text: The macronutrients are carbohydrates, fats, protein, and water. The macronutrients (excluding fiber and water) provide structural material (amino acids from which proteins are built, and lipids from which cell membranes and some signaling molecules are built) and energy. Some of the structural material can be used to generate energy internally, and in either case it is measured in Joules or kilocalories (often called "Calories" and written with a capital C to distinguish them from little 'c' calories). Carbohydrates and proteins provide 17 kJ approximately (4 kcal) of energy per gram, while fats provide 37 kJ (9 kcal) per gram, though the net energy from either depends on such factors as absorption and digestive effort, which vary substantially from instance to instance. Vitamins, minerals, fiber, and water do not provide energy, but are required for other reasons.

title: Nutrition

title: Nutrition

text: The

text: macronutrients

text: are

text: carbohydrates

text: fats

text: protein

text: and

text: water

text: The

text: macronutrients

text: excluding

text: fiber

text: and

text: water

text: provide

text: structural

text: material

text: amino

text: acids

text: from

text: which

text: proteins

text: are

text: built

text: and

text: lipids

text: from

text: which

text: cell

text: membranes

text: and

text: some

text: signaling

text: molecules

text: are

text: built

text: and

text: energy

text: Some

text: of

text: the

text: structural

text: material

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: generate

text: energy

text: internally

text: and

text: in

text: either

text: case

text: it

text: is

text: measured

text: in

text: Joules

text: or

text: kilocalories

text: often

text: called

text: Calories

text: and

text: written

text: with

text: a

text: capital

text: C

text: to

text: distinguish

text: them

text: from

text: little

text: c

text: calories

text: Carbohydrates

text: and

text: proteins

text: provide

text: kJ

text: approximately

text: kcal

text: of

text: energy

text: per

text: gram

text: while

text: fats

text: provide

text: kJ

text: kcal

text: per

text: gram

text: though

text: the

text: net

text: energy

text: from

text: either

text: depends

text: on

text: such

text: factors

text: as

text: absorption

text: and

text: digestive

text: effort

text: which

text: vary

text: substantially

text: from

text: instance

text: to

text: instance

text: Vitamins

text: minerals

text: fiber

text: and

text: water

text: do

text: not

text: provide

text: energy

text: but

text: are

text: required

text: for

text: other

text: reasons

question: Which category is represented by carbohydrates and fats among other nutrients?

answer: macronutrients

text: macronutrients

question: What other significant aspect do macronutrients provide other than energy?

answer: structural material

text: structural material

question: What unit other than calories is used to measure the energy generated by nutrients?

answer: Joules

text: Joules

question: Which nutrient generally provides around 37 kJ per gram?

answer: fats

text: fats

question: Although vitamins are important for many reasons, which role do they not play in the human body?

answer: provide energy

text: provide energy


text: Digital cameras have far surpassed film in terms of sensitivity to light, with ISO equivalent speeds of up to 409,600, a number that is unfathomable in the realm of conventional film photography. Faster processors, as well as advances in software noise reduction techniques allow this type of processing to be executed the moment the photo is captured, allowing photographers to store images that have a higher level of refinement and would have been prohibitively time consuming to process with earlier generations of digital camera hardware.

title: Film_speed

title: Film_speed

text: Digital

text: cameras

text: have

text: far

text: surpassed

text: film

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: sensitivity

text: to

text: light

text: with

text: ISO

text: equivalent

text: speeds

text: of

text: up

text: to

text: a

text: number

text: that

text: is

text: unfathomable

text: in

text: the

text: realm

text: of

text: conventional

text: film

text: photography

text: Faster

text: processors

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: advances

text: in

text: software

text: noise

text: reduction

text: techniques

text: allow

text: this

text: type

text: of

text: processing

text: to

text: be

text: executed

text: the

text: moment

text: the

text: photo

text: is

text: captured

text: allowing

text: photographers

text: to

text: store

text: images

text: that

text: have

text: a

text: higher

text: level

text: of

text: refinement

text: and

text: would

text: have

text: been

text: prohibitively

text: time

text: consuming

text: to

text: process

text: with

text: earlier

text: generations

text: of

text: digital

text: camera

text: hardware

question: What types of cameras have proven to be much more sensitive to light than film?

answer: Digital cameras

text: Digital cameras

question: What ISO equivalent speeds can digital cameras obtain?

answer: 409,600

question: What is responsible for these vast increases in speed?

answer: Faster processors, as well as advances in software noise reduction techniques

text: Faster processors, as well as advances in software noise reduction techniques

question: What is one thing that limited speeds of older digital hardware?

answer: prohibitively time consuming to process

text: prohibitively time consuming to process

question: What does the higher speed do for the images produced?

answer: a higher level of refinement

text: a higher level of refinement


text: A key component common to all CPUs is the program counter, a special memory cell (a register) that keeps track of which location in memory the next instruction is to be read from.

title: Computer

title: Computer

text: A

text: key

text: component

text: common

text: to

text: all

text: CPUs

text: is

text: the

text: program

text: counter

text: a

text: special

text: memory

text: cell

text: a

text: register

text: that

text: keeps

text: track

text: of

text: which

text: location

text: in

text: memory

text: the

text: next

text: instruction

text: is

text: to

text: be

text: read

text: from

question: A special memory cell of a CPU is called what?

answer: a register

text: a register

question: A register of a CPU keeps track of what?

answer: which location in memory the next instruction is to be read from

text: which location in memory the next instruction is to be read from

question: What is a component that all CPUs have?

answer: the program counter

text: the program counter


text: The bank is based in Frankfurt, the largest financial centre in the Eurozone. Its location in the city is fixed by the Amsterdam Treaty. The bank moved to new purpose-built headquarters in 2014 which were designed a Vienna-based architectural office named Coop Himmelbau. The building is approximately 180 metres (591 ft) tall and will be accompanied with other secondary buildings on a landscaped site on the site of the former wholesale market in the eastern part of Frankfurt am Main. The main construction began in October 2008, and it was expected that the building will become an architectural symbol for Europe. While it was designed to accommodate double the number of staff who operate in the former Eurotower, that building has been retained since the ECB took responsibility for banking supervision and more space was hence required.

title: European_Central_Bank

title: European_Central_Bank

text: The

text: bank

text: is

text: based

text: in

text: Frankfurt

text: the

text: largest

text: financial

text: centre

text: in

text: the

text: Eurozone

text: Its

text: location

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: is

text: fixed

text: by

text: the

text: Amsterdam

text: Treaty

text: The

text: bank

text: moved

text: to

text: new

text: purpose

text: built

text: headquarters

text: in

text: which

text: were

text: designed

text: a

text: Vienna

text: based

text: architectural

text: office

text: named

text: Coop

text: Himmelbau

text: The

text: building

text: is

text: approximately

text: metres

text: ft

text: tall

text: and

text: will

text: be

text: accompanied

text: with

text: other

text: secondary

text: buildings

text: on

text: a

text: landscaped

text: site

text: on

text: the

text: site

text: of

text: the

text: former

text: wholesale

text: market

text: in

text: the

text: eastern

text: part

text: of

text: Frankfurt

text: am

text: Main

text: The

text: main

text: construction

text: began

text: in

text: October

text: and

text: it

text: was

text: expected

text: that

text: the

text: building

text: will

text: become

text: an

text: architectural

text: symbol

text: for

text: Europe

text: While

text: it

text: was

text: designed

text: to

text: accommodate

text: double

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: staff

text: who

text: operate

text: in

text: the

text: former

text: Eurotower

text: that

text: building

text: has

text: been

text: retained

text: since

text: the

text: ECB

text: took

text: responsibility

text: for

text: banking

text: supervision

text: and

text: more

text: space

text: was

text: hence

text: required

question: Where is the European Central bank located?

answer: Frankfurt

text: Frankfurt

question: What decided where the bank was to be located?

answer: Amsterdam Treaty

text: Amsterdam Treaty

question: When did the bank move to it's new headquarters?

answer: 2014

question: What previously stood where the bank is now?

answer: the former wholesale market

text: the former wholesale market

question: When did construction of the new bank begin?

answer: October 2008

text: October 2008


text: In 1953, Korolev was given the go-ahead to develop the R-7 Semyorka rocket, which represented a major advance from the German design. Although some of its components (notably boosters) still resembled the German G-4, the new rocket incorporated staged design, a completely new control system, and a new fuel. It was successfully tested on August 21, 1957 and became the world's first fully operational ICBM the following month. It would later be used to launch the first satellite into space, and derivatives would launch all piloted Soviet spacecraft.

title: Space_Race

title: Space_Race

text: In

text: Korolev

text: was

text: given

text: the

text: go

text: ahead

text: to

text: develop

text: the

text: Semyorka

text: rocket

text: which

text: represented

text: a

text: major

text: advance

text: from

text: the

text: German

text: design

text: Although

text: some

text: of

text: its

text: components

text: notably

text: boosters

text: still

text: resembled

text: the

text: German

text: the

text: new

text: rocket

text: incorporated

text: staged

text: design

text: a

text: completely

text: new

text: control

text: system

text: and

text: a

text: new

text: fuel

text: It

text: was

text: successfully

text: tested

text: on

text: August

text: and

text: became

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: first

text: fully

text: operational

text: ICBM

text: the

text: following

text: month

text: It

text: would

text: later

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: launch

text: the

text: first

text: satellite

text: into

text: space

text: and

text: derivatives

text: would

text: launch

text: all

text: piloted

text: Soviet

text: spacecraft

question: Who began developing the  R-7 Semyorka rocket?

answer: Korolev

text: Korolev

question: R-7 Semyorka rocket resembled closely to what other missile?

answer: German G-4

text: German G-4

question: When was the R-7 Semyorka rocket tested successfully?

answer: August 21, 1957

text: August 21, 1957

question: The first satellite launched into space used what rocket?

answer: R-7 Semyorka rocket

text: R-7 Semyorka rocket


text: Early in the year 343 we find Athanasius had travelled, via Rome, from Alexandria, North Africa, to Gaul; nowadays Belgium / Holland and surrounding areas, where Hosius of Cordoba was Bishop, the great champion of orthodoxy in the West. The two, together, set out for Sardica. A full Council of the Church was convened / summoned there in deference to the Roman pontiff's wishes. The travel was a mammoth task in itself. At this great gathering of prelates, leaders of the Church, the case of Athanasius was taken up once more, that is, Athanasius was formally questioned over misdemeanours and even murder, (a man called Arsenius and using his body for magic, – an absurd charge.). [The Council was convoked for the purpose of inquiring into the charges against Athanasius and other bishops, on account of which they were deposed from their sees by the Semi-Arian Synod of Antioch (341), and went into exile. It was called according to Socrates, (E. H. ii. 20) by the two Emperors, Constans and Constantius; but, according to Baronius by Pope Julius (337–352), (Ad an. 343). One hundred and seventy six attended. Eusebian bishops objected to the admission of Athanasius and other deposed bishops to the Council, except as accused persons to answer the charges brought against them. Their objections were overridden by the orthodox bishops, about a hundred were orthodox, who were the majority. The Eusebians, seeing they had no chance of having their views carried, retired to Philoppopolis in Thrace, Philippopolis (Thracia), where they held an opposition council, under the presidency of the Patriarch of Antioch, and confirmed the decrees of the Synod of Antioch. ]. Once more, at the Council of Sardica, was his innocence reaffirmed. Two conciliar letters were prepared, one to the clergy and faithful of Alexandria, the other to the bishops of Egypt and Libya, in which the will of the Council was made known. Meanwhile, the Eusebian party had gone to Philippopolis, where they issued an anathema against Athanasius and his supporters. The persecution against the orthodox party broke out with renewed vigour, and Constantius was induced to prepare drastic measures against Athanasius and the priests who were devoted to him. Orders were given that if the Saint attempt to re-enter his see, he should be put to death. Athanasius, accordingly, withdrew from Sardica to Naissus in Mysia, where he celebrated the Easter festival of the year 344. It was Hosius who presided over the Council of Sardica, as he did for the First Council of Nicaea, which like the 341 synod, found Athanasius innocent. &. He celebrated his last Easter in exile in Aquileia in April 345, received by bishop Fortunatianus.

title: Athanasius_of_Alexandria

title: Athanasius_of_Alexandria

text: Early

text: in

text: the

text: year

text: we

text: find

text: Athanasius

text: had

text: travelled

text: via

text: Rome

text: from

text: Alexandria

text: North

text: Africa

text: to

text: Gaul

text: nowadays

text: Belgium

text: Holland

text: and

text: surrounding

text: areas

text: where

text: Hosius

text: of

text: Cordoba

text: was

text: Bishop

text: the

text: great

text: champion

text: of

text: orthodoxy

text: in

text: the

text: West

text: The

text: two

text: together

text: set

text: out

text: for

text: Sardica

text: A

text: full

text: Council

text: of

text: the

text: Church

text: was

text: convened

text: summoned

text: there

text: in

text: deference

text: to

text: the

text: Roman

text: pontiff

text: 's

text: wishes

text: The

text: travel

text: was

text: a

text: mammoth

text: task

text: in

text: itself

text: At

text: this

text: great

text: gathering

text: of

text: prelates

text: leaders

text: of

text: the

text: Church

text: the

text: case

text: of

text: Athanasius

text: was

text: taken

text: up

text: once

text: more

text: that

text: is

text: Athanasius

text: was

text: formally

text: questioned

text: over

text: misdemeanours

text: and

text: even

text: murder

text: a

text: man

text: called

text: Arsenius

text: and

text: using

text: his

text: body

text: for

text: magic

text: an

text: absurd

text: charge

text: The

text: Council

text: was

text: convoked

text: for

text: the

text: purpose

text: of

text: inquiring

text: into

text: the

text: charges

text: against

text: Athanasius

text: and

text: other

text: bishops

text: on

text: account

text: of

text: which

text: they

text: were

text: deposed

text: from

text: their

text: sees

text: by

text: the

text: Semi

text: Arian

text: Synod

text: of

text: Antioch

text: and

text: went

text: into

text: exile

text: It

text: was

text: called

text: according

text: to

text: Socrates

text: E.

text: H.

text: ii

text: by

text: the

text: two

text: Emperors

text: Constans

text: and

text: Constantius

text: but

text: according

text: to

text: Baronius

text: by

text: Pope

text: Julius

text: Ad

text: an

text: One

text: hundred

text: and

text: seventy

text: six

text: attended

text: Eusebian

text: bishops

text: objected

text: to

text: the

text: admission

text: of

text: Athanasius

text: and

text: other

text: deposed

text: bishops

text: to

text: the

text: Council

text: except

text: as

text: accused

text: persons

text: to

text: answer

text: the

text: charges

text: brought

text: against

text: them

text: Their

text: objections

text: were

text: overridden

text: by

text: the

text: orthodox

text: bishops

text: about

text: a

text: hundred

text: were

text: orthodox

text: who

text: were

text: the

text: majority

text: The

text: Eusebians

text: seeing

text: they

text: had

text: no

text: chance

text: of

text: having

text: their

text: views

text: carried

text: retired

text: to

text: Philoppopolis

text: in

text: Thrace

text: Philippopolis

text: Thracia

text: where

text: they

text: held

text: an

text: opposition

text: council

text: under

text: the

text: presidency

text: of

text: the

text: Patriarch

text: of

text: Antioch

text: and

text: confirmed

text: the

text: decrees

text: of

text: the

text: Synod

text: of

text: Antioch

text: Once

text: more

text: at

text: the

text: Council

text: of

text: Sardica

text: was

text: his

text: innocence

text: reaffirmed

text: Two

text: conciliar

text: letters

text: were

text: prepared

text: one

text: to

text: the

text: clergy

text: and

text: faithful

text: of

text: Alexandria

text: the

text: other

text: to

text: the

text: bishops

text: of

text: Egypt

text: and

text: Libya

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: will

text: of

text: the

text: Council

text: was

text: made

text: known

text: Meanwhile

text: the

text: Eusebian

text: party

text: had

text: gone

text: to

text: Philippopolis

text: where

text: they

text: issued

text: an

text: anathema

text: against

text: Athanasius

text: and

text: his

text: supporters

text: The

text: persecution

text: against

text: the

text: orthodox

text: party

text: broke

text: out

text: with

text: renewed

text: vigour

text: and

text: Constantius

text: was

text: induced

text: to

text: prepare

text: drastic

text: measures

text: against

text: Athanasius

text: and

text: the

text: priests

text: who

text: were

text: devoted

text: to

text: him

text: Orders

text: were

text: given

text: that

text: if

text: the

text: Saint

text: attempt

text: to

text: re

text: enter

text: his

text: see

text: he

text: should

text: be

text: put

text: to

text: death

text: Athanasius

text: accordingly

text: withdrew

text: from

text: Sardica

text: to

text: Naissus

text: in

text: Mysia

text: where

text: he

text: celebrated

text: the

text: Easter

text: festival

text: of

text: the

text: year

text: It

text: was

text: Hosius

text: who

text: presided

text: over

text: the

text: Council

text: of

text: Sardica

text: as

text: he

text: did

text: for

text: the

text: First

text: Council

text: of

text: Nicaea

text: which

text: like

text: the

text: synod

text: found

text: Athanasius

text: innocent

text: He

text: celebrated

text: his

text: last

text: Easter

text: in

text: exile

text: in

text: Aquileia

text: in

text: April

text: received

text: by

text: bishop

text: Fortunatianus

question: Where is Gaul currently located?

answer: Belgium / Holland and surrounding areas

text: Belgium / Holland and surrounding areas

question: What was the verdict at the Council of Sardica?

answer: his innocence reaffirmed

text: his innocence reaffirmed

question: With whom did Athanasius travel to Sardica?

answer: Hosius of Cordoba

text: Hosius of Cordoba

question: About what did the Council of the Church question Athanasius?

answer: misdemeanours and even murder

text: misdemeanours and even murder

question: Was Athanasius permitted admission to the Council?

answer: objections were overridden by the orthodox bishops

text: objections were overridden by the orthodox bishops


text: Many of the limitations of the classic commutator DC motor are due to the need for brushes to press against the commutator. This creates friction. Sparks are created by the brushes making and breaking circuits through the rotor coils as the brushes cross the insulating gaps between commutator sections. Depending on the commutator design, this may include the brushes shorting together adjacent sections – and hence coil ends – momentarily while crossing the gaps. Furthermore, the inductance of the rotor coils causes the voltage across each to rise when its circuit is opened, increasing the sparking of the brushes. This sparking limits the maximum speed of the machine, as too-rapid sparking will overheat, erode, or even melt the commutator. The current density per unit area of the brushes, in combination with their resistivity, limits the output of the motor. The making and breaking of electric contact also generates electrical noise; sparking generates RFI. Brushes eventually wear out and require replacement, and the commutator itself is subject to wear and maintenance (on larger motors) or replacement (on small motors). The commutator assembly on a large motor is a costly element, requiring precision assembly of many parts. On small motors, the commutator is usually permanently integrated into the rotor, so replacing it usually requires replacing the whole rotor.

title: Electric_motor

title: Electric_motor

text: Many

text: of

text: the

text: limitations

text: of

text: the

text: classic

text: commutator

text: DC

text: motor

text: are

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: need

text: for

text: brushes

text: to

text: press

text: against

text: the

text: commutator

text: This

text: creates

text: friction

text: Sparks

text: are

text: created

text: by

text: the

text: brushes

text: making

text: and

text: breaking

text: circuits

text: through

text: the

text: rotor

text: coils

text: as

text: the

text: brushes

text: cross

text: the

text: insulating

text: gaps

text: between

text: commutator

text: sections

text: Depending

text: on

text: the

text: commutator

text: design

text: this

text: may

text: include

text: the

text: brushes

text: shorting

text: together

text: adjacent

text: sections

text: and

text: hence

text: coil

text: ends

text: momentarily

text: while

text: crossing

text: the

text: gaps

text: Furthermore

text: the

text: inductance

text: of

text: the

text: rotor

text: coils

text: causes

text: the

text: voltage

text: across

text: each

text: to

text: rise

text: when

text: its

text: circuit

text: is

text: opened

text: increasing

text: the

text: sparking

text: of

text: the

text: brushes

text: This

text: sparking

text: limits

text: the

text: maximum

text: speed

text: of

text: the

text: machine

text: as

text: too

text: rapid

text: sparking

text: will

text: overheat

text: erode

text: or

text: even

text: melt

text: the

text: commutator

text: The

text: current

text: density

text: per

text: unit

text: area

text: of

text: the

text: brushes

text: in

text: combination

text: with

text: their

text: resistivity

text: limits

text: the

text: output

text: of

text: the

text: motor

text: The

text: making

text: and

text: breaking

text: of

text: electric

text: contact

text: also

text: generates

text: electrical

text: noise

text: sparking

text: generates

text: RFI

text: Brushes

text: eventually

text: wear

text: out

text: and

text: require

text: replacement

text: and

text: the

text: commutator

text: itself

text: is

text: subject

text: to

text: wear

text: and

text: maintenance

text: on

text: larger

text: motors

text: or

text: replacement

text: on

text: small

text: motors

text: The

text: commutator

text: assembly

text: on

text: a

text: large

text: motor

text: is

text: a

text: costly

text: element

text: requiring

text: precision

text: assembly

text: of

text: many

text: parts

text: On

text: small

text: motors

text: the

text: commutator

text: is

text: usually

text: permanently

text: integrated

text: into

text: the

text: rotor

text: so

text: replacing

text: it

text: usually

text: requires

text: replacing

text: the

text: whole

text: rotor

question: How is RFI generated?

answer: sparking

text: sparking

question: What do brushes need to be in contact with?

answer: commutator

text: commutator

question: What is created by contact between parts of the motor?

answer: friction

text: friction

question: What does sparking limit?

answer: maximum speed

text: maximum speed

question: What motor components most need replacement and maintenance?

answer: Brushes

text: Brushes


text: Early followers of Whitehead were found primarily at the University of Chicago's Divinity School, where Henry Nelson Wieman initiated an interest in Whitehead's work that would last for about thirty years. Professors such as Wieman, Charles Hartshorne, Bernard Loomer, Bernard Meland, and Daniel Day Williams made Whitehead's philosophy arguably the most important intellectual thread running through the Divinity School. They taught generations of Whitehead scholars, the most notable of which is John B. Cobb, Jr.

title: Alfred_North_Whitehead

title: Alfred_North_Whitehead

text: Early

text: followers

text: of

text: Whitehead

text: were

text: found

text: primarily

text: at

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Chicago

text: 's

text: Divinity

text: School

text: where

text: Henry

text: Nelson

text: Wieman

text: initiated

text: an

text: interest

text: in

text: Whitehead

text: 's

text: work

text: that

text: would

text: last

text: for

text: about

text: thirty

text: years

text: Professors

text: such

text: as

text: Wieman

text: Charles

text: Hartshorne

text: Bernard

text: Loomer

text: Bernard

text: Meland

text: and

text: Daniel

text: Day

text: Williams

text: made

text: Whitehead

text: 's

text: philosophy

text: arguably

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: intellectual

text: thread

text: running

text: through

text: the

text: Divinity

text: School

text: They

text: taught

text: generations

text: of

text: Whitehead

text: scholars

text: the

text: most

text: notable

text: of

text: which

text: is

text: John

text: B.

text: Cobb

text: Jr.

question: Where were the first followers mainly found?

answer: at the University of Chicago's Divinity School

text: at the University of Chicago's Divinity School

question: Who began the interest in Whitehead at Chicago's Divinity School?

answer: Henry Nelson Wieman

text: Henry Nelson Wieman

question: Who id the most well-known Whitehead scholar?

answer: John B. Cobb

text: John B. Cobb

question: What professors established the importance of Whitehead's work?

answer: Wieman, Charles Hartshorne, Bernard Loomer, Bernard Meland, and Daniel Day Williams

text: Wieman, Charles Hartshorne, Bernard Loomer, Bernard Meland, and Daniel Day Williams


text: Architecturally, the school has a Catholic character. Atop the Main Building's gold dome is a golden statue of the Virgin Mary. Immediately in front of the Main Building and facing it, is a copper statue of Christ with arms upraised with the legend "Venite Ad Me Omnes". Next to the Main Building is the Basilica of the Sacred Heart. Immediately behind the basilica is the Grotto, a Marian place of prayer and reflection. It is a replica of the grotto at Lourdes, France where the Virgin Mary reputedly appeared to Saint Bernadette Soubirous in 1858. At the end of the main drive (and in a direct line that connects through 3 statues and the Gold Dome), is a simple, modern stone statue of Mary.

title: University_of_Notre_Dame

title: University_of_Notre_Dame

text: Architecturally

text: the

text: school

text: has

text: a

text: Catholic

text: character

text: Atop

text: the

text: Main

text: Building

text: 's

text: gold

text: dome

text: is

text: a

text: golden

text: statue

text: of

text: the

text: Virgin

text: Mary

text: Immediately

text: in

text: front

text: of

text: the

text: Main

text: Building

text: and

text: facing

text: it

text: is

text: a

text: copper

text: statue

text: of

text: Christ

text: with

text: arms

text: upraised

text: with

text: the

text: legend

text: Venite

text: Ad

text: Me

text: Omnes

text: Next

text: to

text: the

text: Main

text: Building

text: is

text: the

text: Basilica

text: of

text: the

text: Sacred

text: Heart

text: Immediately

text: behind

text: the

text: basilica

text: is

text: the

text: Grotto

text: a

text: Marian

text: place

text: of

text: prayer

text: and

text: reflection

text: It

text: is

text: a

text: replica

text: of

text: the

text: grotto

text: at

text: Lourdes

text: France

text: where

text: the

text: Virgin

text: Mary

text: reputedly

text: appeared

text: to

text: Saint

text: Bernadette

text: Soubirous

text: in

text: At

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: main

text: drive

text: and

text: in

text: a

text: direct

text: line

text: that

text: connects

text: through

text: statues

text: and

text: the

text: Gold

text: Dome

text: is

text: a

text: simple

text: modern

text: stone

text: statue

text: of

text: Mary

question: To whom did the Virgin Mary allegedly appear in 1858 in Lourdes France?

answer: Saint Bernadette Soubirous

text: Saint Bernadette Soubirous

question: What is in front of the Notre Dame Main Building?

answer: a copper statue of Christ

text: a copper statue of Christ

question: The Basilica of the Sacred heart at Notre Dame is beside to which structure?

answer: the Main Building

text: the Main Building

question: What is the Grotto at Notre Dame?

answer: a Marian place of prayer and reflection

text: a Marian place of prayer and reflection

question: What sits on top of the Main Building at Notre Dame?

answer: a golden statue of the Virgin Mary

text: a golden statue of the Virgin Mary


text: As Universal's main product had always been low-budget film, it was one of the last major studios to have a contract with Technicolor. The studio did not make use of the three-strip Technicolor process until Arabian Nights (1942), starring Jon Hall and Maria Montez. The following year, Technicolor was also used in Universal's remake of their 1925 horror melodrama, Phantom of the Opera with Claude Rains and Nelson Eddy. With the success of their first two pictures, a regular schedule of high-budget, Technicolor films followed.

title: Universal_Studios

title: Universal_Studios

text: As

text: Universal

text: 's

text: main

text: product

text: had

text: always

text: been

text: low

text: budget

text: film

text: it

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: last

text: major

text: studios

text: to

text: have

text: a

text: contract

text: with

text: Technicolor

text: The

text: studio

text: did

text: not

text: make

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: strip

text: Technicolor

text: process

text: until

text: Arabian

text: Nights

text: starring

text: Jon

text: Hall

text: and

text: Maria

text: Montez

text: The

text: following

text: year

text: Technicolor

text: was

text: also

text: used

text: in

text: Universal

text: 's

text: remake

text: of

text: their

text: horror

text: melodrama

text: Phantom

text: of

text: the

text: Opera

text: with

text: Claude

text: Rains

text: and

text: Nelson

text: Eddy

text: With

text: the

text: success

text: of

text: their

text: first

text: two

text: pictures

text: a

text: regular

text: schedule

text: of

text: high

text: budget

text: Technicolor

text: films

text: followed

question: What was the first Universal film to use the three-strip Technicolor process?

answer: Arabian Nights

text: Arabian Nights

question: What actress starred in Arabian Nights?

answer: Maria Montez

text: Maria Montez

question: Along with Nelson Eddy, who starred in the Phantom of the Opera?

answer: Claude Rains

text: Claude Rains

question: When was Universal's first version of the Phantom of the Opera made?

answer: 1925

question: In what year was Arabian Nights produced?

answer: 1942


text: A generation later, the Irish Anglican bishop, George Berkeley (1685–1753), determined that Locke's view immediately opened a door that would lead to eventual atheism. In response to Locke, he put forth in his Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge (1710) an important challenge to empiricism in which things only exist either as a result of their being perceived, or by virtue of the fact that they are an entity doing the perceiving. (For Berkeley, God fills in for humans by doing the perceiving whenever humans are not around to do it.) In his text Alciphron, Berkeley maintained that any order humans may see in nature is the language or handwriting of God. Berkeley's approach to empiricism would later come to be called subjective idealism.

title: Empiricism

title: Empiricism

text: A

text: generation

text: later

text: the

text: Irish

text: Anglican

text: bishop

text: George

text: Berkeley

text: determined

text: that

text: Locke

text: 's

text: view

text: immediately

text: opened

text: a

text: door

text: that

text: would

text: lead

text: to

text: eventual

text: atheism

text: In

text: response

text: to

text: Locke

text: he

text: put

text: forth

text: in

text: his

text: Treatise

text: Concerning

text: the

text: Principles

text: of

text: Human

text: Knowledge

text: an

text: important

text: challenge

text: to

text: empiricism

text: in

text: which

text: things

text: only

text: exist

text: either

text: as

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: their

text: being

text: perceived

text: or

text: by

text: virtue

text: of

text: the

text: fact

text: that

text: they

text: are

text: an

text: entity

text: doing

text: the

text: perceiving

text: For

text: Berkeley

text: God

text: fills

text: in

text: for

text: humans

text: by

text: doing

text: the

text: perceiving

text: whenever

text: humans

text: are

text: not

text: around

text: to

text: do

text: it

text: In

text: his

text: text

text: Alciphron

text: Berkeley

text: maintained

text: that

text: any

text: order

text: humans

text: may

text: see

text: in

text: nature

text: is

text: the

text: language

text: or

text: handwriting

text: of

text: God

text: Berkeley

text: 's

text: approach

text: to

text: empiricism

text: would

text: later

text: come

text: to

text: be

text: called

text: subjective

text: idealism

question: Who wrote 'Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge'?

answer: George Berkeley

text: George Berkeley

question: Who wrote 'Alciphron'?

answer: George Berkeley

text: George Berkeley

question: When was 'Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge' published?

answer: 1710

question: What religion was George Berkeley?

answer: Anglican

text: Anglican

question: What nationality was George Berkeley?

answer: Irish

text: Irish


text: In South Africa, charities issue a tax certificate when requested by donors which can be used as a tax deduction by the donor. Non Profit Organisations are registered under Companies and Intellectual Property Commission as Nonprofit Companies (NPCs) but may voluntarily register with The Nonprofit Companies Directorate. Trusts are registered by the Master of the High Court. Section 21 Companies are registered under the Company's Act. All are classified as Voluntary Organisations and all must be registered with the South Africa Revenue Services "SARS".[citation needed]

title: Nonprofit_organization

title: Nonprofit_organization

text: In

text: South

text: Africa

text: charities

text: issue

text: a

text: tax

text: certificate

text: when

text: requested

text: by

text: donors

text: which

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: as

text: a

text: tax

text: deduction

text: by

text: the

text: donor

text: Non

text: Profit

text: Organisations

text: are

text: registered

text: under

text: Companies

text: and

text: Intellectual

text: Property

text: Commission

text: as

text: Nonprofit

text: Companies

text: NPCs

text: but

text: may

text: voluntarily

text: register

text: with

text: The

text: Nonprofit

text: Companies

text: Directorate

text: Trusts

text: are

text: registered

text: by

text: the

text: Master

text: of

text: the

text: High

text: Court

text: Section

text: Companies

text: are

text: registered

text: under

text: the

text: Company

text: 's

text: Act

text: All

text: are

text: classified

text: as

text: Voluntary

text: Organisations

text: and

text: all

text: must

text: be

text: registered

text: with

text: the

text: South

text: Africa

text: Revenue

text: Services

text: SARS".[citation

text: needed

question: What do NPOs in South Africa give to their donors?

answer: a tax certificate

text: a tax certificate

question: What can a tax certificate issued by a South Africian NPO be used for?

answer: a tax deduction by the donor

text: a tax deduction by the donor

question: Where are South Africian NPOs registered?

answer: Companies and Intellectual Property Commission as Nonprofit Companies (NPCs)

text: Companies and Intellectual Property Commission as Nonprofit Companies (NPCs)

question: Who keeps track of the trusts of South Africian NPOs?

answer: Master of the High Court

text: Master of the High Court

question: Who would a South Africian NPO register with if they were a voluntary organization?

answer: South Africa Revenue Services "SARS"

text: South Africa Revenue Services "SARS"


text: The Edwardian era in the United Kingdom is the period spanning the reign of King Edward VII up to the end of the First World War, including the years surrounding the sinking of the RMS Titanic. In the early years of the period, the Second Boer War in South Africa split the country into anti- and pro-war factions. The imperial policies of the Conservatives eventually proved unpopular and in the general election of 1906 the Liberals won a huge landslide. The Liberal government was unable to proceed with all of its radical programme without the support of the House of Lords, which was largely Conservative. Conflict between the two Houses of Parliament over the People's Budget led to a reduction in the power of the peers in 1910. The general election in January that year returned a hung parliament with the balance of power held by Labour and Irish Nationalist members.

title: Modern_history

title: Modern_history

text: The

text: Edwardian

text: era

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: is

text: the

text: period

text: spanning

text: the

text: reign

text: of

text: King

text: Edward

text: VII

text: up

text: to

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: First

text: World

text: War

text: including

text: the

text: years

text: surrounding

text: the

text: sinking

text: of

text: the

text: RMS

text: Titanic

text: In

text: the

text: early

text: years

text: of

text: the

text: period

text: the

text: Second

text: Boer

text: War

text: in

text: South

text: Africa

text: split

text: the

text: country

text: into

text: anti-

text: and

text: pro

text: war

text: factions

text: The

text: imperial

text: policies

text: of

text: the

text: Conservatives

text: eventually

text: proved

text: unpopular

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: general

text: election

text: of

text: the

text: Liberals

text: won

text: a

text: huge

text: landslide

text: The

text: Liberal

text: government

text: was

text: unable

text: to

text: proceed

text: with

text: all

text: of

text: its

text: radical

text: programme

text: without

text: the

text: support

text: of

text: the

text: House

text: of

text: Lords

text: which

text: was

text: largely

text: Conservative

text: Conflict

text: between

text: the

text: two

text: Houses

text: of

text: Parliament

text: over

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Budget

text: led

text: to

text: a

text: reduction

text: in

text: the

text: power

text: of

text: the

text: peers

text: in

text: The

text: general

text: election

text: in

text: January

text: that

text: year

text: returned

text: a

text: hung

text: parliament

text: with

text: the

text: balance

text: of

text: power

text: held

text: by

text: Labour

text: and

text: Irish

text: Nationalist

text: members

question: What is the Edwardian era?

answer: the period spanning the reign of King Edward VII up to the end of the First World War,

text: the period spanning the reign of King Edward VII up to the end of the First World War,

question: What event split the United Kingdom into two groups?

answer: Second Boer War

text: Second Boer War

question: In what year did the Liberals win huge in the general election?

answer: 1906

question: What led to a reduction in the power of the peers?

answer: Conflict between the two Houses of Parliament over the People's Budget

text: Conflict between the two Houses of Parliament over the People's Budget

question: Who held the balance of power in the 1910 election?

answer: Labour and Irish Nationalist members.

text: Labour and Irish Nationalist members.


text: The end result is that the resonant antenna will efficiently feed a signal into the transmission line only when the source signal's frequency is close to that of the design frequency of the antenna, or one of the resonant multiples. This makes resonant antenna designs inherently narrowband, and they are most commonly used with a single target signal. They are particularly common on radar systems, where the same antenna is used for both broadcast and reception, or for radio and television broadcasts, where the antenna is working with a single frequency. They are less commonly used for reception where multiple channels are present, in which case additional modifications are used to increase the bandwidth, or entirely different antenna designs are used.

title: Antenna_(radio)

title: Antenna_(radio

text: The

text: end

text: result

text: is

text: that

text: the

text: resonant

text: antenna

text: will

text: efficiently

text: feed

text: a

text: signal

text: into

text: the

text: transmission

text: line

text: only

text: when

text: the

text: source

text: signal

text: 's

text: frequency

text: is

text: close

text: to

text: that

text: of

text: the

text: design

text: frequency

text: of

text: the

text: antenna

text: or

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: resonant

text: multiples

text: This

text: makes

text: resonant

text: antenna

text: designs

text: inherently

text: narrowband

text: and

text: they

text: are

text: most

text: commonly

text: used

text: with

text: a

text: single

text: target

text: signal

text: They

text: are

text: particularly

text: common

text: on

text: radar

text: systems

text: where

text: the

text: same

text: antenna

text: is

text: used

text: for

text: both

text: broadcast

text: and

text: reception

text: or

text: for

text: radio

text: and

text: television

text: broadcasts

text: where

text: the

text: antenna

text: is

text: working

text: with

text: a

text: single

text: frequency

text: They

text: are

text: less

text: commonly

text: used

text: for

text: reception

text: where

text: multiple

text: channels

text: are

text: present

text: in

text: which

text: case

text: additional

text: modifications

text: are

text: used

text: to

text: increase

text: the

text: bandwidth

text: or

text: entirely

text: different

text: antenna

text: designs

text: are

text: used

question: If your were unable to match the source frequency with the design frequency of the antenna what could you use?

answer: resonant multiples

text: resonant multiples

question: What is the most common application of resonant antennas?

answer: single target signal

text: single target signal

question: What antenna setup type is generally used for TV viewing?

answer: resonant

text: resonant

question: For use with more than one channel changes are made to increase what property?

answer: bandwidth

text: bandwidth


text: Nigeria's foreign policy was tested in the 1970s after the country emerged united from its own civil war. It supported movements against white minority governments in the Southern Africa sub-region. Nigeria backed the African National Congress (ANC) by taking a committed tough line with regard to the South African government and their military actions in southern Africa. Nigeria was also a founding member of the Organisation for African Unity (now the African Union), and has tremendous influence in West Africa and Africa on the whole. Nigeria has additionally founded regional cooperative efforts in West Africa, functioning as standard-bearer for the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and ECOMOG, economic and military organisations, respectively.

title: Nigeria

title: Nigeria

text: Nigeria

text: 's

text: foreign

text: policy

text: was

text: tested

text: in

text: the

text: after

text: the

text: country

text: emerged

text: united

text: from

text: its

text: own

text: civil

text: war

text: It

text: supported

text: movements

text: against

text: white

text: minority

text: governments

text: in

text: the

text: Southern

text: Africa

text: sub

text: region

text: Nigeria

text: backed

text: the

text: African

text: National

text: Congress

text: ANC

text: by

text: taking

text: a

text: committed

text: tough

text: line

text: with

text: regard

text: to

text: the

text: South

text: African

text: government

text: and

text: their

text: military

text: actions

text: in

text: southern

text: Africa

text: Nigeria

text: was

text: also

text: a

text: founding

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Organisation

text: for

text: African

text: Unity

text: now

text: the

text: African

text: Union

text: and

text: has

text: tremendous

text: influence

text: in

text: West

text: Africa

text: and

text: Africa

text: on

text: the

text: whole

text: Nigeria

text: has

text: additionally

text: founded

text: regional

text: cooperative

text: efforts

text: in

text: West

text: Africa

text: functioning

text: as

text: standard

text: bearer

text: for

text: the

text: Economic

text: Community

text: of

text: West

text: African

text: States

text: ECOWAS

text: and

text: ECOMOG

text: economic

text: and

text: military

text: organisations

text: respectively

question: What group did Nigeria support against white governments in Southern Africa?

answer: African National Congress

text: African National Congress

question: What group was Nigeria a founding member of?

answer: Organisation for African Unity

text: Organisation for African Unity

question: What is the Organisation for African Unity now known as?

answer: the African Union

text: the African Union

question: Nigeria is a 'standard-bearer' in what international group?

answer: the Economic Community of West African States

text: the Economic Community of West African States


text: Moisture absorption occurs when the material is exposed to high humidity or water. Both the resin and the reinforcement may absorb water; water may be also soaked by capillary forces through voids in the materials and along the reinforcement. Epoxies of the FR-4 materials aren't too susceptible, with absorption of only 0.15%. Teflon has very low absorption of 0.01%. Polyimides and cyanate esters, on the other side, suffer from high water absorption. Absorbed water can lead to significant degradation of key parameters; it impairs tracking resistance, breakdown voltage, and dielectric parameters. Relative dielectric constant of water is about 73, compared to about 4 for common circuitboard materials. Absorbed moisture can also vaporize on heating and cause cracking and delamination, the same effect responsible for "popcorning" damage on wet packaging of electronic parts. Careful baking of the substrates may be required.

title: Printed_circuit_board

title: Printed_circuit_board

text: Moisture

text: absorption

text: occurs

text: when

text: the

text: material

text: is

text: exposed

text: to

text: high

text: humidity

text: or

text: water

text: Both

text: the

text: resin

text: and

text: the

text: reinforcement

text: may

text: absorb

text: water

text: water

text: may

text: be

text: also

text: soaked

text: by

text: capillary

text: forces

text: through

text: voids

text: in

text: the

text: materials

text: and

text: along

text: the

text: reinforcement

text: Epoxies

text: of

text: the

text: materials

text: are

text: n't

text: too

text: susceptible

text: with

text: absorption

text: of

text: only

text: Teflon

text: has

text: very

text: low

text: absorption

text: of

text: Polyimides

text: and

text: cyanate

text: esters

text: on

text: the

text: other

text: side

text: suffer

text: from

text: high

text: water

text: absorption

text: Absorbed

text: water

text: can

text: lead

text: to

text: significant

text: degradation

text: of

text: key

text: parameters

text: it

text: impairs

text: tracking

text: resistance

text: breakdown

text: voltage

text: and

text: dielectric

text: parameters

text: Relative

text: dielectric

text: constant

text: of

text: water

text: is

text: about

text: compared

text: to

text: about

text: for

text: common

text: circuitboard

text: materials

text: Absorbed

text: moisture

text: can

text: also

text: vaporize

text: on

text: heating

text: and

text: cause

text: cracking

text: and

text: delamination

text: the

text: same

text: effect

text: responsible

text: for

text: popcorning

text: damage

text: on

text: wet

text: packaging

text: of

text: electronic

text: parts

text: Careful

text: baking

text: of

text: the

text: substrates

text: may

text: be

text: required

question: What will happen to the materials when a board gets wet or is in a humid area?

answer: Moisture absorption

text: Moisture absorption

question: If materials absorb moisture and then are heated enough to vaporize the water, the board might show delamination or what other type of damage?

answer: cracking

text: cracking

question: What percentage absorption do F-4 epoxies have?

answer: 0.15%

question: What's the approximate relative dielectric constant of most materials in circuit boards?

answer: 4

question: What material has an absorption rate of only 0.01%?

answer: Teflon

text: Teflon


text: The Philadelphia dialect, which is spread throughout the Delaware Valley and South Jersey, is part of Mid-Atlantic American English, and as such it is identical in many ways to the Baltimore dialect. Unlike the Baltimore dialect, however, the Philadelphia accent also shares many similarities with the New York accent. Thanks to over a century of linguistics data collected by researchers at the University of Pennsylvania, the Philadelphia dialect under sociolinguist William Labov has been one of the best-studied forms of American English.[f]

title: Philadelphia

title: Philadelphia

text: The

text: Philadelphia

text: dialect

text: which

text: is

text: spread

text: throughout

text: the

text: Delaware

text: Valley

text: and

text: South

text: Jersey

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: Mid

text: Atlantic

text: American

text: English

text: and

text: as

text: such

text: it

text: is

text: identical

text: in

text: many

text: ways

text: to

text: the

text: Baltimore

text: dialect

text: Unlike

text: the

text: Baltimore

text: dialect

text: however

text: the

text: Philadelphia

text: accent

text: also

text: shares

text: many

text: similarities

text: with

text: the

text: New

text: York

text: accent

text: Thanks

text: to

text: over

text: a

text: century

text: of

text: linguistics

text: data

text: collected

text: by

text: researchers

text: at

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Pennsylvania

text: the

text: Philadelphia

text: dialect

text: under

text: sociolinguist

text: William

text: Labov

text: has

text: been

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: best

text: studied

text: forms

text: of

text: American

text: English.[f

question: Name the accent spoken in the area?

answer: The Philadelphia dialect

text: The Philadelphia dialect

question: Which dialect is it similar to?

answer: Baltimore dialect

text: Baltimore dialect

question: What other city is similar to Philadelphia's accent?

answer: New York

text: New York

question: Who studies the accent at the University of Pennsylvania?

answer: William Labov

text: William Labov


text: The pain signal travels from the periphery to the spinal cord along an A-delta or C fiber. Because the A-delta fiber is thicker than the C fiber, and is thinly sheathed in an electrically insulating material (myelin), it carries its signal faster (5–30 m/s) than the unmyelinated C fiber (0.5–2 m/s). Pain evoked by the (faster) A-delta fibers is described as sharp and is felt first. This is followed by a duller pain, often described as burning, carried by the C fibers. These first order neurons enter the spinal cord via Lissauer's tract.

title: Pain

title: Pain

text: The

text: pain

text: signal

text: travels

text: from

text: the

text: periphery

text: to

text: the

text: spinal

text: cord

text: along

text: an

text: A

text: delta

text: or

text: C

text: fiber

text: Because

text: the

text: A

text: delta

text: fiber

text: is

text: thicker

text: than

text: the

text: C

text: fiber

text: and

text: is

text: thinly

text: sheathed

text: in

text: an

text: electrically

text: insulating

text: material

text: myelin

text: it

text: carries

text: its

text: signal

text: faster

text: m

text: s

text: than

text: the

text: unmyelinated

text: C

text: fiber

text: m

text: s

text: Pain

text: evoked

text: by

text: the

text: faster

text: A

text: delta

text: fibers

text: is

text: described

text: as

text: sharp

text: and

text: is

text: felt

text: first

text: This

text: is

text: followed

text: by

text: a

text: duller

text: pain

text: often

text: described

text: as

text: burning

text: carried

text: by

text: the

text: C

text: fibers

text: These

text: first

text: order

text: neurons

text: enter

text: the

text: spinal

text: cord

text: via

text: Lissauer

text: 's

text: tract

question: How does the pain signal travel from the periphery to the spinal cord?

answer: along an A-delta or C fiber

text: along an A-delta or C fiber

question: Which fiber is thicker?

answer: A-delta

text: A-delta

question: What is the electrically insulting material that sheaths a-delta fiber?

answer: myelin

text: myelin

question: How do first order neurons enter the spinal cord?

answer: via Lissauer's tract

text: via Lissauer's tract

question: What is pain evoked by a-delta fibers described as?

answer: sharp and is felt first

text: sharp and is felt first


text: Qing China reached its largest extent during the 18th century, when it ruled China proper (eighteen provinces) as well as the areas of present-day Northeast China, Inner Mongolia, Outer Mongolia, Xinjiang and Tibet, at approximately 13 million km2 in size. There were originally 18 provinces, all of which in China proper, but later this number was increased to 22, with Manchuria and Xinjiang being divided or turned into provinces. Taiwan, originally part of Fujian province, became a province of its own in the late 19th century, but was ceded to the Empire of Japan in 1895 following the First Sino-Japanese War. In addition, many surrounding countries, such as Korea (Joseon dynasty), Vietnam frequently paid tribute to China during much of this period. Khanate of Kokand were forced to submit as protectorate and pay tribute to the Qing dynasty in China between 1774 and 1798.

title: Qing_dynasty

title: Qing_dynasty

text: Qing

text: China

text: reached

text: its

text: largest

text: extent

text: during

text: the

text: century

text: when

text: it

text: ruled

text: China

text: proper

text: eighteen

text: provinces

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: areas

text: of

text: present

text: day

text: Northeast

text: China

text: Inner

text: Mongolia

text: Outer

text: Mongolia

text: Xinjiang

text: and

text: Tibet

text: at

text: approximately

text: million

text: in

text: size

text: There

text: were

text: originally

text: provinces

text: all

text: of

text: which

text: in

text: China

text: proper

text: but

text: later

text: this

text: number

text: was

text: increased

text: to

text: with

text: Manchuria

text: and

text: Xinjiang

text: being

text: divided

text: or

text: turned

text: into

text: provinces

text: Taiwan

text: originally

text: part

text: of

text: Fujian

text: province

text: became

text: a

text: province

text: of

text: its

text: own

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: but

text: was

text: ceded

text: to

text: the

text: Empire

text: of

text: Japan

text: in

text: following

text: the

text: First

text: Sino

text: Japanese

text: War

text: In

text: addition

text: many

text: surrounding

text: countries

text: such

text: as

text: Korea

text: Joseon

text: dynasty

text: Vietnam

text: frequently

text: paid

text: tribute

text: to

text: China

text: during

text: much

text: of

text: this

text: period

text: Khanate

text: of

text: Kokand

text: were

text: forced

text: to

text: submit

text: as

text: protectorate

text: and

text: pay

text: tribute

text: to

text: the

text: Qing

text: dynasty

text: in

text: China

text: between

text: and

question: What century did Qing China stretch to its largest?

answer: 18th century

text: 18th century

question: How many kilometers was Qing China at its height?

answer: 13 million km2

text: 13 million km2

question: How many provinces were there at the height of Qing China?

answer: 22

question: When did Japan take over Taiwan?

answer: 1895

question: How did the Japanese win Taiwan?

answer: First Sino-Japanese

text: First Sino-Japanese


text: Founded in 1670 as Charles Town in honor of King Charles II of England, Charleston adopted its present name in 1783. It moved to its present location on Oyster Point in 1680 from a location on the west bank of the Ashley River known as Albemarle Point. By 1690, Charles Town was the fifth-largest city in North America, and it remained among the 10 largest cities in the United States through the 1840 census. With a 2010 census population of 120,083  (and a 2014 estimate of 130,113), current trends put Charleston as the fastest-growing municipality in South Carolina. The population of the Charleston metropolitan area, comprising Berkeley, Charleston, and Dorchester Counties, was counted by the 2014 estimate at 727,689 – the third-largest in the state – and the 78th-largest metropolitan statistical area in the United States.

title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

text: Founded

text: in

text: as

text: Charles

text: Town

text: in

text: honor

text: of

text: King

text: Charles

text: II

text: of

text: England

text: Charleston

text: adopted

text: its

text: present

text: name

text: in

text: It

text: moved

text: to

text: its

text: present

text: location

text: on

text: Oyster

text: Point

text: in

text: from

text: a

text: location

text: on

text: the

text: west

text: bank

text: of

text: the

text: Ashley

text: River

text: known

text: as

text: Albemarle

text: Point

text: By

text: Charles

text: Town

text: was

text: the

text: fifth

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: North

text: America

text: and

text: it

text: remained

text: among

text: the

text: largest

text: cities

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: through

text: the

text: census

text: With

text: a

text: census

text: population

text: of

text: and

text: a

text: estimate

text: of

text: current

text: trends

text: put

text: Charleston

text: as

text: the

text: fastest

text: growing

text: municipality

text: in

text: South

text: Carolina

text: The

text: population

text: of

text: the

text: Charleston

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: comprising

text: Berkeley

text: Charleston

text: and

text: Dorchester

text: Counties

text: was

text: counted

text: by

text: the

text: estimate

text: at

text: the

text: third

text: largest

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: metropolitan

text: statistical

text: area

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

question: What year was Charleston founded?

answer: 1670

question: What was Charleston's original name?

answer: Charles Town

text: Charles Town

question: Charles Town was named after which king?

answer: King Charles II of England

text: King Charles II of England

question: Where was the city originally located?

answer: Albemarle Point

text: Albemarle Point

question: What was Charleston's population in 2010?

answer: 120,083

question: What year was Charleston originally founded?

answer: 1670

question: Who was Charles Town named after?

answer: King Charles II of England

text: King Charles II of England

question: What was the originally name of Charleston?

answer: Charles Town

text: Charles Town

question: How many people lived in Charleston in 2010?

answer: 120,083

question: Where was Charleston's first location?

answer: Albemarle Point

text: Albemarle Point


text: Quotient groups and subgroups together form a way of describing every group by its presentation: any group is the quotient of the free group over the generators of the group, quotiented by the subgroup of relations. The dihedral group D4, for example, can be generated by two elements r and f (for example, r = r1, the right rotation and f = fv the vertical (or any other) reflection), which means that every symmetry of the square is a finite composition of these two symmetries or their inverses. Together with the relations

title: Group_(mathematics)

title: Group_(mathematics

text: Quotient

text: groups

text: and

text: subgroups

text: together

text: form

text: a

text: way

text: of

text: describing

text: every

text: group

text: by

text: its

text: presentation

text: any

text: group

text: is

text: the

text: quotient

text: of

text: the

text: free

text: group

text: over

text: the

text: generators

text: of

text: the

text: group

text: quotiented

text: by

text: the

text: subgroup

text: of

text: relations

text: The

text: dihedral

text: group

text: for

text: example

text: can

text: be

text: generated

text: by

text: two

text: elements

text: r

text: and

text: f

text: for

text: example

text: r

text: the

text: right

text: rotation

text: and

text: f

text: fv

text: the

text: vertical

text: or

text: any

text: other

text: reflection

text: which

text: means

text: that

text: every

text: symmetry

text: of

text: the

text: square

text: is

text: a

text: finite

text: composition

text: of

text: these

text: two

text: symmetries

text: or

text: their

text: inverses

text: Together

text: with

text: the

text: relations

question: What groups can be combined to describe every group?

answer: is the quotient of the free group over the generators of the group

text: is the quotient of the free group over the generators of the group

question: What group can be the quotient of the free group over the generators of the group?

answer: any group

text: any group

question: What is a finite composition of two symmetries or their inverses?

answer: every symmetry of the square

text: every symmetry of the square


text: The most extreme forms of Cubism were not those practiced by Picasso and Braque, who resisted total abstraction. Other Cubists, by contrast, especially František Kupka, and those considered Orphists by Apollinaire (Delaunay, Léger, Picabia and Duchamp), accepted abstraction by removing visible subject matter entirely. Kupka’s two entries at the 1912 Salon d'Automne, Amorpha-Fugue à deux couleurs and Amorpha chromatique chaude, were highly abstract (or nonrepresentational) and metaphysical in orientation. Both Duchamp in 1912 and Picabia from 1912 to 1914 developed an expressive and allusive abstraction dedicated to complex emotional and sexual themes. Beginning in 1912 Delaunay painted a series of paintings entitled Simultaneous Windows, followed by a series entitled Formes Circulaires, in which he combined planar structures with bright prismatic hues; based on the optical characteristics of juxtaposed colors his departure from reality in the depiction of imagery was quasi-complete. In 1913–14 Léger produced a series entitled Contrasts of Forms, giving a similar stress to color, line and form. His Cubism, despite its abstract qualities, was associated with themes of mechanization and modern life. Apollinaire supported these early developments of abstract Cubism in Les Peintres cubistes (1913), writing of a new "pure" painting in which the subject was vacated. But in spite of his use of the term Orphism these works were so different that they defy attempts to place them in a single category.

title: Cubism

title: Cubism

text: The

text: most

text: extreme

text: forms

text: of

text: Cubism

text: were

text: not

text: those

text: practiced

text: by

text: Picasso

text: and

text: Braque

text: who

text: resisted

text: total

text: abstraction

text: Other

text: Cubists

text: by

text: contrast

text: especially

text: František

text: Kupka

text: and

text: those

text: considered

text: Orphists

text: by

text: Apollinaire

text: Delaunay

text: Léger

text: Picabia

text: and

text: Duchamp

text: accepted

text: abstraction

text: by

text: removing

text: visible

text: subject

text: matter

text: entirely

text: Kupka

text: ’s

text: two

text: entries

text: at

text: the

text: Salon

text: d'Automne

text: Amorpha

text: Fugue

text: à

text: deux

text: couleurs

text: and

text: Amorpha

text: chromatique

text: chaude

text: were

text: highly

text: abstract

text: or

text: nonrepresentational

text: and

text: metaphysical

text: in

text: orientation

text: Both

text: Duchamp

text: in

text: and

text: Picabia

text: from

text: to

text: developed

text: an

text: expressive

text: and

text: allusive

text: abstraction

text: dedicated

text: to

text: complex

text: emotional

text: and

text: sexual

text: themes

text: Beginning

text: in

text: Delaunay

text: painted

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: paintings

text: entitled

text: Simultaneous

text: Windows

text: followed

text: by

text: a

text: series

text: entitled

text: Formes

text: Circulaires

text: in

text: which

text: he

text: combined

text: planar

text: structures

text: with

text: bright

text: prismatic

text: hues

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: optical

text: characteristics

text: of

text: juxtaposed

text: colors

text: his

text: departure

text: from

text: reality

text: in

text: the

text: depiction

text: of

text: imagery

text: was

text: quasi

text: complete

text: In

text: Léger

text: produced

text: a

text: series

text: entitled

text: Contrasts

text: of

text: Forms

text: giving

text: a

text: similar

text: stress

text: to

text: color

text: line

text: and

text: form

text: His

text: Cubism

text: despite

text: its

text: abstract

text: qualities

text: was

text: associated

text: with

text: themes

text: of

text: mechanization

text: and

text: modern

text: life

text: Apollinaire

text: supported

text: these

text: early

text: developments

text: of

text: abstract

text: Cubism

text: in

text: Les

text: Peintres

text: cubistes

text: writing

text: of

text: a

text: new

text: pure

text: painting

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: subject

text: was

text: vacated

text: But

text: in

text: spite

text: of

text: his

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: term

text: Orphism

text: these

text: works

text: were

text: so

text: different

text: that

text: they

text: defy

text: attempts

text: to

text: place

text: them

text: in

text: a

text: single

text: category

question: What were Kupka's two entries at the Salon d'Automne?

answer: Amorpha-Fugue à deux couleurs and Amorpha chromatique chaude

text: Amorpha-Fugue à deux couleurs and Amorpha chromatique chaude

question: What were the titles of Delaunay's paintings in 1912?

answer: Simultaneous Windows,

text: Simultaneous Windows,

question: During what years did  Leger produce Contrasts of Forms?

answer: 1913–14


text: From childhood, Gaddafi was aware of the involvement of European colonialists in Libya; his nation was occupied by Italy, and during the North African Campaign of World War II it witnessed conflict between Italian and British troops. According to later claims, Gaddafi's paternal grandfather, Abdessalam Bouminyar, was killed by the Italian Army during the Italian invasion of 1911. At World War II's end in 1945, Libya was occupied by British and French forces. Although Britain and France intended on dividing the nation between their empires, the General Assembly of the United Nations (UN) declared that the country be granted political independence. In 1951, the UN created the United Kingdom of Libya, a federal state under the leadership of a pro-western monarch, Idris, who banned political parties and established an absolute monarchy.

title: Muammar_Gaddafi

title: Muammar_Gaddafi

text: From

text: childhood

text: Gaddafi

text: was

text: aware

text: of

text: the

text: involvement

text: of

text: European

text: colonialists

text: in

text: Libya

text: his

text: nation

text: was

text: occupied

text: by

text: Italy

text: and

text: during

text: the

text: North

text: African

text: Campaign

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: it

text: witnessed

text: conflict

text: between

text: Italian

text: and

text: British

text: troops

text: According

text: to

text: later

text: claims

text: Gaddafi

text: 's

text: paternal

text: grandfather

text: Abdessalam

text: Bouminyar

text: was

text: killed

text: by

text: the

text: Italian

text: Army

text: during

text: the

text: Italian

text: invasion

text: of

text: At

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: 's

text: end

text: in

text: Libya

text: was

text: occupied

text: by

text: British

text: and

text: French

text: forces

text: Although

text: Britain

text: and

text: France

text: intended

text: on

text: dividing

text: the

text: nation

text: between

text: their

text: empires

text: the

text: General

text: Assembly

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: UN

text: declared

text: that

text: the

text: country

text: be

text: granted

text: political

text: independence

text: In

text: the

text: UN

text: created

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Libya

text: a

text: federal

text: state

text: under

text: the

text: leadership

text: of

text: a

text: pro

text: western

text: monarch

text: Idris

text: who

text: banned

text: political

text: parties

text: and

text: established

text: an

text: absolute

text: monarchy

question: When did Libya become an independent nation?

answer: In 1951

text: In 1951

question: When Libya first became an independent country, what form of government did it adopt?

answer: an absolute monarchy

text: an absolute monarchy

question: What countries occupied Libya after World War II?

answer: British and French forces

text: British and French forces

question: Who was the first leader of Libya?

answer: a pro-western monarch, Idris

text: a pro-western monarch, Idris

question: What World War I event directly impacted Gaddafi's family?

answer: Gaddafi's paternal grandfather, Abdessalam Bouminyar, was killed by the Italian Army during the Italian invasion of 1911

text: Gaddafi's paternal grandfather, Abdessalam Bouminyar, was killed by the Italian Army during the Italian invasion of 1911

question: How did World War I directly impact Gaddafi's family?

answer: According to later claims, Gaddafi's paternal grandfather, Abdessalam Bouminyar, was killed by the Italian Army during the Italian invasion of 1911

text: According to later claims, Gaddafi's paternal grandfather, Abdessalam Bouminyar, was killed by the Italian Army during the Italian invasion of 1911

question: What happened to Libya right after World War II?

answer: Libya was occupied by British and French forces

text: Libya was occupied by British and French forces

question: When was it announced that Libya would be independent?

answer: In 1951, the UN created the United Kingdom of Libya, a federal state under the leadership

text: In 1951, the UN created the United Kingdom of Libya, a federal state under the leadership

question: What was the first type of government that Libya had?

answer: a pro-western monarch, Idris, who banned political parties and established an absolute monarchy.

text: a pro-western monarch, Idris, who banned political parties and established an absolute monarchy.

question: What country occupied Libya during World War II?

answer: his nation was occupied by Italy

text: his nation was occupied by Italy

question: What nation controlled Libya as a colony when Gaddafi was a child?

answer: Italy

text: Italy

question: Who battled the Italians during the North African campaign?

answer: British

text: British

question: Who was Gaddafi's father's father?

answer: Abdessalam Bouminyar

text: Abdessalam Bouminyar

question: During what year did the Italians invade Libya?

answer: 1911

question: Along with the British, who occupied Libya at the end of the Second World War?

answer: French

text: French


text: RMIT University was also ranked among the top 51–100 universities in the world in the subjects of: accounting, Business and Management, communication and media studies, computer science and information systems. The Swinburne University of Technology, based in the inner city Melbourne suburb of Hawthorn is ranked 76–100 in the world for Physics by the Academic Ranking of World Universities making Swinburne the only Australian university outside the Group of Eight to achieve a top 100 rating in a science discipline. Deakin University maintains two major campuses in Melbourne and Geelong, and is the third largest university in Victoria. In recent years, the number of international students at Melbourne's universities has risen rapidly, a result of an increasing number of places being made available to full fee paying students. Education in Melbourne is overseen by the Victorian Department of Education and Early Childhood Development (DEECD), whose role is to 'provide policy and planning advice for the delivery of education'.

title: Melbourne

title: Melbourne

text: RMIT

text: University

text: was

text: also

text: ranked

text: among

text: the

text: top

text: universities

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: in

text: the

text: subjects

text: of

text: accounting

text: Business

text: and

text: Management

text: communication

text: and

text: media

text: studies

text: computer

text: science

text: and

text: information

text: systems

text: The

text: Swinburne

text: University

text: of

text: Technology

text: based

text: in

text: the

text: inner

text: city

text: Melbourne

text: suburb

text: of

text: Hawthorn

text: is

text: ranked

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: for

text: Physics

text: by

text: the

text: Academic

text: Ranking

text: of

text: World

text: Universities

text: making

text: Swinburne

text: the

text: only

text: Australian

text: university

text: outside

text: the

text: Group

text: of

text: Eight

text: to

text: achieve

text: a

text: top

text: rating

text: in

text: a

text: science

text: discipline

text: Deakin

text: University

text: maintains

text: two

text: major

text: campuses

text: in

text: Melbourne

text: and

text: Geelong

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: largest

text: university

text: in

text: Victoria

text: In

text: recent

text: years

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: international

text: students

text: at

text: Melbourne

text: 's

text: universities

text: has

text: risen

text: rapidly

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: an

text: increasing

text: number

text: of

text: places

text: being

text: made

text: available

text: to

text: full

text: fee

text: paying

text: students

text: Education

text: in

text: Melbourne

text: is

text: overseen

text: by

text: the

text: Victorian

text: Department

text: of

text: Education

text: and

text: Early

text: Childhood

text: Development

text: DEECD

text: whose

text: role

text: is

text: to

text: provide

text: policy

text: and

text: planning

text: advice

text: for

text: the

text: delivery

text: of

text: education

question: Which university maintains two major campuses in Melbourne and Geelong and is the third largest university in Victoria?

answer: Deakin University

text: Deakin University

question: What is the role of the DEECD?

answer: 'provide policy and planning advice for the delivery of education

text: 'provide policy and planning advice for the delivery of education

question: Who oversees education in Melbourne?

answer: Victorian Department of Education and Early Childhood Development (DEECD)

text: Victorian Department of Education and Early Childhood Development (DEECD)


text: Burke was not merely presenting a peace agreement to Parliament; rather, he stepped forward with four reasons against using force, carefully reasoned. He laid out his objections in an orderly manner, focusing on one before moving to the next. His first concern was that the use of force would have to be temporary, and that the uprisings and objections to British governance in America would not be. Second, Burke worried about the uncertainty surrounding whether Britain would win a conflict in America. "An armament", Burke said, "is not a victory". Third, Burke brought up the issue of impairment; it would do the British Government no good to engage in a scorched earth war and have the object they desired (America) become damaged or even useless. The American colonists could always retreat into the mountains, but the land they left behind would most likely be unusable, whether by accident or design. The fourth and final reason to avoid the use of force was experience; the British had never attempted to rein in an unruly colony by force, and they did not know if it could be done, let alone accomplished thousands of miles away from home. Not only were all of these concerns reasonable, but some turned out to be prophetic – the American colonists did not surrender, even when things looked extremely bleak, and the British were ultimately unsuccessful in their attempts to win a war fought on American soil.

title: Edmund_Burke

title: Edmund_Burke

text: Burke

text: was

text: not

text: merely

text: presenting

text: a

text: peace

text: agreement

text: to

text: Parliament

text: rather

text: he

text: stepped

text: forward

text: with

text: four

text: reasons

text: against

text: using

text: force

text: carefully

text: reasoned

text: He

text: laid

text: out

text: his

text: objections

text: in

text: an

text: orderly

text: manner

text: focusing

text: on

text: one

text: before

text: moving

text: to

text: the

text: next

text: His

text: first

text: concern

text: was

text: that

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: force

text: would

text: have

text: to

text: be

text: temporary

text: and

text: that

text: the

text: uprisings

text: and

text: objections

text: to

text: British

text: governance

text: in

text: America

text: would

text: not

text: be

text: Second

text: Burke

text: worried

text: about

text: the

text: uncertainty

text: surrounding

text: whether

text: Britain

text: would

text: win

text: a

text: conflict

text: in

text: America

text: An

text: armament

text: Burke

text: said

text: is

text: not

text: a

text: victory

text: Third

text: Burke

text: brought

text: up

text: the

text: issue

text: of

text: impairment

text: it

text: would

text: do

text: the

text: British

text: Government

text: no

text: good

text: to

text: engage

text: in

text: a

text: scorched

text: earth

text: war

text: and

text: have

text: the

text: object

text: they

text: desired

text: America

text: become

text: damaged

text: or

text: even

text: useless

text: The

text: American

text: colonists

text: could

text: always

text: retreat

text: into

text: the

text: mountains

text: but

text: the

text: land

text: they

text: left

text: behind

text: would

text: most

text: likely

text: be

text: unusable

text: whether

text: by

text: accident

text: or

text: design

text: The

text: fourth

text: and

text: final

text: reason

text: to

text: avoid

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: force

text: was

text: experience

text: the

text: British

text: had

text: never

text: attempted

text: to

text: rein

text: in

text: an

text: unruly

text: colony

text: by

text: force

text: and

text: they

text: did

text: not

text: know

text: if

text: it

text: could

text: be

text: done

text: let

text: alone

text: accomplished

text: thousands

text: of

text: miles

text: away

text: from

text: home

text: Not

text: only

text: were

text: all

text: of

text: these

text: concerns

text: reasonable

text: but

text: some

text: turned

text: out

text: to

text: be

text: prophetic

text: the

text: American

text: colonists

text: did

text: not

text: surrender

text: even

text: when

text: things

text: looked

text: extremely

text: bleak

text: and

text: the

text: British

text: were

text: ultimately

text: unsuccessful

text: in

text: their

text: attempts

text: to

text: win

text: a

text: war

text: fought

text: on

text: American

text: soil

question: Where was Burke worried Britain might not win a war?

answer: America

text: America

question: How many reasons against violence did Burke present?

answer: four

text: four

question: How far away was the potential conflict Burke argued against?

answer: thousands of miles

text: thousands of miles

question: What area could the American colonists retreat to?

answer: the mountains

text: the mountains


text: The Ottoman legal system accepted the religious law over its subjects. At the same time the Qanun (or Kanun), a secular legal system, co-existed with religious law or Sharia. The Ottoman Empire was always organized around a system of local jurisprudence. Legal administration in the Ottoman Empire was part of a larger scheme of balancing central and local authority. Ottoman power revolved crucially around the administration of the rights to land, which gave a space for the local authority to develop the needs of the local millet. The jurisdictional complexity of the Ottoman Empire was aimed to permit the integration of culturally and religiously different groups. The Ottoman system had three court systems: one for Muslims, one for non-Muslims, involving appointed Jews and Christians ruling over their respective religious communities, and the "trade court". The entire system was regulated from above by means of the administrative Qanun, i.e. laws, a system based upon the Turkic Yassa and Töre, which were developed in the pre-Islamic era.[citation needed]

title: Ottoman_Empire

title: Ottoman_Empire

text: The

text: Ottoman

text: legal

text: system

text: accepted

text: the

text: religious

text: law

text: over

text: its

text: subjects

text: At

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: the

text: Qanun

text: or

text: Kanun

text: a

text: secular

text: legal

text: system

text: co

text: existed

text: with

text: religious

text: law

text: or

text: Sharia

text: The

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: was

text: always

text: organized

text: around

text: a

text: system

text: of

text: local

text: jurisprudence

text: Legal

text: administration

text: in

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: was

text: part

text: of

text: a

text: larger

text: scheme

text: of

text: balancing

text: central

text: and

text: local

text: authority

text: Ottoman

text: power

text: revolved

text: crucially

text: around

text: the

text: administration

text: of

text: the

text: rights

text: to

text: land

text: which

text: gave

text: a

text: space

text: for

text: the

text: local

text: authority

text: to

text: develop

text: the

text: needs

text: of

text: the

text: local

text: millet

text: The

text: jurisdictional

text: complexity

text: of

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: was

text: aimed

text: to

text: permit

text: the

text: integration

text: of

text: culturally

text: and

text: religiously

text: different

text: groups

text: The

text: Ottoman

text: system

text: had

text: three

text: court

text: systems

text: one

text: for

text: Muslims

text: one

text: for

text: non

text: Muslims

text: involving

text: appointed

text: Jews

text: and

text: Christians

text: ruling

text: over

text: their

text: respective

text: religious

text: communities

text: and

text: the

text: trade

text: court

text: The

text: entire

text: system

text: was

text: regulated

text: from

text: above

text: by

text: means

text: of

text: the

text: administrative

text: Qanun

text: i.e.

text: laws

text: a

text: system

text: based

text: upon

text: the

text: Turkic

text: Yassa

text: and

text: Töre

text: which

text: were

text: developed

text: in

text: the

text: pre

text: Islamic

text: era.[citation

text: needed

question: What was the name of the secular legal system under the Ottoman Caliphate?

answer: Qanun (or Kanun)

text: Qanun (or Kanun)

question: What was religious law known as?

answer: Sharia

text: Sharia

question: What did the Ottoman Empire attempt to balance in its legal policies?

answer: central and local authority

text: central and local authority

question: How many court systems did the Ottoman empire have?

answer: three court systems

text: three court systems

question: What were the laws of the court system based upon?

answer: Turkic Yassa and Töre

text: Turkic Yassa and Töre


text: In the 1950s, Lewis Binford suggested that early humans were obtaining meat via scavenging, not hunting. Early humans in the Lower Paleolithic lived in forests and woodlands, which allowed them to collect seafood, eggs, nuts, and fruits besides scavenging. Rather than killing large animals for meat, according to this view, they used carcasses of such animals that had either been killed by predators or that had died of natural causes. Archaeological and genetic data suggest that the source populations of Paleolithic hunter-gatherers survived in sparsely wooded areas and dispersed through areas of high primary productivity while avoiding dense forest cover.

title: Hunter-gatherer

title: Hunter

title: gatherer

text: In

text: the

text: Lewis

text: Binford

text: suggested

text: that

text: early

text: humans

text: were

text: obtaining

text: meat

text: via

text: scavenging

text: not

text: hunting

text: Early

text: humans

text: in

text: the

text: Lower

text: Paleolithic

text: lived

text: in

text: forests

text: and

text: woodlands

text: which

text: allowed

text: them

text: to

text: collect

text: seafood

text: eggs

text: nuts

text: and

text: fruits

text: besides

text: scavenging

text: Rather

text: than

text: killing

text: large

text: animals

text: for

text: meat

text: according

text: to

text: this

text: view

text: they

text: used

text: carcasses

text: of

text: such

text: animals

text: that

text: had

text: either

text: been

text: killed

text: by

text: predators

text: or

text: that

text: had

text: died

text: of

text: natural

text: causes

text: Archaeological

text: and

text: genetic

text: data

text: suggest

text: that

text: the

text: source

text: populations

text: of

text: Paleolithic

text: hunter

text: gatherers

text: survived

text: in

text: sparsely

text: wooded

text: areas

text: and

text: dispersed

text: through

text: areas

text: of

text: high

text: primary

text: productivity

text: while

text: avoiding

text: dense

text: forest

text: cover

question: How did early humans locate meat without hunting ?

answer: scavenging

text: scavenging

question: In addition to finding already dead animals, what other cause of death were their animal finds?

answer: natural causes

text: natural causes

question: Where did hunter-gatherer peoples live?

answer: sparsely wooded areas

text: sparsely wooded areas

question: What type of area did early humans avoid?

answer: dense forest

text: dense forest


text: Gain is a parameter which measures the degree of directivity of the antenna's radiation pattern. A high-gain antenna will radiate most of its power in a particular direction, while a low-gain antenna will radiate over a wider angle. The antenna gain, or power gain of an antenna is defined as the ratio of the intensity (power per unit surface area)  radiated by the antenna in the direction of its maximum output, at an arbitrary distance, divided by the intensity  radiated at the same distance by a hypothetical isotropic antenna which radiates equal power in all directions. This dimensionless ratio is usually expressed logarithmically in decibels, these units are called "decibels-isotropic" (dBi)

title: Antenna_(radio)

title: Antenna_(radio

text: Gain

text: is

text: a

text: parameter

text: which

text: measures

text: the

text: degree

text: of

text: directivity

text: of

text: the

text: antenna

text: 's

text: radiation

text: pattern

text: A

text: high

text: gain

text: antenna

text: will

text: radiate

text: most

text: of

text: its

text: power

text: in

text: a

text: particular

text: direction

text: while

text: a

text: low

text: gain

text: antenna

text: will

text: radiate

text: over

text: a

text: wider

text: angle

text: The

text: antenna

text: gain

text: or

text: power

text: gain

text: of

text: an

text: antenna

text: is

text: defined

text: as

text: the

text: ratio

text: of

text: the

text: intensity

text: power

text: per

text: unit

text: surface

text: area

text: radiated

text: by

text: the

text: antenna

text: in

text: the

text: direction

text: of

text: its

text: maximum

text: output

text: at

text: an

text: arbitrary

text: distance

text: divided

text: by

text: the

text: intensity

text: radiated

text: at

text: the

text: same

text: distance

text: by

text: a

text: hypothetical

text: isotropic

text: antenna

text: which

text: radiates

text: equal

text: power

text: in

text: all

text: directions

text: This

text: dimensionless

text: ratio

text: is

text: usually

text: expressed

text: logarithmically

text: in

text: decibels

text: these

text: units

text: are

text: called

text: decibels

text: isotropic

text: dBi

question: What is an acknowledgement of the range of possible direction for and antenna?

answer: gain

text: gain

question: What is another way to refer to an antennas gain?

answer: power gain

text: power gain

question: What is the meaning of intensity?

answer: power per unit surface area

text: power per unit surface area

question: What type of an antenna would offer the same level of power to each possible destination?

answer: isotropic

text: isotropic


text: In the early 1980s, Chicago radio jocks The Hot Mix 5, and club DJs Ron Hardy and Frankie Knuckles played various styles of dance music, including older disco records (mostly Philly disco and Salsoul tracks), electro funk tracks by artists such as Afrika Bambaataa, newer Italo disco, B-Boy hip hop music by Man Parrish, Jellybean Benitez, Arthur Baker, and John Robie, and electronic pop music by Kraftwerk and Yellow Magic Orchestra. Some made and played their own edits of their favorite songs on reel-to-reel tape, and sometimes mixed in effects, drum machines, and other rhythmic electronic instrumentation. In this era,

title: House_music

title: House_music

text: In

text: the

text: early

text: Chicago

text: radio

text: jocks

text: The

text: Hot

text: Mix

text: and

text: club

text: DJs

text: Ron

text: Hardy

text: and

text: Frankie

text: Knuckles

text: played

text: various

text: styles

text: of

text: dance

text: music

text: including

text: older

text: disco

text: records

text: mostly

text: Philly

text: disco

text: and

text: Salsoul

text: tracks

text: electro

text: funk

text: tracks

text: by

text: artists

text: such

text: as

text: Afrika

text: Bambaataa

text: newer

text: Italo

text: disco

text: B

text: Boy

text: hip

text: hop

text: music

text: by

text: Man

text: Parrish

text: Jellybean

text: Benitez

text: Arthur

text: Baker

text: and

text: John

text: Robie

text: and

text: electronic

text: pop

text: music

text: by

text: Kraftwerk

text: and

text: Yellow

text: Magic

text: Orchestra

text: Some

text: made

text: and

text: played

text: their

text: own

text: edits

text: of

text: their

text: favorite

text: songs

text: on

text: reel

text: to

text: reel

text: tape

text: and

text: sometimes

text: mixed

text: in

text: effects

text: drum

text: machines

text: and

text: other

text: rhythmic

text: electronic

text: instrumentation

text: In

text: this

text: era

question: who were the chicago radio jocks that played dance music in the early 1980s?

answer: The Hot Mix 5

text: The Hot Mix 5

question: what style of music did man parrish play?

answer: B-Boy hip hop music

text: B-Boy hip hop music

question: what style of music did afrika bambaataa play?

answer: electro funk

text: electro funk

question: what style of music did kraftwerk play?

answer: electronic pop music

text: electronic pop music

question: how did producers sometimes make edits of house music?

answer: reel-to-reel tape

text: reel-to-reel tape


text: Christians believe that Jesus’ death was instrumental in restoring humankind to relationship with God. Christians believe that through faith in Jesus’ substitutionary death and triumphant resurrection people are reunited with God and receive new joy and power in this life as well as eternal life in heaven after the body’s death. Thus the crucifixion of Jesus along with his resurrection restores access to a vibrant experience of God’s presence, love and grace as well as the confidence of eternal life.

title: Crucifixion_of_Jesus

title: Crucifixion_of_Jesus

text: Christians

text: believe

text: that

text: Jesus’

text: death

text: was

text: instrumental

text: in

text: restoring

text: humankind

text: to

text: relationship

text: with

text: God

text: Christians

text: believe

text: that

text: through

text: faith

text: in

text: Jesus’

text: substitutionary

text: death

text: and

text: triumphant

text: resurrection

text: people

text: are

text: reunited

text: with

text: God

text: and

text: receive

text: new

text: joy

text: and

text: power

text: in

text: this

text: life

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: eternal

text: life

text: in

text: heaven

text: after

text: the

text: body

text: ’s

text: death

text: Thus

text: the

text: crucifixion

text: of

text: Jesus

text: along

text: with

text: his

text: resurrection

text: restores

text: access

text: to

text: a

text: vibrant

text: experience

text: of

text: God

text: ’s

text: presence

text: love

text: and

text: grace

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: confidence

text: of

text: eternal

text: life

question: What do Christians believe regarding Jesus' death?

answer: instrumental in restoring humankind to relationship with God

text: instrumental in restoring humankind to relationship with God

question: How are people united with God?

answer: through faith in Jesus’ substitutionary death

text: through faith in Jesus’ substitutionary death

question: What specific fact do Christians believe about death?

answer: eternal life in heaven after the body’s death

text: eternal life in heaven after the body’s death

question: Jesus's Resurrection fills believer with what?

answer: confidence of eternal life

text: confidence of eternal life

question: What feeling usually fills a believer regarding the resurrection?

answer: joy

text: joy


text: In parliamentary systems fashioned after the Westminster system, the prime minister is the presiding and actual head of government and head of the executive branch. In such systems, the head of state or the head of state's official representative (i.e. the monarch, president, or governor-general) usually holds a largely ceremonial position, although often with reserve powers.

title: Prime_minister

title: Prime_minister

text: In

text: parliamentary

text: systems

text: fashioned

text: after

text: the

text: Westminster

text: system

text: the

text: prime

text: minister

text: is

text: the

text: presiding

text: and

text: actual

text: head

text: of

text: government

text: and

text: head

text: of

text: the

text: executive

text: branch

text: In

text: such

text: systems

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: state

text: or

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: state

text: 's

text: official

text: representative

text: i.e.

text: the

text: monarch

text: president

text: or

text: governor

text: general

text: usually

text: holds

text: a

text: largely

text: ceremonial

text: position

text: although

text: often

text: with

text: reserve

text: powers

question: What is a parliamentary model on which other systems have been based?

answer: Westminster system

text: Westminster system

question: What kind of role is the head of state in Westminster-based parliamentary governments?

answer: ceremonial

text: ceremonial