text: The exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in the CPPCG legal definition has been criticized by some historians and sociologists, for example M. Hassan Kakar in his book The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982 argues that the international definition of genocide is too restricted, and that it should include political groups or any group so defined by the perpetrator and quotes Chalk and Jonassohn: "Genocide is a form of one-sided mass killing in which a state or other authority intends to destroy a group, as that group and membership in it are defined by the perpetrator." While there are various definitions of the term, Adam Jones states that the majority of genocide scholars consider that "intent to destroy" is a requirement for any act to be labelled genocide, and that there is growing agreement on the inclusion of the physical destruction criterion.

title: Genocide

title: Genocide

text: The

text: exclusion

text: of

text: social

text: and

text: political

text: groups

text: as

text: targets

text: of

text: genocide

text: in

text: the

text: CPPCG

text: legal

text: definition

text: has

text: been

text: criticized

text: by

text: some

text: historians

text: and

text: sociologists

text: for

text: example

text: M.

text: Hassan

text: Kakar

text: in

text: his

text: book

text: The

text: Soviet

text: Invasion

text: and

text: the

text: Afghan

text: Response

text: argues

text: that

text: the

text: international

text: definition

text: of

text: genocide

text: is

text: too

text: restricted

text: and

text: that

text: it

text: should

text: include

text: political

text: groups

text: or

text: any

text: group

text: so

text: defined

text: by

text: the

text: perpetrator

text: and

text: quotes

text: Chalk

text: and

text: Jonassohn

text: Genocide

text: is

text: a

text: form

text: of

text: one

text: sided

text: mass

text: killing

text: in

text: which

text: a

text: state

text: or

text: other

text: authority

text: intends

text: to

text: destroy

text: a

text: group

text: as

text: that

text: group

text: and

text: membership

text: in

text: it

text: are

text: defined

text: by

text: the

text: perpetrator

text: While

text: there

text: are

text: various

text: definitions

text: of

text: the

text: term

text: Adam

text: Jones

text: states

text: that

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: genocide

text: scholars

text: consider

text: that

text: intent

text: to

text: destroy

text: is

text: a

text: requirement

text: for

text: any

text: act

text: to

text: be

text: labelled

text: genocide

text: and

text: that

text: there

text: is

text: growing

text: agreement

text: on

text: the

text: inclusion

text: of

text: the

text: physical

text: destruction

text: criterion

question: Some historians were critical of what exclusion in the definition of victims of genocide?

answer: social and political groups

text: social and political groups

question: In what book did Kakar contend that the international definition of genocide was too narrow?

answer: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response

text: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response

question: Kakar argued that the definition should include any group defined by the perpetrator and which other group?

answer: political groups

text: political groups

question: In the writing of Chalk and Jonassohn, what is stated to be a form of one-sided mass killing?

answer: Genocide

text: Genocide

question: In further elaborating on the definition, how did Chalk and Jonassohn phrase the intention of the perpetrator?

answer: intends to destroy a group

text: intends to destroy a group


text: At the end of the 16th century, the Aussa Sultanate was established in the Denkel lowlands of Eritrea. The polity had come into existence in 1577, when Muhammed Jasa moved his capital from Harar to Aussa (Asaita) with the split of the Adal Sultanate into Aussa and the Sultanate of Harar. At some point after 1672, Aussa declined in conjunction with Imam Umar Din bin Adam's recorded ascension to the throne. In 1734, the Afar leader Kedafu, head of the Mudaito clan, seized power and established the Mudaito Dynasty. This marked the start of a new and more sophisticated polity that would last into the colonial period.

title: Eritrea

title: Eritrea

text: At

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: Aussa

text: Sultanate

text: was

text: established

text: in

text: the

text: Denkel

text: lowlands

text: of

text: Eritrea

text: The

text: polity

text: had

text: come

text: into

text: existence

text: in

text: when

text: Muhammed

text: Jasa

text: moved

text: his

text: capital

text: from

text: Harar

text: to

text: Aussa

text: Asaita

text: with

text: the

text: split

text: of

text: the

text: Adal

text: Sultanate

text: into

text: Aussa

text: and

text: the

text: Sultanate

text: of

text: Harar

text: At

text: some

text: point

text: after

text: Aussa

text: declined

text: in

text: conjunction

text: with

text: Imam

text: Umar

text: Din

text: bin

text: Adam

text: 's

text: recorded

text: ascension

text: to

text: the

text: throne

text: In

text: the

text: Afar

text: leader

text: Kedafu

text: head

text: of

text: the

text: Mudaito

text: clan

text: seized

text: power

text: and

text: established

text: the

text: Mudaito

text: Dynasty

text: This

text: marked

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: a

text: new

text: and

text: more

text: sophisticated

text: polity

text: that

text: would

text: last

text: into

text: the

text: colonial

text: period

question: When was the Aussa Sultanate established?

answer: end of the 16th century

text: end of the 16th century

question: Where was the Aussa Sultanate established?

answer: Denkel lowlands of Eritrea

text: Denkel lowlands of Eritrea

question: Who was the leader of Afar in 1734?

answer: Kedafu, head of the Mudaito clan

text: Kedafu, head of the Mudaito clan

question: What did Kedafu establish in 1734?

answer: Mudaito Dynasty

text: Mudaito Dynasty

question: What marked the start of a new and sophisticated polity that would last into the colonial period?

answer: Mudaito Dynasty

text: Mudaito Dynasty


text: The FA permitted artificial turf (3G) pitches in all rounds of the competition from the 2014–15 edition and beyond. Under the 2015-16 rules, the pitch must be of FIFA One Star quality, or Two Star for ties if they involve one of the 92 professional clubs. This followed approval two years previously for their use in the qualifying rounds only - if a team with a 3G pitch progressed to the competition proper, they had to switch their tie to the ground of another eligible entrant with a natural grass pitch. Having been strong proponents of the surface, the first match in the proper rounds to be played on a 3G surface was a televised first round replay at Maidstone United's Gallagher Stadium on 20 November 2015.

title: FA_Cup

title: FA_Cup

text: The

text: FA

text: permitted

text: artificial

text: turf

text: G

text: pitches

text: in

text: all

text: rounds

text: of

text: the

text: competition

text: from

text: the

text: edition

text: and

text: beyond

text: Under

text: the

text: rules

text: the

text: pitch

text: must

text: be

text: of

text: FIFA

text: One

text: Star

text: quality

text: or

text: Two

text: Star

text: for

text: ties

text: if

text: they

text: involve

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: professional

text: clubs

text: This

text: followed

text: approval

text: two

text: years

text: previously

text: for

text: their

text: use

text: in

text: the

text: qualifying

text: rounds

text: only

text: if

text: a

text: team

text: with

text: a

text: G

text: pitch

text: progressed

text: to

text: the

text: competition

text: proper

text: they

text: had

text: to

text: switch

text: their

text: tie

text: to

text: the

text: ground

text: of

text: another

text: eligible

text: entrant

text: with

text: a

text: natural

text: grass

text: pitch

text: Having

text: been

text: strong

text: proponents

text: of

text: the

text: surface

text: the

text: first

text: match

text: in

text: the

text: proper

text: rounds

text: to

text: be

text: played

text: on

text: a

text: G

text: surface

text: was

text: a

text: televised

text: first

text: round

text: replay

text: at

text: Maidstone

text: United

text: 's

text: Gallagher

text: Stadium

text: on

text: November

question: Is the use of artificial turf allowed?

answer: The FA permitted artificial turf (3G) pitches in all rounds of the competition from the 2014–15 edition and beyond.

text: The FA permitted artificial turf (3G) pitches in all rounds of the competition from the 2014–15 edition and beyond.

question: What is the required quality of the pitch?

answer: the pitch must be of FIFA One Star quality, or Two Star for ties if they involve one of the 92 professional clubs.

text: the pitch must be of FIFA One Star quality, or Two Star for ties if they involve one of the 92 professional clubs.

question: How many professional clubs are there?

answer: 92

question: What happens if the pitch is not up to par?

answer: they had to switch their tie to the ground of another eligible entrant with a natural grass pitch.

text: they had to switch their tie to the ground of another eligible entrant with a natural grass pitch.

question: Where was the first #G surface game played?

answer: first match in the proper rounds to be played on a 3G surface was a televised first round replay at Maidstone United's Gallagher Stadium on 20 November 2015.

text: first match in the proper rounds to be played on a 3G surface was a televised first round replay at Maidstone United's Gallagher Stadium on 20 November 2015.


text: In more recent years, however, many country pubs have either closed down, or have been converted to establishments intent on providing seating facilities for the consumption of food, rather than a venue for members of the local community meeting and convivially drinking.

title: Pub

title: Pub

text: In

text: more

text: recent

text: years

text: however

text: many

text: country

text: pubs

text: have

text: either

text: closed

text: down

text: or

text: have

text: been

text: converted

text: to

text: establishments

text: intent

text: on

text: providing

text: seating

text: facilities

text: for

text: the

text: consumption

text: of

text: food

text: rather

text: than

text: a

text: venue

text: for

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: local

text: community

text: meeting

text: and

text: convivially

text: drinking

question: What is a frequent modern function of country pubs?

answer: providing seating facilities for the consumption of food

text: providing seating facilities for the consumption of food

question: Along with community meetings, what was the traditional purpose of country pubs?

answer: drinking

text: drinking


text: Central Catalan has abandoned almost completely unstressed possessives (mon, etc.) in favour of constructions of article + stressed forms (el meu, etc.), a feature shared with Italian.

title: Catalan_language

title: Catalan_language

text: Central

text: Catalan

text: has

text: abandoned

text: almost

text: completely

text: unstressed

text: possessives

text: mon

text: etc

text: in

text: favour

text: of

text: constructions

text: of

text: article

text: stressed

text: forms

text: el

text: meu

text: etc

text: a

text: feature

text: shared

text: with

text: Italian

question: What has Central Catalan mostly abandoned?

answer: unstressed possessives

text: unstressed possessives

question: What other language shares this type of construction?

answer: Italian

text: Italian

question: What is an example of an article +stressed forms?

answer: el meu

text: el meu

question: What is an example of an unstressed possessive?

answer: mon

text: mon


text: The United States Air Force (USAF) is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven American uniformed services. Initially part of the United States Army, the USAF was formed as a separate branch of the military on 18 September 1947 under the National Security Act of 1947. It is the most recent branch of the U.S. military to be formed, and is the largest and one of the world's most technologically advanced air forces. The USAF articulates its core functions as Nuclear Deterrence Operations, Special Operations, Air Superiority, Global Integrated ISR, Space Superiority, Command and Control, Cyberspace Superiority, Personnel Recovery, Global Precision Attack, Building Partnerships, Rapid Global Mobility and Agile Combat Support.

title: United_States_Air_Force

title: United_States_Air_Force

text: The

text: United

text: States

text: Air

text: Force

text: USAF

text: is

text: the

text: aerial

text: warfare

text: service

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Armed

text: Forces

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: seven

text: American

text: uniformed

text: services

text: Initially

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Army

text: the

text: USAF

text: was

text: formed

text: as

text: a

text: separate

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: military

text: on

text: September

text: under

text: the

text: National

text: Security

text: Act

text: of

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: recent

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: military

text: to

text: be

text: formed

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: technologically

text: advanced

text: air

text: forces

text: The

text: USAF

text: articulates

text: its

text: core

text: functions

text: as

text: Nuclear

text: Deterrence

text: Operations

text: Special

text: Operations

text: Air

text: Superiority

text: Global

text: Integrated

text: ISR

text: Space

text: Superiority

text: Command

text: and

text: Control

text: Cyberspace

text: Superiority

text: Personnel

text: Recovery

text: Global

text: Precision

text: Attack

text: Building

text: Partnerships

text: Rapid

text: Global

text: Mobility

text: and

text: Agile

text: Combat

text: Support

question: What is the USAF?

answer: the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces

text: the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces

question: How many uniformed services are there in the United States?

answer: seven

text: seven

question: When did the USAF split from the US Army?

answer: 18 September 1947

text: 18 September 1947

question: What act formed the USAF?

answer: National Security Act of 1947

text: National Security Act of 1947

question: What is one of the functions of the USAF?

answer: Nuclear Deterrence Operations

text: Nuclear Deterrence Operations


text: Several Germanic tribes celebrated the returning of the daylight. A predominant deity was during this jubilee driven around in a noisy procession on a ship on wheels. The winter would be driven out, to make sure that fertility could return in spring. A central figure was possibly the fertility goddess Nerthus. Also there are some indications that the effigy of Nerthus or Freyr was placed on a ship with wheels and accompanied by a procession of people in animal disguise and men in women's clothes. Aboard the ship would the marriage of a man and woman be consummated as a fertility ritual.

title: Carnival

title: Carnival

text: Several

text: Germanic

text: tribes

text: celebrated

text: the

text: returning

text: of

text: the

text: daylight

text: A

text: predominant

text: deity

text: was

text: during

text: this

text: jubilee

text: driven

text: around

text: in

text: a

text: noisy

text: procession

text: on

text: a

text: ship

text: on

text: wheels

text: The

text: winter

text: would

text: be

text: driven

text: out

text: to

text: make

text: sure

text: that

text: fertility

text: could

text: return

text: in

text: spring

text: A

text: central

text: figure

text: was

text: possibly

text: the

text: fertility

text: goddess

text: Nerthus

text: Also

text: there

text: are

text: some

text: indications

text: that

text: the

text: effigy

text: of

text: Nerthus

text: or

text: Freyr

text: was

text: placed

text: on

text: a

text: ship

text: with

text: wheels

text: and

text: accompanied

text: by

text: a

text: procession

text: of

text: people

text: in

text: animal

text: disguise

text: and

text: men

text: in

text: women

text: 's

text: clothes

text: Aboard

text: the

text: ship

text: would

text: the

text: marriage

text: of

text: a

text: man

text: and

text: woman

text: be

text: consummated

text: as

text: a

text: fertility

text: ritual

question: Whose effigy was placed on a ship on wheels?

answer: Nerthus or Freyr

text: Nerthus or Freyr

question: What type of tribe celebrated daylight returning?

answer: Germanic

text: Germanic

question: What season did fertility typically return?

answer: spring

text: spring

question: What typically accompanied the effigy of Nerthus?

answer: a procession of people in animal disguise

text: a procession of people in animal disguise

question: What typically happened aboard the ship on wheels?

answer: the marriage of a man and woman be consummated

text: the marriage of a man and woman be consummated

question: What did a bunch of Germanic tribes celebrate?

answer: the returning of the daylight

text: the returning of the daylight

question: How was the ship carrying a predominant deity moved around during the jubilee?

answer: on wheels

text: on wheels

question: Why was the winter driven out?

answer: to make sure that fertility could return in spring

text: to make sure that fertility could return in spring

question: What is Nerthus the goddess of?

answer: fertility

text: fertility

question: How would the marriage of a man and woman on the ship serve as a fertility ritual?

answer: be consummated

text: be consummated


text: Most of the residents are Marshallese, who are of Micronesian origin and migrated from Asia several thousand years ago. A minority of Marshallese have some recent Asian ancestry, mainly Japanese. About one-half of the nation's population lives on Majuro, the capital, and Ebeye, a densely populated island. The outer islands are sparsely populated due to lack of employment opportunities and economic development. Life on the outer atolls is generally traditional.

title: Marshall_Islands

title: Marshall_Islands

text: Most

text: of

text: the

text: residents

text: are

text: Marshallese

text: who

text: are

text: of

text: Micronesian

text: origin

text: and

text: migrated

text: from

text: Asia

text: several

text: thousand

text: years

text: ago

text: A

text: minority

text: of

text: Marshallese

text: have

text: some

text: recent

text: Asian

text: ancestry

text: mainly

text: Japanese

text: About

text: one

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: nation

text: 's

text: population

text: lives

text: on

text: Majuro

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: Ebeye

text: a

text: densely

text: populated

text: island

text: The

text: outer

text: islands

text: are

text: sparsely

text: populated

text: due

text: to

text: lack

text: of

text: employment

text: opportunities

text: and

text: economic

text: development

text: Life

text: on

text: the

text: outer

text: atolls

text: is

text: generally

text: traditional

question: What is the ethnicity of most Marshall Islands residents?

answer: Marshallese

text: Marshallese

question: From what continent did the Marshallese originate?

answer: Asia

text: Asia

question: What fraction of the population lives on Majuro or Ebeye?

answer: one-half

text: one-half

question: What recent Asian ancestry do some Marshall Island residents have?

answer: Japanese

text: Japanese

question: From when did the Marshallese migrate from the Asian continent?

answer: several thousand years ago

text: several thousand years ago


text: The past century had seen the Greek world dominated by the three primary successor kingdoms of Alexander the Great's empire: Ptolemaic Egypt, Macedonia and the Seleucid Empire. In 202 BC, internal problems led to a weakening of Egypt's position, thereby disrupting the power balance among the successor states. Macedonia and the Seleucid Empire agreed to an alliance to conquer and divide Egypt. Fearing this increasingly unstable situation, several small Greek kingdoms sent delegations to Rome to seek an alliance. The delegation succeeded, even though prior Greek attempts to involve Rome in Greek affairs had been met with Roman apathy. Our primary source about these events, the surviving works of Polybius, do not state Rome's reason for getting involved. Rome gave Philip an ultimatum to cease his campaigns against Rome's new Greek allies. Doubting Rome's strength (a reasonable doubt, given Rome's performance in the First Macedonian War) Philip ignored the request, and Rome sent an army of Romans and Greek allies, beginning the Second Macedonian War. Despite his recent successes against the Greeks and earlier successes against Rome, Philip's army buckled under the pressure from the Roman-Greek army. In 197 BC, the Romans decisively defeated Philip at the Battle of Cynoscephalae, and Philip was forced to give up his recent Greek conquests. The Romans declared the "Peace of the Greeks", believing that Philip's defeat now meant that Greece would be stable. They pulled out of Greece entirely, maintaining minimal contacts with their Greek allies.

title: Roman_Republic

title: Roman_Republic

text: The

text: past

text: century

text: had

text: seen

text: the

text: Greek

text: world

text: dominated

text: by

text: the

text: three

text: primary

text: successor

text: kingdoms

text: of

text: Alexander

text: the

text: Great

text: 's

text: empire

text: Ptolemaic

text: Egypt

text: Macedonia

text: and

text: the

text: Seleucid

text: Empire

text: In

text: BC

text: internal

text: problems

text: led

text: to

text: a

text: weakening

text: of

text: Egypt

text: 's

text: position

text: thereby

text: disrupting

text: the

text: power

text: balance

text: among

text: the

text: successor

text: states

text: Macedonia

text: and

text: the

text: Seleucid

text: Empire

text: agreed

text: to

text: an

text: alliance

text: to

text: conquer

text: and

text: divide

text: Egypt

text: Fearing

text: this

text: increasingly

text: unstable

text: situation

text: several

text: small

text: Greek

text: kingdoms

text: sent

text: delegations

text: to

text: Rome

text: to

text: seek

text: an

text: alliance

text: The

text: delegation

text: succeeded

text: even

text: though

text: prior

text: Greek

text: attempts

text: to

text: involve

text: Rome

text: in

text: Greek

text: affairs

text: had

text: been

text: met

text: with

text: Roman

text: apathy

text: Our

text: primary

text: source

text: about

text: these

text: events

text: the

text: surviving

text: works

text: of

text: Polybius

text: do

text: not

text: state

text: Rome

text: 's

text: reason

text: for

text: getting

text: involved

text: Rome

text: gave

text: Philip

text: an

text: ultimatum

text: to

text: cease

text: his

text: campaigns

text: against

text: Rome

text: 's

text: new

text: Greek

text: allies

text: Doubting

text: Rome

text: 's

text: strength

text: a

text: reasonable

text: doubt

text: given

text: Rome

text: 's

text: performance

text: in

text: the

text: First

text: Macedonian

text: War

text: Philip

text: ignored

text: the

text: request

text: and

text: Rome

text: sent

text: an

text: army

text: of

text: Romans

text: and

text: Greek

text: allies

text: beginning

text: the

text: Second

text: Macedonian

text: War

text: Despite

text: his

text: recent

text: successes

text: against

text: the

text: Greeks

text: and

text: earlier

text: successes

text: against

text: Rome

text: Philip

text: 's

text: army

text: buckled

text: under

text: the

text: pressure

text: from

text: the

text: Roman

text: Greek

text: army

text: In

text: BC

text: the

text: Romans

text: decisively

text: defeated

text: Philip

text: at

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Cynoscephalae

text: and

text: Philip

text: was

text: forced

text: to

text: give

text: up

text: his

text: recent

text: Greek

text: conquests

text: The

text: Romans

text: declared

text: the

text: Peace

text: of

text: the

text: Greeks

text: believing

text: that

text: Philip

text: 's

text: defeat

text: now

text: meant

text: that

text: Greece

text: would

text: be

text: stable

text: They

text: pulled

text: out

text: of

text: Greece

text: entirely

text: maintaining

text: minimal

text: contacts

text: with

text: their

text: Greek

text: allies

question: What was declared by the Romans now that the Philip had been defeated?

answer: "Peace of the Greeks"

text: "Peace of the Greeks"

question: Where did the Romans remove their troops from after Philip's loss?

answer: Greece

text: Greece

question: What request of Rome was ignored by Philip V that quickly led to the start of the Second Macedonian War?

answer: an ultimatum to cease his campaigns against Rome's new Greek allies

text: an ultimatum to cease his campaigns against Rome's new Greek allies

question: In what year did Philip lose the Battle of Cynoscephalae?

answer: 197 BC

text: 197 BC

question: What was Philip forced to return after his loss in the Battle of Cynoscephalae?

answer: his recent Greek conquests

text: his recent Greek conquests


text: In 2008, following the death of West's mother, the foundation was rechristened "The Dr. Donda West Foundation."  The foundation ceased operations in 2011.

title: Kanye_West

title: Kanye_West

text: In

text: following

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: West

text: 's

text: mother

text: the

text: foundation

text: was

text: rechristened

text: The

text: Dr.

text: Donda

text: West

text: Foundation

text: The

text: foundation

text: ceased

text: operations

text: in

question: What was the Kanye West Foundation renamed to in 2008?

answer: The Dr. Donda West Foundation

text: The Dr. Donda West Foundation

question: What year did the foundation end its run?

answer: 2011

question: In what year did Kanye West's mother pass away?

answer: 2008

question: Kanye's foundation was changed to what name following his mother's death?

answer: The Dr. Donda West Foundation

text: The Dr. Donda West Foundation

question: What year did the foundation stop operating?

answer: 2008


text: Throughout the following month, the Yongle Emperor and his court showered the Karmapa with presents. At Linggu Temple in Nanjing, he presided over the religious ceremonies for the Yongle Emperor's deceased parents, while twenty-two days of his stay were marked by religious miracles that were recorded in five languages on a gigantic scroll that bore the Emperor's seal. During his stay in Nanjing, Deshin Shekpa was bestowed the title "Great Treasure Prince of Dharma" by the Yongle Emperor. Elliot Sperling asserts that the Yongle Emperor, in bestowing Deshin Shekpa with the title of "King" and praising his mystical abilities and miracles, was trying to build an alliance with the Karmapa as the Mongols had with the Sakya lamas, but Deshin Shekpa rejected the Yongle Emperor's offer. In fact, this was the same title that Kublai Khan had offered the Sakya Phagpa lama, but Deshin Shekpa persuaded the Yongle Emperor to grant the title to religious leaders of other Tibetan Buddhist sects.

title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty

title: Sino

text: Throughout

text: the

text: following

text: month

text: the

text: Yongle

text: Emperor

text: and

text: his

text: court

text: showered

text: the

text: Karmapa

text: with

text: presents

text: At

text: Linggu

text: Temple

text: in

text: Nanjing

text: he

text: presided

text: over

text: the

text: religious

text: ceremonies

text: for

text: the

text: Yongle

text: Emperor

text: 's

text: deceased

text: parents

text: while

text: twenty

text: two

text: days

text: of

text: his

text: stay

text: were

text: marked

text: by

text: religious

text: miracles

text: that

text: were

text: recorded

text: in

text: five

text: languages

text: on

text: a

text: gigantic

text: scroll

text: that

text: bore

text: the

text: Emperor

text: 's

text: seal

text: During

text: his

text: stay

text: in

text: Nanjing

text: Deshin

text: Shekpa

text: was

text: bestowed

text: the

text: title

text: Great

text: Treasure

text: Prince

text: of

text: Dharma

text: by

text: the

text: Yongle

text: Emperor

text: Elliot

text: Sperling

text: asserts

text: that

text: the

text: Yongle

text: Emperor

text: in

text: bestowing

text: Deshin

text: Shekpa

text: with

text: the

text: title

text: of

text: King

text: and

text: praising

text: his

text: mystical

text: abilities

text: and

text: miracles

text: was

text: trying

text: to

text: build

text: an

text: alliance

text: with

text: the

text: Karmapa

text: as

text: the

text: Mongols

text: had

text: with

text: the

text: Sakya

text: lamas

text: but

text: Deshin

text: Shekpa

text: rejected

text: the

text: Yongle

text: Emperor

text: 's

text: offer

text: In

text: fact

text: this

text: was

text: the

text: same

text: title

text: that

text: Kublai

text: Khan

text: had

text: offered

text: the

text: Sakya

text: Phagpa

text: lama

text: but

text: Deshin

text: Shekpa

text: persuaded

text: the

text: Yongle

text: Emperor

text: to

text: grant

text: the

text: title

text: to

text: religious

text: leaders

text: of

text: other

text: Tibetan

text: Buddhist

text: sects

question: At what temple did the ceremonies for the Yongle Emperor's deceased parents take place?

answer: Linggu Temple

text: Linggu Temple

question: Where was the Linggu Temple located?

answer: Nanjing

text: Nanjing

question: What title was Deshin Shekpa given at Nanjing?

answer: Great Treasure Prince of Dharma

text: Great Treasure Prince of Dharma

question: Who did Deshin Shekpa persuade the Yongle Emperor to give the title to?

answer: religious leaders of other Tibetan Buddhist sects

text: religious leaders of other Tibetan Buddhist sects


text: The total complement of genes in an organism or cell is known as its genome, which may be stored on one or more chromosomes. A chromosome consists of a single, very long DNA helix on which thousands of genes are encoded.:4.2 The region of the chromosome at which a particular gene is located is called its locus. Each locus contains one allele of a gene; however, members of a population may have different alleles at the locus, each with a slightly different gene sequence.

title: Gene

title: Gene

text: The

text: total

text: complement

text: of

text: genes

text: in

text: an

text: organism

text: or

text: cell

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: its

text: genome

text: which

text: may

text: be

text: stored

text: on

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: chromosomes

text: A

text: chromosome

text: consists

text: of

text: a

text: single

text: very

text: long

text: DNA

text: helix

text: on

text: which

text: thousands

text: of

text: genes

text: are

text: The

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: chromosome

text: at

text: which

text: a

text: particular

text: gene

text: is

text: located

text: is

text: called

text: its

text: locus

text: Each

text: locus

text: contains

text: one

text: allele

text: of

text: a

text: gene

text: however

text: members

text: of

text: a

text: population

text: may

text: have

text: different

text: alleles

text: at

text: the

text: locus

text: each

text: with

text: a

text: slightly

text: different

text: gene

text: sequence

question: What is the total complement of genes in an organism or cell known as?

answer: its genome

text: its genome

question: What does a chromosome consist of?

answer: a single, very long DNA helix

text: a single, very long DNA helix

question: What is encoded on a chromosome?

answer: thousands of genes

text: thousands of genes

question: What is the region of the chromosome at which a particular gene is located called?

answer: its locus

text: its locus

question: What does each locus contain?

answer: one allele of a gene

text: one allele of a gene


text: Other types of lossy compressors, such as the linear predictive coding (LPC) used with speech, are source-based coders. These coders use a model of the sound's generator (such as the human vocal tract with LPC) to whiten the audio signal (i.e., flatten its spectrum) before quantization. LPC may be thought of as a basic perceptual coding technique: reconstruction of an audio signal using a linear predictor shapes the coder's quantization noise into the spectrum of the target signal, partially masking it.

title: Data_compression

title: Data_compression

text: Other

text: types

text: of

text: lossy

text: compressors

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: linear

text: predictive

text: coding

text: LPC

text: used

text: with

text: speech

text: are

text: source

text: based

text: coders

text: These

text: coders

text: use

text: a

text: model

text: of

text: the

text: sound

text: 's

text: generator

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: human

text: vocal

text: tract

text: with

text: LPC

text: to

text: whiten

text: the

text: audio

text: signal

text: i.e.

text: flatten

text: its

text: spectrum

text: before

text: quantization

text: LPC

text: may

text: be

text: thought

text: of

text: as

text: a

text: basic

text: perceptual

text: coding

text: technique

text: reconstruction

text: of

text: an

text: audio

text: signal

text: using

text: a

text: linear

text: predictor

text: shapes

text: the

text: coder

text: 's

text: quantization

text: noise

text: into

text: the

text: spectrum

text: of

text: the

text: target

text: signal

text: partially

text: masking

text: it

question: What is the coding called that is used with speech?

answer: linear predictive coding

text: linear predictive coding

question: What is thought of as a basic perceptual coding technique?

answer: linear predictive coding

text: linear predictive coding

question: What uses a model of the sound's generator?

answer: source-based coders

text: source-based coders


text: On 24 March 2009, the Nigerian Federal Ministry of Science and Technology, NigComSat Ltd. and CGWIC signed another contract for the in-orbit delivery of the NigComSat-1R satellite. NigComSat-1R was also a DFH-4 satellite, and the replacement for the failed NigComSat-1 was successfully launched into orbit by China in Xichang on December 19, 2011. The satellite according to then-Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan which was paid for by the insurance policy on NigComSat-1 which de-orbited in 2009, would have a positive impact on national development in various sectors such as communications, internet services, health, agriculture, environmental protection and national security.

title: Nigeria

title: Nigeria

text: On

text: March

text: the

text: Nigerian

text: Federal

text: Ministry

text: of

text: Science

text: and

text: Technology

text: NigComSat

text: Ltd.

text: and

text: CGWIC

text: signed

text: another

text: contract

text: for

text: the

text: in

text: orbit

text: delivery

text: of

text: the

text: satellite

text: was

text: also

text: a

text: satellite

text: and

text: the

text: replacement

text: for

text: the

text: failed

text: was

text: successfully

text: launched

text: into

text: orbit

text: by

text: China

text: in

text: Xichang

text: on

text: December

text: The

text: satellite

text: according

text: to

text: then

text: Nigerian

text: President

text: Goodluck

text: Jonathan

text: which

text: was

text: paid

text: for

text: by

text: the

text: insurance

text: policy

text: on

text: which

text: de

text: orbited

text: in

text: would

text: have

text: a

text: positive

text: impact

text: on

text: national

text: development

text: in

text: various

text: sectors

text: such

text: as

text: communications

text: internet

text: services

text: health

text: agriculture

text: environmental

text: protection

text: and

text: national

text: security

question: When was Nigeria's fourth satellite launched?

answer: December 19, 2011

text: December 19, 2011

question: Where was Nigeria's fourth satellite launched?

answer: China

text: China

question: What paid for Nigeria's fourth satellite?

answer: the insurance policy on NigComSat-1

text: the insurance policy on NigComSat-1

question: What was Nigeria's fourth satellite called?

answer: NigComSat-1R

question: What satellite did Nigeria's fourth satellite replace?

answer: NigComSat-1


text: Traditionally, the European intellectual transformation of and after the Renaissance bridged the Middle Ages and the Modern era. The Age of Reason in the Western world is generally regarded as being the start of modern philosophy, and a departure from the medieval approach, especially Scholasticism. Early 17th-century philosophy is often called the Age of Rationalism and is considered to succeed Renaissance philosophy and precede the Age of Enlightenment, but some consider it as the earliest part of the Enlightenment era in philosophy, extending that era to two centuries. The 18th century saw the beginning of secularization in Europe, rising to notability in the wake of the French Revolution.

title: Modern_history

title: Modern_history

text: Traditionally

text: the

text: European

text: intellectual

text: transformation

text: of

text: and

text: after

text: the

text: Renaissance

text: bridged

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: and

text: the

text: Modern

text: era

text: The

text: Age

text: of

text: Reason

text: in

text: the

text: Western

text: world

text: is

text: generally

text: regarded

text: as

text: being

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: modern

text: philosophy

text: and

text: a

text: departure

text: from

text: the

text: medieval

text: approach

text: especially

text: Scholasticism

text: Early

text: century

text: philosophy

text: is

text: often

text: called

text: the

text: Age

text: of

text: Rationalism

text: and

text: is

text: considered

text: to

text: succeed

text: Renaissance

text: philosophy

text: and

text: precede

text: the

text: Age

text: of

text: Enlightenment

text: but

text: some

text: consider

text: it

text: as

text: the

text: earliest

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Enlightenment

text: era

text: in

text: philosophy

text: extending

text: that

text: era

text: to

text: two

text: centuries

text: The

text: century

text: saw

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: secularization

text: in

text: Europe

text: rising

text: to

text: notability

text: in

text: the

text: wake

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: Revolution

question: What bridged the middle ages to the modern era?

answer: European intellectual transformation

text: European intellectual transformation

question: What is regarded as the start of modern philosophy?

answer: The Age of Reason

text: The Age of Reason

question: What does the Age of Rationalism succeed?

answer: Renaissance philosophy

text: Renaissance philosophy

question: What is 17th century philosophy also referred to as?

answer: the Age of Rationalism

text: the Age of Rationalism

question: What did the beginning of the 18th century mark the beginning of in Europe?

answer: secularization

text: secularization


text: Music was an important part of both secular and spiritual culture, and in the universities it made up part of the quadrivium of the liberal arts. From the early 13th century, the dominant sacred musical form had been the motet; a composition with text in several parts. From the 1330s and onwards, emerged the polyphonic style, which was a more complex fusion of independent voices. Polyphony had been common in the secular music of the Provençal troubadours. Many of these had fallen victim to the 13th-century Albigensian Crusade, but their influence reached the papal court at Avignon.

title: Late_Middle_Ages

title: Late_Middle_Ages

text: Music

text: was

text: an

text: important

text: part

text: of

text: both

text: secular

text: and

text: spiritual

text: culture

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: universities

text: it

text: made

text: up

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: quadrivium

text: of

text: the

text: liberal

text: arts

text: From

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: the

text: dominant

text: sacred

text: musical

text: form

text: had

text: been

text: the

text: motet

text: a

text: composition

text: with

text: text

text: in

text: several

text: parts

text: From

text: the

text: and

text: onwards

text: emerged

text: the

text: polyphonic

text: style

text: which

text: was

text: a

text: more

text: complex

text: fusion

text: of

text: independent

text: voices

text: Polyphony

text: had

text: been

text: common

text: in

text: the

text: secular

text: music

text: of

text: the

text: Provençal

text: troubadours

text: Many

text: of

text: these

text: had

text: fallen

text: victim

text: to

text: the

text: century

text: Albigensian

text: Crusade

text: but

text: their

text: influence

text: reached

text: the

text: papal

text: court

text: at

text: Avignon

question: What style of sacred musical form emerged in the 1330s?

answer: polyphonic

text: polyphonic

question: Polyphony was common in the secular music of which French region?

answer: Provençal

text: Provençal

question: What is the term for the four subjects that comprised the liberal arts in medieval universities?

answer: the quadrivium

text: the quadrivium

question: What was the dominant sacred musical form in the early 13th century?

answer: the motet

text: the motet


text: The Somali flag is an ethnic flag conceived to represent ethnic Somalis. It was created in 1954 by the Somali scholar Mohammed Awale Liban, after he had been selected by the labour trade union of the Trust Territory of Somalia to come up with a design. Upon independence in 1960, the flag was adopted as the national flag of the nascent Somali Republic. The five-pointed Star of Unity in the flag's center represents the Somali ethnic group inhabiting the five territories in Greater Somalia.

title: Somalis

title: Somalis

text: The

text: Somali

text: flag

text: is

text: an

text: ethnic

text: flag

text: conceived

text: to

text: represent

text: ethnic

text: Somalis

text: It

text: was

text: created

text: in

text: by

text: the

text: Somali

text: scholar

text: Mohammed

text: Awale

text: Liban

text: after

text: he

text: had

text: been

text: selected

text: by

text: the

text: labour

text: trade

text: union

text: of

text: the

text: Trust

text: Territory

text: of

text: Somalia

text: to

text: come

text: up

text: with

text: a

text: design

text: Upon

text: independence

text: in

text: the

text: flag

text: was

text: adopted

text: as

text: the

text: national

text: flag

text: of

text: the

text: nascent

text: Somali

text: Republic

text: The

text: five

text: pointed

text: Star

text: of

text: Unity

text: in

text: the

text: flag

text: 's

text: center

text: represents

text: the

text: Somali

text: ethnic

text: group

text: inhabiting

text: the

text: five

text: territories

text: in

text: Greater

text: Somalia

question: In what year was the Somali flag invented?

answer: 1954

question: Who devised the Somali flag?

answer: Mohammed Awale Liban

text: Mohammed Awale Liban

question: What was Mohammed Awale Liban by profession?

answer: scholar

text: scholar

question: What is the star at the center of the Somali flag called?

answer: Star of Unity

text: Star of Unity

question: How many points does the Star of Unity have?

answer: five

text: five


text: When Steve Jobs returned to Apple in 1997 following the company's purchase of NeXT, he ordered that the OS that had been previewed as version 7.7 be branded Mac OS 8 (in place of the never-to-appear Copland OS). Since Apple had licensed only System 7 to third parties, this move effectively ended the clone line. The decision caused significant financial losses for companies like Motorola, who produced the StarMax; Umax, who produced the SuperMac; and Power Computing, who offered several lines of Mac clones, including the PowerWave, PowerTower, and PowerTower Pro. These companies had invested substantial resources in creating their own Mac-compatible hardware. Apple bought out Power Computing's license, but allowed Umax to continue selling Mac clones until their license expired, as they had a sizeable presence in the lower-end segment that Apple did not. In September 1997 Apple extended Umax' license allowing them to sell clones with Mac OS 8, the only clone maker to do so, but with the restriction that they only sell low-end systems. Without the higher profit margins of high-end systems, however, Umax judged this would not be profitable and exited the Mac clone market in May 1998, having lost USD$36 million on the program.

title: Macintosh

title: Macintosh

text: When

text: Steve

text: Jobs

text: returned

text: to

text: Apple

text: in

text: following

text: the

text: company

text: 's

text: purchase

text: of

text: NeXT

text: he

text: ordered

text: that

text: the

text: OS

text: that

text: had

text: been

text: previewed

text: as

text: version

text: be

text: branded

text: Mac

text: OS

text: in

text: place

text: of

text: the

text: never

text: to

text: appear

text: Copland

text: OS

text: Since

text: Apple

text: had

text: licensed

text: only

text: System

text: to

text: third

text: parties

text: this

text: move

text: effectively

text: ended

text: the

text: clone

text: line

text: The

text: decision

text: caused

text: significant

text: financial

text: losses

text: for

text: companies

text: like

text: Motorola

text: who

text: produced

text: the

text: StarMax

text: Umax

text: who

text: produced

text: the

text: SuperMac

text: and

text: Power

text: Computing

text: who

text: offered

text: several

text: lines

text: of

text: Mac

text: clones

text: including

text: the

text: PowerWave

text: PowerTower

text: and

text: PowerTower

text: Pro

text: These

text: companies

text: had

text: invested

text: substantial

text: resources

text: in

text: creating

text: their

text: own

text: Mac

text: compatible

text: hardware

text: Apple

text: bought

text: out

text: Power

text: Computing

text: 's

text: license

text: but

text: allowed

text: Umax

text: to

text: continue

text: selling

text: Mac

text: clones

text: until

text: their

text: license

text: expired

text: as

text: they

text: had

text: a

text: sizeable

text: presence

text: in

text: the

text: lower

text: end

text: segment

text: that

text: Apple

text: did

text: not

text: In

text: September

text: Apple

text: extended

text: Umax

text: license

text: allowing

text: them

text: to

text: sell

text: clones

text: with

text: Mac

text: OS

text: the

text: only

text: clone

text: maker

text: to

text: do

text: so

text: but

text: with

text: the

text: restriction

text: that

text: they

text: only

text: sell

text: low

text: end

text: systems

text: Without

text: the

text: higher

text: profit

text: margins

text: of

text: high

text: end

text: systems

text: however

text: Umax

text: judged

text: this

text: would

text: not

text: be

text: profitable

text: and

text: exited

text: the

text: Mac

text: clone

text: market

text: in

text: May

text: having

text: lost

text: million

text: on

text: the

text: program

question: Who returned to Apple in 1997?

answer: Steve Jobs

text: Steve Jobs

question: What did Steve Jobs order the OS version 7.7 to be branded as?

answer: Mac OS 8

text: Mac OS 8

question: What did the branding of the Mac OS 8 effectively end?

answer: the clone line

text: the clone line

question: What effect did Mac's decision to brand the Mac OS8 have on companies such as Motorola?

answer: significant financial losses

text: significant financial losses

question: How much money did Umax lose when it exited the low-end Mac clone market?

answer: USD$36 million

text: USD$36 million


text: The toponym Schwyz itself is first attested in 972, as Old High German Suittes, ultimately perhaps related to suedan "to burn", referring to the area of forest that was burned and cleared to build. The name was extended to the area dominated by the canton, and after the Swabian War of 1499 gradually came to be used for the entire Confederation. The Swiss German name of the country, Schwiiz, is homophonous to that of the canton and the settlement, but distinguished by the use of the definite article (d'Schwiiz for the Confederation, but simply Schwyz for the canton and the town).

title: Switzerland

title: Switzerland

text: The

text: toponym

text: Schwyz

text: itself

text: is

text: first

text: attested

text: in

text: as

text: Old

text: High

text: German

text: Suittes

text: ultimately

text: perhaps

text: related

text: to

text: suedan

text: to

text: burn

text: referring

text: to

text: the

text: area

text: of

text: forest

text: that

text: was

text: burned

text: and

text: cleared

text: to

text: build

text: The

text: name

text: was

text: extended

text: to

text: the

text: area

text: dominated

text: by

text: the

text: canton

text: and

text: after

text: the

text: Swabian

text: War

text: of

text: gradually

text: came

text: to

text: be

text: used

text: for

text: the

text: entire

text: Confederation

text: The

text: Swiss

text: German

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: Schwiiz

text: is

text: homophonous

text: to

text: that

text: of

text: the

text: canton

text: and

text: the

text: settlement

text: but

text: distinguished

text: by

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: definite

text: article

text: d'Schwiiz

text: for

text: the

text: Confederation

text: but

text: simply

text: Schwyz

text: for

text: the

text: canton

text: and

text: the

text: town

question: In what year was the toponym Schwyz first attested as Old High German Suittes?

answer: 972

question: At what time did the name Schwyz begin to be used by the entire Confederation?

answer: after the Swabian War of 1499

text: after the Swabian War of 1499

question: What was the Swiss German name for Schwyz?

answer: Schwiiz

text: Schwiiz

question: What was the name d'Schwiiz used for?

answer: the Confederation

text: the Confederation


text: The Ottoman Navy vastly contributed to the expansion of the Empire's territories on the European continent. It initiated the conquest of North Africa, with the addition of Algeria and Egypt to the Ottoman Empire in 1517. Starting with the loss of Greece in 1821 and Algeria in 1830, Ottoman naval power and control over the Empire's distant overseas territories began to decline. Sultan Abdülaziz (reigned 1861–1876) attempted to reestablish a strong Ottoman navy, building the largest fleet after those of Britain and France. The shipyard at Barrow, England, built its first submarine in 1886 for the Ottoman Empire.

title: Ottoman_Empire

title: Ottoman_Empire

text: The

text: Ottoman

text: Navy

text: vastly

text: contributed

text: to

text: the

text: expansion

text: of

text: the

text: Empire

text: 's

text: territories

text: on

text: the

text: European

text: continent

text: It

text: initiated

text: the

text: conquest

text: of

text: North

text: Africa

text: with

text: the

text: addition

text: of

text: Algeria

text: and

text: Egypt

text: to

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: in

text: Starting

text: with

text: the

text: loss

text: of

text: Greece

text: in

text: and

text: Algeria

text: in

text: Ottoman

text: naval

text: power

text: and

text: control

text: over

text: the

text: Empire

text: 's

text: distant

text: overseas

text: territories

text: began

text: to

text: decline

text: Sultan

text: Abdülaziz

text: reigned

text: attempted

text: to

text: reestablish

text: a

text: strong

text: Ottoman

text: navy

text: building

text: the

text: largest

text: fleet

text: after

text: those

text: of

text: Britain

text: and

text: France

text: The

text: shipyard

text: at

text: Barrow

text: England

text: built

text: its

text: first

text: submarine

text: in

text: for

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

question: On what continent did the Ottoman Navy contribute most?

answer: European continent

text: European continent

question: What region did the Ottoman Navy conquer in the early 16th century?

answer: North Africa

text: North Africa

question: Egypt was added to the Ottoman Empire in what year?

answer: 1517

question: In what year did the Ottoman empire lose Greece?

answer: 1821

question: The Ottoman empire lost what territory in 1830?

answer: Algeria

text: Algeria


text: Iran has a paramilitary, volunteer militia force within the IRGC, called the Basij, which includes about 90,000 full-time, active-duty uniformed members. Up to 11 million men and women are members of the Basij who could potentially be called up for service; GlobalSecurity.org estimates Iran could mobilize "up to one million men". This would be among the largest troop mobilizations in the world. In 2007, Iran's military spending represented 2.6% of the GDP or $102 per capita, the lowest figure of the Persian Gulf nations. Iran's military doctrine is based on deterrence. In 2014 arms spending the country spent $15 billion and was outspent by the states of the Gulf Cooperation Council by a factor of 13.

title: Iran

title: Iran

text: Iran

text: has

text: a

text: paramilitary

text: volunteer

text: militia

text: force

text: within

text: the

text: IRGC

text: called

text: the

text: Basij

text: which

text: includes

text: about

text: full

text: time

text: active

text: duty

text: uniformed

text: members

text: Up

text: to

text: million

text: men

text: and

text: women

text: are

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: Basij

text: who

text: could

text: potentially

text: be

text: called

text: up

text: for

text: service

text: GlobalSecurity.org

text: estimates

text: Iran

text: could

text: mobilize

text: up

text: to

text: one

text: million

text: men

text: This

text: would

text: be

text: among

text: the

text: largest

text: troop

text: mobilizations

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: In

text: Iran

text: 's

text: military

text: spending

text: represented

text: of

text: the

text: GDP

text: or

text: per

text: capita

text: the

text: lowest

text: figure

text: of

text: the

text: Persian

text: Gulf

text: nations

text: Iran

text: 's

text: military

text: doctrine

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: deterrence

text: In

text: arms

text: spending

text: the

text: country

text: spent

text: billion

text: and

text: was

text: outspent

text: by

text: the

text: states

text: of

text: the

text: Gulf

text: Cooperation

text: Council

text: by

text: a

text: factor

text: of

question: What is Iran's volunteer militia force named?

answer: the Basij

text: the Basij

question: How many full-time members does the Basij have?

answer: 90,000

question: How many members in total does the Basij have?

answer: Up to 11 million men and women

text: Up to 11 million men and women

question: In 2007 what was Iran spending 2.6% of its GDP on?

answer: military spending

text: military spending

question: In 2014, Iran spent how much on weapons spending?

answer: $15 billion

text: $15 billion


text: In the 1920s and 1930s, air power theorists Giulio Douhet and Billy Mitchell espoused the idea that air forces could win wars by themselves, without a need for land and sea fighting. It was thought there was no defence against air attack, particularly at night. Enemy industry, their seats of government, factories and communications could be destroyed, effectively taking away their means to resist. It was also thought the bombing of residential centres would cause a collapse of civilian will, which might have led to the collapse of production and civil life. Democracies, where the populace was allowed to show overt disapproval of the ruling government, were thought particularly vulnerable. This thinking was prevalent in both the RAF and what was then known as the United States Army Air Corps (USAAC) between the two world wars. RAF Bomber Command's policy in particular would attempt to achieve victory through the destruction of civilian will, communications and industry.

title: The_Blitz

title: The_Blitz

text: In

text: the

text: and

text: air

text: power

text: theorists

text: Giulio

text: Douhet

text: and

text: Billy

text: Mitchell

text: espoused

text: the

text: idea

text: that

text: air

text: forces

text: could

text: win

text: wars

text: by

text: themselves

text: without

text: a

text: need

text: for

text: land

text: and

text: sea

text: fighting

text: It

text: was

text: thought

text: there

text: was

text: no

text: defence

text: against

text: air

text: attack

text: particularly

text: at

text: night

text: Enemy

text: industry

text: their

text: seats

text: of

text: government

text: factories

text: and

text: communications

text: could

text: be

text: destroyed

text: effectively

text: taking

text: away

text: their

text: means

text: to

text: resist

text: It

text: was

text: also

text: thought

text: the

text: bombing

text: of

text: residential

text: centres

text: would

text: cause

text: a

text: collapse

text: of

text: civilian

text: will

text: which

text: might

text: have

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: collapse

text: of

text: production

text: and

text: civil

text: life

text: Democracies

text: where

text: the

text: populace

text: was

text: allowed

text: to

text: show

text: overt

text: disapproval

text: of

text: the

text: ruling

text: government

text: were

text: thought

text: particularly

text: vulnerable

text: This

text: thinking

text: was

text: prevalent

text: in

text: both

text: the

text: RAF

text: and

text: what

text: was

text: then

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Army

text: Air

text: Corps

text: USAAC

text: between

text: the

text: two

text: world

text: wars

text: RAF

text: Bomber

text: Command

text: 's

text: policy

text: in

text: particular

text: would

text: attempt

text: to

text: achieve

text: victory

text: through

text: the

text: destruction

text: of

text: civilian

text: will

text: communications

text: and

text: industry

question: In the 1920's and 30's to theorist thought wars could be won by air forces what were their names?

answer: Giulio Douhet and Billy Mitchell

text: Giulio Douhet and Billy Mitchell

question: Bombing of civilian's was believed to cause what?

answer: collapse of civilian will

text: collapse of civilian will

question: What does USAAC stand for?

answer: United States Army Air Corps

text: United States Army Air Corps

question: What kind of populace was believed to be most vulnerable?

answer: Democracies

text: Democracies

question: What kind of bombing raids were most favored?

answer: night

text: night


text: The overseas Chinese community has played a large role in the development of the economies in the region. These business communities are connected through the bamboo network, a network of overseas Chinese businesses operating in the markets of Southeast Asia that share common family and cultural ties. The origins of Chinese influence can be traced to the 16th century, when Chinese migrants from southern China settled in Indonesia, Thailand, and other Southeast Asian countries. Chinese populations in the region saw a rapid increase following the Communist Revolution in 1949, which forced many refugees to emigrate outside of China.

title: Southeast_Asia

title: Southeast_Asia

text: The

text: overseas

text: Chinese

text: community

text: has

text: played

text: a

text: large

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: the

text: economies

text: in

text: the

text: region

text: These

text: business

text: communities

text: are

text: connected

text: through

text: the

text: bamboo

text: network

text: a

text: network

text: of

text: overseas

text: Chinese

text: businesses

text: operating

text: in

text: the

text: markets

text: of

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: that

text: share

text: common

text: family

text: and

text: cultural

text: ties

text: The

text: origins

text: of

text: Chinese

text: influence

text: can

text: be

text: traced

text: to

text: the

text: century

text: when

text: Chinese

text: migrants

text: from

text: southern

text: China

text: settled

text: in

text: Indonesia

text: Thailand

text: and

text: other

text: Southeast

text: Asian

text: countries

text: Chinese

text: populations

text: in

text: the

text: region

text: saw

text: a

text: rapid

text: increase

text: following

text: the

text: Communist

text: Revolution

text: in

text: which

text: forced

text: many

text: refugees

text: to

text: emigrate

text: outside

text: of

text: China

question: The origin of which community can be traced to the 16th century?

answer: Chinese

text: Chinese

question: The rise of Chinese population saw a rapid increase during which revolution?

answer: Communist Revolution

text: Communist Revolution

question: When did the Chinese revolution start in Southeast Asia?

answer: 1949

question: What is the name of the network through which the Chinese communities were connected with?

answer: the bamboo network

text: the bamboo network


text: Tristan da Cunha is part of the British overseas territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. This includes Saint Helena and equatorial Ascension Island some 3,730 kilometres (2,318 mi) to the north of Tristan. The island has a population of 267 as of January 2016.

title: Tristan_da_Cunha

title: Tristan_da_Cunha

text: Tristan

text: da

text: Cunha

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: overseas

text: territory

text: of

text: Saint

text: Helena

text: Ascension

text: and

text: Tristan

text: da

text: Cunha

text: This

text: includes

text: Saint

text: Helena

text: and

text: equatorial

text: Ascension

text: Island

text: some

text: kilometres

text: mi

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: of

text: Tristan

text: The

text: island

text: has

text: a

text: population

text: of

text: as

text: of

text: January

question: what territory is Tristan da Cunha part of?

answer: the British overseas territory of Saint Helena

text: the British overseas territory of Saint Helena

question: What is the population of the island?

answer: 267

question: what other island is included in the territory?

answer: Ascension Island

text: Ascension Island


text: Of the 10 most populous U.S. cities, Houston has the most total area of parks and green space, 56,405 acres (228 km2). The city also has over 200 additional green spaces—totaling over 19,600 acres (79 km2) that are managed by the city—including the Houston Arboretum and Nature Center. The Lee and Joe Jamail Skatepark is a public skatepark owned and operated by the city of Houston, and is one of the largest skateparks in Texas consisting of 30,000 (2,800 m2) square foot in-ground facility. The Gerald D. Hines Waterwall Park—located in the Uptown District of the city—serves as a popular tourist attraction, weddings, and various celebrations. A 2011 study by Walk Score ranked Houston the 23rd most walkable of the 50 largest cities in the United States. Wet'n'Wild SplashTown is a water park located north of Houston.

title: Houston

title: Houston

text: Of

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: U.S.

text: cities

text: Houston

text: has

text: the

text: most

text: total

text: area

text: of

text: parks

text: and

text: green

text: space

text: acres

text: The

text: city

text: also

text: has

text: over

text: additional

text: green

text: spaces

text: totaling

text: over

text: acres

text: that

text: are

text: managed

text: by

text: the

text: city

text: including

text: the

text: Houston

text: Arboretum

text: and

text: Nature

text: Center

text: The

text: Lee

text: and

text: Joe

text: Jamail

text: Skatepark

text: is

text: a

text: public

text: skatepark

text: owned

text: and

text: operated

text: by

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Houston

text: and

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: skateparks

text: in

text: Texas

text: consisting

text: of

text: square

text: foot

text: in

text: ground

text: facility

text: The

text: Gerald

text: D.

text: Hines

text: Waterwall

text: Park

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: Uptown

text: District

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: serves

text: as

text: a

text: popular

text: tourist

text: attraction

text: weddings

text: and

text: various

text: celebrations

text: A

text: study

text: by

text: Walk

text: Score

text: ranked

text: Houston

text: the

text: most

text: walkable

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: cities

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Wet'n'Wild

text: SplashTown

text: is

text: a

text: water

text: park

text: located

text: north

text: of

text: Houston

question: What does Houston have the most of compared to other large US cities?

answer: parks and green space

text: parks and green space

question: How many acres of land does Houston's green spaces cover?

answer: 19,600

question: Who manages Houston's green spaces?

answer: the city

text: the city

question: What is one of the largest skate parks in Texas?

answer: The Lee and Joe Jamail Skatepark

text: The Lee and Joe Jamail Skatepark

question: Who ranked Houston the 23rd most walkable of the 50 largest cities in the US?

answer: Walk Score

text: Walk Score

question: How many acres of parks does Houston have?

answer: 56,405 acres

text: 56,405 acres

question: After whom is the Houston skate park named?

answer: Joe Jamail

text: Joe Jamail

question: Who owns and runs the skate park in Houston?

answer: city of Houston

text: city of Houston

question: For whom was the Uptown District water park in Houston named?

answer: Gerald D. Hines

text: Gerald D. Hines

question: How does Houston rank as a walkable city?

answer: 23rd


text: Cetaceans were historically abundant around the island as commercial hunts on the island was operating until 1956. Today, numbers of larger whales have disappeared, but even today many species such humpback whale, minke whale, sei whale, and dolphins can be observed close to shores, and scientific surveys have been conducted regularly. Southern right whales were once regular migrants to the Norfolk hence naming the island as the "Middle ground" by whalers, but had been severely depleted by historical hunts, and further by illegal Soviet and Japan whaling, resulting in none of very few, if remnants still live, right whales in these regions along with Lord Howe Island.

title: Norfolk_Island

title: Norfolk_Island

text: Cetaceans

text: were

text: historically

text: abundant

text: around

text: the

text: island

text: as

text: commercial

text: hunts

text: on

text: the

text: island

text: was

text: operating

text: until

text: Today

text: numbers

text: of

text: larger

text: whales

text: have

text: disappeared

text: but

text: even

text: today

text: many

text: species

text: such

text: humpback

text: whale

text: minke

text: whale

text: sei

text: whale

text: and

text: dolphins

text: can

text: be

text: observed

text: close

text: to

text: shores

text: and

text: scientific

text: surveys

text: have

text: been

text: conducted

text: regularly

text: Southern

text: right

text: whales

text: were

text: once

text: regular

text: migrants

text: to

text: the

text: Norfolk

text: hence

text: naming

text: the

text: island

text: as

text: the

text: Middle

text: ground

text: by

text: whalers

text: but

text: had

text: been

text: severely

text: depleted

text: by

text: historical

text: hunts

text: and

text: further

text: by

text: illegal

text: Soviet

text: and

text: Japan

text: whaling

text: resulting

text: in

text: of

text: very

text: few

text: if

text: remnants

text: still

text: live

text: right

text: whales

text: in

text: these

text: regions

text: along

text: with

text: Lord

text: Howe

text: Island

question: What used to be abundant in the waters around Norfolk Island?

answer: Cetaceans

text: Cetaceans

question: When did commercial sea hunts on Norfolk Island stop operating?

answer: 1956

question: What are some species of whales that can be seen around Norfolk Island today?

answer: humpback whale, minke whale, sei whale

text: humpback whale, minke whale, sei whale

question: What other species can be seen close to the shores of Norfolk Island?

answer: dolphins

text: dolphins

question: What type of whales were once common in Norfolk Island, but hardly any remain today?

answer: Southern right whales

text: Southern right whales


text: Scientific and critical editions can be protected by copyright as works of authorship if enough creativity/originality is provided. The mere addition of a word, or substitution of a term with another one believed to be more correct, usually does not achieve such level of originality/creativity. All the notes accounting for the analysis and why and how such changes have been made represent a different work autonomously copyrightable if the other requirements are satisfied. In the European Union critical and scientific editions may be protected also by the relevant neighboring right that protects critical and scientific publications of public domain works as made possible by art. 5 of the Copyright Term Directive. Not all EU member States have transposed art. 5 into national law.

title: Textual_criticism

title: Textual_criticism

text: Scientific

text: and

text: critical

text: editions

text: can

text: be

text: protected

text: by

text: copyright

text: as

text: works

text: of

text: authorship

text: if

text: enough

text: creativity

text: originality

text: is

text: provided

text: The

text: mere

text: addition

text: of

text: a

text: word

text: or

text: substitution

text: of

text: a

text: term

text: with

text: another

text: one

text: believed

text: to

text: be

text: more

text: correct

text: usually

text: does

text: not

text: achieve

text: such

text: level

text: of

text: originality

text: creativity

text: All

text: the

text: notes

text: accounting

text: for

text: the

text: analysis

text: and

text: why

text: and

text: how

text: such

text: changes

text: have

text: been

text: made

text: represent

text: a

text: different

text: work

text: autonomously

text: copyrightable

text: if

text: the

text: other

text: requirements

text: are

text: satisfied

text: In

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: critical

text: and

text: scientific

text: editions

text: may

text: be

text: protected

text: also

text: by

text: the

text: relevant

text: neighboring

text: right

text: that

text: protects

text: critical

text: and

text: scientific

text: publications

text: of

text: public

text: domain

text: works

text: as

text: made

text: possible

text: by

text: art

text: of

text: the

text: Copyright

text: Term

text: Directive

text: Not

text: all

text: EU

text: member

text: States

text: have

text: transposed

text: art

text: into

text: national

text: law

question: What is the criteria for copyright?

answer: if enough creativity/originality is provided

text: if enough creativity/originality is provided

question: What minor things can be included and not invalidate a copyright?

answer: The mere addition of a word, or substitution of a term with another one believed to be more correct

text: The mere addition of a word, or substitution of a term with another one believed to be more correct

question: Are footnotes included in the copyright of the original work?

answer: All the notes accounting for the analysis and why and how such changes have been made represent a different work autonomously copyrightable

text: All the notes accounting for the analysis and why and how such changes have been made represent a different work autonomously copyrightable

question: What rights do scientific publications in the EU enjoy?

answer: the relevant neighboring right that protects critical and scientific publications of public domain works

text: the relevant neighboring right that protects critical and scientific publications of public domain works


text: New Zealand has an annual quota of 75 Tuvaluans granted work permits under the Pacific Access Category, as announced in 2001. The applicants register for the Pacific Access Category (PAC) ballots; the primary criteria is that the principal applicant must have a job offer from a New Zealand employer. Tuvaluans also have access to seasonal employment in the horticulture and viticulture industries in New Zealand under the Recognised Seasonal Employer (RSE) Work Policy introduced in 2007 allowing for employment of up to 5,000 workers from Tuvalu and other Pacific islands. Tuvaluans can participate in the Australian Pacific Seasonal Worker Program, which allows Pacific Islanders to obtain seasonal employment in the Australian agriculture industry, in particular cotton and cane operations; fishing industry, in particular aquaculture; and with accommodation providers in the tourism industry.

title: Tuvalu

title: Tuvalu

text: New

text: Zealand

text: has

text: an

text: annual

text: quota

text: of

text: Tuvaluans

text: granted

text: work

text: permits

text: under

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Access

text: Category

text: as

text: announced

text: in

text: The

text: applicants

text: register

text: for

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Access

text: Category

text: PAC

text: ballots

text: the

text: primary

text: criteria

text: is

text: that

text: the

text: principal

text: applicant

text: must

text: have

text: a

text: job

text: offer

text: from

text: a

text: New

text: Zealand

text: employer

text: Tuvaluans

text: also

text: have

text: access

text: to

text: seasonal

text: employment

text: in

text: the

text: horticulture

text: and

text: viticulture

text: industries

text: in

text: New

text: Zealand

text: under

text: the

text: Recognised

text: Seasonal

text: Employer

text: RSE

text: Work

text: Policy

text: introduced

text: in

text: allowing

text: for

text: employment

text: of

text: up

text: to

text: workers

text: from

text: Tuvalu

text: and

text: other

text: Pacific

text: islands

text: Tuvaluans

text: can

text: participate

text: in

text: the

text: Australian

text: Pacific

text: Seasonal

text: Worker

text: Program

text: which

text: allows

text: Pacific

text: Islanders

text: to

text: obtain

text: seasonal

text: employment

text: in

text: the

text: Australian

text: agriculture

text: industry

text: in

text: particular

text: cotton

text: and

text: cane

text: operations

text: fishing

text: industry

text: in

text: particular

text: aquaculture

text: and

text: with

text: accommodation

text: providers

text: in

text: the

text: tourism

text: industry

question: What is New Zealand's annual quota of Tuvaluan granted work permits?

answer: 75

question: What must a Tuvaluan have to be considered for a work permit in New Zealand?

answer: job offer

text: job offer

question: How many Pacific islander seasonal workers are permitted?

answer: 5,000

question: What is the program that allows season employees work permits?

answer: Australian Pacific Seasonal Worker Program

text: Australian Pacific Seasonal Worker Program

question: What program was introduced in 2007 for season workers in New Zealand?

answer: Recognised Seasonal Employer (RSE) Work Policy

text: Recognised Seasonal Employer (RSE) Work Policy


text: Education is compulsory from the age of 7 to 13. The enrollment of boys is higher than that of girls. In 1998, the gross primary enrollment rate was 53.5%, with higher enrollment ratio for males (67.7%) compared to females (40%).

title: Guinea-Bissau

title: Guinea

title: Bissau

text: Education

text: is

text: compulsory

text: from

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: to

text: The

text: enrollment

text: of

text: boys

text: is

text: higher

text: than

text: that

text: of

text: girls

text: In

text: the

text: gross

text: primary

text: enrollment

text: rate

text: was

text: with

text: higher

text: enrollment

text: ratio

text: for

text: males

text: compared

text: to

text: females

question: What are the ages when education is compulsory?

answer: 7 to 13

text: 7 to 13

question: What gender has a higher enrollment?

answer: boys

text: boys

question: What was the gross primary enrollment rate in 1998?

answer: 53.5%

question: What was the gross primary enrollment rate for males?

answer: 67.7%

question: What was the gross primary enrollment rate for females?

answer: 40%


text: When military conflicts broke out between the Ottoman Empire and other states, Greeks usually took arms against the Empire, with few exceptions. Prior to the Greek revolution, there had been a number of wars which saw Greeks fight against the Ottomans, such as the Greek participation in the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, the Epirus peasants' revolts of 1600–1601, the Morean War of 1684–1699, and the Russian-instigated Orlov Revolt in 1770, which aimed at breaking up the Ottoman Empire in favor of Russian interests.[page needed] These uprisings were put down by the Ottomans with great bloodshed.

title: Greece

title: Greece

text: When

text: military

text: conflicts

text: broke

text: out

text: between

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: and

text: other

text: states

text: Greeks

text: usually

text: took

text: arms

text: against

text: the

text: Empire

text: with

text: few

text: exceptions

text: Prior

text: to

text: the

text: Greek

text: revolution

text: there

text: had

text: been

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: wars

text: which

text: saw

text: Greeks

text: fight

text: against

text: the

text: Ottomans

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Greek

text: participation

text: in

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Lepanto

text: in

text: the

text: Epirus

text: peasants

text: revolts

text: of

text: the

text: Morean

text: War

text: of

text: and

text: the

text: Russian

text: instigated

text: Orlov

text: Revolt

text: in

text: which

text: aimed

text: at

text: breaking

text: up

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: in

text: favor

text: of

text: Russian

text: interests.[page

text: needed

text: These

text: uprisings

text: were

text: put

text: down

text: by

text: the

text: Ottomans

text: with

text: great

text: bloodshed

question: The Battle of of Lepanto took place in what year?

answer: 1571

question: The Morean War took place during which years?

answer: 1684–1699

question: The Orlov Revolt took place in what year?

answer: 1770

question: The Orlov Revolt was for which nation's supposed benefit?

answer: Russian

text: Russian

question: During battles of the 1600 and 1700's, the Greeks usually fought against who?

answer: Ottoman Empire

text: Ottoman Empire


text: During the year following that contract, with Dodsley, Burke founded the influential Annual Register, a publication in which various authors evaluated the international political events of the previous year. The extent to which Burke contributed to the Annual Register is unclear: in his biography of Burke, Robert Murray quotes the Register as evidence of Burke's opinions, yet Philip Magnus in his biography does not cite it directly as a reference. Burke remained the chief editor of the publication until at least 1789 and there is no evidence that any other writer contributed to it before 1766.

title: Edmund_Burke

title: Edmund_Burke

text: During

text: the

text: year

text: following

text: that

text: contract

text: with

text: Dodsley

text: Burke

text: founded

text: the

text: influential

text: Annual

text: Register

text: a

text: publication

text: in

text: which

text: various

text: authors

text: evaluated

text: the

text: international

text: political

text: events

text: of

text: the

text: previous

text: year

text: The

text: extent

text: to

text: which

text: Burke

text: contributed

text: to

text: the

text: Annual

text: Register

text: is

text: unclear

text: in

text: his

text: biography

text: of

text: Burke

text: Robert

text: Murray

text: quotes

text: the

text: Register

text: as

text: evidence

text: of

text: Burke

text: 's

text: opinions

text: yet

text: Philip

text: Magnus

text: in

text: his

text: biography

text: does

text: not

text: cite

text: it

text: directly

text: as

text: a

text: reference

text: Burke

text: remained

text: the

text: chief

text: editor

text: of

text: the

text: publication

text: until

text: at

text: least

text: and

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: evidence

text: that

text: any

text: other

text: writer

text: contributed

text: to

text: it

text: before

question: What publication did Burke found?

answer: Annual Register

text: Annual Register

question: The Annual Register covered international events of what type?

answer: political

text: political

question: Burke was the only known writer for the Register until what year?

answer: 1766

question: Burke was the chief editor for the Register until at least what year?

answer: 1789

question: Who wrote a biography of Burke?

answer: Philip Magnus

text: Philip Magnus


text: Judging by the historical records, by approximately 1000 AD the predominant ethnic group over much of modern European Russia, Ukraine and Belarus was the Eastern branch of the Slavs, speaking a closely related group of dialects. The political unification of this region into Kievan Rus' in about 880, from which modern Russia, Ukraine and Belarus trace their origins, established Old East Slavic as a literary and commercial language. It was soon followed by the adoption of Christianity in 988 and the introduction of the South Slavic Old Church Slavonic as the liturgical and official language. Borrowings and calques from Byzantine Greek began to enter the Old East Slavic and spoken dialects at this time, which in their turn modified the Old Church Slavonic as well.

title: Russian_language

title: Russian_language

text: Judging

text: by

text: the

text: historical

text: records

text: by

text: approximately

text: AD

text: the

text: predominant

text: ethnic

text: group

text: over

text: much

text: of

text: modern

text: European

text: Russia

text: Ukraine

text: and

text: Belarus

text: was

text: the

text: Eastern

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: Slavs

text: speaking

text: a

text: closely

text: related

text: group

text: of

text: dialects

text: The

text: political

text: unification

text: of

text: this

text: region

text: into

text: Kievan

text: Rus

text: in

text: about

text: from

text: which

text: modern

text: Russia

text: Ukraine

text: and

text: Belarus

text: trace

text: their

text: origins

text: established

text: Old

text: East

text: Slavic

text: as

text: a

text: literary

text: and

text: commercial

text: language

text: It

text: was

text: soon

text: followed

text: by

text: the

text: adoption

text: of

text: Christianity

text: in

text: and

text: the

text: introduction

text: of

text: the

text: South

text: Slavic

text: Old

text: Church

text: Slavonic

text: as

text: the

text: liturgical

text: and

text: official

text: language

text: Borrowings

text: and

text: calques

text: from

text: Byzantine

text: Greek

text: began

text: to

text: enter

text: the

text: Old

text: East

text: Slavic

text: and

text: spoken

text: dialects

text: at

text: this

text: time

text: which

text: in

text: their

text: turn

text: modified

text: the

text: Old

text: Church

text: Slavonic

text: as

text: well

question: When did Eastern Slavs become the dominant group in the area of Ukraine?

answer: approximately 1000 AD

text: approximately 1000 AD

question: When was Kievan Rus' formed?

answer: about 880

text: about 880

question: What countries did Kievan Rus' become?

answer: modern Russia, Ukraine and Belarus

text: modern Russia, Ukraine and Belarus

question: What was the main language in Kievan Rus'?

answer: Old East Slavic

text: Old East Slavic

question: When did Kievan Rus' adopt Christianity?

answer: 988


text: The Western family includes Parthian (Arsacid Pahlavi) and Middle Persian, while Bactrian, Sogdian, Khwarezmian, Saka, and Old Ossetic (Scytho-Sarmatian) fall under the Eastern category. The two languages of the Western group were linguistically very close to each other, but quite distinct from their eastern counterparts. On the other hand, the Eastern group was an areal entity whose languages retained some similarity to Avestan. They were inscribed in various Aramaic-derived alphabets which had ultimately evolved from the Achaemenid Imperial Aramaic script, though Bactrian was written using an adapted Greek script.

title: Iranian_languages

title: Iranian_languages

text: The

text: Western

text: family

text: includes

text: Parthian

text: Arsacid

text: Pahlavi

text: and

text: Middle

text: Persian

text: while

text: Bactrian

text: Sogdian

text: Khwarezmian

text: Saka

text: and

text: Old

text: Ossetic

text: Scytho

text: Sarmatian

text: fall

text: under

text: the

text: Eastern

text: category

text: The

text: two

text: languages

text: of

text: the

text: Western

text: group

text: were

text: linguistically

text: very

text: close

text: to

text: each

text: other

text: but

text: quite

text: distinct

text: from

text: their

text: eastern

text: counterparts

text: On

text: the

text: other

text: hand

text: the

text: Eastern

text: group

text: was

text: an

text: areal

text: entity

text: whose

text: languages

text: retained

text: some

text: similarity

text: to

text: Avestan

text: They

text: were

text: inscribed

text: in

text: various

text: Aramaic

text: derived

text: alphabets

text: which

text: had

text: ultimately

text: evolved

text: from

text: the

text: Achaemenid

text: Imperial

text: Aramaic

text: script

text: though

text: Bactrian

text: was

text: written

text: using

text: an

text: adapted

text: Greek

text: script

question: Bactrian, Sogdian, and Saka are examples of what type of Iranian language?

answer: Eastern

text: Eastern

question: Which language bears a resemblance to the diversity of eastern Iranian languages?

answer: Avestan

text: Avestan

question: Where did the the alphabets used by eastern languages come from?

answer: Aramaic

text: Aramaic

question: What did the Bactrian language use for writing?

answer: Greek script

text: Greek script


text: The only cosmetic difference between an RLV disc and a regular factory-pressed LaserDiscs is their reflective purple-violet (or blue with some RLV discs) color resulting from the dye embedded in the reflective layer of the disc to make it recordable, as opposed to the silver mirror appearance of regular LDs. The purplish color of RLVs is very similar to DVD-R and DVD+R discs. RLVs were popular for making short-run quantities of LaserDiscs for specialized applications such as interactive kiosks and flight simulators.

title: LaserDisc

title: LaserDisc

text: The

text: only

text: cosmetic

text: difference

text: between

text: an

text: RLV

text: disc

text: and

text: a

text: regular

text: factory

text: pressed

text: LaserDiscs

text: is

text: their

text: reflective

text: purple

text: violet

text: or

text: blue

text: with

text: some

text: RLV

text: discs

text: color

text: resulting

text: from

text: the

text: dye

text: embedded

text: in

text: the

text: reflective

text: layer

text: of

text: the

text: disc

text: to

text: make

text: it

text: recordable

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: the

text: silver

text: mirror

text: appearance

text: of

text: regular

text: LDs

text: The

text: purplish

text: color

text: of

text: RLVs

text: is

text: very

text: similar

text: to

text: DVD

text: R

text: and

text: DVD+R

text: discs

text: RLVs

text: were

text: popular

text: for

text: making

text: short

text: run

text: quantities

text: of

text: LaserDiscs

text: for

text: specialized

text: applications

text: such

text: as

text: interactive

text: kiosks

text: and

text: flight

text: simulators

question: What is the difference in appearance between an RLV disc and a regular LD?

answer: reflective purple-violet (or blue with some RLV discs) color

text: reflective purple-violet (or blue with some RLV discs) color

question: Why do RLV discs have a blue or purple reflective color?

answer: to make it recordable, as opposed to the silver mirror appearance of regular LDs

text: to make it recordable, as opposed to the silver mirror appearance of regular LDs

question: For what purpose were RLVs popular?

answer: making short-run quantities of LaserDiscs for specialized applications such as interactive kiosks and flight simulators

text: making short-run quantities of LaserDiscs for specialized applications such as interactive kiosks and flight simulators

question: What color were regular LaserDiscs, in contrast to RLVs blueish purple hues?

answer: silver mirror

text: silver mirror


text: In Japan, the Mayor of Nagano, Shoichi Washizawa said that it has become a "great nuisance" for the city to host the torch relay prior to the Nagano leg. Washizawa's aides said the mayor's remark was not criticism about the relay itself but about the potential disruptions and confusion surrounding it.　A city employee of the Nagano City Office ridiculed the protests in Europe, he said "They are doing something foolish", in a televised interview. Nagano City officially apologized later and explained what he had wanted to say was "Such violent protests were not easy to accept". Also citing concerns about protests as well as the recent violence in Tibet, a major Buddhist temple in Nagano cancelled its plans to host the opening stage of the Olympic torch relay, this temple was vandalised by an un-identified person the day after in apparent revenge,

title: 2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay

title: 2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay

text: In

text: Japan

text: the

text: Mayor

text: of

text: Nagano

text: Shoichi

text: Washizawa

text: said

text: that

text: it

text: has

text: become

text: a

text: great

text: nuisance

text: for

text: the

text: city

text: to

text: host

text: the

text: torch

text: relay

text: prior

text: to

text: the

text: Nagano

text: leg

text: Washizawa

text: 's

text: aides

text: said

text: the

text: mayor

text: 's

text: remark

text: was

text: not

text: criticism

text: about

text: the

text: relay

text: itself

text: but

text: about

text: the

text: potential

text: disruptions

text: and

text: confusion

text: surrounding

text: it

text: A

text: city

text: employee

text: of

text: the

text: Nagano

text: City

text: Office

text: ridiculed

text: the

text: protests

text: in

text: Europe

text: he

text: said

text: They

text: are

text: doing

text: something

text: foolish

text: in

text: a

text: televised

text: interview

text: Nagano

text: City

text: officially

text: apologized

text: later

text: and

text: explained

text: what

text: he

text: had

text: wanted

text: to

text: say

text: was

text: Such

text: violent

text: protests

text: were

text: not

text: easy

text: to

text: accept

text: Also

text: citing

text: concerns

text: about

text: protests

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: recent

text: violence

text: in

text: Tibet

text: a

text: major

text: Buddhist

text: temple

text: in

text: Nagano

text: cancelled

text: its

text: plans

text: to

text: host

text: the

text: opening

text: stage

text: of

text: the

text: Olympic

text: torch

text: relay

text: this

text: temple

text: was

text: vandalised

text: by

text: an

text: un

text: identified

text: person

text: the

text: day

text: after

text: in

text: apparent

text: revenge

question: Who was the mayor of Nagano?

answer: Shoichi Washizawa

text: Shoichi Washizawa

question: How did Washizawa refer to the city having the torch relay?

answer: great nuisance

text: great nuisance

question: What was vandalized after a relay event was cancelled there?

answer: a major Buddhist temple

text: a major Buddhist temple

question: Who was the mayor of Nagano?

answer: Shoichi Washizawa

text: Shoichi Washizawa

question: What did he call the opportunity for Nagano to host the torch event?

answer: great nuisance

text: great nuisance

question: Where was the inital opening ceremony to be held in Nagano?

answer: a major Buddhist temple

text: a major Buddhist temple


text: Plymouth (i/ˈplɪməθ/) is a city on the south coast of Devon, England, about 37 miles (60 km) south-west of Exeter and 190 miles (310 km) west-south-west of London, between the mouths of the rivers Plym to the east and Tamar to the west where they join Plymouth Sound to form the boundary with Cornwall.

title: Plymouth

title: Plymouth

text: Plymouth

text: i/ˈplɪməθ/

text: is

text: a

text: city

text: on

text: the

text: south

text: coast

text: of

text: Devon

text: England

text: about

text: miles

text: km

text: south

text: west

text: of

text: Exeter

text: and

text: miles

text: km

text: west

text: south

text: west

text: of

text: London

text: between

text: the

text: mouths

text: of

text: the

text: rivers

text: Plym

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: Tamar

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: where

text: they

text: join

text: Plymouth

text: Sound

text: to

text: form

text: the

text: boundary

text: with

text: Cornwall

question: In kilometers, what is the distance from Plymouth to Exeter?

answer: 60

question: How many miles away from London is Plymouth?

answer: 190

question: What river borders Plymouth on the west?

answer: Tamar

text: Tamar

question: In what county is Plymouth located?

answer: Devon

text: Devon

question: In what body of water do the rivers Tamar and Plym converge?

answer: Plymouth Sound

text: Plymouth Sound