text: Van Praag states that the Ming court established diplomatic delegations with Tibet merely to secure urgently needed horses. Wang and Nyima argue that these were not diplomatic delegations at all, that Tibetan areas were ruled by the Ming since Tibetan leaders were granted positions as Ming officials, that horses were collected from Tibet as a mandatory "corvée" tax, and therefore Tibetans were "undertaking domestic affairs, not foreign diplomacy". Sperling writes that the Ming simultaneously bought horses in the Kham region while fighting Tibetan tribes in Amdo and receiving Tibetan embassies in Nanjing. He also argues that the embassies of Tibetan lamas visiting the Ming court were for the most part efforts to promote commercial transactions between the lamas' large, wealthy entourage and Ming Chinese merchants and officials. Kolmaš writes that while the Ming maintained a laissez-faire policy towards Tibet and limited the numbers of the Tibetan retinues, the Tibetans sought to maintain a tributary relationship with the Ming because imperial patronage provided them with wealth and power. Laird writes that Tibetans eagerly sought Ming court invitations since the gifts the Tibetans received for bringing tribute were much greater in value than the latter. As for the Yongle Emperor's gifts to his Tibetan and Nepalese vassals such as silver wares, Buddha relics, utensils for Buddhist temples and religious ceremonies, and gowns and robes for monks, Tsai writes "in his effort to draw neighboring states to the Ming orbit so that he could bask in glory, the Yongle Emperor was quite willing to pay a small price". The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC lists the Tibetan tribute items as oxen, horses, camels, sheep, fur products, medical herbs, Tibetan incenses, thangkas (painted scrolls), and handicrafts; while the Ming awarded Tibetan tribute-bearers an equal value of gold, silver, satin and brocade, bolts of cloth, grains, and tea leaves. Silk workshops during the Ming also catered specifically to the Tibetan market with silk clothes and furnishings featuring Tibetan Buddhist iconography.

title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty

title: Sino

text: Van

text: Praag

text: states

text: that

text: the

text: Ming

text: court

text: established

text: diplomatic

text: delegations

text: with

text: Tibet

text: merely

text: to

text: secure

text: urgently

text: needed

text: horses

text: Wang

text: and

text: Nyima

text: argue

text: that

text: these

text: were

text: not

text: diplomatic

text: delegations

text: at

text: all

text: that

text: Tibetan

text: areas

text: were

text: ruled

text: by

text: the

text: Ming

text: since

text: Tibetan

text: leaders

text: were

text: granted

text: positions

text: as

text: Ming

text: officials

text: that

text: horses

text: were

text: collected

text: from

text: Tibet

text: as

text: a

text: mandatory

text: corvée

text: tax

text: and

text: therefore

text: Tibetans

text: were

text: undertaking

text: domestic

text: affairs

text: not

text: foreign

text: diplomacy

text: Sperling

text: writes

text: that

text: the

text: Ming

text: simultaneously

text: bought

text: horses

text: in

text: the

text: Kham

text: region

text: while

text: fighting

text: Tibetan

text: tribes

text: in

text: Amdo

text: and

text: receiving

text: Tibetan

text: embassies

text: in

text: Nanjing

text: He

text: also

text: argues

text: that

text: the

text: embassies

text: of

text: Tibetan

text: lamas

text: visiting

text: the

text: Ming

text: court

text: were

text: for

text: the

text: most

text: part

text: efforts

text: to

text: promote

text: commercial

text: transactions

text: between

text: the

text: lamas

text: large

text: wealthy

text: entourage

text: and

text: Ming

text: Chinese

text: merchants

text: and

text: officials

text: Kolmaš

text: writes

text: that

text: while

text: the

text: Ming

text: maintained

text: a

text: laissez

text: faire

text: policy

text: towards

text: Tibet

text: and

text: limited

text: the

text: numbers

text: of

text: the

text: Tibetan

text: retinues

text: the

text: Tibetans

text: sought

text: to

text: maintain

text: a

text: tributary

text: relationship

text: with

text: the

text: Ming

text: because

text: imperial

text: patronage

text: provided

text: them

text: with

text: wealth

text: and

text: power

text: Laird

text: writes

text: that

text: Tibetans

text: eagerly

text: sought

text: Ming

text: court

text: invitations

text: since

text: the

text: gifts

text: the

text: Tibetans

text: received

text: for

text: bringing

text: tribute

text: were

text: much

text: greater

text: in

text: value

text: than

text: the

text: latter

text: As

text: for

text: the

text: Yongle

text: Emperor

text: 's

text: gifts

text: to

text: his

text: Tibetan

text: and

text: Nepalese

text: vassals

text: such

text: as

text: silver

text: wares

text: Buddha

text: relics

text: utensils

text: for

text: Buddhist

text: temples

text: and

text: religious

text: ceremonies

text: and

text: gowns

text: and

text: robes

text: for

text: monks

text: Tsai

text: writes

text: in

text: his

text: effort

text: to

text: draw

text: neighboring

text: states

text: to

text: the

text: Ming

text: orbit

text: so

text: that

text: he

text: could

text: bask

text: in

text: glory

text: the

text: Yongle

text: Emperor

text: was

text: quite

text: willing

text: to

text: pay

text: a

text: small

text: price

text: The

text: Information

text: Office

text: of

text: the

text: State

text: Council

text: of

text: the

text: PRC

text: lists

text: the

text: Tibetan

text: tribute

text: items

text: as

text: oxen

text: horses

text: camels

text: sheep

text: fur

text: products

text: medical

text: herbs

text: Tibetan

text: incenses

text: thangkas

text: painted

text: scrolls

text: and

text: handicrafts

text: while

text: the

text: Ming

text: awarded

text: Tibetan

text: tribute

text: bearers

text: an

text: equal

text: value

text: of

text: gold

text: silver

text: satin

text: and

text: brocade

text: bolts

text: of

text: cloth

text: grains

text: and

text: tea

text: leaves

text: Silk

text: workshops

text: during

text: the

text: Ming

text: also

text: catered

text: specifically

text: to

text: the

text: Tibetan

text: market

text: with

text: silk

text: clothes

text: and

text: furnishings

text: featuring

text: Tibetan

text: Buddhist

text: iconography

question: Why does Van Praag believe the Ming court set up a diplomatic delegation with Tibet?

answer: to secure urgently needed horses

text: to secure urgently needed horses

question: What shops were catered to the Tibetan market?

answer: Silk workshops

text: Silk workshops

question: What visual images and symbols were on furnishings from the silk workshops?

answer: Tibetan Buddhist

text: Tibetan Buddhist

question: who were the Tibetan areas were ruled by?

answer: the Ming

text: the Ming

question: Wang and Nyima believed horses were collected from Tibet as what kind of tax?

answer: a mandatory "corvée" tax

text: a mandatory "corvée" tax


text: On February 8, 2015, at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards, West walked on stage as Beck was accepting his award for Album of the Year and then walked off stage, making everyone think he was joking around. After the awards show, West stated in an interview that he was not joking and that "Beck needs to respect artistry, he should have given his award to Beyoncé". On February 26, 2015, he publicly apologized to Beck on Twitter.

title: Kanye_West

title: Kanye_West

text: On

text: February

text: at

text: the

text: Annual

text: Grammy

text: Awards

text: West

text: walked

text: on

text: stage

text: as

text: Beck

text: was

text: accepting

text: his

text: award

text: for

text: Album

text: of

text: the

text: Year

text: and

text: then

text: walked

text: off

text: stage

text: making

text: everyone

text: think

text: he

text: was

text: joking

text: around

text: After

text: the

text: awards

text: show

text: West

text: stated

text: in

text: an

text: interview

text: that

text: he

text: was

text: not

text: joking

text: and

text: that

text: Beck

text: needs

text: to

text: respect

text: artistry

text: he

text: should

text: have

text: given

text: his

text: award

text: to

text: Beyoncé

text: On

text: February

text: he

text: publicly

text: apologized

text: to

text: Beck

text: on

text: Twitter

question: Which artist's award reception did Kanye interrupt at the 57th Grammy Awards?

answer: Beck

text: Beck

question: To who did Kanye state that Beck should hand his award over to?

answer: Beyoncé

text: Beyoncé

question: What artist's acceptance speech did Kanye interrupt by walking on stage at the 57th Grammys?

answer: Beck

text: Beck

question: What day did Kanye apologize to Beck on Twitter?

answer: February 26, 2015

text: February 26, 2015


text: Han Chinese Banners were made up of Han Chinese who defected to the Qing up to 1644 and joined the Eight Banners, giving them social and legal privileges in addition to being acculturated to Manchu culture. So many Han defected to the Qing and swelled the ranks of the Eight Banners that ethnic Manchus became a minority, making up only 16% in 1648, with Han Bannermen dominating at 75% and Mongol Bannermen making up the rest. This multi-ethnic force in which Manchus were only a minority conquered China for the Qing.

title: Qing_dynasty

title: Qing_dynasty

text: Han

text: Chinese

text: Banners

text: were

text: made

text: up

text: of

text: Han

text: Chinese

text: who

text: defected

text: to

text: the

text: Qing

text: up

text: to

text: and

text: joined

text: the

text: Eight

text: Banners

text: giving

text: them

text: social

text: and

text: legal

text: privileges

text: in

text: addition

text: to

text: being

text: acculturated

text: to

text: Manchu

text: culture

text: So

text: many

text: Han

text: defected

text: to

text: the

text: Qing

text: and

text: swelled

text: the

text: ranks

text: of

text: the

text: Eight

text: Banners

text: that

text: ethnic

text: Manchus

text: became

text: a

text: minority

text: making

text: up

text: only

text: in

text: with

text: Han

text: Bannermen

text: dominating

text: at

text: and

text: Mongol

text: Bannermen

text: making

text: up

text: the

text: rest

text: This

text: multi

text: ethnic

text: force

text: in

text: which

text: Manchus

text: were

text: only

text: a

text: minority

text: conquered

text: China

text: for

text: the

text: Qing

question: What percent of bannermen did the Han represent?

answer: 75%

question: Who made up the Han Chinese Banners?

answer: Han Chinese

text: Han Chinese

question: Who besides the Manchus and the Han made up the Eight Banners?

answer: Mongol

text: Mongol


text: The expression "bitumen" originated in the Sanskrit, where we find the words jatu, meaning "pitch," and jatu-krit, meaning "pitch creating", "pitch producing" (referring to coniferous or resinous trees). The Latin equivalent is claimed by some to be originally gwitu-men (pertaining to pitch), and by others, pixtumens (exuding or bubbling pitch), which was subsequently shortened to bitumen, thence passing via French into English. From the same root is derived the Anglo Saxon word cwidu (mastix), the German word Kitt (cement or mastic) and the old Norse word kvada.

title: Asphalt

title: Asphalt

text: The

text: expression

text: bitumen

text: originated

text: in

text: the

text: Sanskrit

text: where

text: we

text: find

text: the

text: words

text: jatu

text: meaning

text: pitch

text: and

text: jatu

text: krit

text: meaning

text: pitch

text: creating

text: pitch

text: producing

text: referring

text: to

text: coniferous

text: or

text: resinous

text: trees

text: The

text: Latin

text: equivalent

text: is

text: claimed

text: by

text: some

text: to

text: be

text: originally

text: gwitu

text: men

text: pertaining

text: to

text: pitch

text: and

text: by

text: others

text: pixtumens

text: exuding

text: or

text: bubbling

text: pitch

text: which

text: was

text: subsequently

text: shortened

text: to

text: bitumen

text: thence

text: passing

text: via

text: French

text: into

text: English

text: From

text: the

text: same

text: root

text: is

text: derived

text: the

text: Anglo

text: Saxon

text: word

text: cwidu

text: mastix

text: the

text: German

text: word

text: Kitt

text: cement

text: or

text: mastic

text: and

text: the

text: old

text: Norse

text: word

text: kvada

question: What language originated the word bitumen?

answer: Sanskrit

text: Sanskrit

question: What does the Sanskrit word translate as?

answer: pitch creating

text: pitch creating

question: To what English word does the Latin translate?

answer: pitch

text: pitch

question: Through what language did bitumen pass to reach English?

answer: French

text: French

question: To what word does the Anglo Saxon translate?

answer: mastix

text: mastix


text: A German trading company, the Jaluit Gesellschaft, administered the islands from 1887 until 1905. They conscripted the islanders as laborers and mistreated them. After the German–Spanish Treaty of 1899, in which Germany acquired the Carolines, Palau, and the Marianas from Spain, Germany placed all of its Micronesian islands, including the Marshalls, under the governor of German New Guinea.

title: Marshall_Islands

title: Marshall_Islands

text: A

text: German

text: trading

text: company

text: the

text: Jaluit

text: Gesellschaft

text: administered

text: the

text: islands

text: from

text: until

text: They

text: conscripted

text: the

text: islanders

text: as

text: laborers

text: and

text: mistreated

text: them

text: After

text: the

text: German

text: Spanish

text: Treaty

text: of

text: in

text: which

text: Germany

text: acquired

text: the

text: Carolines

text: Palau

text: and

text: the

text: Marianas

text: from

text: Spain

text: Germany

text: placed

text: all

text: of

text: its

text: Micronesian

text: islands

text: including

text: the

text: Marshalls

text: under

text: the

text: governor

text: of

text: German

text: New

text: Guinea

question: What company ran the Marshall Islands in the late 19th century?

answer: the Jaluit Gesellschaft

text: the Jaluit Gesellschaft

question: When did the Jaluit Gesellschaft's administration of the islands end?

answer: 1905

question: What document was signed in 1899?

answer: the German–Spanish Treaty of 1899

text: the German–Spanish Treaty of 1899

question: Along with the Marianas and Palau, what islands were acquired from Spain in 1899?

answer: the Carolines

text: the Carolines

question: What official administered Germany's Micronesian possessions?

answer: the governor of German New Guinea

text: the governor of German New Guinea


text: In late 1975, Queen recorded and released A Night at the Opera, taking its name from the popular Marx Brothers movie. At the time, it was the most expensive album ever produced. Like its predecessor, the album features diverse musical styles and experimentation with stereo sound. In "The Prophet's Song", an eight-minute epic, the middle section is a canon, with simple phrases layered to create a full-choral sound. The Mercury penned ballad, "Love of My Life", featured a harp and overdubbed vocal harmonies. The album was very successful in Britain, and went triple platinum in the United States. The British public voted it the 13th greatest album of all time in a 2004 Channel 4 poll. It has also ranked highly in international polls; in a worldwide Guinness poll, it was voted the 19th greatest of all time, while an ABC poll saw the Australian public vote it the 28th greatest of all time. A Night at the Opera has frequently appeared in "greatest albums" lists reflecting the opinions of critics. Among other accolades, it was ranked number 16 in Q Magazine's "The 50 Best British Albums Ever" in 2004, and number 11 in Rolling Stone's "The 100 Greatest Albums of All Time" as featured in their Mexican edition in 2004. It was also placed at No. 230 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time" in 2003. A Night at the Opera is the third and final Queen album to be featured in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.

title: Queen_(band)

title: Queen_(band

text: In

text: late

text: Queen

text: recorded

text: and

text: released

text: A

text: Night

text: at

text: the

text: Opera

text: taking

text: its

text: name

text: from

text: the

text: popular

text: Marx

text: Brothers

text: movie

text: At

text: the

text: time

text: it

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: expensive

text: album

text: ever

text: produced

text: Like

text: its

text: predecessor

text: the

text: album

text: features

text: diverse

text: musical

text: styles

text: and

text: experimentation

text: with

text: stereo

text: sound

text: In

text: The

text: Prophet

text: 's

text: Song

text: an

text: eight

text: minute

text: epic

text: the

text: middle

text: section

text: is

text: a

text: canon

text: with

text: simple

text: phrases

text: layered

text: to

text: create

text: a

text: full

text: choral

text: sound

text: The

text: Mercury

text: penned

text: ballad

text: Love

text: of

text: My

text: Life

text: featured

text: a

text: harp

text: and

text: overdubbed

text: vocal

text: harmonies

text: The

text: album

text: was

text: very

text: successful

text: in

text: Britain

text: and

text: went

text: triple

text: platinum

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: The

text: British

text: public

text: voted

text: it

text: the

text: greatest

text: album

text: of

text: all

text: time

text: in

text: a

text: Channel

text: poll

text: It

text: has

text: also

text: ranked

text: highly

text: in

text: international

text: polls

text: in

text: a

text: worldwide

text: Guinness

text: poll

text: it

text: was

text: voted

text: the

text: greatest

text: of

text: all

text: time

text: while

text: an

text: ABC

text: poll

text: saw

text: the

text: Australian

text: public

text: vote

text: it

text: the

text: greatest

text: of

text: all

text: time

text: A

text: Night

text: at

text: the

text: Opera

text: has

text: frequently

text: appeared

text: in

text: greatest

text: albums

text: lists

text: reflecting

text: the

text: opinions

text: of

text: critics

text: Among

text: other

text: accolades

text: it

text: was

text: ranked

text: number

text: in

text: Q

text: Magazine

text: 's

text: The

text: Best

text: British

text: Albums

text: Ever

text: in

text: and

text: number

text: in

text: Rolling

text: Stone

text: 's

text: The

text: Greatest

text: Albums

text: of

text: All

text: Time

text: as

text: featured

text: in

text: their

text: Mexican

text: edition

text: in

text: It

text: was

text: also

text: placed

text: at

text: No

text: on

text: Rolling

text: Stone

text: magazine

text: 's

text: list

text: of

text: The

text: Greatest

text: Albums

text: of

text: All

text: Time

text: in

text: A

text: Night

text: at

text: the

text: Opera

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: and

text: final

text: Queen

text: album

text: to

text: be

text: featured

text: in

text: the

text: book

text: Albums

text: You

text: Must

text: Hear

text: Before

text: You

text: Die

question: Which Queen album was released in 1975?

answer: A Night at the Opera

text: A Night at the Opera

question: Queen's 1975 album took it's name from a movie from which comedy act?

answer: Marx Brothers

text: Marx Brothers

question: How long was Queen's The Prophet's Song?

answer: eight-minute

text: eight-minute

question: Which Queen ballad featured a harp and overdubbed harmonies?

answer: Love of My Life

text: Love of My Life


text: The North Korean contributions to the Chinese Communist victory were not forgotten after the creation of the People's Republic of China in 1949. As a token of gratitude, between 50,000 and 70,000 Korean veterans that served in the PLA were sent back along with their weapons, and they later played a significant role in the initial invasion of South Korea. China promised to support the North Koreans in the event of a war against South Korea. The Chinese support created a deep division between the Korean Communists, and Kim Il-sung's authority within the Communist party was challenged by the Chinese faction led by Pak Il-yu, who was later purged by Kim.

title: Korean_War

title: Korean_War

text: The

text: North

text: Korean

text: contributions

text: to

text: the

text: Chinese

text: Communist

text: victory

text: were

text: not

text: forgotten

text: after

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: in

text: As

text: a

text: token

text: of

text: gratitude

text: between

text: and

text: Korean

text: veterans

text: that

text: served

text: in

text: the

text: PLA

text: were

text: sent

text: back

text: along

text: with

text: their

text: weapons

text: and

text: they

text: later

text: played

text: a

text: significant

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: initial

text: invasion

text: of

text: South

text: Korea

text: China

text: promised

text: to

text: support

text: the

text: North

text: Koreans

text: in

text: the

text: event

text: of

text: a

text: war

text: against

text: South

text: Korea

text: The

text: Chinese

text: support

text: created

text: a

text: deep

text: division

text: between

text: the

text: Korean

text: Communists

text: and

text: Kim

text: Il

text: sung

text: 's

text: authority

text: within

text: the

text: Communist

text: party

text: was

text: challenged

text: by

text: the

text: Chinese

text: faction

text: led

text: by

text: Pak

text: Il

text: yu

text: who

text: was

text: later

text: purged

text: by

text: Kim

question: What country helped North Korea invade South Korea?

answer: China

text: China

question: When was the People's Republic of China created?

answer: 1949

question: What caused a problem within the Korean Communist Party?

answer: Chinese support

text: Chinese support

question: Who led the faction that challenged Kim-Il-sung?

answer: Pak Il-yu

text: Pak Il-yu

question: Who did China pledge to support if a conflict should occur between North and South Korea?

answer: the North Koreans

text: the North Koreans


text: The beginning of the Neolithic culture is considered to be in the Levant (Jericho, modern-day West Bank) about 10,200 – 8,800 BC. It developed directly from the Epipaleolithic Natufian culture in the region, whose people pioneered the use of wild cereals, which then evolved into true farming. The Natufian period was between 12,000 and 10,200 BC, and the so-called "proto-Neolithic" is now included in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic (PPNA) between 10,200 and 8,800 BC. As the Natufians had become dependent on wild cereals in their diet, and a sedentary way of life had begun among them, the climatic changes associated with the Younger Dryas are thought to have forced people to develop farming.

title: Neolithic

title: Neolithic

text: The

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Neolithic

text: culture

text: is

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: in

text: the

text: Levant

text: Jericho

text: modern

text: day

text: West

text: Bank

text: about

text: BC

text: It

text: developed

text: directly

text: from

text: the

text: Epipaleolithic

text: Natufian

text: culture

text: in

text: the

text: region

text: whose

text: people

text: pioneered

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: wild

text: cereals

text: which

text: then

text: evolved

text: into

text: true

text: farming

text: The

text: Natufian

text: period

text: was

text: between

text: and

text: BC

text: and

text: the

text: so

text: called

text: proto

text: Neolithic

text: is

text: now

text: included

text: in

text: the

text: Pre

text: Pottery

text: Neolithic

text: PPNA

text: between

text: and

text: BC

text: As

text: the

text: Natufians

text: had

text: become

text: dependent

text: on

text: wild

text: cereals

text: in

text: their

text: diet

text: and

text: a

text: sedentary

text: way

text: of

text: life

text: had

text: begun

text: among

text: them

text: the

text: climatic

text: changes

text: associated

text: with

text: the

text: Younger

text: Dryas

text: are

text: thought

text: to

text: have

text: forced

text: people

text: to

text: develop

text: farming

question: What time period marks the start of Neolithic culture?

answer: 10,200 – 8,800 BC

text: 10,200 – 8,800 BC

question: Where did the Neolithic culture begin?

answer: Levant (Jericho, modern-day West Bank)

text: Levant (Jericho, modern-day West Bank)

question: What food item was the key to the evolution of farming?

answer: wild cereals

text: wild cereals

question: What era lasted between 12,000 and 10,200 BC?

answer: The Natufian period

text: The Natufian period


text: There is currently no precise test with the diagnosis typically based on the pattern of symptoms and response to therapy over time. A diagnosis of asthma should be suspected if there is a history of: recurrent wheezing, coughing or difficulty breathing and these symptoms occur or worsen due to exercise, viral infections, allergens or air pollution. Spirometry is then used to confirm the diagnosis. In children under the age of six the diagnosis is more difficult as they are too young for spirometry.

title: Asthma

title: Asthma

text: There

text: is

text: currently

text: no

text: precise

text: test

text: with

text: the

text: diagnosis

text: typically

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: pattern

text: of

text: symptoms

text: and

text: response

text: to

text: therapy

text: over

text: time

text: A

text: diagnosis

text: of

text: asthma

text: should

text: be

text: suspected

text: if

text: there

text: is

text: a

text: history

text: of

text: recurrent

text: wheezing

text: coughing

text: or

text: difficulty

text: breathing

text: and

text: these

text: symptoms

text: occur

text: or

text: worsen

text: due

text: to

text: exercise

text: viral

text: infections

text: allergens

text: or

text: air

text: pollution

text: Spirometry

text: is

text: then

text: used

text: to

text: confirm

text: the

text: diagnosis

text: In

text: children

text: under

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: six

text: the

text: diagnosis

text: is

text: more

text: difficult

text: as

text: they

text: are

text: too

text: young

text: for

text: spirometry

question: Is there a test to determine asthma in an individual?

answer: There is currently no precise test

text: There is currently no precise test

question: What is diagnosis based on typically?

answer: pattern of symptoms and response to therapy over time

text: pattern of symptoms and response to therapy over time

question: When should you suspect asthma?

answer: if there is a history of: recurrent wheezing, coughing or difficulty breathing

text: if there is a history of: recurrent wheezing, coughing or difficulty breathing

question: What is used to confirm the diagnosis of asthma?

answer: Spirometry

text: Spirometry

question: What age is too young to use spirometry to determine asthma?

answer: children under the age of six

text: children under the age of six


text: After Alexander the Great's ventures in the Persian Empire, Hellenistic kingdoms were established throughout south-west Asia (Seleucid Empire, Kingdom of Pergamon), north-east Africa (Ptolemaic Kingdom) and South Asia (Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, Indo-Greek Kingdom). This resulted in the export of Greek culture and language to these new realms through Greco-Macedonian colonization, spanning as far as modern-day Pakistan. Equally, however, these new kingdoms were influenced by the indigenous cultures, adopting local practices where beneficial, necessary, or convenient. Hellenistic culture thus represents a fusion of the Ancient Greek world with that of the Near East, Middle East, and Southwest Asia, and a departure from earlier Greek attitudes towards "barbarian" cultures. The Hellenistic period was characterized by a new wave of Greek colonization (as distinguished from that occurring in the 8th–6th centuries BC) which established Greek cities and kingdoms in Asia and Africa. Those new cities were composed of Greek colonists who came from different parts of the Greek world, and not, as before, from a specific "mother city". The main cultural centers expanded from mainland Greece to Pergamon, Rhodes, and new Greek colonies such as Seleucia, Antioch, Alexandria and Ai-Khanoum. This mixture of Greek-speakers gave birth to a common Attic-based dialect, known as Koine Greek, which became the lingua franca through the Hellenistic world.

title: Hellenistic_period

title: Hellenistic_period

text: After

text: Alexander

text: the

text: Great

text: 's

text: ventures

text: in

text: the

text: Persian

text: Empire

text: Hellenistic

text: kingdoms

text: were

text: established

text: throughout

text: south

text: west

text: Asia

text: Seleucid

text: Empire

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Pergamon

text: north

text: east

text: Africa

text: Ptolemaic

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: South

text: Asia

text: Greco

text: Bactrian

text: Kingdom

text: Indo

text: Greek

text: Kingdom

text: This

text: resulted

text: in

text: the

text: export

text: of

text: Greek

text: culture

text: and

text: language

text: to

text: these

text: new

text: realms

text: through

text: Greco

text: Macedonian

text: colonization

text: spanning

text: as

text: far

text: as

text: modern

text: day

text: Pakistan

text: Equally

text: however

text: these

text: new

text: kingdoms

text: were

text: influenced

text: by

text: the

text: indigenous

text: cultures

text: adopting

text: local

text: practices

text: where

text: beneficial

text: necessary

text: or

text: convenient

text: Hellenistic

text: culture

text: thus

text: represents

text: a

text: fusion

text: of

text: the

text: Ancient

text: Greek

text: world

text: with

text: that

text: of

text: the

text: Near

text: East

text: Middle

text: East

text: and

text: Southwest

text: Asia

text: and

text: a

text: departure

text: from

text: earlier

text: Greek

text: attitudes

text: towards

text: barbarian

text: cultures

text: The

text: Hellenistic

text: period

text: was

text: characterized

text: by

text: a

text: new

text: wave

text: of

text: Greek

text: colonization

text: as

text: distinguished

text: from

text: that

text: occurring

text: in

text: the

text: centuries

text: BC

text: which

text: established

text: Greek

text: cities

text: and

text: kingdoms

text: in

text: Asia

text: and

text: Africa

text: Those

text: new

text: cities

text: were

text: composed

text: of

text: Greek

text: colonists

text: who

text: came

text: from

text: different

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: Greek

text: world

text: and

text: not

text: as

text: before

text: from

text: a

text: specific

text: mother

text: city

text: The

text: main

text: cultural

text: centers

text: expanded

text: from

text: mainland

text: Greece

text: to

text: Pergamon

text: Rhodes

text: and

text: new

text: Greek

text: colonies

text: such

text: as

text: Seleucia

text: Antioch

text: Alexandria

text: and

text: Ai

text: Khanoum

text: This

text: mixture

text: of

text: Greek

text: speakers

text: gave

text: birth

text: to

text: a

text: common

text: Attic

text: based

text: dialect

text: known

text: as

text: Koine

text: Greek

text: which

text: became

text: the

text: lingua

text: franca

text: through

text: the

text: Hellenistic

text: world

question: What is a common Attic-based dialect?

answer: Koine Greek

text: Koine Greek

question: Where is the Ptolemaic Kingdom?

answer: north-east Africa

text: north-east Africa

question: Where is the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom?

answer: South Asia

text: South Asia

question: Where is the Indo-Greek Kingdom?

answer: South Asia

text: South Asia

question: Where is the Kingdom of Pergamon?

answer: south-west Asia

text: south-west Asia

question: Where was the Ptolemaic Kingdom located?

answer: north-east Africa

text: north-east Africa

question: Alexander the Great was the emperor of what?

answer: Persian Empire

text: Persian Empire

question: The Hellenistic Period expanded the Greek Empire into what 2 continents?

answer: Asia and Africa

text: Asia and Africa

question: What was the new, Attic-based dialect called?

answer: Koine Greek

text: Koine Greek


text: YouTube has enabled people to more directly engage with government, such as in the CNN/YouTube presidential debates (2007) in which ordinary people submitted questions to U.S. presidential candidates via YouTube video, with a techPresident co-founder saying that Internet video was changing the political landscape. Describing the Arab Spring (2010- ), sociologist Philip N. Howard quoted an activist's succinct description that organizing the political unrest involved using "Facebook to schedule the protests, Twitter to coordinate, and YouTube to tell the world." In 2012, more than a third of the U.S. Senate introduced a resolution condemning Joseph Kony 16 days after the "Kony 2012" video was posted to YouTube, with resolution co-sponsor Senator Lindsey Graham remarking that the video "will do more to lead to (Kony's) demise than all other action combined."

title: YouTube

title: YouTube

text: YouTube

text: has

text: enabled

text: people

text: to

text: more

text: directly

text: engage

text: with

text: government

text: such

text: as

text: in

text: the

text: CNN

text: YouTube

text: presidential

text: debates

text: in

text: which

text: ordinary

text: people

text: submitted

text: questions

text: to

text: U.S.

text: presidential

text: candidates

text: via

text: YouTube

text: video

text: with

text: a

text: techPresident

text: co

text: founder

text: saying

text: that

text: Internet

text: video

text: was

text: changing

text: the

text: political

text: landscape

text: Describing

text: the

text: Arab

text: Spring

text: sociologist

text: Philip

text: N.

text: Howard

text: quoted

text: an

text: activist

text: 's

text: succinct

text: description

text: that

text: organizing

text: the

text: political

text: unrest

text: involved

text: using

text: Facebook

text: to

text: schedule

text: the

text: protests

text: Twitter

text: to

text: coordinate

text: and

text: YouTube

text: to

text: tell

text: the

text: world

text: In

text: more

text: than

text: a

text: third

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Senate

text: introduced

text: a

text: resolution

text: condemning

text: Joseph

text: Kony

text: days

text: after

text: the

text: Kony

text: video

text: was

text: posted

text: to

text: YouTube

text: with

text: resolution

text: co

text: sponsor

text: Senator

text: Lindsey

text: Graham

text: remarking

text: that

text: the

text: video

text: will

text: do

text: more

text: to

text: lead

text: to

text: Kony

text: 's

text: demise

text: than

text: all

text: other

text: action

text: combined

question: An activist in the Arab spring said they were using Facebook to what?

answer: schedule the protests

text: schedule the protests

question: An activist in the Arab spring said they were using Twitter to do what?

answer: coordinate

text: coordinate

question: An activist in the Arab spring said they were using youtube to do what?

answer: tell the world

text: tell the world

question: Who was the co-sponsor of the condemnation by the US Senate over the kony 2012 video?

answer: Senator Lindsey Graham

text: Senator Lindsey Graham

question: What year was the first youtube question asked to a presidential nominee?

answer: 2007


text: The physical relief of the island is dominated by two mountain ranges, the Troodos Mountains and the smaller Kyrenia Range, and the central plain they encompass, the Mesaoria. The Mesaoria plain is drained by the Pedieos River, the longest on the island. The Troodos Mountains cover most of the southern and western portions of the island and account for roughly half its area. The highest point on Cyprus is Mount Olympus at 1,952 m (6,404 ft), located in the centre of the Troodos range. The narrow Kyrenia Range, extending along the northern coastline, occupies substantially less area, and elevations are lower, reaching a maximum of 1,024 m (3,360 ft). The island lies within the Anatolian Plate.

title: Cyprus

title: Cyprus

text: The

text: physical

text: relief

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: is

text: dominated

text: by

text: two

text: mountain

text: ranges

text: the

text: Troodos

text: Mountains

text: and

text: the

text: smaller

text: Kyrenia

text: Range

text: and

text: the

text: central

text: plain

text: they

text: encompass

text: the

text: Mesaoria

text: The

text: Mesaoria

text: plain

text: is

text: drained

text: by

text: the

text: Pedieos

text: River

text: the

text: longest

text: on

text: the

text: island

text: The

text: Troodos

text: Mountains

text: cover

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: southern

text: and

text: western

text: portions

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: and

text: account

text: for

text: roughly

text: half

text: its

text: area

text: The

text: highest

text: point

text: on

text: Cyprus

text: is

text: Mount

text: Olympus

text: at

text: m

text: ft

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: centre

text: of

text: the

text: Troodos

text: range

text: The

text: narrow

text: Kyrenia

text: Range

text: extending

text: along

text: the

text: northern

text: coastline

text: occupies

text: substantially

text: less

text: area

text: and

text: elevations

text: are

text: lower

text: reaching

text: a

text: maximum

text: of

text: m

text: ft

text: The

text: island

text: lies

text: within

text: the

text: Anatolian

text: Plate

question: What two mountains ranges are located on the island of Cyprus?

answer: Troodos Mountains and the smaller Kyrenia Range

text: Troodos Mountains and the smaller Kyrenia Range

question: What plain is located in between the Troodos Mountains and the Kyrenia Range?

answer: the Mesaoria

text: the Mesaoria

question: Which river drains the Mesaoria plain?

answer: Pedieos River

text: Pedieos River

question: What is the highest point on the island of Cyprus?

answer: Mount Olympus

text: Mount Olympus

question: How tall is Mount Olympus?

answer: 1,952 m (6,404 ft)

text: 1,952 m (6,404 ft)


text: Active solar techniques use photovoltaics, concentrated solar power, solar thermal collectors, pumps, and fans to convert sunlight into useful outputs. Passive solar techniques include selecting materials with favorable thermal properties, designing spaces that naturally circulate air, and referencing the position of a building to the Sun. Active solar technologies increase the supply of energy and are considered supply side technologies, while passive solar technologies reduce the need for alternate resources and are generally considered demand side technologies.

title: Solar_energy

title: Solar_energy

text: Active

text: solar

text: techniques

text: use

text: photovoltaics

text: concentrated

text: solar

text: power

text: solar

text: thermal

text: collectors

text: pumps

text: and

text: fans

text: to

text: convert

text: sunlight

text: into

text: useful

text: outputs

text: Passive

text: solar

text: techniques

text: include

text: selecting

text: materials

text: with

text: favorable

text: thermal

text: properties

text: designing

text: spaces

text: that

text: naturally

text: circulate

text: air

text: and

text: referencing

text: the

text: position

text: of

text: a

text: building

text: to

text: the

text: Sun

text: Active

text: solar

text: technologies

text: increase

text: the

text: supply

text: of

text: energy

text: and

text: are

text: considered

text: supply

text: side

text: technologies

text: while

text: passive

text: solar

text: technologies

text: reduce

text: the

text: need

text: for

text: alternate

text: resources

text: and

text: are

text: generally

text: considered

text: demand

text: side

text: technologies

question: Are supply side solar technologies generally active or passive?

answer: Active

text: Active

question: Are demand side solar technologies generally active or passive?

answer: Passive

text: Passive

question: What is an active solar technique used to generate energy?

answer: solar thermal collectors

text: solar thermal collectors

question: What is an active solar technique used to generate energy?

answer: designing spaces that naturally circulate air

text: designing spaces that naturally circulate air

question: What does an active solar technique do?

answer: increase the supply of energy

text: increase the supply of energy

question: What does a passive solar technique do?

answer: reduce the need for alternate resources

text: reduce the need for alternate resources


text: From the end of the 1980s to the early 1990s, the FBI reassigned more than 300 agents from foreign counter-intelligence duties to violent crime, and made violent crime the sixth national priority. With reduced cuts to other well-established departments, and because terrorism was no longer considered a threat after the end of the Cold War, the FBI assisted local and state police forces in tracking fugitives who had crossed state lines, which is a federal offense. The FBI Laboratory helped develop DNA testing, continuing its pioneering role in identification that began with its fingerprinting system in 1924.

title: Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation

title: Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation

text: From

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: to

text: the

text: early

text: the

text: FBI

text: reassigned

text: more

text: than

text: agents

text: from

text: foreign

text: counter

text: intelligence

text: duties

text: to

text: violent

text: crime

text: and

text: made

text: violent

text: crime

text: the

text: sixth

text: national

text: priority

text: With

text: reduced

text: cuts

text: to

text: other

text: well

text: established

text: departments

text: and

text: because

text: terrorism

text: was

text: no

text: longer

text: considered

text: a

text: threat

text: after

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Cold

text: War

text: the

text: FBI

text: assisted

text: local

text: and

text: state

text: police

text: forces

text: in

text: tracking

text: fugitives

text: who

text: had

text: crossed

text: state

text: lines

text: which

text: is

text: a

text: federal

text: offense

text: The

text: FBI

text: Laboratory

text: helped

text: develop

text: DNA

text: testing

text: continuing

text: its

text: pioneering

text: role

text: in

text: identification

text: that

text: began

text: with

text: its

text: fingerprinting

text: system

text: in

question: Did the FBI reassign agents from counter-intelligence to violent crime?

answer: the FBI reassigned more than 300 agents from foreign counter-intelligence duties to violent crime

text: the FBI reassigned more than 300 agents from foreign counter-intelligence duties to violent crime

question: What priority were violent crimes in the 1990s, according to the FBI?

answer: sixth national priority

text: sixth national priority

question: Did the new priorities of the FBI mean cutting other departments?

answer: With reduced cuts to other well-established departments

text: With reduced cuts to other well-established departments

question: Was terrorism considered a threat after the cold war?

answer: terrorism was no longer considered a threat

text: terrorism was no longer considered a threat

question: What agency pioneered DNA testing?

answer: The FBI

text: The FBI


text: The Taliban regrouped in western Pakistan and began to unleash an insurgent-style offensive against Coalition forces in late 2002. Throughout southern and eastern Afghanistan, firefights broke out between the surging Taliban and Coalition forces. Coalition forces responded with a series of military offensives and an increase in the amount of troops in Afghanistan. In February 2010, Coalition forces launched Operation Moshtarak in southern Afghanistan along with other military offensives in the hopes that they would destroy the Taliban insurgency once and for all. Peace talks are also underway between Taliban affiliated fighters and Coalition forces. In September 2014, Afghanistan and the United States signed a security agreement, which permits United States and NATO forces to remain in Afghanistan until at least 2024. The United States and other NATO and non-NATO forces are planning to withdraw; with the Taliban claiming it has defeated the United States and NATO, and the Obama Administration viewing it as a victory. In December 2014, ISAF encasing its colors, and Resolute Support began as the NATO operation in Afghanistan. Continued United States operations within Afghanistan will continue under the name "Operation Freedom's Sentinel".

title: War_on_Terror

title: War_on_Terror

text: The

text: Taliban

text: regrouped

text: in

text: western

text: Pakistan

text: and

text: began

text: to

text: unleash

text: an

text: insurgent

text: style

text: offensive

text: against

text: Coalition

text: forces

text: in

text: late

text: Throughout

text: southern

text: and

text: eastern

text: Afghanistan

text: firefights

text: broke

text: out

text: between

text: the

text: surging

text: Taliban

text: and

text: Coalition

text: forces

text: Coalition

text: forces

text: responded

text: with

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: military

text: offensives

text: and

text: an

text: increase

text: in

text: the

text: amount

text: of

text: troops

text: in

text: Afghanistan

text: In

text: February

text: Coalition

text: forces

text: launched

text: Operation

text: Moshtarak

text: in

text: southern

text: Afghanistan

text: along

text: with

text: other

text: military

text: offensives

text: in

text: the

text: hopes

text: that

text: they

text: would

text: destroy

text: the

text: Taliban

text: insurgency

text: once

text: and

text: for

text: all

text: Peace

text: talks

text: are

text: also

text: underway

text: between

text: Taliban

text: affiliated

text: fighters

text: and

text: Coalition

text: forces

text: In

text: September

text: Afghanistan

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: signed

text: a

text: security

text: agreement

text: which

text: permits

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: NATO

text: forces

text: to

text: remain

text: in

text: Afghanistan

text: until

text: at

text: least

text: The

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: other

text: NATO

text: and

text: non

text: NATO

text: forces

text: are

text: planning

text: to

text: withdraw

text: with

text: the

text: Taliban

text: claiming

text: it

text: has

text: defeated

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: NATO

text: and

text: the

text: Obama

text: Administration

text: viewing

text: it

text: as

text: a

text: victory

text: In

text: December

text: ISAF

text: encasing

text: its

text: colors

text: and

text: Resolute

text: Support

text: began

text: as

text: the

text: NATO

text: operation

text: in

text: Afghanistan

text: Continued

text: United

text: States

text: operations

text: within

text: Afghanistan

text: will

text: continue

text: under

text: the

text: name

text: Operation

text: Freedom

text: 's

text: Sentinel

question: Where did the Taliban regroup in 2002?

answer: western Pakistan

text: western Pakistan

question: In what parts of Afghanistan did the Taliban attack Coalition forces in 2002?

answer: southern and eastern

text: southern and eastern

question: What operation began in Feb 2010?

answer: Operation Moshtarak

text: Operation Moshtarak

question: Where did Operation Moshtarak take place?

answer: southern Afghanistan

text: southern Afghanistan

question: When did Afghanistan sign a security agreement with the US?

answer: September 2014

text: September 2014


text: To aid customers with defective consoles, Microsoft extended the Xbox 360's manufacturer's warranty to three years for hardware failure problems that generate a "General Hardware Failure" error report. A "General Hardware Failure" is recognized on all models released before the Xbox 360 S by three quadrants of the ring around the power button flashing red. This error is often known as the "Red Ring of Death". In April 2009 the warranty was extended to also cover failures related to the E74 error code. The warranty extension is not granted for any other types of failures that do not generate these specific error codes.

title: Xbox_360

title: Xbox_360

text: To

text: aid

text: customers

text: with

text: defective

text: consoles

text: Microsoft

text: extended

text: the

text: Xbox

text: 's

text: manufacturer

text: 's

text: warranty

text: to

text: three

text: years

text: for

text: hardware

text: failure

text: problems

text: that

text: generate

text: a

text: General

text: Hardware

text: Failure

text: error

text: report

text: A

text: General

text: Hardware

text: Failure

text: is

text: recognized

text: on

text: all

text: models

text: released

text: before

text: the

text: Xbox

text: S

text: by

text: three

text: quadrants

text: of

text: the

text: ring

text: around

text: the

text: power

text: button

text: flashing

text: red

text: This

text: error

text: is

text: often

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Red

text: Ring

text: of

text: Death

text: In

text: April

text: the

text: warranty

text: was

text: extended

text: to

text: also

text: cover

text: failures

text: related

text: to

text: the

text: error

text: code

text: The

text: warranty

text: extension

text: is

text: not

text: granted

text: for

text: any

text: other

text: types

text: of

text: failures

text: that

text: do

text: not

text: generate

text: these

text: specific

text: error

text: codes

question: What hardware defect code plagued the 360?

answer: "General Hardware Failure" error

text: "General Hardware Failure" error

question: What is the flashing indicator of a general hardware error known as?

answer: Red Ring of Death

text: Red Ring of Death

question: How did Microsoft react to general hardware error problems?

answer: Microsoft extended the Xbox 360's manufacturer's warranty to three years

text: Microsoft extended the Xbox 360's manufacturer's warranty to three years

question: What other error code was eventually covered by this warranty extension?

answer: E74 error code

text: E74 error code

question: Where did users see the flashing light error codes display on their 360s?

answer: the ring around the power button

text: the ring around the power button


text: Few Chinese had any illusions about Japanese designs on China. Hungry for raw materials and pressed by a growing population, Japan initiated the seizure of Manchuria in September 1931 and established ex-Qing emperor Puyi as head of the puppet state of Manchukuo in 1932. During the Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945), the loss of Manchuria, and its vast potential for industrial development and war industries, was a blow to the Kuomintang economy. The League of Nations, established at the end of World War I, was unable to act in the face of the Japanese defiance. After 1940, conflicts between the Kuomintang and Communists became more frequent in the areas not under Japanese control. The Communists expanded their influence wherever opportunities presented themselves through mass organizations, administrative reforms, and the land- and tax-reform measures favoring the peasants—while the Kuomintang attempted to neutralize the spread of Communist influence.

title: Modern_history

title: Modern_history

text: Few

text: Chinese

text: had

text: any

text: illusions

text: about

text: Japanese

text: designs

text: on

text: China

text: Hungry

text: for

text: raw

text: materials

text: and

text: pressed

text: by

text: a

text: growing

text: population

text: Japan

text: initiated

text: the

text: seizure

text: of

text: Manchuria

text: in

text: September

text: and

text: established

text: ex

text: Qing

text: emperor

text: Puyi

text: as

text: head

text: of

text: the

text: puppet

text: state

text: of

text: Manchukuo

text: in

text: During

text: the

text: Sino

text: Japanese

text: War

text: the

text: loss

text: of

text: Manchuria

text: and

text: its

text: vast

text: potential

text: for

text: industrial

text: development

text: and

text: war

text: industries

text: was

text: a

text: blow

text: to

text: the

text: Kuomintang

text: economy

text: The

text: League

text: of

text: Nations

text: established

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: I

text: was

text: unable

text: to

text: act

text: in

text: the

text: face

text: of

text: the

text: Japanese

text: defiance

text: After

text: conflicts

text: between

text: the

text: Kuomintang

text: and

text: Communists

text: became

text: more

text: frequent

text: in

text: the

text: areas

text: not

text: under

text: Japanese

text: control

text: The

text: Communists

text: expanded

text: their

text: influence

text: wherever

text: opportunities

text: presented

text: themselves

text: through

text: mass

text: organizations

text: administrative

text: reforms

text: and

text: the

text: land-

text: and

text: tax

text: reform

text: measures

text: favoring

text: the

text: peasants

text: while

text: the

text: Kuomintang

text: attempted

text: to

text: neutralize

text: the

text: spread

text: of

text: Communist

text: influence

question: When did the seizure of Manchuria occur?

answer: September 1931

text: September 1931

question: Who was named the head of the puppet state after the seizure of Manchuria?

answer: ex-Qing emperor Puyi

text: ex-Qing emperor Puyi

question: What dealt a blow to the Kuomintang economy?

answer: loss of Manchuria, and its vast potential for industrial development and war industries,

text: loss of Manchuria, and its vast potential for industrial development and war industries,

question: In what year did conflict between the Kuomintang and Communist intensify?

answer: 1940

question: What was Kuomintang's main goal pertaining to Communist?

answer: neutralize the spread of Communist influence.

text: neutralize the spread of Communist influence.


text: Within the white inescutcheon, the five quinas (small blue shields) with their five white bezants representing the five wounds of Christ (Portuguese: Cinco Chagas) when crucified and are popularly associated with the "Miracle of Ourique". The story associated with this miracle tells that before the Battle of Ourique (25 July 1139), an old hermit appeared before Count Afonso Henriques (future Afonso I) as a divine messenger. He foretold Afonso's victory and assured him that God was watching over him and his peers. The messenger advised him to walk away from his camp, alone, if he heard a nearby chapel bell tolling, in the following night. In doing so, he witnessed an apparition of Jesus on the cross. Ecstatic, Afonso heard Jesus promising victories for the coming battles, as well as God's wish to act through Afonso, and his descendants, in order to create an empire which would carry His name to unknown lands, thus choosing the Portuguese to perform great tasks.

title: Portugal

title: Portugal

text: Within

text: the

text: white

text: inescutcheon

text: the

text: five

text: quinas

text: small

text: blue

text: shields

text: with

text: their

text: five

text: white

text: bezants

text: representing

text: the

text: five

text: wounds

text: of

text: Christ

text: Portuguese

text: Cinco

text: Chagas

text: when

text: crucified

text: and

text: are

text: popularly

text: associated

text: with

text: the

text: Miracle

text: of

text: Ourique

text: The

text: story

text: associated

text: with

text: this

text: miracle

text: tells

text: that

text: before

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Ourique

text: July

text: an

text: old

text: hermit

text: appeared

text: before

text: Count

text: Afonso

text: Henriques

text: future

text: Afonso

text: I

text: as

text: a

text: divine

text: messenger

text: He

text: foretold

text: Afonso

text: 's

text: victory

text: and

text: assured

text: him

text: that

text: God

text: was

text: watching

text: over

text: him

text: and

text: his

text: peers

text: The

text: messenger

text: advised

text: him

text: to

text: walk

text: away

text: from

text: his

text: camp

text: alone

text: if

text: he

text: heard

text: a

text: nearby

text: chapel

text: bell

text: tolling

text: in

text: the

text: following

text: night

text: In

text: doing

text: so

text: he

text: witnessed

text: an

text: apparition

text: of

text: Jesus

text: on

text: the

text: cross

text: Ecstatic

text: Afonso

text: heard

text: Jesus

text: promising

text: victories

text: for

text: the

text: coming

text: battles

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: God

text: 's

text: wish

text: to

text: act

text: through

text: Afonso

text: and

text: his

text: descendants

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: create

text: an

text: empire

text: which

text: would

text: carry

text: His

text: name

text: to

text: unknown

text: lands

text: thus

text: choosing

text: the

text: Portuguese

text: to

text: perform

text: great

text: tasks

question: On what date did the Battle of Ourique take place?

answer: 25 July 1139

text: 25 July 1139

question: Afonso heard Jesus promising what?

answer: victories for the coming battles, as well as God's wish to act through Afonso

text: victories for the coming battles, as well as God's wish to act through Afonso

question: Why did God want to act through Afonso?

answer: in order to create an empire which would carry His name to unknown lands

text: in order to create an empire which would carry His name to unknown lands


text: Russia: On April 5 the Olympic torch arrived at Saint Petersburg, Russia. The length of the torch relay route in the city was 20 km, with the start at the Victory Square and finish at the Palace Square. Mixed martial arts icon and former PRIDE Heavyweight Champion Fedor Emelianenko was one the torch bearers. This gives him the distinction of the being the first active MMA fighter to carry the Olympic flame.

title: 2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay

title: 2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay

text: Russia

text: On

text: April

text: the

text: Olympic

text: torch

text: arrived

text: at

text: Saint

text: Petersburg

text: Russia

text: The

text: length

text: of

text: the

text: torch

text: relay

text: route

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: was

text: km

text: with

text: the

text: start

text: at

text: the

text: Victory

text: Square

text: and

text: finish

text: at

text: the

text: Palace

text: Square

text: Mixed

text: martial

text: arts

text: icon

text: and

text: former

text: PRIDE

text: Heavyweight

text: Champion

text: Fedor

text: Emelianenko

text: was

text: one

text: the

text: torch

text: bearers

text: This

text: gives

text: him

text: the

text: distinction

text: of

text: the

text: being

text: the

text: first

text: active

text: MMA

text: fighter

text: to

text: carry

text: the

text: Olympic

text: flame

question: When did the torch arrive in Saint Petersburg?

answer: April 5

text: April 5

question: Where was the start of the torch route in Saint Petersburg?

answer: Victory Square

text: Victory Square

question: Where did the torch route end in Saint Petersburg?

answer: Palace Square

text: Palace Square

question: Who is the first MMA fighter to participate in carrying the Olympic torch?

answer: Fedor Emelianenko

text: Fedor Emelianenko

question: Where in Russia was the first stop for the relay?

answer: Saint Petersburg

text: Saint Petersburg

question: What city location did the torch relay begin in Russia?

answer: Victory Square

text: Victory Square

question: What was the last location for the relay in Russia?

answer: Palace Square.

text: Palace Square.

question: What is the name of the MMA fighter who carried the torch in Russia?

answer: Fedor Emelianenko

text: Fedor Emelianenko


text: The Byzantines were able to regain control of the country after a brief Sasanian Persian invasion early in the 7th century amidst the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 during which they established a new short-lived province for ten years known as Sasanian Egypt, until 639–42, when Egypt was invaded and conquered by the Islamic Empire by the Muslim Arabs. When they defeated the Byzantine Armies in Egypt, the Arabs brought Sunni Islam to the country. Early in this period, Egyptians began to blend their new faith with indigenous beliefs and practices, leading to various Sufi orders that have flourished to this day. These earlier rites had survived the period of Coptic Christianity.

title: Egypt

title: Egypt

text: The

text: Byzantines

text: were

text: able

text: to

text: regain

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: after

text: a

text: brief

text: Sasanian

text: Persian

text: invasion

text: early

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: amidst

text: the

text: Byzantine

text: Sasanian

text: War

text: of

text: during

text: which

text: they

text: established

text: a

text: new

text: short

text: lived

text: province

text: for

text: ten

text: years

text: known

text: as

text: Sasanian

text: Egypt

text: until

text: when

text: Egypt

text: was

text: invaded

text: and

text: conquered

text: by

text: the

text: Islamic

text: Empire

text: by

text: the

text: Muslim

text: Arabs

text: When

text: they

text: defeated

text: the

text: Byzantine

text: Armies

text: in

text: Egypt

text: the

text: Arabs

text: brought

text: Sunni

text: Islam

text: to

text: the

text: country

text: Early

text: in

text: this

text: period

text: Egyptians

text: began

text: to

text: blend

text: their

text: new

text: faith

text: with

text: indigenous

text: beliefs

text: and

text: practices

text: leading

text: to

text: various

text: Sufi

text: orders

text: that

text: have

text: flourished

text: to

text: this

text: day

text: These

text: earlier

text: rites

text: had

text: survived

text: the

text: period

text: of

text: Coptic

text: Christianity

question: Who took control of Egypt from Sasanian Persian rule?

answer: Byzantines

text: Byzantines

question: What war gave Sasanin Persians control of Egypt?

answer: Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628

text: Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628

question: How long were Sasanin Persians ruling Egypt?

answer: ten years

text: ten years

question: What religion did Arabs bring to Egypt?

answer: Sunni Islam

text: Sunni Islam


text: He immersed himself in work on the project, and was present at the Trinity bomb test. Feynman claimed to be the only person to see the explosion without the very dark glasses or welder's lenses provided, reasoning that it was safe to look through a truck windshield, as it would screen out the harmful ultraviolet radiation. On witnessing the blast, Feynman ducked towards the floor of his truck because of the immense brightness of the explosion, where he saw a temporary "purple splotch" afterimage of the event.

title: Richard_Feynman

title: Richard_Feynman

text: He

text: immersed

text: himself

text: in

text: work

text: on

text: the

text: project

text: and

text: was

text: present

text: at

text: the

text: Trinity

text: bomb

text: test

text: Feynman

text: claimed

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: only

text: person

text: to

text: see

text: the

text: explosion

text: without

text: the

text: very

text: dark

text: glasses

text: or

text: welder

text: 's

text: lenses

text: provided

text: reasoning

text: that

text: it

text: was

text: safe

text: to

text: look

text: through

text: a

text: truck

text: windshield

text: as

text: it

text: would

text: screen

text: out

text: the

text: harmful

text: ultraviolet

text: radiation

text: On

text: witnessing

text: the

text: blast

text: Feynman

text: ducked

text: towards

text: the

text: floor

text: of

text: his

text: truck

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: immense

text: brightness

text: of

text: the

text: explosion

text: where

text: he

text: saw

text: a

text: temporary

text: purple

text: splotch

text: afterimage

text: of

text: the

text: event

question: Feynman used this to protect his eyes during the test detonation

answer: truck windshield

text: truck windshield

question: What atomic bomb test did Feynman see?

answer: Trinity bomb test

text: Trinity bomb test

question: What did Feynman see after the atomic test?

answer: "purple splotch" afterimage

text: "purple splotch" afterimage

question: What did Feynman think that the truck windshield would shield him against?

answer: ultraviolet radiation

text: ultraviolet radiation


text: Herman Goldstine wrote: "One of his remarkable abilities was his power of absolute recall. As far as I could tell, von Neumann was able on once reading a book or article to quote it back verbatim; moreover, he could do it years later without hesitation. He could also translate it at no diminution in speed from its original language into English. On one occasion I tested his ability by asking him to tell me how A Tale of Two Cities started. Whereupon, without any pause, he immediately began to recite the first chapter and continued until asked to stop after about ten or fifteen minutes." Ulam noted that von Neumann's way of thinking might not be visual, but more of an aural one.

title: John_von_Neumann

title: John_von_Neumann

text: Herman

text: Goldstine

text: wrote

text: One

text: of

text: his

text: remarkable

text: abilities

text: was

text: his

text: power

text: of

text: absolute

text: recall

text: As

text: far

text: as

text: I

text: could

text: tell

text: von

text: Neumann

text: was

text: able

text: on

text: once

text: reading

text: a

text: book

text: or

text: article

text: to

text: quote

text: it

text: back

text: verbatim

text: moreover

text: he

text: could

text: do

text: it

text: years

text: later

text: without

text: hesitation

text: He

text: could

text: also

text: translate

text: it

text: at

text: no

text: diminution

text: in

text: speed

text: from

text: its

text: original

text: language

text: into

text: English

text: On

text: one

text: occasion

text: I

text: tested

text: his

text: ability

text: by

text: asking

text: him

text: to

text: tell

text: me

text: how

text: A

text: Tale

text: of

text: Two

text: Cities

text: started

text: Whereupon

text: without

text: any

text: pause

text: he

text: immediately

text: began

text: to

text: recite

text: the

text: first

text: chapter

text: and

text: continued

text: until

text: asked

text: to

text: stop

text: after

text: about

text: ten

text: or

text: fifteen

text: minutes

text: Ulam

text: noted

text: that

text: von

text: Neumann

text: 's

text: way

text: of

text: thinking

text: might

text: not

text: be

text: visual

text: but

text: more

text: of

text: an

text: aural

text: one

question: What did Herman Goldstone write about von NEumann?

answer: One of his remarkable abilities was his power of absolute recall.

text: One of his remarkable abilities was his power of absolute recall.

question: Could von Neumann recall written text much later?

answer: he immediately began to recite the first chapter and continued until asked to stop after about ten or fifteen minutes.

text: he immediately began to recite the first chapter and continued until asked to stop after about ten or fifteen minutes.

question: What did Ulam think of von Nuemann's cognitive ability?

answer: von Neumann's way of thinking might not be visual, but more of an aural one.

text: von Neumann's way of thinking might not be visual, but more of an aural one.


text: A narthex (a portico or entrance hall) for the west front was designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens in the mid-20th century but was not built. Images of the abbey prior to the construction of the towers are scarce, though the abbey's official website states that the building was without towers following Yevele's renovation, with just the lower segments beneath the roof level of the Nave completed.

title: Westminster_Abbey

title: Westminster_Abbey

text: A

text: narthex

text: a

text: portico

text: or

text: entrance

text: hall

text: for

text: the

text: west

text: front

text: was

text: designed

text: by

text: Sir

text: Edwin

text: Lutyens

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: but

text: was

text: not

text: built

text: Images

text: of

text: the

text: abbey

text: prior

text: to

text: the

text: construction

text: of

text: the

text: towers

text: are

text: scarce

text: though

text: the

text: abbey

text: 's

text: official

text: website

text: states

text: that

text: the

text: building

text: was

text: without

text: towers

text: following

text: Yevele

text: 's

text: renovation

text: with

text: just

text: the

text: lower

text: segments

text: beneath

text: the

text: roof

text: level

text: of

text: the

text: Nave

text: completed

question: What was designed for the west front of the abbey but not built?

answer: A narthex

text: A narthex

question: When was the narthex designed?

answer: mid-20th century

text: mid-20th century

question: The abbey was without towers following the renovation by whom?

answer: Yevele

text: Yevele


text: As civil wars engulfed several Central American countries in the 1980s, hundreds of thousands of Salvadorans fled their country and came to the United States. Between 1980 and 1990, the Salvadoran immigrant population in the United States increased nearly fivefold from 94,000 to 465,000. The number of Salvadoran immigrants in the United States continued to grow in the 1990s and 2000s as a result of family reunification and new arrivals fleeing a series of natural disasters that hit El Salvador, including earthquakes and hurricanes. By 2008, there were about 1.1 million Salvadoran immigrants in the United States.

title: Spanish_language_in_the_United_States

title: Spanish_language_in_the_United_States

text: As

text: civil

text: wars

text: engulfed

text: several

text: Central

text: American

text: countries

text: in

text: the

text: hundreds

text: of

text: thousands

text: of

text: Salvadorans

text: fled

text: their

text: country

text: and

text: came

text: to

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Between

text: and

text: the

text: Salvadoran

text: immigrant

text: population

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: increased

text: nearly

text: fivefold

text: from

text: to

text: The

text: number

text: of

text: Salvadoran

text: immigrants

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: continued

text: to

text: grow

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: as

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: family

text: reunification

text: and

text: new

text: arrivals

text: fleeing

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: natural

text: disasters

text: that

text: hit

text: El

text: Salvador

text: including

text: earthquakes

text: and

text: hurricanes

text: By

text: there

text: were

text: about

text: million

text: Salvadoran

text: immigrants

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

question: Why did Central Americans flee to the U.S.?

answer: civil wars engulfed several Central American countries in the 1980s

text: civil wars engulfed several Central American countries in the 1980s

question: When did Salvadorans flee

answer: Salvadorans fled their country and came to the United States. Between 1980 and 1990

text: Salvadorans fled their country and came to the United States. Between 1980 and 1990

question: Are the Salvadorans a large population in the U.S.?

answer: the Salvadoran immigrant population in the United States increased nearly fivefold from 94,000 to 465,000.

text: the Salvadoran immigrant population in the United States increased nearly fivefold from 94,000 to 465,000.

question: Is the  Salvadoran population still growing?

answer: the United States continued to grow in the 1990s and 2000s as a result of family reunification and new arrivals fleeing a series of natural disasters

text: the United States continued to grow in the 1990s and 2000s as a result of family reunification and new arrivals fleeing a series of natural disasters

question: How many  Salvadorans  are in America now?

answer: By 2008, there were about 1.1 million Salvadoran immigrants in the United States.

text: By 2008, there were about 1.1 million Salvadoran immigrants in the United States.


text: Jeffrey Long and Rick Kittles give a long critique of the application of FST to human populations in their 2003 paper "Human Genetic Diversity and the Nonexistence of Biological Races". They find that the figure of 85% is misleading because it implies that all human populations contain on average 85% of all genetic diversity. They claim that this does not correctly reflect human population history, because it treats all human groups as independent. A more realistic portrayal of the way human groups are related is to understand that some human groups are parental to other groups and that these groups represent paraphyletic groups to their descent groups. For example, under the recent African origin theory the human population in Africa is paraphyletic to all other human groups because it represents the ancestral group from which all non-African populations derive, but more than that, non-African groups only derive from a small non-representative sample of this African population. This means that all non-African groups are more closely related to each other and to some African groups (probably east Africans) than they are to others, and further that the migration out of Africa represented a genetic bottleneck, with much of the diversity that existed in Africa not being carried out of Africa by the emigrating groups. This view produces a version of human population movements that do not result in all human populations being independent; but rather, produces a series of dilutions of diversity the further from Africa any population lives, each founding event representing a genetic subset of its parental population. Long and Kittles find that rather than 85% of human genetic diversity existing in all human populations, about 100% of human diversity exists in a single African population, whereas only about 70% of human genetic diversity exists in a population derived from New Guinea. Long and Kittles argued that this still produces a global human population that is genetically homogeneous compared to other mammalian populations.

title: Race_(human_categorization)

title: Race_(human_categorization

text: Jeffrey

text: Long

text: and

text: Rick

text: Kittles

text: give

text: a

text: long

text: critique

text: of

text: the

text: application

text: of

text: FST

text: to

text: human

text: populations

text: in

text: their

text: paper

text: Human

text: Genetic

text: Diversity

text: and

text: the

text: Nonexistence

text: of

text: Biological

text: Races

text: They

text: find

text: that

text: the

text: figure

text: of

text: is

text: misleading

text: because

text: it

text: implies

text: that

text: all

text: human

text: populations

text: contain

text: on

text: average

text: of

text: all

text: genetic

text: diversity

text: They

text: claim

text: that

text: this

text: does

text: not

text: correctly

text: reflect

text: human

text: population

text: history

text: because

text: it

text: treats

text: all

text: human

text: groups

text: as

text: independent

text: A

text: more

text: realistic

text: portrayal

text: of

text: the

text: way

text: human

text: groups

text: are

text: related

text: is

text: to

text: understand

text: that

text: some

text: human

text: groups

text: are

text: parental

text: to

text: other

text: groups

text: and

text: that

text: these

text: groups

text: represent

text: paraphyletic

text: groups

text: to

text: their

text: descent

text: groups

text: For

text: example

text: under

text: the

text: recent

text: African

text: origin

text: theory

text: the

text: human

text: population

text: in

text: Africa

text: is

text: paraphyletic

text: to

text: all

text: other

text: human

text: groups

text: because

text: it

text: represents

text: the

text: ancestral

text: group

text: from

text: which

text: all

text: non

text: African

text: populations

text: derive

text: but

text: more

text: than

text: that

text: non

text: African

text: groups

text: only

text: derive

text: from

text: a

text: small

text: non

text: representative

text: sample

text: of

text: this

text: African

text: population

text: This

text: means

text: that

text: all

text: non

text: African

text: groups

text: are

text: more

text: closely

text: related

text: to

text: each

text: other

text: and

text: to

text: some

text: African

text: groups

text: probably

text: east

text: Africans

text: than

text: they

text: are

text: to

text: others

text: and

text: further

text: that

text: the

text: migration

text: out

text: of

text: Africa

text: represented

text: a

text: genetic

text: bottleneck

text: with

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: diversity

text: that

text: existed

text: in

text: Africa

text: not

text: being

text: carried

text: out

text: of

text: Africa

text: by

text: the

text: emigrating

text: groups

text: This

text: view

text: produces

text: a

text: version

text: of

text: human

text: population

text: movements

text: that

text: do

text: not

text: result

text: in

text: all

text: human

text: populations

text: being

text: independent

text: but

text: rather

text: produces

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: dilutions

text: of

text: diversity

text: the

text: further

text: from

text: Africa

text: any

text: population

text: lives

text: each

text: founding

text: event

text: representing

text: a

text: genetic

text: subset

text: of

text: its

text: parental

text: population

text: Long

text: and

text: Kittles

text: find

text: that

text: rather

text: than

text: of

text: human

text: genetic

text: diversity

text: existing

text: in

text: all

text: human

text: populations

text: about

text: of

text: human

text: diversity

text: exists

text: in

text: a

text: single

text: African

text: population

text: whereas

text: only

text: about

text: of

text: human

text: genetic

text: diversity

text: exists

text: in

text: a

text: population

text: derived

text: from

text: New

text: Guinea

text: Long

text: and

text: Kittles

text: argued

text: that

text: this

text: still

text: produces

text: a

text: global

text: human

text: population

text: that

text: is

text: genetically

text: homogeneous

text: compared

text: to

text: other

text: mammalian

text: populations

question: What two researchers gave a long critique regarding the application of FST to human populations in 2003?

answer: Jeffrey Long and Rick Kittles

text: Jeffrey Long and Rick Kittles

question: What do Long and Kittles think of the implication that human populations contain on average 85% of all genetic diversity?

answer: misleading

text: misleading

question: Non-African groups of human population may only drive from what type of sample of the African population?

answer: non-representative

text: non-representative

question: What type of bottleneck did the migration out of Africa represent?

answer: genetic

text: genetic

question: How much human genetic diversity exists in a single African population?

answer: 100%


text: While medieval pageants and festivals such as Corpus Christi were church-sanctioned, Carnival was also a manifestation of medieval folk culture. Many local Carnival customs are claimed to derive from local pre-Christian rituals, such as elaborate rites involving masked figures in the Swabian–Alemannic Fastnacht. However, evidence is insufficient to establish a direct origin from Saturnalia or other ancient festivals. No complete accounts of Saturnalia survive and the shared features of feasting, role reversals, temporary social equality, masks and permitted rule-breaking do not necessarily constitute a coherent festival or link these festivals. These similarities may represent a reservoir of cultural resources that can embody multiple meanings and functions. For example, Easter begins with the resurrection of Jesus, followed by a liminal period and ends with rebirth. Carnival reverses this as King Carnival comes to life, a liminal period follows before his death. Both feasts are calculated by the lunar calendar. Both Jesus and King Carnival may be seen as expiatory figures who make a gift to the people with their deaths. In the case of Jesus, the gift is eternal life in heaven and in the case of King Carnival, the acknowledgement that death is a necessary part of the cycle of life. Besides Christian anti-Judaism, the commonalities between church and Carnival rituals and imagery suggest a common root. Christ's passion is itself grotesque: Since early Christianity Christ is figured as the victim of summary judgement, is tortured and executed by Romans before a Jewish mob ("His blood is on us and on our children!" Matthew 27:24–25). Holy Week processions in Spain include crowds who vociferously insult the figure of Jesus. Irreverence, parody, degradation and laughter at a tragicomic effigy God can be seen as intensifications of the sacred order. In 1466, the Catholic Church under Pope Paul II revieved customs of the Saturnalia carnival: Jews were forced to race naked through the streets of the city of Rome. “Before they were to run, the Jews were richly fed, so as to make the race more difficult for them and at the same time more amusing for spectators. They ran… amid Rome’s taunting shrieks and peals of laughter, while the Holy Father stood upon a richly ornamented balcony and laughed heartily”, an eyewitness reports.

title: Carnival

title: Carnival

text: While

text: medieval

text: pageants

text: and

text: festivals

text: such

text: as

text: Corpus

text: Christi

text: were

text: church

text: sanctioned

text: Carnival

text: was

text: also

text: a

text: manifestation

text: of

text: medieval

text: folk

text: culture

text: Many

text: local

text: Carnival

text: customs

text: are

text: claimed

text: to

text: derive

text: from

text: local

text: pre

text: Christian

text: rituals

text: such

text: as

text: elaborate

text: rites

text: involving

text: masked

text: figures

text: in

text: the

text: Swabian

text: Alemannic

text: Fastnacht

text: However

text: evidence

text: is

text: insufficient

text: to

text: establish

text: a

text: direct

text: origin

text: from

text: Saturnalia

text: or

text: other

text: ancient

text: festivals

text: No

text: complete

text: accounts

text: of

text: Saturnalia

text: survive

text: and

text: the

text: shared

text: features

text: of

text: feasting

text: role

text: reversals

text: temporary

text: social

text: equality

text: masks

text: and

text: permitted

text: rule

text: breaking

text: do

text: not

text: necessarily

text: constitute

text: a

text: coherent

text: festival

text: or

text: link

text: these

text: festivals

text: These

text: similarities

text: may

text: represent

text: a

text: reservoir

text: of

text: cultural

text: resources

text: that

text: can

text: embody

text: multiple

text: meanings

text: and

text: functions

text: For

text: example

text: Easter

text: begins

text: with

text: the

text: resurrection

text: of

text: Jesus

text: followed

text: by

text: a

text: liminal

text: period

text: and

text: ends

text: with

text: rebirth

text: Carnival

text: reverses

text: this

text: as

text: King

text: Carnival

text: comes

text: to

text: life

text: a

text: liminal

text: period

text: follows

text: before

text: his

text: death

text: Both

text: feasts

text: are

text: calculated

text: by

text: the

text: lunar

text: calendar

text: Both

text: Jesus

text: and

text: King

text: Carnival

text: may

text: be

text: seen

text: as

text: expiatory

text: figures

text: who

text: make

text: a

text: gift

text: to

text: the

text: people

text: with

text: their

text: deaths

text: In

text: the

text: case

text: of

text: Jesus

text: the

text: gift

text: is

text: eternal

text: life

text: in

text: heaven

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: case

text: of

text: King

text: Carnival

text: the

text: acknowledgement

text: that

text: death

text: is

text: a

text: necessary

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: cycle

text: of

text: life

text: Besides

text: Christian

text: anti

text: Judaism

text: the

text: commonalities

text: between

text: church

text: and

text: Carnival

text: rituals

text: and

text: imagery

text: suggest

text: a

text: common

text: root

text: Christ

text: 's

text: passion

text: is

text: itself

text: grotesque

text: Since

text: early

text: Christianity

text: Christ

text: is

text: figured

text: as

text: the

text: victim

text: of

text: summary

text: judgement

text: is

text: tortured

text: and

text: executed

text: by

text: Romans

text: before

text: a

text: Jewish

text: mob

text: His

text: blood

text: is

text: on

text: us

text: and

text: on

text: our

text: children

text: Matthew

text: Holy

text: Week

text: processions

text: in

text: Spain

text: include

text: crowds

text: who

text: vociferously

text: insult

text: the

text: figure

text: of

text: Jesus

text: Irreverence

text: parody

text: degradation

text: and

text: laughter

text: at

text: a

text: tragicomic

text: effigy

text: God

text: can

text: be

text: seen

text: as

text: intensifications

text: of

text: the

text: sacred

text: order

text: In

text: the

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: under

text: Pope

text: Paul

text: II

text: revieved

text: customs

text: of

text: the

text: Saturnalia

text: carnival

text: Jews

text: were

text: forced

text: to

text: race

text: naked

text: through

text: the

text: streets

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Rome

text: Before

text: they

text: were

text: to

text: run

text: the

text: Jews

text: were

text: richly

text: fed

text: so

text: as

text: to

text: make

text: the

text: race

text: more

text: difficult

text: for

text: them

text: and

text: at

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: more

text: amusing

text: for

text: spectators

text: They

text: ran

text: amid

text: Rome

text: ’s

text: taunting

text: shrieks

text: and

text: peals

text: of

text: laughter

text: while

text: the

text: Holy

text: Father

text: stood

text: upon

text: a

text: richly

text: ornamented

text: balcony

text: and

text: laughed

text: heartily

text: an

text: eyewitness

text: reports

question: What is insufficient to establish a direct origin from ancient festivals to Carnival?

answer: evidence

text: evidence

question: What festival did no complete accounts describing survive?

answer: Saturnalia

text: Saturnalia

question: How do both Jesus and King Carnival make a gift to the people?

answer: with their deaths

text: with their deaths

question: What is the gift of King Carnival?

answer: acknowledgement that death is a necessary part of the cycle of life

text: acknowledgement that death is a necessary part of the cycle of life

question: Who was forced to race naked through the streets of Rom by Pope Paul II?

answer: Jews

text: Jews


text: Although official German air doctrine did target civilian morale, it did not espouse the attacking of civilians directly. It hoped to destroy morale by destroying the enemy's factories and public utilities as well as its food stocks (by attacking shipping). Nevertheless, its official opposition to attacks on civilians became an increasingly moot point when large-scale raids were conducted in November and December 1940. Although not encouraged by official policy, the use of mines and incendiaries, for tactical expediency, came close to indiscriminate bombing. Locating targets in skies obscured by industrial haze meant they needed to be illuminated "without regard for the civilian population".

title: The_Blitz

title: The_Blitz

text: Although

text: official

text: German

text: air

text: doctrine

text: did

text: target

text: civilian

text: morale

text: it

text: did

text: not

text: espouse

text: the

text: attacking

text: of

text: civilians

text: directly

text: It

text: hoped

text: to

text: destroy

text: morale

text: by

text: destroying

text: the

text: enemy

text: 's

text: factories

text: and

text: public

text: utilities

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: its

text: food

text: stocks

text: by

text: attacking

text: shipping

text: Nevertheless

text: its

text: official

text: opposition

text: to

text: attacks

text: on

text: civilians

text: became

text: an

text: increasingly

text: moot

text: point

text: when

text: large

text: scale

text: raids

text: were

text: conducted

text: in

text: November

text: and

text: December

text: Although

text: not

text: encouraged

text: by

text: official

text: policy

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: mines

text: and

text: incendiaries

text: for

text: tactical

text: expediency

text: came

text: close

text: to

text: indiscriminate

text: bombing

text: Locating

text: targets

text: in

text: skies

text: obscured

text: by

text: industrial

text: haze

text: meant

text: they

text: needed

text: to

text: be

text: illuminated

text: without

text: regard

text: for

text: the

text: civilian

text: population

question: What was the primary goal of the German air doctrine?

answer: target civilian morale

text: target civilian morale

question: In November and December of 1940 what changed to make attacks on civilians a moot point?

answer: large-scale raids

text: large-scale raids

question: What had nearly been considered indiscriminate bombing?

answer: use of mines and incendiaries, for tactical expediency

text: use of mines and incendiaries, for tactical expediency

question: Lighting targets hidden by haze had to be done without what?

answer: regard for the civilian population

text: regard for the civilian population


text: Depleted uranium is also used as a shielding material in some containers used to store and transport radioactive materials. While the metal itself is radioactive, its high density makes it more effective than lead in halting radiation from strong sources such as radium. Other uses of depleted uranium include counterweights for aircraft control surfaces, as ballast for missile re-entry vehicles and as a shielding material. Due to its high density, this material is found in inertial guidance systems and in gyroscopic compasses. Depleted uranium is preferred over similarly dense metals due to its ability to be easily machined and cast as well as its relatively low cost. The main risk of exposure to depleted uranium is chemical poisoning by uranium oxide rather than radioactivity (uranium being only a weak alpha emitter).

title: Uranium

title: Uranium

text: Depleted

text: uranium

text: is

text: also

text: used

text: as

text: a

text: shielding

text: material

text: in

text: some

text: containers

text: used

text: to

text: store

text: and

text: transport

text: radioactive

text: materials

text: While

text: the

text: metal

text: itself

text: is

text: radioactive

text: its

text: high

text: density

text: makes

text: it

text: more

text: effective

text: than

text: lead

text: in

text: halting

text: radiation

text: from

text: strong

text: sources

text: such

text: as

text: radium

text: Other

text: uses

text: of

text: depleted

text: uranium

text: include

text: counterweights

text: for

text: aircraft

text: control

text: surfaces

text: as

text: ballast

text: for

text: missile

text: re

text: entry

text: vehicles

text: and

text: as

text: a

text: shielding

text: material

text: Due

text: to

text: its

text: high

text: density

text: this

text: material

text: is

text: found

text: in

text: inertial

text: guidance

text: systems

text: and

text: in

text: gyroscopic

text: compasses

text: Depleted

text: uranium

text: is

text: preferred

text: over

text: similarly

text: dense

text: metals

text: due

text: to

text: its

text: ability

text: to

text: be

text: easily

text: machined

text: and

text: cast

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: its

text: relatively

text: low

text: cost

text: The

text: main

text: risk

text: of

text: exposure

text: to

text: depleted

text: uranium

text: is

text: chemical

text: poisoning

text: by

text: uranium

text: oxide

text: rather

text: than

text: radioactivity

text: uranium

text: being

text: only

text: a

text: weak

text: alpha

text: emitter

question: What kind of uranium is sometimes used to shield radioactive materials in containers?

answer: Depleted

text: Depleted

question: What is a strong source of radiation that is blocked by depleted uranium?

answer: radium

text: radium

question: How is depleted uranium used in missile re-entry vehicles?

answer: ballast

text: ballast

question: What trait causes depleted uranium to be used in gyroscopic compasses?

answer: high density

text: high density

question: What type of alpha emitter is uranium?

answer: weak

text: weak


text: USB is a serial bus, using four shielded wires for the USB 2.0 variant: two for power (VBUS and GND), and two for differential data signals (labelled as D+ and D− in pinouts). Non-Return-to-Zero Inverted (NRZI) encoding scheme is used for transferring data, with a sync field to synchronize the host and receiver clocks. D+ and D− signals are transmitted on a twisted pair, providing half-duplex data transfers for USB 2.0. Mini and micro connectors have their GND connections moved from pin #4 to pin #5, while their pin #4 serves as an ID pin for the On-The-Go host/client identification.

title: USB

title: USB

text: USB

text: is

text: a

text: serial

text: bus

text: using

text: four

text: shielded

text: wires

text: for

text: the

text: USB

text: variant

text: two

text: for

text: power

text: VBUS

text: and

text: GND

text: and

text: two

text: for

text: differential

text: data

text: signals

text: labelled

text: as

text: D+

text: and

text: D−

text: in

text: pinouts

text: Non

text: Return

text: to

text: Zero

text: Inverted

text: NRZI

text: encoding

text: scheme

text: is

text: used

text: for

text: transferring

text: data

text: with

text: a

text: sync

text: field

text: to

text: synchronize

text: the

text: host

text: and

text: receiver

text: clocks

text: D+

text: and

text: D−

text: signals

text: are

text: transmitted

text: on

text: a

text: twisted

text: pair

text: providing

text: half

text: duplex

text: data

text: transfers

text: for

text: USB

text: Mini

text: and

text: micro

text: connectors

text: have

text: their

text: GND

text: connections

text: moved

text: from

text: pin

text: to

text: pin

text: while

text: their

text: pin

text: serves

text: as

text: an

text: ID

text: pin

text: for

text: the

text: On

text: The

text: Go

text: host

text: client

text: identification

question: What is USB?

answer: a serial bus

text: a serial bus

question: What kind of wires does the USB 2.0 variant use?

answer: four shielded wires

text: four shielded wires

question: What are the four shielded wires in the USB 2.0 variant used for?

answer: two for power (VBUS and GND), and two for differential data signals

text: two for power (VBUS and GND), and two for differential data signals


text: Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the city include Chelsea, City Island, Great Island and Venice Park.

title: Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey

title: Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey

text: Unincorporated

text: communities

text: localities

text: and

text: place

text: names

text: located

text: partially

text: or

text: completely

text: within

text: the

text: city

text: include

text: Chelsea

text: City

text: Island

text: Great

text: Island

text: and

text: Venice

text: Park

question: Besides Chelsea, City Island, and Great Island, what other community, locality, or place name is included in the city?

answer: Venice Park

text: Venice Park

question: Besides Chelsea, City Island, and Venice Park, what other community, locality, or place name is included in the city?

answer: Great Island

text: Great Island

question: Besides Chelsea, Venice Park, and Great Island, what other community, locality, or place name is included in the city?

answer: City Island

text: City Island

question: Besides Venice Park, City Island, and Great Island, what other community, locality, or place name is included in the city?

answer: Chelsea

text: Chelsea

question: Besides localities and place names, what else is located partically or completely within the city?

answer: Unincorporated communities

text: Unincorporated communities