text: The county was subject to significant boundary reform in 1974 that removed Liverpool and Manchester and most of their surrounding conurbations to form the metropolitan counties of Merseyside and Greater Manchester. The detached northern part of Lancashire in the Lake District, including the Furness Peninsula and Cartmel, was merged with Cumberland and Westmorland to form Cumbria. Lancashire lost 709 square miles of land to other counties, about two fifths of its original area, although it did gain some land from the West Riding of Yorkshire. Today the county borders Cumbria to the north, Greater Manchester and Merseyside to the south and North and West Yorkshire to the east; with a coastline on the Irish Sea to the west. The county palatine boundaries remain the same[clarification needed] with the Duke of Lancaster exercising sovereignty rights, including the appointment of lords lieutenant in Greater Manchester and Merseyside.

title: Lancashire

title: Lancashire

text: The

text: county

text: was

text: subject

text: to

text: significant

text: boundary

text: reform

text: in

text: that

text: removed

text: Liverpool

text: and

text: Manchester

text: and

text: most

text: of

text: their

text: surrounding

text: conurbations

text: to

text: form

text: the

text: metropolitan

text: counties

text: of

text: Merseyside

text: and

text: Greater

text: Manchester

text: The

text: detached

text: northern

text: part

text: of

text: Lancashire

text: in

text: the

text: Lake

text: District

text: including

text: the

text: Furness

text: Peninsula

text: and

text: Cartmel

text: was

text: merged

text: with

text: Cumberland

text: and

text: Westmorland

text: to

text: form

text: Cumbria

text: Lancashire

text: lost

text: square

text: miles

text: of

text: land

text: to

text: other

text: counties

text: about

text: two

text: fifths

text: of

text: its

text: original

text: area

text: although

text: it

text: did

text: gain

text: some

text: land

text: from

text: the

text: West

text: Riding

text: of

text: Yorkshire

text: Today

text: the

text: county

text: borders

text: Cumbria

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Greater

text: Manchester

text: and

text: Merseyside

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: North

text: and

text: West

text: Yorkshire

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: with

text: a

text: coastline

text: on

text: the

text: Irish

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: The

text: county

text: palatine

text: boundaries

text: remain

text: the

text: same[clarification

text: needed

text: with

text: the

text: Duke

text: of

text: Lancaster

text: exercising

text: sovereignty

text: rights

text: including

text: the

text: appointment

text: of

text: lords

text: lieutenant

text: in

text: Greater

text: Manchester

text: and

text: Merseyside

question: When was Liverpool and Manchester removed from Lancashire boundaries?

answer: 1974

question: How many miles of land did Lancashire lose to other countries?

answer: 709

question: What is to the north of Lancashire today?

answer: Cumbria

text: Cumbria

question: What is to the east of Lancashire today?

answer: West Yorkshire

text: West Yorkshire

question: Who exercises sovereignty rights for Lancashire?

answer: Duke of Lancaster

text: Duke of Lancaster


text: UNFPA has been falsely accused by anti-family planning groups of providing support for government programs which have promoted forced-abortions and coercive sterilizations. Controversies regarding these claims have resulted in a sometimes shaky relationship between the organization and three presidential administrations, that of Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush, withholding funding from the UNFPA.

title: United_Nations_Population_Fund

title: United_Nations_Population_Fund

text: UNFPA

text: has

text: been

text: falsely

text: accused

text: by

text: anti

text: family

text: planning

text: groups

text: of

text: providing

text: support

text: for

text: government

text: programs

text: which

text: have

text: promoted

text: forced

text: abortions

text: and

text: coercive

text: sterilizations

text: Controversies

text: regarding

text: these

text: claims

text: have

text: resulted

text: in

text: a

text: sometimes

text: shaky

text: relationship

text: between

text: the

text: organization

text: and

text: three

text: presidential

text: administrations

text: that

text: of

text: Ronald

text: Reagan

text: George

text: H.

text: W.

text: Bush

text: and

text: George

text: W.

text: Bush

text: withholding

text: funding

text: from

text: the

text: UNFPA

question: UNFPA has  been accused of supporting what type of abortion?

answer: forced-abortions

text: forced-abortions

question: UNFPA has been accused of supporting programs that coerce what?

answer: sterilizations

text: sterilizations

question: What groups have made these accusations against UNFPA?

answer: anti-family planning groups

text: anti-family planning groups

question: Controversy regarding these accusations has caused conflict with how many presidential administrations?

answer: three

text: three


text: Hirsch held the opinion that Judaism demands an application of Torah thought to the entire realm of human experience, including the secular disciplines. His approach was termed the Torah im Derech Eretz approach, or "neo-Orthodoxy". While insisting on strict adherence to Jewish beliefs and practices, he held that Jews should attempt to engage and influence the modern world, and encouraged those secular studies compatible with Torah thought. This pattern of religious and secular involvement has been evident at many times in Jewish history. Scholars[who?] believe it was characteristic of the Jews in Babylon during the Amoraic and Geonic periods, and likewise in early medieval Spain, shown by their engagement with both Muslim and Christian society. It appeared as the traditional response to cultural and scientific innovation.

title: Orthodox_Judaism

title: Orthodox_Judaism

text: Hirsch

text: held

text: the

text: opinion

text: that

text: Judaism

text: demands

text: an

text: application

text: of

text: Torah

text: thought

text: to

text: the

text: entire

text: realm

text: of

text: human

text: experience

text: including

text: the

text: secular

text: disciplines

text: His

text: approach

text: was

text: termed

text: the

text: Torah

text: i

text: m

text: Derech

text: Eretz

text: approach

text: or

text: neo

text: Orthodoxy

text: While

text: insisting

text: on

text: strict

text: adherence

text: to

text: Jewish

text: beliefs

text: and

text: practices

text: he

text: held

text: that

text: Jews

text: should

text: attempt

text: to

text: engage

text: and

text: influence

text: the

text: modern

text: world

text: and

text: encouraged

text: those

text: secular

text: studies

text: compatible

text: with

text: Torah

text: thought

text: This

text: pattern

text: of

text: religious

text: and

text: secular

text: involvement

text: has

text: been

text: evident

text: at

text: many

text: times

text: in

text: Jewish

text: history

text: Scholars[who

text: believe

text: it

text: was

text: characteristic

text: of

text: the

text: Jews

text: in

text: Babylon

text: during

text: the

text: Amoraic

text: and

text: Geonic

text: periods

text: and

text: likewise

text: in

text: early

text: medieval

text: Spain

text: shown

text: by

text: their

text: engagement

text: with

text: both

text: Muslim

text: and

text: Christian

text: society

text: It

text: appeared

text: as

text: the

text: traditional

text: response

text: to

text: cultural

text: and

text: scientific

text: innovation

question: Who held the opinion that judiasm demands and application of torah thought to the entire realm of human experience?

answer: Hirsch

text: Hirsch

question: What was Hirsch's approach called?

answer: Torah im Derech Eretz

text: Torah im Derech Eretz

question: What was the Torah im Dereche Eretz aslo known as?

answer: neo-Orthodoxy

text: neo-Orthodoxy

question: The Torah im Derech Eretz insisted that Jews should attempt to engage and influence what?

answer: modern world

text: modern world


text: Since the late twentieth century, the number of African and Caribbean ethnic African immigrants have increased in the United States. Together with publicity about the ancestry of President Barack Obama, whose father was from Kenya, some black writers have argued that new terms are needed for recent immigrants. They suggest that the term "African-American" should refer strictly to the descendants of African slaves and free people of color who survived the slavery era in the United States. They argue that grouping together all ethnic Africans regardless of their unique ancestral circumstances would deny the lingering effects of slavery within the American slave descendant community. They say recent ethnic African immigrants need to recognize their own unique ancestral backgrounds.

title: Multiracial_American

title: Multiracial_American

text: Since

text: the

text: late

text: twentieth

text: century

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: African

text: and

text: Caribbean

text: ethnic

text: African

text: immigrants

text: have

text: increased

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Together

text: with

text: publicity

text: about

text: the

text: ancestry

text: of

text: President

text: Barack

text: Obama

text: whose

text: father

text: was

text: from

text: Kenya

text: some

text: black

text: writers

text: have

text: argued

text: that

text: new

text: terms

text: are

text: needed

text: for

text: recent

text: immigrants

text: They

text: suggest

text: that

text: the

text: term

text: African

text: American

text: should

text: refer

text: strictly

text: to

text: the

text: descendants

text: of

text: African

text: slaves

text: and

text: free

text: people

text: of

text: color

text: who

text: survived

text: the

text: slavery

text: era

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: They

text: argue

text: that

text: grouping

text: together

text: all

text: ethnic

text: Africans

text: regardless

text: of

text: their

text: unique

text: ancestral

text: circumstances

text: would

text: deny

text: the

text: lingering

text: effects

text: of

text: slavery

text: within

text: the

text: American

text: slave

text: descendant

text: community

text: They

text: say

text: recent

text: ethnic

text: African

text: immigrants

text: need

text: to

text: recognize

text: their

text: own

text: unique

text: ancestral

text: backgrounds

question: The President's father is from what country?

answer: Kenya

text: Kenya

question: What community still has some effects of slavery?

answer: American slave descendant community

text: American slave descendant community

question: What must Africans who recently immigrated do?

answer: recognize their own unique ancestral backgrounds

text: recognize their own unique ancestral backgrounds

question: Who argue for a term other than African American to describe recent immigrants?

answer: some black writers

text: some black writers


text: Island genetics provides one proposed explanation for the sudden, fully developed appearance of flowering plants. Island genetics is believed to be a common source of speciation in general, especially when it comes to radical adaptations that seem to have required inferior transitional forms. Flowering plants may have evolved in an isolated setting like an island or island chain, where the plants bearing them were able to develop a highly specialized relationship with some specific animal (a wasp, for example). Such a relationship, with a hypothetical wasp carrying pollen from one plant to another much the way fig wasps do today, could result in the development of a high degree of specialization in both the plant(s) and their partners. Note that the wasp example is not incidental; bees, which, it is postulated, evolved specifically due to mutualistic plant relationships, are descended from wasps.

title: Flowering_plant

title: Flowering_plant

text: Island

text: genetics

text: provides

text: one

text: proposed

text: explanation

text: for

text: the

text: sudden

text: fully

text: developed

text: appearance

text: of

text: flowering

text: plants

text: Island

text: genetics

text: is

text: believed

text: to

text: be

text: a

text: common

text: source

text: of

text: speciation

text: in

text: general

text: especially

text: when

text: it

text: comes

text: to

text: radical

text: adaptations

text: that

text: seem

text: to

text: have

text: required

text: inferior

text: transitional

text: forms

text: Flowering

text: plants

text: may

text: have

text: evolved

text: in

text: an

text: isolated

text: setting

text: like

text: an

text: island

text: or

text: island

text: chain

text: where

text: the

text: plants

text: bearing

text: them

text: were

text: able

text: to

text: develop

text: a

text: highly

text: specialized

text: relationship

text: with

text: some

text: specific

text: animal

text: a

text: wasp

text: for

text: example

text: Such

text: a

text: relationship

text: with

text: a

text: hypothetical

text: wasp

text: carrying

text: pollen

text: from

text: one

text: plant

text: to

text: another

text: much

text: the

text: way

text: fig

text: wasps

text: do

text: today

text: could

text: result

text: in

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: a

text: high

text: degree

text: of

text: specialization

text: in

text: both

text: the

text: plant(s

text: and

text: their

text: partners

text: Note

text: that

text: the

text: wasp

text: example

text: is

text: not

text: incidental

text: bees

text: which

text: it

text: is

text: postulated

text: evolved

text: specifically

text: due

text: to

text: mutualistic

text: plant

text: relationships

text: are

text: descended

text: from

text: wasps

question: What is one proposed explanation for the instant appearance of flowering plants?

answer: Island genetics

text: Island genetics

question: What is island genetics thought to be a default source of?

answer: speciation

text: speciation

question: What did radical adaptations seem to have required?

answer: inferior transitional forms

text: inferior transitional forms

question: How did an isolated setting like an island help flowering plants evolve?

answer: highly specialized relationship with some specific animal

text: highly specialized relationship with some specific animal

question: What are bees descended from?

answer: wasps

text: wasps


text: H2 reacts with every oxidizing element. Hydrogen can react spontaneously and violently at room temperature with chlorine and fluorine to form the corresponding hydrogen halides, hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride, which are also potentially dangerous acids.

title: Hydrogen

title: Hydrogen

text: reacts

text: with

text: every

text: oxidizing

text: element

text: Hydrogen

text: can

text: react

text: spontaneously

text: and

text: violently

text: at

text: room

text: temperature

text: with

text: chlorine

text: and

text: fluorine

text: to

text: form

text: the

text: corresponding

text: hydrogen

text: halides

text: hydrogen

text: chloride

text: and

text: hydrogen

text: fluoride

text: which

text: are

text: also

text: potentially

text: dangerous

text: acids

question: What are two other dangerous acids?

answer: hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride

text: hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride

question: What temperature does hydrogen react with these elements?

answer: room temperature

text: room temperature


text: By 1200, the Swiss plateau comprised the dominions of the houses of Savoy, Zähringer, Habsburg, and Kyburg. Some regions (Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, later known as Waldstätten) were accorded the Imperial immediacy to grant the empire direct control over the mountain passes. With the extinction of its male line in 1263 the Kyburg dynasty fell in AD 1264; then the Habsburgs under King Rudolph I (Holy Roman Emperor in 1273) laid claim to the Kyburg lands and annexed them extending their territory to the eastern Swiss plateau.

title: Switzerland

title: Switzerland

text: By

text: the

text: Swiss

text: plateau

text: comprised

text: the

text: dominions

text: of

text: the

text: houses

text: of

text: Savoy

text: Zähringer

text: Habsburg

text: and

text: Kyburg

text: Some

text: regions

text: Uri

text: Schwyz

text: Unterwalden

text: later

text: known

text: as

text: Waldstätten

text: were

text: accorded

text: the

text: Imperial

text: immediacy

text: to

text: grant

text: the

text: empire

text: direct

text: control

text: over

text: the

text: mountain

text: passes

text: With

text: the

text: extinction

text: of

text: its

text: male

text: line

text: in

text: the

text: Kyburg

text: dynasty

text: fell

text: in

text: AD

text: then

text: the

text: Habsburgs

text: under

text: King

text: Rudolph

text: I

text: Holy

text: Roman

text: Emperor

text: in

text: laid

text: claim

text: to

text: the

text: Kyburg

text: lands

text: and

text: annexed

text: them

text: extending

text: their

text: territory

text: to

text: the

text: eastern

text: Swiss

text: plateau

question: In 1200, what area did the houses of Savoy, Zahringer, Habsburg, and Kyburg comprise?

answer: the Swiss plateau

text: the Swiss plateau

question: In 1264 AD, what caused the Kyburg dynasty to fall?

answer: extinction of its male line in 1263

text: extinction of its male line in 1263

question: Who claimed the Kyburg lands after their fall in 1264 AD?

answer: the Habsburgs

text: the Habsburgs

question: Which Holy Roman Emperor were the Habsburgs under in 1273 AD?

answer: King Rudolph I

text: King Rudolph I

question: What did the three regions of Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden become known as?

answer: Waldstätten

text: Waldstätten


text: He was moved to the Bureau of Topography of the Committee of Public Safety and sought unsuccessfully to be transferred to Constantinople in order to offer his services to the Sultan. During this period, he wrote the romantic novella Clisson et Eugénie, about a soldier and his lover, in a clear parallel to Bonaparte's own relationship with Désirée. On 15 September, Bonaparte was removed from the list of generals in regular service for his refusal to serve in the Vendée campaign. He faced a difficult financial situation and reduced career prospects.

title: Napoleon

title: Napoleon

text: He

text: was

text: moved

text: to

text: the

text: Bureau

text: of

text: Topography

text: of

text: the

text: Committee

text: of

text: Public

text: Safety

text: and

text: sought

text: unsuccessfully

text: to

text: be

text: transferred

text: to

text: Constantinople

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: offer

text: his

text: services

text: to

text: the

text: Sultan

text: During

text: this

text: period

text: he

text: wrote

text: the

text: romantic

text: novella

text: Clisson

text: et

text: Eugénie

text: about

text: a

text: soldier

text: and

text: his

text: lover

text: in

text: a

text: clear

text: parallel

text: to

text: Bonaparte

text: 's

text: own

text: relationship

text: with

text: Désirée

text: On

text: September

text: Bonaparte

text: was

text: removed

text: from

text: the

text: list

text: of

text: generals

text: in

text: regular

text: service

text: for

text: his

text: refusal

text: to

text: serve

text: in

text: the

text: Vendée

text: campaign

text: He

text: faced

text: a

text: difficult

text: financial

text: situation

text: and

text: reduced

text: career

text: prospects

question: After his move to the Committee of Public Safety, where did Napoleon unsuccessfully attempt to be transferred to?

answer: Constantinople

text: Constantinople

question: Inspired by his own relationship, what romantic tale did Napoleon author?

answer: Clisson et Eugénie

text: Clisson et Eugénie

question: On what date was Napoleon taken off the list of generals in service due to his refusal to serve in Vendée?

answer: 15 September

text: 15 September

question: In which department of the Committee of Public Safety did Napoleon serve?

answer: the Bureau of Topography

text: the Bureau of Topography

question: Napoleon's novella "Clisson et Eugénie" was based on his relationship with whom?

answer: Désirée

text: Désirée


text: Others have rejected that the doctrine of Immaculate Conception exists in Islam, the Quranic account does not confirm the Immaculate Conception exclusively for Mary as in Islam every human child is born pure and immaculate, her sinless birth is thus independent of the Christian docrtrine of original sin as no such doctrine exists in Islam. Moreover, Hannah's prayer in the Quran for her child to remain protected from Satan (Shayṭān) was said after it had already been born, not before and expresses a natural concern any righteous parent would have. The Muslim tradition or hadith, which states that the only children born without the "touch of Satan," were Mary and Jesus. should therefore not be taken in isolation from the Quran, and is to be interpreted within the specific context of exonerating Mary and her child from the charges that were made against them and is not a general statement. The specific mention of Mary and Jesus in this hadith may also be taken to represent a class of people, in keeping with the Arabic language and the Quranic verse [O Satan] surely thou shalt have no power over My servants, except such of the erring ones as choose to follow thee (15:42)

title: Immaculate_Conception

title: Immaculate_Conception

text: Others

text: have

text: rejected

text: that

text: the

text: doctrine

text: of

text: Immaculate

text: Conception

text: exists

text: in

text: Islam

text: the

text: Quranic

text: account

text: does

text: not

text: confirm

text: the

text: Immaculate

text: Conception

text: exclusively

text: for

text: Mary

text: as

text: in

text: Islam

text: every

text: human

text: child

text: is

text: born

text: pure

text: and

text: immaculate

text: her

text: sinless

text: birth

text: is

text: thus

text: independent

text: of

text: the

text: Christian

text: docrtrine

text: of

text: original

text: sin

text: as

text: no

text: such

text: doctrine

text: exists

text: in

text: Islam

text: Moreover

text: Hannah

text: 's

text: prayer

text: in

text: the

text: Quran

text: for

text: her

text: child

text: to

text: remain

text: protected

text: from

text: Satan

text: Shayṭān

text: was

text: said

text: after

text: it

text: had

text: already

text: been

text: born

text: not

text: before

text: and

text: expresses

text: a

text: natural

text: concern

text: any

text: righteous

text: parent

text: would

text: have

text: The

text: Muslim

text: tradition

text: or

text: hadith

text: which

text: states

text: that

text: the

text: only

text: children

text: born

text: without

text: the

text: touch

text: of

text: Satan

text: were

text: Mary

text: and

text: Jesus

text: should

text: therefore

text: not

text: be

text: taken

text: in

text: isolation

text: from

text: the

text: Quran

text: and

text: is

text: to

text: be

text: interpreted

text: within

text: the

text: specific

text: context

text: of

text: exonerating

text: Mary

text: and

text: her

text: child

text: from

text: the

text: charges

text: that

text: were

text: made

text: against

text: them

text: and

text: is

text: not

text: a

text: general

text: statement

text: The

text: specific

text: mention

text: of

text: Mary

text: and

text: Jesus

text: in

text: this

text: hadith

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: taken

text: to

text: represent

text: a

text: class

text: of

text: people

text: in

text: keeping

text: with

text: the

text: Arabic

text: language

text: and

text: the

text: Quranic

text: verse

text: O

text: Satan

text: surely

text: thou

text: shalt

text: have

text: no

text: power

text: over

text: My

text: servants

text: except

text: such

text: of

text: the

text: erring

text: ones

text: as

text: choose

text: to

text: follow

text: thee

question: Does everyone agree on the credit that should be given for the story of Mary's inception ?

answer: Others have rejected that the doctrine of Immaculate Conception exists in Islam

text: Others have rejected that the doctrine of Immaculate Conception exists in Islam

question: What does the book of Muslim faith state in regards to how every person is born ?

answer: in Islam every human child is born pure and immaculate

text: in Islam every human child is born pure and immaculate

question: Does this view contradict the belief that Mary was also born to a virgin mother ?

answer: her sinless birth is thus independent of the Christian docrtrine of original sin as no such doctrine exists in Islam

text: her sinless birth is thus independent of the Christian docrtrine of original sin as no such doctrine exists in Islam

question: What view did the Qua-ran take on the sinful ways in which Mary could have been conceived ?

answer: Muslim tradition or hadith, which states that the only children born without the "touch of Satan," were Mary and Jesus.

text: Muslim tradition or hadith, which states that the only children born without the "touch of Satan," were Mary and Jesus.

question: What is the name of the prayer that is listed in the Qua-ran  is used to enact a safeguard on kids from the  the devil ?

answer: Hannah's prayer in the Quran for her child to remain protected from Satan

text: Hannah's prayer in the Quran for her child to remain protected from Satan


text: In 1989, during the "Singing Revolution", in a landmark demonstration for more independence, more than two million people formed a human chain stretching through Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia, called the Baltic Way. All three nations had similar experiences of occupation and similar aspirations for regaining independence. The Estonian Sovereignty Declaration was issued on 16 November 1988. On 20 August 1991, Estonia declared formal independence during the Soviet military coup attempt in Moscow, reconstituting the pre-1940 state. The Soviet Union recognised the independence of Estonia on 6 September 1991. The first country to diplomatically recognise Estonia's reclaimed independence was Iceland. The last units of the Russian army left on 31 August 1994.

title: Estonia

title: Estonia

text: In

text: during

text: the

text: Singing

text: Revolution

text: in

text: a

text: landmark

text: demonstration

text: for

text: more

text: independence

text: more

text: than

text: two

text: million

text: people

text: formed

text: a

text: human

text: chain

text: stretching

text: through

text: Lithuania

text: Latvia

text: and

text: Estonia

text: called

text: the

text: Baltic

text: Way

text: All

text: three

text: nations

text: had

text: similar

text: experiences

text: of

text: occupation

text: and

text: similar

text: aspirations

text: for

text: regaining

text: independence

text: The

text: Estonian

text: Sovereignty

text: Declaration

text: was

text: issued

text: on

text: November

text: On

text: August

text: Estonia

text: declared

text: formal

text: independence

text: during

text: the

text: Soviet

text: military

text: coup

text: attempt

text: in

text: Moscow

text: reconstituting

text: the

text: state

text: The

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: recognised

text: the

text: independence

text: of

text: Estonia

text: on

text: September

text: The

text: first

text: country

text: to

text: diplomatically

text: recognise

text: Estonia

text: 's

text: reclaimed

text: independence

text: was

text: Iceland

text: The

text: last

text: units

text: of

text: the

text: Russian

text: army

text: left

text: on

text: August

question: What year did the Singing Revolution occur?

answer: 1989

question: What was the demonstration of the Singing Revolution trying to fight for?

answer: independence

text: independence

question: How many people created a chain of solidarity that went Estonia and other countries?

answer: more than two million people

text: more than two million people

question: What was the name of the human chain?

answer: the Baltic Way

text: the Baltic Way


text: During the 2009–10 school year, there were a total of 10,979 pupils attending classes in Bern. There were 89 kindergarten classes with a total of 1,641 pupils in the municipality. Of the kindergarten pupils, 32.4% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 40.2% have a different mother language than the classroom language. The municipality had 266 primary classes and 5,040 pupils. Of the primary pupils, 30.1% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 35.7% have a different mother language than the classroom language. During the same year, there were 151 lower secondary classes with a total of 2,581 pupils. There were 28.7% who were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 32.7% have a different mother language than the classroom language.

title: Bern

title: Bern

text: During

text: the

text: school

text: year

text: there

text: were

text: a

text: total

text: of

text: pupils

text: attending

text: classes

text: in

text: Bern

text: There

text: were

text: kindergarten

text: classes

text: with

text: a

text: total

text: of

text: pupils

text: in

text: the

text: municipality

text: Of

text: the

text: kindergarten

text: pupils

text: were

text: permanent

text: or

text: temporary

text: residents

text: of

text: Switzerland

text: not

text: citizens

text: and

text: have

text: a

text: different

text: mother

text: language

text: than

text: the

text: classroom

text: language

text: The

text: municipality

text: had

text: primary

text: classes

text: and

text: pupils

text: Of

text: the

text: primary

text: pupils

text: were

text: permanent

text: or

text: temporary

text: residents

text: of

text: Switzerland

text: not

text: citizens

text: and

text: have

text: a

text: different

text: mother

text: language

text: than

text: the

text: classroom

text: language

text: During

text: the

text: same

text: year

text: there

text: were

text: lower

text: secondary

text: classes

text: with

text: a

text: total

text: of

text: pupils

text: There

text: were

text: who

text: were

text: permanent

text: or

text: temporary

text: residents

text: of

text: Switzerland

text: not

text: citizens

text: and

text: have

text: a

text: different

text: mother

text: language

text: than

text: the

text: classroom

text: language

question: How many students were attending school during the 2009-2010 school year?

answer: 10,979

question: How many kindergarten classes were there?

answer: 89

question: How many primary classes were there?

answer: 266

question: How many lower secondary classes were there?

answer: 151


text: Adult contemporary is heavy on romantic sentimental ballads which mostly use acoustic instruments (though bass guitar is usually used) such as acoustic guitars, pianos, saxophones, and sometimes an orchestral set. The electric guitars are normally faint and high-pitched. However, recent adult contemporary music may usually feature synthesizers (and other electronics, such as drum machines).

title: Adult_contemporary_music

title: Adult_contemporary_music

text: Adult

text: contemporary

text: is

text: heavy

text: on

text: romantic

text: sentimental

text: ballads

text: which

text: mostly

text: use

text: acoustic

text: instruments

text: though

text: bass

text: guitar

text: is

text: usually

text: used

text: such

text: as

text: acoustic

text: guitars

text: pianos

text: saxophones

text: and

text: sometimes

text: an

text: orchestral

text: set

text: The

text: electric

text: guitars

text: are

text: normally

text: faint

text: and

text: high

text: pitched

text: However

text: recent

text: adult

text: contemporary

text: music

text: may

text: usually

text: feature

text: synthesizers

text: and

text: other

text: electronics

text: such

text: as

text: drum

text: machines

question: What type of song is frequently seen in the adult contemporary genre?

answer: romantic sentimental ballads

text: romantic sentimental ballads

question: Along with synthesizers, what electronic instruments sometimes appear in modern adult contemporary?

answer: drum machines

text: drum machines

question: What general type of instruments tend to be used in adult contemporary?

answer: acoustic

text: acoustic

question: What electric instrument is often seen in adult contemporary?

answer: bass guitar

text: bass guitar

question: Along with being faint, what characteristic is usually present in electric guitars used in adult contemporary?

answer: high-pitched

text: high-pitched


text: Masonic lodges existed in Iraq as early as 1917, when the first lodge under the United Grand Lodge of England (UGLE) was opened. Nine lodges under UGLE existed by the 1950s, and a Scottish lodge was formed in 1923. However, the position changed following the revolution, and all lodges were forced to close in 1965. This position was later reinforced under Saddam Hussein; the death penalty was "prescribed" for those who "promote or acclaim Zionist principles, including freemasonry, or who associate [themselves] with Zionist organisations."

title: Freemasonry

title: Freemasonry

text: Masonic

text: lodges

text: existed

text: in

text: Iraq

text: as

text: early

text: as

text: when

text: the

text: first

text: lodge

text: under

text: the

text: United

text: Grand

text: Lodge

text: of

text: England

text: UGLE

text: was

text: opened

text: Nine

text: lodges

text: under

text: UGLE

text: existed

text: by

text: the

text: and

text: a

text: Scottish

text: lodge

text: was

text: formed

text: in

text: However

text: the

text: position

text: changed

text: following

text: the

text: revolution

text: and

text: all

text: lodges

text: were

text: forced

text: to

text: close

text: in

text: This

text: position

text: was

text: later

text: reinforced

text: under

text: Saddam

text: Hussein

text: the

text: death

text: penalty

text: was

text: prescribed

text: for

text: those

text: who

text: promote

text: or

text: acclaim

text: Zionist

text: principles

text: including

text: freemasonry

text: or

text: who

text: associate

text: themselves

text: with

text: Zionist

text: organisations

question: How long have Masonic Lodges been in Iraq?

answer: as early as 1917

text: as early as 1917

question: How many lodges existed in Iraq in the 1950s?

answer: Nine

text: Nine

question: What is the greatest penalty that a Freemason in Iraq could face now?

answer: the death penalty

text: the death penalty

question: When were all the lodges in Iraq forced to close?

answer: 1965

question: When was a Scottish Lodge formed in Iraq?

answer: 1923

question: When did Masonic lodges start in Iraq?

answer: 1917

question: Who opened the first Lodge in Iraq?

answer: the United Grand Lodge of England

text: the United Grand Lodge of England

question: When was the first Scottish Masonic lodge opened in Iraq?

answer: 1923

question: All Masonic lodges were forced to close in Iraq in what year?

answer: 1965

question: Who introduced the death penalty to Freemasons living in Iraq?

answer: Saddam Hussein

text: Saddam Hussein


text: Although older German loanwords were colloquial, recent borrowings from other languages are associated with high culture. During the nineteenth century, words with Greek and Latin roots were rejected in favor of those based on older Czech words and common Slavic roots; "music" is muzyka in Polish and музыка (muzyka) in Russian, but in Czech it is hudba. Some Czech words have been borrowed as loanwords into English and other languages—for example, robot (from robota, "labor") and polka (from polka, "Polish woman" or from "půlka" "half").

title: Czech_language

title: Czech_language

text: Although

text: older

text: German

text: loanwords

text: were

text: colloquial

text: recent

text: borrowings

text: from

text: other

text: languages

text: are

text: associated

text: with

text: high

text: culture

text: During

text: the

text: nineteenth

text: century

text: words

text: with

text: Greek

text: and

text: Latin

text: roots

text: were

text: rejected

text: in

text: favor

text: of

text: those

text: based

text: on

text: older

text: Czech

text: words

text: and

text: common

text: Slavic

text: roots

text: music

text: is

text: muzyka

text: in

text: Polish

text: and

text: музыка

text: muzyka

text: in

text: Russian

text: but

text: in

text: Czech

text: it

text: is

text: hudba

text: Some

text: Czech

text: words

text: have

text: been

text: borrowed

text: as

text: loanwords

text: into

text: English

text: and

text: other

text: languages

text: for

text: example

text: robot

text: from

text: robota

text: labor

text: and

text: polka

text: from

text: polka

text: Polish

text: woman

text: or

text: from

text: půlka

text: half

question: In Czech, what are loanwords from other languages associated with?

answer: high culture

text: high culture

question: What word roots in the 19th century were rejected in favor of words with more common Slavic roots?

answer: Greek and Latin

text: Greek and Latin

question: How does one say the word "music" in Czech?

answer: hudba

text: hudba

question: What Czech word did the English "robot" derive from?

answer: robota

text: robota

question: What is the meaning of the Czech word "robota"?

answer: labor

text: labor


text: Several Muslim countries like Turkey and Iran exhibit high scientific publication. Some countries have tried to encourage scientific research. In Pakistan, establishment of the Higher Education Commission in 2002, resulted in a 5-fold increase in the number of PhDs and a 10-fold increase in the number of scientific research papers in 10 years with the total number of universities increasing from 115 in 2001 to over 400 in 2012.[citation needed] Saudi Arabia has established the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology. United Arab Emirates has invested in Zayed University, United Arab Emirates University, and Masdar Institute of Science and Technology[clarification needed]

title: Muslim_world

title: Muslim_world

text: Several

text: Muslim

text: countries

text: like

text: Turkey

text: and

text: Iran

text: exhibit

text: high

text: scientific

text: publication

text: Some

text: countries

text: have

text: tried

text: to

text: encourage

text: scientific

text: research

text: In

text: Pakistan

text: establishment

text: of

text: the

text: Higher

text: Education

text: Commission

text: in

text: resulted

text: in

text: a

text: increase

text: in

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: PhDs

text: and

text: a

text: increase

text: in

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: scientific

text: research

text: papers

text: in

text: years

text: with

text: the

text: total

text: number

text: of

text: universities

text: increasing

text: from

text: in

text: to

text: over

text: in

text: needed

text: Saudi

text: Arabia

text: has

text: established

text: the

text: King

text: Abdullah

text: University

text: of

text: Science

text: and

text: Technology

text: United

text: Arab

text: Emirates

text: has

text: invested

text: in

text: Zayed

text: University

text: United

text: Arab

text: Emirates

text: University

text: and

text: Masdar

text: Institute

text: of

text: Science

text: and

text: Technology[clarification

text: needed

question: Which organization for scientific publications was established in Pakistan in 2002?

answer: Higher Education Commission

text: Higher Education Commission

question: How much did the Higher Education Commission impact the number of PhDs in Pakistan?

answer: 5-fold increase

text: 5-fold increase

question: What science university did Saudi Arabia establish?

answer: King Abdullah University of Science and Technology

text: King Abdullah University of Science and Technology

question: Where is Zayed University?

answer: United Arab Emirates

text: United Arab Emirates

question: How many universities were in Pakistan in 2001?

answer: 115


text: As of the census of 2000, there are 84,084 people, 44,497 households, and 16,775 families in the city. The population density is 10,178.7 inhabitants per square mile (3,930.4/km²). There are 47,863 housing units at an average density of 5,794.0 per square mile (2,237.3/km²). The racial makeup of the city is 78.29% White, 7.25% Asian, 3.78% African American, 0.47% Native American, 0.10% Pacific Islander, 5.97% from other races, and 4.13% from two or more races. 13.44% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 44,497 households, out of which 15.8% have children under the age of 18, 27.5% are married couples living together, 7.5% have a female householder with no husband present, and 62.3% are non-families. 51.2% of all households are made up of individuals and 10.6% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 1.83 and the average family size is 2.80.

title: Santa_Monica,_California

title: Santa_Monica,_California

text: As

text: of

text: the

text: census

text: of

text: there

text: are

text: people

text: households

text: and

text: families

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: The

text: population

text: density

text: is

text: inhabitants

text: per

text: square

text: mile

text: There

text: are

text: housing

text: units

text: at

text: an

text: average

text: density

text: of

text: per

text: square

text: mile

text: The

text: racial

text: makeup

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: is

text: White

text: Asian

text: African

text: American

text: Native

text: American

text: Pacific

text: Islander

text: from

text: other

text: races

text: and

text: from

text: two

text: or

text: more

text: races

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: are

text: Hispanic

text: or

text: Latino

text: of

text: any

text: race

text: There

text: are

text: households

text: out

text: of

text: which

text: have

text: children

text: under

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: are

text: married

text: couples

text: living

text: together

text: have

text: a

text: female

text: householder

text: with

text: no

text: husband

text: present

text: and

text: are

text: non

text: families

text: of

text: all

text: households

text: are

text: made

text: up

text: of

text: individuals

text: and

text: have

text: someone

text: living

text: alone

text: who

text: is

text: years

text: of

text: age

text: or

text: older

text: The

text: average

text: household

text: size

text: is

text: and

text: the

text: average

text: family

text: size

text: is

question: How many citizen's were in the year 2000 census?

answer: 84,084

question: How many urban families were there?

answer: 16,775

question: What is the population density per square mile?

answer: 10,178.7

question: From 2000 what was the average family size?

answer: 2.80

question: What percent in the 2000 census had persons under the age of 18?

answer: 15.8%


text: The design of the Institute's Mycenean lions medal and the motto ‘Usui civium, decori urbium' has been attributed to Thomas Leverton Donaldson, who had been honorary secretary until 1839. The RIBA Guide to its Archive and History (Angela Mace,1986) records that the first official version of this badge was used as a bookplate for the Institute's library and publications from 1835 to 1891, when it was redesigned by J.H.Metcalfe. It was again redesigned in 1931 by Eric Gill and in 1960 by Joan Hassall. The description in the 1837 by-laws was: "gules, two lions rampant guardant or, supporting a column marked with lines chevron, proper, all standing on a base of the same; a garter surrounding the whole with the inscription Institute of British Architects, anno salutis MDCCCXXXIV; above a mural crown proper, and beneath the motto Usui civium decori urbium ".

title: Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

title: Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

text: The

text: design

text: of

text: the

text: Institute

text: 's

text: Mycenean

text: lions

text: medal

text: and

text: the

text: motto

text: Usui

text: civium

text: decori

text: urbium

text: has

text: been

text: attributed

text: to

text: Thomas

text: Leverton

text: Donaldson

text: who

text: had

text: been

text: honorary

text: secretary

text: until

text: The

text: RIBA

text: Guide

text: to

text: its

text: Archive

text: and

text: History

text: Angela

text: records

text: that

text: the

text: first

text: official

text: version

text: of

text: this

text: badge

text: was

text: used

text: as

text: a

text: bookplate

text: for

text: the

text: Institute

text: 's

text: library

text: and

text: publications

text: from

text: to

text: when

text: it

text: was

text: redesigned

text: by

text: J.H.Metcalfe

text: It

text: was

text: again

text: redesigned

text: in

text: by

text: Eric

text: Gill

text: and

text: in

text: by

text: Joan

text: Hassall

text: The

text: description

text: in

text: the

text: by

text: laws

text: was

text: gules

text: two

text: lions

text: rampant

text: guardant

text: or

text: supporting

text: a

text: column

text: marked

text: with

text: lines

text: chevron

text: proper

text: all

text: standing

text: on

text: a

text: base

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: a

text: garter

text: surrounding

text: the

text: whole

text: with

text: the

text: inscription

text: Institute

text: of

text: British

text: Architects

text: anno

text: salutis

text: MDCCCXXXIV

text: above

text: a

text: mural

text: crown

text: proper

text: and

text: beneath

text: the

text: motto

text: Usui

text: civium

text: decori

text: urbium

question: What was the first Latin phrase used by the Royal Institute?

answer: Usui civium decori urbium

text: Usui civium decori urbium

question: Who is responsible for the use of 'usui civium decori urbium'?

answer: Thomas Leverton Donaldson

text: Thomas Leverton Donaldson

question: What was Donaldson's role within the Royal Institute?

answer: honorary secretary

text: honorary secretary

question: Who reworked the Royal Institute's medal desgin in 1931?

answer: Eric Gill

text: Eric Gill

question: When did Joan Hassall redesign the Royal Institute's medal?

answer: 1960


text: Several measurement methods have been developed to control glare resulting from indoor lighting design. The Unified Glare Rating (UGR), the Visual Comfort Probability, and the Daylight Glare Index are some of the most well-known methods of measurement. In addition to these new methods, four main factors influence the degree of discomfort glare; the luminance of the glare source, the solid angle of the glare source, the background luminance, and the position of the glare source in the field of view must all be taken into account.

title: Lighting

title: Lighting

text: Several

text: measurement

text: methods

text: have

text: been

text: developed

text: to

text: control

text: glare

text: resulting

text: from

text: indoor

text: lighting

text: design

text: The

text: Unified

text: Glare

text: Rating

text: UGR

text: the

text: Visual

text: Comfort

text: Probability

text: and

text: the

text: Daylight

text: Glare

text: Index

text: are

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: well

text: known

text: methods

text: of

text: measurement

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: these

text: new

text: methods

text: four

text: main

text: factors

text: influence

text: the

text: degree

text: of

text: discomfort

text: glare

text: the

text: luminance

text: of

text: the

text: glare

text: source

text: the

text: solid

text: angle

text: of

text: the

text: glare

text: source

text: the

text: background

text: luminance

text: and

text: the

text: position

text: of

text: the

text: glare

text: source

text: in

text: the

text: field

text: of

text: view

text: must

text: all

text: be

text: taken

text: into

text: account

question: What does UGR stand for?

answer: Unified Glare Rating

text: Unified Glare Rating


text: Historically, the population of Tibet consisted of primarily ethnic Tibetans and some other ethnic groups. According to tradition the original ancestors of the Tibetan people, as represented by the six red bands in the Tibetan flag, are: the Se, Mu, Dong, Tong, Dru and Ra. Other traditional ethnic groups with significant population or with the majority of the ethnic group residing in Tibet (excluding a disputed area with India) include Bai people, Blang, Bonan, Dongxiang, Han, Hui people, Lhoba, Lisu people, Miao, Mongols, Monguor (Tu people), Menba (Monpa), Mosuo, Nakhi, Qiang, Nu people, Pumi, Salar, and Yi people.

title: Tibet

title: Tibet

text: Historically

text: the

text: population

text: of

text: Tibet

text: consisted

text: of

text: primarily

text: ethnic

text: Tibetans

text: and

text: some

text: other

text: ethnic

text: groups

text: According

text: to

text: tradition

text: the

text: original

text: ancestors

text: of

text: the

text: Tibetan

text: people

text: as

text: represented

text: by

text: the

text: six

text: red

text: bands

text: in

text: the

text: Tibetan

text: flag

text: are

text: the

text: Se

text: Mu

text: Dong

text: Tong

text: Dru

text: and

text: Ra

text: Other

text: traditional

text: ethnic

text: groups

text: with

text: significant

text: population

text: or

text: with

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: ethnic

text: group

text: residing

text: in

text: Tibet

text: excluding

text: a

text: disputed

text: area

text: with

text: India

text: include

text: Bai

text: people

text: Blang

text: Bonan

text: Dongxiang

text: Han

text: Hui

text: people

text: Lhoba

text: Lisu

text: people

text: Miao

text: Mongols

text: Monguor

text: Tu

text: people

text: Menba

text: Monpa

text: Mosuo

text: Nakhi

text: Qiang

text: Nu

text: people

text: Pumi

text: Salar

text: and

text: Yi

text: people

question: How are the original ancestors of the Tibetan people represented?

answer: six red bands in the Tibetan flag

text: six red bands in the Tibetan flag

question: What has the population of Tibet primarily consisted of?

answer: ethnic Tibetans

text: ethnic Tibetans

question: Which country has a disputed area with Tibet?

answer: India

text: India


text: The Slavic autonym is reconstructed in Proto-Slavic as *Slověninъ, plural *Slověne. The oldest documents written in Old Church Slavonic and dating from the 9th century attest Словѣне Slověne to describe the Slavs. Other early Slavic attestations include Old East Slavic Словѣнѣ Slověně for "an East Slavic group near Novgorod." However, the earliest written references to the Slavs under this name are in other languages. In the 6th century AD Procopius, writing in Byzantine Greek, refers to the Σκλάβοι Sklaboi, Σκλαβηνοί Sklabēnoi, Σκλαυηνοί Sklauenoi, Σθλαβηνοί Sthlabenoi, or Σκλαβῖνοι Sklabinoi, while his contemporary Jordanes refers to the Sclaveni in Latin.

title: Slavs

title: Slavs

text: The

text: Slavic

text: autonym

text: is

text: reconstructed

text: in

text: Proto

text: Slavic

text: as

text: Slověninъ

text: plural

text: Slověne

text: The

text: oldest

text: documents

text: written

text: in

text: Old

text: Church

text: Slavonic

text: and

text: dating

text: from

text: the

text: century

text: attest

text: Словѣне

text: Slověne

text: to

text: describe

text: the

text: Slavs

text: Other

text: early

text: Slavic

text: attestations

text: include

text: Old

text: East

text: Slavic

text: Словѣнѣ

text: Slověně

text: for

text: an

text: East

text: Slavic

text: group

text: near

text: Novgorod

text: However

text: the

text: earliest

text: written

text: references

text: to

text: the

text: Slavs

text: under

text: this

text: name

text: are

text: in

text: other

text: languages

text: In

text: the

text: century

text: AD

text: Procopius

text: writing

text: in

text: Byzantine

text: Greek

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: Σκλάβοι

text: Sklaboi

text: Σκλαβηνοί

text: Sklabēnoi

text: Σκλαυηνοί

text: Sklauenoi

text: Σθλαβηνοί

text: Sthlabenoi

text: or

text: Σκλαβῖνοι

text: Sklabinoi

text: while

text: his

text: contemporary

text: Jordanes

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: Sclaveni

text: in

text: Latin

question: *Slověninъ, plural *Slověne, is the Slavic autonym reconstructed in what?

answer: Proto-Slavic

text: Proto-Slavic

question: Old 9th century documents describing Slavs were written in what language?

answer: Old Church Slavonic

text: Old Church Slavonic

question: Who wrote about the Slavs in Byzantine Greek in the 6th century?

answer: Procopius

text: Procopius

question: Procopius' contemporary Jordanes referred to the Slavs in what language?

answer: Latin

text: Latin


text: Around the end of the 19th century and into the 20th century, the Meiji era was marked by the reign of the Meiji Emperor. During this time, Japan started its modernization and rose to world power status. This era name means "Enlightened Rule". In Japan, the Meiji Restoration started in the 1860s, marking the rapid modernization by the Japanese themselves along European lines. Much research has focused on the issues of discontinuity versus continuity with the previous Tokugawa Period. In the 1960s younger Japanese scholars led by Irokawa Daikichi, reacted against the bureaucratic superstate, and began searching for the historic role of the common people . They avoided the elite, and focused not on political events but on social forces and attitudes. They rejected both Marxism and modernization theory as alien and confining. They stressed the importance of popular energies in the development of modern Japan. They enlarged history by using the methods of social history. It was not until the beginning of the Meiji Era that the Japanese government began taking modernization seriously. Japan expanded its military production base by opening arsenals in various locations. The hyobusho (war office) was replaced with a War Department and a Naval Department. The samurai class suffered great disappointment the following years.

title: Modern_history

title: Modern_history

text: Around

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: and

text: into

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: Meiji

text: era

text: was

text: marked

text: by

text: the

text: reign

text: of

text: the

text: Meiji

text: Emperor

text: During

text: this

text: time

text: Japan

text: started

text: its

text: modernization

text: and

text: rose

text: to

text: world

text: power

text: status

text: This

text: era

text: name

text: means

text: Enlightened

text: Rule

text: In

text: Japan

text: the

text: Meiji

text: Restoration

text: started

text: in

text: the

text: marking

text: the

text: rapid

text: modernization

text: by

text: the

text: Japanese

text: themselves

text: along

text: European

text: lines

text: Much

text: research

text: has

text: focused

text: on

text: the

text: issues

text: of

text: discontinuity

text: versus

text: continuity

text: with

text: the

text: previous

text: Tokugawa

text: Period

text: In

text: the

text: younger

text: Japanese

text: scholars

text: led

text: by

text: Irokawa

text: Daikichi

text: reacted

text: against

text: the

text: bureaucratic

text: superstate

text: and

text: began

text: searching

text: for

text: the

text: historic

text: role

text: of

text: the

text: common

text: people

text: They

text: avoided

text: the

text: elite

text: and

text: focused

text: not

text: on

text: political

text: events

text: but

text: on

text: social

text: forces

text: and

text: attitudes

text: They

text: rejected

text: both

text: Marxism

text: and

text: modernization

text: theory

text: as

text: alien

text: and

text: confining

text: They

text: stressed

text: the

text: importance

text: of

text: popular

text: energies

text: in

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: modern

text: Japan

text: They

text: enlarged

text: history

text: by

text: using

text: the

text: methods

text: of

text: social

text: history

text: It

text: was

text: not

text: until

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Meiji

text: Era

text: that

text: the

text: Japanese

text: government

text: began

text: taking

text: modernization

text: seriously

text: Japan

text: expanded

text: its

text: military

text: production

text: base

text: by

text: opening

text: arsenals

text: in

text: various

text: locations

text: The

text: hyobusho

text: war

text: office

text: was

text: replaced

text: with

text: a

text: War

text: Department

text: and

text: a

text: Naval

text: Department

text: The

text: samurai

text: class

text: suffered

text: great

text: disappointment

text: the

text: following

text: years

question: What was the Meija era marked by?

answer: the reign of the Meiji Emperor

text: the reign of the Meiji Emperor

question: How did Japan rise to be a world power during the Meja era?

answer: modernization

text: modernization

question: When did the Meija restoration begin?

answer: 1860s

question: What does "Meija era"

answer: Enlightened Rule

text: Enlightened Rule

question: What did Irokawa Daikichi act out against?

answer: bureaucratic superstate

text: bureaucratic superstate


text: The BBC operates several television networks, television stations (although there is generally very little distinction between the two terms in the UK), and related programming services in the United Kingdom. As well as being a broadcaster, the corporation also produces a large number of its own programmes in-house, thereby ranking as one of the world's largest television production companies.

title: BBC_Television

title: BBC_Television

text: The

text: BBC

text: operates

text: several

text: television

text: networks

text: television

text: stations

text: although

text: there

text: is

text: generally

text: very

text: little

text: distinction

text: between

text: the

text: two

text: terms

text: in

text: the

text: UK

text: and

text: related

text: programming

text: services

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: As

text: well

text: as

text: being

text: a

text: broadcaster

text: the

text: corporation

text: also

text: produces

text: a

text: large

text: number

text: of

text: its

text: own

text: programmes

text: in

text: house

text: thereby

text: ranking

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: television

text: production

text: companies

question: As a result of shows that the BBC itself creates, it is one of the biggest what?

answer: television production companies

text: television production companies


text: Plymouth is home to Plymouth Argyle F.C., who play in the fourth tier of English football league known as Football League Two. The team's home ground is called Home Park and is located in Central Park. It links itself with the group of English non-conformists that left Plymouth for the New World in 1620: its nickname is "The Pilgrims". The city also has four Non-League football clubs; Plymouth Parkway F.C. who play at Bolitho Park, Elburton Villa F.C. who play at Haye Road, Vospers Oak Villa F.C. who play at Weston Mill and Plymstock United F.C. who play at Deans Cross. All four clubs play in the South West Peninsula League.

title: Plymouth

title: Plymouth

text: Plymouth

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: Plymouth

text: Argyle

text: F.C.

text: who

text: play

text: in

text: the

text: fourth

text: tier

text: of

text: English

text: football

text: league

text: known

text: as

text: Football

text: League

text: Two

text: The

text: team

text: 's

text: home

text: ground

text: is

text: called

text: Home

text: Park

text: and

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: Central

text: Park

text: It

text: links

text: itself

text: with

text: the

text: group

text: of

text: English

text: non

text: conformists

text: that

text: left

text: Plymouth

text: for

text: the

text: New

text: World

text: in

text: its

text: nickname

text: is

text: The

text: Pilgrims

text: The

text: city

text: also

text: has

text: four

text: Non

text: League

text: football

text: clubs

text: Plymouth

text: Parkway

text: F.C.

text: who

text: play

text: at

text: Bolitho

text: Park

text: Elburton

text: Villa

text: F.C.

text: who

text: play

text: at

text: Haye

text: Road

text: Vospers

text: Oak

text: Villa

text: F.C.

text: who

text: play

text: at

text: Weston

text: Mill

text: and

text: Plymstock

text: United

text: F.C.

text: who

text: play

text: at

text: Deans

text: Cross

text: All

text: four

text: clubs

text: play

text: in

text: the

text: South

text: West

text: Peninsula

text: League

question: What football league team is located in Plymouth?

answer: Plymouth Argyle F.C.

text: Plymouth Argyle F.C.

question: What level of the football league does Plymouth Argyle F.C. operate in?

answer: Football League Two

text: Football League Two

question: What is the home field of Plymouth Argyle F.C.?

answer: Home Park

text: Home Park

question: What is the nickname of Plymouth Argyle F.C.?

answer: The Pilgrims

text: The Pilgrims

question: What team plays its home games at Weston Mill?

answer: Vospers Oak Villa F.C.

text: Vospers Oak Villa F.C.


text: The nine largest and most renowned Technische Universitäten in Germany have formed TU9 German Institutes of Technology as community of interests. Technische Universitäten normally have faculties or departements of natural sciences and often of economics but can also have units of cultural and social sciences and arts. RWTH Aachen, TU Dresden and TU München also have a faculty of medicine associated with university hospitals (Klinikum Aachen, University Hospital Dresden, Rechts der Isar Hospital).

title: Institute_of_technology

title: Institute_of_technology

text: The

text: nine

text: largest

text: and

text: most

text: renowned

text: Technische

text: Universitäten

text: in

text: Germany

text: have

text: formed

text: German

text: Institutes

text: of

text: Technology

text: as

text: community

text: of

text: interests

text: Technische

text: Universitäten

text: normally

text: have

text: faculties

text: or

text: departements

text: of

text: natural

text: sciences

text: and

text: often

text: of

text: economics

text: but

text: can

text: also

text: have

text: units

text: of

text: cultural

text: and

text: social

text: sciences

text: and

text: arts

text: RWTH

text: Aachen

text: TU

text: Dresden

text: and

text: TU

text: München

text: also

text: have

text: a

text: faculty

text: of

text: medicine

text: associated

text: with

text: university

text: hospitals

text: Klinikum

text: Aachen

text: University

text: Hospital

text: Dresden

text: Rechts

text: der

text: Isar

text: Hospital

question: Which department's faculty can be associated with university hospitals?

answer: medicine

text: medicine

question: How many Technische Universitäten make up the TU9 German Institutes of Technology?

answer: nine

text: nine


text: In the spring of 1834, Chopin attended the Lower Rhenish Music Festival in Aix-la-Chapelle with Hiller, and it was there that Chopin met Felix Mendelssohn. After the festival, the three visited Düsseldorf, where Mendelssohn had been appointed musical director. They spent what Mendelssohn described as "a very agreeable day", playing and discussing music at his piano, and met Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow, director of the Academy of Art, and some of his eminent pupils such as Lessing, Bendemann, Hildebrandt and Sohn. In 1835 Chopin went to Carlsbad, where he spent time with his parents; it was the last time he would see them. On his way back to Paris, he met old friends from Warsaw, the Wodzińskis. He had made the acquaintance of their daughter Maria in Poland five years earlier, when she was eleven. This meeting prompted him to stay for two weeks in Dresden, when he had previously intended to return to Paris via Leipzig. The sixteen-year-old girl's portrait of the composer is considered, along with Delacroix's, as among Chopin's best likenesses. In October he finally reached Leipzig, where he met Schumann, Clara Wieck and Felix Mendelssohn, who organised for him a performance of his own oratorio St. Paul, and who considered him "a perfect musician". In July 1836 Chopin travelled to Marienbad and Dresden to be with the Wodziński family, and in September he proposed to Maria, whose mother Countess Wodzińska approved in principle. Chopin went on to Leipzig, where he presented Schumann with his G minor Ballade. At the end of 1836 he sent Maria an album in which his sister Ludwika had inscribed seven of his songs, and his 1835 Nocturne in C-sharp minor, Op. 27, No. 1. The anodyne thanks he received from Maria proved to be the last letter he was to have from her.

title: Frédéric_Chopin

title: Frédéric_Chopin

text: In

text: the

text: spring

text: of

text: Chopin

text: attended

text: the

text: Lower

text: Rhenish

text: Music

text: Festival

text: in

text: Aix

text: la

text: Chapelle

text: with

text: Hiller

text: and

text: it

text: was

text: there

text: that

text: Chopin

text: met

text: Felix

text: Mendelssohn

text: After

text: the

text: festival

text: the

text: three

text: visited

text: Düsseldorf

text: where

text: Mendelssohn

text: had

text: been

text: appointed

text: musical

text: director

text: They

text: spent

text: what

text: Mendelssohn

text: described

text: as

text: a

text: very

text: agreeable

text: day

text: playing

text: and

text: discussing

text: music

text: at

text: his

text: piano

text: and

text: met

text: Friedrich

text: Wilhelm

text: Schadow

text: director

text: of

text: the

text: Academy

text: of

text: Art

text: and

text: some

text: of

text: his

text: eminent

text: pupils

text: such

text: as

text: Lessing

text: Bendemann

text: Hildebrandt

text: and

text: Sohn

text: In

text: Chopin

text: went

text: to

text: Carlsbad

text: where

text: he

text: spent

text: time

text: with

text: his

text: parents

text: it

text: was

text: the

text: last

text: time

text: he

text: would

text: see

text: them

text: On

text: his

text: way

text: back

text: to

text: Paris

text: he

text: met

text: old

text: friends

text: from

text: Warsaw

text: the

text: Wodzińskis

text: He

text: had

text: made

text: the

text: acquaintance

text: of

text: their

text: daughter

text: Maria

text: in

text: Poland

text: five

text: years

text: earlier

text: when

text: she

text: was

text: eleven

text: This

text: meeting

text: prompted

text: him

text: to

text: stay

text: for

text: two

text: weeks

text: in

text: Dresden

text: when

text: he

text: had

text: previously

text: intended

text: to

text: return

text: to

text: Paris

text: via

text: Leipzig

text: The

text: sixteen

text: year

text: old

text: girl

text: 's

text: portrait

text: of

text: the

text: composer

text: is

text: considered

text: along

text: with

text: Delacroix

text: 's

text: as

text: among

text: Chopin

text: 's

text: best

text: likenesses

text: In

text: October

text: he

text: finally

text: reached

text: Leipzig

text: where

text: he

text: met

text: Schumann

text: Clara

text: Wieck

text: and

text: Felix

text: Mendelssohn

text: who

text: organised

text: for

text: him

text: a

text: performance

text: of

text: his

text: own

text: oratorio

text: St.

text: Paul

text: and

text: who

text: considered

text: him

text: a

text: perfect

text: musician

text: In

text: July

text: Chopin

text: travelled

text: to

text: Marienbad

text: and

text: Dresden

text: to

text: be

text: with

text: the

text: Wodziński

text: family

text: and

text: in

text: September

text: he

text: proposed

text: to

text: Maria

text: whose

text: mother

text: Countess

text: Wodzińska

text: approved

text: in

text: principle

text: Chopin

text: went

text: on

text: to

text: Leipzig

text: where

text: he

text: presented

text: Schumann

text: with

text: his

text: G

text: minor

text: Ballade

text: At

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: he

text: sent

text: Maria

text: an

text: album

text: in

text: which

text: his

text: sister

text: Ludwika

text: had

text: inscribed

text: seven

text: of

text: his

text: songs

text: and

text: his

text: Nocturne

text: in

text: C

text: sharp

text: minor

text: Op

text: No

text: The

text: anodyne

text: thanks

text: he

text: received

text: from

text: Maria

text: proved

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: last

text: letter

text: he

text: was

text: to

text: have

text: from

text: her

question: Who did Frédéric meet in the spring of 1834 at the Lower Rhenish Music Festival?

answer: Felix Mendelssohn

text: Felix Mendelssohn

question: What two activities did Frédéric do while visiting for a day in Düsseldorf with Mendelssohn and Hiller?

answer: playing and discussing music

text: playing and discussing music

question: Who was the director of the Academy of Art that Frédéric met while in Düsseldorf?

answer: Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow

text: Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow

question: Where were Frédéric's parents located at when he saw them for the final time in 1835?

answer: Carlsbad

text: Carlsbad

question: Where did Chopin meet Felix Mendelssohn?

answer: the Lower Rhenish Music Festival

text: the Lower Rhenish Music Festival

question: Who did Chopin attend the Lower Rhenish Music Festival with?

answer: Hiller

text: Hiller

question: In 1835 where did Chopin and his parents visit?

answer: Carlsbad

text: Carlsbad

question: When did Chopin propose marriage to Maria Wodziński?

answer: July 1836

text: July 1836

question: Who was Maria's mother?

answer: Countess Wodzińska

text: Countess Wodzińska

question: Who did Chopin meet at a music festival early in 1834?

answer: Felix Mendelssohn

text: Felix Mendelssohn

question: Where did Chopin and Hiller go with the person Chopin met in the spring of 1834?

answer: Düsseldorf

text: Düsseldorf

question: What was Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow position?

answer: director of the Academy of Art

text: director of the Academy of Art

question: What was the first name of the girl Chopin proposed to?

answer: Maria

text: Maria


text: In the United States, new pharmaceutical products must be approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as being both safe and effective. This process generally involves submission of an Investigational New Drug filing with sufficient pre-clinical data to support proceeding with human trials. Following IND approval, three phases of progressively larger human clinical trials may be conducted. Phase I generally studies toxicity using healthy volunteers. Phase II can include pharmacokinetics and dosing in patients, and Phase III is a very large study of efficacy in the intended patient population. Following the successful completion of phase III testing, a New Drug Application is submitted to the FDA. The FDA review the data and if the product is seen as having a positive benefit-risk assessment, approval to market the product in the US is granted.

title: Pharmaceutical_industry

title: Pharmaceutical_industry

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: new

text: pharmaceutical

text: products

text: must

text: be

text: approved

text: by

text: the

text: Food

text: and

text: Drug

text: Administration

text: FDA

text: as

text: being

text: both

text: safe

text: and

text: effective

text: This

text: process

text: generally

text: involves

text: submission

text: of

text: an

text: Investigational

text: New

text: Drug

text: filing

text: with

text: sufficient

text: pre

text: clinical

text: data

text: to

text: support

text: proceeding

text: with

text: human

text: trials

text: Following

text: IND

text: approval

text: three

text: phases

text: of

text: progressively

text: larger

text: human

text: clinical

text: trials

text: may

text: be

text: conducted

text: Phase

text: I

text: generally

text: studies

text: toxicity

text: using

text: healthy

text: volunteers

text: Phase

text: II

text: can

text: include

text: pharmacokinetics

text: and

text: dosing

text: in

text: patients

text: and

text: Phase

text: III

text: is

text: a

text: very

text: large

text: study

text: of

text: efficacy

text: in

text: the

text: intended

text: patient

text: population

text: Following

text: the

text: successful

text: completion

text: of

text: phase

text: III

text: testing

text: a

text: New

text: Drug

text: Application

text: is

text: submitted

text: to

text: the

text: FDA

text: The

text: FDA

text: review

text: the

text: data

text: and

text: if

text: the

text: product

text: is

text: seen

text: as

text: having

text: a

text: positive

text: benefit

text: risk

text: assessment

text: approval

text: to

text: market

text: the

text: product

text: in

text: the

text: US

text: is

text: granted

question: The safety and efficacy of new drugs must be approved by what organization in the US?

answer: Food and Drug Administration

text: Food and Drug Administration

question: What type of filing is used before beginning human trials?

answer: Investigational New Drug

text: Investigational New Drug

question: How many phases of human trials may be done after IND approval?

answer: three

text: three

question: What type of application is filed after completing three phases of human trials?

answer: New Drug Application

text: New Drug Application

question: What type of risk assessment results in approving the drug to go on the market?

answer: positive benefit-risk

text: positive benefit-risk


text: The second-largest commercial airport is William P. Hobby Airport (named Houston International Airport until 1967) which operates primarily short- to medium-haul domestic flights. However, in 2015 Southwest Airlines launched service from a new international terminal at Hobby airport to several destinations in Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean. These were the first international flights flown from Hobby since 1969. Houston's aviation history is showcased in the 1940 Air Terminal Museum located in the old terminal building on the west side of the airport. Hobby Airport has been recognized with two awards for being one of the top five performing airports in the world and for customer service by Airports Council International.

title: Houston

title: Houston

text: The

text: second

text: largest

text: commercial

text: airport

text: is

text: William

text: P.

text: Hobby

text: Airport

text: named

text: Houston

text: International

text: Airport

text: until

text: which

text: operates

text: primarily

text: short-

text: to

text: medium

text: haul

text: domestic

text: flights

text: However

text: in

text: Southwest

text: Airlines

text: launched

text: service

text: from

text: a

text: new

text: international

text: terminal

text: at

text: Hobby

text: airport

text: to

text: several

text: destinations

text: in

text: Mexico

text: Central

text: America

text: and

text: the

text: Caribbean

text: These

text: were

text: the

text: first

text: international

text: flights

text: flown

text: from

text: Hobby

text: since

text: Houston

text: 's

text: aviation

text: history

text: is

text: showcased

text: in

text: the

text: Air

text: Terminal

text: Museum

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: old

text: terminal

text: building

text: on

text: the

text: west

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: airport

text: Hobby

text: Airport

text: has

text: been

text: recognized

text: with

text: two

text: awards

text: for

text: being

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: top

text: five

text: performing

text: airports

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: for

text: customer

text: service

text: by

text: Airports

text: Council

text: International

question: What is the second airport that serves Houston?

answer: William P. Hobby Airport

text: William P. Hobby Airport

question: What was the earlier name of Hobby Airport?

answer: Houston International Airport

text: Houston International Airport

question: When was Houston International Airport renamed to Hobby Airport?

answer: 1967

question: Which airline now offers international flights from Hobby Airport?

answer: Southwest Airlines

text: Southwest Airlines

question: For what is Hobby Airport ranked in the top five performing airports?

answer: customer service

text: customer service


text: The element was probably named by the alchemist Paracelsus after the German word Zinke (prong, tooth). German chemist Andreas Sigismund Marggraf is credited with discovering pure metallic zinc in 1746. Work by Luigi Galvani and Alessandro Volta uncovered the electrochemical properties of zinc by 1800. Corrosion-resistant zinc plating of iron (hot-dip galvanizing) is the major application for zinc. Other applications are in batteries, small non-structural castings, and alloys, such as brass. A variety of zinc compounds are commonly used, such as zinc carbonate and zinc gluconate (as dietary supplements), zinc chloride (in deodorants), zinc pyrithione (anti-dandruff shampoos), zinc sulfide (in luminescent paints), and zinc methyl or zinc diethyl in the organic laboratory.

title: Zinc

title: Zinc

text: The

text: element

text: was

text: probably

text: named

text: by

text: the

text: alchemist

text: Paracelsus

text: after

text: the

text: German

text: word

text: Zinke

text: prong

text: tooth

text: German

text: chemist

text: Andreas

text: Sigismund

text: Marggraf

text: is

text: credited

text: with

text: discovering

text: pure

text: metallic

text: zinc

text: in

text: Work

text: by

text: Luigi

text: Galvani

text: and

text: Alessandro

text: Volta

text: uncovered

text: the

text: electrochemical

text: properties

text: of

text: zinc

text: by

text: Corrosion

text: resistant

text: zinc

text: plating

text: of

text: iron

text: hot

text: dip

text: galvanizing

text: is

text: the

text: major

text: application

text: for

text: zinc

text: Other

text: applications

text: are

text: in

text: batteries

text: small

text: non

text: structural

text: castings

text: and

text: alloys

text: such

text: as

text: brass

text: A

text: variety

text: of

text: zinc

text: compounds

text: are

text: commonly

text: used

text: such

text: as

text: zinc

text: carbonate

text: and

text: zinc

text: gluconate

text: as

text: dietary

text: supplements

text: zinc

text: chloride

text: in

text: deodorants

text: zinc

text: pyrithione

text: anti

text: dandruff

text: shampoos

text: zinc

text: sulfide

text: in

text: luminescent

text: paints

text: and

text: zinc

text: methyl

text: or

text: zinc

text: diethyl

text: in

text: the

text: organic

text: laboratory

question: Who named the element zinc?

answer: Paracelsus

text: Paracelsus

question: What was zinc named after?

answer: Zinke

text: Zinke

question: Who is credited with discovering zinc?

answer: Andreas Sigismund Marggraf

text: Andreas Sigismund Marggraf

question: What two people discovered the electrochemical properties of zinc?

answer: Luigi Galvani and Alessandro Volta

text: Luigi Galvani and Alessandro Volta

question: Where can you find zinc chloride?

answer: deodorants

text: deodorants

question: Who is credited as giving zinc its name?

answer: Paracelsus

text: Paracelsus

question: What does the name zinc or zinke mean?

answer: (prong, tooth)

text: (prong, tooth)

question: Who discovered pure metallic zinc?

answer: Andreas Sigismund Marggraf

text: Andreas Sigismund Marggraf

question: What is the most common use for zinc?

answer: (hot-dip galvanizing

text: (hot-dip galvanizing

question: What is a common use for zinc chloride?

answer: deodorants

text: deodorants


text: The Hortensian Law deprived the patricians of their last weapon against the plebeians, and thus resolved the last great political question of the era. No such important political changes occurred between 287 BC and 133 BC. The important laws of this era were still enacted by the senate. In effect, the plebeians were satisfied with the possession of power, but did not care to use it. The senate was supreme during this era because the era was dominated by questions of foreign and military policy. This was the most militarily active era of the Roman Republic.

title: Roman_Republic

title: Roman_Republic

text: The

text: Hortensian

text: Law

text: deprived

text: the

text: patricians

text: of

text: their

text: last

text: weapon

text: against

text: the

text: plebeians

text: and

text: thus

text: resolved

text: the

text: last

text: great

text: political

text: question

text: of

text: the

text: era

text: No

text: such

text: important

text: political

text: changes

text: occurred

text: between

text: BC

text: and

text: BC

text: The

text: important

text: laws

text: of

text: this

text: era

text: were

text: still

text: enacted

text: by

text: the

text: senate

text: In

text: effect

text: the

text: plebeians

text: were

text: satisfied

text: with

text: the

text: possession

text: of

text: power

text: but

text: did

text: not

text: care

text: to

text: use

text: it

text: The

text: senate

text: was

text: supreme

text: during

text: this

text: era

text: because

text: the

text: era

text: was

text: dominated

text: by

text: questions

text: of

text: foreign

text: and

text: military

text: policy

text: This

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: militarily

text: active

text: era

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Republic

question: What years did no important political changes happen during?

answer: 287 BC and 133 BC

text: 287 BC and 133 BC

question: Why was the senate considered to be supreme during this time?

answer: because the era was dominated by questions of foreign and military policy

text: because the era was dominated by questions of foreign and military policy

question: What group of people often failed to use the power that was given to them?

answer: the plebeians

text: the plebeians

question: What was a political element that satiated the plebeians?

answer: the possession of power

text: the possession of power

question: Who enacted crucial laws during this period of time?

answer: the senate

text: the senate


text: The pits and lands themselves do not directly represent the zeros and ones of binary data. Instead, non-return-to-zero, inverted encoding is used: a change from pit to land or land to pit indicates a one, while no change indicates a series of zeros. There must be at least two and no more than ten zeros between each one, which is defined by the length of the pit. This in turn is decoded by reversing the eight-to-fourteen modulation used in mastering the disc, and then reversing the cross-interleaved Reed–Solomon coding, finally revealing the raw data stored on the disc. These encoding techniques (defined in the Red Book) were originally designed for CD Digital Audio, but they later became a standard for almost all CD formats (such as CD-ROM).

title: Compact_disc

title: Compact_disc

text: The

text: pits

text: and

text: lands

text: themselves

text: do

text: not

text: directly

text: represent

text: the

text: zeros

text: and

text: ones

text: of

text: binary

text: data

text: Instead

text: non

text: return

text: to

text: zero

text: inverted

text: encoding

text: is

text: used

text: a

text: change

text: from

text: pit

text: to

text: land

text: or

text: land

text: to

text: pit

text: indicates

text: a

text: one

text: while

text: no

text: change

text: indicates

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: zeros

text: There

text: must

text: be

text: at

text: least

text: two

text: and

text: no

text: more

text: than

text: ten

text: zeros

text: between

text: each

text: one

text: which

text: is

text: defined

text: by

text: the

text: length

text: of

text: the

text: pit

text: This

text: in

text: turn

text: is

text: decoded

text: by

text: reversing

text: the

text: eight

text: to

text: fourteen

text: modulation

text: used

text: in

text: mastering

text: the

text: disc

text: and

text: then

text: reversing

text: the

text: cross

text: interleaved

text: Reed

text: Solomon

text: coding

text: finally

text: revealing

text: the

text: raw

text: data

text: stored

text: on

text: the

text: disc

text: These

text: encoding

text: techniques

text: defined

text: in

text: the

text: Red

text: Book

text: were

text: originally

text: designed

text: for

text: CD

text: Digital

text: Audio

text: but

text: they

text: later

text: became

text: a

text: standard

text: for

text: almost

text: all

text: CD

text: formats

text: such

text: as

text: CD

text: ROM

question: What type of result from a CD will return a one?

answer: change from pit to land or land to pit

text: change from pit to land or land to pit

question: Where can one find the encoding techniques for CDs?

answer: Red Book

text: Red Book

question: What type of encoding do CDs implement?

answer: non-return-to-zero

text: non-return-to-zero

question: What type of modulation is implemented when a disc is mastered?

answer: eight-to-fourteen

text: eight-to-fourteen


text: Medieval thought experiments into the idea of a vacuum considered whether a vacuum was present, if only for an instant, between two flat plates when they were rapidly separated. There was much discussion of whether the air moved in quickly enough as the plates were separated, or, as Walter Burley postulated, whether a 'celestial agent' prevented the vacuum arising. The commonly held view that nature abhorred a vacuum was called horror vacui. Speculation that even God could not create a vacuum if he wanted to was shut down[clarification needed] by the 1277 Paris condemnations of Bishop Etienne Tempier, which required there to be no restrictions on the powers of God, which led to the conclusion that God could create a vacuum if he so wished. Jean Buridan reported in the 14th century that teams of ten horses could not pull open bellows when the port was sealed.

title: Vacuum

title: Vacuum

text: Medieval

text: thought

text: experiments

text: into

text: the

text: idea

text: of

text: a

text: vacuum

text: considered

text: whether

text: a

text: vacuum

text: was

text: present

text: if

text: only

text: for

text: an

text: instant

text: between

text: two

text: flat

text: plates

text: when

text: they

text: were

text: rapidly

text: separated

text: There

text: was

text: much

text: discussion

text: of

text: whether

text: the

text: air

text: moved

text: in

text: quickly

text: enough

text: as

text: the

text: plates

text: were

text: separated

text: or

text: as

text: Walter

text: Burley

text: postulated

text: whether

text: a

text: celestial

text: agent

text: prevented

text: the

text: vacuum

text: arising

text: The

text: commonly

text: held

text: view

text: that

text: nature

text: abhorred

text: a

text: vacuum

text: was

text: called

text: horror

text: vacui

text: Speculation

text: that

text: even

text: God

text: could

text: not

text: create

text: a

text: vacuum

text: if

text: he

text: wanted

text: to

text: was

text: shut

text: down[clarification

text: needed

text: by

text: the

text: Paris

text: condemnations

text: of

text: Bishop

text: Etienne

text: Tempier

text: which

text: required

text: there

text: to

text: be

text: no

text: restrictions

text: on

text: the

text: powers

text: of

text: God

text: which

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: conclusion

text: that

text: God

text: could

text: create

text: a

text: vacuum

text: if

text: he

text: so

text: wished

text: Jean

text: Buridan

text: reported

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: that

text: teams

text: of

text: ten

text: horses

text: could

text: not

text: pull

text: open

text: bellows

text: when

text: the

text: port

text: was

text: sealed

question: Who required no restrictions regarding God's power?

answer: Bishop Etienne Tempier

text: Bishop Etienne Tempier

question: When did Buridan state that teams of ten horses could not open a bellow with a sealed port?

answer: 14th century

text: 14th century

question: the 1277 Paris Condemnations led to what conclusion?

answer: God could create a vacuum if he so wished.

text: God could create a vacuum if he so wished.

question: What was a common belief about vacuums and nature?

answer: nature abhorred a vacuum

text: nature abhorred a vacuum

question: what was the belief that nature abhorred a vaccuum called?

answer: horror vacui

text: horror vacui


text: Another principal tool in the diagnosis of infectious disease is microscopy. Virtually all of the culture techniques discussed above rely, at some point, on microscopic examination for definitive identification of the infectious agent. Microscopy may be carried out with simple instruments, such as the compound light microscope, or with instruments as complex as an electron microscope. Samples obtained from patients may be viewed directly under the light microscope, and can often rapidly lead to identification. Microscopy is often also used in conjunction with biochemical staining techniques, and can be made exquisitely specific when used in combination with antibody based techniques. For example, the use of antibodies made artificially fluorescent (fluorescently labeled antibodies) can be directed to bind to and identify a specific antigens present on a pathogen. A fluorescence microscope is then used to detect fluorescently labeled antibodies bound to internalized antigens within clinical samples or cultured cells. This technique is especially useful in the diagnosis of viral diseases, where the light microscope is incapable of identifying a virus directly.

title: Infection

title: Infection

text: Another

text: principal

text: tool

text: in

text: the

text: diagnosis

text: of

text: infectious

text: disease

text: is

text: microscopy

text: Virtually

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: culture

text: techniques

text: discussed

text: above

text: rely

text: at

text: some

text: point

text: on

text: microscopic

text: examination

text: for

text: definitive

text: identification

text: of

text: the

text: infectious

text: agent

text: Microscopy

text: may

text: be

text: carried

text: out

text: with

text: simple

text: instruments

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: compound

text: light

text: microscope

text: or

text: with

text: instruments

text: as

text: complex

text: as

text: an

text: electron

text: microscope

text: Samples

text: obtained

text: from

text: patients

text: may

text: be

text: viewed

text: directly

text: under

text: the

text: light

text: microscope

text: and

text: can

text: often

text: rapidly

text: lead

text: to

text: identification

text: Microscopy

text: is

text: often

text: also

text: used

text: in

text: conjunction

text: with

text: biochemical

text: staining

text: techniques

text: and

text: can

text: be

text: made

text: exquisitely

text: specific

text: when

text: used

text: in

text: combination

text: with

text: antibody

text: based

text: techniques

text: For

text: example

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: antibodies

text: made

text: artificially

text: fluorescent

text: fluorescently

text: labeled

text: antibodies

text: can

text: be

text: directed

text: to

text: bind

text: to

text: and

text: identify

text: a

text: specific

text: antigens

text: present

text: on

text: a

text: pathogen

text: A

text: fluorescence

text: microscope

text: is

text: then

text: used

text: to

text: detect

text: fluorescently

text: labeled

text: antibodies

text: bound

text: to

text: internalized

text: antigens

text: within

text: clinical

text: samples

text: or

text: cultured

text: cells

text: This

text: technique

text: is

text: especially

text: useful

text: in

text: the

text: diagnosis

text: of

text: viral

text: diseases

text: where

text: the

text: light

text: microscope

text: is

text: incapable

text: of

text: identifying

text: a

text: virus

text: directly

question: What is microscopy used for?

answer: diagnosis of infectious disease

text: diagnosis of infectious disease

question: What do virtually all culture techniques rely on at some point?

answer: microscopic examination

text: microscopic examination

question: What can samples obtained from patients viewed directly under?

answer: light microscope

text: light microscope

question: When is microscopy exquisitely specific?

answer: when used in combination with antibody based techniques.

text: when used in combination with antibody based techniques.

question: What can antibodies with artificial fluorescence be directed to do?

answer: bind to and identify a specific antigens present on a pathogen

text: bind to and identify a specific antigens present on a pathogen


text: The bulk of Masonic ritual consists of degree ceremonies. Candidates for Freemasonry are progressively initiated into Freemasonry, first in the degree of Entered Apprentice. Some time later, in a separate ceremony, they will be passed to the degree of Fellowcraft, and finally they will be raised to the degree of Master Mason. In all of these ceremonies, the candidate is entrusted with passwords, signs and grips peculiar to his new rank. Another ceremony is the annual installation of the Master and officers of the Lodge. In some jurisdictions Installed Master is valued as a separate rank, with its own secrets to distinguish its members. In other jurisdictions, the grade is not recognised, and no inner ceremony conveys new secrets during the installation of a new Master of the Lodge.

title: Freemasonry

title: Freemasonry

text: The

text: bulk

text: of

text: Masonic

text: ritual

text: consists

text: of

text: degree

text: ceremonies

text: Candidates

text: for

text: Freemasonry

text: are

text: progressively

text: initiated

text: into

text: Freemasonry

text: first

text: in

text: the

text: degree

text: of

text: Entered

text: Apprentice

text: Some

text: time

text: later

text: in

text: a

text: separate

text: ceremony

text: they

text: will

text: be

text: passed

text: to

text: the

text: degree

text: of

text: Fellowcraft

text: and

text: finally

text: they

text: will

text: be

text: raised

text: to

text: the

text: degree

text: of

text: Master

text: Mason

text: In

text: all

text: of

text: these

text: ceremonies

text: the

text: candidate

text: is

text: entrusted

text: with

text: passwords

text: signs

text: and

text: grips

text: peculiar

text: to

text: his

text: new

text: rank

text: Another

text: ceremony

text: is

text: the

text: annual

text: installation

text: of

text: the

text: Master

text: and

text: officers

text: of

text: the

text: Lodge

text: In

text: some

text: jurisdictions

text: Installed

text: Master

text: is

text: valued

text: as

text: a

text: separate

text: rank

text: with

text: its

text: own

text: secrets

text: to

text: distinguish

text: its

text: members

text: In

text: other

text: jurisdictions

text: the

text: grade

text: is

text: not

text: recognised

text: and

text: no

text: inner

text: ceremony

text: conveys

text: new

text: secrets

text: during

text: the

text: installation

text: of

text: a

text: new

text: Master

text: of

text: the

text: Lodge

question: What do most masonic rituals consist of?

answer: degree ceremonies

text: degree ceremonies

question: What is the first degree of Masonry?

answer: Entered Apprentice

text: Entered Apprentice

question: What is the second degree of Masonry?

answer: Fellowcraft

text: Fellowcraft

question: What is the final degree of Masonry?

answer: Master Mason

text: Master Mason

question: What things come with each new degree in Freemasonry?

answer: passwords, signs and grips

text: passwords, signs and grips

question: The bulk of Masonic rituals consist of what?

answer: degree ceremonies

text: degree ceremonies

question: What comes after the degree of Entered Apprentice?

answer: the degree of Fellowcraft

text: the degree of Fellowcraft

question: What is the first of degree ceremonies?

answer: the degree of Entered Apprentice

text: the degree of Entered Apprentice

question: What is the final degree in the Freemasons?

answer: the degree of Master Mason

text: the degree of Master Mason

question: What annual ceremony do Freemasons have?

answer: the annual installation of the Master and officers of the Lodge

text: the annual installation of the Master and officers of the Lodge