text: Although the LaserDisc format was supplanted by DVD by the late 1990s, many LD titles are still highly coveted by movie enthusiasts (for example, Disney's Song of the South which is unavailable in the US in any format, but was issued in Japan on LD). This is largely because there are many films that are still only available on LD and many other LD releases contain supplemental material not available on subsequent DVD versions of those films. Until the end of 2001, many titles were released on VHS, LD, and DVD in Japan.

title: LaserDisc

title: LaserDisc

text: Although

text: the

text: LaserDisc

text: format

text: was

text: supplanted

text: by

text: DVD

text: by

text: the

text: late

text: many

text: LD

text: titles

text: are

text: still

text: highly

text: coveted

text: by

text: movie

text: enthusiasts

text: for

text: example

text: Disney

text: 's

text: Song

text: of

text: the

text: South

text: which

text: is

text: unavailable

text: in

text: the

text: US

text: in

text: any

text: format

text: but

text: was

text: issued

text: in

text: Japan

text: on

text: LD

text: This

text: is

text: largely

text: because

text: there

text: are

text: many

text: films

text: that

text: are

text: still

text: only

text: available

text: on

text: LD

text: and

text: many

text: other

text: LD

text: releases

text: contain

text: supplemental

text: material

text: not

text: available

text: on

text: subsequent

text: DVD

text: versions

text: of

text: those

text: films

text: Until

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: many

text: titles

text: were

text: released

text: on

text: VHS

text: LD

text: and

text: DVD

text: in

text: Japan

question: By what year had DVD taken over the LaserDisc market?

answer: late 1990s

text: late 1990s

question: Which collector group highly values LaserDisc for their rareness?

answer: movie enthusiasts

text: movie enthusiasts

question: Until the end of what year were movies released in VHS, LD, and DVD in Japan?

answer: 2001

question: What country was the only to receive a LD release of Disney's Song of the South?

answer: Japan

text: Japan


text: If a defendant is sentenced to death at the trial level, the case then goes into a direct review. The direct review process is a typical legal appeal. An appellate court examines the record of evidence presented in the trial court and the law that the lower court applied and decides whether the decision was legally sound or not. Direct review of a capital sentencing hearing will result in one of three outcomes. If the appellate court finds that no significant legal errors occurred in the capital sentencing hearing, the appellate court will affirm the judgment, or let the sentence stand. If the appellate court finds that significant legal errors did occur, then it will reverse the judgment, or nullify the sentence and order a new capital sentencing hearing. Lastly, if the appellate court finds that no reasonable juror could find the defendant eligible for the death penalty, a rarity, then it will order the defendant acquitted, or not guilty, of the crime for which he/she was given the death penalty, and order him sentenced to the next most severe punishment for which the offense is eligible. About 60 percent survive the process of direct review intact.

title: Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

title: Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

text: If

text: a

text: defendant

text: is

text: sentenced

text: to

text: death

text: at

text: the

text: trial

text: level

text: the

text: case

text: then

text: goes

text: into

text: a

text: direct

text: review

text: The

text: direct

text: review

text: process

text: is

text: a

text: typical

text: legal

text: appeal

text: An

text: appellate

text: court

text: examines

text: the

text: record

text: of

text: evidence

text: presented

text: in

text: the

text: trial

text: court

text: and

text: the

text: law

text: that

text: the

text: lower

text: court

text: applied

text: and

text: decides

text: whether

text: the

text: decision

text: was

text: legally

text: sound

text: or

text: not

text: Direct

text: review

text: of

text: a

text: capital

text: sentencing

text: hearing

text: will

text: result

text: in

text: one

text: of

text: three

text: outcomes

text: If

text: the

text: appellate

text: court

text: finds

text: that

text: no

text: significant

text: legal

text: errors

text: occurred

text: in

text: the

text: capital

text: sentencing

text: hearing

text: the

text: appellate

text: court

text: will

text: affirm

text: the

text: judgment

text: or

text: let

text: the

text: sentence

text: stand

text: If

text: the

text: appellate

text: court

text: finds

text: that

text: significant

text: legal

text: errors

text: did

text: occur

text: then

text: it

text: will

text: reverse

text: the

text: judgment

text: or

text: nullify

text: the

text: sentence

text: and

text: order

text: a

text: new

text: capital

text: sentencing

text: hearing

text: Lastly

text: if

text: the

text: appellate

text: court

text: finds

text: that

text: no

text: reasonable

text: juror

text: could

text: find

text: the

text: defendant

text: eligible

text: for

text: the

text: death

text: penalty

text: a

text: rarity

text: then

text: it

text: will

text: order

text: the

text: defendant

text: acquitted

text: or

text: not

text: guilty

text: of

text: the

text: crime

text: for

text: which

text: he

text: she

text: was

text: given

text: the

text: death

text: penalty

text: and

text: order

text: him

text: sentenced

text: to

text: the

text: next

text: most

text: severe

text: punishment

text: for

text: which

text: the

text: offense

text: is

text: eligible

text: About

text: percent

text: survive

text: the

text: process

text: of

text: direct

text: review

text: intact

question: What process begins after a death sentence is handed down at trial?

answer: direct review

text: direct review

question: In a direct review, what type of court looks at the record?

answer: appellate

text: appellate

question: How many possible outcomes are there of a capital sentencing direct review?

answer: three

text: three

question: In a direct review, what court has its record reviewed by the appellate court?

answer: trial

text: trial

question: What percentage of convictions survive direct review?

answer: 60


text: Because neither Korea had a significant navy, the Korean War featured few naval battles. A skirmish between North Korea and the UN Command occurred on 2 July 1950; the U.S. Navy cruiser USS Juneau, the Royal Navy cruiser HMS Jamaica, and the frigate HMS Black Swan fought four North Korean torpedo boats and two mortar gunboats, and sank them. USS Juneau later sank several ammunition ships that had been present. The last sea battle of the Korean War occurred at Inchon, days before the Battle of Incheon; the ROK ship PC-703 sank a North Korean mine layer in the Battle of Haeju Island, near Inchon. Three other supply ships were sunk by PC-703 two days later in the Yellow Sea. Thereafter, vessels from the UN nations held undisputed control of the sea about Korea. The gun ships were used in shore bombardment, while the aircraft carriers provided air support to the ground forces.

title: Korean_War

title: Korean_War

text: Because

text: neither

text: Korea

text: had

text: a

text: significant

text: navy

text: the

text: Korean

text: War

text: featured

text: few

text: naval

text: battles

text: A

text: skirmish

text: between

text: North

text: Korea

text: and

text: the

text: UN

text: Command

text: occurred

text: on

text: July

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Navy

text: cruiser

text: USS

text: Juneau

text: the

text: Royal

text: Navy

text: cruiser

text: HMS

text: Jamaica

text: and

text: the

text: frigate

text: HMS

text: Black

text: Swan

text: fought

text: four

text: North

text: Korean

text: torpedo

text: boats

text: and

text: two

text: mortar

text: gunboats

text: and

text: sank

text: them

text: USS

text: Juneau

text: later

text: sank

text: several

text: ammunition

text: ships

text: that

text: had

text: been

text: present

text: The

text: last

text: sea

text: battle

text: of

text: the

text: Korean

text: War

text: occurred

text: at

text: Inchon

text: days

text: before

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Incheon

text: the

text: ROK

text: ship

text: sank

text: a

text: North

text: Korean

text: mine

text: layer

text: in

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Haeju

text: Island

text: near

text: Inchon

text: Three

text: other

text: supply

text: ships

text: were

text: sunk

text: by

text: two

text: days

text: later

text: in

text: the

text: Yellow

text: Sea

text: Thereafter

text: vessels

text: from

text: the

text: UN

text: nations

text: held

text: undisputed

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: sea

text: about

text: Korea

text: The

text: gun

text: ships

text: were

text: used

text: in

text: shore

text: bombardment

text: while

text: the

text: aircraft

text: carriers

text: provided

text: air

text: support

text: to

text: the

text: ground

text: forces

question: Why were naval skirmishes not really seen in the Korean War?

answer: neither Korea had a significant navy

text: neither Korea had a significant navy

question: Who pretty much gained and maintained control of the sea?

answer: the UN nations

text: the UN nations

question: Who dominated any battles that may have taken place at sea?

answer: the UN Command

text: the UN Command

question: Where was the last sea battle of the Korean War?

answer: Inchon

text: Inchon


text: Intergender singles bouts were first fought on a national level in the 1990s. This began with Luna Vachon, who faced men in ECW and WWF. Later, Chyna became the first female to hold a belt that was not exclusive to women when she won the Intercontinental Championship. While it is a rare feat in WWE, in TNA, ODB participates in singles intergender matches. Also, ODB's kayfabe husband and tag team partner Eric Young held the Knockouts Tag Team Championship for a record 478 days before it was stripped by Brooke Hogan because Young was a male.

title: Professional_wrestling

title: Professional_wrestling

text: Intergender

text: singles

text: bouts

text: were

text: first

text: fought

text: on

text: a

text: national

text: level

text: in

text: the

text: This

text: began

text: with

text: Luna

text: Vachon

text: who

text: faced

text: men

text: in

text: ECW

text: and

text: WWF

text: Later

text: Chyna

text: became

text: the

text: first

text: female

text: to

text: hold

text: a

text: belt

text: that

text: was

text: not

text: exclusive

text: to

text: women

text: when

text: she

text: won

text: the

text: Intercontinental

text: Championship

text: While

text: it

text: is

text: a

text: rare

text: feat

text: in

text: WWE

text: in

text: TNA

text: ODB

text: participates

text: in

text: singles

text: intergender

text: matches

text: Also

text: ODB

text: 's

text: kayfabe

text: husband

text: and

text: tag

text: team

text: partner

text: Eric

text: Young

text: held

text: the

text: Knockouts

text: Tag

text: Team

text: Championship

text: for

text: a

text: record

text: days

text: before

text: it

text: was

text: stripped

text: by

text: Brooke

text: Hogan

text: because

text: Young

text: was

text: a

text: male

question: When were intergender singles bouts fought on a national scale?

answer: 1990s

question: Who was the first woman to hold a belt that wasn't exclusive to women?

answer: Chyna

text: Chyna

question: What was the record before it was stripped?

answer: 478 days

text: 478 days

question: Who stripped the previous record?

answer: Brooke Hogan

text: Brooke Hogan


text: The Laurentian Highlands, the Interior Plains and the Interior Highlands lie between the two coasts, stretching from the Gulf of Mexico northward, far beyond the national boundary, to the Arctic Ocean. The central plains are divided by a hardly perceptible height of land into a Canadian and a United States portion. It is from the United States side, that the great Mississippi system discharges southward to the Gulf of Mexico. The upper Mississippi and some of the Ohio basin is the semi-arid prairie region, with trees originally only along the watercourses. The uplands towards the Appalachians were included in the great eastern forested area, while the western part of the plains has so dry a climate that its native plant life is scanty, and in the south it is practically barren.

title: Geography_of_the_United_States

title: Geography_of_the_United_States

text: The

text: Laurentian

text: Highlands

text: the

text: Interior

text: Plains

text: and

text: the

text: Interior

text: Highlands

text: lie

text: between

text: the

text: two

text: coasts

text: stretching

text: from

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Mexico

text: northward

text: far

text: beyond

text: the

text: national

text: boundary

text: to

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Ocean

text: The

text: central

text: plains

text: are

text: divided

text: by

text: a

text: hardly

text: perceptible

text: height

text: of

text: land

text: into

text: a

text: Canadian

text: and

text: a

text: United

text: States

text: portion

text: It

text: is

text: from

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: side

text: that

text: the

text: great

text: Mississippi

text: system

text: discharges

text: southward

text: to

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Mexico

text: The

text: upper

text: Mississippi

text: and

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: Ohio

text: basin

text: is

text: the

text: semi

text: arid

text: prairie

text: region

text: with

text: trees

text: originally

text: only

text: along

text: the

text: watercourses

text: The

text: uplands

text: towards

text: the

text: Appalachians

text: were

text: included

text: in

text: the

text: great

text: eastern

text: forested

text: area

text: while

text: the

text: western

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: plains

text: has

text: so

text: dry

text: a

text: climate

text: that

text: its

text: native

text: plant

text: life

text: is

text: scanty

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: it

text: is

text: practically

text: barren

question: What is one of the two major highlands that stretch from the gulf of mexico to the Arctic ocean?

answer: Laurentian Highlands

text: Laurentian Highlands

question: How far north do the Interior Highlands reach?

answer: Arctic Ocean

text: Arctic Ocean

question: Which two nations are the central plains divided in?

answer: Canadian and a United States

text: Canadian and a United States

question: Where does the Mississippi discharge?

answer: Gulf of Mexico

text: Gulf of Mexico


text: After the failed union of Sweden and Norway of 1319–1365, the pan-Scandinavian Kalmar Union was instituted in 1397. The Swedes were reluctant members of the Danish-dominated union from the start. In an attempt to subdue the Swedes, King Christian II of Denmark had large numbers of the Swedish aristocracy killed in the Stockholm Bloodbath of 1520. Yet this measure only led to further hostilities, and Sweden broke away for good in 1523. Norway, on the other hand, became an inferior party of the union and remained united with Denmark until 1814.

title: Late_Middle_Ages

title: Late_Middle_Ages

text: After

text: the

text: failed

text: union

text: of

text: Sweden

text: and

text: Norway

text: of

text: the

text: pan

text: Scandinavian

text: Kalmar

text: Union

text: was

text: instituted

text: in

text: The

text: Swedes

text: were

text: reluctant

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: Danish

text: dominated

text: union

text: from

text: the

text: start

text: In

text: an

text: attempt

text: to

text: subdue

text: the

text: Swedes

text: King

text: Christian

text: II

text: of

text: Denmark

text: had

text: large

text: numbers

text: of

text: the

text: Swedish

text: aristocracy

text: killed

text: in

text: the

text: Stockholm

text: Bloodbath

text: of

text: Yet

text: this

text: measure

text: only

text: led

text: to

text: further

text: hostilities

text: and

text: Sweden

text: broke

text: away

text: for

text: good

text: in

text: Norway

text: on

text: the

text: other

text: hand

text: became

text: an

text: inferior

text: party

text: of

text: the

text: union

text: and

text: remained

text: united

text: with

text: Denmark

text: until

question: When was the Kalmar Union formed?

answer: 1397

question: Which Danish King was responsible for the Stockholm Bloodbath?

answer: King Christian II

text: King Christian II

question: In what year did Sweden break away from the Kalmar Union?

answer: 1523

question: Denmark and Norway remained in the Kalmar Union until what year?

answer: 1814

question: In what year did the Stockholm Bloodbath take place?

answer: 1520


text: Copyright infringement disputes are usually resolved through direct negotiation, a notice and take down process, or litigation in civil court. Egregious or large-scale commercial infringement, especially when it involves counterfeiting, is sometimes prosecuted via the criminal justice system. Shifting public expectations, advances in digital technology, and the increasing reach of the Internet have led to such widespread, anonymous infringement that copyright-dependent industries now focus less on pursuing individuals who seek and share copyright-protected content online, and more on expanding copyright law to recognize and penalize – as "indirect" infringers – the service providers and software distributors which are said to facilitate and encourage individual acts of infringement by others.

title: Copyright_infringement

title: Copyright_infringement

text: Copyright

text: infringement

text: disputes

text: are

text: usually

text: resolved

text: through

text: direct

text: negotiation

text: a

text: notice

text: and

text: take

text: down

text: process

text: or

text: litigation

text: in

text: civil

text: court

text: Egregious

text: or

text: large

text: scale

text: commercial

text: infringement

text: especially

text: when

text: it

text: involves

text: counterfeiting

text: is

text: sometimes

text: prosecuted

text: via

text: the

text: criminal

text: justice

text: system

text: Shifting

text: public

text: expectations

text: advances

text: in

text: digital

text: technology

text: and

text: the

text: increasing

text: reach

text: of

text: the

text: Internet

text: have

text: led

text: to

text: such

text: widespread

text: anonymous

text: infringement

text: that

text: copyright

text: dependent

text: industries

text: now

text: focus

text: less

text: on

text: pursuing

text: individuals

text: who

text: seek

text: and

text: share

text: copyright

text: protected

text: content

text: online

text: and

text: more

text: on

text: expanding

text: copyright

text: law

text: to

text: recognize

text: and

text: penalize

text: as

text: indirect

text: infringers

text: the

text: service

text: providers

text: and

text: software

text: distributors

text: which

text: are

text: said

text: to

text: facilitate

text: and

text: encourage

text: individual

text: acts

text: of

text: infringement

text: by

text: others

question: How are disputes resolved for small scale infringement?

answer: direct negotiation, a notice and take down process, or litigation in civil court

text: direct negotiation, a notice and take down process, or litigation in civil court

question: Why has copyright infringement increased recently?

answer: Shifting public expectations, advances in digital technology, and the increasing reach of the Internet

text: Shifting public expectations, advances in digital technology, and the increasing reach of the Internet

question: What are content creation industries focusing on doing to prevent infringement?

answer: expanding copyright law to recognize and penalize – as "indirect" infringers – the service providers and software distributors

text: expanding copyright law to recognize and penalize – as "indirect" infringers – the service providers and software distributors

question: What can happen to people who commit copyright infringement on a mass-scale?

answer: sometimes prosecuted via the criminal justice system

text: sometimes prosecuted via the criminal justice system

question: What are two examples of groups that allow you to make copies of protected works?

answer: service providers and software distributors

text: service providers and software distributors

question: What are content creation industries focusing on doing to prevent infringement?

answer: expanding copyright law

text: expanding copyright law

question: What can happen to people who commit copyright infringement on a mass-scale?

answer: prosecuted via the criminal justice system

text: prosecuted via the criminal justice system

question: What are two examples of groups that allow you to obtain copies of protected works?

answer: service providers and software distributors

text: service providers and software distributors


text: In recent years the city government, under Mayor Manny Diaz, has taken an ambitious stance in support of bicycling in Miami for both recreation and commuting. Every month, the city hosts "Bike Miami", where major streets in Downtown and Brickell are closed to automobiles, but left open for pedestrians and bicyclists. The event began in November 2008, and has doubled in popularity from 1,500 participants to about 3,000 in the October 2009 Bike Miami. This is the longest-running such event in the US. In October 2009, the city also approved an extensive 20-year plan for bike routes and paths around the city. The city has begun construction of bike routes as of late 2009, and ordinances requiring bike parking in all future construction in the city became mandatory as of October 2009.

title: Miami

title: Miami

text: In

text: recent

text: years

text: the

text: city

text: government

text: under

text: Mayor

text: Manny

text: Diaz

text: has

text: taken

text: an

text: ambitious

text: stance

text: in

text: support

text: of

text: bicycling

text: in

text: Miami

text: for

text: both

text: recreation

text: and

text: commuting

text: Every

text: month

text: the

text: city

text: hosts

text: Bike

text: Miami

text: where

text: major

text: streets

text: in

text: Downtown

text: and

text: Brickell

text: are

text: closed

text: to

text: automobiles

text: but

text: left

text: open

text: for

text: pedestrians

text: and

text: bicyclists

text: The

text: event

text: began

text: in

text: November

text: and

text: has

text: doubled

text: in

text: popularity

text: from

text: participants

text: to

text: about

text: in

text: the

text: October

text: Bike

text: Miami

text: This

text: is

text: the

text: longest

text: running

text: such

text: event

text: in

text: the

text: US

text: In

text: October

text: the

text: city

text: also

text: approved

text: an

text: extensive

text: plan

text: for

text: bike

text: routes

text: and

text: paths

text: around

text: the

text: city

text: The

text: city

text: has

text: begun

text: construction

text: of

text: bike

text: routes

text: as

text: of

text: late

text: and

text: ordinances

text: requiring

text: bike

text: parking

text: in

text: all

text: future

text: construction

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: became

text: mandatory

text: as

text: of

text: October

question: What cannot travel on Downtown Miami streets during "Bike Miami"?

answer: automobiles

text: automobiles

question: How many people participated in Bike Miami in October of 2009?

answer: 3,000

question: Who was a recent mayor of Miami?

answer: Manny Diaz

text: Manny Diaz

question: Along with Downtown, in what neighborhood of Miami does Bike Miami take place?

answer: Brickell

text: Brickell

question: In what month in 2008 did Bike Miami start?

answer: November

text: November


text: In addition, like most Slavic languages, the Shtokavian verb also has one of two aspects: perfective or imperfective. Most verbs come in pairs, with the perfective verb being created out of the imperfective by adding a prefix or making a stem change. The imperfective aspect typically indicates that the action is unfinished, in progress, or repetitive; while the perfective aspect typically denotes that the action was completed, instantaneous, or of limited duration. Some Štokavian tenses (namely, aorist and imperfect) favor a particular aspect (but they are rarer or absent in Čakavian and Kajkavian). Actually, aspects "compensate" for the relative lack of tenses, because aspect of the verb determines whether the act is completed or in progress in the referred time.

title: Serbo-Croatian

title: Serbo

title: Croatian

text: In

text: addition

text: like

text: most

text: Slavic

text: languages

text: the

text: Shtokavian

text: verb

text: also

text: has

text: one

text: of

text: two

text: aspects

text: perfective

text: or

text: imperfective

text: Most

text: verbs

text: come

text: in

text: pairs

text: with

text: the

text: perfective

text: verb

text: being

text: created

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: imperfective

text: by

text: adding

text: a

text: prefix

text: or

text: making

text: a

text: stem

text: change

text: The

text: imperfective

text: aspect

text: typically

text: indicates

text: that

text: the

text: action

text: is

text: unfinished

text: in

text: progress

text: or

text: repetitive

text: while

text: the

text: perfective

text: aspect

text: typically

text: denotes

text: that

text: the

text: action

text: was

text: completed

text: instantaneous

text: or

text: of

text: limited

text: duration

text: Some

text: Štokavian

text: tenses

text: namely

text: aorist

text: and

text: imperfect

text: favor

text: a

text: particular

text: aspect

text: but

text: they

text: are

text: rarer

text: or

text: absent

text: in

text: Čakavian

text: and

text: Kajkavian

text: Actually

text: aspects

text: compensate

text: for

text: the

text: relative

text: lack

text: of

text: tenses

text: because

text: aspect

text: of

text: the

text: verb

text: determines

text: whether

text: the

text: act

text: is

text: completed

text: or

text: in

text: progress

text: in

text: the

text: referred

text: time

question: Which tense indicates that an action hasn't finished?

answer: imperfective

text: imperfective

question: Which two states do Shtokavian verbs have?

answer: perfective or imperfective

text: perfective or imperfective

question: When is the perspective aspect of a verb used?

answer: action was completed, instantaneous, or of limited duration

text: action was completed, instantaneous, or of limited duration


text: The Late Middle Ages represented a period of upheaval in Europe. The epidemic known as the Black Death and an associated famine caused demographic catastrophe in Europe as the population plummeted. Dynastic struggles and wars of conquest kept many of the states of Europe at war for much of the period. In the Balkans, the Ottoman Empire, a Turkish state originating in Anatolia, encroached steadily on former Byzantine lands, culminating in the Fall of Constantinople in 1453.

title: Southern_Europe

title: Southern_Europe

text: The

text: Late

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: represented

text: a

text: period

text: of

text: upheaval

text: in

text: Europe

text: The

text: epidemic

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Black

text: Death

text: and

text: an

text: associated

text: famine

text: caused

text: demographic

text: catastrophe

text: in

text: Europe

text: as

text: the

text: population

text: plummeted

text: Dynastic

text: struggles

text: and

text: wars

text: of

text: conquest

text: kept

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: states

text: of

text: Europe

text: at

text: war

text: for

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: period

text: In

text: the

text: Balkans

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: a

text: Turkish

text: state

text: originating

text: in

text: Anatolia

text: encroached

text: steadily

text: on

text: former

text: Byzantine

text: lands

text: culminating

text: in

text: the

text: Fall

text: of

text: Constantinople

text: in

question: What era was characterized by turmoil in Europe?

answer: The Late Middle Ages

text: The Late Middle Ages

question: What disease plagued Europe during the Late Middle Ages?

answer: the Black Death

text: the Black Death

question: Which new regime appeared in the Balkan region during the Late Middle Ages?

answer: the Ottoman Empire

text: the Ottoman Empire

question: When did the Ottoman Empire conquer Constantinople?

answer: 1453


text: These representations rely on presenting scenes directly to the eye for their own visible sake. They care for the schematic arrangements of bodies in space, but only as parts in a larger whole. While each scene has its own character and completeness it must fit into the general sequence to which it belongs. In these archaic pediments the sculptors use empty intervals, to suggest a passage to and fro a busy battlefield. The artists seem to have been dominated by geometrical pattern and order, and this was improved when classical art brought a greater freedom and economy.

title: Apollo

title: Apollo

text: These

text: representations

text: rely

text: on

text: presenting

text: scenes

text: directly

text: to

text: the

text: eye

text: for

text: their

text: own

text: visible

text: sake

text: They

text: care

text: for

text: the

text: schematic

text: arrangements

text: of

text: bodies

text: in

text: space

text: but

text: only

text: as

text: parts

text: in

text: a

text: larger

text: whole

text: While

text: each

text: scene

text: has

text: its

text: own

text: character

text: and

text: completeness

text: it

text: must

text: fit

text: into

text: the

text: general

text: sequence

text: to

text: which

text: it

text: belongs

text: In

text: these

text: archaic

text: pediments

text: the

text: sculptors

text: use

text: empty

text: intervals

text: to

text: suggest

text: a

text: passage

text: to

text: and

text: fro

text: a

text: busy

text: battlefield

text: The

text: artists

text: seem

text: to

text: have

text: been

text: dominated

text: by

text: geometrical

text: pattern

text: and

text: order

text: and

text: this

text: was

text: improved

text: when

text: classical

text: art

text: brought

text: a

text: greater

text: freedom

text: and

text: economy

question: Who seemed to have been dominated by geometrical pattern and order?

answer: The artists

text: The artists

question: What rely on presenting scenes directly to the eye for their own visibe sake?

answer: These representations

text: These representations

question: While each scene has its own character and completeness, it must fit into what?

answer: the general sequence to which it belongs

text: the general sequence to which it belongs


text: During the early 20th century, northerners were attracted to the city, and Miami prospered during the 1920s with an increase in population and infrastructure. The legacy of Jim Crow was embedded in these developments. Miami's chief of police, H. Leslie Quigg, did not hide the fact that he, like many other white Miami police officers, was a member of the Ku Klux Klan. Unsurprisingly, these officers enforced social codes far beyond the written law. Quigg, for example, "personally and publicly beat a colored bellboy to death for speaking directly to a white woman."

title: Miami

title: Miami

text: During

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: northerners

text: were

text: attracted

text: to

text: the

text: city

text: and

text: Miami

text: prospered

text: during

text: the

text: with

text: an

text: increase

text: in

text: population

text: and

text: infrastructure

text: The

text: legacy

text: of

text: Jim

text: Crow

text: was

text: embedded

text: in

text: these

text: developments

text: Miami

text: 's

text: chief

text: of

text: police

text: H.

text: Leslie

text: Quigg

text: did

text: not

text: hide

text: the

text: fact

text: that

text: he

text: like

text: many

text: other

text: white

text: Miami

text: police

text: officers

text: was

text: a

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Ku

text: Klux

text: Klan

text: Unsurprisingly

text: these

text: officers

text: enforced

text: social

text: codes

text: far

text: beyond

text: the

text: written

text: law

text: Quigg

text: for

text: example

text: personally

text: and

text: publicly

text: beat

text: a

text: colored

text: bellboy

text: to

text: death

text: for

text: speaking

text: directly

text: to

text: a

text: white

text: woman

question: Who was a notable chief of the Miami police?

answer: H. Leslie Quigg

text: H. Leslie Quigg

question: To what controversial organization did a Miami chief of police belong?

answer: Ku Klux Klan

text: Ku Klux Klan

question: For what reason did H. Leslie Quigg kill a black man?

answer: speaking directly to a white woman

text: speaking directly to a white woman

question: What was the occupation of the African-American man killed by Quigg?

answer: bellboy

text: bellboy


text: Lighting design as it applies to the built environment is known as 'architectural lighting design'. Lighting of structures considers aesthetic elements as well as practical considerations of quantity of light required, occupants of the structure, energy efficiency and cost. Artificial lighting takes into account the amount of daylight received in an internal space by using Daylight factor calculation. For simple installations, hand-calculations based on tabular data are used to provide an acceptable lighting design. More critical or optimized designs now routinely use mathematical modeling on a computer using software such as Radiance which can allow an Architect to quickly undertake complex calculations to review the benefit of a particular design.

title: Lighting

title: Lighting

text: Lighting

text: design

text: as

text: it

text: applies

text: to

text: the

text: built

text: environment

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: architectural

text: lighting

text: design

text: Lighting

text: of

text: structures

text: considers

text: aesthetic

text: elements

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: practical

text: considerations

text: of

text: quantity

text: of

text: light

text: required

text: occupants

text: of

text: the

text: structure

text: energy

text: efficiency

text: and

text: cost

text: Artificial

text: lighting

text: takes

text: into

text: account

text: the

text: amount

text: of

text: daylight

text: received

text: in

text: an

text: internal

text: space

text: by

text: using

text: Daylight

text: factor

text: calculation

text: For

text: simple

text: installations

text: hand

text: calculations

text: based

text: on

text: tabular

text: data

text: are

text: used

text: to

text: provide

text: an

text: acceptable

text: lighting

text: design

text: More

text: critical

text: or

text: optimized

text: designs

text: now

text: routinely

text: use

text: mathematical

text: modeling

text: on

text: a

text: computer

text: using

text: software

text: such

text: as

text: Radiance

text: which

text: can

text: allow

text: an

text: Architect

text: to

text: quickly

text: undertake

text: complex

text: calculations

text: to

text: review

text: the

text: benefit

text: of

text: a

text: particular

text: design

question: What is designing as it applies to built environments?

answer: architectural lighting design

text: architectural lighting design

question: Would you consider aesthetic elements alone in architectural lighting design?

answer: kno

text: kno

question: What is the name of the software sometimes used to help calculate lighting needs in a built environment?

answer: Radiance

text: Radiance

question: Hand-calculations are based off of what type of data?

answer: tabular

text: tabular

question: What type of factor calculation can be used to find out how much daylight is received in a internal space.

answer: Daylight factor calculation.

text: Daylight factor calculation.


text: Kathmandu had only one western-style restaurant in 1955. A large number of restaurants in Kathmandu have since opened, catering Nepali cuisine, Tibetan cuisine, Chinese cuisine and Indian cuisine in particular. Many other restaurants have opened to accommodate locals, expatriates, and tourists. The growth of tourism in Kathmandu has led to culinary creativity and the development of hybrid foods to accommodate for tourists such as American chop suey, which is a sweet-and-sour sauce with crispy noodles with a fried egg commonly added on top and other westernized adaptations of traditional cuisine. Continental cuisine can be found in selected places. International chain restaurants are rare, but some outlets of Pizza Hut and KFC have recently opened there. It also has several outlets of the international ice-cream chain Baskin-Robbins

title: Kathmandu

title: Kathmandu

text: Kathmandu

text: had

text: only

text: one

text: western

text: style

text: restaurant

text: in

text: A

text: large

text: number

text: of

text: restaurants

text: in

text: Kathmandu

text: have

text: since

text: opened

text: catering

text: Nepali

text: cuisine

text: Tibetan

text: cuisine

text: Chinese

text: cuisine

text: and

text: Indian

text: cuisine

text: in

text: particular

text: Many

text: other

text: restaurants

text: have

text: opened

text: to

text: accommodate

text: locals

text: expatriates

text: and

text: tourists

text: The

text: growth

text: of

text: tourism

text: in

text: Kathmandu

text: has

text: led

text: to

text: culinary

text: creativity

text: and

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: hybrid

text: foods

text: to

text: accommodate

text: for

text: tourists

text: such

text: as

text: American

text: chop

text: suey

text: which

text: is

text: a

text: sweet

text: and

text: sour

text: sauce

text: with

text: crispy

text: noodles

text: with

text: a

text: fried

text: egg

text: commonly

text: added

text: on

text: top

text: and

text: other

text: westernized

text: adaptations

text: of

text: traditional

text: cuisine

text: Continental

text: cuisine

text: can

text: be

text: found

text: in

text: selected

text: places

text: International

text: chain

text: restaurants

text: are

text: rare

text: but

text: some

text: outlets

text: of

text: Pizza

text: Hut

text: and

text: KFC

text: have

text: recently

text: opened

text: there

text: It

text: also

text: has

text: several

text: outlets

text: of

text: the

text: international

text: ice

text: cream

text: chain

text: Baskin

text: Robbins

question: How many restaurants in the western style were present in Kathmandu circa 1955?

answer: one

text: one

question: What chain restaurants are present in Kathmandu?

answer: Pizza Hut and KFC

text: Pizza Hut and KFC

question: How is the egg in American chop suey prepared?

answer: fried

text: fried

question: Along with locals and tourists, who eats at Kathmandu's restaurants?

answer: expatriates

text: expatriates

question: Along with Nepali, Indian and Chinese cuisines, what cuisine has been a focus of Kathmandu restaurants?

answer: Tibetan

text: Tibetan


text: On 23 October 1501, at Mielnik Polish–Lithuanian union was reformed at the Union of Mielnik (Polish: unia mielnicka, unia piotrkowsko-mielnicka). It was there that the tradition of the coronation Sejm (Polish: "Sejm koronacyjny") was founded. Once again the middle nobility (middle in wealth, not in rank) attempted to reduce the power of the magnates with a law that made them impeachable before the Senate for malfeasance. However the Act of Mielno (Polish: Przywilej mielnicki) of 25 October did more to strengthen the magnate dominated Senate of Poland then the lesser nobility. The nobles were given the right to disobey the King or his representatives—in the Latin, "non praestanda oboedientia"—and to form confederations, an armed rebellion against the king or state officers if the nobles thought that the law or their legitimate privileges were being infringed.

title: Szlachta

title: Szlachta

text: On

text: October

text: at

text: Mielnik

text: Polish

text: Lithuanian

text: union

text: was

text: reformed

text: at

text: the

text: Union

text: of

text: Mielnik

text: Polish

text: unia

text: mielnicka

text: unia

text: piotrkowsko

text: mielnicka

text: It

text: was

text: there

text: that

text: the

text: tradition

text: of

text: the

text: coronation

text: Sejm

text: Polish

text: Sejm

text: koronacyjny

text: was

text: founded

text: Once

text: again

text: the

text: middle

text: nobility

text: middle

text: in

text: wealth

text: not

text: in

text: rank

text: attempted

text: to

text: reduce

text: the

text: power

text: of

text: the

text: magnates

text: with

text: a

text: law

text: that

text: made

text: them

text: impeachable

text: before

text: the

text: Senate

text: for

text: malfeasance

text: However

text: the

text: Act

text: of

text: Mielno

text: Polish

text: Przywilej

text: mielnicki

text: of

text: October

text: did

text: more

text: to

text: strengthen

text: the

text: magnate

text: dominated

text: Senate

text: of

text: Poland

text: then

text: the

text: lesser

text: nobility

text: The

text: nobles

text: were

text: given

text: the

text: right

text: to

text: disobey

text: the

text: King

text: or

text: his

text: representatives

text: in

text: the

text: Latin

text: non

text: praestanda

text: oboedientia

text: and

text: to

text: form

text: confederations

text: an

text: armed

text: rebellion

text: against

text: the

text: king

text: or

text: state

text: officers

text: if

text: the

text: nobles

text: thought

text: that

text: the

text: law

text: or

text: their

text: legitimate

text: privileges

text: were

text: being

text: infringed

question: When did the Mielnik Polish–Lithuanian union reform?

answer: 23 October 1501

text: 23 October 1501

question: Where was the Mielnik Polish–Lithuanian union refromed?

answer: Union of Mielnik

text: Union of Mielnik

question: Where was the  coronation Sejm founded?

answer: Union of Mielnik

text: Union of Mielnik

question: What did the actof of milno do?

answer: more to strengthen the magnate dominated Senate of Poland then the lesser nobility

text: more to strengthen the magnate dominated Senate of Poland then the lesser nobility

question: What right was given to the nobles?

answer: disobey the King or his representatives

text: disobey the King or his representatives


text: Another aspect of anti-aircraft defence was the use of barrage balloons to act as physical obstacle initially to bomber aircraft over cities and later for ground attack aircraft over the Normandy invasion fleets. The balloon, a simple blimp tethered to the ground, worked in two ways. Firstly, it and the steel cable were a danger to any aircraft that tried to fly among them. Secondly, to avoid the balloons, bombers had to fly at a higher altitude, which was more favorable for the guns. Barrage balloons were limited in application, and had minimal success at bringing down aircraft, being largely immobile and passive defences.

title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

title: Anti

title: aircraft_warfare

text: Another

text: aspect

text: of

text: anti

text: aircraft

text: defence

text: was

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: barrage

text: balloons

text: to

text: act

text: as

text: physical

text: obstacle

text: initially

text: to

text: bomber

text: aircraft

text: over

text: cities

text: and

text: later

text: for

text: ground

text: attack

text: aircraft

text: over

text: the

text: Normandy

text: invasion

text: fleets

text: The

text: balloon

text: a

text: simple

text: blimp

text: tethered

text: to

text: the

text: ground

text: worked

text: in

text: two

text: ways

text: Firstly

text: it

text: and

text: the

text: steel

text: cable

text: were

text: a

text: danger

text: to

text: any

text: aircraft

text: that

text: tried

text: to

text: fly

text: among

text: them

text: Secondly

text: to

text: avoid

text: the

text: balloons

text: bombers

text: had

text: to

text: fly

text: at

text: a

text: higher

text: altitude

text: which

text: was

text: more

text: favorable

text: for

text: the

text: guns

text: Barrage

text: balloons

text: were

text: limited

text: in

text: application

text: and

text: had

text: minimal

text: success

text: at

text: bringing

text: down

text: aircraft

text: being

text: largely

text: immobile

text: and

text: passive

text: defences

question: What acted as a physical obstacle to anti-aircraft defence?

answer: barrage balloons

text: barrage balloons

question: What were barrage balloons initially used as an obstacle to?

answer: bomber aircraft over cities

text: bomber aircraft over cities

question: How was a barrage balloon tethered to the ground?

answer: steel cable

text: steel cable

question: What did pilots have to do to avoid the barrage balloons?

answer: fly at a higher altitude

text: fly at a higher altitude

question: What kind of success did barrage balloons have as far as bringing down aircraft?

answer: minimal

text: minimal


text: The use of time is an important issue in understanding human behavior, education, and travel behavior. Time-use research is a developing field of study. The question concerns how time is allocated across a number of activities (such as time spent at home, at work, shopping, etc.). Time use changes with technology, as the television or the Internet created new opportunities to use time in different ways. However, some aspects of time use are relatively stable over long periods of time, such as the amount of time spent traveling to work, which despite major changes in transport, has been observed to be about 20–30 minutes one-way for a large number of cities over a long period.

title: Time

title: Time

text: The

text: use

text: of

text: time

text: is

text: an

text: important

text: issue

text: in

text: understanding

text: human

text: behavior

text: education

text: and

text: travel

text: behavior

text: Time

text: use

text: research

text: is

text: a

text: developing

text: field

text: of

text: study

text: The

text: question

text: concerns

text: how

text: time

text: is

text: allocated

text: across

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: activities

text: such

text: as

text: time

text: spent

text: at

text: home

text: at

text: work

text: shopping

text: etc

text: Time

text: use

text: changes

text: with

text: technology

text: as

text: the

text: television

text: or

text: the

text: Internet

text: created

text: new

text: opportunities

text: to

text: use

text: time

text: in

text: different

text: ways

text: However

text: some

text: aspects

text: of

text: time

text: use

text: are

text: relatively

text: stable

text: over

text: long

text: periods

text: of

text: time

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: amount

text: of

text: time

text: spent

text: traveling

text: to

text: work

text: which

text: despite

text: major

text: changes

text: in

text: transport

text: has

text: been

text: observed

text: to

text: be

text: about

text: minutes

text: one

text: way

text: for

text: a

text: large

text: number

text: of

text: cities

text: over

text: a

text: long

text: period

question: The use of time is important in understanding what?

answer: human behavior, education, and travel behavior

text: human behavior, education, and travel behavior

question: What is a developing field of time related study?

answer: Time-use research

text: Time-use research

question: Time use is always changing with advances in what?

answer: technology

text: technology

question: Travelling to work has been observed to be about how long for a large number of cities over a long period?

answer: 20–30 minutes one-way

text: 20–30 minutes one-way


text: The Premier League sends representatives to UEFA's European Club Association, the number of clubs and the clubs themselves chosen according to UEFA coefficients. For the 2012–13 season the Premier League has 10 representatives in the Association: Arsenal, Aston Villa, Chelsea, Everton, Fulham, Liverpool, Manchester City, Manchester United, Newcastle United and Tottenham Hotspur. The European Club Association is responsible for electing three members to UEFA's Club Competitions Committee, which is involved in the operations of UEFA competitions such as the Champions League and UEFA Europa League.

title: Premier_League

title: Premier_League

text: The

text: Premier

text: League

text: sends

text: representatives

text: to

text: UEFA

text: 's

text: European

text: Club

text: Association

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: clubs

text: and

text: the

text: clubs

text: themselves

text: chosen

text: according

text: to

text: UEFA

text: coefficients

text: For

text: the

text: season

text: the

text: Premier

text: League

text: has

text: representatives

text: in

text: the

text: Association

text: Arsenal

text: Aston

text: Villa

text: Chelsea

text: Everton

text: Fulham

text: Liverpool

text: Manchester

text: City

text: Manchester

text: United

text: Newcastle

text: United

text: and

text: Tottenham

text: Hotspur

text: The

text: European

text: Club

text: Association

text: is

text: responsible

text: for

text: electing

text: three

text: members

text: to

text: UEFA

text: 's

text: Club

text: Competitions

text: Committee

text: which

text: is

text: involved

text: in

text: the

text: operations

text: of

text: UEFA

text: competitions

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Champions

text: League

text: and

text: UEFA

text: Europa

text: League

question: Who decides on how many Premeir League representatives there are for the European Club Association?

answer: the number of clubs and the clubs themselves chosen according to UEFA coefficients.

text: the number of clubs and the clubs themselves chosen according to UEFA coefficients.

question: How many representatives does the Premier League have for the European Club Association for 2012-13?

answer: For the 2012–13 season the Premier League has 10 representatives in the Association

text: For the 2012–13 season the Premier League has 10 representatives in the Association

question: How many members does the European Club Association elect for the UEFA's Club Competitions Committee?

answer: The European Club Association is responsible for electing three members to UEFA's Club Competitions Committee

text: The European Club Association is responsible for electing three members to UEFA's Club Competitions Committee

question: Which competitions does the Club Competitions Committee have a say in?

answer: Club Competitions Committee, which is involved in the operations of UEFA competitions such as the Champions League and UEFA Europa League.

text: Club Competitions Committee, which is involved in the operations of UEFA competitions such as the Champions League and UEFA Europa League.

question: According to what are the number of and which clubs chosen to attend the European Club Association?

answer: UEFA coefficients

text: UEFA coefficients

question: How many representatives did the Premier League have in the European Club Association during the 2012-13 season?

answer: 10

question: How many members is the European Club Association responsible for electing to the UEFA Club Competitions Committee?

answer: three

text: three


text: It also includes the alternative 1440×1152 HDMAC scan format. (According to some reports, a mooted 750-line (720p) format (720 progressively scanned lines) was viewed by some at the ITU as an enhanced television format rather than a true HDTV format, and so was not included, although 1920×1080i and 1280×720p systems for a range of frame and field rates were defined by several US SMPTE standards.)

title: High-definition_television

title: High

title: definition_television

text: It

text: also

text: includes

text: the

text: alternative

text: HDMAC

text: scan

text: format

text: According

text: to

text: some

text: reports

text: a

text: mooted

text: format

text: progressively

text: scanned

text: lines

text: was

text: viewed

text: by

text: some

text: at

text: the

text: ITU

text: as

text: an

text: enhanced

text: television

text: format

text: rather

text: than

text: a

text: true

text: HDTV

text: format

text: and

text: so

text: was

text: not

text: included

text: although

text: and

text: systems

text: for

text: a

text: range

text: of

text: frame

text: and

text: field

text: rates

text: were

text: defined

text: by

text: several

text: US

text: SMPTE

text: standards

question: What scan format is also included in MBAFF?

answer: 1440×1152 HDMAC

text: 1440×1152 HDMAC

question: What was viewed by some as enhanced television format and not true HDTV format?

answer: a mooted 750-line

text: a mooted 750-line

question: A mooted 750-line was seen by some at the ITU as what?

answer: an enhanced television format

text: an enhanced television format

question: What were 1920x1080i and 1280x720p defined by?

answer: US SMPTE standards

text: US SMPTE standards


text: Punjab has the largest economy in Pakistan, contributing most to the national GDP. The province's economy has quadrupled since 1972. Its share of Pakistan's GDP was 54.7% in 2000 and 59% as of 2010. It is especially dominant in the service and agriculture sectors of Pakistan's economy. With its contribution ranging from 52.1% to 64.5% in the Service Sector and 56.1% to 61.5% in the agriculture sector. It is also major manpower contributor because it has largest pool of professionals and highly skilled (technically trained) manpower in Pakistan. It is also dominant in the manufacturing sector, though the dominance is not as huge, with historical contributions raging from a low of 44% to a high of 52.6%. In 2007, Punjab achieved a growth rate of 7.8% and during the period 2002–03 to 2007–08, its economy grew at a rate of between 7% to 8% per year. and during 2008–09 grew at 6% against the total GDP growth of Pakistan at 4%.

title: Punjab,_Pakistan

title: Punjab,_Pakistan

text: Punjab

text: has

text: the

text: largest

text: economy

text: in

text: Pakistan

text: contributing

text: most

text: to

text: the

text: national

text: GDP

text: The

text: province

text: 's

text: economy

text: has

text: quadrupled

text: since

text: Its

text: share

text: of

text: Pakistan

text: 's

text: GDP

text: was

text: in

text: and

text: as

text: of

text: It

text: is

text: especially

text: dominant

text: in

text: the

text: service

text: and

text: agriculture

text: sectors

text: of

text: Pakistan

text: 's

text: economy

text: With

text: its

text: contribution

text: ranging

text: from

text: to

text: in

text: the

text: Service

text: Sector

text: and

text: to

text: in

text: the

text: agriculture

text: sector

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: major

text: manpower

text: contributor

text: because

text: it

text: has

text: largest

text: pool

text: of

text: professionals

text: and

text: highly

text: skilled

text: technically

text: trained

text: manpower

text: in

text: Pakistan

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: dominant

text: in

text: the

text: manufacturing

text: sector

text: though

text: the

text: dominance

text: is

text: not

text: as

text: huge

text: with

text: historical

text: contributions

text: raging

text: from

text: a

text: low

text: of

text: to

text: a

text: high

text: of

text: In

text: Punjab

text: achieved

text: a

text: growth

text: rate

text: of

text: and

text: during

text: the

text: period

text: to

text: its

text: economy

text: grew

text: at

text: a

text: rate

text: of

text: between

text: to

text: per

text: year

text: and

text: during

text: grew

text: at

text: against

text: the

text: total

text: GDP

text: growth

text: of

text: Pakistan

text: at

question: How much has Punjab's economy grown since 1972?

answer: quadrupled

text: quadrupled

question: How much of Pakistan's GDP came from Punjab in 2000?

answer: 54.7%

question: How much of Pakistan's GDP came from Punjab in 2010?

answer: 59%

question: What manpower does Punjab provide?

answer: largest pool of professionals and highly skilled (technically trained) manpower in Pakistan

text: largest pool of professionals and highly skilled (technically trained) manpower in Pakistan

question: How much did Punjab's economy grow in 2008-09?

answer: 6%


text: Many of the writers in the Tanzimat period wrote in several different genres simultaneously: for instance, the poet Namik Kemal also wrote the important 1876 novel İntibâh ("Awakening"), while the journalist İbrahim Şinasi is noted for writing, in 1860, the first modern Turkish play, the one-act comedy "Şair Evlenmesi" ("The Poet's Marriage"). An earlier play, a farce entitled "Vakâyi'-i 'Acibe ve Havâdis-i Garibe-yi Kefşger Ahmed" ("The Strange Events and Bizarre Occurrences of the Cobbler Ahmed"), dates from the beginning of the 19th century, but there remains some doubt about its authenticity. In a similar vein, the novelist Ahmed Midhat Efendi wrote important novels in each of the major movements: Romanticism (Hasan Mellâh yâhud Sırr İçinde Esrâr, 1873; "Hasan the Sailor, or The Mystery Within the Mystery"), Realism (Henüz On Yedi Yaşında, 1881; "Just Seventeen Years Old"), and Naturalism (Müşâhedât, 1891; "Observations"). This diversity was, in part, due to the Tanzimat writers' wish to disseminate as much of the new literature as possible, in the hopes that it would contribute to a revitalization of Ottoman social structures.

title: Ottoman_Empire

title: Ottoman_Empire

text: Many

text: of

text: the

text: writers

text: in

text: the

text: Tanzimat

text: period

text: wrote

text: in

text: several

text: different

text: genres

text: simultaneously

text: for

text: instance

text: the

text: poet

text: Namik

text: Kemal

text: also

text: wrote

text: the

text: important

text: novel

text: İntibâh

text: Awakening

text: while

text: the

text: journalist

text: İbrahim

text: Şinasi

text: is

text: noted

text: for

text: writing

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: modern

text: Turkish

text: play

text: the

text: one

text: act

text: comedy

text: Şair

text: Evlenmesi

text: The

text: Poet

text: 's

text: Marriage

text: An

text: earlier

text: play

text: a

text: farce

text: entitled

text: Vakâyi'-i

text: Acibe

text: ve

text: Havâdis

text: i

text: Garibe

text: yi

text: Kefşger

text: Ahmed

text: The

text: Strange

text: Events

text: and

text: Bizarre

text: Occurrences

text: of

text: the

text: Cobbler

text: Ahmed

text: dates

text: from

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: but

text: there

text: remains

text: some

text: doubt

text: about

text: its

text: authenticity

text: In

text: a

text: similar

text: vein

text: the

text: novelist

text: Ahmed

text: Midhat

text: Efendi

text: wrote

text: important

text: novels

text: in

text: each

text: of

text: the

text: major

text: movements

text: Romanticism

text: Hasan

text: Mellâh

text: yâhud

text: Sırr

text: İçinde

text: Esrâr

text: Hasan

text: the

text: Sailor

text: or

text: The

text: Mystery

text: Within

text: the

text: Mystery

text: Realism

text: Henüz

text: On

text: Yedi

text: Yaşında

text: Just

text: Seventeen

text: Years

text: Old

text: and

text: Naturalism

text: Müşâhedât

text: Observations

text: This

text: diversity

text: was

text: in

text: part

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: Tanzimat

text: writers

text: wish

text: to

text: disseminate

text: as

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: new

text: literature

text: as

text: possible

text: in

text: the

text: hopes

text: that

text: it

text: would

text: contribute

text: to

text: a

text: revitalization

text: of

text: Ottoman

text: social

text: structures

question: What 1876 Novel did Namik Kemal write?

answer: İntibâh ("Awakening")

text: İntibâh ("Awakening")

question: What did İbrahim Şinasi write in 1860?

answer: the one-act comedy "Şair Evlenmesi" ("The Poet's Marriage").

text: the one-act comedy "Şair Evlenmesi" ("The Poet's Marriage").

question: Who wrote Hasan Mellâh yâhud Sırr İçinde Esrâr?

answer: Ahmed Midhat Efendi

text: Ahmed Midhat Efendi

question: What Realist novel did Ahmed Midhat Efendi write in 1881?

answer: Henüz On Yedi Yaşında

text: Henüz On Yedi Yaşında

question: What did writers of the Tanzimat period hope to accomplish with their publications?

answer: contribute to a revitalization of Ottoman social structures

text: contribute to a revitalization of Ottoman social structures


text: Energy sources unsuitable for mobile power plants, such as nuclear power, renewable hydroelectricity, or wind power can be used. According to widely accepted global energy reserve statistics, the reserves of liquid fuel are much less than gas and coal (at 42, 167 and 416 years respectively). Most countries with large rail networks do not have significant oil reserves and those that did, like the United States and Britain, have exhausted much of their reserves and have suffered declining oil output for decades. Therefore, there is also a strong economic incentive to substitute other fuels for oil. Rail electrification is often considered an important route towards consumption pattern reform. However, there are no reliable, peer-reviewed studies available to assist in rational public debate on this critical issue, although there are untranslated Soviet studies from the 1980s.

title: Railway_electrification_system

title: Railway_electrification_system

text: Energy

text: sources

text: unsuitable

text: for

text: mobile

text: power

text: plants

text: such

text: as

text: nuclear

text: power

text: renewable

text: hydroelectricity

text: or

text: wind

text: power

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: According

text: to

text: widely

text: accepted

text: global

text: energy

text: reserve

text: statistics

text: the

text: reserves

text: of

text: liquid

text: fuel

text: are

text: much

text: less

text: than

text: gas

text: and

text: coal

text: at

text: and

text: years

text: respectively

text: Most

text: countries

text: with

text: large

text: rail

text: networks

text: do

text: not

text: have

text: significant

text: oil

text: reserves

text: and

text: those

text: that

text: did

text: like

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: Britain

text: have

text: exhausted

text: much

text: of

text: their

text: reserves

text: and

text: have

text: suffered

text: declining

text: oil

text: output

text: for

text: decades

text: Therefore

text: there

text: is

text: also

text: a

text: strong

text: economic

text: incentive

text: to

text: substitute

text: other

text: fuels

text: for

text: oil

text: Rail

text: electrification

text: is

text: often

text: considered

text: an

text: important

text: route

text: towards

text: consumption

text: pattern

text: reform

text: However

text: there

text: are

text: no

text: reliable

text: peer

text: reviewed

text: studies

text: available

text: to

text: assist

text: in

text: rational

text: public

text: debate

text: on

text: this

text: critical

text: issue

text: although

text: there

text: are

text: untranslated

text: Soviet

text: studies

text: from

text: the

question: Can renewable source of electricity be used in mobile power plants?

answer: unsuitable

text: unsuitable

question: What is the recent incentive in  order to overcome oil scarcity?

answer: to substitute other fuels

text: to substitute other fuels

question: What type of natural resources is more scarce?

answer: liquid fuel

text: liquid fuel

question: What research can be used in the future if translated?

answer: Soviet studies from the 1980s

text: Soviet studies from the 1980s


text: Guam is governed by a popularly elected governor and a unicameral 15-member legislature, whose members are known as senators. Guam elects one non-voting delegate, currently Democrat Madeleine Z. Bordallo, to the United States House of Representatives. U.S. citizens in Guam vote in a straw poll for their choice in the U.S. Presidential general election, but since Guam has no votes in the Electoral College, the poll has no real effect. However, in sending delegates to the Republican and Democratic national conventions, Guam does have influence in the national presidential race. These delegates are elected by local party conventions.

title: Guam

title: Guam

text: Guam

text: is

text: governed

text: by

text: a

text: popularly

text: elected

text: governor

text: and

text: a

text: unicameral

text: legislature

text: whose

text: members

text: are

text: known

text: as

text: senators

text: Guam

text: elects

text: one

text: non

text: voting

text: delegate

text: currently

text: Democrat

text: Madeleine

text: Z.

text: Bordallo

text: to

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: House

text: of

text: Representatives

text: U.S.

text: citizens

text: in

text: Guam

text: vote

text: in

text: a

text: straw

text: poll

text: for

text: their

text: choice

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Presidential

text: general

text: election

text: but

text: since

text: Guam

text: has

text: no

text: votes

text: in

text: the

text: Electoral

text: College

text: the

text: poll

text: has

text: no

text: real

text: effect

text: However

text: in

text: sending

text: delegates

text: to

text: the

text: Republican

text: and

text: Democratic

text: national

text: conventions

text: Guam

text: does

text: have

text: influence

text: in

text: the

text: national

text: presidential

text: race

text: These

text: delegates

text: are

text: elected

text: by

text: local

text: party

text: conventions

question: How many people make up the Guam legislation?

answer: 15

question: Who is the current non-voting delegate for Guam?

answer: Democrat Madeleine Z. Bordallo

text: Democrat Madeleine Z. Bordallo

question: How many electoral votes does Guam currently have?

answer: Guam has no votes

text: Guam has no votes


text: After centuries of Danish, Swedish and German rule the native Estonians started to yearn for independence during the period of national awakening while being governed by the Russian Empire. Established on 24 February 1918, the Republic of Estonia came into existence towards the end of World War I. During World War II, Estonia was then occupied by the Soviet Union in 1940, then Nazi Germany a year later and again in 1944 establishing the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic. In 1988, during the Singing Revolution, the Estonian SSR issued the Estonian Sovereignty Declaration to defy against the illegal Soviet rule. Estonia then restored its independence during the 1991 coup by the Soviets on the night of 20 August 1991.

title: Estonia

title: Estonia

text: After

text: centuries

text: of

text: Danish

text: Swedish

text: and

text: German

text: rule

text: the

text: native

text: Estonians

text: started

text: to

text: yearn

text: for

text: independence

text: during

text: the

text: period

text: of

text: national

text: awakening

text: while

text: being

text: governed

text: by

text: the

text: Russian

text: Empire

text: Established

text: on

text: February

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Estonia

text: came

text: into

text: existence

text: towards

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: I.

text: During

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: Estonia

text: was

text: then

text: occupied

text: by

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: in

text: then

text: Nazi

text: Germany

text: a

text: year

text: later

text: and

text: again

text: in

text: establishing

text: the

text: Estonian

text: Soviet

text: Socialist

text: Republic

text: In

text: during

text: the

text: Singing

text: Revolution

text: the

text: Estonian

text: SSR

text: issued

text: the

text: Estonian

text: Sovereignty

text: Declaration

text: to

text: defy

text: against

text: the

text: illegal

text: Soviet

text: rule

text: Estonia

text: then

text: restored

text: its

text: independence

text: during

text: the

text: coup

text: by

text: the

text: Soviets

text: on

text: the

text: night

text: of

text: August

question: When did Estonia start hoping for freedom?

answer: the period of national awakening

text: the period of national awakening

question: Who was in control during the national awakening?

answer: the Russian Empire

text: the Russian Empire

question: Who was in control of Estonia for most of the country's history?

answer: Danish, Swedish and German rule

text: Danish, Swedish and German rule

question: What year was the Republic of Estonia established?

answer: 1918

question: What war ended as Estonia was born?

answer: World War I

text: World War I


text: The Protestant Reformation inspired a literal interpretation of the Bible, with concepts of creation that conflicted with the findings of an emerging science seeking explanations congruent with the mechanical philosophy of René Descartes and the empiricism of the Baconian method. After the turmoil of the English Civil War, the Royal Society wanted to show that science did not threaten religious and political stability. John Ray developed an influential natural theology of rational order; in his taxonomy, species were static and fixed, their adaptation and complexity designed by God, and varieties showed minor differences caused by local conditions. In God's benevolent design, carnivores caused mercifully swift death, but the suffering caused by parasitism was a puzzling problem. The biological classification introduced by Carl Linnaeus in 1735 also viewed species as fixed according to the divine plan. In 1766, Georges Buffon suggested that some similar species, such as horses and asses, or lions, tigers, and leopards, might be varieties descended from a common ancestor. The Ussher chronology of the 1650s had calculated creation at 4004 BC, but by the 1780s geologists assumed a much older world. Wernerians thought strata were deposits from shrinking seas, but James Hutton proposed a self-maintaining infinite cycle, anticipating uniformitarianism.

title: On_the_Origin_of_Species

title: On_the_Origin_of_Species

text: The

text: Protestant

text: Reformation

text: inspired

text: a

text: literal

text: interpretation

text: of

text: the

text: Bible

text: with

text: concepts

text: of

text: creation

text: that

text: conflicted

text: with

text: the

text: findings

text: of

text: an

text: emerging

text: science

text: seeking

text: explanations

text: congruent

text: with

text: the

text: mechanical

text: philosophy

text: of

text: René

text: Descartes

text: and

text: the

text: empiricism

text: of

text: the

text: Baconian

text: method

text: After

text: the

text: turmoil

text: of

text: the

text: English

text: Civil

text: War

text: the

text: Royal

text: Society

text: wanted

text: to

text: show

text: that

text: science

text: did

text: not

text: threaten

text: religious

text: and

text: political

text: stability

text: John

text: Ray

text: developed

text: an

text: influential

text: natural

text: theology

text: of

text: rational

text: order

text: in

text: his

text: taxonomy

text: species

text: were

text: static

text: and

text: fixed

text: their

text: adaptation

text: and

text: complexity

text: designed

text: by

text: God

text: and

text: varieties

text: showed

text: minor

text: differences

text: caused

text: by

text: local

text: conditions

text: In

text: God

text: 's

text: benevolent

text: design

text: carnivores

text: caused

text: mercifully

text: swift

text: death

text: but

text: the

text: suffering

text: caused

text: by

text: parasitism

text: was

text: a

text: puzzling

text: problem

text: The

text: biological

text: classification

text: introduced

text: by

text: Carl

text: Linnaeus

text: in

text: also

text: viewed

text: species

text: as

text: fixed

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: divine

text: plan

text: In

text: Georges

text: Buffon

text: suggested

text: that

text: some

text: similar

text: species

text: such

text: as

text: horses

text: and

text: asses

text: or

text: lions

text: tigers

text: and

text: leopards

text: might

text: be

text: varieties

text: descended

text: from

text: a

text: common

text: ancestor

text: The

text: Ussher

text: chronology

text: of

text: the

text: had

text: calculated

text: creation

text: at

text: BC

text: but

text: by

text: the

text: geologists

text: assumed

text: a

text: much

text: older

text: world

text: Wernerians

text: thought

text: strata

text: were

text: deposits

text: from

text: shrinking

text: seas

text: but

text: James

text: Hutton

text: proposed

text: a

text: self

text: maintaining

text: infinite

text: cycle

text: anticipating

text: uniformitarianism

question: Which group wanted to assuage fears that science was a threat to religious stability?

answer: the Royal Society

text: the Royal Society

question: Whose theory claimed that species were unchanging and designed by God?

answer: John Ray

text: John Ray

question: Who created a biological classification in 1735?

answer: Carl Linnaeus

text: Carl Linnaeus

question: When did the Ussher chronology state that creation began?

answer: 4004 BC

text: 4004 BC

question: Who proposed that life is a self-maintaining, infinite cycle?

answer: James Hutton

text: James Hutton


text: The last ruler to maintain united state was Mstislav the Great. After his death in 1132 the Kievan Rus' fell into recession and a rapid decline, and Mstislav's successor Yaropolk II of Kiev instead of focussing on the external threat of the Cumans was embroiled in conflicts with the growing power of the Novgorod Republic. In 1169, as the Kievan Rus' state was full of internal conflict, Andrei Bogolyubsky of Vladimir sacked the city of Kiev. The sack of the city fundamentally changed the perception of Kiev and was evidence of the fragmentation of the Kievan Rus'. By the end of the 12th century, the Kievan state became even further fragmented and had been divided into roughly twelve different principalities.

title: Kievan_Rus%27

title: Kievan_Rus%27

text: The

text: last

text: ruler

text: to

text: maintain

text: united

text: state

text: was

text: Mstislav

text: the

text: Great

text: After

text: his

text: death

text: in

text: the

text: Kievan

text: Rus

text: fell

text: into

text: recession

text: and

text: a

text: rapid

text: decline

text: and

text: Mstislav

text: 's

text: successor

text: Yaropolk

text: II

text: of

text: Kiev

text: instead

text: of

text: focussing

text: on

text: the

text: external

text: threat

text: of

text: the

text: Cumans

text: was

text: embroiled

text: in

text: conflicts

text: with

text: the

text: growing

text: power

text: of

text: the

text: Novgorod

text: Republic

text: In

text: as

text: the

text: Kievan

text: Rus

text: state

text: was

text: full

text: of

text: internal

text: conflict

text: Andrei

text: Bogolyubsky

text: of

text: Vladimir

text: sacked

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Kiev

text: The

text: sack

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: fundamentally

text: changed

text: the

text: perception

text: of

text: Kiev

text: and

text: was

text: evidence

text: of

text: the

text: fragmentation

text: of

text: the

text: Kievan

text: Rus

text: By

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: Kievan

text: state

text: became

text: even

text: further

text: fragmented

text: and

text: had

text: been

text: divided

text: into

text: roughly

text: twelve

text: different

text: principalities

question: Who was the last ruller to keep the region united?

answer: Mstislav the Great

text: Mstislav the Great

question: When did Mstislav die?

answer: 1169

question: When did the Kievan state break up into twelve seperate principalities?

answer: 12th century,

text: 12th century,


text: The book was widely translated in Darwin's lifetime, but problems arose with translating concepts and metaphors, and some translations were biased by the translator's own agenda. Darwin distributed presentation copies in France and Germany, hoping that suitable applicants would come forward, as translators were expected to make their own arrangements with a local publisher. He welcomed the distinguished elderly naturalist and geologist Heinrich Georg Bronn, but the German translation published in 1860 imposed Bronn's own ideas, adding controversial themes that Darwin had deliberately omitted. Bronn translated "favoured races" as "perfected races", and added essays on issues including the origin of life, as well as a final chapter on religious implications partly inspired by Bronn's adherence to Naturphilosophie. In 1862, Bronn produced a second edition based on the third English edition and Darwin's suggested additions, but then died of a heart attack. Darwin corresponded closely with Julius Victor Carus, who published an improved translation in 1867. Darwin's attempts to find a translator in France fell through, and the translation by Clémence Royer published in 1862 added an introduction praising Darwin's ideas as an alternative to religious revelation and promoting ideas anticipating social Darwinism and eugenics, as well as numerous explanatory notes giving her own answers to doubts that Darwin expressed. Darwin corresponded with Royer about a second edition published in 1866 and a third in 1870, but he had difficulty getting her to remove her notes and was troubled by these editions. He remained unsatisfied until a translation by Edmond Barbier was published in 1876. A Dutch translation by Tiberius Cornelis Winkler was published in 1860. By 1864, additional translations had appeared in Italian and Russian. In Darwin's lifetime, Origin was published in Swedish in 1871, Danish in 1872, Polish in 1873, Hungarian in 1873–1874, Spanish in 1877 and Serbian in 1878. By 1977, it had appeared in an additional 18 languages.

title: On_the_Origin_of_Species

title: On_the_Origin_of_Species

text: The

text: book

text: was

text: widely

text: translated

text: in

text: Darwin

text: 's

text: lifetime

text: but

text: problems

text: arose

text: with

text: translating

text: concepts

text: and

text: metaphors

text: and

text: some

text: translations

text: were

text: biased

text: by

text: the

text: translator

text: 's

text: own

text: agenda

text: Darwin

text: distributed

text: presentation

text: copies

text: in

text: France

text: and

text: Germany

text: hoping

text: that

text: suitable

text: applicants

text: would

text: come

text: forward

text: as

text: translators

text: were

text: expected

text: to

text: make

text: their

text: own

text: arrangements

text: with

text: a

text: local

text: publisher

text: He

text: welcomed

text: the

text: distinguished

text: elderly

text: naturalist

text: and

text: geologist

text: Heinrich

text: Georg

text: Bronn

text: but

text: the

text: German

text: translation

text: published

text: in

text: imposed

text: Bronn

text: 's

text: own

text: ideas

text: adding

text: controversial

text: themes

text: that

text: Darwin

text: had

text: deliberately

text: omitted

text: Bronn

text: translated

text: favoured

text: races

text: as

text: perfected

text: races

text: and

text: added

text: essays

text: on

text: issues

text: including

text: the

text: origin

text: of

text: life

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: a

text: final

text: chapter

text: on

text: religious

text: implications

text: partly

text: inspired

text: by

text: Bronn

text: 's

text: adherence

text: to

text: Naturphilosophie

text: In

text: Bronn

text: produced

text: a

text: second

text: edition

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: third

text: English

text: edition

text: and

text: Darwin

text: 's

text: suggested

text: additions

text: but

text: then

text: died

text: of

text: a

text: heart

text: attack

text: Darwin

text: corresponded

text: closely

text: with

text: Julius

text: Victor

text: Carus

text: who

text: published

text: an

text: improved

text: translation

text: in

text: Darwin

text: 's

text: attempts

text: to

text: find

text: a

text: translator

text: in

text: France

text: fell

text: through

text: and

text: the

text: translation

text: by

text: Clémence

text: Royer

text: published

text: in

text: added

text: an

text: introduction

text: praising

text: Darwin

text: 's

text: ideas

text: as

text: an

text: alternative

text: to

text: religious

text: revelation

text: and

text: promoting

text: ideas

text: anticipating

text: social

text: Darwinism

text: and

text: eugenics

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: numerous

text: explanatory

text: notes

text: giving

text: her

text: own

text: answers

text: to

text: doubts

text: that

text: Darwin

text: expressed

text: Darwin

text: corresponded

text: with

text: Royer

text: about

text: a

text: second

text: edition

text: published

text: in

text: and

text: a

text: third

text: in

text: but

text: he

text: had

text: difficulty

text: getting

text: her

text: to

text: remove

text: her

text: notes

text: and

text: was

text: troubled

text: by

text: these

text: editions

text: He

text: remained

text: unsatisfied

text: until

text: a

text: translation

text: by

text: Edmond

text: Barbier

text: was

text: published

text: in

text: A

text: Dutch

text: translation

text: by

text: Tiberius

text: Cornelis

text: Winkler

text: was

text: published

text: in

text: By

text: additional

text: translations

text: had

text: appeared

text: in

text: Italian

text: and

text: Russian

text: In

text: Darwin

text: 's

text: lifetime

text: Origin

text: was

text: published

text: in

text: Swedish

text: in

text: Danish

text: in

text: Polish

text: in

text: Hungarian

text: in

text: Spanish

text: in

text: and

text: Serbian

text: in

text: By

text: it

text: had

text: appeared

text: in

text: an

text: additional

text: languages

question: Who was the German translator that Darwin welcomed for On the Origin of Species?

answer: Heinrich Georg Bronn,

text: Heinrich Georg Bronn,

question: What did Bronn do in his translation that went completely against what Darwin wanted in On the Origin of Species?

answer: the German translation published in 1860 imposed Bronn's own ideas, adding controversial themes that Darwin had deliberately omitted.

text: the German translation published in 1860 imposed Bronn's own ideas, adding controversial themes that Darwin had deliberately omitted.

question: What did Bronn change "Favoured Races" to in his translated edition of On the Origin of Species?

answer: "perfected races"

text: "perfected races"

question: Who published an improved translation of On the Origin of Species in 1867?

answer: Julius Victor Carus

text: Julius Victor Carus

question: Why was Darwin unhappy with the first French translation of On the Origins of Species?

answer: numerous explanatory notes giving her own answers to doubts that Darwin expressed

text: numerous explanatory notes giving her own answers to doubts that Darwin expressed


text: and proliferation of hyphenated entities such as "thing-in-itself" (Immanuel Kant), "things-as-interacted-by-us" (Arthur Fine), "table-of-commonsense" and "table-of-physics" (Sir Arthur Eddington) which are "warning signs" for conceptual idealism according to Musgrave because they allegedly do not exist but only highlight the numerous ways in which people come to know the world. This argument does not take into account the issues pertaining to hermeneutics, especially at the backdrop of analytic philosophy. Musgrave criticized Richard Rorty and Postmodernist philosophy in general for confusion of use and mention.

title: Idealism

title: Idealism

text: and

text: proliferation

text: of

text: hyphenated

text: entities

text: such

text: as

text: thing

text: in

text: itself

text: Immanuel

text: Kant

text: things

text: as

text: interacted

text: by

text: us

text: Arthur

text: Fine

text: table

text: of

text: commonsense

text: and

text: table

text: of

text: physics

text: Sir

text: Arthur

text: Eddington

text: which

text: are

text: warning

text: signs

text: for

text: conceptual

text: idealism

text: according

text: to

text: Musgrave

text: because

text: they

text: allegedly

text: do

text: not

text: exist

text: but

text: only

text: highlight

text: the

text: numerous

text: ways

text: in

text: which

text: people

text: come

text: to

text: know

text: the

text: world

text: This

text: argument

text: does

text: not

text: take

text: into

text: account

text: the

text: issues

text: pertaining

text: to

text: hermeneutics

text: especially

text: at

text: the

text: backdrop

text: of

text: analytic

text: philosophy

text: Musgrave

text: criticized

text: Richard

text: Rorty

text: and

text: Postmodernist

text: philosophy

text: in

text: general

text: for

text: confusion

text: of

text: use

text: and

text: mention

question: Who coined the term "thing-in-itself"?

answer: Immanuel Kant

text: Immanuel Kant

question: Who invented the idea of a "table-of-commonsense"?

answer: Sir Arthur Eddington

text: Sir Arthur Eddington

question: Who came up with the idea of "things-as-interacted-by-us"?

answer: Arthur Fine

text: Arthur Fine

question: Who spoke of the "warning signs" of idealism?

answer: Musgrave

text: Musgrave

question: What sort of philosopher was Richard Rorty?

answer: Postmodernist

text: Postmodernist


text: A number of technologies allow asphalt/bitumen to be mixed at much lower temperatures. These involve mixing with petroleum solvents to form "cutbacks" with reduced melting point, or mixtures with water to turn the asphalt/bitumen into an emulsion. Asphalt emulsions contain up to 70% asphalt/bitumen and typically less than 1.5% chemical additives. There are two main types of emulsions with different affinity for aggregates, cationic and anionic. Asphalt emulsions are used in a wide variety of applications. Chipseal involves spraying the road surface with asphalt emulsion followed by a layer of crushed rock, gravel or crushed slag. Slurry seal involves the creation of a mixture of asphalt emulsion and fine crushed aggregate that is spread on the surface of a road. Cold-mixed asphalt can also be made from asphalt emulsion to create pavements similar to hot-mixed asphalt, several inches in depth and asphalt emulsions are also blended into recycled hot-mix asphalt to create low-cost pavements.

title: Asphalt

title: Asphalt

text: A

text: number

text: of

text: technologies

text: allow

text: asphalt

text: bitumen

text: to

text: be

text: mixed

text: at

text: much

text: lower

text: temperatures

text: These

text: involve

text: mixing

text: with

text: petroleum

text: solvents

text: to

text: form

text: cutbacks

text: with

text: reduced

text: melting

text: point

text: or

text: mixtures

text: with

text: water

text: to

text: turn

text: the

text: asphalt

text: bitumen

text: into

text: an

text: emulsion

text: Asphalt

text: emulsions

text: contain

text: up

text: to

text: asphalt

text: bitumen

text: and

text: typically

text: less

text: than

text: chemical

text: additives

text: There

text: are

text: two

text: main

text: types

text: of

text: emulsions

text: with

text: different

text: affinity

text: for

text: aggregates

text: cationic

text: and

text: anionic

text: Asphalt

text: emulsions

text: are

text: used

text: in

text: a

text: wide

text: variety

text: of

text: applications

text: Chipseal

text: involves

text: spraying

text: the

text: road

text: surface

text: with

text: asphalt

text: emulsion

text: followed

text: by

text: a

text: layer

text: of

text: crushed

text: rock

text: gravel

text: or

text: crushed

text: slag

text: Slurry

text: seal

text: involves

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: a

text: mixture

text: of

text: asphalt

text: emulsion

text: and

text: fine

text: crushed

text: aggregate

text: that

text: is

text: spread

text: on

text: the

text: surface

text: of

text: a

text: road

text: Cold

text: mixed

text: asphalt

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: made

text: from

text: asphalt

text: emulsion

text: to

text: create

text: pavements

text: similar

text: to

text: hot

text: mixed

text: asphalt

text: several

text: inches

text: in

text: depth

text: and

text: asphalt

text: emulsions

text: are

text: also

text: blended

text: into

text: recycled

text: hot

text: mix

text: asphalt

text: to

text: create

text: low

text: cost

text: pavements

question: What does mixing bitumen with water create?

answer: emulsion

text: emulsion

question: What percentage of bitumen is found in bitumen/water emulsions?

answer: 70%

question: What are the two types of bitumen emulsions?

answer: cationic and anionic

text: cationic and anionic

question: What are some bitumen emulsions blended with to make a low-cost product?

answer: recycled

text: recycled

question: What kind of asphalt pavements an cold-mix asphalt resemble?

answer: hot-mixed

text: hot-mixed


text: The vicereine Germaine of Foix brutally repressed the uprising and its leaders, and this accelerated the authoritarian centralisation of the government of Charles I. Queen Germaine favoured harsh treatment of the agermanats. She is thought to have signed the death warrants of 100 former rebels personally, and sources indicate that as many as 800 executions may have occurred. The agermanats are comparable to the comuneros of neighbouring Castile, who fought a similar revolt against Charles from 1520–1522.

title: Valencia

title: Valencia

text: The

text: vicereine

text: Germaine

text: of

text: Foix

text: brutally

text: repressed

text: the

text: uprising

text: and

text: its

text: leaders

text: and

text: this

text: accelerated

text: the

text: authoritarian

text: centralisation

text: of

text: the

text: government

text: of

text: Charles

text: I.

text: Queen

text: Germaine

text: favoured

text: harsh

text: treatment

text: of

text: the

text: agermanats

text: She

text: is

text: thought

text: to

text: have

text: signed

text: the

text: death

text: warrants

text: of

text: former

text: rebels

text: personally

text: and

text: sources

text: indicate

text: that

text: as

text: many

text: as

text: executions

text: may

text: have

text: occurred

text: The

text: agermanats

text: are

text: comparable

text: to

text: the

text: comuneros

text: of

text: neighbouring

text: Castile

text: who

text: fought

text: a

text: similar

text: revolt

text: against

text: Charles

text: from

question: Who suppressed agermanats' uprising?

answer: Germaine of Foix

text: Germaine of Foix

question: When did a similar revolt occur in Castile?

answer: 1520–1522

question: What group in Castile was similar to the agermanats?

answer: comuneros

text: comuneros

question: Up to how many executions took place after the agermanats' revolt?

answer: 800

question: Whom did the comuneros rebel against?

answer: Charles

text: Charles


text: Everton have had many other nicknames over the years. When the black kit was worn Everton were nicknamed "The Black Watch", after the famous army regiment. Since going blue in 1901, Everton have been given the simple nickname "The Blues". Everton's attractive style of play led to Steve Bloomer calling the team "scientific" in 1928, which is thought to have inspired the nickname "The School of Science". The battling 1995 FA Cup winning side were known as "The Dogs of War". When David Moyes arrived as manager he proclaimed Everton as "The People's Club", which has been adopted as a semi-official club nickname.

title: Everton_F.C.

title: Everton_F.C.

text: Everton

text: have

text: had

text: many

text: other

text: nicknames

text: over

text: the

text: years

text: When

text: the

text: black

text: kit

text: was

text: worn

text: Everton

text: were

text: nicknamed

text: The

text: Black

text: Watch

text: after

text: the

text: famous

text: army

text: regiment

text: Since

text: going

text: blue

text: in

text: Everton

text: have

text: been

text: given

text: the

text: simple

text: nickname

text: The

text: Blues

text: Everton

text: 's

text: attractive

text: style

text: of

text: play

text: led

text: to

text: Steve

text: Bloomer

text: calling

text: the

text: team

text: scientific

text: in

text: which

text: is

text: thought

text: to

text: have

text: inspired

text: the

text: nickname

text: The

text: School

text: of

text: Science

text: The

text: battling

text: FA

text: Cup

text: winning

text: side

text: were

text: known

text: as

text: The

text: Dogs

text: of

text: War

text: When

text: David

text: Moyes

text: arrived

text: as

text: manager

text: he

text: proclaimed

text: Everton

text: as

text: The

text: People

text: 's

text: Club

text: which

text: has

text: been

text: adopted

text: as

text: a

text: semi

text: official

text: club

text: nickname

question: What year did the Everton Football Club "go blue"?

answer: 1901

question: How did Steve Bloomer describe Everton's style of play in 1928?

answer: scientific

text: scientific

question: What is Everton Football Club's semi-official club nickname?

answer: The People's Club

text: The People's Club

question: What was Everton's nickname when they wore black before 1901?

answer: The Black Watch

text: The Black Watch

question: What was Everton Football Club called after winning the 1995 FA Cup?

answer: The Dogs of War

text: The Dogs of War


text: Size, however, is not the only difference: there are also substantial differences in shape. The hindbrain and midbrain of mammals are generally similar to those of other vertebrates, but dramatic differences appear in the forebrain, which is greatly enlarged and also altered in structure. The cerebral cortex is the part of the brain that most strongly distinguishes mammals. In non-mammalian vertebrates, the surface of the cerebrum is lined with a comparatively simple three-layered structure called the pallium. In mammals, the pallium evolves into a complex six-layered structure called neocortex or isocortex. Several areas at the edge of the neocortex, including the hippocampus and amygdala, are also much more extensively developed in mammals than in other vertebrates.

title: Brain

title: Brain

text: Size

text: however

text: is

text: not

text: the

text: only

text: difference

text: there

text: are

text: also

text: substantial

text: differences

text: in

text: shape

text: The

text: hindbrain

text: and

text: midbrain

text: of

text: mammals

text: are

text: generally

text: similar

text: to

text: those

text: of

text: other

text: vertebrates

text: but

text: dramatic

text: differences

text: appear

text: in

text: the

text: forebrain

text: which

text: is

text: greatly

text: enlarged

text: and

text: also

text: altered

text: in

text: structure

text: The

text: cerebral

text: cortex

text: is

text: the

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: brain

text: that

text: most

text: strongly

text: distinguishes

text: mammals

text: In

text: non

text: mammalian

text: vertebrates

text: the

text: surface

text: of

text: the

text: cerebrum

text: is

text: lined

text: with

text: a

text: comparatively

text: simple

text: three

text: layered

text: structure

text: called

text: the

text: pallium

text: In

text: mammals

text: the

text: pallium

text: evolves

text: into

text: a

text: complex

text: six

text: layered

text: structure

text: called

text: neocortex

text: or

text: isocortex

text: Several

text: areas

text: at

text: the

text: edge

text: of

text: the

text: neocortex

text: including

text: the

text: hippocampus

text: and

text: amygdala

text: are

text: also

text: much

text: more

text: extensively

text: developed

text: in

text: mammals

text: than

text: in

text: other

text: vertebrates

question: What part of the brain most strongly differentiates mammals from other vertebrates?

answer: The cerebral cortex

text: The cerebral cortex

question: The three-layered structure covering the cerebrum in non-mammals is known as what?

answer: pallium

text: pallium

question: Mammals have a pallium that involved into what?

answer: neocortex or isocortex

text: neocortex or isocortex

question: The hippocampus and amygdala are ares inside what structure?

answer: neocortex

text: neocortex