text: In 2000, Dell announced that it would lease 80,000 square feet (7,400 m2) of space in the Las Cimas office complex in unincorporated Travis County, Texas, between Austin and West Lake Hills, to house the company's executive offices and corporate headquarters. 100 senior executives were scheduled to work in the building by the end of 2000. In January 2001, the company leased the space in Las Cimas 2, located along Loop 360. Las Cimas 2 housed Dell's executives, the investment operations, and some corporate functions. Dell also had an option for 138,000 square feet (12,800 m2) of space in Las Cimas 3. After a slowdown in business required reducing employees and production capacity, Dell decided to sublease its offices in two buildings in the Las Cimas office complex. In 2002 Dell announced that it planned to sublease its space to another tenant; the company planned to move its headquarters back to Round Rock once a tenant was secured. By 2003, Dell moved its headquarters back to Round Rock. It leased all of Las Cimas I and II, with a total of 312,000 square feet (29,000 m2), for about a seven-year period after 2003. By that year roughly 100,000 square feet (9,300 m2) of that space was absorbed by new subtenants.

title: Dell

title: Dell

text: In

text: Dell

text: announced

text: that

text: it

text: would

text: lease

text: square

text: feet

text: of

text: space

text: in

text: the

text: Las

text: Cimas

text: office

text: complex

text: in

text: unincorporated

text: Travis

text: County

text: Texas

text: between

text: Austin

text: and

text: West

text: Lake

text: Hills

text: to

text: house

text: the

text: company

text: 's

text: executive

text: offices

text: and

text: corporate

text: headquarters

text: senior

text: executives

text: were

text: scheduled

text: to

text: work

text: in

text: the

text: building

text: by

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: In

text: January

text: the

text: company

text: leased

text: the

text: space

text: in

text: Las

text: Cimas

text: located

text: along

text: Loop

text: Las

text: Cimas

text: housed

text: Dell

text: 's

text: executives

text: the

text: investment

text: operations

text: and

text: some

text: corporate

text: functions

text: Dell

text: also

text: had

text: an

text: option

text: for

text: square

text: feet

text: of

text: space

text: in

text: Las

text: Cimas

text: After

text: a

text: slowdown

text: in

text: business

text: required

text: reducing

text: employees

text: and

text: production

text: capacity

text: Dell

text: decided

text: to

text: sublease

text: its

text: offices

text: in

text: two

text: buildings

text: in

text: the

text: Las

text: Cimas

text: office

text: complex

text: In

text: Dell

text: announced

text: that

text: it

text: planned

text: to

text: sublease

text: its

text: space

text: to

text: another

text: tenant

text: the

text: company

text: planned

text: to

text: move

text: its

text: headquarters

text: back

text: to

text: Round

text: Rock

text: once

text: a

text: tenant

text: was

text: secured

text: By

text: Dell

text: moved

text: its

text: headquarters

text: back

text: to

text: Round

text: Rock

text: It

text: leased

text: all

text: of

text: Las

text: Cimas

text: I

text: and

text: II

text: with

text: a

text: total

text: of

text: square

text: feet

text: for

text: about

text: a

text: seven

text: year

text: period

text: after

text: By

text: that

text: year

text: roughly

text: square

text: feet

text: of

text: that

text: space

text: was

text: absorbed

text: by

text: new

text: subtenants

question: How much space did Dell lease in Texas?

answer: 80,000 square feet

text: 80,000 square feet

question: How many senior executives were slated to work in the building Dell leased?

answer: 100

question: What year did Dell announce its plans to sublease its building?

answer: 2002

question: Where did Dell move its headquarters back to in 2003?

answer: Round Rock

text: Round Rock

question: What was the total amount of space that Dell leased in Las Cimas 1 and 2?

answer: 312,000 square feet

text: 312,000 square feet


text: The spiritual tradition of Dominic's Order is punctuated not only by charity, study and preaching, but also by instances of mystical union. The Dominican emphasis on learning and on charity distinguishes it from other monastic and mendicant orders. As the order first developed on the European continent, learning continued to be emphasized by these friars and their sisters in Christ. These religious also struggled for a deeply personal, intimate relationship with God. When the order reached England, many of these attributes were kept, but the English gave the order additional, specialized characteristics. This topic is discussed below.

title: Dominican_Order

title: Dominican_Order

text: The

text: spiritual

text: tradition

text: of

text: Dominic

text: 's

text: Order

text: is

text: punctuated

text: not

text: only

text: by

text: charity

text: study

text: and

text: preaching

text: but

text: also

text: by

text: instances

text: of

text: mystical

text: union

text: The

text: Dominican

text: emphasis

text: on

text: learning

text: and

text: on

text: charity

text: distinguishes

text: it

text: from

text: other

text: monastic

text: and

text: mendicant

text: orders

text: As

text: the

text: order

text: first

text: developed

text: on

text: the

text: European

text: continent

text: learning

text: continued

text: to

text: be

text: emphasized

text: by

text: these

text: friars

text: and

text: their

text: sisters

text: in

text: Christ

text: These

text: religious

text: also

text: struggled

text: for

text: a

text: deeply

text: personal

text: intimate

text: relationship

text: with

text: God

text: When

text: the

text: order

text: reached

text: England

text: many

text: of

text: these

text: attributes

text: were

text: kept

text: but

text: the

text: English

text: gave

text: the

text: order

text: additional

text: specialized

text: characteristics

text: This

text: topic

text: is

text: discussed

text: below

question: The tradition of the Dominican Order includes what?

answer: charity

text: charity

question: What is one area the Dominican Order puts emphasis on?

answer: learning

text: learning

question: What is one way that the Dominican Order differentiates itself from other religious orders?

answer: charity

text: charity

question: In what country did some of the Dominican Order attributes change?

answer: England

text: England


text: The marriage of Richard II of England to Anne of Bohemia established contacts between the two nations and brought Lollard ideas to her homeland. The teachings of the Czech priest Jan Hus were based on those of John Wycliffe, yet his followers, the Hussites, were to have a much greater political impact than the Lollards. Hus gained a great following in Bohemia, and in 1414, he was requested to appear at the Council of Constance to defend his cause. When he was burned as a heretic in 1415, it caused a popular uprising in the Czech lands. The subsequent Hussite Wars fell apart due to internal quarrels and did not result in religious or national independence for the Czechs, but both the Catholic Church and the German element within the country were weakened.

title: Late_Middle_Ages

title: Late_Middle_Ages

text: The

text: marriage

text: of

text: Richard

text: II

text: of

text: England

text: to

text: Anne

text: of

text: Bohemia

text: established

text: contacts

text: between

text: the

text: two

text: nations

text: and

text: brought

text: Lollard

text: ideas

text: to

text: her

text: homeland

text: The

text: teachings

text: of

text: the

text: Czech

text: priest

text: Jan

text: Hus

text: were

text: based

text: on

text: those

text: of

text: John

text: Wycliffe

text: yet

text: his

text: followers

text: the

text: Hussites

text: were

text: to

text: have

text: a

text: much

text: greater

text: political

text: impact

text: than

text: the

text: Lollards

text: Hus

text: gained

text: a

text: great

text: following

text: in

text: Bohemia

text: and

text: in

text: he

text: was

text: requested

text: to

text: appear

text: at

text: the

text: Council

text: of

text: Constance

text: to

text: defend

text: his

text: cause

text: When

text: he

text: was

text: burned

text: as

text: a

text: heretic

text: in

text: it

text: caused

text: a

text: popular

text: uprising

text: in

text: the

text: Czech

text: lands

text: The

text: subsequent

text: Hussite

text: Wars

text: fell

text: apart

text: due

text: to

text: internal

text: quarrels

text: and

text: did

text: not

text: result

text: in

text: religious

text: or

text: national

text: independence

text: for

text: the

text: Czechs

text: but

text: both

text: the

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: and

text: the

text: German

text: element

text: within

text: the

text: country

text: were

text: weakened

question: In what year was Jan Hus burned at the stake?

answer: 1415

question: Who did Richard II of England marry?

answer: Anne of Bohemia

text: Anne of Bohemia

question: Whose teachings did Jan Hus base his own on?

answer: John Wycliffe

text: John Wycliffe

question: What were the followers of Jan Hus called?

answer: Hussites

text: Hussites

question: What conflict resulted from death of Jan Hus?

answer: Hussite Wars

text: Hussite Wars


text: Hydrogen has three naturally occurring isotopes, denoted 1H, 2H and 3H. Other, highly unstable nuclei (4H to 7H) have been synthesized in the laboratory but not observed in nature.

title: Hydrogen

title: Hydrogen

text: Hydrogen

text: has

text: three

text: naturally

text: occurring

text: isotopes

text: denoted

text: and

text: Other

text: highly

text: unstable

text: nuclei

text: to

text: have

text: been

text: synthesized

text: in

text: the

text: laboratory

text: but

text: not

text: observed

text: in

text: nature

question: How many natural isotopes does hydrogen have>

answer: 3H

question: What are the names of these isotopes?

answer: denoted 1H, 2H and 3H

text: denoted 1H, 2H and 3H

question: Which isotopes have unstable nuclei?

answer: 4H to 7H

text: 4H to 7H


text: While comics are often the work of a single creator, the labour of making them is frequently divided between a number of specialists. There may be separate writers and artists, and artists may specialize in parts of the artwork such as characters or backgrounds, as is common in Japan. Particularly in American superhero comic books, the art may be divided between a penciller, who lays out the artwork in pencil; an inker, who finishes the artwork in ink; a colourist; and a letterer, who adds the captions and speech balloons.

title: Comics

title: Comics

text: While

text: comics

text: are

text: often

text: the

text: work

text: of

text: a

text: single

text: creator

text: the

text: labour

text: of

text: making

text: them

text: is

text: frequently

text: divided

text: between

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: specialists

text: There

text: may

text: be

text: separate

text: writers

text: and

text: artists

text: and

text: artists

text: may

text: specialize

text: in

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: artwork

text: such

text: as

text: characters

text: or

text: backgrounds

text: as

text: is

text: common

text: in

text: Japan

text: Particularly

text: in

text: American

text: superhero

text: comic

text: books

text: the

text: art

text: may

text: be

text: divided

text: between

text: a

text: penciller

text: who

text: lays

text: out

text: the

text: artwork

text: in

text: pencil

text: an

text: inker

text: who

text: finishes

text: the

text: artwork

text: in

text: ink

text: a

text: colourist

text: and

text: a

text: letterer

text: who

text: adds

text: the

text: captions

text: and

text: speech

text: balloons

question: Though one person typically creates the comic, there are usually a number of what involved in actually designing it?

answer: specialists

text: specialists

question: What is a person called who does the initial pencil work for the artwork?

answer: penciller

text: penciller

question: What does an inker do?

answer: finishes the artwork in ink

text: finishes the artwork in ink


text: IBM also had their own DBMS in 1966, known as Information Management System (IMS). IMS was a development of software written for the Apollo program on the System/360. IMS was generally similar in concept to CODASYL, but used a strict hierarchy for its model of data navigation instead of CODASYL's network model. Both concepts later became known as navigational databases due to the way data was accessed, and Bachman's 1973 Turing Award presentation was The Programmer as Navigator. IMS is classified[by whom?] as a hierarchical database. IDMS and Cincom Systems' TOTAL database are classified as network databases. IMS remains in use as of 2014[update].

title: Database

title: Database

text: IBM

text: also

text: had

text: their

text: own

text: DBMS

text: in

text: known

text: as

text: Information

text: Management

text: System

text: IMS

text: IMS

text: was

text: a

text: development

text: of

text: software

text: written

text: for

text: the

text: Apollo

text: program

text: on

text: the

text: IMS

text: was

text: generally

text: similar

text: in

text: concept

text: to

text: CODASYL

text: but

text: used

text: a

text: strict

text: hierarchy

text: for

text: its

text: model

text: of

text: data

text: navigation

text: instead

text: of

text: CODASYL

text: 's

text: network

text: model

text: Both

text: concepts

text: later

text: became

text: known

text: as

text: navigational

text: databases

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: way

text: data

text: was

text: accessed

text: and

text: Bachman

text: 's

text: Turing

text: Award

text: presentation

text: was

text: The

text: Programmer

text: as

text: Navigator

text: IMS

text: is

text: classified[by

text: whom

text: as

text: a

text: hierarchical

text: database

text: IDMS

text: and

text: Cincom

text: Systems

text: TOTAL

text: database

text: are

text: classified

text: as

text: network

text: databases

text: IMS

text: remains

text: in

text: use

text: as

text: of

question: What was the DBMS created by IBM called?

answer: Information Management System (IMS)

text: Information Management System (IMS)

question: What was the purpose of the IBM DBMS?

answer: the Apollo program

text: the Apollo program

question: What is the classification of IMS?

answer: hierarchical database

text: hierarchical database

question: What was the name of Bachman's Turing Award presentation in 1973?

answer: The Programmer as Navigator

text: The Programmer as Navigator


text: In 1925, 78.26 rpm was chosen as the standard because of the introduction of the electrically powered synchronous turntable motor. This motor ran at 3600 rpm, such that a 46:1 gear ratio would produce 78.26 rpm. In parts of the world that used 50 Hz current, the standard was 77.92 rpm (3,000 rpm with a 77:2 ratio), which was also the speed at which a strobe disc with 77 lines would "stand still" in 50 Hz light (92 lines for 60 Hz). After World War II these records were retroactively known as 78s, to distinguish them from other newer disc record formats. Earlier they were just called records, or when there was a need to distinguish them from cylinders, disc records.

title: Gramophone_record

title: Gramophone_record

text: In

text: rpm

text: was

text: chosen

text: as

text: the

text: standard

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: introduction

text: of

text: the

text: electrically

text: powered

text: synchronous

text: turntable

text: motor

text: This

text: motor

text: ran

text: at

text: rpm

text: such

text: that

text: a

text: gear

text: ratio

text: would

text: produce

text: rpm

text: In

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: that

text: used

text: Hz

text: current

text: the

text: standard

text: was

text: rpm

text: rpm

text: with

text: a

text: ratio

text: which

text: was

text: also

text: the

text: speed

text: at

text: which

text: a

text: strobe

text: disc

text: with

text: lines

text: would

text: stand

text: still

text: in

text: Hz

text: light

text: lines

text: for

text: Hz

text: After

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: these

text: records

text: were

text: retroactively

text: known

text: as

text: to

text: distinguish

text: them

text: from

text: other

text: newer

text: disc

text: record

text: formats

text: Earlier

text: they

text: were

text: just

text: called

text: records

text: or

text: when

text: there

text: was

text: a

text: need

text: to

text: distinguish

text: them

text: from

text: cylinders

text: disc

text: records

question: What gear ration creates 78.26 rpm?

answer: 46:1

question: In what year was 78.26 rpm chosen as standard?

answer: 1925

question: How many rpm did the electrically powered synchronous turanable motor run at?

answer: 3600 rpm

text: 3600 rpm

question: Why are these records known as '78s'?

answer: to distinguish them from other newer disc record formats

text: to distinguish them from other newer disc record formats


text: In November 2012, a referendum resulted in 54 percent of respondents voting to reject the current status under the territorial clause of the U.S. Constitution, while a second question resulted in 61 percent of voters identifying statehood as the preferred alternative to the current territorial status. The 2012 referendum was by far the most successful referendum for statehood advocates and support for statehood has risen in each successive popular referendum. However, more than one in four voters abstained from answering the question on the preferred alternative status. Statehood opponents have argued that the statehood option garnered only 45 percent of the votes if abstentions are included. If abstentions are considered, the result of the referendum is much closer to 44 percent for statehood, a number that falls under the 50 percent majority mark.

title: 51st_state

title: 51st_state

text: In

text: November

text: a

text: referendum

text: resulted

text: in

text: percent

text: of

text: respondents

text: voting

text: to

text: reject

text: the

text: current

text: status

text: under

text: the

text: territorial

text: clause

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Constitution

text: while

text: a

text: second

text: question

text: resulted

text: in

text: percent

text: of

text: voters

text: identifying

text: statehood

text: as

text: the

text: preferred

text: alternative

text: to

text: the

text: current

text: territorial

text: status

text: The

text: referendum

text: was

text: by

text: far

text: the

text: most

text: successful

text: referendum

text: for

text: statehood

text: advocates

text: and

text: support

text: for

text: statehood

text: has

text: risen

text: in

text: each

text: successive

text: popular

text: referendum

text: However

text: more

text: than

text: one

text: in

text: four

text: voters

text: abstained

text: from

text: answering

text: the

text: question

text: on

text: the

text: preferred

text: alternative

text: status

text: Statehood

text: opponents

text: have

text: argued

text: that

text: the

text: statehood

text: option

text: garnered

text: only

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: votes

text: if

text: abstentions

text: are

text: included

text: If

text: abstentions

text: are

text: considered

text: the

text: result

text: of

text: the

text: referendum

text: is

text: much

text: closer

text: to

text: percent

text: for

text: statehood

text: a

text: number

text: that

text: falls

text: under

text: the

text: percent

text: majority

text: mark

question: What percentage of voters rejected the status of territory?

answer: 54 percent

text: 54 percent

question: What percentage of voters preferred statehood?

answer: 61 percent

text: 61 percent

question: What percentage of voters abstained from voting on a preferred alternative status?

answer: one in four voters

text: one in four voters

question: What argument do those opposing statehood use?

answer: the statehood option garnered only 45 percent of the votes if abstentions are included

text: the statehood option garnered only 45 percent of the votes if abstentions are included


text: Termed "the acoustic equivalent to Prozac", soft adult contemporary, a more adult-oriented version of AC, was born in the late 1970s and grew in the early 1980s. WEEI-FM in Boston was the first station to use the term "soft rock", with ad slogans such as, "Fleetwood Mac ... without the yack" and "Joni ... without the baloney". The vast majority of music played on soft AC stations is mellow, more acoustic, and primarily solo vocalists.

title: Adult_contemporary_music

title: Adult_contemporary_music

text: Termed

text: the

text: acoustic

text: equivalent

text: to

text: Prozac

text: soft

text: adult

text: contemporary

text: a

text: more

text: adult

text: oriented

text: version

text: of

text: AC

text: was

text: born

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: and

text: grew

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: WEEI

text: FM

text: in

text: Boston

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: station

text: to

text: use

text: the

text: term

text: soft

text: rock

text: with

text: ad

text: slogans

text: such

text: as

text: Fleetwood

text: Mac

text: without

text: the

text: yack

text: and

text: Joni

text: without

text: the

text: baloney

text: The

text: vast

text: majority

text: of

text: music

text: played

text: on

text: soft

text: AC

text: stations

text: is

text: mellow

text: more

text: acoustic

text: and

text: primarily

text: solo

text: vocalists

question: What radio format was described as being "the acoustic equivalent to Prozac"?

answer: soft adult contemporary

text: soft adult contemporary

question: What decade saw the birth of the soft adult contemporary format?

answer: 1970s

question: What radio station introduced the term "soft rock"?

answer: WEEI-FM

text: WEEI-FM

question: Where was the station that introduced the term "soft rock" based?

answer: Boston

text: Boston

question: What processed meat, featured in WEEI-FM's ad slogan, rhymes with Joni?

answer: baloney

text: baloney


text: The University of St Mark & St John (known as "Marjon" or "Marjons") specialises in teacher training, and offers training across the country and abroad.

title: Plymouth

title: Plymouth

text: The

text: University

text: of

text: St

text: Mark

text: St

text: John

text: known

text: as

text: Marjon

text: or

text: Marjons

text: specialises

text: in

text: teacher

text: training

text: and

text: offers

text: training

text: across

text: the

text: country

text: and

text: abroad

question: What institution of higher  education is colloquially known as Marjons?

answer: The University of St Mark & St John

text: The University of St Mark & St John

question: What is the academic specialty of the University of St Mark & St John?

answer: teacher training

text: teacher training


text: Just as there is a need for tax shifting, there is also a need for subsidy shifting. Subsidies are not an inherently bad thing as many technologies and industries emerged through government subsidy schemes. The Stern Review explains that of 20 key innovations from the past 30 years, only one of the 14 was funded entirely by the private sector and nine were totally publicly funded. In terms of specific examples, the Internet was the result of publicly funded links among computers in government laboratories and research institutes. And the combination of the federal tax deduction and a robust state tax deduction in California helped to create the modern wind power industry.

title: Renewable_energy_commercialization

title: Renewable_energy_commercialization

text: Just

text: as

text: there

text: is

text: a

text: need

text: for

text: tax

text: shifting

text: there

text: is

text: also

text: a

text: need

text: for

text: subsidy

text: shifting

text: Subsidies

text: are

text: not

text: an

text: inherently

text: bad

text: thing

text: as

text: many

text: technologies

text: and

text: industries

text: emerged

text: through

text: government

text: subsidy

text: schemes

text: The

text: Stern

text: Review

text: explains

text: that

text: of

text: key

text: innovations

text: from

text: the

text: past

text: years

text: only

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: was

text: funded

text: entirely

text: by

text: the

text: private

text: sector

text: and

text: nine

text: were

text: totally

text: publicly

text: funded

text: In

text: terms

text: of

text: specific

text: examples

text: the

text: Internet

text: was

text: the

text: result

text: of

text: publicly

text: funded

text: links

text: among

text: computers

text: in

text: government

text: laboratories

text: and

text: research

text: institutes

text: And

text: the

text: combination

text: of

text: the

text: federal

text: tax

text: deduction

text: and

text: a

text: robust

text: state

text: tax

text: deduction

text: in

text: California

text: helped

text: to

text: create

text: the

text: modern

text: wind

text: power

text: industry

question: Besides tax shifting, what is another need?

answer: subsidy shifting

text: subsidy shifting

question: What was the result of publicly funded links among computers in government labs and reserach institutes?

answer: the Internet

text: the Internet

question: What helped create the modern wind power industry?

answer: federal tax deduction and a robust state tax deduction in California

text: federal tax deduction and a robust state tax deduction in California


text: The two main denominations of Islam are the Sunni and Shia sects. They differ primarily upon of how the life of the ummah ("faithful") should be governed, and the role of the imam. These two main differences stem from the understanding of which hadith are to interpret the Quran. Sunnis believe the true political successor of the Prophet in Sunnah is based on ٍShura (consultation) at the Saqifah which selected Abu Bakr, father of the Prophet's favourite wife, 'A'ishah, to lead the Islamic community while the religious succession ceased to exist on account of finality of Prophethood. Shia on the other hand believe that the true political as well as religious successor is Ali ibn Abi Talib, husband of the Prophet's daughter Fatimah (designated by the Prophet).

title: Muslim_world

title: Muslim_world

text: The

text: two

text: main

text: denominations

text: of

text: Islam

text: are

text: the

text: Sunni

text: and

text: Shia

text: sects

text: They

text: differ

text: primarily

text: upon

text: of

text: how

text: the

text: life

text: of

text: the

text: ummah

text: faithful

text: should

text: be

text: governed

text: and

text: the

text: role

text: of

text: the

text: imam

text: These

text: two

text: main

text: differences

text: stem

text: from

text: the

text: understanding

text: of

text: which

text: hadith

text: are

text: to

text: interpret

text: the

text: Quran

text: Sunnis

text: believe

text: the

text: true

text: political

text: successor

text: of

text: the

text: Prophet

text: in

text: Sunnah

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: ٍShura

text: consultation

text: at

text: the

text: Saqifah

text: which

text: selected

text: Abu

text: Bakr

text: father

text: of

text: the

text: Prophet

text: 's

text: favourite

text: wife

text: A'ishah

text: to

text: lead

text: the

text: Islamic

text: community

text: while

text: the

text: religious

text: succession

text: ceased

text: to

text: exist

text: on

text: account

text: of

text: finality

text: of

text: Prophethood

text: Shia

text: on

text: the

text: other

text: hand

text: believe

text: that

text: the

text: true

text: political

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: religious

text: successor

text: is

text: Ali

text: ibn

text: Abi

text: Talib

text: husband

text: of

text: the

text: Prophet

text: 's

text: daughter

text: Fatimah

text: designated

text: by

text: the

text: Prophet

question: Which Muslim denominations are the most dominant?

answer: Sunni and Shia

text: Sunni and Shia

question: What are the two main things differentiating Sunni and Shia?

answer: how the life of the ummah ("faithful") should be governed, and the role of the imam

text: how the life of the ummah ("faithful") should be governed, and the role of the imam

question: Who is believed, among Sunnis,  to be the political successor of the Prophet?

answer: Abu Bakr

text: Abu Bakr

question: Who was Abu Bakr?

answer: father of the Prophet's favourite wife

text: father of the Prophet's favourite wife

question: Who was Ali ibn Abi Talib?

answer: husband of the Prophet's daughter Fatimah

text: husband of the Prophet's daughter Fatimah


text: Many bird species have established breeding populations in areas to which they have been introduced by humans. Some of these introductions have been deliberate; the ring-necked pheasant, for example, has been introduced around the world as a game bird. Others have been accidental, such as the establishment of wild monk parakeets in several North American cities after their escape from captivity. Some species, including cattle egret, yellow-headed caracara and galah, have spread naturally far beyond their original ranges as agricultural practices created suitable new habitat.

title: Bird

title: Bird

text: Many

text: bird

text: species

text: have

text: established

text: breeding

text: populations

text: in

text: areas

text: to

text: which

text: they

text: have

text: been

text: introduced

text: by

text: humans

text: Some

text: of

text: these

text: introductions

text: have

text: been

text: deliberate

text: the

text: ring

text: necked

text: pheasant

text: for

text: example

text: has

text: been

text: introduced

text: around

text: the

text: world

text: as

text: a

text: game

text: bird

text: Others

text: have

text: been

text: accidental

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: wild

text: monk

text: parakeets

text: in

text: several

text: North

text: American

text: cities

text: after

text: their

text: escape

text: from

text: captivity

text: Some

text: species

text: including

text: cattle

text: egret

text: yellow

text: headed

text: caracara

text: and

text: galah

text: have

text: spread

text: naturally

text: far

text: beyond

text: their

text: original

text: ranges

text: as

text: agricultural

text: practices

text: created

text: suitable

text: new

text: habitat

question: The ring-necked pheasant has been introduced as what kind of bird?

answer: game bird

text: game bird

question: Why have some species spread naturally far beyond their original ranges?

answer: agricultural practices created suitable new habitat

text: agricultural practices created suitable new habitat

question: Where have many birds established breeding populations?

answer: in areas to which they have been introduced by humans

text: in areas to which they have been introduced by humans


text: For males, the reproductive system is the testis, suspended in the body cavity by tracheae and the fat body. Most male insects have a pair of testes, inside of which are sperm tubes or follicles that are enclosed within a membranous sac. The follicles connect to the vas deferens by the vas efferens, and the two tubular vasa deferentia connect to a median ejaculatory duct that leads to the outside. A portion of the vas deferens is often enlarged to form the seminal vesicle, which stores the sperm before they are discharged into the female. The seminal vesicles have glandular linings that secrete nutrients for nourishment and maintenance of the sperm. The ejaculatory duct is derived from an invagination of the epidermal cells during development and, as a result, has a cuticular lining. The terminal portion of the ejaculatory duct may be sclerotized to form the intromittent organ, the aedeagus. The remainder of the male reproductive system is derived from embryonic mesoderm, except for the germ cells, or spermatogonia, which descend from the primordial pole cells very early during embryogenesis.:885

title: Insect

title: Insect

text: For

text: males

text: the

text: reproductive

text: system

text: is

text: the

text: testis

text: suspended

text: in

text: the

text: body

text: cavity

text: by

text: tracheae

text: and

text: the

text: fat

text: body

text: Most

text: male

text: insects

text: have

text: a

text: pair

text: of

text: testes

text: inside

text: of

text: which

text: are

text: sperm

text: tubes

text: or

text: follicles

text: that

text: are

text: enclosed

text: within

text: a

text: membranous

text: sac

text: The

text: follicles

text: connect

text: to

text: the

text: vas

text: deferens

text: by

text: the

text: vas

text: efferens

text: and

text: the

text: two

text: tubular

text: vasa

text: deferentia

text: connect

text: to

text: a

text: median

text: ejaculatory

text: duct

text: that

text: leads

text: to

text: the

text: outside

text: A

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: vas

text: deferens

text: is

text: often

text: enlarged

text: to

text: form

text: the

text: seminal

text: vesicle

text: which

text: stores

text: the

text: sperm

text: before

text: they

text: are

text: discharged

text: into

text: the

text: female

text: The

text: seminal

text: vesicles

text: have

text: glandular

text: linings

text: that

text: secrete

text: nutrients

text: for

text: nourishment

text: and

text: maintenance

text: of

text: the

text: sperm

text: The

text: ejaculatory

text: duct

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: an

text: invagination

text: of

text: the

text: epidermal

text: cells

text: during

text: development

text: and

text: as

text: a

text: result

text: has

text: a

text: cuticular

text: lining

text: The

text: terminal

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: ejaculatory

text: duct

text: may

text: be

text: sclerotized

text: to

text: form

text: the

text: intromittent

text: organ

text: the

text: aedeagus

text: The

text: remainder

text: of

text: the

text: male

text: reproductive

text: system

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: embryonic

text: mesoderm

text: except

text: for

text: the

text: germ

text: cells

text: or

text: spermatogonia

text: which

text: descend

text: from

text: the

text: primordial

text: pole

text: cells

text: very

text: early

text: during

question: What is the male reproductive system called?

answer: testis

text: testis

question: Where is tracheae located?

answer: the body cavity

text: the body cavity

question: Most make insects contain a pair of what?

answer: testes

text: testes

question: What are inside male testes?

answer: sperm tubes

text: sperm tubes

question: Follicles inside a male insect's reproductive system connect to what?

answer: the vas deferens

text: the vas deferens


text: In the next two years, the company established its first factory in south India in the town of Machilipatnam on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal. The high profits reported by the company after landing in India initially prompted King James I to grant subsidiary licences to other trading companies in England. But in 1609 he renewed the charter given to the company for an indefinite period, including a clause that specified that the charter would cease to be in force if the trade turned unprofitable for three consecutive years.

title: East_India_Company

title: East_India_Company

text: In

text: the

text: next

text: two

text: years

text: the

text: company

text: established

text: its

text: first

text: factory

text: in

text: south

text: India

text: in

text: the

text: town

text: of

text: Machilipatnam

text: on

text: the

text: Coromandel

text: Coast

text: of

text: the

text: Bay

text: of

text: Bengal

text: The

text: high

text: profits

text: reported

text: by

text: the

text: company

text: after

text: landing

text: in

text: India

text: initially

text: prompted

text: King

text: James

text: I

text: to

text: grant

text: subsidiary

text: licences

text: to

text: other

text: trading

text: companies

text: in

text: England

text: But

text: in

text: he

text: renewed

text: the

text: charter

text: given

text: to

text: the

text: company

text: for

text: an

text: indefinite

text: period

text: including

text: a

text: clause

text: that

text: specified

text: that

text: the

text: charter

text: would

text: cease

text: to

text: be

text: in

text: force

text: if

text: the

text: trade

text: turned

text: unprofitable

text: for

text: three

text: consecutive

text: years

question: Where was the first factory in south India?

answer: town of Machilipatnam on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal

text: town of Machilipatnam on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal

question: In 1609 the charter was renewed for what period of time?

answer: indefinite

text: indefinite

question: what would happen if the trade did not return a profit for at least 3 years?

answer: charter would cease to be in force

text: charter would cease to be in force

question: why did King James I licence other trading companies from england?

answer: high profits

text: high profits

question: Where was the first factory in south India?

answer: Machilipatnam

text: Machilipatnam

question: What initially moved King James 1 to grant subsidiary licences to other trading companies in England?

answer: high profits

text: high profits

question: While the company was  giving an indefinite period when renewing thier charter what clause did King james use to make sure the company stayed profitable

answer: the charter would cease to be in force if the trade turned unprofitable for three consecutive years.

text: the charter would cease to be in force if the trade turned unprofitable for three consecutive years.

question: how many years did the Merchants of London have to become profitabl when their charter was renewed by king james?

answer: three consecutive years

text: three consecutive years


text: Von Neumann introduced the study of rings of operators, through the von Neumann algebras. A von Neumann algebra is a *-algebra of bounded operators on a Hilbert space that is closed in the weak operator topology and contains the identity operator. The von Neumann bicommutant theorem shows that the analytic definition is equivalent to a purely algebraic definition as an algebra of symmetries. The direct integral was introduced in 1949 by John von Neumann. One of von Neumann's analyses was to reduce the classification of von Neumann algebras on separable Hilbert spaces to the classification of factors.

title: John_von_Neumann

title: John_von_Neumann

text: Von

text: Neumann

text: introduced

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: rings

text: of

text: operators

text: through

text: the

text: von

text: Neumann

text: algebras

text: A

text: von

text: Neumann

text: algebra

text: is

text: a

text: -algebra

text: of

text: bounded

text: operators

text: on

text: a

text: Hilbert

text: space

text: that

text: is

text: closed

text: in

text: the

text: weak

text: operator

text: topology

text: and

text: contains

text: the

text: identity

text: operator

text: The

text: von

text: Neumann

text: bicommutant

text: theorem

text: shows

text: that

text: the

text: analytic

text: definition

text: is

text: equivalent

text: to

text: a

text: purely

text: algebraic

text: definition

text: as

text: an

text: algebra

text: of

text: symmetries

text: The

text: direct

text: integral

text: was

text: introduced

text: in

text: by

text: John

text: von

text: Neumann

text: One

text: of

text: von

text: Neumann

text: 's

text: analyses

text: was

text: to

text: reduce

text: the

text: classification

text: of

text: von

text: Neumann

text: algebras

text: on

text: separable

text: Hilbert

text: spaces

text: to

text: the

text: classification

text: of

text: factors

question: What is von Neumann algebra?

answer: algebra of bounded operators on a Hilbert space that is closed in the weak operator topology and contains the identity operator

text: algebra of bounded operators on a Hilbert space that is closed in the weak operator topology and contains the identity operator

question: What does the von Neumann bicommutant theorem show?

answer: the analytic definition is equivalent to a purely algebraic definition as an algebra of symmetries.

text: the analytic definition is equivalent to a purely algebraic definition as an algebra of symmetries.

question: When was direct integral introduced by von Neumann?

answer: 1949

question: What was introduced in von Neumann algebras?

answer: study of rings of operators

text: study of rings of operators


text: Greenhouses convert solar light to heat, enabling year-round production and the growth (in enclosed environments) of specialty crops and other plants not naturally suited to the local climate. Primitive greenhouses were first used during Roman times to produce cucumbers year-round for the Roman emperor Tiberius. The first modern greenhouses were built in Europe in the 16th century to keep exotic plants brought back from explorations abroad. Greenhouses remain an important part of horticulture today, and plastic transparent materials have also been used to similar effect in polytunnels and row covers.

title: Solar_energy

title: Solar_energy

text: Greenhouses

text: convert

text: solar

text: light

text: to

text: heat

text: enabling

text: year

text: round

text: production

text: and

text: the

text: growth

text: in

text: enclosed

text: environments

text: of

text: specialty

text: crops

text: and

text: other

text: plants

text: not

text: naturally

text: suited

text: to

text: the

text: local

text: climate

text: Primitive

text: greenhouses

text: were

text: first

text: used

text: during

text: Roman

text: times

text: to

text: produce

text: cucumbers

text: year

text: round

text: for

text: the

text: Roman

text: emperor

text: Tiberius

text: The

text: first

text: modern

text: greenhouses

text: were

text: built

text: in

text: Europe

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: to

text: keep

text: exotic

text: plants

text: brought

text: back

text: from

text: explorations

text: abroad

text: Greenhouses

text: remain

text: an

text: important

text: part

text: of

text: horticulture

text: today

text: and

text: plastic

text: transparent

text: materials

text: have

text: also

text: been

text: used

text: to

text: similar

text: effect

text: in

text: polytunnels

text: and

text: row

text: covers

question: When were the first greenhouses used?

answer: Roman times

text: Roman times

question: In what century were the first modern greenhouses constructed?

answer: the 16th

text: the 16th

question: What do greenhouses do with solar energy?

answer: convert solar light to heat

text: convert solar light to heat

question: What is one purpose of a greenhouse?

answer: enabling year-round production and the growth (in enclosed environments) of specialty crops

text: enabling year-round production and the growth (in enclosed environments) of specialty crops

question: What was one of the first uses of a greenhouse?

answer: produce cucumbers year-round for the Roman emperor Tiberius

text: produce cucumbers year-round for the Roman emperor Tiberius

question: Where were the first modern greenhouses built?

answer: Europe

text: Europe


text: Slow progress has led to frustration, expressed by executive director of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria – Mark Dybul: "we have the tools to end TB as a pandemic and public health threat on the planet, but we are not doing it." Several international organizations are pushing for more transparency in treatment, and more countries are implementing mandatory reporting of cases to the government, although adherence is often sketchy. Commercial treatment-providers may at times overprescribe second-line drugs as well as supplementary treatment, promoting demands for further regulations. The government of Brazil provides universal TB-care, which reduces this problem. Conversely, falling rates of TB-infection may not relate to the number of programs directed at reducing infection rates, but may be tied to increased level of education, income and health of the population. Costs of the disease, as calculated by the World Bank in 2009 may exceed 150 billion USD per year in "high burden" countries. Lack of progress eradicating the disease may also be due to lack of patient follow-up – as among the 250M rural migrants in China.

title: Tuberculosis

title: Tuberculosis

text: Slow

text: progress

text: has

text: led

text: to

text: frustration

text: expressed

text: by

text: executive

text: director

text: of

text: the

text: Global

text: Fund

text: to

text: Fight

text: AIDS

text: Tuberculosis

text: and

text: Malaria

text: Mark

text: Dybul

text: we

text: have

text: the

text: tools

text: to

text: end

text: TB

text: as

text: a

text: pandemic

text: and

text: public

text: health

text: threat

text: on

text: the

text: planet

text: but

text: we

text: are

text: not

text: doing

text: it

text: Several

text: international

text: organizations

text: are

text: pushing

text: for

text: more

text: transparency

text: in

text: treatment

text: and

text: more

text: countries

text: are

text: implementing

text: mandatory

text: reporting

text: of

text: cases

text: to

text: the

text: government

text: although

text: adherence

text: is

text: often

text: sketchy

text: Commercial

text: treatment

text: providers

text: may

text: at

text: times

text: overprescribe

text: second

text: line

text: drugs

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: supplementary

text: treatment

text: promoting

text: demands

text: for

text: further

text: regulations

text: The

text: government

text: of

text: Brazil

text: provides

text: universal

text: TB

text: care

text: which

text: reduces

text: this

text: problem

text: Conversely

text: falling

text: rates

text: of

text: TB

text: infection

text: may

text: not

text: relate

text: to

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: programs

text: directed

text: at

text: reducing

text: infection

text: rates

text: but

text: may

text: be

text: tied

text: to

text: increased

text: level

text: of

text: education

text: income

text: and

text: health

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: Costs

text: of

text: the

text: disease

text: as

text: calculated

text: by

text: the

text: World

text: Bank

text: in

text: may

text: exceed

text: billion

text: USD

text: per

text: year

text: in

text: high

text: burden

text: countries

text: Lack

text: of

text: progress

text: eradicating

text: the

text: disease

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: due

text: to

text: lack

text: of

text: patient

text: follow

text: up

text: as

text: among

text: the

text: M

text: rural

text: migrants

text: in

text: China

question: What member of leadership at the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria called TB a "pandemic"?

answer: Mark Dybul

text: Mark Dybul

question: What country covers treatment for tuberculosis for its citizens?

answer: Brazil

text: Brazil

question: What organization said some countries might be spending as much as $150 billion each year on TB?

answer: World Bank

text: World Bank

question: What population segment in China struggles to get follow-up care for TB infection?

answer: rural migrants

text: rural migrants

question: What do some people think we need more of to prevent for-profit providers of TB treatment from over-prescribing?

answer: regulations

text: regulations


text: Napoleon returned to Paris and found that both the legislature and the people had turned against him. Realizing his position was untenable, he abdicated on 22 June in favour of his son. He left Paris three days later and settled at Josephine's former palace in Malmaison (on the western bank of the Seine about 17 kilometres (11 mi) west of Paris). Even as Napoleon travelled to Paris, the Coalition forces crossed the frontier swept through France (arriving in the vicinity of Paris on 29 June), with the stated intent on restoring Louis XVIII to the French throne.

title: Napoleon

title: Napoleon

text: Napoleon

text: returned

text: to

text: Paris

text: and

text: found

text: that

text: both

text: the

text: legislature

text: and

text: the

text: people

text: had

text: turned

text: against

text: him

text: Realizing

text: his

text: position

text: was

text: untenable

text: he

text: abdicated

text: on

text: June

text: in

text: favour

text: of

text: his

text: son

text: He

text: left

text: Paris

text: three

text: days

text: later

text: and

text: settled

text: at

text: Josephine

text: 's

text: former

text: palace

text: in

text: Malmaison

text: on

text: the

text: western

text: bank

text: of

text: the

text: Seine

text: about

text: kilometres

text: mi

text: west

text: of

text: Paris

text: Even

text: as

text: Napoleon

text: travelled

text: to

text: Paris

text: the

text: Coalition

text: forces

text: crossed

text: the

text: frontier

text: swept

text: through

text: France

text: arriving

text: in

text: the

text: vicinity

text: of

text: Paris

text: on

text: June

text: with

text: the

text: stated

text: intent

text: on

text: restoring

text: Louis

text: XVIII

text: to

text: the

text: French

text: throne

question: Where did Napoleon return and find that the populace and government had turned against him?

answer: Paris

text: Paris

question: On what date did Napoleon abdicate?

answer: 22 June

text: 22 June

question: How many days after his abdication did Napoleon leave Paris?

answer: three days

text: three days

question: On what date did the Coalition forces arrive near Paris?

answer: 29 June

text: 29 June

question: When Napoleon left Paris, he went to the palace formerly belonging to whom?

answer: Josephine

text: Josephine


text: San Diego County has one of the highest counts of animal and plant species that appear on the endangered species list among counties in the United States. Because of its diversity of habitat and its position on the Pacific Flyway, San Diego County has recorded the presence of 492 bird species, more than any other region in the country. San Diego always scores very high in the number of bird species observed in the annual Christmas Bird Count, sponsored by the Audubon Society, and it is known as one of the "birdiest" areas in the United States.

title: San_Diego

title: San_Diego

text: San

text: Diego

text: County

text: has

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: highest

text: counts

text: of

text: animal

text: and

text: plant

text: species

text: that

text: appear

text: on

text: the

text: endangered

text: species

text: list

text: among

text: counties

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Because

text: of

text: its

text: diversity

text: of

text: habitat

text: and

text: its

text: position

text: on

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Flyway

text: San

text: Diego

text: County

text: has

text: recorded

text: the

text: presence

text: of

text: bird

text: species

text: more

text: than

text: any

text: other

text: region

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: San

text: Diego

text: always

text: scores

text: very

text: high

text: in

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: bird

text: species

text: observed

text: in

text: the

text: annual

text: Christmas

text: Bird

text: Count

text: sponsored

text: by

text: the

text: Audubon

text: Society

text: and

text: it

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: birdiest

text: areas

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

question: How many bird species have been observed in San Diego?

answer: 492

question: What birding event does the Audubon Society host every year?

answer: Christmas Bird Count

text: Christmas Bird Count

question: What is special about the animal and plant species found in San Diego?

answer: highest counts of animal and plant species that appear on the endangered species list

text: highest counts of animal and plant species that appear on the endangered species list

question: What word describes San Diego County due to the many birds residing there?

answer: birdiest

text: birdiest

question: What flyway contributes to the diverse bird population in San Diego County?

answer: Pacific Flyway

text: Pacific Flyway


text: The Ottoman Islamic legal system was set up differently from traditional European courts. Presiding over Islamic courts would be a Qadi, or judge. Since the closing of the ijtihad, or Gate of Interpretation, Qadis throughout the Ottoman Empire focused less on legal precedent, and more with local customs and traditions in the areas that they administered. However, the Ottoman court system lacked an appellate structure, leading to jurisdictional case strategies where plaintiffs could take their disputes from one court system to another until they achieved a ruling that was in their favor.

title: Ottoman_Empire

title: Ottoman_Empire

text: The

text: Ottoman

text: Islamic

text: legal

text: system

text: was

text: set

text: up

text: differently

text: from

text: traditional

text: European

text: courts

text: Presiding

text: over

text: Islamic

text: courts

text: would

text: be

text: a

text: Qadi

text: or

text: judge

text: Since

text: the

text: closing

text: of

text: the

text: ijtihad

text: or

text: Gate

text: of

text: Interpretation

text: Qadis

text: throughout

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: focused

text: less

text: on

text: legal

text: precedent

text: and

text: more

text: with

text: local

text: customs

text: and

text: traditions

text: in

text: the

text: areas

text: that

text: they

text: administered

text: However

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: court

text: system

text: lacked

text: an

text: appellate

text: structure

text: leading

text: to

text: jurisdictional

text: case

text: strategies

text: where

text: plaintiffs

text: could

text: take

text: their

text: disputes

text: from

text: one

text: court

text: system

text: to

text: another

text: until

text: they

text: achieved

text: a

text: ruling

text: that

text: was

text: in

text: their

text: favor

question: Who was the one that presided over the empire's Islamic Courts?

answer: Qadi

text: Qadi

question: At what juncture did the Qadi focus less on precedent?

answer: closing of the ijtihad, or Gate of Interpretation

text: closing of the ijtihad, or Gate of Interpretation

question: What was one thing the Ottoman legal system lacked?

answer: an appellate structure

text: an appellate structure

question: What did Qadis focus on in some areas?

answer: local customs and traditions

text: local customs and traditions

question: What is another word for Qadi?

answer: judge

text: judge


text: The Philippines has had small grassroots movements for U.S. statehood. Originally part of the platform of the Progressive Party, then known as the Federalista Party, the party dropped it in 1907, which coincided with the name change. As recently as 2004, the concept of the Philippines becoming a U.S. state has been part of a political platform in the Philippines. Supporters of this movement include Filipinos who believe that the quality of life in the Philippines would be higher and that there would be less poverty there if the Philippines were an American state or territory. Supporters also include Filipinos that had fought as members of the United States Armed Forces in various wars during the Commonwealth period.

title: 51st_state

title: 51st_state

text: The

text: Philippines

text: has

text: had

text: small

text: grassroots

text: movements

text: for

text: U.S.

text: statehood

text: Originally

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: platform

text: of

text: the

text: Progressive

text: Party

text: then

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Federalista

text: Party

text: the

text: party

text: dropped

text: it

text: in

text: which

text: coincided

text: with

text: the

text: name

text: change

text: As

text: recently

text: as

text: the

text: concept

text: of

text: the

text: Philippines

text: becoming

text: a

text: U.S.

text: state

text: has

text: been

text: part

text: of

text: a

text: political

text: platform

text: in

text: the

text: Philippines

text: Supporters

text: of

text: this

text: movement

text: include

text: Filipinos

text: who

text: believe

text: that

text: the

text: quality

text: of

text: life

text: in

text: the

text: Philippines

text: would

text: be

text: higher

text: and

text: that

text: there

text: would

text: be

text: less

text: poverty

text: there

text: if

text: the

text: Philippines

text: were

text: an

text: American

text: state

text: or

text: territory

text: Supporters

text: also

text: include

text: Filipinos

text: that

text: had

text: fought

text: as

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Armed

text: Forces

text: in

text: various

text: wars

text: during

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: period

question: What country had small grassroots movement for US Statehood?

answer: The Philippines

text: The Philippines

question: What party used to be known as the Federalista Party?

answer: Federalista Party

text: Federalista Party

question: What was the most recent year of the Phillipines pushing for statehood?

answer: 2004


text: After several failed attempts, in 1930 the first aeroplane reached Bermuda. A Stinson Detroiter seaplane flying from New York, it had to land twice in the ocean: once because of darkness and again to refuel. Navigation and weather forecasting improved in 1933 when the Royal Air Force (then responsible for providing equipment and personnel for the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm) established a station at the Royal Naval Dockyard to repair (and supply replacement) float planes for the fleet. In 1936 Luft Hansa began to experiment with seaplane flights from Berlin via the Azores with continuation to New York City.

title: Bermuda

title: Bermuda

text: After

text: several

text: failed

text: attempts

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: aeroplane

text: reached

text: Bermuda

text: A

text: Stinson

text: Detroiter

text: seaplane

text: flying

text: from

text: New

text: York

text: it

text: had

text: to

text: land

text: twice

text: in

text: the

text: ocean

text: once

text: because

text: of

text: darkness

text: and

text: again

text: to

text: refuel

text: Navigation

text: and

text: weather

text: forecasting

text: improved

text: in

text: when

text: the

text: Royal

text: Air

text: Force

text: then

text: responsible

text: for

text: providing

text: equipment

text: and

text: personnel

text: for

text: the

text: Royal

text: Navy

text: 's

text: Fleet

text: Air

text: Arm

text: established

text: a

text: station

text: at

text: the

text: Royal

text: Naval

text: Dockyard

text: to

text: repair

text: and

text: supply

text: replacement

text: float

text: planes

text: for

text: the

text: fleet

text: In

text: Luft

text: Hansa

text: began

text: to

text: experiment

text: with

text: seaplane

text: flights

text: from

text: Berlin

text: via

text: the

text: Azores

text: with

text: continuation

text: to

text: New

text: York

text: City

question: When did the first aeroplane reach Bermuda?

answer: 1930

question: Why did the plane have to land twice before reaching Bermuda?

answer: once because of darkness and again to refuel

text: once because of darkness and again to refuel

question: What improved thanks to the Royal Air Force in 1933?

answer: Navigation and weather forecasting

text: Navigation and weather forecasting

question: Who began experimenting with flights from Berlin to New York, stopping in the azores?

answer: Luft Hansa

text: Luft Hansa


text: Neptune's dark spots are thought to occur in the troposphere at lower altitudes than the brighter cloud features, so they appear as holes in the upper cloud decks. As they are stable features that can persist for several months, they are thought to be vortex structures. Often associated with dark spots are brighter, persistent methane clouds that form around the tropopause layer. The persistence of companion clouds shows that some former dark spots may continue to exist as cyclones even though they are no longer visible as a dark feature. Dark spots may dissipate when they migrate too close to the equator or possibly through some other unknown mechanism.

title: Neptune

title: Neptune

text: Neptune

text: 's

text: dark

text: spots

text: are

text: thought

text: to

text: occur

text: in

text: the

text: troposphere

text: at

text: lower

text: altitudes

text: than

text: the

text: brighter

text: cloud

text: features

text: so

text: they

text: appear

text: as

text: holes

text: in

text: the

text: upper

text: cloud

text: decks

text: As

text: they

text: are

text: stable

text: features

text: that

text: can

text: persist

text: for

text: several

text: months

text: they

text: are

text: thought

text: to

text: be

text: vortex

text: structures

text: Often

text: associated

text: with

text: dark

text: spots

text: are

text: brighter

text: persistent

text: methane

text: clouds

text: that

text: form

text: around

text: the

text: tropopause

text: layer

text: The

text: persistence

text: of

text: companion

text: clouds

text: shows

text: that

text: some

text: former

text: dark

text: spots

text: may

text: continue

text: to

text: exist

text: as

text: cyclones

text: even

text: though

text: they

text: are

text: no

text: longer

text: visible

text: as

text: a

text: dark

text: feature

text: Dark

text: spots

text: may

text: dissipate

text: when

text: they

text: migrate

text: too

text: close

text: to

text: the

text: equator

text: or

text: possibly

text: through

text: some

text: other

text: unknown

text: mechanism

question: Where are Neptune's dark spots thought to occur?

answer: in the troposphere

text: in the troposphere

question: What do Neptune's dark spots appear as in the cloud decks?

answer: holes

text: holes

question: Since Neptune's dark spots persist for several months, what are they thought to be?

answer: vortex structures

text: vortex structures

question: What on Neptune are associated with dark spots that are brighter?

answer: methane clouds

text: methane clouds

question: When Neptune's dark spots migrate too close to the equator, what do they do?

answer: dissipate

text: dissipate


text: Inside each of these parts are thousands to trillions of small electrical circuits which can be turned off or on by means of an electronic switch. Each circuit represents a bit (binary digit) of information so that when the circuit is on it represents a "1", and when off it represents a "0" (in positive logic representation). The circuits are arranged in logic gates so that one or more of the circuits may control the state of one or more of the other circuits.

title: Computer

title: Computer

text: Inside

text: each

text: of

text: these

text: parts

text: are

text: thousands

text: to

text: trillions

text: of

text: small

text: electrical

text: circuits

text: which

text: can

text: be

text: turned

text: off

text: or

text: on

text: by

text: means

text: of

text: an

text: electronic

text: switch

text: Each

text: circuit

text: represents

text: a

text: bit

text: binary

text: digit

text: of

text: information

text: so

text: that

text: when

text: the

text: circuit

text: is

text: on

text: it

text: represents

text: a

text: and

text: when

text: off

text: it

text: represents

text: a

text: in

text: positive

text: logic

text: representation

text: The

text: circuits

text: are

text: arranged

text: in

text: logic

text: gates

text: so

text: that

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: of

text: the

text: circuits

text: may

text: control

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: of

text: the

text: other

text: circuits

question: A circuit in a computer part represents what?

answer: a bit (binary digit) of information

text: a bit (binary digit) of information

question: In positive logic representation a "1" represents when a circuit is what?

answer: on

text: on

question: In positive logic representation a "0" represents when a circuit is what?

answer: off

text: off


text: High-altitude clouds on Neptune have been observed casting shadows on the opaque cloud deck below. There are also high-altitude cloud bands that wrap around the planet at constant latitude. These circumferential bands have widths of 50–150 km and lie about 50–110 km above the cloud deck. These altitudes are in the layer where weather occurs, the troposphere. Weather does not occur in the higher stratosphere or thermosphere. Unlike Uranus, Neptune's composition has a higher volume of ocean, whereas Uranus has a smaller mantle.

title: Neptune

title: Neptune

text: High

text: altitude

text: clouds

text: on

text: Neptune

text: have

text: been

text: observed

text: casting

text: shadows

text: on

text: the

text: opaque

text: cloud

text: deck

text: below

text: There

text: are

text: also

text: high

text: altitude

text: cloud

text: bands

text: that

text: wrap

text: around

text: the

text: planet

text: at

text: constant

text: latitude

text: These

text: circumferential

text: bands

text: have

text: widths

text: of

text: km

text: and

text: lie

text: about

text: km

text: above

text: the

text: cloud

text: deck

text: These

text: altitudes

text: are

text: in

text: the

text: layer

text: where

text: weather

text: occurs

text: the

text: troposphere

text: Weather

text: does

text: not

text: occur

text: in

text: the

text: higher

text: stratosphere

text: or

text: thermosphere

text: Unlike

text: Uranus

text: Neptune

text: 's

text: composition

text: has

text: a

text: higher

text: volume

text: of

text: ocean

text: whereas

text: Uranus

text: has

text: a

text: smaller

text: mantle

question: On Neptune, which clouds cast shadows on the cloud deck below it?

answer: High-altitude clouds

text: High-altitude clouds

question: What are the widths of the cloud bands on Neptune?

answer: 50–150 km

text: 50–150 km

question: Where are the high altitude bands of clouds on Neptune?

answer: 50–110 km above the cloud deck.

text: 50–110 km above the cloud deck.

question: What does Neptune have more of compared to Uranus?

answer: volume of ocean

text: volume of ocean

question: Where on Neptune does weather not occur?

answer: higher stratosphere or thermosphere

text: higher stratosphere or thermosphere


text: Discussions of strategy in the mid Ming dynasty focused primarily on recovery of the Ordos region, which the Mongols used as a rallying base to stage raids into Ming China. Norbu states that the Ming dynasty, preoccupied with the Mongol threat to the north, could not spare additional armed forces to enforce or back up their claim of sovereignty over Tibet; instead, they relied on "Confucian instruments of tribute relations" of heaping unlimited number of titles and gifts on Tibetan lamas through acts of diplomacy. Sperling states that the delicate relationship between the Ming and Tibet was "the last time a united China had to deal with an independent Tibet," that there was a potential for armed conflict at their borders, and that the ultimate goal of Ming foreign policy with Tibet was not subjugation but "avoidance of any kind of Tibetan threat." P. Christiaan Klieger argues that the Ming court's patronage of high Tibetan lamas "was designed to help stabilize border regions and protect trade routes."

title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty

title: Sino

text: Discussions

text: of

text: strategy

text: in

text: the

text: mid

text: Ming

text: dynasty

text: focused

text: primarily

text: on

text: recovery

text: of

text: the

text: Ordos

text: region

text: which

text: the

text: Mongols

text: used

text: as

text: a

text: rallying

text: base

text: to

text: stage

text: raids

text: into

text: Ming

text: China

text: Norbu

text: states

text: that

text: the

text: Ming

text: dynasty

text: preoccupied

text: with

text: the

text: Mongol

text: threat

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: could

text: not

text: spare

text: additional

text: armed

text: forces

text: to

text: enforce

text: or

text: back

text: up

text: their

text: claim

text: of

text: sovereignty

text: over

text: Tibet

text: instead

text: they

text: relied

text: on

text: Confucian

text: instruments

text: of

text: tribute

text: relations

text: of

text: heaping

text: unlimited

text: number

text: of

text: titles

text: and

text: gifts

text: on

text: Tibetan

text: lamas

text: through

text: acts

text: of

text: diplomacy

text: Sperling

text: states

text: that

text: the

text: delicate

text: relationship

text: between

text: the

text: Ming

text: and

text: Tibet

text: was

text: the

text: last

text: time

text: a

text: united

text: China

text: had

text: to

text: deal

text: with

text: an

text: independent

text: Tibet

text: that

text: there

text: was

text: a

text: potential

text: for

text: armed

text: conflict

text: at

text: their

text: borders

text: and

text: that

text: the

text: ultimate

text: goal

text: of

text: Ming

text: foreign

text: policy

text: with

text: Tibet

text: was

text: not

text: subjugation

text: but

text: avoidance

text: of

text: any

text: kind

text: of

text: Tibetan

text: threat

text: P.

text: Christiaan

text: Klieger

text: argues

text: that

text: the

text: Ming

text: court

text: 's

text: patronage

text: of

text: high

text: Tibetan

text: lamas

text: was

text: designed

text: to

text: help

text: stabilize

text: border

text: regions

text: and

text: protect

text: trade

text: routes

question: What did the mid Ming dynasty discussion focus mainly on?

answer: recovery of the Ordos region

text: recovery of the Ordos region

question: Who used the the Ordos region as a place to stage raids?

answer: the Mongols

text: the Mongols

question: Where were the Mongols trying to raise?

answer: Ming China

text: Ming China

question: Why did P. Christiaan Klieger believe that the Ming court supported high Tibetan lamas?

answer: to help stabilize border regions and protect trade routes

text: to help stabilize border regions and protect trade routes


text: The status of "language" is not solely determined by linguistic criteria, but it is also the result of a historical and political development. Romansh came to be a written language, and therefore it is recognized as a language, even though it is very close to the Lombardic alpine dialects. An opposite example is the case of Chinese, whose variations such as Mandarin and Cantonese are often called dialects and not languages, despite their mutual unintelligibility.

title: Dialect

title: Dialect

text: The

text: status

text: of

text: language

text: is

text: not

text: solely

text: determined

text: by

text: linguistic

text: criteria

text: but

text: it

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: result

text: of

text: a

text: historical

text: and

text: political

text: development

text: Romansh

text: came

text: to

text: be

text: a

text: written

text: language

text: and

text: therefore

text: it

text: is

text: recognized

text: as

text: a

text: language

text: even

text: though

text: it

text: is

text: very

text: close

text: to

text: the

text: Lombardic

text: alpine

text: dialects

text: An

text: opposite

text: example

text: is

text: the

text: case

text: of

text: Chinese

text: whose

text: variations

text: such

text: as

text: Mandarin

text: and

text: Cantonese

text: are

text: often

text: called

text: dialects

text: and

text: not

text: languages

text: despite

text: their

text: mutual

text: unintelligibility

question: What non-linguistic developments influence the status of a language?

answer: historical and political

text: historical and political

question: What dialect is the language Romansh similar to?

answer: Lombardic alpine

text: Lombardic alpine

question: What language are Mandarin and Cantonese sometimes considered dialects of?

answer: Chinese

text: Chinese

question: Why might Mandarin and Cantonese not be regarded as dialects?

answer: mutual unintelligibility

text: mutual unintelligibility


text: Vacuum is useful in a variety of processes and devices. Its first widespread use was in the incandescent light bulb to protect the filament from chemical degradation. The chemical inertness produced by a vacuum is also useful for electron beam welding, cold welding, vacuum packing and vacuum frying. Ultra-high vacuum is used in the study of atomically clean substrates, as only a very good vacuum preserves atomic-scale clean surfaces for a reasonably long time (on the order of minutes to days). High to ultra-high vacuum removes the obstruction of air, allowing particle beams to deposit or remove materials without contamination. This is the principle behind chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition, and dry etching which are essential to the fabrication of semiconductors and optical coatings, and to surface science. The reduction of convection provides the thermal insulation of thermos bottles. Deep vacuum lowers the boiling point of liquids and promotes low temperature outgassing which is used in freeze drying, adhesive preparation, distillation, metallurgy, and process purging. The electrical properties of vacuum make electron microscopes and vacuum tubes possible, including cathode ray tubes. The elimination of air friction is useful for flywheel energy storage and ultracentrifuges.

title: Vacuum

title: Vacuum

text: Vacuum

text: is

text: useful

text: in

text: a

text: variety

text: of

text: processes

text: and

text: devices

text: Its

text: first

text: widespread

text: use

text: was

text: in

text: the

text: incandescent

text: light

text: bulb

text: to

text: protect

text: the

text: filament

text: from

text: chemical

text: degradation

text: The

text: chemical

text: inertness

text: produced

text: by

text: a

text: vacuum

text: is

text: also

text: useful

text: for

text: electron

text: beam

text: welding

text: cold

text: welding

text: vacuum

text: packing

text: and

text: vacuum

text: frying

text: Ultra

text: high

text: vacuum

text: is

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: atomically

text: clean

text: substrates

text: as

text: only

text: a

text: very

text: good

text: vacuum

text: preserves

text: atomic

text: scale

text: clean

text: surfaces

text: for

text: a

text: reasonably

text: long

text: time

text: on

text: the

text: order

text: of

text: minutes

text: to

text: days

text: High

text: to

text: ultra

text: high

text: vacuum

text: removes

text: the

text: obstruction

text: of

text: air

text: allowing

text: particle

text: beams

text: to

text: deposit

text: or

text: remove

text: materials

text: without

text: contamination

text: This

text: is

text: the

text: principle

text: behind

text: chemical

text: vapor

text: deposition

text: physical

text: vapor

text: deposition

text: and

text: dry

text: etching

text: which

text: are

text: essential

text: to

text: the

text: fabrication

text: of

text: semiconductors

text: and

text: optical

text: coatings

text: and

text: to

text: surface

text: science

text: The

text: reduction

text: of

text: convection

text: provides

text: the

text: thermal

text: insulation

text: of

text: thermos

text: bottles

text: Deep

text: vacuum

text: lowers

text: the

text: boiling

text: point

text: of

text: liquids

text: and

text: promotes

text: low

text: temperature

text: outgassing

text: which

text: is

text: used

text: in

text: freeze

text: drying

text: adhesive

text: preparation

text: distillation

text: metallurgy

text: and

text: process

text: purging

text: The

text: electrical

text: properties

text: of

text: vacuum

text: make

text: electron

text: microscopes

text: and

text: vacuum

text: tubes

text: possible

text: including

text: cathode

text: ray

text: tubes

text: The

text: elimination

text: of

text: air

text: friction

text: is

text: useful

text: for

text: flywheel

text: energy

text: storage

text: and

text: ultracentrifuges

question: What was the object to use first in widespread manner process of vacuum?

answer: incandescent light bulb

text: incandescent light bulb

question: What is produced by a vacuum and used in electron beam welding and vacuum frying?

answer: chemical inertness

text: chemical inertness

question: Hight to ultra-high vacuums removes what obstruction?

answer: obstruction of air,

text: obstruction of air,

question: How does freeze drying, distillation and metallurgy benefit from a deep vacuum?

answer: Deep vacuum lowers the boiling point of liquids and promotes low temperature outgassing

text: Deep vacuum lowers the boiling point of liquids and promotes low temperature outgassing

question: What are two things made possible by the electrical properties of vacuum?

answer: electron microscopes and vacuum tubes

text: electron microscopes and vacuum tubes


text: By 1840, the Market Hall and Sheds, where fresh meat and produce were brought daily, became a hub of commercial activity. The slave trade also depended on the port of Charleston, where ships could be unloaded and the slaves bought and sold. The legal importation of African slaves had ended in 1808, although smuggling was significant. However, the domestic trade was booming. More than one million slaves were transported from the Upper South to the Deep South in the antebellum years, as cotton plantations were widely developed through what became known as the Black Belt. Many slaves were transported in the coastwise slave trade, with slave ships stopping at ports such as Charleston.

title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

text: By

text: the

text: Market

text: Hall

text: and

text: Sheds

text: where

text: fresh

text: meat

text: and

text: produce

text: were

text: brought

text: daily

text: became

text: a

text: hub

text: of

text: commercial

text: activity

text: The

text: slave

text: trade

text: also

text: depended

text: on

text: the

text: port

text: of

text: Charleston

text: where

text: ships

text: could

text: be

text: unloaded

text: and

text: the

text: slaves

text: bought

text: and

text: sold

text: The

text: legal

text: importation

text: of

text: African

text: slaves

text: had

text: ended

text: in

text: although

text: smuggling

text: was

text: significant

text: However

text: the

text: domestic

text: trade

text: was

text: booming

text: More

text: than

text: one

text: million

text: slaves

text: were

text: transported

text: from

text: the

text: Upper

text: South

text: to

text: the

text: Deep

text: South

text: in

text: the

text: antebellum

text: years

text: as

text: cotton

text: plantations

text: were

text: widely

text: developed

text: through

text: what

text: became

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Black

text: Belt

text: Many

text: slaves

text: were

text: transported

text: in

text: the

text: coastwise

text: slave

text: trade

text: with

text: slave

text: ships

text: stopping

text: at

text: ports

text: such

text: as

text: Charleston

question: What industry depended on the port of Charleston?

answer: The slave trade

text: The slave trade

question: Where was  fresh food sold daily in Charleston in 1840?

answer: the Market Hall and Sheds

text: the Market Hall and Sheds

question: What year did the legal importation of slaves end?

answer: 1808

question: The region where cotton plantations were developed was known as what?

answer: Black Belt

text: Black Belt

question: In what era did one million slaves get trade throughout the South?

answer: in the antebellum years

text: in the antebellum years


text: Uses of a sequence of events include stories, historical events (chronology), directions and steps in procedures, and timetables for scheduling activities. A sequence of events may also be used to help describe processes in science, technology, and medicine. A sequence of events may be focused on past events (e.g., stories, history, chronology), on future events that must be in a predetermined order (e.g., plans, schedules, procedures, timetables), or focused on the observation of past events with the expectation that the events will occur in the future (e.g., processes). The use of a sequence of events occurs in fields as diverse as machines (cam timer), documentaries (Seconds From Disaster), law (choice of law), computer simulation (discrete event simulation), and electric power transmission (sequence of events recorder). A specific example of a sequence of events is the timeline of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster.

title: Time

title: Time

text: Uses

text: of

text: a

text: sequence

text: of

text: events

text: include

text: stories

text: historical

text: events

text: chronology

text: directions

text: and

text: steps

text: in

text: procedures

text: and

text: timetables

text: for

text: scheduling

text: activities

text: A

text: sequence

text: of

text: events

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: help

text: describe

text: processes

text: in

text: science

text: technology

text: and

text: medicine

text: A

text: sequence

text: of

text: events

text: may

text: be

text: focused

text: on

text: past

text: events

text: e.g.

text: stories

text: history

text: chronology

text: on

text: future

text: events

text: that

text: must

text: be

text: in

text: a

text: predetermined

text: order

text: e.g.

text: plans

text: schedules

text: procedures

text: timetables

text: or

text: focused

text: on

text: the

text: observation

text: of

text: past

text: events

text: with

text: the

text: expectation

text: that

text: the

text: events

text: will

text: occur

text: in

text: the

text: future

text: e.g.

text: processes

text: The

text: use

text: of

text: a

text: sequence

text: of

text: events

text: occurs

text: in

text: fields

text: as

text: diverse

text: as

text: machines

text: cam

text: timer

text: documentaries

text: Seconds

text: From

text: Disaster

text: law

text: choice

text: of

text: law

text: computer

text: simulation

text: discrete

text: event

text: simulation

text: and

text: electric

text: power

text: transmission

text: sequence

text: of

text: events

text: recorder

text: A

text: specific

text: example

text: of

text: a

text: sequence

text: of

text: events

text: is

text: the

text: timeline

text: of

text: the

text: Fukushima

text: Daiichi

text: nuclear

text: disaster

question: Uses of sequences of events include what?

answer: stories, historical events (chronology), directions and steps in procedures, and timetables

text: stories, historical events (chronology), directions and steps in procedures, and timetables

question: What may a sequence of events be used to describe?

answer: processes in science, technology, and medicine

text: processes in science, technology, and medicine

question: The use of what occurs in fields as diverse as machines, documentaries, or computer simulation?

answer: a sequence of events

text: a sequence of events

question: What is a specific example of a sequence of events?

answer: the timeline of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster

text: the timeline of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster


text: Boston has been called the "Athens of America" for its literary culture, earning a reputation as "the intellectual capital of the United States." In the nineteenth century, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Margaret Fuller, James Russell Lowell, and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote in Boston. Some consider the Old Corner Bookstore, where these writers met and where The Atlantic Monthly was first published, to be "cradle of American literature. In 1852, the Boston Public Library was founded as the first free library in the United States. Boston's literary culture continues today thanks to the city's many universities and the Boston Book Festival.

title: Boston

title: Boston

text: Boston

text: has

text: been

text: called

text: the

text: Athens

text: of

text: America

text: for

text: its

text: literary

text: culture

text: earning

text: a

text: reputation

text: as

text: the

text: intellectual

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: In

text: the

text: nineteenth

text: century

text: Ralph

text: Waldo

text: Emerson

text: Henry

text: David

text: Thoreau

text: Nathaniel

text: Hawthorne

text: Margaret

text: Fuller

text: James

text: Russell

text: Lowell

text: and

text: Henry

text: Wadsworth

text: Longfellow

text: wrote

text: in

text: Boston

text: Some

text: consider

text: the

text: Old

text: Corner

text: Bookstore

text: where

text: these

text: writers

text: met

text: and

text: where

text: The

text: Atlantic

text: Monthly

text: was

text: first

text: published

text: to

text: be

text: cradle

text: of

text: American

text: literature

text: In

text: the

text: Boston

text: Public

text: Library

text: was

text: founded

text: as

text: the

text: first

text: free

text: library

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Boston

text: 's

text: literary

text: culture

text: continues

text: today

text: thanks

text: to

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: many

text: universities

text: and

text: the

text: Boston

text: Book

text: Festival

question: Known for its literary culture, Boston has also been called what?

answer: Athens of America

text: Athens of America

question: What century did Ralph Waldo Emerson write in?

answer: the nineteenth century

text: the nineteenth century

question: What was the name of the bookstore the authors met in?

answer: Old Corner Bookstore

text: Old Corner Bookstore

question: Where was the Atlantic Monthly first published?

answer: the Old Corner Bookstore

text: the Old Corner Bookstore

question: What year was the Boston Public Library founded?

answer: 1852


text: During the Dutch Golden Age in the late 16th century onward, the Dutch Republic dominated world trade in the 17th century, conquering a vast colonial empire and operating the largest fleet of merchantmen of any nation. The County of Holland was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world.

title: Dutch_Republic

title: Dutch_Republic

text: During

text: the

text: Dutch

text: Golden

text: Age

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: onward

text: the

text: Dutch

text: Republic

text: dominated

text: world

text: trade

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: conquering

text: a

text: vast

text: colonial

text: empire

text: and

text: operating

text: the

text: largest

text: fleet

text: of

text: merchantmen

text: of

text: any

text: nation

text: The

text: County

text: of

text: Holland

text: was

text: the

text: wealthiest

text: and

text: most

text: urbanized

text: region

text: in

text: the

text: world

question: The Dutch Republic dominated world trade during what time?

answer: the Dutch Golden Age

text: the Dutch Golden Age

question: What was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world during the 17th century?

answer: The County of Holland

text: The County of Holland


text: While inert gas reduces filament evaporation, it also conducts heat from the filament, thereby cooling the filament and reducing efficiency. At constant pressure and temperature, the thermal conductivity of a gas depends upon the molecular weight of the gas and the cross sectional area of the gas molecules. Higher molecular weight gasses have lower thermal conductivity, because both the molecular weight is higher and also the cross sectional area is higher. Xenon gas improves efficiency because of its high molecular weight, but is also more expensive, so its use is limited to smaller lamps.

title: Incandescent_light_bulb

title: Incandescent_light_bulb

text: While

text: inert

text: gas

text: reduces

text: filament

text: evaporation

text: it

text: also

text: conducts

text: heat

text: from

text: the

text: filament

text: thereby

text: cooling

text: the

text: filament

text: and

text: reducing

text: efficiency

text: At

text: constant

text: pressure

text: and

text: temperature

text: the

text: thermal

text: conductivity

text: of

text: a

text: gas

text: depends

text: upon

text: the

text: molecular

text: weight

text: of

text: the

text: gas

text: and

text: the

text: cross

text: sectional

text: area

text: of

text: the

text: gas

text: molecules

text: Higher

text: molecular

text: weight

text: gasses

text: have

text: lower

text: thermal

text: conductivity

text: because

text: both

text: the

text: molecular

text: weight

text: is

text: higher

text: and

text: also

text: the

text: cross

text: sectional

text: area

text: is

text: higher

text: Xenon

text: gas

text: improves

text: efficiency

text: because

text: of

text: its

text: high

text: molecular

text: weight

text: but

text: is

text: also

text: more

text: expensive

text: so

text: its

text: use

text: is

text: limited

text: to

text: smaller

text: lamps

question: Why does inert gas reduce efficiency?

answer: conducts heat from the filament, thereby cooling the filament

text: conducts heat from the filament, thereby cooling the filament

question: What affects the thermal conductivity of a gas?

answer: molecular weight of the gas and the cross sectional area of the gas molecules

text: molecular weight of the gas and the cross sectional area of the gas molecules

question: How does the molecular weight of a gas relate to thermal conductivity?

answer: Higher molecular weight gasses have lower thermal conductivity

text: Higher molecular weight gasses have lower thermal conductivity

question: Why is xenon gas not more widely used?

answer: more expensive, so its use is limited to smaller lamps

text: more expensive, so its use is limited to smaller lamps

question: What is the advantage of using inert gas in a light bulb?

answer: reduces filament evaporation

text: reduces filament evaporation


text: No Islamic visual images or depictions of God are meant to exist because it is believed that such artistic depictions may lead to idolatry. Moreover, Muslims believe that God is incorporeal, making any two- or three- dimensional depictions impossible. Instead, Muslims describe God by the names and attributes that, according to Islam, he revealed to his creation. All but one sura of the Quran begins with the phrase "In the name of God, the Beneficent, the Merciful". Images of Mohammed are likewise prohibited. Such aniconism and iconoclasm can also be found in Jewish and some Christian theology.

title: Muslim_world

title: Muslim_world

text: No

text: Islamic

text: visual

text: images

text: or

text: depictions

text: of

text: God

text: are

text: meant

text: to

text: exist

text: because

text: it

text: is

text: believed

text: that

text: such

text: artistic

text: depictions

text: may

text: lead

text: to

text: idolatry

text: Moreover

text: Muslims

text: believe

text: that

text: God

text: is

text: incorporeal

text: making

text: any

text: two-

text: or

text: three-

text: dimensional

text: depictions

text: impossible

text: Instead

text: Muslims

text: describe

text: God

text: by

text: the

text: names

text: and

text: attributes

text: that

text: according

text: to

text: Islam

text: he

text: revealed

text: to

text: his

text: creation

text: All

text: but

text: one

text: sura

text: of

text: the

text: Quran

text: begins

text: with

text: the

text: phrase

text: In

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: God

text: the

text: Beneficent

text: the

text: Merciful

text: Images

text: of

text: Mohammed

text: are

text: likewise

text: prohibited

text: Such

text: aniconism

text: and

text: iconoclasm

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: found

text: in

text: Jewish

text: and

text: some

text: Christian

text: theology

question: Why is depicting God forbidden in the Islamic world?

answer: such artistic depictions may lead to idolatry

text: such artistic depictions may lead to idolatry

question: What do Muslims believe of the form of God?

answer: God is incorporeal

text: God is incorporeal

question: How many sura's in the Quran begin with "In the name of God?"

answer: All but one

text: All but one

question: What is the policy in the Muslim world on depicting Mohammed?

answer: prohibited

text: prohibited

question: What other religions might one find depictions of God, or Prophets forbidden?

answer: Jewish and some Christian theology

text: Jewish and some Christian theology


text: Late in the 19th century, Paris hosted two major international expositions: the 1889 Universal Exposition, was held to mark the centennial of the French Revolution and featured the new Eiffel Tower; and the 1900 Universal Exposition, which gave Paris the Pont Alexandre III, the Grand Palais, the Petit Palais and the first Paris Métro line. Paris became the laboratory of Naturalism (Émile Zola) and Symbolism (Charles Baudelaire and Paul Verlaine), and of Impressionism in art (Courbet, Manet, Monet, Renoir.)

title: Paris

title: Paris

text: Late

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: Paris

text: hosted

text: two

text: major

text: international

text: expositions

text: the

text: Universal

text: Exposition

text: was

text: held

text: to

text: mark

text: the

text: centennial

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: Revolution

text: and

text: featured

text: the

text: new

text: Eiffel

text: Tower

text: and

text: the

text: Universal

text: Exposition

text: which

text: gave

text: Paris

text: the

text: Pont

text: Alexandre

text: III

text: the

text: Grand

text: Palais

text: the

text: Petit

text: Palais

text: and

text: the

text: first

text: Paris

text: Métro

text: line

text: Paris

text: became

text: the

text: laboratory

text: of

text: Naturalism

text: Émile

text: Zola

text: and

text: Symbolism

text: Charles

text: Baudelaire

text: and

text: Paul

text: Verlaine

text: and

text: of

text: Impressionism

text: in

text: art

text: Courbet

text: Manet

text: Monet

text: Renoir

question: What type of art did Courbet, Manet, Monet and Renoir create?

answer: Impressionism

text: Impressionism

question: What was the purpose of the 1889 Universal Exposition?

answer: to mark the centennial of the French Revolution

text: to mark the centennial of the French Revolution

question: Where was the Eiffel Tower revealed?

answer: 1889 Universal Exposition

text: 1889 Universal Exposition

question: What type of art was created by Charles Baudelaire and Paul Verlaine?

answer: Symbolism

text: Symbolism


text: In the 20th century, Russian was mandatorily taught in the schools of the members of the old Warsaw Pact and in other countries that used to be satellites of the USSR. In particular, these countries include Poland, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Albania, former East Germany and Cuba. However, younger generations are usually not fluent in it, because Russian is no longer mandatory in the school system. According to the Eurobarometer 2005 survey, though, fluency in Russian remains fairly high (20–40%) in some countries, in particular those where the people speak a Slavic language and thereby have an edge in learning Russian (namely, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Bulgaria).

title: Russian_language

title: Russian_language

text: In

text: the

text: century

text: Russian

text: was

text: mandatorily

text: taught

text: in

text: the

text: schools

text: of

text: the

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: old

text: Warsaw

text: Pact

text: and

text: in

text: other

text: countries

text: that

text: used

text: to

text: be

text: satellites

text: of

text: the

text: USSR

text: In

text: particular

text: these

text: countries

text: include

text: Poland

text: Bulgaria

text: the

text: Czech

text: Republic

text: Slovakia

text: Hungary

text: Albania

text: former

text: East

text: Germany

text: and

text: Cuba

text: However

text: younger

text: generations

text: are

text: usually

text: not

text: fluent

text: in

text: it

text: because

text: Russian

text: is

text: no

text: longer

text: mandatory

text: in

text: the

text: school

text: system

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: Eurobarometer

text: survey

text: though

text: fluency

text: in

text: Russian

text: remains

text: fairly

text: high

text: in

text: some

text: countries

text: in

text: particular

text: those

text: where

text: the

text: people

text: speak

text: a

text: Slavic

text: language

text: and

text: thereby

text: have

text: an

text: edge

text: in

text: learning

text: Russian

text: namely

text: Poland

text: Czech

text: Republic

text: Slovakia

text: and

text: Bulgaria

question: What pact contained many Russian-speaking countries?

answer: Warsaw Pact

text: Warsaw Pact

question: Where was Russian schooling mandatory in the 20th century?

answer: Poland, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Albania, former East Germany and Cuba

text: Poland, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Albania, former East Germany and Cuba

question: Which countries speak other Slavic languages?

answer: Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Bulgaria

text: Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Bulgaria