text: Several explanations have been offered for Yale’s representation in national elections since the end of the Vietnam War. Various sources note the spirit of campus activism that has existed at Yale since the 1960s, and the intellectual influence of Reverend William Sloane Coffin on many of the future candidates. Yale President Richard Levin attributes the run to Yale’s focus on creating "a laboratory for future leaders," an institutional priority that began during the tenure of Yale Presidents Alfred Whitney Griswold and Kingman Brewster. Richard H. Brodhead, former dean of Yale College and now president of Duke University, stated: "We do give very significant attention to orientation to the community in our admissions, and there is a very strong tradition of volunteerism at Yale." Yale historian Gaddis Smith notes "an ethos of organized activity" at Yale during the 20th century that led John Kerry to lead the Yale Political Union's Liberal Party, George Pataki the Conservative Party, and Joseph Lieberman to manage the Yale Daily News. Camille Paglia points to a history of networking and elitism: "It has to do with a web of friendships and affiliations built up in school." CNN suggests that George W. Bush benefited from preferential admissions policies for the "son and grandson of alumni", and for a "member of a politically influential family." New York Times correspondent Elisabeth Bumiller and The Atlantic Monthly correspondent James Fallows credit the culture of community and cooperation that exists between students, faculty, and administration, which downplays self-interest and reinforces commitment to others.

title: Yale_University

title: Yale_University

text: Several

text: explanations

text: have

text: been

text: offered

text: for

text: Yale

text: ’s

text: representation

text: in

text: national

text: elections

text: since

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Vietnam

text: War

text: Various

text: sources

text: note

text: the

text: spirit

text: of

text: campus

text: activism

text: that

text: has

text: existed

text: at

text: Yale

text: since

text: the

text: and

text: the

text: intellectual

text: influence

text: of

text: Reverend

text: William

text: Sloane

text: Coffin

text: on

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: future

text: candidates

text: Yale

text: President

text: Richard

text: Levin

text: attributes

text: the

text: run

text: to

text: Yale

text: ’s

text: focus

text: on

text: creating

text: a

text: laboratory

text: for

text: future

text: leaders

text: an

text: institutional

text: priority

text: that

text: began

text: during

text: the

text: tenure

text: of

text: Yale

text: Presidents

text: Alfred

text: Whitney

text: Griswold

text: and

text: Kingman

text: Brewster

text: Richard

text: H.

text: Brodhead

text: former

text: dean

text: of

text: Yale

text: College

text: and

text: now

text: president

text: of

text: Duke

text: University

text: stated

text: We

text: do

text: give

text: very

text: significant

text: attention

text: to

text: orientation

text: to

text: the

text: community

text: in

text: our

text: admissions

text: and

text: there

text: is

text: a

text: very

text: strong

text: tradition

text: of

text: volunteerism

text: at

text: Yale

text: Yale

text: historian

text: Gaddis

text: Smith

text: notes

text: an

text: ethos

text: of

text: organized

text: activity

text: at

text: Yale

text: during

text: the

text: century

text: that

text: led

text: John

text: Kerry

text: to

text: lead

text: the

text: Yale

text: Political

text: Union

text: 's

text: Liberal

text: Party

text: George

text: Pataki

text: the

text: Conservative

text: Party

text: and

text: Joseph

text: Lieberman

text: to

text: manage

text: the

text: Yale

text: Daily

text: News

text: Camille

text: Paglia

text: points

text: to

text: a

text: history

text: of

text: networking

text: and

text: elitism

text: It

text: has

text: to

text: do

text: with

text: a

text: web

text: of

text: friendships

text: and

text: affiliations

text: built

text: up

text: in

text: school

text: CNN

text: suggests

text: that

text: George

text: W.

text: Bush

text: benefited

text: from

text: preferential

text: admissions

text: policies

text: for

text: the

text: son

text: and

text: grandson

text: of

text: alumni

text: and

text: for

text: a

text: member

text: of

text: a

text: politically

text: influential

text: family

text: New

text: York

text: Times

text: correspondent

text: Elisabeth

text: Bumiller

text: and

text: The

text: Atlantic

text: Monthly

text: correspondent

text: James

text: Fallows

text: credit

text: the

text: culture

text: of

text: community

text: and

text: cooperation

text: that

text: exists

text: between

text: students

text: faculty

text: and

text: administration

text: which

text: downplays

text: self

text: interest

text: and

text: reinforces

text: commitment

text: to

text: others

question: Why did President Levin believe there were so many Yale alumni presidential candidates?

answer: Yale’s focus on creating "a laboratory for future leaders,"

text: Yale’s focus on creating "a laboratory for future leaders,"

question: Why did Richard Brodhead believe there were so many Yale alumni presidential candidates?

answer: very strong tradition of volunteerism

text: very strong tradition of volunteerism

question: Why did Gaddis Smith believe John Kerry led Yale's Political Union Liberal Party?

answer: an ethos of organized activity

text: an ethos of organized activity

question: Why does CNN believe George W. Bush was accepted into Yale?

answer: "son and grandson of alumni", and for a "member of a politically influential family."

text: "son and grandson of alumni", and for a "member of a politically influential family."

question: What does Elisabeth Bumiller believe the reasoning behind the amount of political Yale alumni is?

answer: the culture of community and cooperation

text: the culture of community and cooperation


text: John wanted John de Gray, the Bishop of Norwich and one of his own supporters, to be appointed Archbishop of Canterbury after the death of Walter, but the cathedral chapter for Canterbury Cathedral claimed the exclusive right to elect Walter's successor. They favoured Reginald, the chapter's sub-prior. To complicate matters, the bishops of the province of Canterbury also claimed the right to appoint the next archbishop. The chapter secretly elected Reginald and he travelled to Rome to be confirmed; the bishops challenged the appointment and the matter was taken before Innocent. John forced the Canterbury chapter to change their support to John de Gray, and a messenger was sent to Rome to inform the papacy of the new decision. Innocent disavowed both Reginald and John de Gray, and instead appointed his own candidate, Stephen Langton. John refused Innocent's request that he consent to Langton's appointment, but the pope consecrated Langton anyway in June 1207.

title: John,_King_of_England

title: John,_King_of_England

text: John

text: wanted

text: John

text: de

text: Gray

text: the

text: Bishop

text: of

text: Norwich

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: his

text: own

text: supporters

text: to

text: be

text: appointed

text: Archbishop

text: of

text: Canterbury

text: after

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: Walter

text: but

text: the

text: cathedral

text: chapter

text: for

text: Canterbury

text: Cathedral

text: claimed

text: the

text: exclusive

text: right

text: to

text: elect

text: Walter

text: 's

text: successor

text: They

text: favoured

text: Reginald

text: the

text: chapter

text: 's

text: sub

text: prior

text: To

text: complicate

text: matters

text: the

text: bishops

text: of

text: the

text: province

text: of

text: Canterbury

text: also

text: claimed

text: the

text: right

text: to

text: appoint

text: the

text: next

text: archbishop

text: The

text: chapter

text: secretly

text: elected

text: Reginald

text: and

text: he

text: travelled

text: to

text: Rome

text: to

text: be

text: confirmed

text: the

text: bishops

text: challenged

text: the

text: appointment

text: and

text: the

text: matter

text: was

text: taken

text: before

text: Innocent

text: John

text: forced

text: the

text: Canterbury

text: chapter

text: to

text: change

text: their

text: support

text: to

text: John

text: de

text: Gray

text: and

text: a

text: messenger

text: was

text: sent

text: to

text: Rome

text: to

text: inform

text: the

text: papacy

text: of

text: the

text: new

text: decision

text: Innocent

text: disavowed

text: both

text: Reginald

text: and

text: John

text: de

text: Gray

text: and

text: instead

text: appointed

text: his

text: own

text: candidate

text: Stephen

text: Langton

text: John

text: refused

text: Innocent

text: 's

text: request

text: that

text: he

text: consent

text: to

text: Langton

text: 's

text: appointment

text: but

text: the

text: pope

text: consecrated

text: Langton

text: anyway

text: in

text: June

question: Who did John want to be appointed Archbishop of Canterbury?

answer: John de Gray

text: John de Gray

question: Who did Innocent disavow?

answer: Reginald and John de Gray

text: Reginald and John de Gray

question: Who did John force to change their support to John de Gray?

answer: Canterbury chapter

text: Canterbury chapter


text: To a large extent, the minority leader's position is a 20th-century innovation. Prior to this time congressional parties were often relatively disorganized, so it was not always evident who functioned as the opposition floor leader. Decades went by before anything like the modern two-party congressional system emerged on Capitol Hill with official titles for those who were its official leaders. However, from the beginning days of Congress, various House members intermittently assumed the role of "opposition leader." Some scholars suggest that Representative James Madison of Virginia informally functioned as the first "minority leader" because in the First Congress he led the opposition to Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton's fiscal policies.

title: Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives

text: To

text: a

text: large

text: extent

text: the

text: minority

text: leader

text: 's

text: position

text: is

text: a

text: century

text: innovation

text: Prior

text: to

text: this

text: time

text: congressional

text: parties

text: were

text: often

text: relatively

text: disorganized

text: so

text: it

text: was

text: not

text: always

text: evident

text: who

text: functioned

text: as

text: the

text: opposition

text: floor

text: leader

text: Decades

text: went

text: by

text: before

text: anything

text: like

text: the

text: modern

text: two

text: party

text: congressional

text: system

text: emerged

text: on

text: Capitol

text: Hill

text: with

text: official

text: titles

text: for

text: those

text: who

text: were

text: its

text: official

text: leaders

text: However

text: from

text: the

text: beginning

text: days

text: of

text: Congress

text: various

text: House

text: members

text: intermittently

text: assumed

text: the

text: role

text: of

text: opposition

text: leader

text: Some

text: scholars

text: suggest

text: that

text: Representative

text: James

text: Madison

text: of

text: Virginia

text: informally

text: functioned

text: as

text: the

text: first

text: minority

text: leader

text: because

text: in

text: the

text: First

text: Congress

text: he

text: led

text: the

text: opposition

text: to

text: Treasury

text: Secretary

text: Alexander

text: Hamilton

text: 's

text: fiscal

text: policies

question: When was the minority leader position created?

answer: 20th-century

question: Why was minority leader position created?

answer: not always evident who functioned as the opposition floor leader

text: not always evident who functioned as the opposition floor leader

question: Who is sometimes considered the first funcioning "Minority Leader?"

answer: James Madison

text: James Madison

question: Who was Treasury Secretary at time of first congress?

answer: Alexander Hamilton

text: Alexander Hamilton


text: A tipping point in the evolution of the prime ministership came with the death of Anne in 1714 and the accession of George I to the throne. George spoke no English, spent much of his time at his home in Hanover, and had neither knowledge of, nor interest in, the details of English government. In these circumstances it was inevitable that the king's first minister would become the de facto head of the government.

title: Prime_minister

title: Prime_minister

text: A

text: tipping

text: point

text: in

text: the

text: evolution

text: of

text: the

text: prime

text: ministership

text: came

text: with

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: Anne

text: in

text: and

text: the

text: accession

text: of

text: George

text: I

text: to

text: the

text: throne

text: George

text: spoke

text: no

text: English

text: spent

text: much

text: of

text: his

text: time

text: at

text: his

text: home

text: in

text: Hanover

text: and

text: had

text: neither

text: knowledge

text: of

text: nor

text: interest

text: in

text: the

text: details

text: of

text: English

text: government

text: In

text: these

text: circumstances

text: it

text: was

text: inevitable

text: that

text: the

text: king

text: 's

text: first

text: minister

text: would

text: become

text: the

text: de

text: facto

text: head

text: of

text: the

text: government

question: The reign of which king was a turning point in the growth of the position of prime minister?

answer: George I

text: George I

question: In what year did Queen Anne die?

answer: 1714

question: Where was George I's home?

answer: Hanover

text: Hanover


text: In recent years significant quantities of offshore natural gas have been discovered in the area known as Aphrodite in Cyprus' exclusive economic zone (EEZ), about 175 kilometres (109 miles) south of Limassol at 33°5′40″N and 32°59′0″E. However, Turkey's offshore drilling companies have accessed both natural gas and oil resources since 2013. Cyprus demarcated its maritime border with Egypt in 2003, and with Lebanon in 2007. Cyprus and Israel demarcated their maritime border in 2010, and in August 2011, the US-based firm Noble Energy entered into a production-sharing agreement with the Cypriot government regarding the block's commercial development.

title: Cyprus

title: Cyprus

text: In

text: recent

text: years

text: significant

text: quantities

text: of

text: offshore

text: natural

text: gas

text: have

text: been

text: discovered

text: in

text: the

text: area

text: known

text: as

text: Aphrodite

text: in

text: Cyprus

text: exclusive

text: economic

text: zone

text: EEZ

text: about

text: kilometres

text: miles

text: south

text: of

text: Limassol

text: at

text: and

text: However

text: Turkey

text: 's

text: offshore

text: drilling

text: companies

text: have

text: accessed

text: both

text: natural

text: gas

text: and

text: oil

text: resources

text: since

text: Cyprus

text: demarcated

text: its

text: maritime

text: border

text: with

text: Egypt

text: in

text: and

text: with

text: Lebanon

text: in

text: Cyprus

text: and

text: Israel

text: demarcated

text: their

text: maritime

text: border

text: in

text: and

text: in

text: August

text: the

text: US

text: based

text: firm

text: Noble

text: Energy

text: entered

text: into

text: a

text: production

text: sharing

text: agreement

text: with

text: the

text: Cypriot

text: government

text: regarding

text: the

text: block

text: 's

text: commercial

text: development

question: What resource has been discovered offshore in recent years?

answer: natural gas

text: natural gas

question: With what two countries did Cyprus first demarcate its maritime border?

answer: Egypt in 2003, and with Lebanon in 2007

text: Egypt in 2003, and with Lebanon in 2007

question: Which country did Cyprus demarcate its maritime border in 2010?

answer: Israel

text: Israel

question: What is the name of the US-based firm in a production-sharing agreement with Cyprus?

answer: Noble Energy

text: Noble Energy


text: In game play, players attempt to create goal-scoring opportunities through individual control of the ball, such as by dribbling, passing the ball to a team-mate, and by taking shots at the goal, which is guarded by the opposing goalkeeper. Opposing players may try to regain control of the ball by intercepting a pass or through tackling the opponent in possession of the ball; however, physical contact between opponents is restricted. Football is generally a free-flowing game, with play stopping only when the ball has left the field of play or when play is stopped by the referee for an infringement of the rules. After a stoppage, play recommences with a specified restart.

title: Association_football

title: Association_football

text: In

text: game

text: play

text: players

text: attempt

text: to

text: create

text: goal

text: scoring

text: opportunities

text: through

text: individual

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: ball

text: such

text: as

text: by

text: dribbling

text: passing

text: the

text: ball

text: to

text: a

text: team

text: mate

text: and

text: by

text: taking

text: shots

text: at

text: the

text: goal

text: which

text: is

text: guarded

text: by

text: the

text: opposing

text: goalkeeper

text: Opposing

text: players

text: may

text: try

text: to

text: regain

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: ball

text: by

text: intercepting

text: a

text: pass

text: or

text: through

text: tackling

text: the

text: opponent

text: in

text: possession

text: of

text: the

text: ball

text: however

text: physical

text: contact

text: between

text: opponents

text: is

text: restricted

text: Football

text: is

text: generally

text: a

text: free

text: flowing

text: game

text: with

text: play

text: stopping

text: only

text: when

text: the

text: ball

text: has

text: left

text: the

text: field

text: of

text: play

text: or

text: when

text: play

text: is

text: stopped

text: by

text: the

text: referee

text: for

text: an

text: infringement

text: of

text: the

text: rules

text: After

text: a

text: stoppage

text: play

text: recommences

text: with

text: a

text: specified

text: restart

question: Who guards the goal?

answer: goalkeeper

text: goalkeeper

question: Who is the only one who has the authority to stop the game when something is wron?

answer: referee

text: referee

question: what is allowed but restricted?

answer: physical contact

text: physical contact

question: Besides a referee interfering, when else is play stopped?

answer: when the ball has left the field of play

text: when the ball has left the field of play


text: In addition, land availability has a large effect on the available solar energy because solar panels can only be set up on land that is unowned and suitable for solar panels. Roofs have been found to be a suitable place for solar cells, as many people have discovered that they can collect energy directly from their homes this way. Other areas that are suitable for solar cells are lands that are unowned by businesses where solar plants can be established.

title: Solar_energy

title: Solar_energy

text: In

text: addition

text: land

text: availability

text: has

text: a

text: large

text: effect

text: on

text: the

text: available

text: solar

text: energy

text: because

text: solar

text: panels

text: can

text: only

text: be

text: set

text: up

text: on

text: land

text: that

text: is

text: unowned

text: and

text: suitable

text: for

text: solar

text: panels

text: Roofs

text: have

text: been

text: found

text: to

text: be

text: a

text: suitable

text: place

text: for

text: solar

text: cells

text: as

text: many

text: people

text: have

text: discovered

text: that

text: they

text: can

text: collect

text: energy

text: directly

text: from

text: their

text: homes

text: this

text: way

text: Other

text: areas

text: that

text: are

text: suitable

text: for

text: solar

text: cells

text: are

text: lands

text: that

text: are

text: unowned

text: by

text: businesses

text: where

text: solar

text: plants

text: can

text: be

text: established

question: Why does land availability have an effect on solar energy?

answer: solar panels can only be set up on land that is unowned and suitable for solar panels

text: solar panels can only be set up on land that is unowned and suitable for solar panels

question: Why are roofs a good place for solar panels?

answer: many people have discovered that they can collect energy directly from their homes this way

text: many people have discovered that they can collect energy directly from their homes this way


text: Although professional wrestling started out as petty acts in sideshows, traveling circuses and carnivals, today it is a billion-dollar industry. Revenue is drawn from live event ticket sales, network television broadcasts, pay-per-view broadcasts, personal appearances by performers, branded merchandise and home video. Particularly since the 1950s, pro wrestling events have frequently been responsible for sellout crowds at large arenas, including Madison Square Garden, as well as football stadiums, by promotions including the WWE, the NWA territory system, WCW, and AWA. Pro wrestling was also instrumental in making pay-per-view a viable method of content delivery. Annual shows such as WrestleMania, SummerSlam, Royal Rumble, and formerly Bash at the Beach, Halloween Havoc and Starrcade are among the highest-selling pay-per-view programming each year. In modern day, internet programming has been utilized by a number of companies to air web shows, internet pay-per-views (iPPVs) or on-demand content, helping to generate internet-related revenue earnings from the evolving World Wide Web.

title: Professional_wrestling

title: Professional_wrestling

text: Although

text: professional

text: wrestling

text: started

text: out

text: as

text: petty

text: acts

text: in

text: sideshows

text: traveling

text: circuses

text: and

text: carnivals

text: today

text: it

text: is

text: a

text: billion

text: dollar

text: industry

text: Revenue

text: is

text: drawn

text: from

text: live

text: event

text: ticket

text: sales

text: network

text: television

text: broadcasts

text: pay

text: per

text: view

text: broadcasts

text: personal

text: appearances

text: by

text: performers

text: branded

text: merchandise

text: and

text: home

text: video

text: Particularly

text: since

text: the

text: pro

text: wrestling

text: events

text: have

text: frequently

text: been

text: responsible

text: for

text: sellout

text: crowds

text: at

text: large

text: arenas

text: including

text: Madison

text: Square

text: Garden

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: football

text: stadiums

text: by

text: promotions

text: including

text: the

text: WWE

text: the

text: NWA

text: territory

text: system

text: WCW

text: and

text: AWA

text: Pro

text: wrestling

text: was

text: also

text: instrumental

text: in

text: making

text: pay

text: per

text: view

text: a

text: viable

text: method

text: of

text: content

text: delivery

text: Annual

text: shows

text: such

text: as

text: WrestleMania

text: SummerSlam

text: Royal

text: Rumble

text: and

text: formerly

text: Bash

text: at

text: the

text: Beach

text: Halloween

text: Havoc

text: and

text: Starrcade

text: are

text: among

text: the

text: highest

text: selling

text: pay

text: per

text: view

text: programming

text: each

text: year

text: In

text: modern

text: day

text: internet

text: programming

text: has

text: been

text: utilized

text: by

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: companies

text: to

text: air

text: web

text: shows

text: internet

text: pay

text: per

text: views

text: iPPVs

text: or

text: on

text: demand

text: content

text: helping

text: to

text: generate

text: internet

text: related

text: revenue

text: earnings

text: from

text: the

text: evolving

text: World

text: Wide

text: Web

question: Where does the money made from wrestling come from?

answer: live event ticket sales, network television broadcasts, pay-per-view broadcasts, personal appearances by performers, branded merchandise and home video

text: live event ticket sales, network television broadcasts, pay-per-view broadcasts, personal appearances by performers, branded merchandise and home video

question: Where large places are some of the major wrestling shows held at?

answer: Madison Square Garden, as well as football stadiums

text: Madison Square Garden, as well as football stadiums

question: What has the internet been utilized for in wrestling?

answer: to air web shows, internet pay-per-views (iPPVs) or on-demand content

text: to air web shows, internet pay-per-views (iPPVs) or on-demand content

question: what wrestling shows occur yearly?

answer: WrestleMania, SummerSlam, Royal Rumble, and formerly Bash at the Beach, Halloween Havoc and Starrcade

text: WrestleMania, SummerSlam, Royal Rumble, and formerly Bash at the Beach, Halloween Havoc and Starrcade

question: In which decade did wrestling start becoming very popular?

answer: Particularly since the 1950s, pro wrestling events have frequently been responsible for sellout crowds at large arenas

text: Particularly since the 1950s, pro wrestling events have frequently been responsible for sellout crowds at large arenas


text: The presence of the University of California, San Diego and other research institutions has helped to fuel biotechnology growth. In 2013, San Diego has the second-largest biotech cluster in the United States, below the Boston area and above the San Francisco Bay Area. There are more than 400 biotechnology companies in the area. In particular, the La Jolla and nearby Sorrento Valley areas are home to offices and research facilities for numerous biotechnology companies. Major biotechnology companies like Illumina and Neurocrine Biosciences are headquartered in San Diego, while many biotech and pharmaceutical companies have offices or research facilities in San Diego. San Diego is also home to more than 140 contract research organizations (CROs) that provide a variety of contract services for pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies.

title: San_Diego

title: San_Diego

text: The

text: presence

text: of

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: California

text: San

text: Diego

text: and

text: other

text: research

text: institutions

text: has

text: helped

text: to

text: fuel

text: biotechnology

text: growth

text: In

text: San

text: Diego

text: has

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: biotech

text: cluster

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: below

text: the

text: Boston

text: area

text: and

text: above

text: the

text: San

text: Francisco

text: Bay

text: Area

text: There

text: are

text: more

text: than

text: biotechnology

text: companies

text: in

text: the

text: area

text: In

text: particular

text: the

text: La

text: Jolla

text: and

text: nearby

text: Sorrento

text: Valley

text: areas

text: are

text: home

text: to

text: offices

text: and

text: research

text: facilities

text: for

text: numerous

text: biotechnology

text: companies

text: Major

text: biotechnology

text: companies

text: like

text: Illumina

text: and

text: Neurocrine

text: Biosciences

text: are

text: headquartered

text: in

text: San

text: Diego

text: while

text: many

text: biotech

text: and

text: pharmaceutical

text: companies

text: have

text: offices

text: or

text: research

text: facilities

text: in

text: San

text: Diego

text: San

text: Diego

text: is

text: also

text: home

text: to

text: more

text: than

text: contract

text: research

text: organizations

text: CROs

text: that

text: provide

text: a

text: variety

text: of

text: contract

text: services

text: for

text: pharmaceutical

text: and

text: biotechnology

text: companies

question: What institution has contributed to the growth of fuel biotechnology?

answer: University of California

text: University of California

question: What city does San Diego come in second to in the biotech industry?

answer: Boston

text: Boston

question: How many contract research organizations are in San Diego?

answer: 140

question: What two areas have the numerous research facilities and offices for biotech companies?

answer: La Jolla and nearby Sorrento Valley

text: La Jolla and nearby Sorrento Valley

question: What two major biotech companies are headquartered in San Diego?

answer: Illumina and Neurocrine Biosciences

text: Illumina and Neurocrine Biosciences


text: In 2010 and 2011, state and federal funds were awarded to Connecticut (and Massachusetts) to construct the Hartford Line, with a southern terminus at New Haven's Union Station and a northern terminus at Springfield's Union Station. According to the White House, "This corridor [currently] has one train per day connecting communities in Connecticut and Massachusetts to the Northeast Corridor and Vermont. The vision for this corridor is to restore the alignment to its original route via the Knowledge Corridor in western Massachusetts, improving trip time and increasing the population base that can be served." Set for construction in 2013, the "Knowledge Corridor high speed intercity passenger rail" project will cost approximately $1 billion, and the ultimate northern terminus for the project is reported to be Montreal in Canada. Train speeds between will reportedly exceed 110 miles per hour (180 km/h) and increase both cities' rail traffic exponentially.

title: New_Haven,_Connecticut

title: New_Haven,_Connecticut

text: In

text: and

text: state

text: and

text: federal

text: funds

text: were

text: awarded

text: to

text: Connecticut

text: and

text: Massachusetts

text: to

text: construct

text: the

text: Hartford

text: Line

text: with

text: a

text: southern

text: terminus

text: at

text: New

text: Haven

text: 's

text: Union

text: Station

text: and

text: a

text: northern

text: terminus

text: at

text: Springfield

text: 's

text: Union

text: Station

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: White

text: House

text: This

text: corridor

text: currently

text: has

text: one

text: train

text: per

text: day

text: connecting

text: communities

text: in

text: Connecticut

text: and

text: Massachusetts

text: to

text: the

text: Northeast

text: Corridor

text: and

text: Vermont

text: The

text: vision

text: for

text: this

text: corridor

text: is

text: to

text: restore

text: the

text: alignment

text: to

text: its

text: original

text: route

text: via

text: the

text: Knowledge

text: Corridor

text: in

text: western

text: Massachusetts

text: improving

text: trip

text: time

text: and

text: increasing

text: the

text: population

text: base

text: that

text: can

text: be

text: served

text: Set

text: for

text: construction

text: in

text: the

text: Knowledge

text: Corridor

text: high

text: speed

text: intercity

text: passenger

text: rail

text: project

text: will

text: cost

text: approximately

text: billion

text: and

text: the

text: ultimate

text: northern

text: terminus

text: for

text: the

text: project

text: is

text: reported

text: to

text: be

text: Montreal

text: in

text: Canada

text: Train

text: speeds

text: between

text: will

text: reportedly

text: exceed

text: miles

text: per

text: hour

text: km

text: h

text: and

text: increase

text: both

text: cities

text: rail

text: traffic

text: exponentially

question: Funding was awarded to Connecticut in 2010 and 2011 to build what line with a southern terminus in New Haven?

answer: Hartford Line

text: Hartford Line

question: At what terminal in New Haven was the Hartford Line slated to originate?

answer: Union Station

text: Union Station

question: What location provided the northern terminus for the Hartford Line?

answer: Springfield's Union Station

text: Springfield's Union Station

question: What is the name of the corridor in western Massachusetts by which federal authorities sought to improve trip times and the amount of the population served in both New Haven and Springfield?

answer: Knowledge Corridor

text: Knowledge Corridor

question: In what year was the "Knowledge corridor high speed intercity passenger rail" slated for construction?

answer: 2013

question: What is the name of the train line that connects Connecticut and Massachusetts together?

answer: Hartford Line

text: Hartford Line

question: Where is the starting point of the terminus line in New Haven?

answer: New Haven's Union Station

text: New Haven's Union Station

question: The purpose of the train line is to connect Connecticut and Massachusetts to what state north?

answer: Vermont

text: Vermont

question: When does the Knowledge Corridor line begins it's construction?

answer: in 2013

text: in 2013

question: Generally how fast are these trains?

answer: 180 km/h

text: 180 km/h


text: Though queen, as an unmarried young woman Victoria was required by social convention to live with her mother, despite their differences over the Kensington System and her mother's continued reliance on Conroy. Her mother was consigned to a remote apartment in Buckingham Palace, and Victoria often refused to see her. When Victoria complained to Melbourne that her mother's close proximity promised "torment for many years", Melbourne sympathised but said it could be avoided by marriage, which Victoria called a "schocking  [sic] alternative". She showed interest in Albert's education for the future role he would have to play as her husband, but she resisted attempts to rush her into wedlock.

title: Queen_Victoria

title: Queen_Victoria

text: Though

text: queen

text: as

text: an

text: unmarried

text: young

text: woman

text: Victoria

text: was

text: required

text: by

text: social

text: convention

text: to

text: live

text: with

text: her

text: mother

text: despite

text: their

text: differences

text: over

text: the

text: Kensington

text: System

text: and

text: her

text: mother

text: 's

text: continued

text: reliance

text: on

text: Conroy

text: Her

text: mother

text: was

text: consigned

text: to

text: a

text: remote

text: apartment

text: in

text: Buckingham

text: Palace

text: and

text: Victoria

text: often

text: refused

text: to

text: see

text: her

text: When

text: Victoria

text: complained

text: to

text: Melbourne

text: that

text: her

text: mother

text: 's

text: close

text: proximity

text: promised

text: torment

text: for

text: many

text: years

text: Melbourne

text: sympathised

text: but

text: said

text: it

text: could

text: be

text: avoided

text: by

text: marriage

text: which

text: Victoria

text: called

text: a

text: schocking

text: sic

text: alternative

text: She

text: showed

text: interest

text: in

text: Albert

text: 's

text: education

text: for

text: the

text: future

text: role

text: he

text: would

text: have

text: to

text: play

text: as

text: her

text: husband

text: but

text: she

text: resisted

text: attempts

text: to

text: rush

text: her

text: into

text: wedlock

question: What was the marital status of Victoria when she became the queen?

answer: unmarried

text: unmarried

question: Whi did Victoria have to live with because she was unmarried?

answer: her mother

text: her mother

question: Victoria and her mother had differences over what system?

answer: Kensington System

text: Kensington System

question: Victoria and her mother had differences over her mothers reliances on who?

answer: Conroy

text: Conroy

question: Where was Victorias mother assigned to live?

answer: a remote apartment in Buckingham Palace

text: a remote apartment in Buckingham Palace

question: What did Victoria and her mother disagree on?

answer: the Kensington System

text: the Kensington System

question: Whom did Victoria's mother continue to rely on, despite Victoria's displeasure?

answer: Conroy

text: Conroy

question: To whom did Queen Victoria lament that marriage was a shocking alternative to her mother's prescence?

answer: Melbourne

text: Melbourne

question: Where did both Queen Victoria and her mother reside after she became Queen?

answer: Buckingham Palace

text: Buckingham Palace

question: Where did Victoria live at the beginning of her reign?

answer: with her mother

text: with her mother

question: Why did Victoria live with her mother at the beginning of her reign?

answer: was required by social convention

text: was required by social convention

question: What could have allowed Victoria freedom from living with her mother?

answer: marriage

text: marriage

question: How did Victoria feel about having to be married in order to escape living with her mother?

answer: a "schocking  [sic] alternative"

text: a "schocking  [sic] alternative"

question: How did Victoria feel about the prospect of having to live with her mother, no matter how far away in the palace they put her?

answer: close proximity promised "torment for many years"

text: close proximity promised "torment for many years"


text: As of 2000[update], children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 15.1% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 65% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 19.9%.

title: Bern

title: Bern

text: As

text: of

text: children

text: and

text: teenagers

text: years

text: old

text: make

text: up

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: while

text: adults

text: years

text: old

text: make

text: up

text: and

text: seniors

text: over

text: years

text: old

text: make

text: up

question: What percent of the population are 19 years old and under?

answer: 15.1%

question: What percent of the population are between 20-64?

answer: 65%

question: What percent of the population are over 64 years old?

answer: 19.9%

question: What age group has most of the population included?

answer: adults

text: adults


text: With the building of Christian basilicas in the late 4th century, wall and ceiling mosaics were adopted for Christian uses. The earliest examples of Christian basilicas have not survived, but the mosaics of Santa Constanza and Santa Pudenziana, both from the 4th century, still exist. The winemaking putti in the ambulatory of Santa Constanza still follow the classical tradition in that they represent the feast of Bacchus, which symbolizes transformation or change, and are thus appropriate for a mausoleum, the original function of this building. In another great Constantinian basilica, the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem the original mosaic floor with typical Roman geometric motifs is partially preserved. The so-called Tomb of the Julii, near the crypt beneath St Peter's Basilica, is a 4th-century vaulted tomb with wall and ceiling mosaics that are given Christian interpretations. The Rotunda of Galerius in Thessaloniki, converted into a Christian church during the course of the 4th century, was embellished with very high artistic quality mosaics. Only fragments survive of the original decoration, especially a band depicting saints with hands raised in prayer, in front of complex architectural fantasies.

title: Mosaic

title: Mosaic

text: With

text: the

text: building

text: of

text: Christian

text: basilicas

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: wall

text: and

text: ceiling

text: mosaics

text: were

text: adopted

text: for

text: Christian

text: uses

text: The

text: earliest

text: examples

text: of

text: Christian

text: basilicas

text: have

text: not

text: survived

text: but

text: the

text: mosaics

text: of

text: Santa

text: Constanza

text: and

text: Santa

text: Pudenziana

text: both

text: from

text: the

text: century

text: still

text: exist

text: The

text: winemaking

text: putti

text: in

text: the

text: ambulatory

text: of

text: Santa

text: Constanza

text: still

text: follow

text: the

text: classical

text: tradition

text: in

text: that

text: they

text: represent

text: the

text: feast

text: of

text: Bacchus

text: which

text: symbolizes

text: transformation

text: or

text: change

text: and

text: are

text: thus

text: appropriate

text: for

text: a

text: mausoleum

text: the

text: original

text: function

text: of

text: this

text: building

text: In

text: another

text: great

text: Constantinian

text: basilica

text: the

text: Church

text: of

text: the

text: Nativity

text: in

text: Bethlehem

text: the

text: original

text: mosaic

text: floor

text: with

text: typical

text: Roman

text: geometric

text: motifs

text: is

text: partially

text: preserved

text: The

text: so

text: called

text: Tomb

text: of

text: the

text: Julii

text: near

text: the

text: crypt

text: beneath

text: St

text: Peter

text: 's

text: Basilica

text: is

text: a

text: century

text: vaulted

text: tomb

text: with

text: wall

text: and

text: ceiling

text: mosaics

text: that

text: are

text: given

text: Christian

text: interpretations

text: The

text: Rotunda

text: of

text: Galerius

text: in

text: Thessaloniki

text: converted

text: into

text: a

text: Christian

text: church

text: during

text: the

text: course

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: was

text: embellished

text: with

text: very

text: high

text: artistic

text: quality

text: mosaics

text: Only

text: fragments

text: survive

text: of

text: the

text: original

text: decoration

text: especially

text: a

text: band

text: depicting

text: saints

text: with

text: hands

text: raised

text: in

text: prayer

text: in

text: front

text: of

text: complex

text: architectural

text: fantasies

question: Around what century were mosaics adapted for Christian churches?

answer: the late 4th century

text: the late 4th century

question: What Christian church besides the Santa Costanza was built in the 4th century?

answer: Santa Pudenziana

text: Santa Pudenziana

question: What was the original function of the Santa Costanza church?

answer: a mausoleum

text: a mausoleum

question: In which basilica is the Tomb of Julii?

answer: St Peter's Basilica

text: St Peter's Basilica

question: Under what period were the 4th century churches built?

answer: Constantinian

text: Constantinian


text: Today the boundaries of the Ukrainian language to the Russian language are still not drawn clearly, with an intermediate dialect between them, called Surzhyk, developing in Ukraine.

title: Dialect

title: Dialect

text: Today

text: the

text: boundaries

text: of

text: the

text: Ukrainian

text: language

text: to

text: the

text: Russian

text: language

text: are

text: still

text: not

text: drawn

text: clearly

text: with

text: an

text: intermediate

text: dialect

text: between

text: them

text: called

text: Surzhyk

text: developing

text: in

text: Ukraine

question: In what country is the Surzhyk dialect spoken?

answer: Ukraine

text: Ukraine

question: Surzhyk is a dialect intermediate between the Ukrainian language and what other language?

answer: Russian

text: Russian


text: In styles that owe as much to videogame pixel art and popculture as to traditional mosaic, street art has seen a novel reinvention and expansion of mosaic artwork. The most prominent artist working with mosaics in street art is the French Invader. He has done almost all his work in two very distinct mosaic styles, the first of which are small "traditional" tile mosaics of 8 bit video game character, installed in cities across the globe, and the second of which are a style he refers to as "Rubikcubism", which uses a kind of dual layer mosaic via grids of scrambled Rubik's Cubes. Although he is the most prominent, other street and urban artists do work in Mosaic styles as well.

title: Mosaic

title: Mosaic

text: In

text: styles

text: that

text: owe

text: as

text: much

text: to

text: videogame

text: pixel

text: art

text: and

text: popculture

text: as

text: to

text: traditional

text: mosaic

text: street

text: art

text: has

text: seen

text: a

text: novel

text: reinvention

text: and

text: expansion

text: of

text: mosaic

text: artwork

text: The

text: most

text: prominent

text: artist

text: working

text: with

text: mosaics

text: in

text: street

text: art

text: is

text: the

text: French

text: Invader

text: He

text: has

text: done

text: almost

text: all

text: his

text: work

text: in

text: two

text: very

text: distinct

text: mosaic

text: styles

text: the

text: first

text: of

text: which

text: are

text: small

text: traditional

text: tile

text: mosaics

text: of

text: bit

text: video

text: game

text: character

text: installed

text: in

text: cities

text: across

text: the

text: globe

text: and

text: the

text: second

text: of

text: which

text: are

text: a

text: style

text: he

text: refers

text: to

text: as

text: Rubikcubism

text: which

text: uses

text: a

text: kind

text: of

text: dual

text: layer

text: mosaic

text: via

text: grids

text: of

text: scrambled

text: Rubik

text: 's

text: Cubes

text: Although

text: he

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: prominent

text: other

text: street

text: and

text: urban

text: artists

text: do

text: work

text: in

text: Mosaic

text: styles

text: as

text: well

question: What has recently seen an expansion of mosaic artwork?

answer: street art

text: street art

question: Who is the most famous street artist who works with mosaics?

answer: the French Invader

text: the French Invader

question: What does the French Invader usually create with the traditional style of mosaic?

answer: 8 bit video game character

text: 8 bit video game character

question: The French invader coined his own style of mosaic named what?

answer: Rubikcubism

text: Rubikcubism

question: How does the French Invader create "Rubikcubism" styled mosaics?

answer: grids of scrambled Rubik's Cubes

text: grids of scrambled Rubik's Cubes


text: Carnival is known as Crop Over and is Barbados's biggest festival. Its early beginnings were on the sugar cane plantations during the colonial period. Crop over began in 1688, and featured singing, dancing and accompaniment by shak-shak, banjo, triangle, fiddle, guitar, bottles filled with water and bones. Other traditions included climbing a greased pole, feasting and drinking competitions. Originally signaling the end of the yearly cane harvest, it evolved into a national festival. In the late 20th century, Crop Over began to closely mirror the Trinidad Carnival. Beginning in June, Crop Over runs until the first Monday in August when it culminates in the finale, The Grand Kadooment.

title: Carnival

title: Carnival

text: Carnival

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: Crop

text: Over

text: and

text: is

text: Barbados

text: 's

text: biggest

text: festival

text: Its

text: early

text: beginnings

text: were

text: on

text: the

text: sugar

text: cane

text: plantations

text: during

text: the

text: colonial

text: period

text: Crop

text: over

text: began

text: in

text: and

text: featured

text: singing

text: dancing

text: and

text: accompaniment

text: by

text: shak

text: shak

text: banjo

text: triangle

text: fiddle

text: guitar

text: bottles

text: filled

text: with

text: water

text: and

text: bones

text: Other

text: traditions

text: included

text: climbing

text: a

text: greased

text: pole

text: feasting

text: and

text: drinking

text: competitions

text: Originally

text: signaling

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: yearly

text: cane

text: harvest

text: it

text: evolved

text: into

text: a

text: national

text: festival

text: In

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: Crop

text: Over

text: began

text: to

text: closely

text: mirror

text: the

text: Trinidad

text: Carnival

text: Beginning

text: in

text: June

text: Crop

text: Over

text: runs

text: until

text: the

text: first

text: Monday

text: in

text: August

text: when

text: it

text: culminates

text: in

text: the

text: finale

text: The

text: Grand

text: Kadooment

question: What is the Carnival known as in Barbados?

answer: Crop Over

text: Crop Over

question: Where did the festival in Barbados originate from?

answer: sugar cane plantations

text: sugar cane plantations

question: What year did Crop Over begin?

answer: 1688

question: What activity is done using a greased pole?

answer: climbing

text: climbing

question: What is the finale of Crop Over called?

answer: The Grand Kadooment

text: The Grand Kadooment


text: The Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land MSA's gross domestic product (GDP) in 2012 was $489 billion, making it the fourth-largest of any metropolitan area in the United States and larger than Austria's, Venezuela's, or South Africa's GDP. Only 26 countries other than the United States have a gross domestic product exceeding Houston's regional gross area product (GAP). In 2010, mining (which consists almost entirely of exploration and production of oil and gas in Houston) accounted for 26.3% of Houston's GAP up sharply in response to high energy prices and a decreased worldwide surplus of oil production capacity, followed by engineering services, health services, and manufacturing.

title: Houston

title: Houston

text: The

text: Houston

text: The

text: Woodlands

text: Sugar

text: Land

text: MSA

text: 's

text: gross

text: domestic

text: product

text: GDP

text: in

text: was

text: billion

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: fourth

text: largest

text: of

text: any

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: larger

text: than

text: Austria

text: 's

text: Venezuela

text: 's

text: or

text: South

text: Africa

text: 's

text: GDP

text: Only

text: countries

text: other

text: than

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: have

text: a

text: gross

text: domestic

text: product

text: exceeding

text: Houston

text: 's

text: regional

text: gross

text: area

text: product

text: GAP

text: In

text: mining

text: which

text: consists

text: almost

text: entirely

text: of

text: exploration

text: and

text: production

text: of

text: oil

text: and

text: gas

text: in

text: Houston

text: accounted

text: for

text: of

text: Houston

text: 's

text: GAP

text: up

text: sharply

text: in

text: response

text: to

text: high

text: energy

text: prices

text: and

text: a

text: decreased

text: worldwide

text: surplus

text: of

text: oil

text: production

text: capacity

text: followed

text: by

text: engineering

text: services

text: health

text: services

text: and

text: manufacturing

question: What was Houston's gross domestic product in 2012?

answer: $489 billion

text: $489 billion

question: Where in the rankings does Houston's gross domestic product place it compared to other U.S. domestic areas?

answer: fourth-largest

text: fourth-largest

question: How many other countries have a gross domestic product exceeding Houston's?

answer: 26

question: How much did oil and gas exploration and production make up Houston's gross product?

answer: 26.3%

question: Under what category does oil and gas exploration fall?

answer: mining

text: mining


text: Stansted Airport, north east of London in Essex, is a local UK hub and Luton Airport to the north of London in Bedfordshire, caters mostly for cheap short-haul flights. London City Airport, the smallest and most central airport, in Newham, East London, is focused on business travellers, with a mixture of full service short-haul scheduled flights and considerable business jet traffic. London Southend Airport, east of London in Essex, is a smaller, regional airport that mainly caters for cheap short-haul flights.

title: London

title: London

text: Stansted

text: Airport

text: north

text: east

text: of

text: London

text: in

text: Essex

text: is

text: a

text: local

text: UK

text: hub

text: and

text: Luton

text: Airport

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: of

text: London

text: in

text: Bedfordshire

text: caters

text: mostly

text: for

text: cheap

text: short

text: haul

text: flights

text: London

text: City

text: Airport

text: the

text: smallest

text: and

text: most

text: central

text: airport

text: in

text: Newham

text: East

text: London

text: is

text: focused

text: on

text: business

text: travellers

text: with

text: a

text: mixture

text: of

text: full

text: service

text: short

text: haul

text: scheduled

text: flights

text: and

text: considerable

text: business

text: jet

text: traffic

text: London

text: Southend

text: Airport

text: east

text: of

text: London

text: in

text: Essex

text: is

text: a

text: smaller

text: regional

text: airport

text: that

text: mainly

text: caters

text: for

text: cheap

text: short

text: haul

text: flights

question: What is the smallest airport in the London area?

answer: London City Airport

text: London City Airport

question: London City Airport's clients are comprised chiefly of what?

answer: business travellers

text: business travellers

question: Which local UK airport hub is located in Essex?

answer: Stansted Airport

text: Stansted Airport

question: London Southend Airport in Essex offers primarily what type of service?

answer: cheap short-haul flights

text: cheap short-haul flights

question: Where is London City Airport located?

answer: Newham, East London

text: Newham, East London


text: Bowers and Tanselle argue for rejecting textual variants that an author inserted at the suggestion of others. Bowers said that his edition of Stephen Crane's first novel, Maggie, presented "the author's final and uninfluenced artistic intentions." In his writings, Tanselle refers to "unconstrained authorial intention" or "an author's uninfluenced intentions." This marks a departure from Greg, who had merely suggested that the editor inquire whether a later reading "is one that the author can reasonably be supposed to have substituted for the former", not implying any further inquiry as to why the author had made the change.

title: Textual_criticism

title: Textual_criticism

text: Bowers

text: and

text: Tanselle

text: argue

text: for

text: rejecting

text: textual

text: variants

text: that

text: an

text: author

text: inserted

text: at

text: the

text: suggestion

text: of

text: others

text: Bowers

text: said

text: that

text: his

text: edition

text: of

text: Stephen

text: Crane

text: 's

text: first

text: novel

text: Maggie

text: presented

text: the

text: author

text: 's

text: final

text: and

text: uninfluenced

text: artistic

text: intentions

text: In

text: his

text: writings

text: Tanselle

text: refers

text: to

text: unconstrained

text: authorial

text: intention

text: or

text: an

text: author

text: 's

text: uninfluenced

text: intentions

text: This

text: marks

text: a

text: departure

text: from

text: Greg

text: who

text: had

text: merely

text: suggested

text: that

text: the

text: editor

text: inquire

text: whether

text: a

text: later

text: reading

text: is

text: one

text: that

text: the

text: author

text: can

text: reasonably

text: be

text: supposed

text: to

text: have

text: substituted

text: for

text: the

text: former

text: not

text: implying

text: any

text: further

text: inquiry

text: as

text: to

text: why

text: the

text: author

text: had

text: made

text: the

text: change

question: Who argued against works where the author listens to input from others?

answer: Bowers and Tanselle

text: Bowers and Tanselle

question: Who wanted to determine why an author made changes to a work?

answer: Tanselle

text: Tanselle

question: Does Greg believe a later work can be substituted for a earlier one?

answer: a later reading "is one that the author can reasonably be supposed to have substituted for the former

text: a later reading "is one that the author can reasonably be supposed to have substituted for the former

question: What idea did Tanselle champion?

answer: unconstrained authorial intention

text: unconstrained authorial intention


text: Saint-Barthélemy (French: Saint-Barthélemy, French pronunciation: [sɛ̃baʁtelemi]), officially the Territorial collectivity of Saint-Barthélemy (French: Collectivité territoriale de Saint-Barthélemy), is an overseas collectivity of France. Often abbreviated to Saint-Barth in French, or St. Barts or St. Barths in English, the indigenous people called the island Ouanalao. St. Barthélemy lies about 35 kilometres (22 mi) southeast of St. Martin and north of St. Kitts. Puerto Rico is 240 kilometres (150 mi) to the west in the Greater Antilles.

title: Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy

title: Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy

text: Saint

text: Barthélemy

text: French

text: Saint

text: Barthélemy

text: French

text: pronunciation

text: [sɛ̃baʁtelemi

text: officially

text: the

text: Territorial

text: collectivity

text: of

text: Saint

text: Barthélemy

text: French

text: Collectivité

text: territoriale

text: de

text: Saint

text: Barthélemy

text: is

text: an

text: overseas

text: collectivity

text: of

text: France

text: Often

text: abbreviated

text: to

text: Saint

text: Barth

text: in

text: French

text: or

text: St.

text: Barts

text: or

text: St.

text: Barths

text: in

text: English

text: the

text: indigenous

text: people

text: called

text: the

text: island

text: Ouanalao

text: St.

text: Barthélemy

text: lies

text: about

text: kilometres

text: mi

text: southeast

text: of

text: St.

text: Martin

text: and

text: north

text: of

text: St.

text: Kitts

text: Puerto

text: Rico

text: is

text: kilometres

text: mi

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: in

text: the

text: Greater

text: Antilles

question: What country is Saint-Barthélemy a collectivity of?

answer: France

text: France

question: What is the French abbreviation for Saint-Barthélemy?

answer: Saint-Barth

text: Saint-Barth

question: In what language is Saint-Barthélemy abbreviate St. Barts?

answer: English

text: English

question: What did the native peoples of Saint-Barthélemy call the island?

answer: Ouanalao

text: Ouanalao

question: In which direction is Puerto Rico from the island of Saint-Barthélemy?

answer: west

text: west


text: The west Balkan coast was inhabited by various Illyrian tribes and kingdoms such as the kingdom of the Dalmatae and of the Ardiaei, who often engaged in piracy under Queen Teuta (reigned 231 BC to 227 BCE). Further inland was the Illyrian Paeonian Kingdom and the tribe of the Agrianes which covers most of the modern republic of Macedonia. Illyrians on the coast of the Adriatic were under the effects and influence of Hellenisation and some tribes adopted Greek, becoming bilingual due to their proximity to the Greek colonies in Illyria. Illyrians imported weapons and armor from the Ancient Greeks (such as the Illyrian type helmet, originally a Greek type) and also adopted the ornamentation of Ancient Macedon on their shields and their war belts (a single one has been found, dated 3rd century BC at modern Selce e Poshtme part of Macedon at the time under Philip V of Macedon).

title: Hellenistic_period

title: Hellenistic_period

text: The

text: west

text: Balkan

text: coast

text: was

text: inhabited

text: by

text: various

text: Illyrian

text: tribes

text: and

text: kingdoms

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: kingdom

text: of

text: the

text: Dalmatae

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: Ardiaei

text: who

text: often

text: engaged

text: in

text: piracy

text: under

text: Queen

text: Teuta

text: reigned

text: BC

text: to

text: BCE

text: Further

text: inland

text: was

text: the

text: Illyrian

text: Paeonian

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: the

text: tribe

text: of

text: the

text: Agrianes

text: which

text: covers

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: modern

text: republic

text: of

text: Macedonia

text: Illyrians

text: on

text: the

text: coast

text: of

text: the

text: Adriatic

text: were

text: under

text: the

text: effects

text: and

text: influence

text: of

text: Hellenisation

text: and

text: some

text: tribes

text: adopted

text: Greek

text: becoming

text: bilingual

text: due

text: to

text: their

text: proximity

text: to

text: the

text: Greek

text: colonies

text: in

text: Illyria

text: Illyrians

text: imported

text: weapons

text: and

text: armor

text: from

text: the

text: Ancient

text: Greeks

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Illyrian

text: type

text: helmet

text: originally

text: a

text: Greek

text: type

text: and

text: also

text: adopted

text: the

text: ornamentation

text: of

text: Ancient

text: Macedon

text: on

text: their

text: shields

text: and

text: their

text: war

text: belts

text: a

text: single

text: one

text: has

text: been

text: found

text: dated

text: century

text: BC

text: at

text: modern

text: Selce

text: e

text: Poshtme

text: part

text: of

text: Macedon

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: under

text: Philip

text: V

text: of

text: Macedon

question: What years did Queen Teutra reign?

answer: 231 BC to 227 BCE

text: 231 BC to 227 BCE

question: From where did Illyrians import there weapons and armor?

answer: Ancient Greeks

text: Ancient Greeks

question: What type or ornamentation was featured on the Illyrians shilds and war belts?

answer: Ancient Macedon

text: Ancient Macedon

question: What tribes inhabited the Balkan Coast?

answer: Illyrian

text: Illyrian

question: What tribe covered most of the republic of Macedonia?

answer: Agrianes

text: Agrianes


text: When Estonia was invaded and occupied by the Soviet Union in World War II, the status of the Estonian language changed to the first of two official languages (Russian being the other one). As with Latvia many immigrants entered Estonia under Soviet encouragement. In the second half of the 1970s, the pressure of bilingualism (for Estonians) intensified, resulting in widespread knowledge of Russian throughout the country. The Russian language was termed as ‘the language of friendship of nations’ and was taught to Estonian children, sometimes as early as in kindergarten. Although teaching Estonian to non-Estonians in schools was compulsory, in practice learning the language was often considered unnecessary.

title: Estonian_language

title: Estonian_language

text: When

text: Estonia

text: was

text: invaded

text: and

text: occupied

text: by

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: in

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: the

text: status

text: of

text: the

text: Estonian

text: language

text: changed

text: to

text: the

text: first

text: of

text: two

text: official

text: languages

text: Russian

text: being

text: the

text: other

text: one

text: As

text: with

text: Latvia

text: many

text: immigrants

text: entered

text: Estonia

text: under

text: Soviet

text: encouragement

text: In

text: the

text: second

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: the

text: pressure

text: of

text: bilingualism

text: for

text: Estonians

text: intensified

text: resulting

text: in

text: widespread

text: knowledge

text: of

text: Russian

text: throughout

text: the

text: country

text: The

text: Russian

text: language

text: was

text: termed

text: as

text: the

text: language

text: of

text: friendship

text: of

text: nations’

text: and

text: was

text: taught

text: to

text: Estonian

text: children

text: sometimes

text: as

text: early

text: as

text: in

text: kindergarten

text: Although

text: teaching

text: Estonian

text: to

text: non

text: Estonians

text: in

text: schools

text: was

text: compulsory

text: in

text: practice

text: learning

text: the

text: language

text: was

text: often

text: considered

text: unnecessary

question: What happened to Estonia during WWII?

answer: invaded and occupied

text: invaded and occupied

question: Who invaded Estonia?

answer: Soviet Union

text: Soviet Union

question: After the Soviet invasion what other language became the second official Estonian language?

answer: Russian

text: Russian

question: What was another country with similar immigration patterns to post Soviet Estonia?

answer: Latvia

text: Latvia

question: What became more intense in the 1970's in Estonia?

answer: pressure of bilingualism

text: pressure of bilingualism


text: During the late 19th century, several Gilded Age mansions reflecting the wealth of industry and shipping magnates were built east and west of the current downtown, along the major avenues of the Woodward plan. Most notable among them was the David Whitney House located at 4421 Woodward Avenue, which became a prime location for mansions. During this period some referred to Detroit as the Paris of the West for its architecture, grand avenues in the Paris style, and for Washington Boulevard, recently electrified by Thomas Edison. The city had grown steadily from the 1830s with the rise of shipping, shipbuilding, and manufacturing industries. Strategically located along the Great Lakes waterway, Detroit emerged as a major port and transportation hub.

title: Detroit

title: Detroit

text: During

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: several

text: Gilded

text: Age

text: mansions

text: reflecting

text: the

text: wealth

text: of

text: industry

text: and

text: shipping

text: magnates

text: were

text: built

text: east

text: and

text: west

text: of

text: the

text: current

text: downtown

text: along

text: the

text: major

text: avenues

text: of

text: the

text: Woodward

text: plan

text: Most

text: notable

text: among

text: them

text: was

text: the

text: David

text: Whitney

text: House

text: located

text: at

text: Woodward

text: Avenue

text: which

text: became

text: a

text: prime

text: location

text: for

text: mansions

text: During

text: this

text: period

text: some

text: referred

text: to

text: Detroit

text: as

text: the

text: Paris

text: of

text: the

text: West

text: for

text: its

text: architecture

text: grand

text: avenues

text: in

text: the

text: Paris

text: style

text: and

text: for

text: Washington

text: Boulevard

text: recently

text: electrified

text: by

text: Thomas

text: Edison

text: The

text: city

text: had

text: grown

text: steadily

text: from

text: the

text: with

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: shipping

text: shipbuilding

text: and

text: manufacturing

text: industries

text: Strategically

text: located

text: along

text: the

text: Great

text: Lakes

text: waterway

text: Detroit

text: emerged

text: as

text: a

text: major

text: port

text: and

text: transportation

text: hub

question: What was a nickname for Detroit in the late 19th century?

answer: Paris of the West

text: Paris of the West

question: On which waterway is Detroit located?

answer: Great Lakes

text: Great Lakes

question: What is the most famous mansion in Detroit?

answer: David Whitney House

text: David Whitney House

question: Which street became known for it's mansions?

answer: Woodward Avenue

text: Woodward Avenue

question: Who electrified Detroit?

answer: Thomas Edison

text: Thomas Edison


text: When infection attacks the body, anti-infective drugs can suppress the infection. Several broad types of anti-infective drugs exist, depending on the type of organism targeted; they include antibacterial (antibiotic; including antitubercular), antiviral, antifungal and antiparasitic (including antiprotozoal and antihelminthic) agents. Depending on the severity and the type of infection, the antibiotic may be given by mouth or by injection, or may be applied topically. Severe infections of the brain are usually treated with intravenous antibiotics. Sometimes, multiple antibiotics are used in case there is resistance to one antibiotic. Antibiotics only work for bacteria and do not affect viruses. Antibiotics work by slowing down the multiplication of bacteria or killing the bacteria. The most common classes of antibiotics used in medicine include penicillin, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, macrolides, quinolones and tetracyclines.[citation needed]

title: Infection

title: Infection

text: When

text: infection

text: attacks

text: the

text: body

text: anti

text: infective

text: drugs

text: can

text: suppress

text: the

text: infection

text: Several

text: broad

text: types

text: of

text: anti

text: infective

text: drugs

text: exist

text: depending

text: on

text: the

text: type

text: of

text: organism

text: targeted

text: they

text: include

text: antibacterial

text: antibiotic

text: including

text: antitubercular

text: antiviral

text: antifungal

text: and

text: antiparasitic

text: including

text: antiprotozoal

text: and

text: antihelminthic

text: agents

text: Depending

text: on

text: the

text: severity

text: and

text: the

text: type

text: of

text: infection

text: the

text: antibiotic

text: may

text: be

text: given

text: by

text: mouth

text: or

text: by

text: injection

text: or

text: may

text: be

text: applied

text: topically

text: Severe

text: infections

text: of

text: the

text: brain

text: are

text: usually

text: treated

text: with

text: intravenous

text: antibiotics

text: Sometimes

text: multiple

text: antibiotics

text: are

text: used

text: in

text: case

text: there

text: is

text: resistance

text: to

text: one

text: antibiotic

text: Antibiotics

text: only

text: work

text: for

text: bacteria

text: and

text: do

text: not

text: affect

text: viruses

text: Antibiotics

text: work

text: by

text: slowing

text: down

text: the

text: multiplication

text: of

text: bacteria

text: or

text: killing

text: the

text: bacteria

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: classes

text: of

text: antibiotics

text: used

text: in

text: medicine

text: include

text: penicillin

text: cephalosporins

text: aminoglycosides

text: macrolides

text: quinolones

text: and

text: tetracyclines.[citation

text: needed

question: What type of drugs can suppress an infection when it attacks the body?

answer: anti-infective

text: anti-infective

question: How many broad types of anti-infective drugs exist?

answer: Several

text: Several

question: What depends on the method an antibiotic is given?

answer: severity and the type of infection

text: severity and the type of infection

question: How are severe infections of the brain usually treated?

answer: with intravenous antibiotics

text: with intravenous antibiotics

question: How do antibiotics work?

answer: slowing down the multiplication of bacteria or killing the bacteria

text: slowing down the multiplication of bacteria or killing the bacteria


text: The lifestyle of an adolescent in a given culture is profoundly shaped by the roles and responsibilities he or she is expected to assume. The extent to which an adolescent is expected to share family responsibilities is one large determining factor in normative adolescent behavior. For instance, adolescents in certain cultures are expected to contribute significantly to household chores and responsibilities. Household chores are frequently divided into self-care tasks and family-care tasks. However, specific household responsibilities for adolescents may vary by culture, family type, and adolescent age. Some research has shown that adolescent participation in family work and routines has a positive influence on the development of an adolescent's feelings of self-worth, care, and concern for others.

title: Adolescence

title: Adolescence

text: The

text: lifestyle

text: of

text: an

text: adolescent

text: in

text: a

text: given

text: culture

text: is

text: profoundly

text: shaped

text: by

text: the

text: roles

text: and

text: responsibilities

text: he

text: or

text: she

text: is

text: expected

text: to

text: assume

text: The

text: extent

text: to

text: which

text: an

text: adolescent

text: is

text: expected

text: to

text: share

text: family

text: responsibilities

text: is

text: one

text: large

text: determining

text: factor

text: in

text: normative

text: adolescent

text: behavior

text: For

text: instance

text: adolescents

text: in

text: certain

text: cultures

text: are

text: expected

text: to

text: contribute

text: significantly

text: to

text: household

text: chores

text: and

text: responsibilities

text: Household

text: chores

text: are

text: frequently

text: divided

text: into

text: self

text: care

text: tasks

text: and

text: family

text: care

text: tasks

text: However

text: specific

text: household

text: responsibilities

text: for

text: adolescents

text: may

text: vary

text: by

text: culture

text: family

text: type

text: and

text: adolescent

text: age

text: Some

text: research

text: has

text: shown

text: that

text: adolescent

text: participation

text: in

text: family

text: work

text: and

text: routines

text: has

text: a

text: positive

text: influence

text: on

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: an

text: adolescent

text: 's

text: feelings

text: of

text: self

text: worth

text: care

text: and

text: concern

text: for

text: others

question: Does adolescent participation in family work and routines have a positive or negative influence on feelings of self-worth, care, and concern for others?

answer: positive

text: positive

question: How are household chores frequently divided?

answer: self-care tasks and family-care tasks

text: self-care tasks and family-care tasks

question: What is one large determining factor in normative adolescent behavior?

answer: The extent to which an adolescent is expected to share family responsibilities

text: The extent to which an adolescent is expected to share family responsibilities


text: In 1768 Russian-backed Ukrainian Haidamaks, pursuing Polish confederates, entered Balta, an Ottoman-controlled town on the border of Bessarabia in Ukraine, and massacred its citizens and burned the town to the ground. This action provoked the Ottoman Empire into the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774. The Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca of 1774 ended the war and provided freedom to worship for the Christian citizens of the Ottoman-controlled provinces of Wallachia and Moldavia. By the late 18th century, a number of defeats in several wars with Russia led some people in the Ottoman Empire to conclude that the reforms of Peter the Great had given the Russians an edge, and the Ottomans would have to keep up with Western technology in order to avoid further defeats.

title: Ottoman_Empire

title: Ottoman_Empire

text: In

text: Russian

text: backed

text: Ukrainian

text: Haidamaks

text: pursuing

text: Polish

text: confederates

text: entered

text: Balta

text: an

text: Ottoman

text: controlled

text: town

text: on

text: the

text: border

text: of

text: Bessarabia

text: in

text: Ukraine

text: and

text: massacred

text: its

text: citizens

text: and

text: burned

text: the

text: town

text: to

text: the

text: ground

text: This

text: action

text: provoked

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: into

text: the

text: Russo

text: Turkish

text: War

text: of

text: The

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Küçük

text: Kaynarca

text: of

text: ended

text: the

text: war

text: and

text: provided

text: freedom

text: to

text: worship

text: for

text: the

text: Christian

text: citizens

text: of

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: controlled

text: provinces

text: of

text: Wallachia

text: and

text: Moldavia

text: By

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: defeats

text: in

text: several

text: wars

text: with

text: Russia

text: led

text: some

text: people

text: in

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: to

text: conclude

text: that

text: the

text: reforms

text: of

text: Peter

text: the

text: Great

text: had

text: given

text: the

text: Russians

text: an

text: edge

text: and

text: the

text: Ottomans

text: would

text: have

text: to

text: keep

text: up

text: with

text: Western

text: technology

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: avoid

text: further

text: defeats

question: Which group supported by Russia entered Balta in 1768?

answer: Ukrainian Haidamaks

text: Ukrainian Haidamaks

question: Near what region was Balta bording?

answer: Bessarabia

text: Bessarabia

question: During what years was the Russo-Turkish war?

answer: 1768–1774

question: The Russo-Turkish War resulted in what treaty?

answer: Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca

text: Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca

question: The culmination of the Russo-Turkish war granted what to the citizens of Ottoman controlled Provinces in Moldavia?

answer: freedom to worship

text: freedom to worship


text: Northwestern has several housing options, including both traditional residence halls and residential colleges which gather together students who have a particular intellectual interest in common. Among the residential colleges are the Residential College of Cultural and Community Studies (CCS), Ayers College of Commerce and Industry, Jones Residential College (Arts), and Slivka Residential College (Science and Engineering). Dorms include 1835 Hinman, Bobb-McCulloch, Foster-Walker complex (commonly referred to as Plex), and several more. In Winter 2013, 39% of undergraduates were affiliated with a fraternity or sorority. Northwestern recognizes 21 fraternities and 18 sororities.

title: Northwestern_University

title: Northwestern_University

text: Northwestern

text: has

text: several

text: housing

text: options

text: including

text: both

text: traditional

text: residence

text: halls

text: and

text: residential

text: colleges

text: which

text: gather

text: together

text: students

text: who

text: have

text: a

text: particular

text: intellectual

text: interest

text: in

text: common

text: Among

text: the

text: residential

text: colleges

text: are

text: the

text: Residential

text: College

text: of

text: Cultural

text: and

text: Community

text: Studies

text: CCS

text: Ayers

text: College

text: of

text: Commerce

text: and

text: Industry

text: Jones

text: Residential

text: College

text: Arts

text: and

text: Slivka

text: Residential

text: College

text: Science

text: and

text: Engineering

text: Dorms

text: include

text: Hinman

text: Bobb

text: McCulloch

text: Foster

text: Walker

text: complex

text: commonly

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Plex

text: and

text: several

text: more

text: In

text: Winter

text: of

text: undergraduates

text: were

text: affiliated

text: with

text: a

text: fraternity

text: or

text: sorority

text: Northwestern

text: recognizes

text: fraternities

text: and

text: sororities

question: What percentage of undergraduates were affiliated with a fraternity or sorority in Winter 2013?

answer: 39%

question: How many fraternities does Northwestern recognize?

answer: 21

question: How many sororities does Northwestern recognize?

answer: 18

question: What is the name of the Residential College that houses students with an interest in science and engineering?

answer: Slivka

text: Slivka

question: Which dorms are commonly referred to as Plex?

answer: Foster-Walker complex

text: Foster-Walker complex


text: Slobodan Milošević, as the former President of Serbia and of Yugoslavia, was the most senior political figure to stand trial at the ICTY. He died on 11 March 2006 during his trial where he was accused of genocide or complicity in genocide in territories within Bosnia and Herzegovina, so no verdict was returned. In 1995, the ICTY issued a warrant for the arrest of Bosnian Serbs Radovan Karadžić and Ratko Mladić on several charges including genocide. On 21 July 2008, Karadžić was arrested in Belgrade, and he is currently in The Hague on trial accused of genocide among other crimes. Ratko Mladić was arrested on 26 May 2011 by Serbian special police in Lazarevo, Serbia. Karadzic was convicted of ten of the eleven charges laid against him and sentenced to 40 years in prison on March 24 2016.

title: Genocide

title: Genocide

text: Slobodan

text: Milošević

text: as

text: the

text: former

text: President

text: of

text: Serbia

text: and

text: of

text: Yugoslavia

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: senior

text: political

text: figure

text: to

text: stand

text: trial

text: at

text: the

text: ICTY

text: He

text: died

text: on

text: March

text: during

text: his

text: trial

text: where

text: he

text: was

text: accused

text: of

text: genocide

text: or

text: complicity

text: in

text: genocide

text: in

text: territories

text: within

text: Bosnia

text: and

text: Herzegovina

text: so

text: no

text: verdict

text: was

text: returned

text: In

text: the

text: ICTY

text: issued

text: a

text: warrant

text: for

text: the

text: arrest

text: of

text: Bosnian

text: Serbs

text: Radovan

text: Karadžić

text: and

text: Ratko

text: Mladić

text: on

text: several

text: charges

text: including

text: genocide

text: On

text: July

text: Karadžić

text: was

text: arrested

text: in

text: Belgrade

text: and

text: he

text: is

text: currently

text: in

text: The

text: Hague

text: on

text: trial

text: accused

text: of

text: genocide

text: among

text: other

text: crimes

text: Ratko

text: Mladić

text: was

text: arrested

text: on

text: May

text: by

text: Serbian

text: special

text: police

text: in

text: Lazarevo

text: Serbia

text: Karadzic

text: was

text: convicted

text: of

text: ten

text: of

text: the

text: eleven

text: charges

text: laid

text: against

text: him

text: and

text: sentenced

text: to

text: years

text: in

text: prison

text: on

text: March

question: What event occurred in March 2006 that essentially ended Milosevic's trial?

answer: He died

text: He died

question: Where was Karadzic when he was finally arrested?

answer: Belgrade

text: Belgrade

question: With Milosevic dead, who did the ICTY next charge with crimes of genocide in 1995?

answer: Radovan Karadžić and Ratko Mladić

text: Radovan Karadžić and Ratko Mladić

question: Had Milosevic not died, what charges might he have been convicted of?

answer: genocide or complicity in genocide

text: genocide or complicity in genocide

question: Which former president was by far the most senior politician to be accused of genocidal crimes by the ICTY?

answer: Slobodan Milošević

text: Slobodan Milošević


text: One of the best known sporting events in the city is the Boston Marathon, the 26.2-mile (42.2 km) race which is the world's oldest annual marathon, run on Patriots' Day in April. On April 15, 2013, two explosions killed three people and injured hundreds at the marathon. Another major annual event is the Head of the Charles Regatta, held in October.

title: Boston

title: Boston

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: best

text: known

text: sporting

text: events

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: is

text: the

text: Boston

text: Marathon

text: the

text: km

text: race

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: oldest

text: annual

text: marathon

text: run

text: on

text: Patriots

text: Day

text: in

text: April

text: On

text: April

text: two

text: explosions

text: killed

text: three

text: people

text: and

text: injured

text: hundreds

text: at

text: the

text: marathon

text: Another

text: major

text: annual

text: event

text: is

text: the

text: Head

text: of

text: the

text: Charles

text: Regatta

text: held

text: in

text: October

question: What is one of the most famous sporting events in the city?

answer: the Boston Marathon

text: the Boston Marathon

question: When is the head of Charles Regatta held?

answer: October

text: October

question: How many people were killed in the explosions at the Boston marathon?

answer: three

text: three


text: The primary purpose of a web browser is to bring information resources to the user ("retrieval" or "fetching"), allowing them to view the information ("display", "rendering"), and then access other information ("navigation", "following links").

title: Web_browser

title: Web_browser

text: The

text: primary

text: purpose

text: of

text: a

text: web

text: browser

text: is

text: to

text: bring

text: information

text: resources

text: to

text: the

text: user

text: retrieval

text: or

text: fetching

text: allowing

text: them

text: to

text: view

text: the

text: information

text: display

text: rendering

text: and

text: then

text: access

text: other

text: information

text: navigation

text: following

text: links

question: What is the main use of a browser?

answer: to bring information resources to the user

text: to bring information resources to the user


text: Religious humanism is an integration of humanist ethical philosophy with religious rituals and beliefs that centre on human needs, interests, and abilities. Though practitioners of religious humanism did not officially organise under the name of "humanism" until the late 19th and early 20th centuries, non-theistic religions paired with human-centred ethical philosophy have a long history. The Cult of Reason (French: Culte de la Raison) was a religion based on deism devised during the French Revolution by Jacques Hébert, Pierre Gaspard Chaumette and their supporters. In 1793 during the French Revolution, the cathedral Notre Dame de Paris was turned into a "Temple to Reason" and for a time Lady Liberty replaced the Virgin Mary on several altars. In the 1850s, Auguste Comte, the Father of Sociology, founded Positivism, a "religion of humanity". One of the earliest forerunners of contemporary chartered humanist organisations was the Humanistic Religious Association formed in 1853 in London. This early group was democratically organised, with male and female members participating in the election of the leadership and promoted knowledge of the sciences, philosophy, and the arts. The Ethical Culture movement was founded in 1876. The movement's founder, Felix Adler, a former member of the Free Religious Association, conceived of Ethical Culture as a new religion that would retain the ethical message at the heart of all religions. Ethical Culture was religious in the sense of playing a defining role in people's lives and addressing issues of ultimate concern.

title: Humanism

title: Humanism

text: Religious

text: humanism

text: is

text: an

text: integration

text: of

text: humanist

text: ethical

text: philosophy

text: with

text: religious

text: rituals

text: and

text: beliefs

text: that

text: centre

text: on

text: human

text: needs

text: interests

text: and

text: abilities

text: Though

text: practitioners

text: of

text: religious

text: humanism

text: did

text: not

text: officially

text: organise

text: under

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: humanism

text: until

text: the

text: late

text: and

text: early

text: centuries

text: non

text: theistic

text: religions

text: paired

text: with

text: human

text: centred

text: ethical

text: philosophy

text: have

text: a

text: long

text: history

text: The

text: Cult

text: of

text: Reason

text: French

text: Culte

text: de

text: la

text: Raison

text: was

text: a

text: religion

text: based

text: on

text: deism

text: devised

text: during

text: the

text: French

text: Revolution

text: by

text: Jacques

text: Hébert

text: Pierre

text: Gaspard

text: Chaumette

text: and

text: their

text: supporters

text: In

text: during

text: the

text: French

text: Revolution

text: the

text: cathedral

text: Notre

text: Dame

text: de

text: Paris

text: was

text: turned

text: into

text: a

text: Temple

text: to

text: Reason

text: and

text: for

text: a

text: time

text: Lady

text: Liberty

text: replaced

text: the

text: Virgin

text: Mary

text: on

text: several

text: altars

text: In

text: the

text: Auguste

text: Comte

text: the

text: Father

text: of

text: Sociology

text: founded

text: Positivism

text: a

text: religion

text: of

text: humanity

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: earliest

text: forerunners

text: of

text: contemporary

text: chartered

text: humanist

text: organisations

text: was

text: the

text: Humanistic

text: Religious

text: Association

text: formed

text: in

text: in

text: London

text: This

text: early

text: group

text: was

text: democratically

text: organised

text: with

text: male

text: and

text: female

text: members

text: participating

text: in

text: the

text: election

text: of

text: the

text: leadership

text: and

text: promoted

text: knowledge

text: of

text: the

text: sciences

text: philosophy

text: and

text: the

text: arts

text: The

text: Ethical

text: Culture

text: movement

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: The

text: movement

text: 's

text: founder

text: Felix

text: Adler

text: a

text: former

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Free

text: Religious

text: Association

text: conceived

text: of

text: Ethical

text: Culture

text: as

text: a

text: new

text: religion

text: that

text: would

text: retain

text: the

text: ethical

text: message

text: at

text: the

text: heart

text: of

text: all

text: religions

text: Ethical

text: Culture

text: was

text: religious

text: in

text: the

text: sense

text: of

text: playing

text: a

text: defining

text: role

text: in

text: people

text: 's

text: lives

text: and

text: addressing

text: issues

text: of

text: ultimate

text: concern

question: What was included in religious humanism that was similiar to other religion?

answer: religious rituals

text: religious rituals

question: When did practicers of religious humanism form under the name Humanism?

answer: 19th and early 20th centuries

text: 19th and early 20th centuries

question: Who founded a religion whose cornerstone was deism?

answer: Jacques Hébert

text: Jacques Hébert

question: During what time was a religious state replaced in the Notre Dame cathedral with a symbol of Humanism?

answer: 1793


text: Stanley Schachter formulated his theory on the earlier work of a Spanish physician, Gregorio Marañón, who injected patients with epinephrine and subsequently asked them how they felt. Interestingly, Marañón found that most of these patients felt something but in the absence of an actual emotion-evoking stimulus, the patients were unable to interpret their physiological arousal as an experienced emotion. Schachter did agree that physiological reactions played a big role in emotions. He suggested that physiological reactions contributed to emotional experience by facilitating a focused cognitive appraisal of a given physiologically arousing event and that this appraisal was what defined the subjective emotional experience. Emotions were thus a result of two-stage process: general physiological arousal, and experience of emotion. For example, the physiological arousal, heart pounding, in a response to an evoking stimulus, the sight of a bear in the kitchen. The brain then quickly scans the area, to explain the pounding, and notices the bear. Consequently, the brain interprets the pounding heart as being the result of fearing the bear. With his student, Jerome Singer, Schachter demonstrated that subjects can have different emotional reactions despite being placed into the same physiological state with an injection of epinephrine. Subjects were observed to express either anger or amusement depending on whether another person in the situation (a confederate) displayed that emotion. Hence, the combination of the appraisal of the situation (cognitive) and the participants' reception of adrenaline or a placebo together determined the response. This experiment has been criticized in Jesse Prinz's (2004) Gut Reactions.

title: Emotion

title: Emotion

text: Stanley

text: Schachter

text: formulated

text: his

text: theory

text: on

text: the

text: earlier

text: work

text: of

text: a

text: Spanish

text: physician

text: Gregorio

text: Marañón

text: who

text: injected

text: patients

text: with

text: epinephrine

text: and

text: subsequently

text: asked

text: them

text: how

text: they

text: felt

text: Interestingly

text: Marañón

text: found

text: that

text: most

text: of

text: these

text: patients

text: felt

text: something

text: but

text: in

text: the

text: absence

text: of

text: an

text: actual

text: emotion

text: evoking

text: stimulus

text: the

text: patients

text: were

text: unable

text: to

text: interpret

text: their

text: physiological

text: arousal

text: as

text: an

text: experienced

text: emotion

text: Schachter

text: did

text: agree

text: that

text: physiological

text: reactions

text: played

text: a

text: big

text: role

text: in

text: emotions

text: He

text: suggested

text: that

text: physiological

text: reactions

text: contributed

text: to

text: emotional

text: experience

text: by

text: facilitating

text: a

text: focused

text: cognitive

text: appraisal

text: of

text: a

text: given

text: physiologically

text: arousing

text: event

text: and

text: that

text: this

text: appraisal

text: was

text: what

text: defined

text: the

text: subjective

text: emotional

text: experience

text: Emotions

text: were

text: thus

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: two

text: stage

text: process

text: general

text: physiological

text: arousal

text: and

text: experience

text: of

text: emotion

text: For

text: example

text: the

text: physiological

text: arousal

text: heart

text: pounding

text: in

text: a

text: response

text: to

text: an

text: evoking

text: stimulus

text: the

text: sight

text: of

text: a

text: bear

text: in

text: the

text: kitchen

text: The

text: brain

text: then

text: quickly

text: scans

text: the

text: area

text: to

text: explain

text: the

text: pounding

text: and

text: notices

text: the

text: bear

text: Consequently

text: the

text: brain

text: interprets

text: the

text: pounding

text: heart

text: as

text: being

text: the

text: result

text: of

text: fearing

text: the

text: bear

text: With

text: his

text: student

text: Jerome

text: Singer

text: Schachter

text: demonstrated

text: that

text: subjects

text: can

text: have

text: different

text: emotional

text: reactions

text: despite

text: being

text: placed

text: into

text: the

text: same

text: physiological

text: state

text: with

text: an

text: injection

text: of

text: epinephrine

text: Subjects

text: were

text: observed

text: to

text: express

text: either

text: anger

text: or

text: amusement

text: depending

text: on

text: whether

text: another

text: person

text: in

text: the

text: situation

text: a

text: confederate

text: displayed

text: that

text: emotion

text: Hence

text: the

text: combination

text: of

text: the

text: appraisal

text: of

text: the

text: situation

text: cognitive

text: and

text: the

text: participants

text: reception

text: of

text: adrenaline

text: or

text: a

text: placebo

text: together

text: determined

text: the

text: response

text: This

text: experiment

text: has

text: been

text: criticized

text: in

text: Jesse

text: Prinz

text: 's

text: Gut

text: Reactions

question: Whose work did the theory of Stanley Schachter build on?

answer: Gregorio Marañón

text: Gregorio Marañón

question: What did Gregorio Marañón inject his patients with?

answer: epinephrine

text: epinephrine

question: What was the nationality of Gregorio Marañón?

answer: Spanish

text: Spanish

question: Who was a notable student of  Stanley Schachter?

answer: Jerome Singer

text: Jerome Singer

question: In what year was the book Gut Reactions by Jesse Prinz published?

answer: 2004


text: In addition to basic uniform clothing, various badges are used by the USAF to indicate a billet assignment or qualification-level for a given assignment. Badges can also be used as merit-based or service-based awards. Over time, various badges have been discontinued and are no longer distributed. Authorized badges include the Shields of USAF Fire Protection, and Security Forces, and the Missile Badge (or "pocket rocket"), which is earned after working in a missile system maintenance or missile operations capacity for at least one year.

title: United_States_Air_Force

title: United_States_Air_Force

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: basic

text: uniform

text: clothing

text: various

text: badges

text: are

text: used

text: by

text: the

text: USAF

text: to

text: indicate

text: a

text: billet

text: assignment

text: or

text: qualification

text: level

text: for

text: a

text: given

text: assignment

text: Badges

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: used

text: as

text: merit

text: based

text: or

text: service

text: based

text: awards

text: Over

text: time

text: various

text: badges

text: have

text: been

text: discontinued

text: and

text: are

text: no

text: longer

text: distributed

text: Authorized

text: badges

text: include

text: the

text: Shields

text: of

text: USAF

text: Fire

text: Protection

text: and

text: Security

text: Forces

text: and

text: the

text: Missile

text: Badge

text: or

text: pocket

text: rocket

text: which

text: is

text: earned

text: after

text: working

text: in

text: a

text: missile

text: system

text: maintenance

text: or

text: missile

text: operations

text: capacity

text: for

text: at

text: least

text: one

text: year

question: What is worn by USAF members to indicate a billet assignment?

answer: various badges

text: various badges

question: What else can Badges be used to designate in the USAF?

answer: merit-based or service-based awards

text: merit-based or service-based awards

question: What is one of the types of Authorized Badges in the USAF?

answer: Shields of USAF Fire Protection

text: Shields of USAF Fire Protection

question: When is the special "pocket rocket" badge given to USAF personnel working in a missile system operation?

answer: at least one year

text: at least one year