text: Public transport is essential in New York City. 54.6% of New Yorkers commuted to work in 2005 using mass transit. This is in contrast to the rest of the United States, where about 90% of commuters drive automobiles to their workplace. According to the US Census Bureau, New York City residents spend an average of 38.4 minutes a day getting to work, the longest commute time in the nation among large cities. New York is the only US city in which a majority (52%) of households do not have a car; only 22% of Manhattanites own a car. Due to their high usage of mass transit, New Yorkers spend less of their household income on transportation than the national average, saving $19 billion annually on transportation compared to other urban Americans.

title: New_York_City

title: New_York_City

text: Public

text: transport

text: is

text: essential

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: of

text: New

text: Yorkers

text: commuted

text: to

text: work

text: in

text: using

text: mass

text: transit

text: This

text: is

text: in

text: contrast

text: to

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: where

text: about

text: of

text: commuters

text: drive

text: automobiles

text: to

text: their

text: workplace

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: US

text: Census

text: Bureau

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: residents

text: spend

text: an

text: average

text: of

text: minutes

text: a

text: day

text: getting

text: to

text: work

text: the

text: longest

text: commute

text: time

text: in

text: the

text: nation

text: among

text: large

text: cities

text: New

text: York

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: US

text: city

text: in

text: which

text: a

text: majority

text: of

text: households

text: do

text: not

text: have

text: a

text: car

text: only

text: of

text: Manhattanites

text: own

text: a

text: car

text: Due

text: to

text: their

text: high

text: usage

text: of

text: mass

text: transit

text: New

text: Yorkers

text: spend

text: less

text: of

text: their

text: household

text: income

text: on

text: transportation

text: than

text: the

text: national

text: average

text: saving

text: billion

text: annually

text: on

text: transportation

text: compared

text: to

text: other

text: urban

text: Americans

question: How many minutes does it take the average New Yorker to get to work?

answer: 38.4

question: What percentage of New Yorkers use public transportation to get to work?

answer: 54.6

question: What percentage of people living in Manhattan own a car?

answer: 22

question: In 2005, what percentage of New York residents used mass transit to get to work?

answer: 54.6%

question: What percentage of Americans drive cars to work?

answer: 90%

question: In minutes, how long does it take for the average New Yorker to get to work?

answer: 38.4

question: What percentage of New York households don't own an automobile?

answer: 52%

question: What percentage of Manhattan residents own an automobile?

answer: 22%


text: The Umayyad Caliphate (Arabic: الخلافة الأموية, trans. Al-Khilāfat al-ʾumawiyya) was the second of the four major Islamic caliphates established after the death of Muhammad. This caliphate was centered on the Umayyad dynasty (Arabic: الأمويون, al-ʾUmawiyyūn, or بنو أمية, Banū ʾUmayya, "Sons of Umayya"), hailing from Mecca. The Umayyad family had first come to power under the third caliph, Uthman ibn Affan (r. 644–656), but the Umayyad regime was founded by Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan, long-time governor of Syria, after the end of the First Muslim Civil War in 661 CE/41 AH. Syria remained the Umayyads' main power base thereafter, and Damascus was their capital. The Umayyads continued the Muslim conquests, incorporating the Caucasus, Transoxiana, Sindh, the Maghreb and the Iberian Peninsula (Al-Andalus) into the Muslim world. At its greatest extent, the Umayyad Caliphate covered 15 million km2 (5.79 million square miles), making it the largest empire (in terms of area - not in terms of population) the world had yet seen, and the fifth largest ever to exist.

title: Umayyad_Caliphate

title: Umayyad_Caliphate

text: The

text: Umayyad

text: Caliphate

text: Arabic

text: الخلافة

text: الأموية

text: trans

text: Al

text: Khilāfat

text: al-ʾumawiyya

text: was

text: the

text: second

text: of

text: the

text: four

text: major

text: Islamic

text: caliphates

text: established

text: after

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: Muhammad

text: This

text: caliphate

text: was

text: centered

text: on

text: the

text: Umayyad

text: dynasty

text: Arabic

text: الأمويون

text: al-ʾUmawiyyūn

text: or

text: بنو

text: أمية

text: Banū

text: ʾUmayya

text: Sons

text: of

text: Umayya

text: hailing

text: from

text: Mecca

text: The

text: Umayyad

text: family

text: had

text: first

text: come

text: to

text: power

text: under

text: the

text: third

text: caliph

text: Uthman

text: ibn

text: Affan

text: r.

text: but

text: the

text: Umayyad

text: regime

text: was

text: founded

text: by

text: Muawiya

text: ibn

text: Abi

text: Sufyan

text: long

text: time

text: governor

text: of

text: Syria

text: after

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: First

text: Muslim

text: Civil

text: War

text: in

text: AH

text: Syria

text: remained

text: the

text: Umayyads

text: main

text: power

text: base

text: thereafter

text: and

text: Damascus

text: was

text: their

text: capital

text: The

text: Umayyads

text: continued

text: the

text: Muslim

text: conquests

text: incorporating

text: the

text: Caucasus

text: Transoxiana

text: Sindh

text: the

text: Maghreb

text: and

text: the

text: Iberian

text: Peninsula

text: Al

text: Andalus

text: into

text: the

text: Muslim

text: world

text: At

text: its

text: greatest

text: extent

text: the

text: Umayyad

text: Caliphate

text: covered

text: million

text: million

text: square

text: miles

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: largest

text: empire

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: area

text: not

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: population

text: the

text: world

text: had

text: yet

text: seen

text: and

text: the

text: fifth

text: largest

text: ever

text: to

text: exist

question: How many major Islamic caliphates existed after Muhammad's death?

answer: four

text: four

question: Who was the third caliph?

answer: Uthman ibn Affan

text: Uthman ibn Affan

question: Who founded the Umayyad regime?

answer: Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan

text: Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan

question: How many million square miles was the Umayyad caliphate at its largest size?

answer: 5.79


text: The primary physiological cue for migration are the changes in the day length. These changes are also related to hormonal changes in the birds. In the period before migration, many birds display higher activity or Zugunruhe (German: migratory restlessness), first described by Johann Friedrich Naumann in 1795, as well as physiological changes such as increased fat deposition. The occurrence of Zugunruhe even in cage-raised birds with no environmental cues (e.g. shortening of day and falling temperature) has pointed to the role of circannual endogenous programs in controlling bird migrations. Caged birds display a preferential flight direction that corresponds with the migratory direction they would take in nature, changing their preferential direction at roughly the same time their wild conspecifics change course.

title: Bird_migration

title: Bird_migration

text: The

text: primary

text: physiological

text: cue

text: for

text: migration

text: are

text: the

text: changes

text: in

text: the

text: day

text: length

text: These

text: changes

text: are

text: also

text: related

text: to

text: hormonal

text: changes

text: in

text: the

text: birds

text: In

text: the

text: period

text: before

text: migration

text: many

text: birds

text: display

text: higher

text: activity

text: or

text: Zugunruhe

text: German

text: migratory

text: restlessness

text: first

text: described

text: by

text: Johann

text: Friedrich

text: Naumann

text: in

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: physiological

text: changes

text: such

text: as

text: increased

text: fat

text: deposition

text: The

text: occurrence

text: of

text: Zugunruhe

text: even

text: in

text: cage

text: raised

text: birds

text: with

text: no

text: environmental

text: cues

text: e.g.

text: shortening

text: of

text: day

text: and

text: falling

text: temperature

text: has

text: pointed

text: to

text: the

text: role

text: of

text: circannual

text: endogenous

text: programs

text: in

text: controlling

text: bird

text: migrations

text: Caged

text: birds

text: display

text: a

text: preferential

text: flight

text: direction

text: that

text: corresponds

text: with

text: the

text: migratory

text: direction

text: they

text: would

text: take

text: in

text: nature

text: changing

text: their

text: preferential

text: direction

text: at

text: roughly

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: their

text: wild

text: conspecifics

text: change

text: course

question: What is the primary cue for migration?

answer: changes in the day length

text: changes in the day length

question: How do birds act in the period before migration?

answer: higher activity

text: higher activity

question: What does Zugunruhe mean in English?

answer: migratory restlessness

text: migratory restlessness

question: What do caged birds display that corresponds with migratory direction in nature?

answer: preferential flight direction

text: preferential flight direction

question: When do caged birds change their preferential direction?

answer: the same time their wild conspecifics change course

text: the same time their wild conspecifics change course


text: In 1840, a British naval station established to suppress the African slave trade was based on the island, and between 1840 and 1849 over 15,000 freed slaves, known as "Liberated Africans", were landed there.

title: Saint_Helena

title: Saint_Helena

text: In

text: a

text: British

text: naval

text: station

text: established

text: to

text: suppress

text: the

text: African

text: slave

text: trade

text: was

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: island

text: and

text: between

text: and

text: over

text: freed

text: slaves

text: known

text: as

text: Liberated

text: Africans

text: were

text: landed

text: there

question: Who established a naval station to cut down on African slave trade on the island in 1840?

answer: British

text: British

question: Between 1840 and 1849 how many freed slaves landed on the island?

answer: over 15,000

text: over 15,000

question: What were the freed slaves known as?

answer: Liberated Africans

text: Liberated Africans


text: In many people, the infection waxes and wanes. Tissue destruction and necrosis are often balanced by healing and fibrosis. Affected tissue is replaced by scarring and cavities filled with caseous necrotic material. During active disease, some of these cavities are joined to the air passages bronchi and this material can be coughed up. It contains living bacteria, so can spread the infection. Treatment with appropriate antibiotics kills bacteria and allows healing to take place. Upon cure, affected areas are eventually replaced by scar tissue.

title: Tuberculosis

title: Tuberculosis

text: In

text: many

text: people

text: the

text: infection

text: waxes

text: and

text: wanes

text: Tissue

text: destruction

text: and

text: necrosis

text: are

text: often

text: balanced

text: by

text: healing

text: and

text: fibrosis

text: Affected

text: tissue

text: is

text: replaced

text: by

text: scarring

text: and

text: cavities

text: filled

text: with

text: caseous

text: necrotic

text: material

text: During

text: active

text: disease

text: some

text: of

text: these

text: cavities

text: are

text: joined

text: to

text: the

text: air

text: passages

text: bronchi

text: and

text: this

text: material

text: can

text: be

text: coughed

text: up

text: It

text: contains

text: living

text: bacteria

text: so

text: can

text: spread

text: the

text: infection

text: Treatment

text: with

text: appropriate

text: antibiotics

text: kills

text: bacteria

text: and

text: allows

text: healing

text: to

text: take

text: place

text: Upon

text: cure

text: affected

text: areas

text: are

text: eventually

text: replaced

text: by

text: scar

text: tissue

question: What process replaces tissue damaged by TB?

answer: scarring

text: scarring

question: What material can sometimes be expelled by coughing if the cavities it's stored in connect to bronchi?

answer: caseous necrotic material

text: caseous necrotic material

question: What type of bacteria-attacking medicine will treat tuberculosis?

answer: antibiotics

text: antibiotics

question: Are the bacteria in caseous necrotic material living or dead?

answer: living

text: living


text: The current US fleet of Nimitz-class carriers will be followed into service (and in some cases replaced) by the ten-ship Gerald R. Ford class. It is expected that the ships will be more automated in an effort to reduce the amount of funding required to staff, maintain and operate its supercarriers. The main new features are implementation of Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS) (which replace the old steam catapults) and unmanned aerial vehicles. With the deactivation of USS Enterprise in December 2012 (decommissioning scheduled for 2016), the U.S. fleet comprises 10 active supercarriers. On 24 July 2007, the House Armed Services Seapower subcommittee recommended seven or eight new carriers (one every four years). However, the debate has deepened over budgeting for the $12–14.5 billion (plus $12 billion for development and research) for the 100,000 ton Gerald R. Ford-class carrier (estimated service 2016) compared to the smaller $2 billion 45,000 ton America-class amphibious assault ships able to deploy squadrons of F-35B of which one is already active, another is under construction and nine more are planned.

title: Aircraft_carrier

title: Aircraft_carrier

text: The

text: current

text: US

text: fleet

text: of

text: Nimitz

text: class

text: carriers

text: will

text: be

text: followed

text: into

text: service

text: and

text: in

text: some

text: cases

text: replaced

text: by

text: the

text: ten

text: ship

text: Gerald

text: R.

text: Ford

text: class

text: It

text: is

text: expected

text: that

text: the

text: ships

text: will

text: be

text: more

text: automated

text: in

text: an

text: effort

text: to

text: reduce

text: the

text: amount

text: of

text: funding

text: required

text: to

text: staff

text: maintain

text: and

text: operate

text: its

text: supercarriers

text: The

text: main

text: new

text: features

text: are

text: implementation

text: of

text: Electromagnetic

text: Aircraft

text: Launch

text: System

text: EMALS

text: which

text: replace

text: the

text: old

text: steam

text: catapults

text: and

text: unmanned

text: aerial

text: vehicles

text: With

text: the

text: deactivation

text: of

text: USS

text: Enterprise

text: in

text: December

text: decommissioning

text: scheduled

text: for

text: the

text: U.S.

text: fleet

text: comprises

text: active

text: supercarriers

text: On

text: July

text: the

text: House

text: Armed

text: Services

text: Seapower

text: subcommittee

text: recommended

text: seven

text: or

text: eight

text: new

text: carriers

text: one

text: every

text: four

text: years

text: However

text: the

text: debate

text: has

text: deepened

text: over

text: budgeting

text: for

text: the

text: billion

text: plus

text: billion

text: for

text: development

text: and

text: research

text: for

text: the

text: ton

text: Gerald

text: R.

text: Ford

text: class

text: carrier

text: estimated

text: service

text: compared

text: to

text: the

text: smaller

text: billion

text: ton

text: America

text: class

text: amphibious

text: assault

text: ships

text: able

text: to

text: deploy

text: squadrons

text: of

text: of

text: which

text: one

text: is

text: already

text: active

text: another

text: is

text: under

text: construction

text: and

text: nine

text: more

text: are

text: planned

question: What will some of the current US fleet of Nimitz-class carriers be replaced with?

answer: the ten-ship Gerald R. Ford class

text: the ten-ship Gerald R. Ford class

question: Which feature of the new ships will replace the old steam catapults?

answer: Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS)

text: Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS)

question: When is the USS Enterprise scheduled to be decommissioned?

answer: 2016

question: How much does the Gerald R. Ford-class carrier weigh?

answer: 100,000 ton

text: 100,000 ton

question: How much does the America-class amphibious assault ship weigh?

answer: 45,000 ton

text: 45,000 ton


text: The Devonian spanned roughly from 419 to 359 Ma. The period was a time of great tectonic activity, as Laurasia and Gondwana drew closer together. The continent Euramerica (or Laurussia) was created in the early Devonian by the collision of Laurentia and Baltica, which rotated into the natural dry zone along the Tropic of Capricorn. In these near-deserts, the Old Red Sandstone sedimentary beds formed, made red by the oxidized iron (hematite) characteristic of drought conditions. Near the equator Pangaea began to consolidate from the plates containing North America and Europe, further raising the northern Appalachian Mountains and forming the Caledonian Mountains in Great Britain and Scandinavia. The southern continents remained tied together in the supercontinent of Gondwana. The remainder of modern Eurasia lay in the Northern Hemisphere. Sea levels were high worldwide, and much of the land lay submerged under shallow seas. The deep, enormous Panthalassa (the "universal ocean") covered the rest of the planet. Other minor oceans were Paleo-Tethys, Proto-Tethys, Rheic Ocean and Ural Ocean (which was closed during the collision with Siberia and Baltica).

title: Geological_history_of_Earth

title: Geological_history_of_Earth

text: The

text: Devonian

text: spanned

text: roughly

text: from

text: to

text: Ma

text: The

text: period

text: was

text: a

text: time

text: of

text: great

text: tectonic

text: activity

text: as

text: Laurasia

text: and

text: Gondwana

text: drew

text: closer

text: together

text: The

text: continent

text: Euramerica

text: or

text: Laurussia

text: was

text: created

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: Devonian

text: by

text: the

text: collision

text: of

text: Laurentia

text: and

text: Baltica

text: which

text: rotated

text: into

text: the

text: natural

text: dry

text: zone

text: along

text: the

text: Tropic

text: of

text: Capricorn

text: In

text: these

text: near

text: deserts

text: the

text: Old

text: Red

text: Sandstone

text: sedimentary

text: beds

text: formed

text: made

text: red

text: by

text: the

text: oxidized

text: iron

text: hematite

text: characteristic

text: of

text: drought

text: conditions

text: Near

text: the

text: equator

text: Pangaea

text: began

text: to

text: consolidate

text: from

text: the

text: plates

text: containing

text: North

text: America

text: and

text: Europe

text: further

text: raising

text: the

text: northern

text: Appalachian

text: Mountains

text: and

text: forming

text: the

text: Caledonian

text: Mountains

text: in

text: Great

text: Britain

text: and

text: Scandinavia

text: The

text: southern

text: continents

text: remained

text: tied

text: together

text: in

text: the

text: supercontinent

text: of

text: Gondwana

text: The

text: remainder

text: of

text: modern

text: Eurasia

text: lay

text: in

text: the

text: Northern

text: Hemisphere

text: Sea

text: levels

text: were

text: high

text: worldwide

text: and

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: land

text: lay

text: submerged

text: under

text: shallow

text: seas

text: The

text: deep

text: enormous

text: Panthalassa

text: the

text: universal

text: ocean

text: covered

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: the

text: planet

text: Other

text: minor

text: oceans

text: were

text: Paleo

text: Tethys

text: Proto

text: Tethys

text: Rheic

text: Ocean

text: and

text: Ural

text: Ocean

text: which

text: was

text: closed

text: during

text: the

text: collision

text: with

text: Siberia

text: and

text: Baltica

question: During what time period was the Devonian era?

answer: 419 to 359 Ma.

text: 419 to 359 Ma.

question: Which continent was formed from the meeting of Laurentia and Baltica?

answer: Euramerica (or Laurussia)

text: Euramerica (or Laurussia)

question: Which sedimentary beds were created in the dry areas of Euramerica in the Devonian period?

answer: Old Red Sandstone

text: Old Red Sandstone

question: What was the largest ocean referred to that existed in the Devonian period?

answer: Panthalassa

text: Panthalassa

question: Which mountains associated with the USA were formed near the equator on  Pangaea during the Devonian?

answer: the northern Appalachian Mountains

text: the northern Appalachian Mountains


text: Mon, who form 2% of the population, are ethno-linguistically related to the Khmer. Overseas Indians are 2%. The remainder are Kachin, Chin, Rohingya, Anglo-Indians, Gurkha, Nepali and other ethnic minorities. Included in this group are the Anglo-Burmese. Once forming a large and influential community, the Anglo-Burmese left the country in steady streams from 1958 onwards, principally to Australia and the UK. It is estimated that 52,000 Anglo-Burmese remain in Myanmar. As of 2009[update], 110,000 Burmese refugees were living in refugee camps in Thailand.

title: Myanmar

title: Myanmar

text: Mon

text: who

text: form

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: are

text: ethno

text: linguistically

text: related

text: to

text: the

text: Khmer

text: Overseas

text: Indians

text: are

text: The

text: remainder

text: are

text: Kachin

text: Chin

text: Rohingya

text: Anglo

text: Indians

text: Gurkha

text: Nepali

text: and

text: other

text: ethnic

text: minorities

text: Included

text: in

text: this

text: group

text: are

text: the

text: Anglo

text: Burmese

text: Once

text: forming

text: a

text: large

text: and

text: influential

text: community

text: the

text: Anglo

text: Burmese

text: left

text: the

text: country

text: in

text: steady

text: streams

text: from

text: onwards

text: principally

text: to

text: Australia

text: and

text: the

text: UK

text: It

text: is

text: estimated

text: that

text: Anglo

text: Burmese

text: remain

text: in

text: Myanmar

text: As

text: of

text: Burmese

text: refugees

text: were

text: living

text: in

text: refugee

text: camps

text: in

text: Thailand

question: What percentage of people in Burma are related by linguistically lines to the Khmer.

answer: 2% of the population, are ethno-linguistically related to the Khmer

text: 2% of the population, are ethno-linguistically related to the Khmer

question: Which community previously held a persuasive authority on the Burmese population?

answer: Anglo-Burmese

text: Anglo-Burmese

question: When did a mass migration of the community that  previously held a persuasive authority on the Burmese population start?

answer: 1958 onwards

text: 1958 onwards

question: Where did the majority of these people end up after Burma ?

answer: principally to Australia and the UK

text: principally to Australia and the UK


text: Napoleon's educational reforms laid the foundation of a modern system of education in France and throughout much of Europe. Napoleon synthesized the best academic elements from the Ancien Régime, The Enlightenment, and the Revolution, with the aim of establishing a stable, well-educated and prosperous society. He made French the only official language. He left some primary education in the hands of religious orders, but he offered public support to secondary education. Napoleon founded a number of state secondary schools (lycées) designed to produce a standardized education that was uniform across France. All students were taught the sciences along with modern and classical languages. Unlike the system during the Ancien Régime, religious topics did not dominate the curriculum, although they were present in addition to teachers from the clergy. Napoleon simply hoped to use religion to produce social stability. He gave special attention to the advanced centers, notably the École Polytechnique, that provided both military expertise and state-of-the-art research in science. Napoleon made some of the first major efforts at establishing a system of secular and public education. The system featured scholarships and strict discipline, with the result being a French educational system that outperformed its European counterparts, many of which borrowed from the French system.

title: Napoleon

title: Napoleon

text: Napoleon

text: 's

text: educational

text: reforms

text: laid

text: the

text: foundation

text: of

text: a

text: modern

text: system

text: of

text: education

text: in

text: France

text: and

text: throughout

text: much

text: of

text: Europe

text: Napoleon

text: synthesized

text: the

text: best

text: academic

text: elements

text: from

text: the

text: Ancien

text: Régime

text: The

text: Enlightenment

text: and

text: the

text: Revolution

text: with

text: the

text: aim

text: of

text: establishing

text: a

text: stable

text: well

text: educated

text: and

text: prosperous

text: society

text: He

text: made

text: French

text: the

text: only

text: official

text: language

text: He

text: left

text: some

text: primary

text: education

text: in

text: the

text: hands

text: of

text: religious

text: orders

text: but

text: he

text: offered

text: public

text: support

text: to

text: secondary

text: education

text: Napoleon

text: founded

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: state

text: secondary

text: schools

text: lycées

text: designed

text: to

text: produce

text: a

text: standardized

text: education

text: that

text: was

text: uniform

text: across

text: France

text: All

text: students

text: were

text: taught

text: the

text: sciences

text: along

text: with

text: modern

text: and

text: classical

text: languages

text: Unlike

text: the

text: system

text: during

text: the

text: Ancien

text: Régime

text: religious

text: topics

text: did

text: not

text: dominate

text: the

text: curriculum

text: although

text: they

text: were

text: present

text: in

text: addition

text: to

text: teachers

text: from

text: the

text: clergy

text: Napoleon

text: simply

text: hoped

text: to

text: use

text: religion

text: to

text: produce

text: social

text: stability

text: He

text: gave

text: special

text: attention

text: to

text: the

text: advanced

text: centers

text: notably

text: the

text: École

text: Polytechnique

text: that

text: provided

text: both

text: military

text: expertise

text: and

text: state

text: of

text: the

text: art

text: research

text: in

text: science

text: Napoleon

text: made

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: major

text: efforts

text: at

text: establishing

text: a

text: system

text: of

text: secular

text: and

text: public

text: education

text: The

text: system

text: featured

text: scholarships

text: and

text: strict

text: discipline

text: with

text: the

text: result

text: being

text: a

text: French

text: educational

text: system

text: that

text: outperformed

text: its

text: European

text: counterparts

text: many

text: of

text: which

text: borrowed

text: from

text: the

text: French

text: system

question: What acts by Napoleon laid the groundwork for modernized Education in France and much of Europe?

answer: Napoleon's educational reforms

text: Napoleon's educational reforms

question: What language did Napoleon make the only official one?

answer: French

text: French

question: What did Napoleon offer to secondary education?

answer: public support

text: public support

question: What is the name for the state secondary schools begun by Napoleon that were intended to standardize education across France?

answer: lycées

text: lycées

question: Along with modern and classical languages, what were all students in the lycées taught?

answer: the sciences

text: the sciences


text: 19 Recordings, a recording label owned by 19 Entertainment, currently hold the rights to phonographic material recorded by all the contestants. 19 originally partnered with Bertelsmann Music Group (BMG) to promote and distribute the recordings through its labels RCA Records, Arista Records, J Records, Jive Records. In 2005-2007, BMG partnered with Sony Music Entertainment to form a joint venture known as Sony BMG Music Entertainment. From 2008-2010, Sony Music handled the distribution following their acquisition of BMG. Sony Music was partnered with American Idol and distribute its music, and In 2010, Sony was replaced by as the music label for American Idol by UMG's Interscope-Geffen-A&M Records.

title: American_Idol

title: American_Idol

text: Recordings

text: a

text: recording

text: label

text: owned

text: by

text: Entertainment

text: currently

text: hold

text: the

text: rights

text: to

text: phonographic

text: material

text: recorded

text: by

text: all

text: the

text: contestants

text: originally

text: partnered

text: with

text: Bertelsmann

text: Music

text: Group

text: BMG

text: to

text: promote

text: and

text: distribute

text: the

text: recordings

text: through

text: its

text: labels

text: RCA

text: Records

text: Arista

text: Records

text: J

text: Records

text: Jive

text: Records

text: In

text: BMG

text: partnered

text: with

text: Sony

text: Music

text: Entertainment

text: to

text: form

text: a

text: joint

text: venture

text: known

text: as

text: Sony

text: BMG

text: Music

text: Entertainment

text: From

text: Sony

text: Music

text: handled

text: the

text: distribution

text: following

text: their

text: acquisition

text: of

text: BMG

text: Sony

text: Music

text: was

text: partnered

text: with

text: American

text: Idol

text: and

text: distribute

text: its

text: music

text: and

text: In

text: Sony

text: was

text: replaced

text: by

text: as

text: the

text: music

text: label

text: for

text: American

text: Idol

text: by

text: UMG

text: 's

text: Interscope

text: Geffen

text: A&M

text: Records

question: What company has the right to all recordings from contestants on American Idol?

answer: 19 Recordings

text: 19 Recordings

question: What company took over as American Idols music label in 2010?

answer: UMG

text: UMG

question: What company had released music from American Idol in addition to Sony Music Entertainment?

answer: BMG

text: BMG

question: Who owns 19 Recordings?

answer: 19 Entertainment

text: 19 Entertainment

question: Who owns the rights to all phonographic material done by the contestants?

answer: 19 Recordings

text: 19 Recordings

question: Who did 19 initially partner with to distribute the recordings?

answer: BMG

text: BMG

question: Who did BMG partner with in 2005-2007?

answer: Sony Music Entertainment

text: Sony Music Entertainment

question: Who replaced Sony in 2010 as Idol's music label?

answer: UMG's Interscope-Geffen-A&M Records

text: UMG's Interscope-Geffen-A&M Records


text: The finalists were Cook and Archuleta. David Cook was announced the winner on May 21, 2008, the first rocker to win the show. Both Cook and Archuleta had some success as recording artists with both selling over a million albums in the U.S.

title: American_Idol

title: American_Idol

text: The

text: finalists

text: were

text: Cook

text: and

text: Archuleta

text: David

text: Cook

text: was

text: announced

text: the

text: winner

text: on

text: May

text: the

text: first

text: rocker

text: to

text: win

text: the

text: show

text: Both

text: Cook

text: and

text: Archuleta

text: had

text: some

text: success

text: as

text: recording

text: artists

text: with

text: both

text: selling

text: over

text: a

text: million

text: albums

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

question: Who won season seven of American Idol?

answer: David Cook

text: David Cook

question: Who was the first Rock and Roll artist to win American Idol?

answer: David Cook

text: David Cook

question: When was the winner announced?

answer: May 21, 2008

text: May 21, 2008

question: Who was the winner?

answer: David Cook

text: David Cook


text: Lavoisier produced hydrogen for his experiments on mass conservation by reacting a flux of steam with metallic iron through an incandescent iron tube heated in a fire. Anaerobic oxidation of iron by the protons of water at high temperature can be schematically represented by the set of following reactions:

title: Hydrogen

title: Hydrogen

text: Lavoisier

text: produced

text: hydrogen

text: for

text: his

text: experiments

text: on

text: mass

text: conservation

text: by

text: reacting

text: a

text: flux

text: of

text: steam

text: with

text: metallic

text: iron

text: through

text: an

text: incandescent

text: iron

text: tube

text: heated

text: in

text: a

text: fire

text: Anaerobic

text: oxidation

text: of

text: iron

text: by

text: the

text: protons

text: of

text: water

text: at

text: high

text: temperature

text: can

text: be

text: schematically

text: represented

text: by

text: the

text: set

text: of

text: following

text: reactions

question: How did Lavoisier produce hydrogen for his experiments?

answer: reacting a flux of steam with metallic iron through an incandescent iron tube heated in a fire

text: reacting a flux of steam with metallic iron through an incandescent iron tube heated in a fire


text: The population of the province in 1900 was 1,996,626 people, with a religious makeup of 1,698,465 Protestants, 269,196 Roman Catholics, and 13,877 Jews. The Low Prussian dialect predominated in East Prussia, although High Prussian was spoken in Warmia. The numbers of Masurians, Kursenieki and Prussian Lithuanians decreased over time due to the process of Germanization. The Polish-speaking population concentrated in the south of the province (Masuria and Warmia) and all German geographic atlases at the start of 20th century showed the southern part of East Prussia as Polish with the number of Poles estimated at the time to be 300,000. Kursenieki inhabited the areas around the Curonian lagoon, while Lithuanian-speaking Prussians concentrated in the northeast in (Lithuania Minor). The Old Prussian ethnic group became completely Germanized over time and the Old Prussian language died out in the 18th century.

title: East_Prussia

title: East_Prussia

text: The

text: population

text: of

text: the

text: province

text: in

text: was

text: people

text: with

text: a

text: religious

text: makeup

text: of

text: Protestants

text: Roman

text: Catholics

text: and

text: Jews

text: The

text: Low

text: Prussian

text: dialect

text: predominated

text: in

text: East

text: Prussia

text: although

text: High

text: Prussian

text: was

text: spoken

text: in

text: Warmia

text: The

text: numbers

text: of

text: Masurians

text: Kursenieki

text: and

text: Prussian

text: Lithuanians

text: decreased

text: over

text: time

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: process

text: of

text: Germanization

text: The

text: Polish

text: speaking

text: population

text: concentrated

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: province

text: Masuria

text: and

text: Warmia

text: and

text: all

text: German

text: geographic

text: atlases

text: at

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: century

text: showed

text: the

text: southern

text: part

text: of

text: East

text: Prussia

text: as

text: Polish

text: with

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: Poles

text: estimated

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: to

text: be

text: Kursenieki

text: inhabited

text: the

text: areas

text: around

text: the

text: Curonian

text: lagoon

text: while

text: Lithuanian

text: speaking

text: Prussians

text: concentrated

text: in

text: the

text: northeast

text: in

text: Lithuania

text: Minor

text: The

text: Old

text: Prussian

text: ethnic

text: group

text: became

text: completely

text: Germanized

text: over

text: time

text: and

text: the

text: Old

text: Prussian

text: language

text: died

text: out

text: in

text: the

text: century

question: Was the population of the Prussian province in 1900?

answer: 1,996,626 people

text: 1,996,626 people

question: Which religious group made up the majority of the population in Prussia?

answer: Protestants

text: Protestants

question: Due to Germanization which three groups saw a decrease in Prussia?

answer: Masurians, Kursenieki and Prussian Lithuanians

text: Masurians, Kursenieki and Prussian Lithuanians


text: Being a city on the Ill and close to the Rhine, Strasbourg has always been an important centre of fluvial navigation, as is attested by archeological findings. In 1682 the Canal de la Bruche was added to the river navigations, initially to provide transport for sandstone from quarries in the Vosges for use in the fortification of the city. That canal has since closed, but the subsequent Canal du Rhone au Rhine, Canal de la Marne au Rhin and Grand Canal d'Alsace are still in use, as is the important activity of the Port autonome de Strasbourg. Water tourism inside the city proper attracts hundreds of thousands of tourists yearly.

title: Strasbourg

title: Strasbourg

text: Being

text: a

text: city

text: on

text: the

text: Ill

text: and

text: close

text: to

text: the

text: Rhine

text: Strasbourg

text: has

text: always

text: been

text: an

text: important

text: centre

text: of

text: fluvial

text: navigation

text: as

text: is

text: attested

text: by

text: archeological

text: findings

text: In

text: the

text: Canal

text: de

text: la

text: Bruche

text: was

text: added

text: to

text: the

text: river

text: navigations

text: initially

text: to

text: provide

text: transport

text: for

text: sandstone

text: from

text: quarries

text: in

text: the

text: Vosges

text: for

text: use

text: in

text: the

text: fortification

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: That

text: canal

text: has

text: since

text: closed

text: but

text: the

text: subsequent

text: Canal

text: du

text: Rhone

text: au

text: Rhine

text: Canal

text: de

text: la

text: Marne

text: au

text: Rhin

text: and

text: Grand

text: Canal

text: d'Alsace

text: are

text: still

text: in

text: use

text: as

text: is

text: the

text: important

text: activity

text: of

text: the

text: Port

text: autonome

text: de

text: Strasbourg

text: Water

text: tourism

text: inside

text: the

text: city

text: proper

text: attracts

text: hundreds

text: of

text: thousands

text: of

text: tourists

text: yearly

question: What year was the Canal de la Bruche added?

answer: 1682

question: What kind of tourism attracts tourists yearly?

answer: Water tourism

text: Water tourism

question: What river is Strasbourg by?

answer: Rhine

text: Rhine


text: Mechanically controlled variable capacitors allow the plate spacing to be adjusted, for example by rotating or sliding a set of movable plates into alignment with a set of stationary plates. Low cost variable capacitors squeeze together alternating layers of aluminum and plastic with a screw. Electrical control of capacitance is achievable with varactors (or varicaps), which are reverse-biased semiconductor diodes whose depletion region width varies with applied voltage. They are used in phase-locked loops, amongst other applications.

title: Capacitor

title: Capacitor

text: Mechanically

text: controlled

text: variable

text: capacitors

text: allow

text: the

text: plate

text: spacing

text: to

text: be

text: adjusted

text: for

text: example

text: by

text: rotating

text: or

text: sliding

text: a

text: set

text: of

text: movable

text: plates

text: into

text: alignment

text: with

text: a

text: set

text: of

text: stationary

text: plates

text: Low

text: cost

text: variable

text: capacitors

text: squeeze

text: together

text: alternating

text: layers

text: of

text: aluminum

text: and

text: plastic

text: with

text: a

text: screw

text: Electrical

text: control

text: of

text: capacitance

text: is

text: achievable

text: with

text: varactors

text: or

text: varicaps

text: which

text: are

text: reverse

text: biased

text: semiconductor

text: diodes

text: whose

text: depletion

text: region

text: width

text: varies

text: with

text: applied

text: voltage

text: They

text: are

text: used

text: in

text: phase

text: locked

text: loops

text: amongst

text: other

text: applications

question: What do mechanically controlled variable capacitors enable to be modified?

answer: the plate spacing

text: the plate spacing

question: How do cheap variable capacitors vary the separation distance between layers of a plastic and aluminum?

answer: with a screw

text: with a screw

question: Of what type of diodes are varactors or varicaps comprised?

answer: reverse-biased semiconductor diodes

text: reverse-biased semiconductor diodes

question: What varies as a function of voltage in varactors?

answer: depletion region

text: depletion region

question: What is an application of varactors?

answer: phase-locked loops

text: phase-locked loops


text: The Franco-Prussian War was a conflict between France and Prussia, while Prussia was backed up by the North German Confederation, of which it was a member, and the South German states of Baden, Württemberg and Bavaria. The complete Prussian and German victory brought about the final unification of Germany under King Wilhelm I of Prussia. It also marked the downfall of Napoleon III and the end of the Second French Empire, which was replaced by the Third Republic. As part of the settlement, almost all of the territory of Alsace-Lorraine was taken by Prussia to become a part of Germany, which it would retain until the end of World War I.

title: Modern_history

title: Modern_history

text: The

text: Franco

text: Prussian

text: War

text: was

text: a

text: conflict

text: between

text: France

text: and

text: Prussia

text: while

text: Prussia

text: was

text: backed

text: up

text: by

text: the

text: North

text: German

text: Confederation

text: of

text: which

text: it

text: was

text: a

text: member

text: and

text: the

text: South

text: German

text: states

text: of

text: Baden

text: Württemberg

text: and

text: Bavaria

text: The

text: complete

text: Prussian

text: and

text: German

text: victory

text: brought

text: about

text: the

text: final

text: unification

text: of

text: Germany

text: under

text: King

text: Wilhelm

text: I

text: of

text: Prussia

text: It

text: also

text: marked

text: the

text: downfall

text: of

text: Napoleon

text: III

text: and

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Second

text: French

text: Empire

text: which

text: was

text: replaced

text: by

text: the

text: Third

text: Republic

text: As

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: settlement

text: almost

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: territory

text: of

text: Alsace

text: Lorraine

text: was

text: taken

text: by

text: Prussia

text: to

text: become

text: a

text: part

text: of

text: Germany

text: which

text: it

text: would

text: retain

text: until

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: I.

question: What countries were involved in the Franco-Russian war?

answer: France and Prussia

text: France and Prussia

question: What did the Prussian and German victory mark?

answer: final unification of Germany under King Wilhelm I of Prussia.

text: final unification of Germany under King Wilhelm I of Prussia.

question: Name one of the groups who backed Prussia in the Franco-Russian war?

answer: North German Confederation

text: North German Confederation

question: Prussia claimed almost all of what territory?

answer: Alsace-Lorraine

text: Alsace-Lorraine

question: Prussia retained most of Alsace-Lorraine up until what event?

answer: World War I.

text: World War I.


text: Utrecht is well-connected to the Dutch road network. Two of the most important major roads serve the city of Utrecht: the A12 and A2 motorways connect Amsterdam, Arnhem, The Hague and Maastricht, as well as Belgium and Germany. Other major motorways in the area are the Almere–Breda A27 and the Utrecht–Groningen A28. Due to the increasing traffic and the ancient city plan, traffic congestion is a common phenomenon in and around Utrecht, causing elevated levels of air pollutants. This has led to a passionate debate in the city about the best way to improve the city's air quality.

title: Utrecht

title: Utrecht

text: Utrecht

text: is

text: well

text: connected

text: to

text: the

text: Dutch

text: road

text: network

text: Two

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: major

text: roads

text: serve

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Utrecht

text: the

text: and

text: motorways

text: connect

text: Amsterdam

text: Arnhem

text: The

text: Hague

text: and

text: Maastricht

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: Belgium

text: and

text: Germany

text: Other

text: major

text: motorways

text: in

text: the

text: area

text: are

text: the

text: Almere

text: Breda

text: and

text: the

text: Utrecht

text: Groningen

text: Due

text: to

text: the

text: increasing

text: traffic

text: and

text: the

text: ancient

text: city

text: plan

text: traffic

text: congestion

text: is

text: a

text: common

text: phenomenon

text: in

text: and

text: around

text: Utrecht

text: causing

text: elevated

text: levels

text: of

text: air

text: pollutants

text: This

text: has

text: led

text: to

text: a

text: passionate

text: debate

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: about

text: the

text: best

text: way

text: to

text: improve

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: air

text: quality

question: Is Utrecht connected to the Dutch road system

answer: well-connected to the Dutch road network. Two of the most important major roads serve the city of Utrecht:

text: well-connected to the Dutch road network. Two of the most important major roads serve the city of Utrecht:

question: What countries do the A12 and A2 connect

answer: A12 and A2 motorways connect Amsterdam, Arnhem, The Hague and Maastricht, as well as Belgium and Germany

text: A12 and A2 motorways connect Amsterdam, Arnhem, The Hague and Maastricht, as well as Belgium and Germany

question: What does traffic elevate

answer: increasing traffic and the ancient city plan, traffic congestion is a common phenomenon in and around Utrecht, causing elevated levels of air pollutants

text: increasing traffic and the ancient city plan, traffic congestion is a common phenomenon in and around Utrecht, causing elevated levels of air pollutants


text: Following Thein Sein's first ever visit to the UK and a meeting with Prime Minister David Cameron, the Myanmar president declared that all of his nation's political prisoners will be released by the end of 2013, in addition to a statement of support for the well-being of the Rohingya Muslim community. In a speech at Chatham House, he revealed that "We [Myanmar government] are reviewing all cases. I guarantee to you that by the end of this year, there will be no prisoners of conscience in Myanmar.", in addition to expressing a desire to strengthen links between the UK and Myanmar's military forces.

title: Myanmar

title: Myanmar

text: Following

text: Thein

text: Sein

text: 's

text: first

text: ever

text: visit

text: to

text: the

text: UK

text: and

text: a

text: meeting

text: with

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: David

text: Cameron

text: the

text: Myanmar

text: president

text: declared

text: that

text: all

text: of

text: his

text: nation

text: 's

text: political

text: prisoners

text: will

text: be

text: released

text: by

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: in

text: addition

text: to

text: a

text: statement

text: of

text: support

text: for

text: the

text: well

text: being

text: of

text: the

text: Rohingya

text: Muslim

text: community

text: In

text: a

text: speech

text: at

text: Chatham

text: House

text: he

text: revealed

text: that

text: We

text: Myanmar

text: government

text: are

text: reviewing

text: all

text: cases

text: I

text: guarantee

text: to

text: you

text: that

text: by

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: this

text: year

text: there

text: will

text: be

text: no

text: prisoners

text: of

text: conscience

text: in

text: Myanmar

text: in

text: addition

text: to

text: expressing

text: a

text: desire

text: to

text: strengthen

text: links

text: between

text: the

text: UK

text: and

text: Myanmar

text: 's

text: military

text: forces

question: What official was the first to visit the grounds of Great Britain from Burma?

answer: Thein Sein

text: Thein Sein

question: Who did the official from Myanmar meet with ?

answer: Prime Minister David Cameron,

text: Prime Minister David Cameron,

question: What was the outcome of the meeting ?

answer: Myanmar president declared that all of his nation's political prisoners will be released by the end of 2013

text: Myanmar president declared that all of his nation's political prisoners will be released by the end of 2013

question: Where did the official make his announcement of the meetings outcome ?

answer: at Chatham House

text: at Chatham House

question: What would the official like to see happen between the two countries ?

answer: a desire to strengthen links between the UK and Myanmar's military forces

text: a desire to strengthen links between the UK and Myanmar's military forces


text: Paris' urbanism laws have been under strict control since the early 17th century, particularly where street-front alignment, building height and building distribution is concerned. In recent developments, a 1974-2010 building height limitation of 37 metres (121 ft) was raised to 50 m (160 ft) in central areas and 180 metres (590 ft) in some of Paris' peripheral quarters, yet for some of the city's more central quarters, even older building-height laws still remain in effect. The 210 metres (690 ft) Montparnasse tower was both Paris and France's tallest building until 1973, but this record has been held by the La Défense quarter Tour First tower in Courbevoie since its 2011 construction. A new project for La Defense, called Hermitage Plaza, launched in 2009, proposes to build two towers, 85 and 86 stories or 320 metres high, which would be the tallest buildings in the European Union, just slightly shorter than the Eiffel Tower. They were scheduled for completion in 2019 or 2020, but as of January 2015 construction had not yet begun, and there were questions in the press about the future of the project.

title: Paris

title: Paris

text: Paris

text: urbanism

text: laws

text: have

text: been

text: under

text: strict

text: control

text: since

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: particularly

text: where

text: street

text: front

text: alignment

text: building

text: height

text: and

text: building

text: distribution

text: is

text: concerned

text: In

text: recent

text: developments

text: a

text: building

text: height

text: limitation

text: of

text: metres

text: ft

text: was

text: raised

text: to

text: m

text: ft

text: in

text: central

text: areas

text: and

text: metres

text: ft

text: in

text: some

text: of

text: Paris

text: peripheral

text: quarters

text: yet

text: for

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: more

text: central

text: quarters

text: even

text: older

text: building

text: height

text: laws

text: still

text: remain

text: in

text: effect

text: The

text: metres

text: ft

text: Montparnasse

text: tower

text: was

text: both

text: Paris

text: and

text: France

text: 's

text: tallest

text: building

text: until

text: but

text: this

text: record

text: has

text: been

text: held

text: by

text: the

text: La

text: Défense

text: quarter

text: Tour

text: First

text: tower

text: in

text: Courbevoie

text: since

text: its

text: construction

text: A

text: new

text: project

text: for

text: La

text: Defense

text: called

text: Hermitage

text: Plaza

text: launched

text: in

text: proposes

text: to

text: build

text: two

text: towers

text: and

text: stories

text: or

text: metres

text: high

text: which

text: would

text: be

text: the

text: tallest

text: buildings

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: just

text: slightly

text: shorter

text: than

text: the

text: Eiffel

text: Tower

text: They

text: were

text: scheduled

text: for

text: completion

text: in

text: or

text: but

text: as

text: of

text: January

text: construction

text: had

text: not

text: yet

text: begun

text: and

text: there

text: were

text: questions

text: in

text: the

text: press

text: about

text: the

text: future

text: of

text: the

text: project

question: What is the current height limitation in Paris in central areas?

answer: 50 m

text: 50 m

question: Until 1973, what was Paris; tallest building?

answer: Montparnasse

text: Montparnasse

question: What is the name of the project for La Defense called that has not yet been started?

answer: Hermitage Plaza

text: Hermitage Plaza

question: When was the Hermitage Plaza launched?

answer: 2009

question: How many towers were planned to be built?

answer: two

text: two


text: Though much of Enlightenment political thought was dominated by social contract theorists, both David Hume and Adam Ferguson criticized this camp. Hume's essay Of the Original Contract argues that governments derived from consent are rarely seen, and civil government is grounded in a ruler's habitual authority and force. It is precisely because of the ruler's authority over-and-against the subject, that the subject tacitly consents; Hume says that the subjects would "never imagine that their consent made him sovereign", rather the authority did so. Similarly, Ferguson did not believe citizens built the state, rather polities grew out of social development. In his 1767 An Essay on the History of Civil Society, Ferguson uses the four stages of progress, a theory that was very popular in Scotland at the time, to explain how humans advance from a hunting and gathering society to a commercial and civil society without "signing" a social contract.

title: Age_of_Enlightenment

title: Age_of_Enlightenment

text: Though

text: much

text: of

text: Enlightenment

text: political

text: thought

text: was

text: dominated

text: by

text: social

text: contract

text: theorists

text: both

text: David

text: Hume

text: and

text: Adam

text: Ferguson

text: criticized

text: this

text: camp

text: Hume

text: 's

text: essay

text: Of

text: the

text: Original

text: Contract

text: argues

text: that

text: governments

text: derived

text: from

text: consent

text: are

text: rarely

text: seen

text: and

text: civil

text: government

text: is

text: grounded

text: in

text: a

text: ruler

text: 's

text: habitual

text: authority

text: and

text: force

text: It

text: is

text: precisely

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: ruler

text: 's

text: authority

text: over

text: and

text: against

text: the

text: subject

text: that

text: the

text: subject

text: tacitly

text: consents

text: Hume

text: says

text: that

text: the

text: subjects

text: would

text: never

text: imagine

text: that

text: their

text: consent

text: made

text: him

text: sovereign

text: rather

text: the

text: authority

text: did

text: so

text: Similarly

text: Ferguson

text: did

text: not

text: believe

text: citizens

text: built

text: the

text: state

text: rather

text: polities

text: grew

text: out

text: of

text: social

text: development

text: In

text: his

text: An

text: Essay

text: on

text: the

text: History

text: of

text: Civil

text: Society

text: Ferguson

text: uses

text: the

text: four

text: stages

text: of

text: progress

text: a

text: theory

text: that

text: was

text: very

text: popular

text: in

text: Scotland

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: to

text: explain

text: how

text: humans

text: advance

text: from

text: a

text: hunting

text: and

text: gathering

text: society

text: to

text: a

text: commercial

text: and

text: civil

text: society

text: without

text: signing

text: a

text: social

text: contract

question: In what work did Ferguson explain how humans advanced from a hunting and gathering society to a commercial and civil society without "signing" a social contract?

answer: An Essay on the History of Civil Society

text: An Essay on the History of Civil Society

question: In what year did Ferguson publish An Essay on the History of Civil Society?

answer: 1767

question: How many stages of progress did Ferguson theorize?

answer: four

text: four

question: Who, along with Adam Ferguson, criticized the idea of social contract theorists?

answer: David Hume

text: David Hume


text: While a few fragments exist, there is no surviving historical work which dates to the hundred years following Alexander's death. The works of the major Hellenistic historians Hieronymus of Cardia (who worked under Alexander, Antigonus I and other successors), Duris of Samos and Phylarchus which were used by surviving sources are all lost. The earliest and most credible surviving source for the Hellenistic period is Polybius of Megalopolis (c. 200-118), a statesman of the Achaean League until 168 BCE when he was forced to go to Rome as a hostage. His Histories eventually grew to a length of forty books, covering the years 220 to 167 BCE.

title: Hellenistic_period

title: Hellenistic_period

text: While

text: a

text: few

text: fragments

text: exist

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: surviving

text: historical

text: work

text: which

text: dates

text: to

text: the

text: hundred

text: years

text: following

text: Alexander

text: 's

text: death

text: The

text: works

text: of

text: the

text: major

text: Hellenistic

text: historians

text: Hieronymus

text: of

text: Cardia

text: who

text: worked

text: under

text: Alexander

text: Antigonus

text: I

text: and

text: other

text: successors

text: Duris

text: of

text: Samos

text: and

text: Phylarchus

text: which

text: were

text: used

text: by

text: surviving

text: sources

text: are

text: all

text: lost

text: The

text: earliest

text: and

text: most

text: credible

text: surviving

text: source

text: for

text: the

text: Hellenistic

text: period

text: is

text: Polybius

text: of

text: Megalopolis

text: c.

text: a

text: statesman

text: of

text: the

text: Achaean

text: League

text: until

text: BCE

text: when

text: he

text: was

text: forced

text: to

text: go

text: to

text: Rome

text: as

text: a

text: hostage

text: His

text: Histories

text: eventually

text: grew

text: to

text: a

text: length

text: of

text: forty

text: books

text: covering

text: the

text: years

text: to

text: BCE

question: What is the earliest, most credible source of the Hellenistic period?

answer: Polybius

text: Polybius

question: Where was Polybius from?

answer: Megalopolis

text: Megalopolis

question: Where was Polybius forced to go as hostage?

answer: Rome

text: Rome

question: What years do Polybius books cover?

answer: 220 to 167 BCE

text: 220 to 167 BCE

question: What League was Polybius a statesman?

answer: Achaean

text: Achaean


text: The first post-Reconstruction era Republican elected to Congress from Florida was William C. Cramer in 1954 from Pinellas County on the Gulf Coast, where demographic changes were underway. In this period, African Americans were still disenfranchised by the state's constitution and discriminatory practices; in the 19th century they had made up most of the Republican Party. Cramer built a different Republican Party in Florida, attracting local white conservatives and transplants from northern and midwestern states. In 1966 Claude R. Kirk, Jr. was elected as the first post-Reconstruction Republican governor, in an upset election. In 1968 Edward J. Gurney, also a white conservative, was elected as the state's first post-reconstruction Republican US Senator. In 1970 Democrats took the governorship and the open US Senate seat, and maintained dominance for years.

title: Florida

title: Florida

text: The

text: first

text: post

text: Reconstruction

text: era

text: Republican

text: elected

text: to

text: Congress

text: from

text: Florida

text: was

text: William

text: C.

text: Cramer

text: in

text: from

text: Pinellas

text: County

text: on

text: the

text: Gulf

text: Coast

text: where

text: demographic

text: changes

text: were

text: underway

text: In

text: this

text: period

text: African

text: Americans

text: were

text: still

text: disenfranchised

text: by

text: the

text: state

text: 's

text: constitution

text: and

text: discriminatory

text: practices

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: they

text: had

text: made

text: up

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: Republican

text: Party

text: Cramer

text: built

text: a

text: different

text: Republican

text: Party

text: in

text: Florida

text: attracting

text: local

text: white

text: conservatives

text: and

text: transplants

text: from

text: northern

text: and

text: midwestern

text: states

text: In

text: Claude

text: R.

text: Kirk

text: Jr.

text: was

text: elected

text: as

text: the

text: first

text: post

text: Reconstruction

text: Republican

text: governor

text: in

text: an

text: upset

text: election

text: In

text: Edward

text: J.

text: Gurney

text: also

text: a

text: white

text: conservative

text: was

text: elected

text: as

text: the

text: state

text: 's

text: first

text: post

text: reconstruction

text: Republican

text: US

text: Senator

text: In

text: Democrats

text: took

text: the

text: governorship

text: and

text: the

text: open

text: US

text: Senate

text: seat

text: and

text: maintained

text: dominance

text: for

text: years

question: The first post- reconstruction era republican elected to florida

answer: William C. Cramer in 1954 from Pinellas County

text: William C. Cramer in 1954 from Pinellas County

question: What is Cramer credited for

answer: Cramer built a different Republican Party in Florida, attracting local white conservatives and transplants from northern and midwestern states

text: Cramer built a different Republican Party in Florida, attracting local white conservatives and transplants from northern and midwestern states

question: Who was Claude R Kirk

answer: 966 Claude R. Kirk, Jr. was elected as the first post-Reconstruction Republican governor, in an upset election

text: 966 Claude R. Kirk, Jr. was elected as the first post-Reconstruction Republican governor, in an upset election

question: Who was Edward j Gurney

answer: 968 Edward J. Gurney, also a white conservative, was elected as the state's first post-reconstruction Republican US Senator

text: 968 Edward J. Gurney, also a white conservative, was elected as the state's first post-reconstruction Republican US Senator

question: What did the Democrat party do in the 1970

answer: 1970 Democrats took the governorship and the open US Senate seat, and maintained dominance for years

text: 1970 Democrats took the governorship and the open US Senate seat, and maintained dominance for years


text: Infrared reflectography (fr; it; es), as called by art conservators, can be applied to paintings to reveal underlying layers in a completely non-destructive manner, in particular the underdrawing or outline drawn by the artist as a guide. This often reveals the artist's use of carbon black, which shows up well in reflectograms, as long as it has not also been used in the ground underlying the whole painting. Art conservators are looking to see whether the visible layers of paint differ from the underdrawing or layers in between – such alterations are called pentimenti when made by the original artist. This is very useful information in deciding whether a painting is the prime version by the original artist or a copy, and whether it has been altered by over-enthusiastic restoration work. In general, the more pentimenti the more likely a painting is to be the prime version. It also gives useful insights into working practices.

title: Infrared

title: Infrared

text: Infrared

text: reflectography

text: fr

text: it

text: es

text: as

text: called

text: by

text: art

text: conservators

text: can

text: be

text: applied

text: to

text: paintings

text: to

text: reveal

text: underlying

text: layers

text: in

text: a

text: completely

text: non

text: destructive

text: manner

text: in

text: particular

text: the

text: underdrawing

text: or

text: outline

text: drawn

text: by

text: the

text: artist

text: as

text: a

text: guide

text: This

text: often

text: reveals

text: the

text: artist

text: 's

text: use

text: of

text: carbon

text: black

text: which

text: shows

text: up

text: well

text: in

text: reflectograms

text: as

text: long

text: as

text: it

text: has

text: not

text: also

text: been

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: ground

text: underlying

text: the

text: whole

text: painting

text: Art

text: conservators

text: are

text: looking

text: to

text: see

text: whether

text: the

text: visible

text: layers

text: of

text: paint

text: differ

text: from

text: the

text: underdrawing

text: or

text: layers

text: in

text: between

text: such

text: alterations

text: are

text: called

text: pentimenti

text: when

text: made

text: by

text: the

text: original

text: artist

text: This

text: is

text: very

text: useful

text: information

text: in

text: deciding

text: whether

text: a

text: painting

text: is

text: the

text: prime

text: version

text: by

text: the

text: original

text: artist

text: or

text: a

text: copy

text: and

text: whether

text: it

text: has

text: been

text: altered

text: by

text: over

text: enthusiastic

text: restoration

text: work

text: In

text: general

text: the

text: more

text: pentimenti

text: the

text: more

text: likely

text: a

text: painting

text: is

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: prime

text: version

text: It

text: also

text: gives

text: useful

text: insights

text: into

text: working

text: practices

question: What technique is used in art to examine underlying layers of a painting without damaging it?

answer: Infrared reflectography

text: Infrared reflectography

question: What shows up particularly well in reflectograms?

answer: carbon black

text: carbon black

question: What is the term for differences in the painting and underdrawing made by the original artist?

answer: pentimenti

text: pentimenti


text: In order not to let the routine administration take over the running of the empire, the Qing emperors made sure that all important matters were decided in the "Inner Court," which was dominated by the imperial family and Manchu nobility and which was located in the northern part of the Forbidden City. The core institution of the inner court was the Grand Council.[g] It emerged in the 1720s under the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor as a body charged with handling Qing military campaigns against the Mongols, but it soon took over other military and administrative duties and served to centralize authority under the crown. The Grand Councillors[h] served as a sort of privy council to the emperor.

title: Qing_dynasty

title: Qing_dynasty

text: In

text: order

text: not

text: to

text: let

text: the

text: routine

text: administration

text: take

text: over

text: the

text: running

text: of

text: the

text: empire

text: the

text: Qing

text: emperors

text: made

text: sure

text: that

text: all

text: important

text: matters

text: were

text: decided

text: in

text: the

text: Inner

text: Court

text: which

text: was

text: dominated

text: by

text: the

text: imperial

text: family

text: and

text: Manchu

text: nobility

text: and

text: which

text: was

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: northern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Forbidden

text: City

text: The

text: core

text: institution

text: of

text: the

text: inner

text: court

text: was

text: the

text: Grand

text: Council.[g

text: It

text: emerged

text: in

text: the

text: under

text: the

text: reign

text: of

text: the

text: Yongzheng

text: Emperor

text: as

text: a

text: body

text: charged

text: with

text: handling

text: Qing

text: military

text: campaigns

text: against

text: the

text: Mongols

text: but

text: it

text: soon

text: took

text: over

text: other

text: military

text: and

text: administrative

text: duties

text: and

text: served

text: to

text: centralize

text: authority

text: under

text: the

text: crown

text: The

text: Grand

text: Councillors[h

text: served

text: as

text: a

text: sort

text: of

text: privy

text: council

text: to

text: the

text: emperor

question: Who controlled the "Inner Court"?

answer: imperial family and Manchu nobility

text: imperial family and Manchu nobility

question: Where was the Inner Court?

answer: Forbidden City

text: Forbidden City

question: What was the Grand Council?

answer: core institution of the inner court

text: core institution of the inner court


text: If a capacitor is driven with a time-varying voltage that changes rapidly enough, at some frequency the polarization of the dielectric cannot follow the voltage. As an example of the origin of this mechanism, the internal microscopic dipoles contributing to the dielectric constant cannot move instantly, and so as frequency of an applied alternating voltage increases, the dipole response is limited and the dielectric constant diminishes. A changing dielectric constant with frequency is referred to as dielectric dispersion, and is governed by dielectric relaxation processes, such as Debye relaxation. Under transient conditions, the displacement field can be expressed as (see electric susceptibility):

title: Capacitor

title: Capacitor

text: If

text: a

text: capacitor

text: is

text: driven

text: with

text: a

text: time

text: varying

text: voltage

text: that

text: changes

text: rapidly

text: enough

text: at

text: some

text: frequency

text: the

text: polarization

text: of

text: the

text: dielectric

text: can

text: not

text: follow

text: the

text: voltage

text: As

text: an

text: example

text: of

text: the

text: origin

text: of

text: this

text: mechanism

text: the

text: internal

text: microscopic

text: dipoles

text: contributing

text: to

text: the

text: dielectric

text: constant

text: can

text: not

text: move

text: instantly

text: and

text: so

text: as

text: frequency

text: of

text: an

text: applied

text: alternating

text: voltage

text: increases

text: the

text: dipole

text: response

text: is

text: limited

text: and

text: the

text: dielectric

text: constant

text: diminishes

text: A

text: changing

text: dielectric

text: constant

text: with

text: frequency

text: is

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: dielectric

text: dispersion

text: and

text: is

text: governed

text: by

text: dielectric

text: relaxation

text: processes

text: such

text: as

text: Debye

text: relaxation

text: Under

text: transient

text: conditions

text: the

text: displacement

text: field

text: can

text: be

text: expressed

text: as

text: see

text: electric

text: susceptibility

question: Under what condition might the polarization of the dielectric be unable to follow the voltage?

answer: driven with a time-varying voltage that changes rapidly

text: driven with a time-varying voltage that changes rapidly

question: What type of dipoles which add to the dielectric constant cannot move instantly if a rapidly changing time varying voltage is driving the capacitor?

answer: the internal microscopic dipoles

text: the internal microscopic dipoles

question: What is it called when a dielectric constant changes with frequency?

answer: dielectric dispersion

text: dielectric dispersion

question: What regulates dielectric dispersion?

answer: dielectric relaxation processes

text: dielectric relaxation processes

question: What is an example of a dielectric relaxation process?

answer: Debye relaxation

text: Debye relaxation


text: Species boundaries in plants may be weaker than in animals, and cross species hybrids are often possible. A familiar example is peppermint, Mentha × piperita, a sterile hybrid between Mentha aquatica and spearmint, Mentha spicata. The many cultivated varieties of wheat are the result of multiple inter- and intra-specific crosses between wild species and their hybrids. Angiosperms with monoecious flowers often have self-incompatibility mechanisms that operate between the pollen and stigma so that the pollen either fails to reach the stigma or fails to germinate and produce male gametes. This is one of several methods used by plants to promote outcrossing. In many land plants the male and female gametes are produced by separate individuals. These species are said to be dioecious when referring to vascular plant sporophytes and dioicous when referring to bryophyte gametophytes.

title: Botany

title: Botany

text: Species

text: boundaries

text: in

text: plants

text: may

text: be

text: weaker

text: than

text: in

text: animals

text: and

text: cross

text: species

text: hybrids

text: are

text: often

text: possible

text: A

text: familiar

text: example

text: is

text: peppermint

text: Mentha

text: piperita

text: a

text: sterile

text: hybrid

text: between

text: Mentha

text: aquatica

text: and

text: spearmint

text: Mentha

text: spicata

text: The

text: many

text: cultivated

text: varieties

text: of

text: wheat

text: are

text: the

text: result

text: of

text: multiple

text: inter-

text: and

text: intra

text: specific

text: crosses

text: between

text: wild

text: species

text: and

text: their

text: hybrids

text: Angiosperms

text: with

text: monoecious

text: flowers

text: often

text: have

text: self

text: incompatibility

text: mechanisms

text: that

text: operate

text: between

text: the

text: pollen

text: and

text: stigma

text: so

text: that

text: the

text: pollen

text: either

text: fails

text: to

text: reach

text: the

text: stigma

text: or

text: fails

text: to

text: germinate

text: and

text: produce

text: male

text: gametes

text: This

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: several

text: methods

text: used

text: by

text: plants

text: to

text: promote

text: outcrossing

text: In

text: many

text: land

text: plants

text: the

text: male

text: and

text: female

text: gametes

text: are

text: produced

text: by

text: separate

text: individuals

text: These

text: species

text: are

text: said

text: to

text: be

text: dioecious

text: when

text: referring

text: to

text: vascular

text: plant

text: sporophytes

text: and

text: dioicous

text: when

text: referring

text: to

text: bryophyte

text: gametophytes

question: Are plants able to mate across species?

answer: hybrids are often possible

text: hybrids are often possible

question: What common grain is the result cultivated wild hybrids?

answer: wheat

text: wheat

question: How do some plants avoid cross pollination?

answer: pollen either fails to reach the stigma

text: pollen either fails to reach the stigma

question: Do all plants have male and female parts?

answer: separate individuals

text: separate individuals


text: Notable modern Greek artists include Renaissance painter Dominikos Theotokopoulos (El Greco), Panagiotis Doxaras, Nikolaos Gyzis, Nikiphoros Lytras, Yannis Tsarouchis, Nikos Engonopoulos, Constantine Andreou, Jannis Kounellis, sculptors such as Leonidas Drosis, Georgios Bonanos, Yannoulis Chalepas and Joannis Avramidis, conductor Dimitri Mitropoulos, soprano Maria Callas, composers such as Mikis Theodorakis, Nikos Skalkottas, Iannis Xenakis, Manos Hatzidakis, Eleni Karaindrou, Yanni and Vangelis, one of the best-selling singers worldwide Nana Mouskouri and poets such as Kostis Palamas, Dionysios Solomos, Angelos Sikelianos and Yannis Ritsos. Alexandrian Constantine P. Cavafy and Nobel laureates Giorgos Seferis and Odysseas Elytis are among the most important poets of the 20th century. Novel is also represented by Alexandros Papadiamantis and Nikos Kazantzakis.

title: Greeks

title: Greeks

text: Notable

text: modern

text: Greek

text: artists

text: include

text: Renaissance

text: painter

text: Dominikos

text: Theotokopoulos

text: El

text: Greco

text: Panagiotis

text: Doxaras

text: Nikolaos

text: Gyzis

text: Nikiphoros

text: Lytras

text: Yannis

text: Tsarouchis

text: Nikos

text: Engonopoulos

text: Constantine

text: Andreou

text: Jannis

text: Kounellis

text: sculptors

text: such

text: as

text: Leonidas

text: Drosis

text: Georgios

text: Bonanos

text: Yannoulis

text: Chalepas

text: and

text: Joannis

text: Avramidis

text: conductor

text: Dimitri

text: Mitropoulos

text: soprano

text: Maria

text: Callas

text: composers

text: such

text: as

text: Mikis

text: Theodorakis

text: Nikos

text: Skalkottas

text: Iannis

text: Xenakis

text: Manos

text: Hatzidakis

text: Eleni

text: Karaindrou

text: Yanni

text: and

text: Vangelis

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: best

text: selling

text: singers

text: worldwide

text: Nana

text: Mouskouri

text: and

text: poets

text: such

text: as

text: Kostis

text: Palamas

text: Dionysios

text: Solomos

text: Angelos

text: Sikelianos

text: and

text: Yannis

text: Ritsos

text: Alexandrian

text: Constantine

text: P.

text: Cavafy

text: and

text: Nobel

text: laureates

text: Giorgos

text: Seferis

text: and

text: Odysseas

text: Elytis

text: are

text: among

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: poets

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: Novel

text: is

text: also

text: represented

text: by

text: Alexandros

text: Papadiamantis

text: and

text: Nikos

text: Kazantzakis

question: Who was one of the old masters from the Greeks ?

answer: Greek artists include Renaissance painter Dominikos Theotokopoulos (El Greco), Panagiotis Do

text: Greek artists include Renaissance painter Dominikos Theotokopoulos (El Greco), Panagiotis Do

question: Who sang in a voice that is in the high octave range from the Modern Greek Era ?

answer: soprano Maria Callas

text: soprano Maria Callas

question: Who was one the most well known modern decorative modelers of the Greeks ?

answer: sculptors such as Leonidas Drosis, Georgios Bonanos, Yannoulis Chalepas and Joannis Avramidis

text: sculptors such as Leonidas Drosis, Georgios Bonanos, Yannoulis Chalepas and Joannis Avramidis

question: Name one of the poetic authors who was also nominated for the Nobel Peace Award from the Greeks ?

answer: Nobel laureates Giorgos Seferis and Odysseas Elytis are among the most important poets of the 20th century.

text: Nobel laureates Giorgos Seferis and Odysseas Elytis are among the most important poets of the 20th century.


text: Bannerman Park is a Victorian-style park located near the downtown. The park was officially opened in 1891 by Sir Alexander Bannerman, Governor of the Colony of Newfoundland who donated the land to create the park. Today the park contains a public swimming pool, playground, a baseball diamond and many large open grassy areas. Bannerman Park plays host to many festivals and sporting events, most notably the Newfoundland and Labrador Folk Festival and St. John's Peace-a-chord. The park is also the finishing location for the annual Tely 10 Mile Road Race.

title: St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador

title: St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador

text: Bannerman

text: Park

text: is

text: a

text: Victorian

text: style

text: park

text: located

text: near

text: the

text: downtown

text: The

text: park

text: was

text: officially

text: opened

text: in

text: by

text: Sir

text: Alexander

text: Bannerman

text: Governor

text: of

text: the

text: Colony

text: of

text: Newfoundland

text: who

text: donated

text: the

text: land

text: to

text: create

text: the

text: park

text: Today

text: the

text: park

text: contains

text: a

text: public

text: swimming

text: pool

text: playground

text: a

text: baseball

text: diamond

text: and

text: many

text: large

text: open

text: grassy

text: areas

text: Bannerman

text: Park

text: plays

text: host

text: to

text: many

text: festivals

text: and

text: sporting

text: events

text: most

text: notably

text: the

text: Newfoundland

text: and

text: Labrador

text: Folk

text: Festival

text: and

text: St.

text: John

text: 's

text: Peace

text: a

text: chord

text: The

text: park

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: finishing

text: location

text: for

text: the

text: annual

text: Tely

text: Mile

text: Road

text: Race

question: What part of the city is Bannerman Park located by?

answer: downtown

text: downtown

question: What year was Bannerman Park opened?

answer: 1891

question: who was the Governor of the Colony of Newfoundland in 1891?

answer: Sir Alexander Bannerman

text: Sir Alexander Bannerman

question: Where does the Tely 10 Mile Road Race end?

answer: Bannerman Park

text: Bannerman Park

question: Who donated land to create a Victorian-style park in 1891?

answer: Sir Alexander Bannerman

text: Sir Alexander Bannerman


text: The Finnish and Baltic invasions began a deterioration of relations between the Soviets and Germany. Stalin's invasions were a severe irritant to Berlin, as the intent to accomplish these was not communicated to the Germans beforehand, and prompted concern that Stalin was seeking to form an anti-German bloc. Molotov's reassurances to the Germans, and the Germans' mistrust, intensified. On June 16, as the Soviets invaded Lithuania, but before they had invaded Latvia and Estonia, Ribbentrop instructed his staff "to submit a report as soon as possible as to whether in the Baltic States a tendency to seek support from the Reich can be observed or whether an attempt was made to form a bloc."

title: Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact

title: Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact

text: The

text: Finnish

text: and

text: Baltic

text: invasions

text: began

text: a

text: deterioration

text: of

text: relations

text: between

text: the

text: Soviets

text: and

text: Germany

text: Stalin

text: 's

text: invasions

text: were

text: a

text: severe

text: irritant

text: to

text: Berlin

text: as

text: the

text: intent

text: to

text: accomplish

text: these

text: was

text: not

text: communicated

text: to

text: the

text: Germans

text: beforehand

text: and

text: prompted

text: concern

text: that

text: Stalin

text: was

text: seeking

text: to

text: form

text: an

text: anti

text: German

text: bloc

text: Molotov

text: 's

text: reassurances

text: to

text: the

text: Germans

text: and

text: the

text: Germans

text: mistrust

text: intensified

text: On

text: June

text: as

text: the

text: Soviets

text: invaded

text: Lithuania

text: but

text: before

text: they

text: had

text: invaded

text: Latvia

text: and

text: Estonia

text: Ribbentrop

text: instructed

text: his

text: staff

text: to

text: submit

text: a

text: report

text: as

text: soon

text: as

text: possible

text: as

text: to

text: whether

text: in

text: the

text: Baltic

text: States

text: a

text: tendency

text: to

text: seek

text: support

text: from

text: the

text: Reich

text: can

text: be

text: observed

text: or

text: whether

text: an

text: attempt

text: was

text: made

text: to

text: form

text: a

text: bloc

question: Who wanted to know the moment an anti-german bloc was to form?

answer: Ribbentrop

text: Ribbentrop

question: Why did the Germans distrust the soviet agenda?

answer: Stalin's invasions were a severe irritant

text: Stalin's invasions were a severe irritant

question: What caused distrust between the German and Soviet governments?

answer: Stalin's invasions were a severe irritant to Berlin

text: Stalin's invasions were a severe irritant to Berlin


text: Energy gives rise to weight when it is trapped in a system with zero momentum, where it can be weighed. It is also equivalent to mass, and this mass is always associated with it. Mass is also equivalent to a certain amount of energy, and likewise always appears associated with it, as described in mass-energy equivalence. The formula E = mc², derived by Albert Einstein (1905) quantifies the relationship between rest-mass and rest-energy within the concept of special relativity. In different theoretical frameworks, similar formulas were derived by J. J. Thomson (1881), Henri Poincaré (1900), Friedrich Hasenöhrl (1904) and others (see Mass-energy equivalence#History for further information).

title: Energy

title: Energy

text: Energy

text: gives

text: rise

text: to

text: weight

text: when

text: it

text: is

text: trapped

text: in

text: a

text: system

text: with

text: zero

text: momentum

text: where

text: it

text: can

text: be

text: weighed

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: equivalent

text: to

text: mass

text: and

text: this

text: mass

text: is

text: always

text: associated

text: with

text: it

text: Mass

text: is

text: also

text: equivalent

text: to

text: a

text: certain

text: amount

text: of

text: energy

text: and

text: likewise

text: always

text: appears

text: associated

text: with

text: it

text: as

text: described

text: in

text: mass

text: energy

text: equivalence

text: The

text: formula

text: E

text: derived

text: by

text: Albert

text: Einstein

text: quantifies

text: the

text: relationship

text: between

text: rest

text: mass

text: and

text: rest

text: energy

text: within

text: the

text: concept

text: of

text: special

text: relativity

text: In

text: different

text: theoretical

text: frameworks

text: similar

text: formulas

text: were

text: derived

text: by

text: J.

text: J.

text: Thomson

text: Henri

text: Poincaré

text: Friedrich

text: Hasenöhrl

text: and

text: others

text: see

text: Mass

text: energy

text: equivalence#History

text: for

text: further

text: information

question: When does energy give rise to weight?

answer: when it is trapped in a system with zero momentum

text: when it is trapped in a system with zero momentum

question: Mass is also equivalent to what?

answer: certain amount of energy

text: certain amount of energy

question: Who created the formula E = mc2?

answer: Albert Einstein

text: Albert Einstein

question: In what year did Einstein create E = mc2?

answer: 1905

question: What quantifies the relationship between rest-mass and rest-energy within the concept of special relativity?

answer: E = mc²

text: E = mc²


text: At the beginning of the 13th century, there were reasonably accurate Latin translations of the main works of almost all the intellectually crucial ancient authors, allowing a sound transfer of scientific ideas via both the universities and the monasteries. By then, the natural philosophy contained in these texts began to be extended by notable scholastics such as Robert Grosseteste, Roger Bacon, Albertus Magnus and Duns Scotus. Precursors of the modern scientific method, influenced by earlier contributions of the Islamic world, can be seen already in Grosseteste's emphasis on mathematics as a way to understand nature, and in the empirical approach admired by Bacon, particularly in his Opus Majus. Pierre Duhem's provocative thesis of the Catholic Church's Condemnation of 1277 led to the study of medieval science as a serious discipline, "but no one in the field any longer endorses his view that modern science started in 1277". However, many scholars agree with Duhem's view that the Middle Ages were a period of important scientific developments.

title: History_of_science

title: History_of_science

text: At

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: there

text: were

text: reasonably

text: accurate

text: Latin

text: translations

text: of

text: the

text: main

text: works

text: of

text: almost

text: all

text: the

text: intellectually

text: crucial

text: ancient

text: authors

text: allowing

text: a

text: sound

text: transfer

text: of

text: scientific

text: ideas

text: via

text: both

text: the

text: universities

text: and

text: the

text: monasteries

text: By

text: then

text: the

text: natural

text: philosophy

text: contained

text: in

text: these

text: texts

text: began

text: to

text: be

text: extended

text: by

text: notable

text: scholastics

text: such

text: as

text: Robert

text: Grosseteste

text: Roger

text: Bacon

text: Albertus

text: Magnus

text: and

text: Duns

text: Scotus

text: Precursors

text: of

text: the

text: modern

text: scientific

text: method

text: influenced

text: by

text: earlier

text: contributions

text: of

text: the

text: Islamic

text: world

text: can

text: be

text: seen

text: already

text: in

text: Grosseteste

text: 's

text: emphasis

text: on

text: mathematics

text: as

text: a

text: way

text: to

text: understand

text: nature

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: empirical

text: approach

text: admired

text: by

text: Bacon

text: particularly

text: in

text: his

text: Opus

text: Majus

text: Pierre

text: Duhem

text: 's

text: provocative

text: thesis

text: of

text: the

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: 's

text: Condemnation

text: of

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: medieval

text: science

text: as

text: a

text: serious

text: discipline

text: but

text: no

text: one

text: in

text: the

text: field

text: any

text: longer

text: endorses

text: his

text: view

text: that

text: modern

text: science

text: started

text: in

text: However

text: many

text: scholars

text: agree

text: with

text: Duhem

text: 's

text: view

text: that

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: were

text: a

text: period

text: of

text: important

text: scientific

text: developments

question: What language did the important scientific works get translated into for universities and monasteries?

answer: Latin

text: Latin

question: Who favored empirical methods?

answer: Bacon

text: Bacon

question: Who favored mathematics?

answer: Grosseteste

text: Grosseteste

question: Who wrote the Catholic Church's Condemnation of 1277?

answer: Pierre Duhem

text: Pierre Duhem

question: What era was important for scientific advancements?

answer: the Middle Ages

text: the Middle Ages


text: In 1941, Nasser was posted to Khartoum, Sudan, which was part of Egypt at the time. Nasser returned to Sudan in September 1942 after a brief stay in Egypt, then secured a position as an instructor in the Cairo Royal Military Academy in May 1943. In 1942, the British Ambassador Miles Lampson marched into King Farouk's palace and ordered him to dismiss Prime Minister Hussein Sirri Pasha for having pro-Axis sympathies. Nasser saw the incident as a blatant violation of Egyptian sovereignty and wrote, "I am ashamed that our army has not reacted against this attack", and wished for "calamity" to overtake the British. Nasser was accepted into the General Staff College later that year. He began to form a group of young military officers with strong nationalist sentiments who supported some form of revolution. Nasser stayed in touch with the group's members primarily through Amer, who continued to seek out interested officers within the Egyptian Armed Force's various branches and presented Nasser with a complete file on each of them.

title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

text: In

text: Nasser

text: was

text: posted

text: to

text: Khartoum

text: Sudan

text: which

text: was

text: part

text: of

text: Egypt

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: Nasser

text: returned

text: to

text: Sudan

text: in

text: September

text: after

text: a

text: brief

text: stay

text: in

text: Egypt

text: then

text: secured

text: a

text: position

text: as

text: an

text: instructor

text: in

text: the

text: Cairo

text: Royal

text: Military

text: Academy

text: in

text: May

text: In

text: the

text: British

text: Ambassador

text: Miles

text: Lampson

text: marched

text: into

text: King

text: Farouk

text: 's

text: palace

text: and

text: ordered

text: him

text: to

text: dismiss

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: Hussein

text: Sirri

text: Pasha

text: for

text: having

text: pro

text: Axis

text: sympathies

text: Nasser

text: saw

text: the

text: incident

text: as

text: a

text: blatant

text: violation

text: of

text: Egyptian

text: sovereignty

text: and

text: wrote

text: I

text: am

text: ashamed

text: that

text: our

text: army

text: has

text: not

text: reacted

text: against

text: this

text: attack

text: and

text: wished

text: for

text: calamity

text: to

text: overtake

text: the

text: British

text: Nasser

text: was

text: accepted

text: into

text: the

text: General

text: Staff

text: College

text: later

text: that

text: year

text: He

text: began

text: to

text: form

text: a

text: group

text: of

text: young

text: military

text: officers

text: with

text: strong

text: nationalist

text: sentiments

text: who

text: supported

text: some

text: form

text: of

text: revolution

text: Nasser

text: stayed

text: in

text: touch

text: with

text: the

text: group

text: 's

text: members

text: primarily

text: through

text: Amer

text: who

text: continued

text: to

text: seek

text: out

text: interested

text: officers

text: within

text: the

text: Egyptian

text: Armed

text: Force

text: 's

text: various

text: branches

text: and

text: presented

text: Nasser

text: with

text: a

text: complete

text: file

text: on

text: each

text: of

text: them

question: In what year was Nasser posted to Sudan?

answer: 1941

question: Whas was Nasser's position at the military academy in 1943?

answer: instructor

text: instructor

question: Who ordered the King to dismiss the Prime Minister?

answer: British Ambassador Miles Lampson

text: British Ambassador Miles Lampson

question: What political group was Nasser associated with?

answer: nationalist

text: nationalist

question: Who was Nasser's contact in the armed forces, giving Nasser dossiers?

answer: Amer

text: Amer