

text: public

text: examination

text: the

text: Swaziland

text: General

text: Certificate

text: of

text: Secondary

text: Education

text: SGCSE

text: and

text: International

text: General

text: Certificate

text: of

text: Secondary

text: Education

text: IGCSE

text: which

text: is

text: accredited

text: by

text: the

text: Cambridge

text: International

text: Examination

text: CIE

text: A

text: few

text: schools

text: offer

text: the

text: Advanced

text: Studies

text: AS

text: programme

text: in

text: their

text: curriculum

question: How many years does a student spend in secondary and high school in Swaziland?

answer: five

text: five

question: For how many years is a Swazi student in junior secondary school?

answer: three

text: three

question: What is the ECOS within the Swazi education system?

answer: Examination Council of Swaziland

text: Examination Council of Swaziland

question: What do students finishing senior secondary school get?

answer: Swaziland General Certificate of Secondary Education

text: Swaziland General Certificate of Secondary Education

question: What institution does the accreditation for the IGCSE in Swaziland?

answer: Cambridge International Examination

text: Cambridge International Examination


text: The a cappella musical Perfect Harmony, a comedy about two high school a cappella groups vying to win the National championship, made its Off Broadway debut at Theatre Row’s Acorn Theatre on 42nd Street in New York City in October, 2010 after a successful out-of-town run at the Stoneham Theatre, in Stoneham, Massachusetts. Perfect Harmony features the hit music of The Jackson 5, Pat Benatar, Billy Idol, Marvin Gaye, Scandal, Tiffany, The Romantics, The Pretenders, The Temptations, The Contours, The Commodores, Tommy James & the Shondells and The Partridge Family, and has been compared to a cross between Altar Boyz and The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee.

title: A_cappella

title: A_cappella

text: The

text: a

text: cappella

text: musical

text: Perfect

text: Harmony

text: a

text: comedy

text: about

text: two

text: high

text: school

text: a

text: cappella

text: groups

text: vying

text: to

text: win

text: the

text: National

text: championship

text: made

text: its

text: Off

text: Broadway

text: debut

text: at

text: Theatre

text: Row

text: ’s

text: Acorn

text: Theatre

text: on

text: Street

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: in

text: October

text: after

text: a

text: successful

text: out

text: of

text: town

text: run

text: at

text: the

text: Stoneham

text: Theatre

text: in

text: Stoneham

text: Massachusetts

text: Perfect

text: Harmony

text: features

text: the

text: hit

text: music

text: of

text: The

text: Jackson

text: Pat

text: Benatar

text: Billy

text: Idol

text: Marvin

text: Gaye

text: Scandal

text: Tiffany

text: The

text: Romantics

text: The

text: Pretenders

text: The

text: Temptations

text: The

text: Contours

text: The

text: Commodores

text: Tommy

text: James

text: the

text: Shondells

text: and

text: The

text: Partridge

text: Family

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: compared

text: to

text: a

text: cross

text: between

text: Altar

text: Boyz

text: and

text: The

text: Annual

text: Putnam

text: County

text: Spelling

text: Bee

question: What Off-Broadway theater did Perfect Harmony open at?

answer: Theatre Row’s Acorn Theatre

text: Theatre Row’s Acorn Theatre

question: Before coming to New York, at what theater had Perfect Harmony previously been successful?

answer: Stoneham Theatre

text: Stoneham Theatre

question: Perfect Harmony has been called a combination of which two musicals?

answer: Altar Boyz and The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee.

text: Altar Boyz and The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee.

question: In what month was Perfect Harmony's Off-Brodway debut?

answer: October

text: October

question: What genre best describes Perfect Harmony?

answer: comedy

text: comedy


text: Breakthrough pain is transitory acute pain that comes on suddenly and is not alleviated by the patient's normal pain management. It is common in cancer patients who often have background pain that is generally well-controlled by medications, but who also sometimes experience bouts of severe pain that from time to time "breaks through" the medication. The characteristics of breakthrough cancer pain vary from person to person and according to the cause. Management of breakthrough pain can entail intensive use of opioids, including fentanyl.

title: Pain

title: Pain

text: Breakthrough

text: pain

text: is

text: transitory

text: acute

text: pain

text: that

text: comes

text: on

text: suddenly

text: and

text: is

text: not

text: alleviated

text: by

text: the

text: patient

text: 's

text: normal

text: pain

text: management

text: It

text: is

text: common

text: in

text: cancer

text: patients

text: who

text: often

text: have

text: background

text: pain

text: that

text: is

text: generally

text: well

text: controlled

text: by

text: medications

text: but

text: who

text: also

text: sometimes

text: experience

text: bouts

text: of

text: severe

text: pain

text: that

text: from

text: time

text: to

text: time

text: breaks

text: through

text: the

text: medication

text: The

text: characteristics

text: of

text: breakthrough

text: cancer

text: pain

text: vary

text: from

text: person

text: to

text: person

text: and

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: cause

text: Management

text: of

text: breakthrough

text: pain

text: can

text: entail

text: intensive

text: use

text: of

text: opioids

text: including

text: fentanyl

question: What is the term for pain which is acute and note alleviated by normal pain management?

answer: Breakthrough

text: Breakthrough

question: How do cancer patients usually control their background pain?

answer: medications

text: medications

question: Who is breakthrough pain common among?

answer: cancer patients

text: cancer patients

question: What class of medication is fentanyl an example of?

answer: opioids

text: opioids

question: What activity in relation to breakthrough pain requires heavy use of opiods?

answer: Management

text: Management


text: On July 1, 1988, the fourth and last day of a bruising 19th Party Conference, Gorbachev won the backing of the tired delegates for his last-minute proposal to create a new supreme legislative body called the Congress of People's Deputies. Frustrated by the old guard's resistance, Gorbachev embarked on a set of constitutional changes to try to separate party and state, and thereby isolate his conservative Party opponents. Detailed proposals for the new Congress of People's Deputies were published on October 2, 1988, and to enable the creation of the new legislature the Supreme Soviet, during its November 29–December 1, 1988, session, implemented amendments to the 1977 Soviet Constitution, enacted a law on electoral reform, and set the date of the election for March 26, 1989.

title: Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

title: Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

text: On

text: July

text: the

text: fourth

text: and

text: last

text: day

text: of

text: a

text: bruising

text: Party

text: Conference

text: Gorbachev

text: won

text: the

text: backing

text: of

text: the

text: tired

text: delegates

text: for

text: his

text: last

text: minute

text: proposal

text: to

text: create

text: a

text: new

text: supreme

text: legislative

text: body

text: called

text: the

text: Congress

text: of

text: People

text: 's

text: Deputies

text: Frustrated

text: by

text: the

text: old

text: guard

text: 's

text: resistance

text: Gorbachev

text: embarked

text: on

text: a

text: set

text: of

text: constitutional

text: changes

text: to

text: try

text: to

text: separate

text: party

text: and

text: state

text: and

text: thereby

text: isolate

text: his

text: conservative

text: Party

text: opponents

text: Detailed

text: proposals

text: for

text: the

text: new

text: Congress

text: of

text: People

text: 's

text: Deputies

text: were

text: published

text: on

text: October

text: and

text: to

text: enable

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: the

text: new

text: legislature

text: the

text: Supreme

text: Soviet

text: during

text: its

text: November

text: session

text: implemented

text: amendments

text: to

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Constitution

text: enacted

text: a

text: law

text: on

text: electoral

text: reform

text: and

text: set

text: the

text: date

text: of

text: the

text: election

text: for

text: March

question: What ws the final day of the 19th Party Conference?

answer: July 1, 1988

text: July 1, 1988

question: What did Gorbachev hope to create?

answer: new supreme legislative body

text: new supreme legislative body

question: What was Gorbachev trying to separate?

answer: party and state

text: party and state

question: What was the proposed legislative body called?

answer: Congress of People's Deputies

text: Congress of People's Deputies

question: What was the ideology of Gorbachev's opponents?

answer: conservative

text: conservative


text: Efforts have been made to protect Guam's coral reef habitats from pollution, eroded silt and overfishing, problems that have led to decreased fish populations. (Since Guam is a significant vacation spot for scuba divers, this is important.) In recent years, the Department of Agriculture, Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources has established several new marine preserves where fish populations are monitored by biologists. Before adopting U.S. Environmental Protection Agency standards, portions of Tumon Bay were dredged by the hotel chains to provide a better experience for hotel guests. Tumon Bay has since been made into a preserve. A federal Guam National Wildlife Refuge in northern Guam protects the decimated sea turtle population in addition to a small colony of Mariana fruit bats.

title: Guam

title: Guam

text: Efforts

text: have

text: been

text: made

text: to

text: protect

text: Guam

text: 's

text: coral

text: reef

text: habitats

text: from

text: pollution

text: eroded

text: silt

text: and

text: overfishing

text: problems

text: that

text: have

text: led

text: to

text: decreased

text: fish

text: populations

text: Since

text: Guam

text: is

text: a

text: significant

text: vacation

text: spot

text: for

text: scuba

text: divers

text: this

text: is

text: important

text: In

text: recent

text: years

text: the

text: Department

text: of

text: Agriculture

text: Division

text: of

text: Aquatic

text: and

text: Wildlife

text: Resources

text: has

text: established

text: several

text: new

text: marine

text: preserves

text: where

text: fish

text: populations

text: are

text: monitored

text: by

text: biologists

text: Before

text: adopting

text: U.S.

text: Environmental

text: Protection

text: Agency

text: standards

text: portions

text: of

text: Tumon

text: Bay

text: were

text: dredged

text: by

text: the

text: hotel

text: chains

text: to

text: provide

text: a

text: better

text: experience

text: for

text: hotel

text: guests

text: Tumon

text: Bay

text: has

text: since

text: been

text: made

text: into

text: a

text: preserve

text: A

text: federal

text: Guam

text: National

text: Wildlife

text: Refuge

text: in

text: northern

text: Guam

text: protects

text: the

text: decimated

text: sea

text: turtle

text: population

text: in

text: addition

text: to

text: a

text: small

text: colony

text: of

text: Mariana

text: fruit

text: bats

question: What has Guam recently being trying to protect?

answer: coral reef habitats

text: coral reef habitats

question: What has led to the decrease of fish near Guam?

answer: pollution, eroded silt and overfishing

text: pollution, eroded silt and overfishing

question: What is the name of the flying mammal in Guam that some are concerned for?

answer: Mariana fruit bats

text: Mariana fruit bats


text: The essence of the information processing approach is to try to understand brain function in terms of information flow and implementation of algorithms. One of the most influential early contributions was a 1959 paper titled What the frog's eye tells the frog's brain: the paper examined the visual responses of neurons in the retina and optic tectum of frogs, and came to the conclusion that some neurons in the tectum of the frog are wired to combine elementary responses in a way that makes them function as "bug perceivers". A few years later David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel discovered cells in the primary visual cortex of monkeys that become active when sharp edges move across specific points in the field of view—a discovery for which they won a Nobel Prize. Follow-up studies in higher-order visual areas found cells that detect binocular disparity, color, movement, and aspects of shape, with areas located at increasing distances from the primary visual cortex showing increasingly complex responses. Other investigations of brain areas unrelated to vision have revealed cells with a wide variety of response correlates, some related to memory, some to abstract types of cognition such as space.

title: Brain

title: Brain

text: The

text: essence

text: of

text: the

text: information

text: processing

text: approach

text: is

text: to

text: try

text: to

text: understand

text: brain

text: function

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: information

text: flow

text: and

text: implementation

text: of

text: algorithms

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: influential

text: early

text: contributions

text: was

text: a

text: paper

text: titled

text: What

text: the

text: frog

text: 's

text: eye

text: tells

text: the

text: frog

text: 's

text: brain

text: the

text: paper

text: examined

text: the

text: visual

text: responses

text: of

text: neurons

text: in

text: the

text: retina

text: and

text: optic

text: tectum

text: of

text: frogs

text: and

text: came

text: to

text: the

text: conclusion

text: that

text: some

text: neurons

text: in

text: the

text: tectum

text: of

text: the

text: frog

text: are

text: wired

text: to

text: combine

text: elementary

text: responses

text: in

text: a

text: way

text: that

text: makes

text: them

text: function

text: as

text: bug

text: perceivers

text: A

text: few

text: years

text: later

text: David

text: Hubel

text: and

text: Torsten

text: Wiesel

text: discovered

text: cells

text: in

text: the

text: primary

text: visual

text: cortex

text: of

text: monkeys

text: that

text: become

text: active

text: when

text: sharp

text: edges

text: move

text: across

text: specific

text: points

text: in

text: the

text: field

text: of

text: view

text: a

text: discovery

text: for

text: which

text: they

text: won

text: a

text: Nobel

text: Prize

text: Follow

text: up

text: studies

text: in

text: higher

text: order

text: visual

text: areas

text: found

text: cells

text: that

text: detect

text: binocular

text: disparity

text: color

text: movement

text: and

text: aspects

text: of

text: shape

text: with

text: areas

text: located

text: at

text: increasing

text: distances

text: from

text: the

text: primary

text: visual

text: cortex

text: showing

text: increasingly

text: complex

text: responses

text: Other

text: investigations

text: of

text: brain

text: areas

text: unrelated

text: to

text: vision

text: have

text: revealed

text: cells

text: with

text: a

text: wide

text: variety

text: of

text: response

text: correlates

text: some

text: related

text: to

text: memory

text: some

text: to

text: abstract

text: types

text: of

text: cognition

text: such

text: as

text: space

question: The scientific paper, What the frog's eye tells the frog's brain was released in what year?

answer: 1959

question: Who won a Nobel Prize for the discovery that cells in the visual cortex of monkeys become active when sharp edges move?

answer: David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel

text: David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel


text: The crusaders consolidated their conquests into crusader states. During the 12th and 13th centuries, there were a series of conflicts between those states and the surrounding Islamic states. Appeals from those states to the papacy led to further crusades, such as the Third Crusade, called to try to regain Jerusalem, which had been captured by Saladin (d. 1193) in 1187.[Z] In 1203, the Fourth Crusade was diverted from the Holy Land to Constantinople, and captured the city in 1204, setting up a Latin Empire of Constantinople and greatly weakening the Byzantine Empire. The Byzantines recaptured the city in 1261, but never regained their former strength. By 1291 all the crusader states had been captured or forced from the mainland, although a titular Kingdom of Jerusalem survived on the island of Cyprus for several years afterwards.

title: Middle_Ages

title: Middle_Ages

text: The

text: crusaders

text: consolidated

text: their

text: conquests

text: into

text: crusader

text: states

text: During

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

text: there

text: were

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: conflicts

text: between

text: those

text: states

text: and

text: the

text: surrounding

text: Islamic

text: states

text: Appeals

text: from

text: those

text: states

text: to

text: the

text: papacy

text: led

text: to

text: further

text: crusades

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Third

text: Crusade

text: called

text: to

text: try

text: to

text: regain

text: Jerusalem

text: which

text: had

text: been

text: captured

text: by

text: Saladin

text: d.

text: in

text: In

text: the

text: Fourth

text: Crusade

text: was

text: diverted

text: from

text: the

text: Holy

text: Land

text: to

text: Constantinople

text: and

text: captured

text: the

text: city

text: in

text: setting

text: up

text: a

text: Latin

text: Empire

text: of

text: Constantinople

text: and

text: greatly

text: weakening

text: the

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: The

text: Byzantines

text: recaptured

text: the

text: city

text: in

text: but

text: never

text: regained

text: their

text: former

text: strength

text: By

text: all

text: the

text: crusader

text: states

text: had

text: been

text: captured

text: or

text: forced

text: from

text: the

text: mainland

text: although

text: a

text: titular

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Jerusalem

text: survived

text: on

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Cyprus

text: for

text: several

text: years

text: afterwards

question: What was the purpose of the Third Crusade?

answer: to regain Jerusalem

text: to regain Jerusalem

question: Who took Jerusalem in 1187?

answer: Saladin

text: Saladin

question: In what year did the Fourth Crusade occur?

answer: 1203

question: What state was founded following the Fourth Crusade?

answer: Latin Empire of Constantinople

text: Latin Empire of Constantinople

question: After 1291, where did the titular King of Jerusalem reside?

answer: Cyprus

text: Cyprus