text: Most of Hume's followers have disagreed with his conclusion that belief in an external world is rationally unjustifiable, contending that Hume's own principles implicitly contained the rational justification for such a belief, that is, beyond being content to let the issue rest on human instinct, custom and habit. According to an extreme empiricist theory known as phenomenalism, anticipated by the arguments of both Hume and George Berkeley, a physical object is a kind of construction out of our experiences. Phenomenalism is the view that physical objects, properties, events (whatever is physical) are reducible to mental objects, properties, events. Ultimately, only mental objects, properties, events, exist — hence the closely related term subjective idealism. By the phenomenalistic line of thinking, to have a visual experience of a real physical thing is to have an experience of a certain kind of group of experiences. This type of set of experiences possesses a constancy and coherence that is lacking in the set of experiences of which hallucinations, for example, are a part. As John Stuart Mill put it in the mid-19th century, matter is the "permanent possibility of sensation". Mill's empiricism went a significant step beyond Hume in still another respect: in maintaining that induction is necessary for all meaningful knowledge including mathematics. As summarized by D.W. Hamlin:

title: Empiricism

title: Empiricism

text: Most

text: of

text: Hume

text: 's

text: followers

text: have

text: disagreed

text: with

text: his

text: conclusion

text: that

text: belief

text: in

text: an

text: external

text: world

text: is

text: rationally

text: unjustifiable

text: contending

text: that

text: Hume

text: 's

text: own

text: principles

text: implicitly

text: contained

text: the

text: rational

text: justification

text: for

text: such

text: a

text: belief

text: that

text: is

text: beyond

text: being

text: content

text: to

text: let

text: the

text: issue

text: rest

text: on

text: human

text: instinct

text: custom

text: and

text: habit

text: According

text: to

text: an

text: extreme

text: empiricist

text: theory

text: known

text: as

text: phenomenalism

text: anticipated

text: by

text: the

text: arguments

text: of

text: both

text: Hume

text: and

text: George

text: Berkeley

text: a

text: physical

text: object

text: is

text: a

text: kind

text: of

text: construction

text: out

text: of

text: our

text: experiences

text: Phenomenalism

text: is

text: the

text: view

text: that

text: physical

text: objects

text: properties

text: events

text: whatever

text: is

text: physical

text: are

text: reducible

text: to

text: mental

text: objects

text: properties

text: events

text: Ultimately

text: only

text: mental

text: objects

text: properties

text: events

text: exist

text: hence

text: the

text: closely

text: related

text: term

text: subjective

text: idealism

text: By

text: the

text: phenomenalistic

text: line

text: of

text: thinking

text: to

text: have

text: a

text: visual

text: experience

text: of

text: a

text: real

text: physical

text: thing

text: is

text: to

text: have

text: an

text: experience

text: of

text: a

text: certain

text: kind

text: of

text: group

text: of

text: experiences

text: This

text: type

text: of

text: set

text: of

text: experiences

text: possesses

text: a

text: constancy

text: and

text: coherence

text: that

text: is

text: lacking

text: in

text: the

text: set

text: of

text: experiences

text: of

text: which

text: hallucinations

text: for

text: example

text: are

text: a

text: part

text: As

text: John

text: Stuart

text: Mill

text: put

text: it

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: matter

text: is

text: the

text: permanent

text: possibility

text: of

text: sensation

text: Mill

text: 's

text: empiricism

text: went

text: a

text: significant

text: step

text: beyond

text: Hume

text: in

text: still

text: another

text: respect

text: in

text: maintaining

text: that

text: induction

text: is

text: necessary

text: for

text: all

text: meaningful

text: knowledge

text: including

text: mathematics

text: As

text: summarized

text: by

text: D.W.

text: Hamlin

question: What conclusion do most of Hume's followers disagree with?

answer: that belief in an external world is rationally unjustifiable

text: that belief in an external world is rationally unjustifiable

question: What did Hume say can't be rationally justified?

answer: belief in an external world

text: belief in an external world

question: What is phenomenalism?

answer: physical objects, properties, events (whatever is physical) are reducible to mental objects, properties, events

text: physical objects, properties, events (whatever is physical) are reducible to mental objects, properties, events

question: What is subjective idealism closely related to?

answer: Phenomenalism

text: Phenomenalism

question: What did John Stuart Mill say matter is?

answer: the "permanent possibility of sensation"

text: the "permanent possibility of sensation"


text: Pitt now prepared to send troops into Germany; and both Marlborough and Sackville, disgusted by what they perceived as the futility of the "descents", obtained commissions in that army. The elderly General Bligh was appointed to command a new "descent", escorted by Howe. The campaign began propitiously with the Raid on Cherbourg. Covered by naval bombardment, the army drove off the French force detailed to oppose their landing, captured Cherbourg, and destroyed its fortifications, docks, and shipping.

title: Seven_Years%27_War

title: Seven_Years%27_War

text: Pitt

text: now

text: prepared

text: to

text: send

text: troops

text: into

text: Germany

text: and

text: both

text: Marlborough

text: and

text: Sackville

text: disgusted

text: by

text: what

text: they

text: perceived

text: as

text: the

text: futility

text: of

text: the

text: descents

text: obtained

text: commissions

text: in

text: that

text: army

text: The

text: elderly

text: General

text: Bligh

text: was

text: appointed

text: to

text: command

text: a

text: new

text: descent

text: escorted

text: by

text: Howe

text: The

text: campaign

text: began

text: propitiously

text: with

text: the

text: Raid

text: on

text: Cherbourg

text: Covered

text: by

text: naval

text: bombardment

text: the

text: army

text: drove

text: off

text: the

text: French

text: force

text: detailed

text: to

text: oppose

text: their

text: landing

text: captured

text: Cherbourg

text: and

text: destroyed

text: its

text: fortifications

text: docks

text: and

text: shipping

question: Who decided to send British troops into Germany?

answer: Pitt now prepared to send troops into Germany;

text: Pitt now prepared to send troops into Germany;

question: Who led the invasion troops?

answer: The elderly General Bligh

text: The elderly General Bligh

question: Was the landing successful?

answer: the army drove off the French force detailed to oppose their landing, captured Cherbourg,

text: the army drove off the French force detailed to oppose their landing, captured Cherbourg,

question: Where did the troops land?

answer: Cherbourg

text: Cherbourg

question: How did the British treat Cherbourg?

answer: destroyed its fortifications, docks, and shipping.

text: destroyed its fortifications, docks, and shipping.


text: Resistance to infection (immunity) may be acquired following a disease, by asymptomatic carriage of the pathogen, by harboring an organism with a similar structure (crossreacting), or by vaccination. Knowledge of the protective antigens and specific acquired host immune factors is more complete for primary pathogens than for opportunistic pathogens. There is also the phenomenon of herd immunity which offers a measure of protection to those otherwise vulnerable people when a large enough proportion of the population has acquired immunity from certain infections.

title: Infection

title: Infection

text: Resistance

text: to

text: infection

text: immunity

text: may

text: be

text: acquired

text: following

text: a

text: disease

text: by

text: asymptomatic

text: carriage

text: of

text: the

text: pathogen

text: by

text: harboring

text: an

text: organism

text: with

text: a

text: similar

text: structure

text: crossreacting

text: or

text: by

text: vaccination

text: Knowledge

text: of

text: the

text: protective

text: antigens

text: and

text: specific

text: acquired

text: host

text: immune

text: factors

text: is

text: more

text: complete

text: for

text: primary

text: pathogens

text: than

text: for

text: opportunistic

text: pathogens

text: There

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: phenomenon

text: of

text: herd

text: immunity

text: which

text: offers

text: a

text: measure

text: of

text: protection

text: to

text: those

text: otherwise

text: vulnerable

text: people

text: when

text: a

text: large

text: enough

text: proportion

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: has

text: acquired

text: immunity

text: from

text: certain

text: infections

question: What is resistance to infection known technically as?

answer: immunity

text: immunity

question: When may immunity be acquired?

answer: following a disease

text: following a disease

question: What is knowledge of protective antigens more complete for?

answer: primary pathogens

text: primary pathogens

question: What does herd immunity offer to vulnerable people when a large enough proportion of the population has acquired immunity?

answer: a measure of protection

text: a measure of protection

question: Vaccination is a way in which what may be acquired?

answer: immunity

text: immunity


text: In 2008, there were 62 reported homicides. Through December 20 each of 2014 and 2015, the Boston Police Department reported 52 and 39 homicides, respectively.

title: Boston

title: Boston

text: In

text: there

text: were

text: reported

text: homicides

text: Through

text: December

text: each

text: of

text: and

text: the

text: Boston

text: Police

text: Department

text: reported

text: and

text: homicides

text: respectively

question: How many reported murders were there in 2008?

answer: 62

question: How many murders were there in 2014?

answer: 52

question: How many murders were there in Boston in 2015?

answer: 39


text: Construction of the chapel, originally intended to be slightly over twice as long, with eighteen - or possibly seventeen - bays (there are eight today) was stopped when Henry VI was deposed. Only the Quire of the intended building was completed. Eton's first Headmaster, William Waynflete, founder of Magdalen College, Oxford and previously Head Master of Winchester College, built the ante-chapel that finishes the Chapel today. The important wall paintings in the Chapel and the brick north range of the present School Yard also date from the 1480s; the lower storeys of the cloister, including College Hall, had been built between 1441 and 1460.

title: Eton_College

title: Eton_College

text: Construction

text: of

text: the

text: chapel

text: originally

text: intended

text: to

text: be

text: slightly

text: over

text: twice

text: as

text: long

text: with

text: eighteen

text: or

text: possibly

text: seventeen

text: bays

text: there

text: are

text: eight

text: today

text: was

text: stopped

text: when

text: Henry

text: VI

text: was

text: deposed

text: Only

text: the

text: Quire

text: of

text: the

text: intended

text: building

text: was

text: completed

text: Eton

text: 's

text: first

text: Headmaster

text: William

text: Waynflete

text: founder

text: of

text: Magdalen

text: College

text: Oxford

text: and

text: previously

text: Head

text: Master

text: of

text: Winchester

text: College

text: built

text: the

text: ante

text: chapel

text: that

text: finishes

text: the

text: Chapel

text: today

text: The

text: important

text: wall

text: paintings

text: in

text: the

text: Chapel

text: and

text: the

text: brick

text: north

text: range

text: of

text: the

text: present

text: School

text: Yard

text: also

text: date

text: from

text: the

text: the

text: lower

text: storeys

text: of

text: the

text: cloister

text: including

text: College

text: Hall

text: had

text: been

text: built

text: between

text: and

question: Who was Eton's first Headmaster?

answer: William Waynflete

text: William Waynflete

question: How old are the wall paintings in the Chapel and School Yard?

answer: 1480s

question: Between what years was College Hall built?

answer: 1441 and 1460

text: 1441 and 1460

question: How many bays was the chapel originially intended to have?

answer: eighteen - or possibly seventeen

text: eighteen - or possibly seventeen

question: How many bays does the chapel have today?

answer: eight

text: eight


text: Indigenous genetic studies suggest that the first inhabitants of the Americas share a single ancestral population, one that developed in isolation, conjectured to be Beringia. The isolation of these peoples in Beringia might have lasted 10–20,000 years. Around 16,500 years ago, the glaciers began melting, allowing people to move south and east into Canada and beyond. These people are believed to have followed herds of now-extinct Pleistocene megafauna along ice-free corridors that stretched between the Laurentide and Cordilleran Ice Sheets.

title: Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

title: Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

text: Indigenous

text: genetic

text: studies

text: suggest

text: that

text: the

text: first

text: inhabitants

text: of

text: the

text: Americas

text: share

text: a

text: single

text: ancestral

text: population

text: one

text: that

text: developed

text: in

text: isolation

text: conjectured

text: to

text: be

text: Beringia

text: The

text: isolation

text: of

text: these

text: peoples

text: in

text: Beringia

text: might

text: have

text: lasted

text: years

text: Around

text: years

text: ago

text: the

text: glaciers

text: began

text: melting

text: allowing

text: people

text: to

text: move

text: south

text: and

text: east

text: into

text: Canada

text: and

text: beyond

text: These

text: people

text: are

text: believed

text: to

text: have

text: followed

text: herds

text: of

text: now

text: extinct

text: Pleistocene

text: megafauna

text: along

text: ice

text: free

text: corridors

text: that

text: stretched

text: between

text: the

text: Laurentide

text: and

text: Cordilleran

text: Ice

text: Sheets

question: What do studies on the genetics of the first American inhabitants conclude about their ancestral population?

answer: single

text: single

question: Where did the single ancestral population of all the indigenous peoples of the Americas likely develop?

answer: in isolation

text: in isolation

question: How many years may the isolation of the peoples in Beringia lasted?

answer: 10–20,000 years

text: 10–20,000 years

question: When did the glaciers begin to melt?

answer: 16,500 years ago

text: 16,500 years ago

question: What did the people follow in the corridors between the ice sheets?

answer: Pleistocene megafauna

text: Pleistocene megafauna


text: Solar power is anticipated to become the world's largest source of electricity by 2050, with solar photovoltaics and concentrated solar power contributing 16 and 11 percent to the global overall consumption, respectively.

title: Solar_energy

title: Solar_energy

text: Solar

text: power

text: is

text: anticipated

text: to

text: become

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: source

text: of

text: electricity

text: by

text: with

text: solar

text: photovoltaics

text: and

text: concentrated

text: solar

text: power

text: contributing

text: and

text: percent

text: to

text: the

text: global

text: overall

text: consumption

text: respectively

question: By what year is solar power expected to become the world's greatest source of electricity?

answer: 2050

question: When is solar power is foreseen to become the largest source of electricity?

answer: 2050


text: In July 1215, with the approbation of Bishop Foulques of Toulouse, Dominic ordered his followers into an institutional life. Its purpose was revolutionary in the pastoral ministry of the Catholic Church. These priests were organized and well trained in religious studies. Dominic needed a framework—a rule—to organize these components. The Rule of St. Augustine was an obvious choice for the Dominican Order, according to Dominic's successor, Jordan of Saxony, because it lent itself to the "salvation of souls through preaching". By this choice, however, the Dominican brothers designated themselves not monks, but canons-regular. They could practice ministry and common life while existing in individual poverty.

title: Dominican_Order

title: Dominican_Order

text: In

text: July

text: with

text: the

text: approbation

text: of

text: Bishop

text: Foulques

text: of

text: Toulouse

text: Dominic

text: ordered

text: his

text: followers

text: into

text: an

text: institutional

text: life

text: Its

text: purpose

text: was

text: revolutionary

text: in

text: the

text: pastoral

text: ministry

text: of

text: the

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: These

text: priests

text: were

text: organized

text: and

text: well

text: trained

text: in

text: religious

text: studies

text: Dominic

text: needed

text: a

text: framework

text: a

text: rule

text: to

text: organize

text: these

text: components

text: The

text: Rule

text: of

text: St.

text: Augustine

text: was

text: an

text: obvious

text: choice

text: for

text: the

text: Dominican

text: Order

text: according

text: to

text: Dominic

text: 's

text: successor

text: Jordan

text: of

text: Saxony

text: because

text: it

text: lent

text: itself

text: to

text: the

text: salvation

text: of

text: souls

text: through

text: preaching

text: By

text: this

text: choice

text: however

text: the

text: Dominican

text: brothers

text: designated

text: themselves

text: not

text: monks

text: but

text: canons

text: regular

text: They

text: could

text: practice

text: ministry

text: and

text: common

text: life

text: while

text: existing

text: in

text: individual

text: poverty

question: What framework did Dominic use in order to build his institution?

answer: Rule of St. Augustine

text: Rule of St. Augustine

question: In what year did Dominic order his followers into an institutional life?

answer: 1215

question: Who was the successor to Dominic?

answer: Jordan of Saxony

text: Jordan of Saxony

question: What did the Rule of St. Augustine believe in?

answer: the "salvation of souls through preaching"

text: the "salvation of souls through preaching"

question: What were the Dominican Brothers?

answer: canons-regular

text: canons-regular


text: Every dollar ($1) that is spent on pesticides for crops yields four dollars ($4) in crops saved. This means based that, on the amount of money spent per year on pesticides, $10 billion, there is an additional $40 billion savings in crop that would be lost due to damage by insects and weeds. In general, farmers benefit from having an increase in crop yield and from being able to grow a variety of crops throughout the year. Consumers of agricultural products also benefit from being able to afford the vast quantities of produce available year-round. The general public also benefits from the use of pesticides for the control of insect-borne diseases and illnesses, such as malaria. The use of pesticides creates a large job market within the agrichemical sector.

title: Pesticide

title: Pesticide

text: Every

text: dollar

text: that

text: is

text: spent

text: on

text: pesticides

text: for

text: crops

text: yields

text: four

text: dollars

text: in

text: crops

text: saved

text: This

text: means

text: based

text: that

text: on

text: the

text: amount

text: of

text: money

text: spent

text: per

text: year

text: on

text: pesticides

text: billion

text: there

text: is

text: an

text: additional

text: billion

text: savings

text: in

text: crop

text: that

text: would

text: be

text: lost

text: due

text: to

text: damage

text: by

text: insects

text: and

text: weeds

text: In

text: general

text: farmers

text: benefit

text: from

text: having

text: an

text: increase

text: in

text: crop

text: yield

text: and

text: from

text: being

text: able

text: to

text: grow

text: a

text: variety

text: of

text: crops

text: throughout

text: the

text: year

text: Consumers

text: of

text: agricultural

text: products

text: also

text: benefit

text: from

text: being

text: able

text: to

text: afford

text: the

text: vast

text: quantities

text: of

text: produce

text: available

text: year

text: round

text: The

text: general

text: public

text: also

text: benefits

text: from

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: pesticides

text: for

text: the

text: control

text: of

text: insect

text: borne

text: diseases

text: and

text: illnesses

text: such

text: as

text: malaria

text: The

text: use

text: of

text: pesticides

text: creates

text: a

text: large

text: job

text: market

text: within

text: the

text: agrichemical

text: sector

question: What do monetary savings in crops from the use of pesticide amount to?

answer: $40 billion

text: $40 billion

question: What amount is spent annualoy on pesticides?

answer: $10 billion

text: $10 billion

question: How are consumers able to benefit from saved crops?

answer: vast quantities of produce available year-round

text: vast quantities of produce available year-round

question: In which area do pesticides creat jobs?

answer: agrichemical sector

text: agrichemical sector

question: How is the health of the general publis affected by pesticides?

answer: control of insect-borne diseases and illnesses

text: control of insect-borne diseases and illnesses


text: Chain department stores grew rapidly after 1920, and provided competition for the downtown upscale department stores, as well as local department stores in small cities. J. C. Penney had four stores in 1908, 312 in 1920, and 1452 in 1930. Sears, Roebuck & Company, a giant mail-order house, opened its first eight retail stores in 1925, and operated 338 by 1930, and 595 by 1940. The chains reached a middle-class audience, that was more interested in value than in upscale fashions. Sears was a pioneer in creating department stores that catered to men as well as women, especially with lines of hardware and building materials. It deemphasized the latest fashions in favor of practicality and durability, and allowed customers to select goods without the aid of a clerk. Its stores were oriented to motorists – set apart from existing business districts amid residential areas occupied by their target audience; had ample, free, off-street parking; and communicated a clear corporate identity. In the 1930s, the company designed fully air-conditioned, "windowless" stores whose layout was driven wholly by merchandising concerns.

title: Department_store

title: Department_store

text: Chain

text: department

text: stores

text: grew

text: rapidly

text: after

text: and

text: provided

text: competition

text: for

text: the

text: downtown

text: upscale

text: department

text: stores

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: local

text: department

text: stores

text: in

text: small

text: cities

text: J.

text: C.

text: Penney

text: had

text: four

text: stores

text: in

text: in

text: and

text: in

text: Sears

text: Roebuck

text: Company

text: a

text: giant

text: mail

text: order

text: house

text: opened

text: its

text: first

text: eight

text: retail

text: stores

text: in

text: and

text: operated

text: by

text: and

text: by

text: The

text: chains

text: reached

text: a

text: middle

text: class

text: audience

text: that

text: was

text: more

text: interested

text: in

text: value

text: than

text: in

text: upscale

text: fashions

text: Sears

text: was

text: a

text: pioneer

text: in

text: creating

text: department

text: stores

text: that

text: catered

text: to

text: men

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: women

text: especially

text: with

text: lines

text: of

text: hardware

text: and

text: building

text: materials

text: It

text: deemphasized

text: the

text: latest

text: fashions

text: in

text: favor

text: of

text: practicality

text: and

text: durability

text: and

text: allowed

text: customers

text: to

text: select

text: goods

text: without

text: the

text: aid

text: of

text: a

text: clerk

text: Its

text: stores

text: were

text: oriented

text: to

text: motorists

text: set

text: apart

text: from

text: existing

text: business

text: districts

text: amid

text: residential

text: areas

text: occupied

text: by

text: their

text: target

text: audience

text: had

text: ample

text: free

text: off

text: street

text: parking

text: and

text: communicated

text: a

text: clear

text: corporate

text: identity

text: In

text: the

text: the

text: company

text: designed

text: fully

text: air

text: conditioned

text: windowless

text: stores

text: whose

text: layout

text: was

text: driven

text: wholly

text: by

text: merchandising

text: concerns

question: How many stores was J. C. Penny operating in 1930?

answer: 1452

question: What demographic were most stores focusing on?

answer: middle-class audience

text: middle-class audience

question: What store was one of the first to offer shopping choices for both men and women at the same time?

answer: Sears

text: Sears

question: How many stores was Sears operating in 1940?

answer: 595


text: Neptune has a number of known trojan objects occupying both the Sun–Neptune L4 and L5 Lagrangian points—gravitationally stable regions leading and trailing Neptune in its orbit, respectively. Neptune trojans can be viewed as being in a 1:1 resonance with Neptune. Some Neptune trojans are remarkably stable in their orbits, and are likely to have formed alongside Neptune rather than being captured. The first and so far only object identified as associated with Neptune's trailing L5 Lagrangian point is 2008 LC18. Neptune also has a temporary quasi-satellite, (309239) 2007 RW10. The object has been a quasi-satellite of Neptune for about 12,500 years and it will remain in that dynamical state for another 12,500 years.

title: Neptune

title: Neptune

text: Neptune

text: has

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: known

text: trojan

text: objects

text: occupying

text: both

text: the

text: Sun

text: Neptune

text: and

text: Lagrangian

text: points

text: gravitationally

text: stable

text: regions

text: leading

text: and

text: trailing

text: Neptune

text: in

text: its

text: orbit

text: respectively

text: Neptune

text: trojans

text: can

text: be

text: viewed

text: as

text: being

text: in

text: a

text: resonance

text: with

text: Neptune

text: Some

text: Neptune

text: trojans

text: are

text: remarkably

text: stable

text: in

text: their

text: orbits

text: and

text: are

text: likely

text: to

text: have

text: formed

text: alongside

text: Neptune

text: rather

text: than

text: being

text: captured

text: The

text: first

text: and

text: so

text: far

text: only

text: object

text: identified

text: as

text: associated

text: with

text: Neptune

text: 's

text: trailing

text: Lagrangian

text: point

text: is

text: Neptune

text: also

text: has

text: a

text: temporary

text: quasi

text: satellite

text: The

text: object

text: has

text: been

text: a

text: quasi

text: satellite

text: of

text: Neptune

text: for

text: about

text: years

text: and

text: it

text: will

text: remain

text: in

text: that

text: dynamical

text: state

text: for

text: another

text: years

question: What is the resonance of Neptune trojans?

answer: 1:1

question: Where did most Neptune trojans form?

answer: alongside Neptune

text: alongside Neptune

question: What is the only object identified with Neptune's trailing L5 Lagrangian point?

answer: 2008 LC18

text: 2008 LC18

question: What is Neptune's temporary quasi-satellite named?

answer: (309239) 2007 RW10

text: (309239) 2007 RW10

question: How long has Neptune's quasi-satellite been with Neptune?

answer: 12,500 years

text: 12,500 years


text: A dramatic example of the effect of food processing on a population's health is the history of epidemics of beri-beri in people subsisting on polished rice. Removing the outer layer of rice by polishing it removes with it the essential vitamin thiamine, causing beri-beri. Another example is the development of scurvy among infants in the late 19th century in the United States. It turned out that the vast majority of sufferers were being fed milk that had been heat-treated (as suggested by Pasteur) to control bacterial disease. Pasteurisation was effective against bacteria, but it destroyed the vitamin C.

title: Nutrition

title: Nutrition

text: A

text: dramatic

text: example

text: of

text: the

text: effect

text: of

text: food

text: processing

text: on

text: a

text: population

text: 's

text: health

text: is

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: epidemics

text: of

text: beri

text: beri

text: in

text: people

text: subsisting

text: on

text: polished

text: rice

text: Removing

text: the

text: outer

text: layer

text: of

text: rice

text: by

text: polishing

text: it

text: removes

text: with

text: it

text: the

text: essential

text: vitamin

text: thiamine

text: causing

text: beri

text: beri

text: Another

text: example

text: is

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: scurvy

text: among

text: infants

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: It

text: turned

text: out

text: that

text: the

text: vast

text: majority

text: of

text: sufferers

text: were

text: being

text: fed

text: milk

text: that

text: had

text: been

text: heat

text: treated

text: as

text: suggested

text: by

text: Pasteur

text: to

text: control

text: bacterial

text: disease

text: Pasteurisation

text: was

text: effective

text: against

text: bacteria

text: but

text: it

text: destroyed

text: the

text: vitamin

text: C.

question: What did people who became ill with beri-beri have as their main food source?

answer: polished rice

text: polished rice

question: What vitamin is removed during the polishing of rice?

answer: thiamine

text: thiamine

question: Which disease became prevalent among infants in the United States as an effect of processed foods?

answer: scurvy

text: scurvy

question: What treatment did the milk that was fed to infants undergo to control bacterial disease?

answer: Pasteurisation

text: Pasteurisation

question: What was destroyed during the pasteurisation of the milk?

answer: vitamin C

text: vitamin C


text: The Japanese defenders recognized the possibility of a renewed invasion, and began construction of a great stone barrier around Hakata Bay in 1276. Completed in 1277, this wall stretched for 20 kilometers around the border of the bay. This would later serve as a strong defensive point against the Mongols. The Mongols attempted to settle matters in a diplomatic way from 1275 to 1279, but every envoy sent to Japan was executed. This set the stage for one of the most famous engagements in Japanese history.

title: Samurai

title: Samurai

text: The

text: Japanese

text: defenders

text: recognized

text: the

text: possibility

text: of

text: a

text: renewed

text: invasion

text: and

text: began

text: construction

text: of

text: a

text: great

text: stone

text: barrier

text: around

text: Hakata

text: Bay

text: in

text: Completed

text: in

text: this

text: wall

text: stretched

text: for

text: kilometers

text: around

text: the

text: border

text: of

text: the

text: bay

text: This

text: would

text: later

text: serve

text: as

text: a

text: strong

text: defensive

text: point

text: against

text: the

text: Mongols

text: The

text: Mongols

text: attempted

text: to

text: settle

text: matters

text: in

text: a

text: diplomatic

text: way

text: from

text: to

text: but

text: every

text: envoy

text: sent

text: to

text: Japan

text: was

text: executed

text: This

text: set

text: the

text: stage

text: for

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: famous

text: engagements

text: in

text: Japanese

text: history

question: What was built around Hakata Bay?

answer: a great stone barrier

text: a great stone barrier

question: When did Japan begin building the Hakata Bay barrier?

answer: 1276

question: When did Japan finish building the Hakata Bay barrier?

answer: 1277

question: How long was the Hakata Bay barrier?

answer: 20 kilometers

text: 20 kilometers

question: What happened to diplomatic envoys the Mongols sent to Japan?

answer: executed

text: executed


text: During World War II, Hayek began the ‘Abuse of Reason’ project. His goal was to show how a number of then-popular doctrines and beliefs had a common origin in some fundamental misconceptions about the social science. In his philosophy of science, which has much in common with that of his good friend Karl Popper, Hayek was highly critical of what he termed scientism: a false understanding of the methods of science that has been mistakenly forced upon the social sciences, but that is contrary to the practices of genuine science. Usually, scientism involves combining the philosophers' ancient demand for demonstrative justification with the associationists' false view that all scientific explanations are simple two-variable linear relationships.

title: Friedrich_Hayek

title: Friedrich_Hayek

text: During

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: Hayek

text: began

text: the

text: Abuse

text: of

text: Reason’

text: project

text: His

text: goal

text: was

text: to

text: show

text: how

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: then

text: popular

text: doctrines

text: and

text: beliefs

text: had

text: a

text: common

text: origin

text: in

text: some

text: fundamental

text: misconceptions

text: about

text: the

text: social

text: science

text: In

text: his

text: philosophy

text: of

text: science

text: which

text: has

text: much

text: in

text: common

text: with

text: that

text: of

text: his

text: good

text: friend

text: Karl

text: Popper

text: Hayek

text: was

text: highly

text: critical

text: of

text: what

text: he

text: termed

text: scientism

text: a

text: false

text: understanding

text: of

text: the

text: methods

text: of

text: science

text: that

text: has

text: been

text: mistakenly

text: forced

text: upon

text: the

text: social

text: sciences

text: but

text: that

text: is

text: contrary

text: to

text: the

text: practices

text: of

text: genuine

text: science

text: Usually

text: scientism

text: involves

text: combining

text: the

text: philosophers

text: ancient

text: demand

text: for

text: demonstrative

text: justification

text: with

text: the

text: associationists

text: false

text: view

text: that

text: all

text: scientific

text: explanations

text: are

text: simple

text: two

text: variable

text: linear

text: relationships

question: When did Hayek start working on Abuse of Reason?

answer: During World War II

text: During World War II

question: What did Hayek specifically aim to expose in Abuse of Reason?

answer: fundamental misconceptions about the social science

text: fundamental misconceptions about the social science

question: Whose beliefs in scientific philosophy were similar to Hayek's?

answer: Karl Popper

text: Karl Popper

question: What did Hayek use to refer to the spread of ignorance and misunderstanding within the social sciences?

answer: scientism

text: scientism

question: In scientism, it is typically believed that explanations in science are what?

answer: simple two-variable linear relationships

text: simple two-variable linear relationships


text: Most of the English colonists had arrived as indentured servants, hiring themselves out as laborers for a fixed period to pay for their passage. In the early years the line between indentured servants and African slaves or laborers was fluid. Some Africans were allowed to earn their freedom before slavery became a lifelong status. Most of the free colored families formed in North Carolina before the Revolution were descended from unions or marriages between free white women and enslaved or free African or African-American men. Because the mothers were free, their children were born free. Many had migrated or were descendants of migrants from colonial Virginia. As the flow of indentured laborers to the colony decreased with improving economic conditions in Great Britain, planters imported more slaves, and the state's legal delineations between free and slave status tightened, effectively hardening the latter into a racial caste. The economy's growth and prosperity was based on slave labor, devoted first to the production of tobacco.

title: North_Carolina

title: North_Carolina

text: Most

text: of

text: the

text: English

text: colonists

text: had

text: arrived

text: as

text: indentured

text: servants

text: hiring

text: themselves

text: out

text: as

text: laborers

text: for

text: a

text: fixed

text: period

text: to

text: pay

text: for

text: their

text: passage

text: In

text: the

text: early

text: years

text: the

text: line

text: between

text: indentured

text: servants

text: and

text: African

text: slaves

text: or

text: laborers

text: was

text: fluid

text: Some

text: Africans

text: were

text: allowed

text: to

text: earn

text: their

text: freedom

text: before

text: slavery

text: became

text: a

text: lifelong

text: status

text: Most

text: of

text: the

text: free

text: colored

text: families

text: formed

text: in

text: North

text: Carolina

text: before

text: the

text: Revolution

text: were

text: descended

text: from

text: unions

text: or

text: marriages

text: between

text: free

text: white

text: women

text: and

text: enslaved

text: or

text: free

text: African

text: or

text: African

text: American

text: men

text: Because

text: the

text: mothers

text: were

text: free

text: their

text: children

text: were

text: born

text: free

text: Many

text: had

text: migrated

text: or

text: were

text: descendants

text: of

text: migrants

text: from

text: colonial

text: Virginia

text: As

text: the

text: flow

text: of

text: indentured

text: laborers

text: to

text: the

text: colony

text: decreased

text: with

text: improving

text: economic

text: conditions

text: in

text: Great

text: Britain

text: planters

text: imported

text: more

text: slaves

text: and

text: the

text: state

text: 's

text: legal

text: delineations

text: between

text: free

text: and

text: slave

text: status

text: tightened

text: effectively

text: hardening

text: the

text: latter

text: into

text: a

text: racial

text: caste

text: The

text: economy

text: 's

text: growth

text: and

text: prosperity

text: was

text: based

text: on

text: slave

text: labor

text: devoted

text: first

text: to

text: the

text: production

text: of

text: tobacco

question: Most English colonists arrived as what?

answer: indentured servants

text: indentured servants

question: Indentured servants hired theirselves out as what?

answer: laborers

text: laborers

question: What did the English settlers get in return for their labor?

answer: passage

text: passage

question: Indentured servants were similar to what people in the early days?

answer: African slaves

text: African slaves

question: As indentured servants improved the economy, there became a greater need to import more what?

answer: slaves

text: slaves


text: Although Dominic and the early brethren had instituted female Dominican houses at Prouille and other places by 1227, some of the brethren of the order had misgivings about the necessity of female religious establishments in an order whose major purpose was preaching, a duty in which women could not traditionally engage. In spite of these doubts, women's houses dotted the countryside throughout Europe. There were seventy-four Dominican female houses in Germany, forty-two in Italy, nine in France, eight in Spain, six in Bohemia, three in Hungary, and three in Poland. Many of the German religious houses that lodged women had been home to communities of women, such as Beguines, that became Dominican once they were taught by the traveling preachers and put under the jurisdiction of the Dominican authoritative structure. A number of these houses became centers of study and mystical spirituality in the 14th century. There were one hundred and fifty-seven nunneries in the order by 1358. In that year, the number lessened due to disasters like the Black Death.

title: Dominican_Order

title: Dominican_Order

text: Although

text: Dominic

text: and

text: the

text: early

text: brethren

text: had

text: instituted

text: female

text: Dominican

text: houses

text: at

text: Prouille

text: and

text: other

text: places

text: by

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: brethren

text: of

text: the

text: order

text: had

text: misgivings

text: about

text: the

text: necessity

text: of

text: female

text: religious

text: establishments

text: in

text: an

text: order

text: whose

text: major

text: purpose

text: was

text: preaching

text: a

text: duty

text: in

text: which

text: women

text: could

text: not

text: traditionally

text: engage

text: In

text: spite

text: of

text: these

text: doubts

text: women

text: 's

text: houses

text: dotted

text: the

text: countryside

text: throughout

text: Europe

text: There

text: were

text: seventy

text: four

text: Dominican

text: female

text: houses

text: in

text: Germany

text: forty

text: two

text: in

text: Italy

text: nine

text: in

text: France

text: eight

text: in

text: Spain

text: six

text: in

text: Bohemia

text: three

text: in

text: Hungary

text: and

text: three

text: in

text: Poland

text: Many

text: of

text: the

text: German

text: religious

text: houses

text: that

text: lodged

text: women

text: had

text: been

text: home

text: to

text: communities

text: of

text: women

text: such

text: as

text: Beguines

text: that

text: became

text: Dominican

text: once

text: they

text: were

text: taught

text: by

text: the

text: traveling

text: preachers

text: and

text: put

text: under

text: the

text: jurisdiction

text: of

text: the

text: Dominican

text: authoritative

text: structure

text: A

text: number

text: of

text: these

text: houses

text: became

text: centers

text: of

text: study

text: and

text: mystical

text: spirituality

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: There

text: were

text: one

text: hundred

text: and

text: fifty

text: seven

text: nunneries

text: in

text: the

text: order

text: by

text: In

text: that

text: year

text: the

text: number

text: lessened

text: due

text: to

text: disasters

text: like

text: the

text: Black

text: Death

question: Who did some early Dominican followers have trouble reconciling?

answer: female Dominican houses

text: female Dominican houses

question: Where was one female Dominican house located?

answer: Prouille

text: Prouille

question: How many female Dominican houses were there in Germany?

answer: seventy-four

text: seventy-four

question: Who were an order of religious women who later converted to Dominican?

answer: Beguines

text: Beguines

question: How many Dominican nunneries were there by 1358?

answer: one hundred and fifty-seven

text: one hundred and fifty-seven


text: The release of a video-game Starpower: Beyoncé was cancelled after Beyoncé pulled out of a $100 million with GateFive who alleged the cancellation meant the sacking of 70 staff and millions of pounds lost in development. It was settled out of court by her lawyers in June 2013 who said that they had cancelled because GateFive had lost its financial backers. Beyoncé also has had deals with American Express, Nintendo DS and L'Oréal since the age of 18.

title: Beyoncé

title: Beyoncé

text: The

text: release

text: of

text: a

text: video

text: game

text: Starpower

text: Beyoncé

text: was

text: cancelled

text: after

text: Beyoncé

text: pulled

text: out

text: of

text: a

text: million

text: with

text: GateFive

text: who

text: alleged

text: the

text: cancellation

text: meant

text: the

text: sacking

text: of

text: staff

text: and

text: millions

text: of

text: pounds

text: lost

text: in

text: development

text: It

text: was

text: settled

text: out

text: of

text: court

text: by

text: her

text: lawyers

text: in

text: June

text: who

text: said

text: that

text: they

text: had

text: cancelled

text: because

text: GateFive

text: had

text: lost

text: its

text: financial

text: backers

text: Beyoncé

text: also

text: has

text: had

text: deals

text: with

text: American

text: Express

text: Nintendo

text: DS

text: and

text: L'Oréal

text: since

text: the

text: age

text: of

question: How young was Beyonce when she acquired deals from American Express and L'Oreal?

answer: 18

question: What was the name of the video game that was cancelled for Beyonce?

answer: Starpower: Beyoncé

text: Starpower: Beyoncé

question: When did Beyonce begin her deals with name brands?

answer: since the age of 18

text: since the age of 18

question: How many people lost jobs when Beyonce left the video game deal?

answer: 70 staff

text: 70 staff

question: How was the suit settled?

answer: out of court

text: out of court

question: What was the name of the video game?

answer: Starpower: Beyoncé

text: Starpower: Beyoncé

question: What video game did Beyoncé back out of?

answer: Starpower: Beyoncé

text: Starpower: Beyoncé

question: What company was producing the video game?

answer: GateFive

text: GateFive

question: How many people lost their jobs over Beyoncé backing out of the deal?

answer: 70

question: When was the disagreement settled out of court?

answer: June 2013

text: June 2013


text: Innate bisexuality is an idea introduced by Sigmund Freud. According to this theory, all humans are born bisexual in a very broad sense of the term, that of incorporating general aspects of both sexes. In Freud's view, this was true anatomically and therefore also psychologically, with sexual attraction to both sexes being one part of this psychological bisexuality. Freud believed that in the course of sexual development the masculine side would normally become dominant in men and the feminine side in women, but that as adults everyone still has desires derived from both the masculine and the feminine sides of their natures. Freud did not claim that everyone is bisexual in the sense of feeling the same level of sexual attraction to both genders.

title: Sexual_orientation

title: Sexual_orientation

text: Innate

text: bisexuality

text: is

text: an

text: idea

text: introduced

text: by

text: Sigmund

text: Freud

text: According

text: to

text: this

text: theory

text: all

text: humans

text: are

text: born

text: bisexual

text: in

text: a

text: very

text: broad

text: sense

text: of

text: the

text: term

text: that

text: of

text: incorporating

text: general

text: aspects

text: of

text: both

text: sexes

text: In

text: Freud

text: 's

text: view

text: this

text: was

text: true

text: anatomically

text: and

text: therefore

text: also

text: psychologically

text: with

text: sexual

text: attraction

text: to

text: both

text: sexes

text: being

text: one

text: part

text: of

text: this

text: psychological

text: bisexuality

text: Freud

text: believed

text: that

text: in

text: the

text: course

text: of

text: sexual

text: development

text: the

text: masculine

text: side

text: would

text: normally

text: become

text: dominant

text: in

text: men

text: and

text: the

text: feminine

text: side

text: in

text: women

text: but

text: that

text: as

text: adults

text: everyone

text: still

text: has

text: desires

text: derived

text: from

text: both

text: the

text: masculine

text: and

text: the

text: feminine

text: sides

text: of

text: their

text: natures

text: Freud

text: did

text: not

text: claim

text: that

text: everyone

text: is

text: bisexual

text: in

text: the

text: sense

text: of

text: feeling

text: the

text: same

text: level

text: of

text: sexual

text: attraction

text: to

text: both

text: genders

question: What idea did Sigmund Freud bring to the table?

answer: Innate bisexuality

text: Innate bisexuality

question: What does Sigmunds idea theorize?

answer: all humans are born bisexual

text: all humans are born bisexual

question: Why did SIgmund believe all humans are born bisexual?

answer: this was true anatomically and therefore also psychologically, with sexual attraction to both sexes being one part of this psychological bisexuality

text: this was true anatomically and therefore also psychologically, with sexual attraction to both sexes being one part of this psychological bisexuality

question: What does Sigmund believe we all as adults desire?

answer: both the masculine and the feminine sides of their natures

text: both the masculine and the feminine sides of their natures

question: Even though Sigmund believed all people where born bisexual what did he not believe to be true?

answer: that everyone is bisexual in the sense of feeling the same level of sexual attraction to both genders

text: that everyone is bisexual in the sense of feeling the same level of sexual attraction to both genders


text: Multi-layer printed circuit boards have trace layers inside the board. This is achieved by laminating a stack of materials in a press by applying pressure and heat for a period of time. This results in an inseparable one piece product. For example, a four-layer PCB can be fabricated by starting from a two-sided copper-clad laminate, etch the circuitry on both sides, then laminate to the top and bottom pre-preg and copper foil. It is then drilled, plated, and etched again to get traces on top and bottom layers.

title: Printed_circuit_board

title: Printed_circuit_board

text: Multi

text: layer

text: printed

text: circuit

text: boards

text: have

text: trace

text: layers

text: inside

text: the

text: board

text: This

text: is

text: achieved

text: by

text: laminating

text: a

text: stack

text: of

text: materials

text: in

text: a

text: press

text: by

text: applying

text: pressure

text: and

text: heat

text: for

text: a

text: period

text: of

text: time

text: This

text: results

text: in

text: an

text: inseparable

text: one

text: piece

text: product

text: For

text: example

text: a

text: four

text: layer

text: PCB

text: can

text: be

text: fabricated

text: by

text: starting

text: from

text: a

text: two

text: sided

text: copper

text: clad

text: laminate

text: etch

text: the

text: circuitry

text: on

text: both

text: sides

text: then

text: laminate

text: to

text: the

text: top

text: and

text: bottom

text: pre

text: preg

text: and

text: copper

text: foil

text: It

text: is

text: then

text: drilled

text: plated

text: and

text: etched

text: again

text: to

text: get

text: traces

text: on

text: top

text: and

text: bottom

text: layers

question: If you started with a two-sided laminate etched on either side, laminated to the top and bottom, and processed it again to get traces on the outside layers, how many layers would your final PCB have?

answer: four

text: four

question: What makes up the inside of a multi-layer PCB?

answer: trace layers

text: trace layers

question: Pressure is one thing you need to apply to make a multi-layer PCB; what's the other thing?

answer: heat

text: heat

question: What tool is used to push the trace layers in a multi-layer PCB together?

answer: press

text: press


text: In 1980, General Secretary and reformist Hu Yaobang visited Tibet and ushered in a period of social, political, and economic liberalization. At the end of the decade, however, analogously to the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, monks in the Drepung and Sera monasteries started protesting for independence, and so the government halted reforms and started an anti-separatist campaign. Human rights organisations have been critical of the Beijing and Lhasa governments' approach to human rights in the region when cracking down on separatist convulsions that have occurred around monasteries and cities, most recently in the 2008 Tibetan unrest.

title: Tibet

title: Tibet

text: In

text: General

text: Secretary

text: and

text: reformist

text: Hu

text: Yaobang

text: visited

text: Tibet

text: and

text: ushered

text: in

text: a

text: period

text: of

text: social

text: political

text: and

text: economic

text: liberalization

text: At

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: decade

text: however

text: analogously

text: to

text: the

text: Tiananmen

text: Square

text: protests

text: of

text: monks

text: in

text: the

text: Drepung

text: and

text: Sera

text: monasteries

text: started

text: protesting

text: for

text: independence

text: and

text: so

text: the

text: government

text: halted

text: reforms

text: and

text: started

text: an

text: anti

text: separatist

text: campaign

text: Human

text: rights

text: organisations

text: have

text: been

text: critical

text: of

text: the

text: Beijing

text: and

text: Lhasa

text: governments

text: approach

text: to

text: human

text: rights

text: in

text: the

text: region

text: when

text: cracking

text: down

text: on

text: separatist

text: convulsions

text: that

text: have

text: occurred

text: around

text: monasteries

text: and

text: cities

text: most

text: recently

text: in

text: the

text: Tibetan

text: unrest

question: When did Hu Yaobang visit Tibet?

answer: 1980

question: When did monks in the Drepung and Sera monasteries start protesting for independence?

answer: 1989

question: What did the government do when it halted reforms?

answer: started an anti-separatist campaign

text: started an anti-separatist campaign

question: When was the most recent Tibetan unrest?

answer: 2008

question: For what have the Beijing and Lhasa goverments been criticized?

answer: human rights

text: human rights


text: Asthma is clinically classified according to the frequency of symptoms, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow rate. Asthma may also be classified as atopic (extrinsic) or non-atopic (intrinsic), based on whether symptoms are precipitated by allergens (atopic) or not (non-atopic). While asthma is classified based on severity, at the moment there is no clear method for classifying different subgroups of asthma beyond this system. Finding ways to identify subgroups that respond well to different types of treatments is a current critical goal of asthma research.

title: Asthma

title: Asthma

text: Asthma

text: is

text: clinically

text: classified

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: frequency

text: of

text: symptoms

text: forced

text: expiratory

text: volume

text: in

text: one

text: second

text: and

text: peak

text: expiratory

text: flow

text: rate

text: Asthma

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: classified

text: as

text: atopic

text: extrinsic

text: or

text: non

text: atopic

text: intrinsic

text: based

text: on

text: whether

text: symptoms

text: are

text: precipitated

text: by

text: allergens

text: atopic

text: or

text: not

text: non

text: atopic

text: While

text: asthma

text: is

text: classified

text: based

text: on

text: severity

text: at

text: the

text: moment

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: clear

text: method

text: for

text: classifying

text: different

text: subgroups

text: of

text: asthma

text: beyond

text: this

text: system

text: Finding

text: ways

text: to

text: identify

text: subgroups

text: that

text: respond

text: well

text: to

text: different

text: types

text: of

text: treatments

text: is

text: a

text: current

text: critical

text: goal

text: of

text: asthma

text: research

question: How is asthma clinically classified?

answer: according to the frequency of symptoms, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow rate

text: according to the frequency of symptoms, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow rate

question: How else is asthma classified?

answer: as atopic (extrinsic) or non-atopic (intrinsic)

text: as atopic (extrinsic) or non-atopic (intrinsic)

question: When asthma is caused by allergens that is called what?

answer: atopic

text: atopic

question: What  is asthma usually classified based on?

answer: severity

text: severity

question: What is a important goal of asthma research?

answer: Finding ways to identify subgroups that respond well to different types of treatments

text: Finding ways to identify subgroups that respond well to different types of treatments


text: Forbes magazine began reporting on Beyoncé's earnings in 2008, calculating that the $80 million earned between June 2007 to June 2008, for her music, tour, films and clothing line made her the world's best-paid music personality at the time, above Madonna and Celine Dion. They placed her fourth on the Celebrity 100 list in 2009 and ninth on the "Most Powerful Women in the World" list in 2010. The following year, Forbes placed her eighth on the "Best-Paid Celebrities Under 30" list, having earned $35 million in the past year for her clothing line and endorsement deals. In 2012, Forbes placed Beyoncé at number 16 on the Celebrity 100 list, twelve places lower than three years ago yet still having earned $40 million in the past year for her album 4, clothing line and endorsement deals. In the same year, Beyoncé and Jay Z placed at number one on the "World's Highest-Paid Celebrity Couples", for collectively earning $78 million. The couple made it into the previous year's Guinness World Records as the "highest-earning power couple" for collectively earning $122 million in 2009. For the years 2009 to 2011, Beyoncé earned an average of $70 million per year, and earned $40 million in 2012. In 2013, Beyoncé's endorsements of Pepsi and H&M made her and Jay Z the world's first billion dollar couple in the music industry. That year, Beyoncé was published as the fourth most-powerful celebrity in the Forbes rankings. MTV estimated that by the end of 2014, Beyoncé would become the highest-paid black musician in history; she succeeded to do so in April 2014. In June 2014, Beyoncé ranked at #1 on the Forbes Celebrity 100 list, earning an estimated $115 million throughout June 2013 – June 2014. This in turn was the first time she had topped the Celebrity 100 list as well as being her highest yearly earnings to date. As of May 2015, her net worth is estimated to be $250 million.

title: Beyoncé

title: Beyoncé

text: Forbes

text: magazine

text: began

text: reporting

text: on

text: Beyoncé

text: 's

text: earnings

text: in

text: calculating

text: that

text: the

text: million

text: earned

text: between

text: June

text: to

text: June

text: for

text: her

text: music

text: tour

text: films

text: and

text: clothing

text: line

text: made

text: her

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: best

text: paid

text: music

text: personality

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: above

text: Madonna

text: and

text: Celine

text: Dion

text: They

text: placed

text: her

text: fourth

text: on

text: the

text: Celebrity

text: list

text: in

text: and

text: ninth

text: on

text: the

text: Most

text: Powerful

text: Women

text: in

text: the

text: World

text: list

text: in

text: The

text: following

text: year

text: Forbes

text: placed

text: her

text: eighth

text: on

text: the

text: Best

text: Paid

text: Celebrities

text: Under

text: list

text: having

text: earned

text: million

text: in

text: the

text: past

text: year

text: for

text: her

text: clothing

text: line

text: and

text: endorsement

text: deals

text: In

text: Forbes

text: placed

text: Beyoncé

text: at

text: number

text: on

text: the

text: Celebrity

text: list

text: twelve

text: places

text: lower

text: than

text: three

text: years

text: ago

text: yet

text: still

text: having

text: earned

text: million

text: in

text: the

text: past

text: year

text: for

text: her

text: album

text: clothing

text: line

text: and

text: endorsement

text: deals

text: In

text: the

text: same

text: year

text: Beyoncé

text: and

text: Jay

text: Z

text: placed

text: at

text: number

text: one

text: on

text: the

text: World

text: 's

text: Highest

text: Paid

text: Celebrity

text: Couples

text: for

text: collectively

text: earning

text: million

text: The

text: couple

text: made

text: it

text: into

text: the

text: previous

text: year

text: 's

text: Guinness

text: World

text: Records

text: as

text: the

text: highest

text: earning

text: power

text: couple

text: for

text: collectively

text: earning

text: million

text: in

text: For

text: the

text: years

text: to

text: Beyoncé

text: earned

text: an

text: average

text: of

text: million

text: per

text: year

text: and

text: earned

text: million

text: in

text: In

text: Beyoncé

text: 's

text: endorsements

text: of

text: Pepsi

text: and

text: H&M

text: made

text: her

text: and

text: Jay

text: Z

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: first

text: billion

text: dollar

text: couple

text: in

text: the

text: music

text: industry

text: That

text: year

text: Beyoncé

text: was

text: published

text: as

text: the

text: fourth

text: most

text: powerful

text: celebrity

text: in

text: the

text: Forbes

text: rankings

text: MTV

text: estimated

text: that

text: by

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: Beyoncé

text: would

text: become

text: the

text: highest

text: paid

text: black

text: musician

text: in

text: history

text: she

text: succeeded

text: to

text: do

text: so

text: in

text: April

text: In

text: June

text: Beyoncé

text: ranked

text: at

text: on

text: the

text: Forbes

text: Celebrity

text: list

text: earning

text: an

text: estimated

text: million

text: throughout

text: June

text: June

text: This

text: in

text: turn

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: time

text: she

text: had

text: topped

text: the

text: Celebrity

text: list

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: being

text: her

text: highest

text: yearly

text: earnings

text: to

text: date

text: As

text: of

text: May

text: her

text: net

text: worth

text: is

text: estimated

text: to

text: be

text: million

question: Beyonce beat out which musical artists for most paid between June 2007 and June 2008?

answer: Madonna and Celine Dion

text: Madonna and Celine Dion

question: Beyonce and Jay Z got a Guinness World record for what in 2009?

answer: highest-earning power couple

text: highest-earning power couple

question: Beyonce became the highest-paid black musician in which year?

answer: 2014

question: Up until May of 2015, how much is Beyonce's total worth?

answer: 250 million

text: 250 million

question: Between 2008 and 2009, which entertainers did Beyonce beat in earnings?

answer: Madonna and Celine Dion

text: Madonna and Celine Dion

question: In 2012 who placed Beyonce at 16 in the Celebrity List?

answer: Forbes

text: Forbes

question: When did she and Jay Z become the highest paid black celebrity couple?

answer: 2011

question: How much did she earn in 2014?

answer: 115 million

text: 115 million

question: What is Beyonce's net worth in 2015?

answer: 250 million

text: 250 million

question: Who began reporting Beyoncé's annual earnings, starting in 2008?

answer: Forbes

text: Forbes

question: When did Beyoncé become the highest paid black musician, ever?

answer: April 2014.

text: April 2014.

question: Who predicted that Beyoncé would become the highest paid black entertainer?

answer: MTV

text: MTV

question: When did Jay Z and Beyoncé become the first music couple worth over a billion dollars?

answer: 2013


text: However, most of the major FBS teams annually schedule early season non-conference preseason home games against lesser opponents that are lower-tier FBS, Football Championship, or Division II schools, which often result in lopsided victories in favor of the FBS teams and act as exhibition games in all but name, though they additionally provide a large appearance fee and at least one guaranteed television appearance for the smaller school. These games also receive the same criticism as NFL exhibition games, but instead it is targeted to schools scheduling low-quality opponents and the simplicity for a team to run up the score against a weak opponent. However, these games are susceptible to backfiring, resulting in damage in poll position and public perception, especially if the higher ranked team loses, although the mere act of scheduling a weak opponent is harmful to a team's overall strength of schedule itself. Games an FBS team schedules against lower division opponents do not count toward the minimum seven wins required for bowl eligibility, and only one game against an FCS team can be counted. With the start of the College Football Playoff system for the 2014 season, major teams are now discouraged from scheduling weaker opponents for their non-conference schedule because of a much higher emphasis on strength of schedule than in the Bowl Championship Series era.

title: Exhibition_game

title: Exhibition_game

text: However

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: major

text: FBS

text: teams

text: annually

text: schedule

text: early

text: season

text: non

text: conference

text: preseason

text: home

text: games

text: against

text: lesser

text: opponents

text: that

text: are

text: lower

text: tier

text: FBS

text: Football

text: Championship

text: or

text: Division

text: II

text: schools

text: which

text: often

text: result

text: in

text: lopsided

text: victories

text: in

text: favor

text: of

text: the

text: FBS

text: teams

text: and

text: act

text: as

text: exhibition

text: games

text: in

text: all

text: but

text: name

text: though

text: they

text: additionally

text: provide

text: a

text: large

text: appearance

text: fee

text: and

text: at

text: least

text: one

text: guaranteed

text: television

text: appearance

text: for

text: the

text: smaller

text: school

text: These

text: games

text: also

text: receive

text: the

text: same

text: criticism

text: as

text: NFL

text: exhibition

text: games

text: but

text: instead

text: it

text: is

text: targeted

text: to

text: schools

text: scheduling

text: low

text: quality

text: opponents

text: and

text: the

text: simplicity

text: for

text: a

text: team

text: to

text: run

text: up

text: the

text: score

text: against

text: a

text: weak

text: opponent

text: However

text: these

text: games

text: are

text: susceptible

text: to

text: backfiring

text: resulting

text: in

text: damage

text: in

text: poll

text: position

text: and

text: public

text: perception

text: especially

text: if

text: the

text: higher

text: ranked

text: team

text: loses

text: although

text: the

text: mere

text: act

text: of

text: scheduling

text: a

text: weak

text: opponent

text: is

text: harmful

text: to

text: a

text: team

text: 's

text: overall

text: strength

text: of

text: schedule

text: itself

text: Games

text: an

text: FBS

text: team

text: schedules

text: against

text: lower

text: division

text: opponents

text: do

text: not

text: count

text: toward

text: the

text: minimum

text: seven

text: wins

text: required

text: for

text: bowl

text: eligibility

text: and

text: only

text: one

text: game

text: against

text: an

text: FCS

text: team

text: can

text: be

text: counted

text: With

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: the

text: College

text: Football

text: Playoff

text: system

text: for

text: the

text: season

text: major

text: teams

text: are

text: now

text: discouraged

text: from

text: scheduling

text: weaker

text: opponents

text: for

text: their

text: non

text: conference

text: schedule

text: because

text: of

text: a

text: much

text: higher

text: emphasis

text: on

text: strength

text: of

text: schedule

text: than

text: in

text: the

text: Bowl

text: Championship

text: Series

text: era

question: Major FBS teams can have lopsided victories against what kinds of lesser opponents?

answer: lower-tier FBS, Football Championship, or Division II schools

text: lower-tier FBS, Football Championship, or Division II schools

question: Why do smaller schools want to play against major FBS teams?

answer: a large appearance fee and at least one guaranteed television appearance

text: a large appearance fee and at least one guaranteed television appearance

question: How many wins are required for an FBS team to be eligible for the bowl?

answer: seven

text: seven

question: How many games between FBS and FCS teams count towards the FBS's bowl eligibility?

answer: one

text: one

question: When did the College Football Playoff System begin?

answer: 2014


text: Notably, the most broadly influential innovation of 20th-century American tort law was the rule of strict liability for defective products, which originated with judicial glosses on the law of warranty. In 1963, Roger J. Traynor of the Supreme Court of California threw away legal fictions based on warranties and imposed strict liability for defective products as a matter of public policy in the landmark case of Greenman v. Yuba Power Products. The American Law Institute subsequently adopted a slightly different version of the Greenman rule in Section 402A of the Restatement (Second) of Torts, which was published in 1964 and was very influential throughout the United States. Outside the U.S., the rule was adopted by the European Economic Community in the Product Liability Directive of July 1985 by Australia in July 1992 and by Japan in June 1994.

title: Law_of_the_United_States

title: Law_of_the_United_States

text: Notably

text: the

text: most

text: broadly

text: influential

text: innovation

text: of

text: century

text: American

text: tort

text: law

text: was

text: the

text: rule

text: of

text: strict

text: liability

text: for

text: defective

text: products

text: which

text: originated

text: with

text: judicial

text: glosses

text: on

text: the

text: law

text: of

text: warranty

text: In

text: Roger

text: J.

text: Traynor

text: of

text: the

text: Supreme

text: Court

text: of

text: California

text: threw

text: away

text: legal

text: fictions

text: based

text: on

text: warranties

text: and

text: imposed

text: strict

text: liability

text: for

text: defective

text: products

text: as

text: a

text: matter

text: of

text: public

text: policy

text: in

text: the

text: landmark

text: case

text: of

text: Greenman

text: v.

text: Yuba

text: Power

text: Products

text: The

text: American

text: Law

text: Institute

text: subsequently

text: adopted

text: a

text: slightly

text: different

text: version

text: of

text: the

text: Greenman

text: rule

text: in

text: Section

text: of

text: the

text: Restatement

text: Second

text: of

text: Torts

text: which

text: was

text: published

text: in

text: and

text: was

text: very

text: influential

text: throughout

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Outside

text: the

text: U.S.

text: the

text: rule

text: was

text: adopted

text: by

text: the

text: European

text: Economic

text: Community

text: in

text: the

text: Product

text: Liability

text: Directive

text: of

text: July

text: by

text: Australia

text: in

text: July

text: and

text: by

text: Japan

text: in

text: June

question: The rule of liability for defective products originated from what law?

answer: law of warranty

text: law of warranty

question: In what case did the supreme court of California, throw away warranties and strictly impose liability for defective products?

answer: Greenman v. Yuba Power Products

text: Greenman v. Yuba Power Products

question: What was most influential American 20th century tort law?

answer: rule of strict liability for defective products

text: rule of strict liability for defective products

question: What year was the case Greenman v. Yuba Power products?

answer: 1963

question: What is one of the most influential changes to tort law?

answer: rule of strict liability for defective products

text: rule of strict liability for defective products

question: Who was at the forefront of the fight to change the laws on defective products?

answer: Roger J. Traynor

text: Roger J. Traynor

question: When was the Greenman rule in Section 402A of the Restatement (Second) of Torts published?

answer: 1964

question: What case was fundamental in the fight to change warranty laws?

answer: Greenman v. Yuba Power Products

text: Greenman v. Yuba Power Products

question: When was the Restatement (Second) of Torts beginning to be adopted outside of the United States?

answer: 1985


text: Genes with a most recent common ancestor, and thus a shared evolutionary ancestry, are known as homologs. These genes appear either from gene duplication within an organism's genome, where they are known as paralogous genes, or are the result of divergence of the genes after a speciation event, where they are known as orthologous genes,:7.6 and often perform the same or similar functions in related organisms. It is often assumed that the functions of orthologous genes are more similar than those of paralogous genes, although the difference is minimal.

title: Gene

title: Gene

text: Genes

text: with

text: a

text: most

text: recent

text: common

text: ancestor

text: and

text: thus

text: a

text: shared

text: evolutionary

text: ancestry

text: are

text: known

text: as

text: homologs

text: These

text: genes

text: appear

text: either

text: from

text: gene

text: duplication

text: within

text: an

text: organism

text: 's

text: genome

text: where

text: they

text: are

text: known

text: as

text: paralogous

text: genes

text: or

text: are

text: the

text: result

text: of

text: divergence

text: of

text: the

text: genes

text: after

text: a

text: speciation

text: event

text: where

text: they

text: are

text: known

text: as

text: orthologous

text: and

text: often

text: perform

text: the

text: same

text: or

text: similar

text: functions

text: in

text: related

text: organisms

text: It

text: is

text: often

text: assumed

text: that

text: the

text: functions

text: of

text: orthologous

text: genes

text: are

text: more

text: similar

text: than

text: those

text: of

text: paralogous

text: genes

text: although

text: the

text: difference

text: is

text: minimal

question: What are genes with a most recent common ancestor called?

answer: homologs

text: homologs

question: What is one reason for homologs to appear?

answer: gene duplication within an organism's genome

text: gene duplication within an organism's genome

question: What are genes that occur from duplication within an organism's genome called?

answer: paralogous genes

text: paralogous genes

question: What are genes that result from divergence of the genes after a speciation event called?

answer: orthologous genes

text: orthologous genes


text: In 1870, at age 23, Bell, his brother's widow, Caroline (Margaret Ottaway), and his parents travelled on the SS Nestorian to Canada. After landing at Quebec City the Bells transferred to another steamer to Montreal and then boarded a train to Paris, Ontario, to stay with the Reverend Thomas Henderson, a family friend. After a brief stay with the Hendersons, the Bell family purchased a farm of 10.5 acres (42,000 m2) at Tutelo Heights (now called Tutela Heights), near Brantford, Ontario. The property consisted of an orchard, large farm house, stable, pigsty, hen-house, and a carriage house, which bordered the Grand River.[N 9]

title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

text: In

text: at

text: age

text: Bell

text: his

text: brother

text: 's

text: widow

text: Caroline

text: Margaret

text: Ottaway

text: and

text: his

text: parents

text: travelled

text: on

text: the

text: SS

text: Nestorian

text: to

text: Canada

text: After

text: landing

text: at

text: Quebec

text: City

text: the

text: Bells

text: transferred

text: to

text: another

text: steamer

text: to

text: Montreal

text: and

text: then

text: boarded

text: a

text: train

text: to

text: Paris

text: Ontario

text: to

text: stay

text: with

text: the

text: Reverend

text: Thomas

text: Henderson

text: a

text: family

text: friend

text: After

text: a

text: brief

text: stay

text: with

text: the

text: Hendersons

text: the

text: Bell

text: family

text: purchased

text: a

text: farm

text: of

text: acres

text: at

text: Tutelo

text: Heights

text: now

text: called

text: Tutela

text: Heights

text: near

text: Brantford

text: Ontario

text: The

text: property

text: consisted

text: of

text: an

text: orchard

text: large

text: farm

text: house

text: stable

text: pigsty

text: hen

text: house

text: and

text: a

text: carriage

text: house

text: which

text: bordered

text: the

text: Grand

text: River.[N

question: How old was Bell when he went to Canada?

answer: 23

question: What boat did Bell travel on?

answer: SS Nestorian

text: SS Nestorian

question: In what Canadian city did Bell first arrive?

answer: Quebec City

text: Quebec City

question: What city did Bell arrive at by train?

answer: Paris

text: Paris

question: How many acres was the farm the Bell's bought in Canada?

answer: 10.5


text: Oklahoma is in the nation's middle percentile in per capita spending on the arts, ranking 17th, and contains more than 300 museums. The Philbrook Museum of Tulsa is considered one of the top 50 fine art museums in the United States, and the Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History in Norman, one of the largest university-based art and history museums in the country, documents the natural history of the region. The collections of Thomas Gilcrease are housed in the Gilcrease Museum of Tulsa, which also holds the world's largest, most comprehensive collection of art and artifacts of the American West.

title: Oklahoma

title: Oklahoma

text: Oklahoma

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: nation

text: 's

text: middle

text: percentile

text: in

text: per

text: capita

text: spending

text: on

text: the

text: arts

text: ranking

text: and

text: contains

text: more

text: than

text: museums

text: The

text: Philbrook

text: Museum

text: of

text: Tulsa

text: is

text: considered

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: top

text: fine

text: art

text: museums

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: the

text: Sam

text: Noble

text: Oklahoma

text: Museum

text: of

text: Natural

text: History

text: in

text: Norman

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: university

text: based

text: art

text: and

text: history

text: museums

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: documents

text: the

text: natural

text: history

text: of

text: the

text: region

text: The

text: collections

text: of

text: Thomas

text: Gilcrease

text: are

text: housed

text: in

text: the

text: Gilcrease

text: Museum

text: of

text: Tulsa

text: which

text: also

text: holds

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: most

text: comprehensive

text: collection

text: of

text: art

text: and

text: artifacts

text: of

text: the

text: American

text: West

question: How many museums are in Oklahoma?

answer: more than 300

text: more than 300

question: How does Oklahoma's per-capita arts spending rank?

answer: 17th

question: Where is the Philbrook Museum?

answer: Tulsa

text: Tulsa

question: What kind of museum is the Philbrook?

answer: fine art

text: fine art

question: Where are Thomas Gilcrease's collections housed?

answer: Gilcrease Museum of Tulsa

text: Gilcrease Museum of Tulsa


text: In November, Seattle averages more rainfall than any other U.S. city of more than 250,000 people; it also ranks highly in winter precipitation. Conversely, the city receives some of the lowest precipitation amounts of any large city from June to September. Seattle is one of the five rainiest major U.S. cities as measured by the number of days with precipitation, and it receives some of the lowest amounts of annual sunshine among major cities in the lower 48 states, along with some cities in the Northeast, Ohio and Michigan. Thunderstorms are rare, as the city reports thunder on just seven days per year. By comparison, Fort Myers, Florida reports thunder on 93 days per year, Kansas City on 52, and New York City on 25.

title: Seattle

title: Seattle

text: In

text: November

text: Seattle

text: averages

text: more

text: rainfall

text: than

text: any

text: other

text: U.S.

text: city

text: of

text: more

text: than

text: people

text: it

text: also

text: ranks

text: highly

text: in

text: winter

text: precipitation

text: Conversely

text: the

text: city

text: receives

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: lowest

text: precipitation

text: amounts

text: of

text: any

text: large

text: city

text: from

text: June

text: to

text: September

text: Seattle

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: five

text: rainiest

text: major

text: U.S.

text: cities

text: as

text: measured

text: by

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: days

text: with

text: precipitation

text: and

text: it

text: receives

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: lowest

text: amounts

text: of

text: annual

text: sunshine

text: among

text: major

text: cities

text: in

text: the

text: lower

text: states

text: along

text: with

text: some

text: cities

text: in

text: the

text: Northeast

text: Ohio

text: and

text: Michigan

text: Thunderstorms

text: are

text: rare

text: as

text: the

text: city

text: reports

text: thunder

text: on

text: just

text: seven

text: days

text: per

text: year

text: By

text: comparison

text: Fort

text: Myers

text: Florida

text: reports

text: thunder

text: on

text: days

text: per

text: year

text: Kansas

text: City

text: on

text: and

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: on

question: During which month does Seattle get more precipitation than other US cities?

answer: November

text: November

question: When does Seattle get it lowest levels of precipitation?

answer: June to September

text: June to September

question: In the lower 48 states, which city receives some of the least sunny days that any other?

answer: Seattle

text: Seattle

question: What weather feature is highly unusual in Seattle?

answer: Thunderstorms

text: Thunderstorms

question: About how many days a year is thunder a reported weather event in Seattle?

answer: seven

text: seven


text: Varmint hunting is an American phrase for the selective killing of non-game animals seen as pests. While not always an efficient form of pest control, varmint hunting achieves selective control of pests while providing recreation and is much less regulated. Varmint species are often responsible for detrimental effects on crops, livestock, landscaping, infrastructure, and pets. Some animals, such as wild rabbits or squirrels, may be utilised for fur or meat, but often no use is made of the carcass. Which species are varmints depends on the circumstance and area. Common varmints may include various rodents, coyotes, crows, foxes, feral cats, and feral hogs. Some animals once considered varmints are now protected, such as wolves. In the US state of Louisiana, a non-native rodent known as a nutria has become so destructive to the local ecosystem that the state has initiated a bounty program to help control the population.

title: Hunting

title: Hunting

text: Varmint

text: hunting

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: phrase

text: for

text: the

text: selective

text: killing

text: of

text: non

text: game

text: animals

text: seen

text: as

text: pests

text: While

text: not

text: always

text: an

text: efficient

text: form

text: of

text: pest

text: control

text: varmint

text: hunting

text: achieves

text: selective

text: control

text: of

text: pests

text: while

text: providing

text: recreation

text: and

text: is

text: much

text: less

text: regulated

text: Varmint

text: species

text: are

text: often

text: responsible

text: for

text: detrimental

text: effects

text: on

text: crops

text: livestock

text: landscaping

text: infrastructure

text: and

text: pets

text: Some

text: animals

text: such

text: as

text: wild

text: rabbits

text: or

text: squirrels

text: may

text: be

text: utilised

text: for

text: fur

text: or

text: meat

text: but

text: often

text: no

text: use

text: is

text: made

text: of

text: the

text: carcass

text: Which

text: species

text: are

text: varmints

text: depends

text: on

text: the

text: circumstance

text: and

text: area

text: Common

text: varmints

text: may

text: include

text: various

text: rodents

text: coyotes

text: crows

text: foxes

text: feral

text: cats

text: and

text: feral

text: hogs

text: Some

text: animals

text: once

text: considered

text: varmints

text: are

text: now

text: protected

text: such

text: as

text: wolves

text: In

text: the

text: US

text: state

text: of

text: Louisiana

text: a

text: non

text: native

text: rodent

text: known

text: as

text: a

text: nutria

text: has

text: become

text: so

text: destructive

text: to

text: the

text: local

text: ecosystem

text: that

text: the

text: state

text: has

text: initiated

text: a

text: bounty

text: program

text: to

text: help

text: control

text: the

text: population

question: What is varmint hunting an American phrase for?

answer: selective killing of non-game animals seen as pests

text: selective killing of non-game animals seen as pests

question: What does varmint hunting achieve?

answer: selective control of pests

text: selective control of pests

question: What detrimental effects are varmint species often responsible for visiting on?

answer: crops, livestock, landscaping, infrastructure, and pets.

text: crops, livestock, landscaping, infrastructure, and pets.

question: Where has a non-native rodent known as a nutria become very destructive?

answer: Louisiana

text: Louisiana

question: What has the state of Louisiana done to combat the nutria?

answer: initiated a bounty program

text: initiated a bounty program

question: What is phrased for selective killing of non-game animals.

answer: Varmint hunting

text: Varmint hunting

question: What was once considered a varmint but is now protected?

answer: wolves

text: wolves

question: What is the non-native varmint of Louisiana?

answer: nutria

text: nutria

question: What did Louisiana initiate to control the varmint population?

answer: bounty program

text: bounty program


text: The Federal Supreme Court has established that treaties are subject to constitutional review and enjoy the same hierarchical position as ordinary legislation (leis ordinárias, or "ordinary laws", in Portuguese). A more recent ruling by the Supreme Court in 2008 has altered that scheme somewhat, by stating that treaties containing human rights provisions enjoy a status above that of ordinary legislation, though they remain beneath the constitution itself. Additionally, as per the 45th amendment to the constitution, human rights treaties which are approved by Congress by means of a special procedure enjoy the same hierarchical position as a constitutional amendment. The hierarchical position of treaties in relation to domestic legislation is of relevance to the discussion on whether (and how) the latter can abrogate the former and vice versa.

title: Treaty

title: Treaty

text: The

text: Federal

text: Supreme

text: Court

text: has

text: established

text: that

text: treaties

text: are

text: subject

text: to

text: constitutional

text: review

text: and

text: enjoy

text: the

text: same

text: hierarchical

text: position

text: as

text: ordinary

text: legislation

text: leis

text: ordinárias

text: or

text: ordinary

text: laws

text: in

text: Portuguese

text: A

text: more

text: recent

text: ruling

text: by

text: the

text: Supreme

text: Court

text: in

text: has

text: altered

text: that

text: scheme

text: somewhat

text: by

text: stating

text: that

text: treaties

text: containing

text: human

text: rights

text: provisions

text: enjoy

text: a

text: status

text: above

text: that

text: of

text: ordinary

text: legislation

text: though

text: they

text: remain

text: beneath

text: the

text: constitution

text: itself

text: Additionally

text: as

text: per

text: the

text: amendment

text: to

text: the

text: constitution

text: human

text: rights

text: treaties

text: which

text: are

text: approved

text: by

text: Congress

text: by

text: means

text: of

text: a

text: special

text: procedure

text: enjoy

text: the

text: same

text: hierarchical

text: position

text: as

text: a

text: constitutional

text: amendment

text: The

text: hierarchical

text: position

text: of

text: treaties

text: in

text: relation

text: to

text: domestic

text: legislation

text: is

text: of

text: relevance

text: to

text: the

text: discussion

text: on

text: whether

text: and

text: how

text: the

text: latter

text: can

text: abrogate

text: the

text: former

text: and

text: vice

text: versa

question: The Brazilian Federal Supreme Court has ruled that treaties enjoy what position relative to ordinary legislation?

answer: same hierarchical position

text: same hierarchical position

question: In what year did the Brazilian Supreme Court rule that treaties containing human rights provisions enjoy a status above ordinary legislation?

answer: 2008

question: What amendment to the Brazilian constitution states that human rights treaties approved by means of a special procedure by Congress enjoy the same position as a constitutional amendment?

answer: the 45th amendment

text: the 45th amendment

question: The hierarchical position of treaties relative to domestic legislation in Brazil determines whether the latter can do what to the former and vice versa?

answer: abrogate

text: abrogate

question: What is the Portuguese term for ordinary laws?

answer: leis ordinárias

text: leis ordinárias


text: Over time, fidelity, dynamic and noise levels improved to the point that it was harder to tell the difference between a live performance in the studio and the recorded version. This was especially true after the invention of the variable reluctance magnetic pickup cartridge by General Electric in the 1940s when high quality cuts were played on well-designed audio systems. The Capehart radio/phonographs of the era with large diameter electrodynamic loudspeakers, though not ideal, demonstrated this quite well with "home recordings" readily available in the music stores for the public to buy.

title: Gramophone_record

title: Gramophone_record

text: Over

text: time

text: fidelity

text: dynamic

text: and

text: noise

text: levels

text: improved

text: to

text: the

text: point

text: that

text: it

text: was

text: harder

text: to

text: tell

text: the

text: difference

text: between

text: a

text: live

text: performance

text: in

text: the

text: studio

text: and

text: the

text: recorded

text: version

text: This

text: was

text: especially

text: true

text: after

text: the

text: invention

text: of

text: the

text: variable

text: reluctance

text: magnetic

text: pickup

text: cartridge

text: by

text: General

text: Electric

text: in

text: the

text: when

text: high

text: quality

text: cuts

text: were

text: played

text: on

text: well

text: designed

text: audio

text: systems

text: The

text: Capehart

text: radio

text: phonographs

text: of

text: the

text: era

text: with

text: large

text: diameter

text: electrodynamic

text: loudspeakers

text: though

text: not

text: ideal

text: demonstrated

text: this

text: quite

text: well

text: with

text: home

text: recordings

text: readily

text: available

text: in

text: the

text: music

text: stores

text: for

text: the

text: public

text: to

text: buy

question: What was a benefit of the use of magnetic pickup cartridge?

answer: high quality cuts

text: high quality cuts

question: In what era could you find good quality recordings and playbacks at home?

answer: 1940s

question: What was a unique feature of the Capeart radio phonographs?

answer: large diameter electrodynamic loudspeakers

text: large diameter electrodynamic loudspeakers

question: How similar were live and recorded versions?

answer: harder to tell the difference

text: harder to tell the difference


text: Embezzlement is the theft of entrusted funds. It is political when it involves public money taken by a public official for use by anyone not specified by the public. A common type of embezzlement is that of personal use of entrusted government resources; for example, when an official assigns public employees to renovate his own house.

title: Political_corruption

title: Political_corruption

text: Embezzlement

text: is

text: the

text: theft

text: of

text: entrusted

text: funds

text: It

text: is

text: political

text: when

text: it

text: involves

text: public

text: money

text: taken

text: by

text: a

text: public

text: official

text: for

text: use

text: by

text: anyone

text: not

text: specified

text: by

text: the

text: public

text: A

text: common

text: type

text: of

text: embezzlement

text: is

text: that

text: of

text: personal

text: use

text: of

text: entrusted

text: government

text: resources

text: for

text: example

text: when

text: an

text: official

text: assigns

text: public

text: employees

text: to

text: renovate

text: his

text: own

text: house

question: When entrusted funds are stolen, it is called what?

answer: Embezzlement

text: Embezzlement

question: It is considered political when it involves what kind of money?

answer: public

text: public

question: One form of political embezzlement is when a politician uses government resources for what use?

answer: personal

text: personal


text: The high metabolic rates of birds during the active part of the day is supplemented by rest at other times. Sleeping birds often use a type of sleep known as vigilant sleep, where periods of rest are interspersed with quick eye-opening "peeks", allowing them to be sensitive to disturbances and enable rapid escape from threats. Swifts are believed to be able to sleep in flight and radar observations suggest that they orient themselves to face the wind in their roosting flight. It has been suggested that there may be certain kinds of sleep which are possible even when in flight. Some birds have also demonstrated the capacity to fall into slow-wave sleep one hemisphere of the brain at a time. The birds tend to exercise this ability depending upon its position relative to the outside of the flock. This may allow the eye opposite the sleeping hemisphere to remain vigilant for predators by viewing the outer margins of the flock. This adaptation is also known from marine mammals. Communal roosting is common because it lowers the loss of body heat and decreases the risks associated with predators. Roosting sites are often chosen with regard to thermoregulation and safety.

title: Bird

title: Bird

text: The

text: high

text: metabolic

text: rates

text: of

text: birds

text: during

text: the

text: active

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: day

text: is

text: supplemented

text: by

text: rest

text: at

text: other

text: times

text: Sleeping

text: birds

text: often

text: use

text: a

text: type

text: of

text: sleep

text: known

text: as

text: vigilant

text: sleep

text: where

text: periods

text: of

text: rest

text: are

text: interspersed

text: with

text: quick

text: eye

text: opening

text: peeks

text: allowing

text: them

text: to

text: be

text: sensitive

text: to

text: disturbances

text: and

text: enable

text: rapid

text: escape

text: from

text: threats

text: Swifts

text: are

text: believed

text: to

text: be

text: able

text: to

text: sleep

text: in

text: flight

text: and

text: radar

text: observations

text: suggest

text: that

text: they

text: orient

text: themselves

text: to

text: face

text: the

text: wind

text: in

text: their

text: roosting

text: flight

text: It

text: has

text: been

text: suggested

text: that

text: there

text: may

text: be

text: certain

text: kinds

text: of

text: sleep

text: which

text: are

text: possible

text: even

text: when

text: in

text: flight

text: Some

text: birds

text: have

text: also

text: demonstrated

text: the

text: capacity

text: to

text: fall

text: into

text: slow

text: wave

text: sleep

text: one

text: hemisphere

text: of

text: the

text: brain

text: at

text: a

text: time

text: The

text: birds

text: tend

text: to

text: exercise

text: this

text: ability

text: depending

text: upon

text: its

text: position

text: relative

text: to

text: the

text: outside

text: of

text: the

text: flock

text: This

text: may

text: allow

text: the

text: eye

text: opposite

text: the

text: sleeping

text: hemisphere

text: to

text: remain

text: vigilant

text: for

text: predators

text: by

text: viewing

text: the

text: outer

text: margins

text: of

text: the

text: flock

text: This

text: adaptation

text: is

text: also

text: known

text: from

text: marine

text: mammals

text: Communal

text: roosting

text: is

text: common

text: because

text: it

text: lowers

text: the

text: loss

text: of

text: body

text: heat

text: and

text: decreases

text: the

text: risks

text: associated

text: with

text: predators

text: Roosting

text: sites

text: are

text: often

text: chosen

text: with

text: regard

text: to

text: thermoregulation

text: and

text: safety

question: Sleeping birds often use a type of sleep known as what?

answer: vigilant sleep

text: vigilant sleep

question: What are believed to be able to sleep in flight?

answer: Swifts

text: Swifts

question: Why is communal roosting common?

answer: because it lowers the loss of body heat

text: because it lowers the loss of body heat