text: Ann Arbor has a council-manager form of government. The City Council has 11 voting members: the mayor and 10 city council members. The mayor and city council members serve two-year terms: the mayor is elected every even-numbered year, while half of the city council members are up for election annually (five in even-numbered and five in odd-numbered years). Two council members are elected from each of the city's five wards. The mayor is elected citywide. The mayor is the presiding officer of the City Council and has the power to appoint all Council committee members as well as board and commission members, with the approval of the City Council. The current mayor of Ann Arbor is Christopher Taylor, a Democrat who was elected as mayor in 2014. Day-to-day city operations are managed by a city administrator chosen by the city council.

title: Ann_Arbor,_Michigan

title: Ann_Arbor,_Michigan

text: Ann

text: Arbor

text: has

text: a

text: council

text: manager

text: form

text: of

text: government

text: The

text: City

text: Council

text: has

text: voting

text: members

text: the

text: mayor

text: and

text: city

text: council

text: members

text: The

text: mayor

text: and

text: city

text: council

text: members

text: serve

text: two

text: year

text: terms

text: the

text: mayor

text: is

text: elected

text: every

text: even

text: numbered

text: year

text: while

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: council

text: members

text: are

text: up

text: for

text: election

text: annually

text: five

text: in

text: even

text: numbered

text: and

text: five

text: in

text: odd

text: numbered

text: years

text: Two

text: council

text: members

text: are

text: elected

text: from

text: each

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: five

text: wards

text: The

text: mayor

text: is

text: elected

text: citywide

text: The

text: mayor

text: is

text: the

text: presiding

text: officer

text: of

text: the

text: City

text: Council

text: and

text: has

text: the

text: power

text: to

text: appoint

text: all

text: Council

text: committee

text: members

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: board

text: and

text: commission

text: members

text: with

text: the

text: approval

text: of

text: the

text: City

text: Council

text: The

text: current

text: mayor

text: of

text: Ann

text: Arbor

text: is

text: Christopher

text: Taylor

text: a

text: Democrat

text: who

text: was

text: elected

text: as

text: mayor

text: in

text: Day

text: to

text: day

text: city

text: operations

text: are

text: managed

text: by

text: a

text: city

text: administrator

text: chosen

text: by

text: the

text: city

text: council

question: What form of government does Ann Arbor have?

answer: council-manager

text: council-manager

question: How many voting members are there in the city- council?

answer: 11

question: How many terms does the mayor of the city serve?

answer: two-year

text: two-year

question: Who is elected every even numbered year?

answer: mayor

text: mayor

question: How many council members are elected for the city's ward?

answer: Two

text: Two


text: In the medieval Islamic world, an elementary school was known as a maktab, which dates back to at least the 10th century. Like madaris (which referred to higher education), a maktab was often attached to an endowed mosque. In the 11th century, the famous Persian Islamic philosopher and teacher Ibn Sīnā (known as Avicenna in the West), in one of his books, wrote a chapter about the maktab entitled "The Role of the Teacher in the Training and Upbringing of Children," as a guide to teachers working at maktab schools. He wrote that children can learn better if taught in classes instead of individual tuition from private tutors, and he gave a number of reasons for why this is the case, citing the value of competition and emulation among pupils, as well as the usefulness of group discussions and debates. Ibn Sīnā described the curriculum of a maktab school in some detail, describing the curricula for two stages of education in a maktab school.

title: Madrasa

title: Madrasa

text: In

text: the

text: medieval

text: Islamic

text: world

text: an

text: elementary

text: school

text: was

text: known

text: as

text: a

text: maktab

text: which

text: dates

text: back

text: to

text: at

text: least

text: the

text: century

text: Like

text: madaris

text: which

text: referred

text: to

text: higher

text: education

text: a

text: maktab

text: was

text: often

text: attached

text: to

text: an

text: endowed

text: mosque

text: In

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: famous

text: Persian

text: Islamic

text: philosopher

text: and

text: teacher

text: Ibn

text: Sīnā

text: known

text: as

text: Avicenna

text: in

text: the

text: West

text: in

text: one

text: of

text: his

text: books

text: wrote

text: a

text: chapter

text: about

text: the

text: maktab

text: entitled

text: The

text: Role

text: of

text: the

text: Teacher

text: in

text: the

text: Training

text: and

text: Upbringing

text: of

text: Children

text: as

text: a

text: guide

text: to

text: teachers

text: working

text: at

text: maktab

text: schools

text: He

text: wrote

text: that

text: children

text: can

text: learn

text: better

text: if

text: taught

text: in

text: classes

text: instead

text: of

text: individual

text: tuition

text: from

text: private

text: tutors

text: and

text: he

text: gave

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: reasons

text: for

text: why

text: this

text: is

text: the

text: case

text: citing

text: the

text: value

text: of

text: competition

text: and

text: emulation

text: among

text: pupils

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: usefulness

text: of

text: group

text: discussions

text: and

text: debates

text: Ibn

text: Sīnā

text: described

text: the

text: curriculum

text: of

text: a

text: maktab

text: school

text: in

text: some

text: detail

text: describing

text: the

text: curricula

text: for

text: two

text: stages

text: of

text: education

text: in

text: a

text: maktab

text: school

question: When were the first recorded Islamic elementary schools?

answer: 10th century

text: 10th century

question: What term refers to Islamic elementary schools?

answer: maktab

text: maktab

question: Who wrote a training guide for Islamic maktab teachers?

answer: Ibn Sīnā

text: Ibn Sīnā

question: What did Ibn Sina prefer over private tutors?

answer: classes

text: classes

question: How many component of education did Ibn Sina describe in their teachings?

answer: two

text: two


text: Many large airports are located near railway trunk routes for seamless connection of multimodal transport, for instance Frankfurt Airport, Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, London Heathrow Airport, London Gatwick Airport and London Stansted Airport. It is also common to connect an airport and a city with rapid transit, light rail lines or other non-road public transport systems. Some examples of this would include the AirTrain JFK at John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York, Link Light Rail that runs from the heart of downtown Seattle to Seattle–Tacoma International Airport, and the Silver Line T at Boston's Logan International Airport by the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA). Such a connection lowers risk of missed flights due to traffic congestion. Large airports usually have access also through controlled-access highways ('freeways' or 'motorways') from which motor vehicles enter either the departure loop or the arrival loop.

title: Airport

title: Airport

text: Many

text: large

text: airports

text: are

text: located

text: near

text: railway

text: trunk

text: routes

text: for

text: seamless

text: connection

text: of

text: multimodal

text: transport

text: for

text: instance

text: Frankfurt

text: Airport

text: Amsterdam

text: Airport

text: Schiphol

text: London

text: Heathrow

text: Airport

text: London

text: Gatwick

text: Airport

text: and

text: London

text: Stansted

text: Airport

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: common

text: to

text: connect

text: an

text: airport

text: and

text: a

text: city

text: with

text: rapid

text: transit

text: light

text: rail

text: lines

text: or

text: other

text: non

text: road

text: public

text: transport

text: systems

text: Some

text: examples

text: of

text: this

text: would

text: include

text: the

text: AirTrain

text: JFK

text: at

text: John

text: F.

text: Kennedy

text: International

text: Airport

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: Link

text: Light

text: Rail

text: that

text: runs

text: from

text: the

text: heart

text: of

text: downtown

text: Seattle

text: to

text: Seattle

text: Tacoma

text: International

text: Airport

text: and

text: the

text: Silver

text: Line

text: T

text: at

text: Boston

text: 's

text: Logan

text: International

text: Airport

text: by

text: the

text: Massachusetts

text: Bay

text: Transportation

text: Authority

text: MBTA

text: Such

text: a

text: connection

text: lowers

text: risk

text: of

text: missed

text: flights

text: due

text: to

text: traffic

text: congestion

text: Large

text: airports

text: usually

text: have

text: access

text: also

text: through

text: controlled

text: access

text: highways

text: freeways

text: or

text: motorways

text: from

text: which

text: motor

text: vehicles

text: enter

text: either

text: the

text: departure

text: loop

text: or

text: the

text: arrival

text: loop

question: For seamless connection of multimodal transport, where are many large airports located?

answer: near railway trunk routes

text: near railway trunk routes

question: What does MBTA stand for?

answer: Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority

text: Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority

question: It is also common to connect an airport and a city with what?

answer: rapid transit, light rail lines or other non-road public transport systems

text: rapid transit, light rail lines or other non-road public transport systems


text: Boston Common, located near the Financial District and Beacon Hill, is the oldest public park in the United States. Along with the adjacent Boston Public Garden, it is part of the Emerald Necklace, a string of parks designed by Frederick Law Olmsted to encircle the city. The Emerald Necklace includes Jamaica Pond, Boston's largest body of freshwater, and Franklin Park, the city's largest park and home of the Franklin Park Zoo. Another major park is the Esplanade, located along the banks of the Charles River. The Hatch Shell, an outdoor concert venue, is located adjacent to the Charles River Esplanade. Other parks are scattered throughout the city, with the major parks and beaches located near Castle Island; in Charlestown; and along the Dorchester, South Boston, and East Boston shorelines.

title: Boston

title: Boston

text: Boston

text: Common

text: located

text: near

text: the

text: Financial

text: District

text: and

text: Beacon

text: Hill

text: is

text: the

text: oldest

text: public

text: park

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Along

text: with

text: the

text: adjacent

text: Boston

text: Public

text: Garden

text: it

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Emerald

text: Necklace

text: a

text: string

text: of

text: parks

text: designed

text: by

text: Frederick

text: Law

text: Olmsted

text: to

text: encircle

text: the

text: city

text: The

text: Emerald

text: Necklace

text: includes

text: Jamaica

text: Pond

text: Boston

text: 's

text: largest

text: body

text: of

text: freshwater

text: and

text: Franklin

text: Park

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: largest

text: park

text: and

text: home

text: of

text: the

text: Franklin

text: Park

text: Zoo

text: Another

text: major

text: park

text: is

text: the

text: Esplanade

text: located

text: along

text: the

text: banks

text: of

text: the

text: Charles

text: River

text: The

text: Hatch

text: Shell

text: an

text: outdoor

text: concert

text: venue

text: is

text: located

text: adjacent

text: to

text: the

text: Charles

text: River

text: Esplanade

text: Other

text: parks

text: are

text: scattered

text: throughout

text: the

text: city

text: with

text: the

text: major

text: parks

text: and

text: beaches

text: located

text: near

text: Castle

text: Island

text: in

text: Charlestown

text: and

text: along

text: the

text: Dorchester

text: South

text: Boston

text: and

text: East

text: Boston

text: shorelines

question: What is the oldest public park in the US?

answer: Boston Common

text: Boston Common

question: Where is Boston Common located?

answer: near the Financial District and Beacon Hill

text: near the Financial District and Beacon Hill

question: What is next to Boston Common?

answer: Boston Public Garden

text: Boston Public Garden

question: The Emerald necklace is a string of what?

answer: parks

text: parks

question: Who designed the Emerald necklace?

answer: Frederick Law Olmsted

text: Frederick Law Olmsted


text: Before the establishment of the Modern Greek state, the link between ancient and modern Greeks was emphasized by the scholars of Greek Enlightenment especially by Rigas Feraios. In his "Political Constitution", he addresses to the nation as "the people descendant of the Greeks". The modern Greek state was created in 1829, when the Greeks liberated a part of their historic homelands, Peloponnese, from the Ottoman Empire. The large Greek diaspora and merchant class were instrumental in transmitting the ideas of western romantic nationalism and philhellenism, which together with the conception of Hellenism, formulated during the last centuries of the Byzantine Empire, formed the basis of the Diafotismos and the current conception of Hellenism.

title: Greeks

title: Greeks

text: Before

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: the

text: Modern

text: Greek

text: state

text: the

text: link

text: between

text: ancient

text: and

text: modern

text: Greeks

text: was

text: emphasized

text: by

text: the

text: scholars

text: of

text: Greek

text: Enlightenment

text: especially

text: by

text: Rigas

text: Feraios

text: In

text: his

text: Political

text: Constitution

text: he

text: addresses

text: to

text: the

text: nation

text: as

text: the

text: people

text: descendant

text: of

text: the

text: Greeks

text: The

text: modern

text: Greek

text: state

text: was

text: created

text: in

text: when

text: the

text: Greeks

text: liberated

text: a

text: part

text: of

text: their

text: historic

text: homelands

text: Peloponnese

text: from

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: The

text: large

text: Greek

text: diaspora

text: and

text: merchant

text: class

text: were

text: instrumental

text: in

text: transmitting

text: the

text: ideas

text: of

text: western

text: romantic

text: nationalism

text: and

text: philhellenism

text: which

text: together

text: with

text: the

text: conception

text: of

text: Hellenism

text: formulated

text: during

text: the

text: last

text: centuries

text: of

text: the

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: formed

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: the

text: Diafotismos

text: and

text: the

text: current

text: conception

text: of

text: Hellenism

question: From what era is the Rigas Feraios believed to be a part of ?

answer: Greek Enlightenment

text: Greek Enlightenment

question: When was the Greek state of modern times birthed into exsistence ?

answer: The modern Greek state was created in 1829,

text: The modern Greek state was created in 1829,

question: What did Greeks do that caused  the formation of the new state ?

answer: the Greeks liberated a part of their historic homelands, Peloponnese, from the Ottoman Empire

text: the Greeks liberated a part of their historic homelands, Peloponnese, from the Ottoman Empire

question: What foundation was laid that is the demographics of Modern Greek Enlightenment Era ?

answer: instrumental in transmitting the ideas of western romantic nationalism and philhellenism, which together with the conception of Hellenism,

text: instrumental in transmitting the ideas of western romantic nationalism and philhellenism, which together with the conception of Hellenism,


text: Adams sent condolences to Donda West's family but declined to publicly discuss the procedure, citing confidentiality. West’s family, through celebrity attorney Ed McPherson, filed complaints with the Medical Board against Adams and Aboolian for violating patient confidentiality following her death. Adams had previously been under scrutiny by the medical board. He appeared on Larry King Live on November 20, 2007, but left before speaking. Two days later, he appeared again, with his attorney, stating he was there to "defend himself". He said that the recently released autopsy results "spoke for themselves". The final coroner's report January 10, 2008, concluded that Donda West died of "coronary artery disease and multiple post-operative factors due to or as a consequence of liposuction and mammoplasty".

title: Kanye_West

title: Kanye_West

text: Adams

text: sent

text: condolences

text: to

text: Donda

text: West

text: 's

text: family

text: but

text: declined

text: to

text: publicly

text: discuss

text: the

text: procedure

text: citing

text: confidentiality

text: West

text: ’s

text: family

text: through

text: celebrity

text: attorney

text: Ed

text: McPherson

text: filed

text: complaints

text: with

text: the

text: Medical

text: Board

text: against

text: Adams

text: and

text: Aboolian

text: for

text: violating

text: patient

text: confidentiality

text: following

text: her

text: death

text: Adams

text: had

text: previously

text: been

text: under

text: scrutiny

text: by

text: the

text: medical

text: board

text: He

text: appeared

text: on

text: Larry

text: King

text: Live

text: on

text: November

text: but

text: left

text: before

text: speaking

text: Two

text: days

text: later

text: he

text: appeared

text: again

text: with

text: his

text: attorney

text: stating

text: he

text: was

text: there

text: to

text: defend

text: himself

text: He

text: said

text: that

text: the

text: recently

text: released

text: autopsy

text: results

text: spoke

text: for

text: themselves

text: The

text: final

text: coroner

text: 's

text: report

text: January

text: concluded

text: that

text: Donda

text: West

text: died

text: of

text: coronary

text: artery

text: disease

text: and

text: multiple

text: post

text: operative

text: factors

text: due

text: to

text: or

text: as

text: a

text: consequence

text: of

text: liposuction

text: and

text: mammoplasty

question: What talk show did the doctor who performed Donda West's plastic surgery appear on?

answer: Larry King Live

text: Larry King Live

question: What was the final cause of Donda's death determined by the coroner?

answer: "coronary artery disease and multiple post-operative factors due to or as a consequence of liposuction and mammoplasty"

text: "coronary artery disease and multiple post-operative factors due to or as a consequence of liposuction and mammoplasty"

question: What was the name of the West's family's attorney during the incident surrounding the death of Donda West?

answer: Ed McPherson

text: Ed McPherson

question: What reasons did West's family give for filing complaints against Adams and Aboolian?

answer: violating patient confidentiality

text: violating patient confidentiality

question: On what show did Adams appear to "defend himself"?

answer: Larry King Live

text: Larry King Live

question: On what day did the final coroner's report show that Donda died from heart disease and complications from surgery?

answer: January 10, 2008

text: January 10, 2008


text: Henry the Young King fought a short war with his brother Richard in 1183 over the status of England, Normandy and Aquitaine. Henry II moved in support of Richard, and Henry the Young King died from dysentery at the end of the campaign. With his primary heir dead, Henry rearranged the plans for the succession: Richard was to be made King of England, albeit without any actual power until the death of his father; Geoffrey would retain Brittany; and John would now become the Duke of Aquitaine in place of Richard. Richard refused to give up Aquitaine; Henry II was furious and ordered John, with help from Geoffrey, to march south and retake the duchy by force. The two attacked the capital of Poitiers, and Richard responded by attacking Brittany. The war ended in stalemate and a tense family reconciliation in England at the end of 1184.

title: John,_King_of_England

title: John,_King_of_England

text: Henry

text: the

text: Young

text: King

text: fought

text: a

text: short

text: war

text: with

text: his

text: brother

text: Richard

text: in

text: over

text: the

text: status

text: of

text: England

text: Normandy

text: and

text: Aquitaine

text: Henry

text: II

text: moved

text: in

text: support

text: of

text: Richard

text: and

text: Henry

text: the

text: Young

text: King

text: died

text: from

text: dysentery

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: campaign

text: With

text: his

text: primary

text: heir

text: dead

text: Henry

text: rearranged

text: the

text: plans

text: for

text: the

text: succession

text: Richard

text: was

text: to

text: be

text: made

text: King

text: of

text: England

text: albeit

text: without

text: any

text: actual

text: power

text: until

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: his

text: father

text: Geoffrey

text: would

text: retain

text: Brittany

text: and

text: John

text: would

text: now

text: become

text: the

text: Duke

text: of

text: Aquitaine

text: in

text: place

text: of

text: Richard

text: Richard

text: refused

text: to

text: give

text: up

text: Aquitaine

text: Henry

text: II

text: was

text: furious

text: and

text: ordered

text: John

text: with

text: help

text: from

text: Geoffrey

text: to

text: march

text: south

text: and

text: retake

text: the

text: duchy

text: by

text: force

text: The

text: two

text: attacked

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: Poitiers

text: and

text: Richard

text: responded

text: by

text: attacking

text: Brittany

text: The

text: war

text: ended

text: in

text: stalemate

text: and

text: a

text: tense

text: family

text: reconciliation

text: in

text: England

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

question: Who did Henry fight a short war with in 1183?

answer: Richard

text: Richard

question: How did Henry the Young King die?

answer: dysentery

text: dysentery

question: Who became the Duke of Aquitaine in place of Richard?

answer: John

text: John

question: When did the war end?

answer: 1184


text: In the late 14th century, the Songhai gradually gained independence from the Mali Empire and expanded, ultimately subsuming the entire eastern portion of the Mali Empire. The Songhai Empire's eventual collapse was largely the result of a Moroccan invasion in 1591, under the command of Judar Pasha. The fall of the Songhai Empire marked the end of the region's role as a trading crossroads. Following the establishment of sea routes by the European powers, the trans-Saharan trade routes lost significance.

title: Mali

title: Mali

text: In

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: the

text: Songhai

text: gradually

text: gained

text: independence

text: from

text: the

text: Mali

text: Empire

text: and

text: expanded

text: ultimately

text: subsuming

text: the

text: entire

text: eastern

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: Mali

text: Empire

text: The

text: Songhai

text: Empire

text: 's

text: eventual

text: collapse

text: was

text: largely

text: the

text: result

text: of

text: a

text: Moroccan

text: invasion

text: in

text: under

text: the

text: command

text: of

text: Judar

text: Pasha

text: The

text: fall

text: of

text: the

text: Songhai

text: Empire

text: marked

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: region

text: 's

text: role

text: as

text: a

text: trading

text: crossroads

text: Following

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: sea

text: routes

text: by

text: the

text: European

text: powers

text: the

text: trans

text: Saharan

text: trade

text: routes

text: lost

text: significance

question: The Sonhgai Empire's demise was due to what invasion?

answer: Moroccan invasion in 1591

text: Moroccan invasion in 1591

question: What major impact did the falling of the Songhai Empire have?

answer: Saharan trade routes lost significance.

text: Saharan trade routes lost significance.

question: What century did Songhai become independent from Mali?

answer: 14th century

text: 14th century

question: Who was the commander of the Moroccan invasion of 1591?

answer: Judar Pasha

text: Judar Pasha

question: What type of trading routes did Europeans make that compounded to the profound effect?

answer: establishment of sea routes

text: establishment of sea routes


text: Adolescence is a period frequently marked by increased rights and privileges for individuals. While cultural variation exists for legal rights and their corresponding ages, considerable consistency is found across cultures. Furthermore, since the advent of the Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1989 (children here defined as under 18), almost every country in the world (except the U.S. and South Sudan) has legally committed to advancing an anti-discriminatory stance towards young people of all ages. This includes protecting children against unchecked child labor, enrollment in the military, prostitution, and pornography. In many societies, those who reach a certain age (often 18, though this varies) are considered to have reached the age of majority and are legally regarded as adults who are responsible for their actions. People below this age are considered minors or children. A person below the age of majority may gain adult rights through legal emancipation.

title: Adolescence

title: Adolescence

text: Adolescence

text: is

text: a

text: period

text: frequently

text: marked

text: by

text: increased

text: rights

text: and

text: privileges

text: for

text: individuals

text: While

text: cultural

text: variation

text: exists

text: for

text: legal

text: rights

text: and

text: their

text: corresponding

text: ages

text: considerable

text: consistency

text: is

text: found

text: across

text: cultures

text: Furthermore

text: since

text: the

text: advent

text: of

text: the

text: Convention

text: on

text: the

text: Rights

text: of

text: the

text: Child

text: in

text: children

text: here

text: defined

text: as

text: under

text: almost

text: every

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: except

text: the

text: U.S.

text: and

text: South

text: Sudan

text: has

text: legally

text: committed

text: to

text: advancing

text: an

text: anti

text: discriminatory

text: stance

text: towards

text: young

text: people

text: of

text: all

text: ages

text: This

text: includes

text: protecting

text: children

text: against

text: unchecked

text: child

text: labor

text: enrollment

text: in

text: the

text: military

text: prostitution

text: and

text: pornography

text: In

text: many

text: societies

text: those

text: who

text: reach

text: a

text: certain

text: age

text: often

text: though

text: this

text: varies

text: are

text: considered

text: to

text: have

text: reached

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: majority

text: and

text: are

text: legally

text: regarded

text: as

text: adults

text: who

text: are

text: responsible

text: for

text: their

text: actions

text: People

text: below

text: this

text: age

text: are

text: considered

text: minors

text: or

text: children

text: A

text: person

text: below

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: majority

text: may

text: gain

text: adult

text: rights

text: through

text: legal

text: emancipation

question: In what year was the Convention on the Rights of the Child created?

answer: 1989

question: What two countries have not legally committed to advancing an anti-discriminaory stance towards young people?

answer: U.S. and South Sudan

text: U.S. and South Sudan

question: A person below the age of majority may gain adult rights through what process?

answer: legal emancipation

text: legal emancipation

question: What is legally different for an individual who has reached the age of majority?

answer: regarded as adults who are responsible for their actions

text: regarded as adults who are responsible for their actions


text: Matter commonly exists in four states (or phases): solid, liquid and gas, and plasma. However, advances in experimental techniques have revealed other previously theoretical phases, such as Bose–Einstein condensates and fermionic condensates. A focus on an elementary-particle view of matter also leads to new phases of matter, such as the quark–gluon plasma. For much of the history of the natural sciences people have contemplated the exact nature of matter. The idea that matter was built of discrete building blocks, the so-called particulate theory of matter, was first put forward by the Greek philosophers Leucippus (~490 BC) and Democritus (~470–380 BC).

title: Matter

title: Matter

text: Matter

text: commonly

text: exists

text: in

text: four

text: states

text: or

text: phases

text: solid

text: liquid

text: and

text: gas

text: and

text: plasma

text: However

text: advances

text: in

text: experimental

text: techniques

text: have

text: revealed

text: other

text: previously

text: theoretical

text: phases

text: such

text: as

text: Bose

text: Einstein

text: condensates

text: and

text: fermionic

text: condensates

text: A

text: focus

text: on

text: an

text: elementary

text: particle

text: view

text: of

text: matter

text: also

text: leads

text: to

text: new

text: phases

text: of

text: matter

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: quark

text: gluon

text: plasma

text: For

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: the

text: natural

text: sciences

text: people

text: have

text: contemplated

text: the

text: exact

text: nature

text: of

text: matter

text: The

text: idea

text: that

text: matter

text: was

text: built

text: of

text: discrete

text: building

text: blocks

text: the

text: so

text: called

text: particulate

text: theory

text: of

text: matter

text: was

text: first

text: put

text: forward

text: by

text: the

text: Greek

text: philosophers

text: Leucippus

text: BC

text: and

text: Democritus

text: BC

question: How many phases of matter are there?

answer: four

text: four

question: What new phase of matter can be considered with a focus on elementary particles?

answer: quark–gluon plasma

text: quark–gluon plasma

question: What is the theory that matter is made up of discrete building blocks called?

answer: particulate theory of matter

text: particulate theory of matter

question: What colleague of Democritus, also a Greek philosopher, helped him propose the particulate theory of matter?

answer: Leucippus

text: Leucippus

question: People have been wondering about the nature of matter for the entire history of what branch of science?

answer: natural sciences

text: natural sciences


text: The Marxist critique of capitalism — developed with Friedrich Engels — was, alongside liberalism and fascism, one of the defining ideological movements of the Twentieth Century. The industrial revolution produced a parallel revolution in political thought. Urbanization and capitalism greatly reshaped society. During this same period, the socialist movement began to form. In the mid-19th century, Marxism was developed, and socialism in general gained increasing popular support, mostly from the urban working class. Without breaking entirely from the past, Marx established principles that would be used by future revolutionaries of the 20th century namely Vladimir Lenin, Mao Zedong, Ho Chi Minh, and Fidel Castro. Though Hegel's philosophy of history is similar to Immanuel Kant's, and Karl Marx's theory of revolution towards the common good is partly based on Kant's view of history—Marx declared that he was turning Hegel's dialectic, which was "standing on its head", "the right side up again". Unlike Marx who believed in historical materialism, Hegel believed in the Phenomenology of Spirit. By the late 19th century, socialism and trade unions were established members of the political landscape. In addition, the various branches of anarchism, with thinkers such as Mikhail Bakunin, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon or Peter Kropotkin, and syndicalism also gained some prominence. In the Anglo-American world, anti-imperialism and pluralism began gaining currency at the turn of the 20th century.

title: Political_philosophy

title: Political_philosophy

text: The

text: Marxist

text: critique

text: of

text: capitalism

text: developed

text: with

text: Friedrich

text: Engels

text: was

text: alongside

text: liberalism

text: and

text: fascism

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: defining

text: ideological

text: movements

text: of

text: the

text: Twentieth

text: Century

text: The

text: industrial

text: revolution

text: produced

text: a

text: parallel

text: revolution

text: in

text: political

text: thought

text: Urbanization

text: and

text: capitalism

text: greatly

text: reshaped

text: society

text: During

text: this

text: same

text: period

text: the

text: socialist

text: movement

text: began

text: to

text: form

text: In

text: the

text: century

text: Marxism

text: was

text: developed

text: and

text: socialism

text: in

text: general

text: gained

text: increasing

text: popular

text: support

text: mostly

text: from

text: the

text: urban

text: working

text: class

text: Without

text: breaking

text: entirely

text: from

text: the

text: past

text: Marx

text: established

text: principles

text: that

text: would

text: be

text: used

text: by

text: future

text: revolutionaries

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: namely

text: Vladimir

text: Lenin

text: Mao

text: Zedong

text: Ho

text: Chi

text: Minh

text: and

text: Fidel

text: Castro

text: Though

text: Hegel

text: 's

text: philosophy

text: of

text: history

text: is

text: similar

text: to

text: Immanuel

text: Kant

text: 's

text: and

text: Karl

text: Marx

text: 's

text: theory

text: of

text: revolution

text: towards

text: the

text: common

text: good

text: is

text: partly

text: based

text: on

text: Kant

text: 's

text: view

text: of

text: history

text: Marx

text: declared

text: that

text: he

text: was

text: turning

text: Hegel

text: 's

text: dialectic

text: which

text: was

text: standing

text: on

text: its

text: head

text: the

text: right

text: side

text: up

text: again

text: Unlike

text: Marx

text: who

text: believed

text: in

text: historical

text: materialism

text: Hegel

text: believed

text: in

text: the

text: Phenomenology

text: of

text: Spirit

text: By

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: socialism

text: and

text: trade

text: unions

text: were

text: established

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: political

text: landscape

text: In

text: addition

text: the

text: various

text: branches

text: of

text: anarchism

text: with

text: thinkers

text: such

text: as

text: Mikhail

text: Bakunin

text: Pierre

text: Joseph

text: Proudhon

text: or

text: Peter

text: Kropotkin

text: and

text: syndicalism

text: also

text: gained

text: some

text: prominence

text: In

text: the

text: Anglo

text: American

text: world

text: anti

text: imperialism

text: and

text: pluralism

text: began

text: gaining

text: currency

text: at

text: the

text: turn

text: of

text: the

text: century

question: Who developed the Marxist critique of capitalism?

answer: Friedrich Engels

text: Friedrich Engels

question: What was one of the defining ideological movements of the Twentieth Century?

answer: The Marxist critique of capitalism

text: The Marxist critique of capitalism

question: What produced a parallel revolution in political thought?

answer: The industrial revolution

text: The industrial revolution


text: Northwestern's Evanston campus, where the undergraduate schools, the Graduate School, and the Kellogg School of Management are located, runs north-south from Lincoln Avenue to Clark Street west of Lake Michigan along Sheridan Road. North and South Campuses have noticeably different atmospheres, owing to the predominance of Science and Athletics in the one and Humanities and Arts in the other. North Campus is home to the fraternity quads, the Henry Crown Sports Pavilion and Norris Aquatics Center and other athletic facilities, the Technological Institute, Dearborn Observatory, and other science-related buildings including Patrick G. and Shirley W. Ryan Hall for Nanofabrication and Molecular Self-Assembly, and the Ford Motor Company Engineering Design Center. South Campus is home to the University's humanities buildings, Pick-Staiger Concert Hall and other music buildings, the Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art, and the sorority quads. In the 1960s, the University created an additional 84 acres (34.0 ha) by means of a lakefill in Lake Michigan. Among some of the buildings located on these broad new acres are University Library, Norris University Center (the student union), and Pick-Staiger Concert Hall.

title: Northwestern_University

title: Northwestern_University

text: Northwestern

text: 's

text: Evanston

text: campus

text: where

text: the

text: undergraduate

text: schools

text: the

text: Graduate

text: School

text: and

text: the

text: Kellogg

text: School

text: of

text: Management

text: are

text: located

text: runs

text: north

text: south

text: from

text: Lincoln

text: Avenue

text: to

text: Clark

text: Street

text: west

text: of

text: Lake

text: Michigan

text: along

text: Sheridan

text: Road

text: North

text: and

text: South

text: Campuses

text: have

text: noticeably

text: different

text: atmospheres

text: owing

text: to

text: the

text: predominance

text: of

text: Science

text: and

text: Athletics

text: in

text: the

text: one

text: and

text: Humanities

text: and

text: Arts

text: in

text: the

text: other

text: North

text: Campus

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: the

text: fraternity

text: quads

text: the

text: Henry

text: Crown

text: Sports

text: Pavilion

text: and

text: Norris

text: Aquatics

text: Center

text: and

text: other

text: athletic

text: facilities

text: the

text: Technological

text: Institute

text: Dearborn

text: Observatory

text: and

text: other

text: science

text: related

text: buildings

text: including

text: Patrick

text: G.

text: and

text: Shirley

text: W.

text: Ryan

text: Hall

text: for

text: Nanofabrication

text: and

text: Molecular

text: Self

text: Assembly

text: and

text: the

text: Ford

text: Motor

text: Company

text: Engineering

text: Design

text: Center

text: South

text: Campus

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: the

text: University

text: 's

text: humanities

text: buildings

text: Pick

text: Staiger

text: Concert

text: Hall

text: and

text: other

text: music

text: buildings

text: the

text: Mary

text: and

text: Leigh

text: Block

text: Museum

text: of

text: Art

text: and

text: the

text: sorority

text: quads

text: In

text: the

text: the

text: University

text: created

text: an

text: additional

text: acres

text: ha

text: by

text: means

text: of

text: a

text: lakefill

text: in

text: Lake

text: Michigan

text: Among

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: buildings

text: located

text: on

text: these

text: broad

text: new

text: acres

text: are

text: University

text: Library

text: Norris

text: University

text: Center

text: the

text: student

text: union

text: and

text: Pick

text: Staiger

text: Concert

text: Hall

question: How did Northwestern create 84 additional acres in the 1960's?

answer: by means of a lakefill in Lake Michigan

text: by means of a lakefill in Lake Michigan

question: Which campus holds the undergraduate schools, the Graduate school, and the Kellogg school of Management?

answer: Evanston

text: Evanston

question: What is noticably different between Northwestern's North and South Campuses?

answer: atmospheres

text: atmospheres

question: Which campus is home to the fraternity quads?

answer: North Campus

text: North Campus

question: Which campus is home to the music and art buildings?

answer: South Campus

text: South Campus


text: Exchanging "+" and "−" in the expression, i.e. permuting the two solutions of the equation can be viewed as a (very simple) group operation. Similar formulae are known for cubic and quartic equations, but do not exist in general for degree 5 and higher. Abstract properties of Galois groups associated with polynomials (in particular their solvability) give a criterion for polynomials that have all their solutions expressible by radicals, i.e. solutions expressible using solely addition, multiplication, and roots similar to the formula above.

title: Group_(mathematics)

title: Group_(mathematics

text: Exchanging

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: expression

text: i.e.

text: permuting

text: the

text: two

text: solutions

text: of

text: the

text: equation

text: can

text: be

text: viewed

text: as

text: a

text: very

text: simple

text: group

text: operation

text: Similar

text: formulae

text: are

text: known

text: for

text: cubic

text: and

text: quartic

text: equations

text: but

text: do

text: not

text: exist

text: in

text: general

text: for

text: degree

text: and

text: higher

text: Abstract

text: properties

text: of

text: Galois

text: groups

text: associated

text: with

text: polynomials

text: in

text: particular

text: their

text: solvability

text: give

text: a

text: criterion

text: for

text: polynomials

text: that

text: have

text: all

text: their

text: solutions

text: expressible

text: by

text: radicals

text: i.e.

text: solutions

text: expressible

text: using

text: solely

text: addition

text: multiplication

text: and

text: roots

text: similar

text: to

text: the

text: formula

text: above

question: What degree does not include simple formulas for cubic and quatric equations?

answer: degree 5 and higher

text: degree 5 and higher

question: What concept is associated with the solvability of polynomials?

answer: Abstract properties of Galois groups

text: Abstract properties of Galois groups

question: What are used to express the solutions of polynomials?

answer: radicals

text: radicals


text: For the finals, American Idol debuted a new state-of-the-art set and stage on March 11, 2008, along with a new on-air look. David Cook's performance of "Billie Jean" on top-ten night was lauded by the judges, but provoked controversy when they apparently mistook the Chris Cornell arrangement to be David Cook's own even though the performance was introduced as Cornell's version. Cornell himself said he was 'flattered' and praised David Cook's performance. David Cook was taken to the hospital after the top-nine performance show due to heart palpitations and high blood pressure.

title: American_Idol

title: American_Idol

text: For

text: the

text: finals

text: American

text: Idol

text: debuted

text: a

text: new

text: state

text: of

text: the

text: art

text: set

text: and

text: stage

text: on

text: March

text: along

text: with

text: a

text: new

text: on

text: air

text: look

text: David

text: Cook

text: 's

text: performance

text: of

text: Billie

text: Jean

text: on

text: top

text: ten

text: night

text: was

text: lauded

text: by

text: the

text: judges

text: but

text: provoked

text: controversy

text: when

text: they

text: apparently

text: mistook

text: the

text: Chris

text: Cornell

text: arrangement

text: to

text: be

text: David

text: Cook

text: 's

text: own

text: even

text: though

text: the

text: performance

text: was

text: introduced

text: as

text: Cornell

text: 's

text: version

text: Cornell

text: himself

text: said

text: he

text: was

text: flattered

text: and

text: praised

text: David

text: Cook

text: 's

text: performance

text: David

text: Cook

text: was

text: taken

text: to

text: the

text: hospital

text: after

text: the

text: top

text: nine

text: performance

text: show

text: due

text: to

text: heart

text: palpitations

text: and

text: high

text: blood

text: pressure

question: What song did David Cook sing on American Idol during the week of the top ten?

answer: Billie Jean

text: Billie Jean

question: Which American Idol contestant was hospitalized after singing during the week of the top nine?

answer: David Cook

text: David Cook

question: Who arranged the version of "Billie Jean" that David Cook performed on American Idol?

answer: Chris Cornell

text: Chris Cornell

question: On what date did the American Idol finals begin?

answer: March 11, 2008

text: March 11, 2008

question: When did American Idol showcase a new set and stage?

answer: March 11, 2008

text: March 11, 2008

question: Which arrangement was used for Cook's version of Billie Jean?

answer: Chris Cornell

text: Chris Cornell

question: Who was taken to the hospital after the top nine show?

answer: David Cook

text: David Cook


text: The fate of Willett's 1907 proposal illustrates several political issues involved. The proposal attracted many supporters, including Balfour, Churchill, Lloyd George, MacDonald, Edward VII (who used half-hour DST at Sandringham), the managing director of Harrods, and the manager of the National Bank. However, the opposition was stronger: it included Prime Minister H. H. Asquith, Christie (the Astronomer Royal), George Darwin, Napier Shaw (director of the Meteorological Office), many agricultural organizations, and theatre owners. After many hearings the proposal was narrowly defeated in a Parliament committee vote in 1909. Willett's allies introduced similar bills every year from 1911 through 1914, to no avail. The US was even more skeptical: Andrew Peters introduced a DST bill to the US House of Representatives in May 1909, but it soon died in committee.

title: Daylight_saving_time

title: Daylight_saving_time

text: The

text: fate

text: of

text: Willett

text: 's

text: proposal

text: illustrates

text: several

text: political

text: issues

text: involved

text: The

text: proposal

text: attracted

text: many

text: supporters

text: including

text: Balfour

text: Churchill

text: Lloyd

text: George

text: MacDonald

text: Edward

text: VII

text: who

text: used

text: half

text: hour

text: DST

text: at

text: Sandringham

text: the

text: managing

text: director

text: of

text: Harrods

text: and

text: the

text: manager

text: of

text: the

text: National

text: Bank

text: However

text: the

text: opposition

text: was

text: stronger

text: it

text: included

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: H.

text: H.

text: Asquith

text: Christie

text: the

text: Astronomer

text: Royal

text: George

text: Darwin

text: Napier

text: Shaw

text: director

text: of

text: the

text: Meteorological

text: Office

text: many

text: agricultural

text: organizations

text: and

text: theatre

text: owners

text: After

text: many

text: hearings

text: the

text: proposal

text: was

text: narrowly

text: defeated

text: in

text: a

text: Parliament

text: committee

text: vote

text: in

text: Willett

text: 's

text: allies

text: introduced

text: similar

text: bills

text: every

text: year

text: from

text: through

text: to

text: no

text: avail

text: The

text: US

text: was

text: even

text: more

text: skeptical

text: Andrew

text: Peters

text: introduced

text: a

text: DST

text: bill

text: to

text: the

text: US

text: House

text: of

text: Representatives

text: in

text: May

text: but

text: it

text: soon

text: died

text: in

text: committee

question: Which political supporter of Willett's proposal had already used the half-hour version of DST at Sandringham?

answer: Edward VII

text: Edward VII

question: What was the name of the director of the Meteorological Office who opposed DST?

answer: Napier Shaw

text: Napier Shaw

question: What year did Parliament first take a vote and decide against implementing daylight savings?

answer: 1909

question: Who was responsible for bringing a bill proposing DST to the U.S. House of Representatives?

answer: Andrew Peters

text: Andrew Peters


text: No provision within the constitution grants the monarch an ability to veto legislation directly; however, no provision prohibits the sovereign from withholding royal assent, which effectively constitutes a veto. When the Spanish media asked King Juan Carlos if he would endorse the bill legalising same-sex marriages, he answered "Soy el Rey de España y no el de Bélgica" ("I am the King of Spain and not that of Belgium")—a reference to King Baudouin I of Belgium, who had refused to sign the Belgian law legalising abortion. The King gave royal assent to Law 13/2005 on 1 July 2005; the law was gazetted in the Boletín Oficial del Estado on 2 July and came into effect on 3 July 2005. Likewise, in 2010, King Juan Carlos gave royal assent to a law permitting abortion on demand.

title: Royal_assent

title: Royal_assent

text: No

text: provision

text: within

text: the

text: constitution

text: grants

text: the

text: monarch

text: an

text: ability

text: to

text: veto

text: legislation

text: directly

text: however

text: no

text: provision

text: prohibits

text: the

text: sovereign

text: from

text: withholding

text: royal

text: assent

text: which

text: effectively

text: constitutes

text: a

text: veto

text: When

text: the

text: Spanish

text: media

text: asked

text: King

text: Juan

text: Carlos

text: if

text: he

text: would

text: endorse

text: the

text: bill

text: legalising

text: same

text: sex

text: marriages

text: he

text: answered

text: Soy

text: el

text: Rey

text: de

text: España

text: y

text: no

text: el

text: de

text: Bélgica

text: I

text: am

text: the

text: King

text: of

text: Spain

text: and

text: not

text: that

text: of

text: Belgium")—a

text: reference

text: to

text: King

text: Baudouin

text: I

text: of

text: Belgium

text: who

text: had

text: refused

text: to

text: sign

text: the

text: Belgian

text: law

text: legalising

text: abortion

text: The

text: King

text: gave

text: royal

text: assent

text: to

text: Law

text: on

text: July

text: the

text: law

text: was

text: gazetted

text: in

text: the

text: Boletín

text: Oficial

text: del

text: Estado

text: on

text: July

text: and

text: came

text: into

text: effect

text: on

text: July

text: Likewise

text: in

text: King

text: Juan

text: Carlos

text: gave

text: royal

text: assent

text: to

text: a

text: law

text: permitting

text: abortion

text: on

text: demand

question: What was King Juan Carlos' response to the media when asked if he would sign a bill supporting same-sex marriage?

answer: "Soy el Rey de España y no el de Bélgica"

text: "Soy el Rey de España y no el de Bélgica"

question: What other controversial bill did the king give his assent to in 2010?

answer: a law permitting abortion on demand

text: a law permitting abortion on demand

question: When did same-sex marriages become legal in Spain?

answer: 3 July 2005

text: 3 July 2005


text: As an academic field, philosophy of education is "the philosophical study of education and its problems (...) its central subject matter is education, and its methods are those of philosophy". "The philosophy of education may be either the philosophy of the process of education or the philosophy of the discipline of education. That is, it may be part of the discipline in the sense of being concerned with the aims, forms, methods, or results of the process of educating or being educated; or it may be metadisciplinary in the sense of being concerned with the concepts, aims, and methods of the discipline." As such, it is both part of the field of education and a field of applied philosophy, drawing from fields of metaphysics, epistemology, axiology and the philosophical approaches (speculative, prescriptive, and/or analytic) to address questions in and about pedagogy, education policy, and curriculum, as well as the process of learning, to name a few. For example, it might study what constitutes upbringing and education, the values and norms revealed through upbringing and educational practices, the limits and legitimization of education as an academic discipline, and the relation between education theory and practice.

title: Education

title: Education

text: As

text: an

text: academic

text: field

text: philosophy

text: of

text: education

text: is

text: the

text: philosophical

text: study

text: of

text: education

text: and

text: its

text: problems

text: its

text: central

text: subject

text: matter

text: is

text: education

text: and

text: its

text: methods

text: are

text: those

text: of

text: philosophy

text: The

text: philosophy

text: of

text: education

text: may

text: be

text: either

text: the

text: philosophy

text: of

text: the

text: process

text: of

text: education

text: or

text: the

text: philosophy

text: of

text: the

text: discipline

text: of

text: education

text: That

text: is

text: it

text: may

text: be

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: discipline

text: in

text: the

text: sense

text: of

text: being

text: concerned

text: with

text: the

text: aims

text: forms

text: methods

text: or

text: results

text: of

text: the

text: process

text: of

text: educating

text: or

text: being

text: educated

text: or

text: it

text: may

text: be

text: metadisciplinary

text: in

text: the

text: sense

text: of

text: being

text: concerned

text: with

text: the

text: concepts

text: aims

text: and

text: methods

text: of

text: the

text: discipline

text: As

text: such

text: it

text: is

text: both

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: field

text: of

text: education

text: and

text: a

text: field

text: of

text: applied

text: philosophy

text: drawing

text: from

text: fields

text: of

text: metaphysics

text: epistemology

text: axiology

text: and

text: the

text: philosophical

text: approaches

text: speculative

text: prescriptive

text: and/or

text: analytic

text: to

text: address

text: questions

text: in

text: and

text: about

text: pedagogy

text: education

text: policy

text: and

text: curriculum

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: process

text: of

text: learning

text: to

text: name

text: a

text: few

text: For

text: example

text: it

text: might

text: study

text: what

text: constitutes

text: upbringing

text: and

text: education

text: the

text: values

text: and

text: norms

text: revealed

text: through

text: upbringing

text: and

text: educational

text: practices

text: the

text: limits

text: and

text: legitimization

text: of

text: education

text: as

text: an

text: academic

text: discipline

text: and

text: the

text: relation

text: between

text: education

text: theory

text: and

text: practice

question: What can Philosophy education be when we talk about the process?

answer: philosophy of the process of education or the philosophy of the discipline of education

text: philosophy of the process of education or the philosophy of the discipline of education

question: What defines Philosophy education?

answer: the philosophical study of education and its problems

text: the philosophical study of education and its problems

question: What fields make up field education and a field applied philosophy?

answer: metaphysics, epistemology, axiology and the philosophical approaches

text: metaphysics, epistemology, axiology and the philosophical approaches


text: Galicia is further divided into 53 comarcas, 315 municipalities (93 in A Coruña, 67 in Lugo, 92 in Ourense, 62 in Pontevedra) and 3,778 parishes. Municipalities are divided into parishes, which may be further divided into aldeas ("hamlets") or lugares ("places"). This traditional breakdown into such small areas is unusual when compared to the rest of Spain. Roughly half of the named population entities of Spain are in Galicia, which occupies only 5.8 percent of the country's area. It is estimated that Galicia has over a million named places, over 40,000 of them being communities.

title: Galicia_(Spain)

title: Galicia_(Spain

text: Galicia

text: is

text: further

text: divided

text: into

text: comarcas

text: municipalities

text: in

text: A

text: Coruña

text: in

text: Lugo

text: in

text: Ourense

text: in

text: Pontevedra

text: and

text: parishes

text: Municipalities

text: are

text: divided

text: into

text: parishes

text: which

text: may

text: be

text: further

text: divided

text: into

text: aldeas

text: hamlets

text: or

text: lugares

text: places

text: This

text: traditional

text: breakdown

text: into

text: such

text: small

text: areas

text: is

text: unusual

text: when

text: compared

text: to

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: Spain

text: Roughly

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: named

text: population

text: entities

text: of

text: Spain

text: are

text: in

text: Galicia

text: which

text: occupies

text: only

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: area

text: It

text: is

text: estimated

text: that

text: Galicia

text: has

text: over

text: a

text: million

text: named

text: places

text: over

text: of

text: them

text: being

text: communities

question: How many comarcas does Galicia consist of?

answer: 53

question: How many municipalities?

answer: 315

question: How many parishes?

answer: 3,778

question: How many of its numerous named locations are communities?

answer: 40,000


text: From 1820 to 1848 Sicily was shaken by upheavals, which culminated on 12 January 1848, with a popular insurrection, the first one in Europe that year, led by Giuseppe La Masa. A parliament and constitution were proclaimed. The first president was Ruggero Settimo. The Bourbons reconquered Palermo in 1849, and remained under their rule until the time of Giuseppe Garibaldi. The famous general entered Palermo with his troops (the “Thousands”) on 27 May 1860. After the plebiscite later that year Palermo, along with the rest of Sicily, became part of the new Kingdom of Italy (1861).

title: Palermo

title: Palermo

text: From

text: to

text: Sicily

text: was

text: shaken

text: by

text: upheavals

text: which

text: culminated

text: on

text: January

text: with

text: a

text: popular

text: insurrection

text: the

text: first

text: one

text: in

text: Europe

text: that

text: year

text: led

text: by

text: Giuseppe

text: La

text: Masa

text: A

text: parliament

text: and

text: constitution

text: were

text: proclaimed

text: The

text: first

text: president

text: was

text: Ruggero

text: Settimo

text: The

text: Bourbons

text: reconquered

text: Palermo

text: in

text: and

text: remained

text: under

text: their

text: rule

text: until

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: Giuseppe

text: Garibaldi

text: The

text: famous

text: general

text: entered

text: Palermo

text: with

text: his

text: troops

text: the

text: Thousands

text: on

text: May

text: After

text: the

text: plebiscite

text: later

text: that

text: year

text: Palermo

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: Sicily

text: became

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: new

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Italy

question: Who led the first insurrection in Europe in 1848?

answer: Giuseppe La Masa

text: Giuseppe La Masa

question: Who was the first president of Palermo?

answer: Ruggero Settimo

text: Ruggero Settimo

question: Who regained control of Palermo in 1849?

answer: The Bourbons

text: The Bourbons

question: Sicily and Palermo became part of what Kingdom in 1861?

answer: Kingdom of Italy

text: Kingdom of Italy


text: Other mentionable newspapers are the tabloid Informanté owned by TrustCo, the weekly Windhoek Observer, the weekly Namibia Economist, as well as the regional Namib Times. Current affairs magazines include Insight Namibia, Vision2030 Focus magazine[citation needed] and Prime FOCUS. Sister Namibia Magazine stands out as the longest running NGO magazine in Namibia, while Namibia Sport is the only national sport magazine. Furthermore, the print market is complemented with party publications, student newspapers and PR publications.

title: Namibia

title: Namibia

text: Other

text: mentionable

text: newspapers

text: are

text: the

text: tabloid

text: Informanté

text: owned

text: by

text: TrustCo

text: the

text: weekly

text: Windhoek

text: Observer

text: the

text: weekly

text: Namibia

text: Economist

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: regional

text: Namib

text: Times

text: Current

text: affairs

text: magazines

text: include

text: Insight

text: Namibia

text: Focus

text: magazine[citation

text: needed

text: and

text: Prime

text: FOCUS

text: Sister

text: Namibia

text: Magazine

text: stands

text: out

text: as

text: the

text: longest

text: running

text: NGO

text: magazine

text: in

text: Namibia

text: while

text: Namibia

text: Sport

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: national

text: sport

text: magazine

text: Furthermore

text: the

text: print

text: market

text: is

text: complemented

text: with

text: party

text: publications

text: student

text: newspapers

text: and

text: PR

text: publications

question: What is a popular tabloid magazine in Namibia?

answer: Windhoek Observer

text: Windhoek Observer

question: What is the economical magazine in Namibia?

answer: Namibia Economist

text: Namibia Economist

question: What is the regional magazine in Namibia?

answer: Namib Times

text: Namib Times

question: What is the only sport newspaper in Namibia?

answer: Namibia Sport

text: Namibia Sport

question: What is the most popular current affairs magazine in Namibia?

answer: Insight Namibia

text: Insight Namibia


text: The immediate chain of events leading to France and the United Kingdom declaring war on Russia on 27 and 28 March 1854 came from the ambition of the French emperor Napoleon III to restore the grandeur of France. He wanted Catholic support that would come his way if he attacked Eastern Orthodoxy, as sponsored by Russia.:103 The Marquis Charles de La Valette was a zealous Catholic and a leading member of the "clerical party," which demanded French protection of the Roman Catholic rights to the holy places in Palestine. In May 1851, Napoleon appointed La Valette as his ambassador to the Porte (the Ottoman Empire).:7–9 The appointment was made with the intent of forcing the Ottomans to recognise France as the "sovereign authority" over the Christian population.:19 Russia disputed this attempted change in authority. Pointing to two more treaties, one in 1757 and the 1774 Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca, the Ottomans reversed their earlier decision, renouncing the French treaty and insisting that Russia was the protector of the Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire.

title: Crimean_War

title: Crimean_War

text: The

text: immediate

text: chain

text: of

text: events

text: leading

text: to

text: France

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: declaring

text: war

text: on

text: Russia

text: on

text: and

text: March

text: came

text: from

text: the

text: ambition

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: emperor

text: Napoleon

text: III

text: to

text: restore

text: the

text: grandeur

text: of

text: France

text: He

text: wanted

text: Catholic

text: support

text: that

text: would

text: come

text: his

text: way

text: if

text: he

text: attacked

text: Eastern

text: Orthodoxy

text: as

text: sponsored

text: by

text: The

text: Marquis

text: Charles

text: de

text: La

text: Valette

text: was

text: a

text: zealous

text: Catholic

text: and

text: a

text: leading

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: clerical

text: party

text: which

text: demanded

text: French

text: protection

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: rights

text: to

text: the

text: holy

text: places

text: in

text: Palestine

text: In

text: May

text: Napoleon

text: appointed

text: La

text: Valette

text: as

text: his

text: ambassador

text: to

text: the

text: Porte

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: The

text: appointment

text: was

text: made

text: with

text: the

text: intent

text: of

text: forcing

text: the

text: Ottomans

text: to

text: recognise

text: France

text: as

text: the

text: sovereign

text: authority

text: over

text: the

text: Christian

text: Russia

text: disputed

text: this

text: attempted

text: change

text: in

text: authority

text: Pointing

text: to

text: two

text: more

text: treaties

text: one

text: in

text: and

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Küçük

text: Kaynarca

text: the

text: Ottomans

text: reversed

text: their

text: earlier

text: decision

text: renouncing

text: the

text: French

text: treaty

text: and

text: insisting

text: that

text: Russia

text: was

text: the

text: protector

text: of

text: the

text: Orthodox

text: Christians

text: in

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

question: In what year did France and the U.K declare war on Russia?

answer: 1854

question: What individual was responsible for France and the U.K declaring war on Russia?

answer: Napoleon III

text: Napoleon III

question: Who demanded protection for Roman Catholic rights in sacred places in Palestine?

answer: Charles de La Valette

text: Charles de La Valette

question: Charles de La Valette was a devoted and leading member of what party?

answer: clerical party

text: clerical party

question: What position did Napoleon III appoint to La Valette?

answer: ambassador to the Porte

text: ambassador to the Porte


text: The final decades of the 20th century have seen the rise of a new interdisciplinary approach to studying human psychology, known collectively as cognitive science. Cognitive science again considers the mind as a subject for investigation, using the tools of psychology, linguistics, computer science, philosophy, and neurobiology. New methods of visualizing the activity of the brain, such as PET scans and CAT scans, began to exert their influence as well, leading some researchers to investigate the mind by investigating the brain, rather than cognition. These new forms of investigation assume that a wide understanding of the human mind is possible, and that such an understanding may be applied to other research domains, such as artificial intelligence.

title: History_of_science

title: History_of_science

text: The

text: final

text: decades

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: have

text: seen

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: a

text: new

text: interdisciplinary

text: approach

text: to

text: studying

text: human

text: psychology

text: known

text: collectively

text: as

text: cognitive

text: science

text: Cognitive

text: science

text: again

text: considers

text: the

text: mind

text: as

text: a

text: subject

text: for

text: investigation

text: using

text: the

text: tools

text: of

text: psychology

text: linguistics

text: computer

text: science

text: philosophy

text: and

text: neurobiology

text: New

text: methods

text: of

text: visualizing

text: the

text: activity

text: of

text: the

text: brain

text: such

text: as

text: PET

text: scans

text: and

text: CAT

text: scans

text: began

text: to

text: exert

text: their

text: influence

text: as

text: well

text: leading

text: some

text: researchers

text: to

text: investigate

text: the

text: mind

text: by

text: investigating

text: the

text: brain

text: rather

text: than

text: cognition

text: These

text: new

text: forms

text: of

text: investigation

text: assume

text: that

text: a

text: wide

text: understanding

text: of

text: the

text: human

text: mind

text: is

text: possible

text: and

text: that

text: such

text: an

text: understanding

text: may

text: be

text: applied

text: to

text: other

text: research

text: domains

text: such

text: as

text: artificial

text: intelligence

question: What is the group that human psychology belongs to?

answer: cognitive science

text: cognitive science

question: What is investigated in cognitive science?

answer: the mind

text: the mind

question: What inventions advanced the study of cognitive science?

answer: PET scans and CAT scans

text: PET scans and CAT scans

question: What new technology could be created as a result of studying cognitive science?

answer: artificial intelligence

text: artificial intelligence


text: Some other cultures do not recognize a homosexual/heterosexual/bisexual distinction. It is common to distinguish a person's sexuality according to their sexual role (active/passive; insertive/penetrated). In this distinction, the passive role is typically associated with femininity and/or inferiority, while the active role is typically associated with masculinity and/or superiority. For example, an investigation of a small Brazilian fishing village revealed three sexual categories for men: men who have sex only with men (consistently in a passive role), men who have sex only with women, and men who have sex with women and men (consistently in an active role). While men who consistently occupied the passive role were recognized as a distinct group by locals, men who have sex with only women, and men who have sex with women and men, were not differentiated. Little is known about same-sex attracted females, or sexual behavior between females in these cultures.

title: Sexual_orientation

title: Sexual_orientation

text: Some

text: other

text: cultures

text: do

text: not

text: recognize

text: a

text: homosexual

text: heterosexual

text: bisexual

text: distinction

text: It

text: is

text: common

text: to

text: distinguish

text: a

text: person

text: 's

text: sexuality

text: according

text: to

text: their

text: sexual

text: role

text: active

text: passive

text: insertive

text: penetrated

text: In

text: this

text: distinction

text: the

text: passive

text: role

text: is

text: typically

text: associated

text: with

text: femininity

text: and/or

text: inferiority

text: while

text: the

text: active

text: role

text: is

text: typically

text: associated

text: with

text: masculinity

text: and/or

text: superiority

text: For

text: example

text: an

text: investigation

text: of

text: a

text: small

text: Brazilian

text: fishing

text: village

text: revealed

text: three

text: sexual

text: categories

text: for

text: men

text: men

text: who

text: have

text: sex

text: only

text: with

text: men

text: consistently

text: in

text: a

text: passive

text: role

text: men

text: who

text: have

text: sex

text: only

text: with

text: women

text: and

text: men

text: who

text: have

text: sex

text: with

text: women

text: and

text: men

text: consistently

text: in

text: an

text: active

text: role

text: While

text: men

text: who

text: consistently

text: occupied

text: the

text: passive

text: role

text: were

text: recognized

text: as

text: a

text: distinct

text: group

text: by

text: locals

text: men

text: who

text: have

text: sex

text: with

text: only

text: women

text: and

text: men

text: who

text: have

text: sex

text: with

text: women

text: and

text: men

text: were

text: not

text: differentiated

text: Little

text: is

text: known

text: about

text: same

text: sex

text: attracted

text: females

text: or

text: sexual

text: behavior

text: between

text: females

text: in

text: these

text: cultures

question: What is a common way to determine a persons sexuality?

answer: according to their sexual role (active/passive; insertive/penetrated)

text: according to their sexual role (active/passive; insertive/penetrated)

question: When deteerming sexual preference this way what is the passive role associated with?

answer: femininity and/or inferiority

text: femininity and/or inferiority

question: When determining sexual preference this way what is the active role associated with?

answer: masculinity and/or superiority

text: masculinity and/or superiority

question: How much is known about lesbians and bisexual women in these cultures?

answer: Little

text: Little


text: It should be emphasized, however, that for Whitehead God is not necessarily tied to religion. Rather than springing primarily from religious faith, Whitehead saw God as necessary for his metaphysical system. His system required that an order exist among possibilities, an order that allowed for novelty in the world and provided an aim to all entities. Whitehead posited that these ordered potentials exist in what he called the primordial nature of God. However, Whitehead was also interested in religious experience. This led him to reflect more intensively on what he saw as the second nature of God, the consequent nature. Whitehead's conception of God as a "dipolar" entity has called for fresh theological thinking.

title: Alfred_North_Whitehead

title: Alfred_North_Whitehead

text: It

text: should

text: be

text: emphasized

text: however

text: that

text: for

text: Whitehead

text: God

text: is

text: not

text: necessarily

text: tied

text: to

text: religion

text: Rather

text: than

text: springing

text: primarily

text: from

text: religious

text: faith

text: Whitehead

text: saw

text: God

text: as

text: necessary

text: for

text: his

text: metaphysical

text: system

text: His

text: system

text: required

text: that

text: an

text: order

text: exist

text: among

text: possibilities

text: an

text: order

text: that

text: allowed

text: for

text: novelty

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: provided

text: an

text: aim

text: to

text: all

text: entities

text: Whitehead

text: posited

text: that

text: these

text: ordered

text: potentials

text: exist

text: in

text: what

text: he

text: called

text: the

text: primordial

text: nature

text: of

text: God

text: However

text: Whitehead

text: was

text: also

text: interested

text: in

text: religious

text: experience

text: This

text: led

text: him

text: to

text: reflect

text: more

text: intensively

text: on

text: what

text: he

text: saw

text: as

text: the

text: second

text: nature

text: of

text: God

text: the

text: consequent

text: nature

text: Whitehead

text: 's

text: conception

text: of

text: God

text: as

text: a

text: dipolar

text: entity

text: has

text: called

text: for

text: fresh

text: theological

text: thinking

question: What was Whitehead's belief about God in relation to religion?

answer: God is not necessarily tied to religion

text: God is not necessarily tied to religion

question: In what did Whitehead believe that those concepts existed?

answer: primordial nature of God

text: primordial nature of God

question: What did Whitehead view as the second nature of God?

answer: the consequent nature

text: the consequent nature

question: What type of God did Whitehead believe existed?

answer: dipolar

text: dipolar

question: Why did Whitehead view the existence of God as a necessity for his metaphysical system?

answer: His system required that an order exist among possibilities, an order that allowed for novelty in the world and provided an aim to all entities.

text: His system required that an order exist among possibilities, an order that allowed for novelty in the world and provided an aim to all entities.


text: Northwestern has roughly 225,000 alumni in all branches of business, government, law, science, education, medicine, media, and the performing arts. Among Northwestern's more notable alumni are U.S. Senator and presidential candidate George McGovern, Nobel Prize–winning economist George J. Stigler, Nobel Prize–winning novelist Saul Bellow, Pulitzer Prize–winning composer and diarist Ned Rorem, the much-decorated composer Howard Hanson, Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey Ali Babacan, the historian and novelist Wilma Dykeman, and the founder of the presidential prayer breakfast Abraham Vereide. U.S. Supreme Court Associate Justice John Paul Stevens, Supreme Court Justice and Ambassador to the United Nations Arthur Joseph Goldberg, and Governor of Illinois and Democratic presidential candidate Adlai Stevenson are among the graduates of the Northwestern School of Law. Many Northwestern alumni play or have played important roles in Chicago and Illinois, such as former Illinois governor and convicted felon Rod Blagojevich, Chicago Bulls and Chicago White Sox owner Jerry Reinsdorf, and theater director Mary Zimmerman. Northwestern alumnus David J. Skorton currently serves as president of Cornell University. Rahm Emanuel, the mayor of Chicago and former White House Chief of Staff, earned a Masters in Speech and Communication in 1985.

title: Northwestern_University

title: Northwestern_University

text: Northwestern

text: has

text: roughly

text: alumni

text: in

text: all

text: branches

text: of

text: business

text: government

text: law

text: science

text: education

text: medicine

text: media

text: and

text: the

text: performing

text: arts

text: Among

text: Northwestern

text: 's

text: more

text: notable

text: alumni

text: are

text: U.S.

text: Senator

text: and

text: presidential

text: candidate

text: George

text: McGovern

text: Nobel

text: Prize

text: winning

text: economist

text: George

text: J.

text: Stigler

text: Nobel

text: Prize

text: winning

text: novelist

text: Saul

text: Bellow

text: Pulitzer

text: Prize

text: winning

text: composer

text: and

text: diarist

text: Ned

text: Rorem

text: the

text: much

text: decorated

text: composer

text: Howard

text: Hanson

text: Deputy

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: of

text: Turkey

text: Ali

text: Babacan

text: the

text: historian

text: and

text: novelist

text: Wilma

text: Dykeman

text: and

text: the

text: founder

text: of

text: the

text: presidential

text: prayer

text: breakfast

text: Abraham

text: Vereide

text: U.S.

text: Supreme

text: Court

text: Associate

text: Justice

text: John

text: Paul

text: Stevens

text: Supreme

text: Court

text: Justice

text: and

text: Ambassador

text: to

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: Arthur

text: Joseph

text: Goldberg

text: and

text: Governor

text: of

text: Illinois

text: and

text: Democratic

text: presidential

text: candidate

text: Adlai

text: Stevenson

text: are

text: among

text: the

text: graduates

text: of

text: the

text: Northwestern

text: School

text: of

text: Law

text: Many

text: Northwestern

text: alumni

text: play

text: or

text: have

text: played

text: important

text: roles

text: in

text: Chicago

text: and

text: Illinois

text: such

text: as

text: former

text: Illinois

text: governor

text: and

text: convicted

text: felon

text: Rod

text: Blagojevich

text: Chicago

text: Bulls

text: and

text: Chicago

text: White

text: Sox

text: owner

text: Jerry

text: Reinsdorf

text: and

text: theater

text: director

text: Mary

text: Zimmerman

text: Northwestern

text: alumnus

text: David

text: J.

text: Skorton

text: currently

text: serves

text: as

text: president

text: of

text: Cornell

text: University

text: Rahm

text: Emanuel

text: the

text: mayor

text: of

text: Chicago

text: and

text: former

text: White

text: House

text: Chief

text: of

text: Staff

text: earned

text: a

text: Masters

text: in

text: Speech

text: and

text: Communication

text: in

question: Which of Northwestern's alumni is notable for becoming a U.S. Senator and presidential candidate?

answer: George McGovern

text: George McGovern

question: Which of Northwestern's alumni is notable for becoming The Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey?

answer: Ali Babacan

text: Ali Babacan

question: Which of Northwestern's alumni is notable for being the founder of the presidential prayer breakfast?

answer: Abraham Vereide

text: Abraham Vereide

question: Which of Northwestern's alumni is notable for becoming the Governor of Illinois and a presidential candidate?

answer: Adlai Stevenson

text: Adlai Stevenson

question: Which of Northwestern's alumni is notable for becoming the Illinois Governor and convicted felon?

answer: Rod Blagojevich

text: Rod Blagojevich


text: A similar struggle began in India when the Government of India Act 1919 failed to satisfy demand for independence. Concerns over communist and foreign plots following the Ghadar Conspiracy ensured that war-time strictures were renewed by the Rowlatt Acts. This led to tension, particularly in the Punjab region, where repressive measures culminated in the Amritsar Massacre. In Britain public opinion was divided over the morality of the event, between those who saw it as having saved India from anarchy, and those who viewed it with revulsion. The subsequent Non-Co-Operation movement was called off in March 1922 following the Chauri Chaura incident, and discontent continued to simmer for the next 25 years.

title: British_Empire

title: British_Empire

text: A

text: similar

text: struggle

text: began

text: in

text: India

text: when

text: the

text: Government

text: of

text: India

text: Act

text: failed

text: to

text: satisfy

text: demand

text: for

text: independence

text: Concerns

text: over

text: communist

text: and

text: foreign

text: plots

text: following

text: the

text: Ghadar

text: Conspiracy

text: ensured

text: that

text: war

text: time

text: strictures

text: were

text: renewed

text: by

text: the

text: Rowlatt

text: Acts

text: This

text: led

text: to

text: tension

text: particularly

text: in

text: the

text: Punjab

text: region

text: where

text: repressive

text: measures

text: culminated

text: in

text: the

text: Amritsar

text: Massacre

text: In

text: Britain

text: public

text: opinion

text: was

text: divided

text: over

text: the

text: morality

text: of

text: the

text: event

text: between

text: those

text: who

text: saw

text: it

text: as

text: having

text: saved

text: India

text: from

text: anarchy

text: and

text: those

text: who

text: viewed

text: it

text: with

text: revulsion

text: The

text: subsequent

text: Non

text: Co

text: Operation

text: movement

text: was

text: called

text: off

text: in

text: March

text: following

text: the

text: Chauri

text: Chaura

text: incident

text: and

text: discontent

text: continued

text: to

text: simmer

text: for

text: the

text: next

text: years

question: When was the Government of India Act passed?

answer: 1919

question: What event stoked fears of communist plots in India?

answer: the Ghadar Conspiracy

text: the Ghadar Conspiracy

question: In what region was the Amritsar Massacre?

answer: Punjab

text: Punjab

question: The Chauri Chaura incident led to the end of what movement?

answer: Non-Co-Operation

text: Non-Co-Operation


text: The Catholic Church prevailed across Europe at this time, influencing not only faith but also wealth and power. Bishops were appointed by the feudal lords (kings, dukes and other landowners) and they often ruled as virtual princes over large estates. The early Medieval periods had seen a rapid growth in monasticism, with several different orders being prevalent and spreading their influence widely. Foremost were the Benedictines whose great abbey churches vastly outnumbered any others in France and England. A part of their influence was that towns developed around them and they became centers of culture, learning and commerce. The Cluniac and Cistercian Orders were prevalent in France, the great monastery at Cluny having established a formula for a well planned monastic site which was then to influence all subsequent monastic building for many centuries.

title: Gothic_architecture

title: Gothic_architecture

text: The

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: prevailed

text: across

text: Europe

text: at

text: this

text: time

text: influencing

text: not

text: only

text: faith

text: but

text: also

text: wealth

text: and

text: power

text: Bishops

text: were

text: appointed

text: by

text: the

text: feudal

text: lords

text: kings

text: dukes

text: and

text: other

text: landowners

text: and

text: they

text: often

text: ruled

text: as

text: virtual

text: princes

text: over

text: large

text: estates

text: The

text: early

text: Medieval

text: periods

text: had

text: seen

text: a

text: rapid

text: growth

text: in

text: monasticism

text: with

text: several

text: different

text: orders

text: being

text: prevalent

text: and

text: spreading

text: their

text: influence

text: widely

text: Foremost

text: were

text: the

text: Benedictines

text: whose

text: great

text: abbey

text: churches

text: vastly

text: outnumbered

text: any

text: others

text: in

text: France

text: and

text: England

text: A

text: part

text: of

text: their

text: influence

text: was

text: that

text: towns

text: developed

text: around

text: them

text: and

text: they

text: became

text: centers

text: of

text: culture

text: learning

text: and

text: commerce

text: The

text: Cluniac

text: and

text: Cistercian

text: Orders

text: were

text: prevalent

text: in

text: France

text: the

text: great

text: monastery

text: at

text: Cluny

text: having

text: established

text: a

text: formula

text: for

text: a

text: well

text: planned

text: monastic

text: site

text: which

text: was

text: then

text: to

text: influence

text: all

text: subsequent

text: monastic

text: building

text: for

text: many

text: centuries

question: What church was widespread across Europe at this time?

answer: The Catholic Church

text: The Catholic Church

question: Who were bishops appointed by?

answer: by the feudal lords (kings, dukes and other landowners)

text: by the feudal lords (kings, dukes and other landowners)

question: Which periods saw a quick growth in Monasticism?

answer: The early Medieval periods

text: The early Medieval periods

question: What types of church were the Benedictines known for?

answer: great abbey churches

text: great abbey churches

question: What is one type of Benedictine order that was common in France?

answer: Cistercian Orders

text: Cistercian Orders


text: On the island of Crete, along with the lyra and the laouto (lute), the mandolin is one of the main instruments used in Cretan Music. It appeared on Crete around the time of the Venetian rule of the island. Different variants of the mandolin, such as the "mantola," were used to accompany the lyra, the violin, and the laouto. Stelios Foustalierakis reported that the mandolin and the mpoulgari were used to accompany the lyra in the beginning of the 20th century in the city of Rethimno. There are also reports that the mandolin was mostly a woman's musical instrument. Nowadays it is played mainly as a solo instrument in personal and family events on the Ionian islands and Crete.

title: Mandolin

title: Mandolin

text: On

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Crete

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: lyra

text: and

text: the

text: laouto

text: lute

text: the

text: mandolin

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: main

text: instruments

text: used

text: in

text: Cretan

text: Music

text: It

text: appeared

text: on

text: Crete

text: around

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: the

text: Venetian

text: rule

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: Different

text: variants

text: of

text: the

text: mandolin

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: mantola

text: were

text: used

text: to

text: accompany

text: the

text: lyra

text: the

text: violin

text: and

text: the

text: laouto

text: Stelios

text: Foustalierakis

text: reported

text: that

text: the

text: mandolin

text: and

text: the

text: mpoulgari

text: were

text: used

text: to

text: accompany

text: the

text: lyra

text: in

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Rethimno

text: There

text: are

text: also

text: reports

text: that

text: the

text: mandolin

text: was

text: mostly

text: a

text: woman

text: 's

text: musical

text: instrument

text: Nowadays

text: it

text: is

text: played

text: mainly

text: as

text: a

text: solo

text: instrument

text: in

text: personal

text: and

text: family

text: events

text: on

text: the

text: Ionian

text: islands

text: and

text: Crete

question: What Island is the mandolin a main instrument in Cretan Music?

answer: island of Crete

text: island of Crete

question: When did the mandolin appears on Crete?

answer: around the time of the Venetian rule of the island.

text: around the time of the Venetian rule of the island.

question: What was one of the variants of the mandolin that was used?

answer: mantola

text: mantola

question: Who reported that the mandolin and the mpoulgari were used to accompany the lyria?

answer: Stelios Foustalierakis

text: Stelios Foustalierakis

question: The mandolin was reported to be popular among what sex?

answer: woman

text: woman


text: The basic annelid form consists of multiple segments. Each segment has the same sets of organs and, in most polychaetes, has a pair of parapodia that many species use for locomotion. Septa separate the segments of many species, but are poorly defined or absent in others, and Echiura and Sipuncula show no obvious signs of segmentation. In species with well-developed septa, the blood circulates entirely within blood vessels, and the vessels in segments near the front ends of these species are often built up with muscles that act as hearts. The septa of such species also enable them to change the shapes of individual segments, which facilitates movement by peristalsis ("ripples" that pass along the body) or by undulations that improve the effectiveness of the parapodia. In species with incomplete septa or none, the blood circulates through the main body cavity without any kind of pump, and there is a wide range of locomotory techniques – some burrowing species turn their pharynges inside out to drag themselves through the sediment.

title: Annelid

title: Annelid

text: The

text: basic

text: annelid

text: form

text: consists

text: of

text: multiple

text: segments

text: Each

text: segment

text: has

text: the

text: same

text: sets

text: of

text: organs

text: and

text: in

text: most

text: polychaetes

text: has

text: a

text: pair

text: of

text: parapodia

text: that

text: many

text: species

text: use

text: for

text: locomotion

text: Septa

text: separate

text: the

text: segments

text: of

text: many

text: species

text: but

text: are

text: poorly

text: defined

text: or

text: absent

text: in

text: others

text: and

text: Echiura

text: and

text: Sipuncula

text: show

text: no

text: obvious

text: signs

text: of

text: segmentation

text: In

text: species

text: with

text: well

text: developed

text: septa

text: the

text: blood

text: circulates

text: entirely

text: within

text: blood

text: vessels

text: and

text: the

text: vessels

text: in

text: segments

text: near

text: the

text: front

text: ends

text: of

text: these

text: species

text: are

text: often

text: built

text: up

text: with

text: muscles

text: that

text: act

text: as

text: hearts

text: The

text: septa

text: of

text: such

text: species

text: also

text: enable

text: them

text: to

text: change

text: the

text: shapes

text: of

text: individual

text: segments

text: which

text: facilitates

text: movement

text: by

text: peristalsis

text: ripples

text: that

text: pass

text: along

text: the

text: body

text: or

text: by

text: undulations

text: that

text: improve

text: the

text: effectiveness

text: of

text: the

text: parapodia

text: In

text: species

text: with

text: incomplete

text: septa

text: or

text: the

text: blood

text: circulates

text: through

text: the

text: main

text: body

text: cavity

text: without

text: any

text: kind

text: of

text: pump

text: and

text: there

text: is

text: a

text: wide

text: range

text: of

text: locomotory

text: techniques

text: some

text: burrowing

text: species

text: turn

text: their

text: pharynges

text: inside

text: out

text: to

text: drag

text: themselves

text: through

text: the

text: sediment

question: What separates many annelids' segments?

answer: Septa

text: Septa

question: Which annelids show no segmentation?

answer: Echiura and Sipuncula

text: Echiura and Sipuncula

question: What end of annelids with well-developed segmentation has muscles that act like hearts?

answer: front

text: front

question: What is movement by ripples called?

answer: peristalsis

text: peristalsis

question: What movement method do some burrowing annelids use?

answer: turn their pharynges inside out to drag themselves

text: turn their pharynges inside out to drag themselves


text: To make pulp from wood, a chemical pulping process separates lignin from cellulose fibres. This is accomplished by dissolving lignin in a cooking liquor, so that it may be washed from the cellulose; this preserves the length of the cellulose fibres. Paper made from chemical pulps are also known as wood-free papers–not to be confused with tree-free paper; this is because they do not contain lignin, which deteriorates over time. The pulp can also be bleached to produce white paper, but this consumes 5% of the fibres; chemical pulping processes are not used to make paper made from cotton, which is already 90% cellulose.

title: Paper

title: Paper

text: To

text: make

text: pulp

text: from

text: wood

text: a

text: chemical

text: pulping

text: process

text: separates

text: lignin

text: from

text: cellulose

text: fibres

text: This

text: is

text: accomplished

text: by

text: dissolving

text: lignin

text: in

text: a

text: cooking

text: liquor

text: so

text: that

text: it

text: may

text: be

text: washed

text: from

text: the

text: cellulose

text: this

text: preserves

text: the

text: length

text: of

text: the

text: cellulose

text: fibres

text: Paper

text: made

text: from

text: chemical

text: pulps

text: are

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: wood

text: free

text: papers

text: not

text: to

text: be

text: confused

text: with

text: tree

text: free

text: paper

text: this

text: is

text: because

text: they

text: do

text: not

text: contain

text: lignin

text: which

text: deteriorates

text: over

text: time

text: The

text: pulp

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: bleached

text: to

text: produce

text: white

text: paper

text: but

text: this

text: consumes

text: of

text: the

text: fibres

text: chemical

text: pulping

text: processes

text: are

text: not

text: used

text: to

text: make

text: paper

text: made

text: from

text: cotton

text: which

text: is

text: already

text: cellulose

question: What is separated from the cellulose fibres?

answer: lignin

text: lignin

question: What type of paper is paper made from chemical pulps known as?

answer: wood-free

text: wood-free

question: What percentage of fibres are wasted in the bleaching process?

answer: 5%

question: What percentage of cotton is cellulose?

answer: 90%


text: Nocturnal migrants minimize predation, avoid overheating, and can feed during the day. One cost of nocturnal migration is the loss of sleep. Migrants may be able to alter their quality of sleep to compensate for the loss.

title: Bird_migration

title: Bird_migration

text: Nocturnal

text: migrants

text: minimize

text: predation

text: avoid

text: overheating

text: and

text: can

text: feed

text: during

text: the

text: day

text: One

text: cost

text: of

text: nocturnal

text: migration

text: is

text: the

text: loss

text: of

text: sleep

text: Migrants

text: may

text: be

text: able

text: to

text: alter

text: their

text: quality

text: of

text: sleep

text: to

text: compensate

text: for

text: the

text: loss

question: What is a benefit of nocturnal migration?

answer: minimize predation

text: minimize predation

question: What is a cost of nocturnal migration?

answer: loss of sleep

text: loss of sleep

question: How do nocturnal migrants compensate for loss of sleep?

answer: Migrants may be able to alter their quality of sleep

text: Migrants may be able to alter their quality of sleep

question: What is another benefit of nocturnal migration?

answer: avoid overheating

text: avoid overheating