text: Incandescent bulbs are much less efficient than most other types of electric lighting; incandescent bulbs convert less than 5% of the energy they use into visible light, with standard light bulbs averaging about 2.2%. The remaining energy is converted into heat. The luminous efficacy of a typical incandescent bulb is 16 lumens per watt, compared with 60 lm/W for a compact fluorescent bulb or 150 lm/W for some white LED lamps. Some applications of the incandescent bulb deliberately use the heat generated by the filament. Such applications include incubators, brooding boxes for poultry, heat lights for reptile tanks, infrared heating for industrial heating and drying processes, lava lamps, and the Easy-Bake Oven toy. Incandescent bulbs typically have short lifetimes compared with other types of lighting; around 1,000 hours for home light bulbs versus typically 10,000 hours for compact fluorescents and 30,000 hours for lighting LEDs.

title: Incandescent_light_bulb

title: Incandescent_light_bulb

text: Incandescent

text: bulbs

text: are

text: much

text: less

text: efficient

text: than

text: most

text: other

text: types

text: of

text: electric

text: lighting

text: incandescent

text: bulbs

text: convert

text: less

text: than

text: of

text: the

text: energy

text: they

text: use

text: into

text: visible

text: light

text: with

text: standard

text: light

text: bulbs

text: averaging

text: about

text: The

text: remaining

text: energy

text: is

text: converted

text: into

text: heat

text: The

text: luminous

text: efficacy

text: of

text: a

text: typical

text: incandescent

text: bulb

text: is

text: lumens

text: per

text: watt

text: compared

text: with

text: lm

text: W

text: for

text: a

text: compact

text: fluorescent

text: bulb

text: or

text: lm

text: W

text: for

text: some

text: white

text: LED

text: lamps

text: Some

text: applications

text: of

text: the

text: incandescent

text: bulb

text: deliberately

text: use

text: the

text: heat

text: generated

text: by

text: the

text: filament

text: Such

text: applications

text: include

text: incubators

text: brooding

text: boxes

text: for

text: poultry

text: heat

text: lights

text: for

text: reptile

text: tanks

text: infrared

text: heating

text: for

text: industrial

text: heating

text: and

text: drying

text: processes

text: lava

text: lamps

text: and

text: the

text: Easy

text: Bake

text: Oven

text: toy

text: Incandescent

text: bulbs

text: typically

text: have

text: short

text: lifetimes

text: compared

text: with

text: other

text: types

text: of

text: lighting

text: around

text: hours

text: for

text: home

text: light

text: bulbs

text: versus

text: typically

text: hours

text: for

text: compact

text: fluorescents

text: and

text: hours

text: for

text: lighting

text: LEDs

question: Are incandescent bulbs more or less efficient than most electric lighting?

answer: less efficient

text: less efficient

question: What percentage of energy does a standard light bulb actually convert to visible light?

answer: 2.2%

question: Which is more efficient: compact fluorescent or LED lights?

answer: LED

text: LED

question: How long does a typical incandescent light bulb last?

answer: 1,000 hours

text: 1,000 hours

question: What happens to the energy that an incandescent bulb does not convert into light?

answer: The remaining energy is converted into heat.

text: The remaining energy is converted into heat.


text: The original Charter of 1837 set out the purpose of the Royal Institute to be: '… the general advancement of Civil Architecture, and for promoting and facilitating the acquirement of the knowledge of the various arts and sciences connected therewith…'

title: Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

title: Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

text: The

text: original

text: Charter

text: of

text: set

text: out

text: the

text: purpose

text: of

text: the

text: Royal

text: Institute

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: general

text: advancement

text: of

text: Civil

text: Architecture

text: and

text: for

text: promoting

text: and

text: facilitating

text: the

text: acquirement

text: of

text: the

text: knowledge

text: of

text: the

text: various

text: arts

text: and

text: sciences

text: connected

text: therewith

question: What was the central aim of the Royal Institute?

answer: the general advancement of Civil Architecture

text: the general advancement of Civil Architecture

question: What document set forth the goals of the Royal Institute?

answer: The original Charter of 1837

text: The original Charter of 1837

question: What was the Royal Institute responsible for doing with regards to the development of knowledge related to architecture?

answer: promoting and facilitating

text: promoting and facilitating


text: As a common intermediate stage, it is possible to reconstruct depalatalized affricates: *c, *dz. (This coincides with the state of affairs in the neighboring Nuristani languages.) A further complication however concerns the consonant clusters *ćw and *dźw:

title: Iranian_languages

title: Iranian_languages

text: As

text: a

text: common

text: intermediate

text: stage

text: it

text: is

text: possible

text: to

text: reconstruct

text: depalatalized

text: affricates

text: c

text: dz

text: This

text: coincides

text: with

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: affairs

text: in

text: the

text: neighboring

text: Nuristani

text: languages

text: A

text: further

text: complication

text: however

text: concerns

text: the

text: consonant

text: clusters

text: ćw

text: and

text: dźw

question: What languages share a similar situation?

answer: Nuristani languages

text: Nuristani languages

question: What other elements of early Iranian languages problematize the east-west division?

answer: *ćw and *dźw

text: *ćw and *dźw

question: What is the linguistic categorization of *ćw and *dźw?

answer: consonant clusters

text: consonant clusters


text: Some countries have multiple "supreme courts" whose respective jurisdictions have different geographical extents, or which are restricted to particular areas of law. In particular, countries with a federal system of government typically[citation needed] have both a federal supreme court (such as the Supreme Court of the United States), and supreme courts for each member state (such as the Supreme Court of Nevada), with the former having jurisdiction over the latter only to the extent that the federal constitution extends federal law over state law. Jurisdictions with a civil law system often have a hierarchy of administrative courts separate from the ordinary courts, headed by a supreme administrative court as it the case in the Netherlands. A number of jurisdictions also maintain a separate constitutional court (first developed in the Czechoslovak Constitution of 1920), such as Austria, France, Germany, Luxemburg, Portugal, Spain and South Africa.

title: Supreme_court

title: Supreme_court

text: Some

text: countries

text: have

text: multiple

text: supreme

text: courts

text: whose

text: respective

text: jurisdictions

text: have

text: different

text: geographical

text: extents

text: or

text: which

text: are

text: restricted

text: to

text: particular

text: areas

text: of

text: law

text: In

text: particular

text: countries

text: with

text: a

text: federal

text: system

text: of

text: government

text: typically[citation

text: needed

text: have

text: both

text: a

text: federal

text: supreme

text: court

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Supreme

text: Court

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: supreme

text: courts

text: for

text: each

text: member

text: state

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Supreme

text: Court

text: of

text: Nevada

text: with

text: the

text: former

text: having

text: jurisdiction

text: over

text: the

text: latter

text: only

text: to

text: the

text: extent

text: that

text: the

text: federal

text: constitution

text: extends

text: federal

text: law

text: over

text: state

text: law

text: Jurisdictions

text: with

text: a

text: civil

text: law

text: system

text: often

text: have

text: a

text: hierarchy

text: of

text: administrative

text: courts

text: separate

text: from

text: the

text: ordinary

text: courts

text: headed

text: by

text: a

text: supreme

text: administrative

text: court

text: as

text: it

text: the

text: case

text: in

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: A

text: number

text: of

text: jurisdictions

text: also

text: maintain

text: a

text: separate

text: constitutional

text: court

text: first

text: developed

text: in

text: the

text: Czechoslovak

text: Constitution

text: of

text: such

text: as

text: Austria

text: France

text: Germany

text: Luxemburg

text: Portugal

text: Spain

text: and

text: South

text: Africa

question: Countries with more than one supreme court may divide their primacy by what factors?

answer: different geographical extents, or which are restricted to particular areas of law

text: different geographical extents, or which are restricted to particular areas of law

question: What is an example of the highest court in a federal system of government?

answer: the Supreme Court of the United States

text: the Supreme Court of the United States

question: What are some countries that have a separate supreme court to decide constitutional matters?

answer: Austria, France, Germany, Luxemburg, Portugal, Spain and South Africa

text: Austria, France, Germany, Luxemburg, Portugal, Spain and South Africa

question: A court system with a hierarchy of different administrative courts occurs in what kind of legal system?

answer: a civil law system

text: a civil law system


text: A project that is proceeding is the creation of The Queen's Diamond Jubilee Galleries in the medieval triforium of the abbey. The aim is to create a new display area for the abbey's treasures in the galleries high up around the abbey's nave. To this end a new Gothic access tower with lift has been designed by the abbey architect and Surveyor of the Fabric, Ptolemy Dean. It is planned that the new galleries will open in 2018.

title: Westminster_Abbey

title: Westminster_Abbey

text: A

text: project

text: that

text: is

text: proceeding

text: is

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: The

text: Queen

text: 's

text: Diamond

text: Jubilee

text: Galleries

text: in

text: the

text: medieval

text: triforium

text: of

text: the

text: abbey

text: The

text: aim

text: is

text: to

text: create

text: a

text: new

text: display

text: area

text: for

text: the

text: abbey

text: 's

text: treasures

text: in

text: the

text: galleries

text: high

text: up

text: around

text: the

text: abbey

text: 's

text: nave

text: To

text: this

text: end

text: a

text: new

text: Gothic

text: access

text: tower

text: with

text: lift

text: has

text: been

text: designed

text: by

text: the

text: abbey

text: architect

text: and

text: Surveyor

text: of

text: the

text: Fabric

text: Ptolemy

text: Dean

text: It

text: is

text: planned

text: that

text: the

text: new

text: galleries

text: will

text: open

text: in

question: What will be created in the medieval triforium?

answer: The Queen's Diamond Jubilee Galleries

text: The Queen's Diamond Jubilee Galleries

question: What has been designed to help with the gallery?

answer: Gothic access tower with lift

text: Gothic access tower with lift

question: When will the new galleries open?

answer: 2018


text: The Greek national football team, ranking 12th in the world in 2014 (and having reached a high of 8th in the world in 2008 and 2011), were crowned European Champions in Euro 2004 in one of the biggest upsets in the history of the sport and became one of the most successful national teams in European football, being one of only nine national teams to have won the UEFA European Championship. The Greek Super League is the highest professional football league in the country comprising eighteen teams. The most successful are Olympiacos, Panathinaikos, AEK Athens and PAOK.

title: Greece

title: Greece

text: The

text: Greek

text: national

text: football

text: team

text: ranking

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: in

text: and

text: having

text: reached

text: a

text: high

text: of

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: in

text: and

text: were

text: crowned

text: European

text: Champions

text: in

text: Euro

text: in

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: biggest

text: upsets

text: in

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: the

text: sport

text: and

text: became

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: successful

text: national

text: teams

text: in

text: European

text: football

text: being

text: one

text: of

text: only

text: nine

text: national

text: teams

text: to

text: have

text: won

text: the

text: UEFA

text: European

text: Championship

text: The

text: Greek

text: Super

text: League

text: is

text: the

text: highest

text: professional

text: football

text: league

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: comprising

text: eighteen

text: teams

text: The

text: most

text: successful

text: are

text: Olympiacos

text: Panathinaikos

text: AEK

text: Athens

text: and

text: PAOK

question: What ranking did the Greek national football team hold in 2014.

answer: 12th

question: Greek was crowned the European champions in what event?

answer: Euro 2004

text: Euro 2004

question: How many national teams have won the UEFA European Championship?

answer: nine

text: nine

question: How many teams are in the Greek Super League?

answer: eighteen

text: eighteen

question: Who is one of the most successful teams in the Greek Super League?

answer: Olympiacos

text: Olympiacos


text: Much of the Alpine culture is unchanged since the medieval period when skills that guaranteed survival in the mountain valleys and in the highest villages became mainstays, leading to strong traditions of carpentry, woodcarving, baking and pastry-making, and cheesemaking.

title: Alps

title: Alps

text: Much

text: of

text: the

text: Alpine

text: culture

text: is

text: unchanged

text: since

text: the

text: medieval

text: period

text: when

text: skills

text: that

text: guaranteed

text: survival

text: in

text: the

text: mountain

text: valleys

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: highest

text: villages

text: became

text: mainstays

text: leading

text: to

text: strong

text: traditions

text: of

text: carpentry

text: woodcarving

text: baking

text: and

text: pastry

text: making

text: and

text: cheesemaking

question: Much of what has not changed since the medieval period?

answer: Alpine culture

text: Alpine culture

question: When were skills that guaranteed survival in the mountain valleys most important?

answer: the medieval period

text: the medieval period

question: What is one of the strongest traditions in Alpine culture?

answer: carpentry

text: carpentry


text: Presently, the Central African Republic has active television services, radio stations, internet service providers, and mobile phone carriers; Socatel is the leading provider for both internet and mobile phone access throughout the country. The primary governmental regulating bodies of telecommunications are the Ministère des Postes and Télécommunications et des Nouvelles Technologies. In addition, the Central African Republic receives international support on telecommunication related operations from ITU Telecommunication Development Sector (ITU-D) within the International Telecommunication Union to improve infrastructure.

title: Central_African_Republic

title: Central_African_Republic

text: Presently

text: the

text: Central

text: African

text: Republic

text: has

text: active

text: television

text: services

text: radio

text: stations

text: internet

text: service

text: providers

text: and

text: mobile

text: phone

text: carriers

text: Socatel

text: is

text: the

text: leading

text: provider

text: for

text: both

text: internet

text: and

text: mobile

text: phone

text: access

text: throughout

text: the

text: country

text: The

text: primary

text: governmental

text: regulating

text: bodies

text: of

text: telecommunications

text: are

text: the

text: Ministère

text: des

text: Postes

text: and

text: Télécommunications

text: et

text: des

text: Nouvelles

text: Technologies

text: In

text: addition

text: the

text: Central

text: African

text: Republic

text: receives

text: international

text: support

text: on

text: telecommunication

text: related

text: operations

text: from

text: ITU

text: Telecommunication

text: Development

text: Sector

text: ITU

text: D

text: within

text: the

text: International

text: Telecommunication

text: Union

text: to

text: improve

text: infrastructure

question: What is the major telecommunications provider in CAR?

answer: Socatel

text: Socatel

question: Which body regulated communications?

answer: Ministère des Postes and Télécommunications et des Nouvelles Technologies

text: Ministère des Postes and Télécommunications et des Nouvelles Technologies

question: What type of access is available?

answer: internet service

text: internet service

question: Who assists CAR with telecommunications?

answer: ITU Telecommunication Development Sector

text: ITU Telecommunication Development Sector

question: What does the CAR get help with with regards to communication from ITU-D?

answer: improve infrastructure

text: improve infrastructure


text: In 1978, Josep Lluís Núñez became the first elected president of FC Barcelona, and, since then, the members of Barcelona have elected the club president. The process of electing a president of FC Barcelona was closely tied to Spain's transition to democracy in 1974 and the end of Franco's dictatorship. The new president's main objective was to develop Barcelona into a world-class club by giving it stability both on and off the pitch. His presidency was to last for 22 years, and it deeply affected the image of Barcelona, as Núñez held to a strict policy regarding wages and discipline, letting go of such players as Maradona, Romário and Ronaldo rather than meeting their demands.

title: FC_Barcelona

title: FC_Barcelona

text: In

text: Josep

text: Lluís

text: Núñez

text: became

text: the

text: first

text: elected

text: president

text: of

text: FC

text: Barcelona

text: and

text: since

text: then

text: the

text: members

text: of

text: Barcelona

text: have

text: elected

text: the

text: club

text: president

text: The

text: process

text: of

text: electing

text: a

text: president

text: of

text: FC

text: Barcelona

text: was

text: closely

text: tied

text: to

text: Spain

text: 's

text: transition

text: to

text: democracy

text: in

text: and

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: Franco

text: 's

text: dictatorship

text: The

text: new

text: president

text: 's

text: main

text: objective

text: was

text: to

text: develop

text: Barcelona

text: into

text: a

text: world

text: class

text: club

text: by

text: giving

text: it

text: stability

text: both

text: on

text: and

text: off

text: the

text: pitch

text: His

text: presidency

text: was

text: to

text: last

text: for

text: years

text: and

text: it

text: deeply

text: affected

text: the

text: image

text: of

text: Barcelona

text: as

text: Núñez

text: held

text: to

text: a

text: strict

text: policy

text: regarding

text: wages

text: and

text: discipline

text: letting

text: go

text: of

text: such

text: players

text: as

text: Maradona

text: Romário

text: and

text: Ronaldo

text: rather

text: than

text: meeting

text: their

text: demands

question: Who was the first elected president of the Barcelona club?

answer: Josep Lluís Núñez

text: Josep Lluís Núñez

question: When was Nunez elected as president of FC Barcelona?

answer: 1978

question: What group elects the club president?

answer: members of Barcelona

text: members of Barcelona

question: How long was Nunez president of Barcelona?

answer: 22 years

text: 22 years

question: What was Nunez known to be strict about?

answer: wages and discipline

text: wages and discipline


text: The London Fire Brigade is the statutory fire and rescue service for Greater London. It is run by the London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority and is the third largest fire service in the world. National Health Service ambulance services are provided by the London Ambulance Service (LAS) NHS Trust, the largest free-at-the-point-of-use emergency ambulance service in the world. The London Air Ambulance charity operates in conjunction with the LAS where required. Her Majesty's Coastguard and the Royal National Lifeboat Institution operate on the River Thames, which is under the jurisdiction of the Port of London Authority from Teddington Lock to the sea.

title: London

title: London

text: The

text: London

text: Fire

text: Brigade

text: is

text: the

text: statutory

text: fire

text: and

text: rescue

text: service

text: for

text: Greater

text: London

text: It

text: is

text: run

text: by

text: the

text: London

text: Fire

text: and

text: Emergency

text: Planning

text: Authority

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: largest

text: fire

text: service

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: National

text: Health

text: Service

text: ambulance

text: services

text: are

text: provided

text: by

text: the

text: London

text: Ambulance

text: Service

text: LAS

text: NHS

text: Trust

text: the

text: largest

text: free

text: at

text: the

text: point

text: of

text: use

text: emergency

text: ambulance

text: service

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: The

text: London

text: Air

text: Ambulance

text: charity

text: operates

text: in

text: conjunction

text: with

text: the

text: LAS

text: where

text: required

text: Her

text: Majesty

text: 's

text: Coastguard

text: and

text: the

text: Royal

text: National

text: Lifeboat

text: Institution

text: operate

text: on

text: the

text: River

text: Thames

text: which

text: is

text: under

text: the

text: jurisdiction

text: of

text: the

text: Port

text: of

text: London

text: Authority

text: from

text: Teddington

text: Lock

text: to

text: the

text: sea

question: What area of the River Thames does the Port of London Authority's jurisdiction cover?

answer: Teddington Lock to the sea

text: Teddington Lock to the sea

question: What agency provides fire fighting and rescue service in London?

answer: The London Fire Brigade

text: The London Fire Brigade

question: Who oversees and manages the London Fire Brigade?

answer: London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority

text: London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority

question: The world's largest "free-at-the-point-of-use" ambulance service is known as what?

answer: the London Ambulance Service (LAS) NHS Trust

text: the London Ambulance Service (LAS) NHS Trust

question: What agency operates in conjunction with the LAS as needed?

answer: The London Air Ambulance charity

text: The London Air Ambulance charity


text: The Fujiwara controlled the throne until the reign of Emperor Go-Sanjō (1068-1073), the first emperor not born of a Fujiwara mother since the ninth century. Go-Sanjo, determined to restore imperial control through strong personal rule, implemented reforms to curb Fujiwara influence. He also established an office to compile and validate estate records with the aim of reasserting central control. Many shōen were not properly certified, and large landholders, like the Fujiwara, felt threatened with the loss of their lands. Go-Sanjo also established the In-no-cho (ja:院庁 Office of the Cloistered Emperor), which was held by a succession of emperors who abdicated to devote themselves to behind-the-scenes governance, or insei.

title: Heian_period

title: Heian_period

text: The

text: Fujiwara

text: controlled

text: the

text: throne

text: until

text: the

text: reign

text: of

text: Emperor

text: Go

text: Sanjō

text: the

text: first

text: emperor

text: not

text: born

text: of

text: a

text: Fujiwara

text: mother

text: since

text: the

text: ninth

text: century

text: Go

text: Sanjo

text: determined

text: to

text: restore

text: imperial

text: control

text: through

text: strong

text: personal

text: rule

text: implemented

text: reforms

text: to

text: curb

text: Fujiwara

text: influence

text: He

text: also

text: established

text: an

text: office

text: to

text: compile

text: and

text: validate

text: estate

text: records

text: with

text: the

text: aim

text: of

text: reasserting

text: central

text: control

text: Many

text: shōen

text: were

text: not

text: properly

text: certified

text: and

text: large

text: landholders

text: like

text: the

text: Fujiwara

text: felt

text: threatened

text: with

text: the

text: loss

text: of

text: their

text: lands

text: Go

text: Sanjo

text: also

text: established

text: the

text: In

text: no

text: cho

text: ja:院庁

text: Office

text: of

text: the

text: Cloistered

text: Emperor

text: which

text: was

text: held

text: by

text: a

text: succession

text: of

text: emperors

text: who

text: abdicated

text: to

text: devote

text: themselves

text: to

text: behind

text: the

text: scenes

text: governance

text: or

text: insei

question: Who was the first non-Fujiwara emperor since the ninth century?

answer: Go-Sanjō

text: Go-Sanjō

question: Who implemented reforms to reduce the Fujiwara's influence on government?

answer: Go-Sanjō

text: Go-Sanjō

question: What term was used for behind the scenes governance?

answer: insei

text: insei


text: In 1985, the combination of the Mac, Apple's LaserWriter printer, and Mac-specific software like Boston Software's MacPublisher and Aldus PageMaker enabled users to design, preview, and print page layouts complete with text and graphics—an activity to become known as desktop publishing. Initially, desktop publishing was unique to the Macintosh, but eventually became available for other platforms. Later, applications such as Macromedia FreeHand, QuarkXPress, and Adobe's Photoshop and Illustrator strengthened the Mac's position as a graphics computer and helped to expand the emerging desktop publishing market.

title: Macintosh

title: Macintosh

text: In

text: the

text: combination

text: of

text: the

text: Mac

text: Apple

text: 's

text: LaserWriter

text: printer

text: and

text: Mac

text: specific

text: software

text: like

text: Boston

text: Software

text: 's

text: MacPublisher

text: and

text: Aldus

text: PageMaker

text: enabled

text: users

text: to

text: design

text: preview

text: and

text: print

text: page

text: layouts

text: complete

text: with

text: text

text: and

text: graphics

text: an

text: activity

text: to

text: become

text: known

text: as

text: desktop

text: publishing

text: Initially

text: desktop

text: publishing

text: was

text: unique

text: to

text: the

text: Macintosh

text: but

text: eventually

text: became

text: available

text: for

text: other

text: platforms

text: Later

text: applications

text: such

text: as

text: Macromedia

text: FreeHand

text: QuarkXPress

text: and

text: Adobe

text: 's

text: Photoshop

text: and

text: Illustrator

text: strengthened

text: the

text: Mac

text: 's

text: position

text: as

text: a

text: graphics

text: computer

text: and

text: helped

text: to

text: expand

text: the

text: emerging

text: desktop

text: publishing

text: market

question: When was the activity of desktop publishing first used?

answer: 1985

question: What company was desktop publishing unique to at it's beginning?

answer: Macintosh

text: Macintosh

question: What three things were combined to develop desktop publishing?

answer: Mac, Apple's LaserWriter printer, and Mac-specific software like Boston Software's MacPublisher

text: Mac, Apple's LaserWriter printer, and Mac-specific software like Boston Software's MacPublisher

question: What did desktop publishing enable users to do?

answer: design, preview, and print page layouts complete with text and graphics

text: design, preview, and print page layouts complete with text and graphics

question: What applications strengthened Mac's position as a graphics computer?

answer: Macromedia FreeHand, QuarkXPress, and Adobe's Photoshop and Illustrator

text: Macromedia FreeHand, QuarkXPress, and Adobe's Photoshop and Illustrator


text: French historians traditionally place the Enlightenment between 1715, the year that Louis XIV died, and 1789, the beginning of the French Revolution. Some recent historians begin the period in the 1620s, with the start of the scientific revolution. The Philosophes, the French term for the philosophers of the period, widely circulated their ideas through meetings at scientific academies, Masonic lodges, literary salons and coffee houses, and through printed books and pamphlets. The ideas of the Enlightenment undermined the authority of the monarchy and the church, and paved the way for the revolutions of the 18th and 19th centuries. A variety of 19th-century movements, including liberalism and neo-classicism, trace their intellectual heritage back to the Enlightenment.

title: Age_of_Enlightenment

title: Age_of_Enlightenment

text: French

text: historians

text: traditionally

text: place

text: the

text: Enlightenment

text: between

text: the

text: year

text: that

text: Louis

text: XIV

text: died

text: and

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: Revolution

text: Some

text: recent

text: historians

text: begin

text: the

text: period

text: in

text: the

text: with

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: the

text: scientific

text: revolution

text: The

text: Philosophes

text: the

text: French

text: term

text: for

text: the

text: philosophers

text: of

text: the

text: period

text: widely

text: circulated

text: their

text: ideas

text: through

text: meetings

text: at

text: scientific

text: academies

text: Masonic

text: lodges

text: literary

text: salons

text: and

text: coffee

text: houses

text: and

text: through

text: printed

text: books

text: and

text: pamphlets

text: The

text: ideas

text: of

text: the

text: Enlightenment

text: undermined

text: the

text: authority

text: of

text: the

text: monarchy

text: and

text: the

text: church

text: and

text: paved

text: the

text: way

text: for

text: the

text: revolutions

text: of

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

text: A

text: variety

text: of

text: century

text: movements

text: including

text: liberalism

text: and

text: neo

text: classicism

text: trace

text: their

text: intellectual

text: heritage

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: Enlightenment

question: What year did the Enlightenment begin according to French historians?

answer: 1715

question: Recent historians begin the period of Enlightenment in the 1620's which was also the start of what revolution?

answer: scientific revolution

text: scientific revolution

question: A variety of movements such as liberalism and neoclassicism's intellectual heritage can be traced back to what period of time?

answer: the Enlightenment.

text: the Enlightenment.

question: What was the French term for philosophers in the period of Enlightenment?

answer: The Philosophes

text: The Philosophes

question: In what year did Louis XIV die?

answer: 1715

question: In what year did the French Revolution begin?

answer: 1789

question: In what decade did the scientific revolution begin?

answer: 1620s


text: Another defense that often uses color or shape to deceive potential enemies is mimicry. A number of longhorn beetles (family Cerambycidae) bear a striking resemblance to wasps, which helps them avoid predation even though the beetles are in fact harmless. Batesian and Müllerian mimicry complexes are commonly found in Lepidoptera. Genetic polymorphism and natural selection give rise to otherwise edible species (the mimic) gaining a survival advantage by resembling inedible species (the model). Such a mimicry complex is referred to as Batesian and is most commonly known by the mimicry by the limenitidine Viceroy butterfly of the inedible danaine Monarch. Later research has discovered that the Viceroy is, in fact more toxic than the Monarch and this resemblance should be considered as a case of Müllerian mimicry. In Müllerian mimicry, inedible species, usually within a taxonomic order, find it advantageous to resemble each other so as to reduce the sampling rate by predators who need to learn about the insects' inedibility. Taxa from the toxic genus Heliconius form one of the most well known Müllerian complexes.

title: Insect

title: Insect

text: Another

text: defense

text: that

text: often

text: uses

text: color

text: or

text: shape

text: to

text: deceive

text: potential

text: enemies

text: is

text: mimicry

text: A

text: number

text: of

text: longhorn

text: beetles

text: family

text: Cerambycidae

text: bear

text: a

text: striking

text: resemblance

text: to

text: wasps

text: which

text: helps

text: them

text: avoid

text: predation

text: even

text: though

text: the

text: beetles

text: are

text: in

text: fact

text: harmless

text: Batesian

text: and

text: Müllerian

text: mimicry

text: complexes

text: are

text: commonly

text: found

text: in

text: Lepidoptera

text: Genetic

text: polymorphism

text: and

text: natural

text: selection

text: give

text: rise

text: to

text: otherwise

text: edible

text: species

text: the

text: mimic

text: gaining

text: a

text: survival

text: advantage

text: by

text: resembling

text: inedible

text: species

text: the

text: model

text: Such

text: a

text: mimicry

text: complex

text: is

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Batesian

text: and

text: is

text: most

text: commonly

text: known

text: by

text: the

text: mimicry

text: by

text: the

text: limenitidine

text: Viceroy

text: butterfly

text: of

text: the

text: inedible

text: danaine

text: Monarch

text: Later

text: research

text: has

text: discovered

text: that

text: the

text: Viceroy

text: is

text: in

text: fact

text: more

text: toxic

text: than

text: the

text: Monarch

text: and

text: this

text: resemblance

text: should

text: be

text: considered

text: as

text: a

text: case

text: of

text: Müllerian

text: mimicry

text: In

text: Müllerian

text: mimicry

text: inedible

text: species

text: usually

text: within

text: a

text: taxonomic

text: order

text: find

text: it

text: advantageous

text: to

text: resemble

text: each

text: other

text: so

text: as

text: to

text: reduce

text: the

text: sampling

text: rate

text: by

text: predators

text: who

text: need

text: to

text: learn

text: about

text: the

text: insects

text: inedibility

text: Taxa

text: from

text: the

text: toxic

text: genus

text: Heliconius

text: form

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: well

text: known

text: Müllerian

text: complexes

question: Mimicry is another type of what kid of strategy?

answer: defense

text: defense

question: Mimicry is used to do what to potential enemies?

answer: deceive

text: deceive

question: Longhorn beetles look similar to what other insect?

answer: wasps

text: wasps

question: Mimicry complexes are usually found where?

answer: in Lepidoptera

text: in Lepidoptera

question: What is a well known Mullerian complex?

answer: Taxa

text: Taxa


text: An LED filament consists of multiple LED dice connected in series on a common longitudinal substrate that form a thin rod reminiscent of a traditional incandescent filament. These are being used as a low cost decorative alternative for traditional light bulbs that are being phased out in many countries. The filaments require a rather high voltage to light to nominal brightness, allowing them to work efficiently and simply with mains voltages. Often a simple rectifier and capacitive current limiting are employed to create a low-cost replacement for a traditional light bulb without the complexity of creating a low voltage, high current converter which is required by single die LEDs. Usually they are packaged in a sealed enclosure with a shape similar to lamps they were designed to replace (e.g. a bulb), and filled with inert nitrogen or carbon dioxide gas to remove heat efficiently.

title: Light-emitting_diode

title: Light

title: emitting_diode

text: An

text: LED

text: filament

text: consists

text: of

text: multiple

text: LED

text: dice

text: connected

text: in

text: series

text: on

text: a

text: common

text: longitudinal

text: substrate

text: that

text: form

text: a

text: thin

text: rod

text: reminiscent

text: of

text: a

text: traditional

text: incandescent

text: filament

text: These

text: are

text: being

text: used

text: as

text: a

text: low

text: cost

text: decorative

text: alternative

text: for

text: traditional

text: light

text: bulbs

text: that

text: are

text: being

text: phased

text: out

text: in

text: many

text: countries

text: The

text: filaments

text: require

text: a

text: rather

text: high

text: voltage

text: to

text: light

text: to

text: nominal

text: brightness

text: allowing

text: them

text: to

text: work

text: efficiently

text: and

text: simply

text: with

text: mains

text: voltages

text: Often

text: a

text: simple

text: rectifier

text: and

text: capacitive

text: current

text: limiting

text: are

text: employed

text: to

text: create

text: a

text: low

text: cost

text: replacement

text: for

text: a

text: traditional

text: light

text: bulb

text: without

text: the

text: complexity

text: of

text: creating

text: a

text: low

text: voltage

text: high

text: current

text: converter

text: which

text: is

text: required

text: by

text: single

text: die

text: LEDs

text: Usually

text: they

text: are

text: packaged

text: in

text: a

text: sealed

text: enclosure

text: with

text: a

text: shape

text: similar

text: to

text: lamps

text: they

text: were

text: designed

text: to

text: replace

text: e.g.

text: a

text: bulb

text: and

text: filled

text: with

text: inert

text: nitrogen

text: or

text: carbon

text: dioxide

text: gas

text: to

text: remove

text: heat

text: efficiently

question: What does an LED filament consist of?

answer: multiple LED dice

text: multiple LED dice

question: How are LED filaments used?

answer: a low cost decorative alternative for traditional light bulbs

text: a low cost decorative alternative for traditional light bulbs

question: What type of voltage is needed for LED filaments?

answer: high

text: high

question: What helps LED filaments remain low cost?

answer: a simple rectifier

text: a simple rectifier

question: Single die LEDs require what?

answer: high current converter

text: high current converter


text: On 20 May 2011, Royal Dutch Shell's final investment decision for the world's first floating liquefied natural gas (FLNG) facility was finalized following the discovery of the remote offshore Prelude field—located off Australia's northwestern coast and estimated to contain about 3 trillion cubic feet of natural gas equivalent reserves—in 2007. FLNG technology is based on liquefied natural gas (LNG) developments that were pioneered in the mid-20th century and facilitates the exploitation of untapped natural gas reserves located in remote areas, often too small to extract any other way.

title: Royal_Dutch_Shell

title: Royal_Dutch_Shell

text: On

text: May

text: Royal

text: Dutch

text: Shell

text: 's

text: final

text: investment

text: decision

text: for

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: first

text: floating

text: liquefied

text: natural

text: gas

text: FLNG

text: facility

text: was

text: finalized

text: following

text: the

text: discovery

text: of

text: the

text: remote

text: offshore

text: Prelude

text: field

text: located

text: off

text: Australia

text: 's

text: northwestern

text: coast

text: and

text: estimated

text: to

text: contain

text: about

text: trillion

text: cubic

text: feet

text: of

text: natural

text: gas

text: equivalent

text: reserves

text: in

text: FLNG

text: technology

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: liquefied

text: natural

text: gas

text: LNG

text: developments

text: that

text: were

text: pioneered

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: and

text: facilitates

text: the

text: exploitation

text: of

text: untapped

text: natural

text: gas

text: reserves

text: located

text: in

text: remote

text: areas

text: often

text: too

text: small

text: to

text: extract

text: any

text: other

text: way

question: The final investment decision for what was finalized by Royal Dutch Shell in May 2011?

answer: the world's first floating liquefied natural gas (FLNG) facility

text: the world's first floating liquefied natural gas (FLNG) facility

question: The remote offshore Prelude field was discovered where?

answer: off Australia's northwestern coast

text: off Australia's northwestern coast

question: On what developments was FLNG technology based?

answer: liquefied natural gas (LNG)

text: liquefied natural gas (LNG)

question: The Prelude field was estimated to contain how many cubic feet of natural gas reserves?

answer: 3 trillion

text: 3 trillion

question: FLNG technology faciliates what?

answer: the exploitation of untapped natural gas reserves located in remote areas

text: the exploitation of untapped natural gas reserves located in remote areas


text: The term "bacteria" was traditionally applied to all microscopic, single-cell prokaryotes. However, molecular systematics showed prokaryotic life to consist of two separate domains, originally called Eubacteria and Archaebacteria, but now called Bacteria and Archaea that evolved independently from an ancient common ancestor. The archaea and eukaryotes are more closely related to each other than either is to the bacteria. These two domains, along with Eukarya, are the basis of the three-domain system, which is currently the most widely used classification system in microbiolology. However, due to the relatively recent introduction of molecular systematics and a rapid increase in the number of genome sequences that are available, bacterial classification remains a changing and expanding field. For example, a few biologists argue that the Archaea and Eukaryotes evolved from Gram-positive bacteria.

title: Bacteria

title: Bacteria

text: The

text: term

text: bacteria

text: was

text: traditionally

text: applied

text: to

text: all

text: microscopic

text: single

text: cell

text: prokaryotes

text: However

text: molecular

text: systematics

text: showed

text: prokaryotic

text: life

text: to

text: consist

text: of

text: two

text: separate

text: domains

text: originally

text: called

text: Eubacteria

text: and

text: Archaebacteria

text: but

text: now

text: called

text: Bacteria

text: and

text: Archaea

text: that

text: evolved

text: independently

text: from

text: an

text: ancient

text: common

text: ancestor

text: The

text: archaea

text: and

text: eukaryotes

text: are

text: more

text: closely

text: related

text: to

text: each

text: other

text: than

text: either

text: is

text: to

text: the

text: bacteria

text: These

text: two

text: domains

text: along

text: with

text: Eukarya

text: are

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: domain

text: system

text: which

text: is

text: currently

text: the

text: most

text: widely

text: used

text: classification

text: system

text: in

text: microbiolology

text: However

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: relatively

text: recent

text: introduction

text: of

text: molecular

text: systematics

text: and

text: a

text: rapid

text: increase

text: in

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: genome

text: sequences

text: that

text: are

text: available

text: bacterial

text: classification

text: remains

text: a

text: changing

text: and

text: expanding

text: field

text: For

text: example

text: a

text: few

text: biologists

text: argue

text: that

text: the

text: Archaea

text: and

text: Eukaryotes

text: evolved

text: from

text: Gram

text: positive

text: bacteria

question: What would original term "bacteria" determine?

answer: all microscopic, single-cell prokaryotes

text: all microscopic, single-cell prokaryotes

question: What are two main groups of prokaryotic organisms are divided into?

answer: Eubacteria and Archaebacteria

text: Eubacteria and Archaebacteria

question: What groups of organisms are closely related to each other?

answer: archaea and eukaryotes

text: archaea and eukaryotes

question: What domain system is commonly used nowdays to classify microorganisms?

answer: three-domain system

text: three-domain system


text: One of the most significant impacts To Kill a Mockingbird has had is Atticus Finch's model of integrity for the legal profession. As scholar Alice Petry explains, "Atticus has become something of a folk hero in legal circles and is treated almost as if he were an actual person." Morris Dees of the Southern Poverty Law Center cites Atticus Finch as the reason he became a lawyer, and Richard Matsch, the federal judge who presided over the Timothy McVeigh trial, counts Atticus as a major judicial influence. One law professor at the University of Notre Dame stated that the most influential textbook he taught from was To Kill a Mockingbird, and an article in the Michigan Law Review claims, "No real-life lawyer has done more for the self-image or public perception of the legal profession," before questioning whether, "Atticus Finch is a paragon of honor or an especially slick hired gun".

title: To_Kill_a_Mockingbird

title: To_Kill_a_Mockingbird

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: significant

text: impacts

text: To

text: Kill

text: a

text: Mockingbird

text: has

text: had

text: is

text: Atticus

text: Finch

text: 's

text: model

text: of

text: integrity

text: for

text: the

text: legal

text: profession

text: As

text: scholar

text: Alice

text: Petry

text: explains

text: Atticus

text: has

text: become

text: something

text: of

text: a

text: folk

text: hero

text: in

text: legal

text: circles

text: and

text: is

text: treated

text: almost

text: as

text: if

text: he

text: were

text: an

text: actual

text: person

text: Morris

text: Dees

text: of

text: the

text: Southern

text: Poverty

text: Law

text: Center

text: cites

text: Atticus

text: Finch

text: as

text: the

text: reason

text: he

text: became

text: a

text: lawyer

text: and

text: Richard

text: Matsch

text: the

text: federal

text: judge

text: who

text: presided

text: over

text: the

text: Timothy

text: McVeigh

text: trial

text: counts

text: Atticus

text: as

text: a

text: major

text: judicial

text: influence

text: One

text: law

text: professor

text: at

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Notre

text: Dame

text: stated

text: that

text: the

text: most

text: influential

text: textbook

text: he

text: taught

text: from

text: was

text: To

text: Kill

text: a

text: Mockingbird

text: and

text: an

text: article

text: in

text: the

text: Michigan

text: Law

text: Review

text: claims

text: No

text: real

text: life

text: lawyer

text: has

text: done

text: more

text: for

text: the

text: self

text: image

text: or

text: public

text: perception

text: of

text: the

text: legal

text: profession

text: before

text: questioning

text: whether

text: Atticus

text: Finch

text: is

text: a

text: paragon

text: of

text: honor

text: or

text: an

text: especially

text: slick

text: hired

text: gun

question: Atticus Finch's integrity has become a model for which job?

answer: lawyer

text: lawyer

question: Atticus Finch is a model of what for legal professionals?

answer: integrity

text: integrity


text: Different cultures have evolved various ways of creating clothes out of cloth. One approach simply involves draping the cloth. Many people wore, and still wear, garments consisting of rectangles of cloth wrapped to fit – for example, the dhoti for men and the sari for women in the Indian subcontinent, the Scottish kilt or the Javanese sarong. The clothes may simply be tied up, as is the case of the first two garments; or pins or belts hold the garments in place, as in the case of the latter two. The precious cloth remains uncut, and people of various sizes or the same person at different sizes can wear the garment.

title: Clothing

title: Clothing

text: Different

text: cultures

text: have

text: evolved

text: various

text: ways

text: of

text: creating

text: clothes

text: out

text: of

text: cloth

text: One

text: approach

text: simply

text: involves

text: draping

text: the

text: cloth

text: Many

text: people

text: wore

text: and

text: still

text: wear

text: garments

text: consisting

text: of

text: rectangles

text: of

text: cloth

text: wrapped

text: to

text: fit

text: for

text: example

text: the

text: dhoti

text: for

text: men

text: and

text: the

text: sari

text: for

text: women

text: in

text: the

text: Indian

text: subcontinent

text: the

text: Scottish

text: kilt

text: or

text: the

text: Javanese

text: sarong

text: The

text: clothes

text: may

text: simply

text: be

text: tied

text: up

text: as

text: is

text: the

text: case

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: two

text: garments

text: or

text: pins

text: or

text: belts

text: hold

text: the

text: garments

text: in

text: place

text: as

text: in

text: the

text: case

text: of

text: the

text: latter

text: two

text: The

text: precious

text: cloth

text: remains

text: uncut

text: and

text: people

text: of

text: various

text: sizes

text: or

text: the

text: same

text: person

text: at

text: different

text: sizes

text: can

text: wear

text: the

text: garment

question: Various cultures have come up with ways of making clothes from what?

answer: cloth

text: cloth

question: Many people still wear clothes that are what shape?

answer: rectangles

text: rectangles

question: What nationality wears kilts?

answer: Scottish

text: Scottish

question: Pins or belts hold what in place?

answer: garments

text: garments

question: What precious material may remain uncut?

answer: cloth

text: cloth


text: But Sebastião de Melo's greatest reforms were economic and financial, with the creation of several companies and guilds to regulate every commercial activity. He demarcated the region for production of Port to ensure the wine's quality, and this was the first attempt to control wine quality and production in Europe. He ruled with a strong hand by imposing strict law upon all classes of Portuguese society from the high nobility to the poorest working class, along with a widespread review of the country's tax system. These reforms gained him enemies in the upper classes, especially among the high nobility, who despised him as a social upstart.

title: Portugal

title: Portugal

text: But

text: Sebastião

text: de

text: Melo

text: 's

text: greatest

text: reforms

text: were

text: economic

text: and

text: financial

text: with

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: several

text: companies

text: and

text: guilds

text: to

text: regulate

text: every

text: commercial

text: activity

text: He

text: demarcated

text: the

text: region

text: for

text: production

text: of

text: Port

text: to

text: ensure

text: the

text: wine

text: 's

text: quality

text: and

text: this

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: attempt

text: to

text: control

text: wine

text: quality

text: and

text: production

text: in

text: Europe

text: He

text: ruled

text: with

text: a

text: strong

text: hand

text: by

text: imposing

text: strict

text: law

text: upon

text: all

text: classes

text: of

text: Portuguese

text: society

text: from

text: the

text: high

text: nobility

text: to

text: the

text: poorest

text: working

text: class

text: along

text: with

text: a

text: widespread

text: review

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: tax

text: system

text: These

text: reforms

text: gained

text: him

text: enemies

text: in

text: the

text: upper

text: classes

text: especially

text: among

text: the

text: high

text: nobility

text: who

text: despised

text: him

text: as

text: a

text: social

text: upstart

question: What were de Melo's greatest reforms?

answer: economic and financial

text: economic and financial

question: Why did e Melo demarcate the region for production of Port?

answer: to ensure the wine's quality

text: to ensure the wine's quality

question: Among which class did de Melo's reforms gain him the most enemies?

answer: especially among the high nobility

text: especially among the high nobility

question: Who was the first person to try to ensure the wine's quality in Portugal?

answer: Sebastião de Melo

text: Sebastião de Melo

question: Did de Melo impose strict laws only on one class of people?

answer: upon all classes of Portuguese society from the high nobility to the poorest working class

text: upon all classes of Portuguese society from the high nobility to the poorest working class


text: Church and state are officially separated since 1916 in Uruguay. The religion with most followers in Montevideo is Roman Catholicism and has been so since the foundation of the city. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Montevideo was created as the Apostolic Vicariate of Montevideo in 1830. The vicariate was promoted to the Diocese of Montevideo on 13 July 1878. Pope Leo XIII elevated it to the rank of a metropolitan archdiocese on 14 April 1897. The new archdiocese became the Metropolitan of the suffragan sees of Canelones, Florida, Maldonado–Punta del Este, Melo, Mercedes, Minas, Salto, San José de Mayo, Tacuarembó.

title: Montevideo

title: Montevideo

text: Church

text: and

text: state

text: are

text: officially

text: separated

text: since

text: in

text: Uruguay

text: The

text: religion

text: with

text: most

text: followers

text: in

text: Montevideo

text: is

text: Roman

text: Catholicism

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: so

text: since

text: the

text: foundation

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: The

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: Archdiocese

text: of

text: Montevideo

text: was

text: created

text: as

text: the

text: Apostolic

text: Vicariate

text: of

text: Montevideo

text: in

text: The

text: vicariate

text: was

text: promoted

text: to

text: the

text: Diocese

text: of

text: Montevideo

text: on

text: July

text: Pope

text: Leo

text: XIII

text: elevated

text: it

text: to

text: the

text: rank

text: of

text: a

text: metropolitan

text: archdiocese

text: on

text: April

text: The

text: new

text: archdiocese

text: became

text: the

text: Metropolitan

text: of

text: the

text: suffragan

text: sees

text: of

text: Canelones

text: Florida

text: Maldonado

text: Punta

text: del

text: Este

text: Melo

text: Mercedes

text: Minas

text: Salto

text: San

text: José

text: de

text: Mayo

text: Tacuarembó

question: Church and state have been officially separated in Uruguay since what year?

answer: 1916

question: What religion has the most followers in Montevideo?

answer: Roman Catholicism

text: Roman Catholicism

question: When was the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Montevideo created?

answer: 1830


text: The category of Native American applies to the diverse group of people who lived in North America before European settlement. During the U.S. government's westward expansion, Native Americans were displaced from their land which had been their home for centuries. Instead, they were forced onto reservations which were far smaller and less productive. According to Brest, land belonging to Native Americans was reduced from 138 million acres in 1887 to 52 million acres in 1934. In 1990, the poverty rate for Native Americans was more than triple that of the whites and only 9.4% of Native Americans have completed a bachelor's degree as opposed to 25.2% of whites and 12.2% of African Americans.

title: Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States

title: Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States

text: The

text: category

text: of

text: Native

text: American

text: applies

text: to

text: the

text: diverse

text: group

text: of

text: people

text: who

text: lived

text: in

text: North

text: America

text: before

text: European

text: settlement

text: During

text: the

text: U.S.

text: government

text: 's

text: westward

text: expansion

text: Native

text: Americans

text: were

text: displaced

text: from

text: their

text: land

text: which

text: had

text: been

text: their

text: home

text: for

text: centuries

text: Instead

text: they

text: were

text: forced

text: onto

text: reservations

text: which

text: were

text: far

text: smaller

text: and

text: less

text: productive

text: According

text: to

text: Brest

text: land

text: belonging

text: to

text: Native

text: Americans

text: was

text: reduced

text: from

text: million

text: acres

text: in

text: to

text: million

text: acres

text: in

text: In

text: the

text: poverty

text: rate

text: for

text: Native

text: Americans

text: was

text: more

text: than

text: triple

text: that

text: of

text: the

text: whites

text: and

text: only

text: of

text: Native

text: Americans

text: have

text: completed

text: a

text: bachelor

text: 's

text: degree

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: of

text: whites

text: and

text: of

text: African

text: Americans

question: Which groups can be categorized as Native Americans?

answer: people who lived in North America before European settlement

text: people who lived in North America before European settlement

question: When did the Native Americans lose their land?

answer: During the U.S. government's westward expansion

text: During the U.S. government's westward expansion

question: Where were Native Americans forced to live after they lost their land?

answer: reservations

text: reservations

question: How much land did the Native Americans own in 1934?

answer: 52 million acres

text: 52 million acres

question: In relation to whites, what was the poverty rate for Native Americans in 1990?

answer: more than triple

text: more than triple


text: In other cases, such as New Zealand and Canada, treaties allowed native peoples to maintain a minimum amount of autonomy. In the case of indigenous Australians, unlike with the Māori of New Zealand, no treaty was ever entered into with the indigenous peoples entitling the Europeans to land ownership, under the doctrine of terra nullius (later overturned by Mabo v Queensland, establishing the concept of native title well after colonization was already a fait accompli). Such treaties between colonizers and indigenous peoples are an important part of political discourse in the late 20th and early 21st century, the treaties being discussed have international standing as has been stated in a treaty study by the UN.

title: Treaty

title: Treaty

text: In

text: other

text: cases

text: such

text: as

text: New

text: Zealand

text: and

text: Canada

text: treaties

text: allowed

text: native

text: peoples

text: to

text: maintain

text: a

text: minimum

text: amount

text: of

text: autonomy

text: In

text: the

text: case

text: of

text: indigenous

text: Australians

text: unlike

text: with

text: the

text: Māori

text: of

text: New

text: Zealand

text: no

text: treaty

text: was

text: ever

text: entered

text: into

text: with

text: the

text: indigenous

text: peoples

text: entitling

text: the

text: Europeans

text: to

text: land

text: ownership

text: under

text: the

text: doctrine

text: of

text: terra

text: nullius

text: later

text: overturned

text: by

text: Mabo

text: v

text: Queensland

text: establishing

text: the

text: concept

text: of

text: native

text: title

text: well

text: after

text: colonization

text: was

text: already

text: a

text: fait

text: accompli

text: Such

text: treaties

text: between

text: colonizers

text: and

text: indigenous

text: peoples

text: are

text: an

text: important

text: part

text: of

text: political

text: discourse

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: and

text: early

text: century

text: the

text: treaties

text: being

text: discussed

text: have

text: international

text: standing

text: as

text: has

text: been

text: stated

text: in

text: a

text: treaty

text: study

text: by

text: the

text: UN

question: What were native peoples able to maintain a minimum amount of through treaties?

answer: autonomy

text: autonomy

question: What indigenous people of New Zealand entered into a treaty entitling Europeans to land ownership?

answer: Māori

text: Māori

question: What doctrine was overturned by Mabo v Queensland establishing the concept of native title?

answer: terra nullius

text: terra nullius

question: The concept of native title was established by what court case?

answer: Mabo v Queensland

text: Mabo v Queensland

question: Treaties between indigenous peoples and what other groups formed an important part of political discourse in the late 20th and early 21st century?

answer: colonizers

text: colonizers


text: Widespread rumors of Napoleon's return from St. Helena and Napoleon as an inspiration for patriotism, individual and collective liberties, and political mobilization manifested themselves in seditious materials, displaying the tricolor and rosettes. There were also subversive activities celebrating anniversaries of Napoleon's life and reign and disrupting royal celebrations—they demonstrated the prevailing and successful goal of the varied supporters of Napoleon to constantly destabilize the Bourbon regime.

title: Napoleon

title: Napoleon

text: Widespread

text: rumors

text: of

text: Napoleon

text: 's

text: return

text: from

text: St.

text: Helena

text: and

text: Napoleon

text: as

text: an

text: inspiration

text: for

text: patriotism

text: individual

text: and

text: collective

text: liberties

text: and

text: political

text: mobilization

text: manifested

text: themselves

text: in

text: seditious

text: materials

text: displaying

text: the

text: tricolor

text: and

text: rosettes

text: There

text: were

text: also

text: subversive

text: activities

text: celebrating

text: anniversaries

text: of

text: Napoleon

text: 's

text: life

text: and

text: reign

text: and

text: disrupting

text: royal

text: celebrations

text: they

text: demonstrated

text: the

text: prevailing

text: and

text: successful

text: goal

text: of

text: the

text: varied

text: supporters

text: of

text: Napoleon

text: to

text: constantly

text: destabilize

text: the

text: Bourbon

text: regime

question: Rumors of Napoleon's return from what location were often used as an inspiration for his followers?

answer: St. Helena

text: St. Helena

question: Anniversaries of Napoleon's life and reign were sometimes celebrated in an effort to disrupt what?

answer: royal celebrations

text: royal celebrations

question: Destabilization of what regime was the main goal of Napoleon's followers?

answer: the Bourbon regime

text: the Bourbon regime

question: Seditious material distributed by Napoleon's followers often displayed the tricolor, and what other design?

answer: rosettes

text: rosettes


text: While other companies were moving on to 32-bit systems, Rare and Nintendo proved that the SNES was still a strong contender in the market. In November 1994, Rare released Donkey Kong Country, a platform game featuring 3D models and textures pre-rendered on SGI workstations. With its detailed graphics, fluid animation and high-quality music, Donkey Kong Country rivaled the aesthetic quality of games that were being released on newer 32-bit CD-based consoles. In the last 45 days of 1994, the game sold 6.1 million units, making it the fastest-selling video game in history to that date. This game sent a message that early 32-bit systems had little to offer over the SNES, and helped make way for the more advanced consoles on the horizon.

title: Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System

title: Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System

text: While

text: other

text: companies

text: were

text: moving

text: on

text: to

text: systems

text: Rare

text: and

text: Nintendo

text: proved

text: that

text: the

text: SNES

text: was

text: still

text: a

text: strong

text: contender

text: in

text: the

text: market

text: In

text: November

text: Rare

text: released

text: Donkey

text: Kong

text: Country

text: a

text: platform

text: game

text: featuring

text: models

text: and

text: textures

text: pre

text: rendered

text: on

text: SGI

text: workstations

text: With

text: its

text: detailed

text: graphics

text: fluid

text: animation

text: and

text: high

text: quality

text: music

text: Donkey

text: Kong

text: Country

text: rivaled

text: the

text: aesthetic

text: quality

text: of

text: games

text: that

text: were

text: being

text: released

text: on

text: newer

text: CD

text: based

text: consoles

text: In

text: the

text: last

text: days

text: of

text: the

text: game

text: sold

text: million

text: units

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: fastest

text: selling

text: video

text: game

text: in

text: history

text: to

text: that

text: date

text: This

text: game

text: sent

text: a

text: message

text: that

text: early

text: systems

text: had

text: little

text: to

text: offer

text: over

text: the

text: SNES

text: and

text: helped

text: make

text: way

text: for

text: the

text: more

text: advanced

text: consoles

text: on

text: the

text: horizon

question: Which company developed Donkey Kong Country?

answer: Rare

text: Rare

question: How many copies of Donkey Kong Country were sold in its first 45 days?

answer: 6.1 million

text: 6.1 million

question: What kind of computers were Donkey Kong Country's graphics rendered on?

answer: SGI workstations

text: SGI workstations

question: How did Donkey Kong Country's quality compare to games on newer consoles?

answer: detailed graphics, fluid animation and high-quality music

text: detailed graphics, fluid animation and high-quality music

question: When was Donkey Kong Country released?

answer: November 1994

text: November 1994


text: In the second half of '90s, MP3 files began to spread on the Internet. The popularity of MP3s began to rise rapidly with the advent of Nullsoft's audio player Winamp, released in 1997. In 1998, the first portable solid state digital audio player MPMan, developed by SaeHan Information Systems which is headquartered in Seoul, South Korea, was released and the Rio PMP300 was sold afterwards in 1998, despite legal suppression efforts by the RIAA.

title: MP3

title: MP3

text: In

text: the

text: second

text: half

text: of

text: files

text: began

text: to

text: spread

text: on

text: the

text: Internet

text: The

text: popularity

text: of

text: began

text: to

text: rise

text: rapidly

text: with

text: the

text: advent

text: of

text: Nullsoft

text: 's

text: audio

text: player

text: Winamp

text: released

text: in

text: In

text: the

text: first

text: portable

text: solid

text: state

text: digital

text: audio

text: player

text: MPMan

text: developed

text: by

text: SaeHan

text: Information

text: Systems

text: which

text: is

text: headquartered

text: in

text: Seoul

text: South

text: Korea

text: was

text: released

text: and

text: the

text: Rio

text: was

text: sold

text: afterwards

text: in

text: despite

text: legal

text: suppression

text: efforts

text: by

text: the

text: RIAA

question: Where did MP3s begin to spread?

answer: the Internet

text: the Internet

question: Which audio player was released in 1997?

answer: Winamp

text: Winamp

question: Who released the audio player?

answer: Nullsoft

text: Nullsoft

question: What was the name of the first portable solid state digital audio player?

answer: MPMan

text: MPMan

question: In which country was the first portable audio player developed?

answer: South Korea

text: South Korea


text: In 2006, Dell acknowledged that it had problems with customer service. Issues included call transfers of more than 45% of calls and long wait times. Dell's blog detailed the response: "We're spending more than a $100 million — and a lot of blood, sweat and tears of talented people — to fix this." Later in the year, the company increased its spending on customer service to $150 million. Despite significant investment in this space, Dell continues to face public scrutiny with even the company's own website littered with complaints regarding the issue escalation process.[original research?]

title: Dell

title: Dell

text: In

text: Dell

text: acknowledged

text: that

text: it

text: had

text: problems

text: with

text: customer

text: service

text: Issues

text: included

text: call

text: transfers

text: of

text: more

text: than

text: of

text: calls

text: and

text: long

text: wait

text: times

text: Dell

text: 's

text: blog

text: detailed

text: the

text: response

text: We

text: 're

text: spending

text: more

text: than

text: a

text: million

text: and

text: a

text: lot

text: of

text: blood

text: sweat

text: and

text: tears

text: of

text: talented

text: people

text: to

text: fix

text: this

text: Later

text: in

text: the

text: year

text: the

text: company

text: increased

text: its

text: spending

text: on

text: customer

text: service

text: to

text: million

text: Despite

text: significant

text: investment

text: in

text: this

text: space

text: Dell

text: continues

text: to

text: face

text: public

text: scrutiny

text: with

text: even

text: the

text: company

text: 's

text: own

text: website

text: littered

text: with

text: complaints

text: regarding

text: the

text: issue

text: escalation

text: process.[original

text: research

question: What percentage of Dell support calls were transferred?

answer: 45%

question: How much did Dell originally spend to fix their customer service?

answer: $100 million

text: $100 million

question: What amount did Dell increase its customer service budget to?

answer: $150 million

text: $150 million


text: The panel is eventually broken apart into individual PCBs; this is called depaneling. Separating the individual PCBs is frequently aided by drilling or routing perforations along the boundaries of the individual circuits, much like a sheet of postage stamps. Another method, which takes less space, is to cut V-shaped grooves across the full dimension of the panel. The individual PCBs can then be broken apart along this line of weakness. Today depaneling is often done by lasers which cut the board with no contact. Laser panelization reduces stress on the fragile circuits.

title: Printed_circuit_board

title: Printed_circuit_board

text: The

text: panel

text: is

text: eventually

text: broken

text: apart

text: into

text: individual

text: PCBs

text: this

text: is

text: called

text: depaneling

text: Separating

text: the

text: individual

text: PCBs

text: is

text: frequently

text: aided

text: by

text: drilling

text: or

text: routing

text: perforations

text: along

text: the

text: boundaries

text: of

text: the

text: individual

text: circuits

text: much

text: like

text: a

text: sheet

text: of

text: postage

text: stamps

text: Another

text: method

text: which

text: takes

text: less

text: space

text: is

text: to

text: cut

text: V

text: shaped

text: grooves

text: across

text: the

text: full

text: dimension

text: of

text: the

text: panel

text: The

text: individual

text: PCBs

text: can

text: then

text: be

text: broken

text: apart

text: along

text: this

text: line

text: of

text: weakness

text: Today

text: depaneling

text: is

text: often

text: done

text: by

text: lasers

text: which

text: cut

text: the

text: board

text: with

text: no

text: contact

text: Laser

text: panelization

text: reduces

text: stress

text: on

text: the

text: fragile

text: circuits

question: What is the process called whereby the individual PCBs are separated?

answer: depaneling

text: depaneling

question: What boundaries would you follow to separate PCBs on a panel?

answer: individual circuits

text: individual circuits

question: What technology has made depaneling possible without needing to physically interact with the board?

answer: lasers

text: lasers

question: What does the V-shaped groove method save?

answer: space

text: space

question: What delicate component is less likely to be damaged if laser depanelization is used?

answer: circuits

text: circuits


text: In 1827, Hungarian physicist Ányos Jedlik started experimenting with electromagnetic coils. After Jedlik solved the technical problems of the continuous rotation with the invention of the commutator, he called his early devices "electromagnetic self-rotors". Although they were used only for instructional purposes, in 1828 Jedlik demonstrated the first device to contain the three main components of practical DC motors: the stator, rotor and commutator. The device employed no permanent magnets, as the magnetic fields of both the stationary and revolving components were produced solely by the currents flowing through their windings.

title: Electric_motor

title: Electric_motor

text: In

text: Hungarian

text: physicist

text: Ányos

text: Jedlik

text: started

text: experimenting

text: with

text: electromagnetic

text: coils

text: After

text: Jedlik

text: solved

text: the

text: technical

text: problems

text: of

text: the

text: continuous

text: rotation

text: with

text: the

text: invention

text: of

text: the

text: commutator

text: he

text: called

text: his

text: early

text: devices

text: electromagnetic

text: self

text: rotors

text: Although

text: they

text: were

text: used

text: only

text: for

text: instructional

text: purposes

text: in

text: Jedlik

text: demonstrated

text: the

text: first

text: device

text: to

text: contain

text: the

text: three

text: main

text: components

text: of

text: practical

text: DC

text: motors

text: the

text: stator

text: rotor

text: and

text: commutator

text: The

text: device

text: employed

text: no

text: permanent

text: magnets

text: as

text: the

text: magnetic

text: fields

text: of

text: both

text: the

text: stationary

text: and

text: revolving

text: components

text: were

text: produced

text: solely

text: by

text: the

text: currents

text: flowing

text: through

text: their

text: windings

question: In what year did Jedlik begin experimenting with electromagnetism?

answer: 1827

question: Besides the stator and the communicator, what is an element of a DC motor?

answer: rotor

text: rotor

question: What did Jedlik call his earliest devices?

answer: electromagnetic self-rotors

text: electromagnetic self-rotors

question: What discovery solved the problem of continuous rotation?

answer: commutator

text: commutator

question: What did Jedlik's improved device eliminate the need for?

answer: permanent magnets

text: permanent magnets


text: The hourglass uses the flow of sand to measure the flow of time. They were used in navigation. Ferdinand Magellan used 18 glasses on each ship for his circumnavigation of the globe (1522). Incense sticks and candles were, and are, commonly used to measure time in temples and churches across the globe. Waterclocks, and later, mechanical clocks, were used to mark the events of the abbeys and monasteries of the Middle Ages. Richard of Wallingford (1292–1336), abbot of St. Alban's abbey, famously built a mechanical clock as an astronomical orrery about 1330. Great advances in accurate time-keeping were made by Galileo Galilei and especially Christiaan Huygens with the invention of pendulum driven clocks along with the invention of the minute hand by Jost Burgi.

title: Time

title: Time

text: The

text: hourglass

text: uses

text: the

text: flow

text: of

text: sand

text: to

text: measure

text: the

text: flow

text: of

text: time

text: They

text: were

text: used

text: in

text: navigation

text: Ferdinand

text: Magellan

text: used

text: glasses

text: on

text: each

text: ship

text: for

text: his

text: circumnavigation

text: of

text: the

text: globe

text: Incense

text: sticks

text: and

text: candles

text: were

text: and

text: are

text: commonly

text: used

text: to

text: measure

text: time

text: in

text: temples

text: and

text: churches

text: across

text: the

text: globe

text: Waterclocks

text: and

text: later

text: mechanical

text: clocks

text: were

text: used

text: to

text: mark

text: the

text: events

text: of

text: the

text: abbeys

text: and

text: monasteries

text: of

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: Richard

text: of

text: Wallingford

text: abbot

text: of

text: St.

text: Alban

text: 's

text: abbey

text: famously

text: built

text: a

text: mechanical

text: clock

text: as

text: an

text: astronomical

text: orrery

text: about

text: Great

text: advances

text: in

text: accurate

text: time

text: keeping

text: were

text: made

text: by

text: Galileo

text: Galilei

text: and

text: especially

text: Christiaan

text: Huygens

text: with

text: the

text: invention

text: of

text: pendulum

text: driven

text: clocks

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: invention

text: of

text: the

text: minute

text: hand

text: by

text: Jost

text: Burgi

question: Which device uses the flow of sand to measure time?

answer: The hourglass

text: The hourglass

question: How many hourglasses did Magellan use on each ship during his famous voyage across the globe?

answer: 18

question: What method did temples and churches use to measure time?

answer: Incense sticks and candles

text: Incense sticks and candles

question: Which abbot of St. Alban's abbey built a mechanical clock around 1330?

answer: Richard of Wallingford

text: Richard of Wallingford

question: Who is credited with the invention of the minute hand?

answer: Jost Burgi.

text: Jost Burgi.


text: In conjunction with the system of months there is a system of weeks. A physical or electronic calendar provides conversion from a given date to the weekday, and shows multiple dates for a given weekday and month. Calculating the day of the week is not very simple, because of the irregularities in the Gregorian system. When the Gregorian calendar was adopted by each country, the weekly cycle continued uninterrupted. For example, in the case of the few countries that adopted the reformed calendar on the date proposed by Gregory XIII for the calendar's adoption, Friday, 15 October 1582, the preceding date was Thursday, 4 October 1582 (Julian calendar).

title: Gregorian_calendar

title: Gregorian_calendar

text: In

text: conjunction

text: with

text: the

text: system

text: of

text: months

text: there

text: is

text: a

text: system

text: of

text: weeks

text: A

text: physical

text: or

text: electronic

text: calendar

text: provides

text: conversion

text: from

text: a

text: given

text: date

text: to

text: the

text: weekday

text: and

text: shows

text: multiple

text: dates

text: for

text: a

text: given

text: weekday

text: and

text: month

text: Calculating

text: the

text: day

text: of

text: the

text: week

text: is

text: not

text: very

text: simple

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: irregularities

text: in

text: the

text: Gregorian

text: system

text: When

text: the

text: Gregorian

text: calendar

text: was

text: adopted

text: by

text: each

text: country

text: the

text: weekly

text: cycle

text: continued

text: uninterrupted

text: For

text: example

text: in

text: the

text: case

text: of

text: the

text: few

text: countries

text: that

text: adopted

text: the

text: reformed

text: calendar

text: on

text: the

text: date

text: proposed

text: by

text: Gregory

text: XIII

text: for

text: the

text: calendar

text: 's

text: adoption

text: Friday

text: October

text: the

text: preceding

text: date

text: was

text: Thursday

text: October

text: Julian

text: calendar

question: What other system of calculations are inherent in the Gregorian calendar?

answer: system of weeks

text: system of weeks

question: Why is calculating the days of the Gregorian calendar not simple?

answer: irregularities

text: irregularities

question: After each country adopted the calendar how did the weekly cycle continue?

answer: uninterrupted

text: uninterrupted

question: What was the previous day's date by the Julian calendar?

answer: Thursday, 4 October 1582

text: Thursday, 4 October 1582

question: What was the date of adoption for the calendar?

answer: Friday, 15 October 1582

text: Friday, 15 October 1582


text: The restoration of power to the patriciate was only temporary. After a period of unrest with repeated violent clashes such as the Züriputsch of 1839, civil war (the Sonderbundskrieg) broke out in 1847 when some Catholic cantons tried to set up a separate alliance (the Sonderbund). The war lasted for less than a month, causing fewer than 100 casualties, most of which were through friendly fire. Yet however minor the Sonderbundskrieg appears compared with other European riots and wars in the 19th century, it nevertheless had a major impact on both the psychology and the society of the Swiss and of Switzerland.

title: Switzerland

title: Switzerland

text: The

text: restoration

text: of

text: power

text: to

text: the

text: patriciate

text: was

text: only

text: temporary

text: After

text: a

text: period

text: of

text: unrest

text: with

text: repeated

text: violent

text: clashes

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Züriputsch

text: of

text: civil

text: war

text: the

text: Sonderbundskrieg

text: broke

text: out

text: in

text: when

text: some

text: Catholic

text: cantons

text: tried

text: to

text: set

text: up

text: a

text: separate

text: alliance

text: the

text: Sonderbund

text: The

text: war

text: lasted

text: for

text: less

text: than

text: a

text: month

text: causing

text: fewer

text: than

text: casualties

text: most

text: of

text: which

text: were

text: through

text: friendly

text: fire

text: Yet

text: however

text: minor

text: the

text: Sonderbundskrieg

text: appears

text: compared

text: with

text: other

text: European

text: riots

text: and

text: wars

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: it

text: nevertheless

text: had

text: a

text: major

text: impact

text: on

text: both

text: the

text: psychology

text: and

text: the

text: society

text: of

text: the

text: Swiss

text: and

text: of

text: Switzerland

question: What did Catholic cantons attempt to set up which caused a civil war in 1839?

answer: a separate alliance (the Sonderbund)

text: a separate alliance (the Sonderbund)

question: What was the name of the Swiss civil war in 1839?

answer: the Sonderbundskrieg

text: the Sonderbundskrieg

question: How big was the impact the Sonderbundskrieg had on the psychology and society of the Swiss and Switzerland?

answer: major

text: major

question: What was responsible for most of the 1100 casualties incurred during the Swiss civil war in 1839?

answer: friendly fire

text: friendly fire

question: How long did the Swiss civil war in 1839 last?

answer: less than a month

text: less than a month


text: Between the 1992–93 season and the 2012–13 season, Premier League clubs had won the UEFA Champions League four times (as well as supplying five of the runners-up), behind Spain's La Liga with six wins, and Italy's Serie A with five wins, and ahead of, among others, Germany's Bundesliga with three wins (see table here). The FIFA Club World Cup (or the FIFA Club World Championship, as it was originally called) has been won by Premier league clubs once (Manchester United in 2008), and they have also been runners-up twice, behind Brazil's Brasileirão with four wins, and Spain's La Liga and Italy's Serie A with two wins each (see table here).

title: Premier_League

title: Premier_League

text: Between

text: the

text: season

text: and

text: the

text: season

text: Premier

text: League

text: clubs

text: had

text: won

text: the

text: UEFA

text: Champions

text: League

text: four

text: times

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: supplying

text: five

text: of

text: the

text: runners

text: up

text: behind

text: Spain

text: 's

text: La

text: Liga

text: with

text: six

text: wins

text: and

text: Italy

text: 's

text: Serie

text: A

text: with

text: five

text: wins

text: and

text: ahead

text: of

text: among

text: others

text: Germany

text: 's

text: Bundesliga

text: with

text: three

text: wins

text: see

text: table

text: here

text: The

text: FIFA

text: Club

text: World

text: Cup

text: or

text: the

text: FIFA

text: Club

text: World

text: Championship

text: as

text: it

text: was

text: originally

text: called

text: has

text: been

text: won

text: by

text: Premier

text: league

text: clubs

text: once

text: Manchester

text: United

text: in

text: and

text: they

text: have

text: also

text: been

text: runners

text: up

text: twice

text: behind

text: Brazil

text: 's

text: Brasileirão

text: with

text: four

text: wins

text: and

text: Spain

text: 's

text: La

text: Liga

text: and

text: Italy

text: 's

text: Serie

text: A

text: with

text: two

text: wins

text: each

text: see

text: table

text: here

question: How many times have Premier League teams have won the Champions League since 1992-2013?

answer: Premier League clubs had won the UEFA Champions League four times

text: Premier League clubs had won the UEFA Champions League four times

question: How many times has the Premier League won the World Cup (FIFA Club) during that same time period?

answer: won by Premier league clubs once (Manchester United in 2008)

text: won by Premier league clubs once (Manchester United in 2008)

question: How many times have Premier League teams been runners up in the World Cup?

answer: they have also been runners-up twice,

text: they have also been runners-up twice,

question: How many times did Premier League clubs win the Champions League between 1992 and 2013?

answer: four

text: four

question: How many runners up in the Champions League were from the Premier League between 1992 and 2013?

answer: five

text: five

question: Which league had the most Champions League wins between 1992 and 2013?

answer: La Liga

text: La Liga

question: Which league had the second most Champions League wins between 1992 and 2013?

answer: Serie A

text: Serie A

question: Which league had only three Champions League wins between 1992 and 2013?

answer: Bundesliga

text: Bundesliga


text: With the discovery of fire, the earliest form of artificial lighting used to illuminate an area were campfires or torches. As early as 400,000 BCE, fire was kindled in the caves of Peking Man. Prehistoric people used primitive oil lamps to illuminate surroundings. These lamps were made from naturally occurring materials such as rocks, shells, horns and stones, were filled with grease, and had a fiber wick. Lamps typically used animal or vegetable fats as fuel. Hundreds of these lamps (hollow worked stones) have been found in the Lascaux caves in modern-day France, dating to about 15,000 years ago. Oily animals (birds and fish) were also used as lamps after being threaded with a wick. Fireflies have been used as lighting sources. Candles and glass and pottery lamps were also invented. Chandeliers were an early form of "light fixture".

title: Lighting

title: Lighting

text: With

text: the

text: discovery

text: of

text: fire

text: the

text: earliest

text: form

text: of

text: artificial

text: lighting

text: used

text: to

text: illuminate

text: an

text: area

text: were

text: campfires

text: or

text: torches

text: As

text: early

text: as

text: BCE

text: fire

text: was

text: kindled

text: in

text: the

text: caves

text: of

text: Peking

text: Man

text: Prehistoric

text: people

text: used

text: primitive

text: oil

text: lamps

text: to

text: illuminate

text: surroundings

text: These

text: lamps

text: were

text: made

text: from

text: naturally

text: occurring

text: materials

text: such

text: as

text: rocks

text: shells

text: horns

text: and

text: stones

text: were

text: filled

text: with

text: grease

text: and

text: had

text: a

text: fiber

text: wick

text: Lamps

text: typically

text: used

text: animal

text: or

text: vegetable

text: fats

text: as

text: fuel

text: Hundreds

text: of

text: these

text: lamps

text: hollow

text: worked

text: stones

text: have

text: been

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: Lascaux

text: caves

text: in

text: modern

text: day

text: France

text: dating

text: to

text: about

text: years

text: ago

text: Oily

text: animals

text: birds

text: and

text: fish

text: were

text: also

text: used

text: as

text: lamps

text: after

text: being

text: threaded

text: with

text: a

text: wick

text: Fireflies

text: have

text: been

text: used

text: as

text: lighting

text: sources

text: Candles

text: and

text: glass

text: and

text: pottery

text: lamps

text: were

text: also

text: invented

text: Chandeliers

text: were

text: an

text: early

text: form

text: of

text: light

text: fixture

question: Peking man kindled fire as early as?

answer: 400,000 BCE

text: 400,000 BCE

question: Which type of oily animals where also used as lamps after being threaded with wick?

answer: birds and fish

text: birds and fish

question: What is considered the earliest form of artificial lighting?

answer: campfires or torches

text: campfires or torches

question: The hollow worked stones lamps found in Lascaux caves date back how far?

answer: 15,000 years

text: 15,000 years


text: Due to many centuries of intensive settlement, most of the area is shaped by human influence. The original natural vegetation of Thuringia is forest with beech as its predominant species, as can still be found in the Hainich mountains today. In the uplands, a mixture of beech and spruce would be natural. However, most of the plains have been cleared and are in intensive agricultural use while most of the forests are planted with spruce and pine. Since 1990, Thuringia's forests have been managed aiming for a more natural and tough vegetation more resilient to climate change as well as diseases and vermin. In comparison to the forest, agriculture is still quite conventional and dominated by large structures and monocultures. Problems here are caused especially by increasingly prolonged dry periods during the summer months.

title: Thuringia

title: Thuringia

text: Due

text: to

text: many

text: centuries

text: of

text: intensive

text: settlement

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: area

text: is

text: shaped

text: by

text: human

text: influence

text: The

text: original

text: natural

text: vegetation

text: of

text: Thuringia

text: is

text: forest

text: with

text: beech

text: as

text: its

text: predominant

text: species

text: as

text: can

text: still

text: be

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: Hainich

text: mountains

text: today

text: In

text: the

text: uplands

text: a

text: mixture

text: of

text: beech

text: and

text: spruce

text: would

text: be

text: natural

text: However

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: plains

text: have

text: been

text: cleared

text: and

text: are

text: in

text: intensive

text: agricultural

text: use

text: while

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: forests

text: are

text: planted

text: with

text: spruce

text: and

text: pine

text: Since

text: Thuringia

text: 's

text: forests

text: have

text: been

text: managed

text: aiming

text: for

text: a

text: more

text: natural

text: and

text: tough

text: vegetation

text: more

text: resilient

text: to

text: climate

text: change

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: diseases

text: and

text: vermin

text: In

text: comparison

text: to

text: the

text: forest

text: agriculture

text: is

text: still

text: quite

text: conventional

text: and

text: dominated

text: by

text: large

text: structures

text: and

text: monocultures

text: Problems

text: here

text: are

text: caused

text: especially

text: by

text: increasingly

text: prolonged

text: dry

text: periods

text: during

text: the

text: summer

text: months

question: Why is Thurnigia's landscape shaped by human influence?

answer: Due to many centuries of intensive settlement

text: Due to many centuries of intensive settlement

question: What type of nature is common in the highlands of Thuringia?

answer: a mixture of beech and spruce

text: a mixture of beech and spruce

question: What is the original natural vegetation of Thuringia?

answer: forest with beech as its predominant species

text: forest with beech as its predominant species

question: Where do most landscape problems come from?

answer: increasingly prolonged dry periods during the summer months

text: increasingly prolonged dry periods during the summer months

question: What has been the aim for the Thuringian forests since 1990?

answer: more natural and tough vegetation

text: more natural and tough vegetation


text: The region is serviced by 4,200 km (2,600 mi) of roads used by 6 million vehicles. Train travel is well established in the Alps, with, for instance 120 km (75 mi) of track for every 1,000 km2 (390 sq mi) in a country such as Switzerland. Most of Europe's highest railways are located there. Moreover, plans are underway to build a 57 km (35 mi)-long sub-alpine tunnel connecting the older Lötschberg and Gotthard tunnels built in the 19th century.

title: Alps

title: Alps

text: The

text: region

text: is

text: serviced

text: by

text: km

text: mi

text: of

text: roads

text: used

text: by

text: million

text: vehicles

text: Train

text: travel

text: is

text: well

text: established

text: in

text: the

text: Alps

text: with

text: for

text: instance

text: km

text: mi

text: of

text: track

text: for

text: every

text: sq

text: mi

text: in

text: a

text: country

text: such

text: as

text: Switzerland

text: Most

text: of

text: Europe

text: 's

text: highest

text: railways

text: are

text: located

text: there

text: Moreover

text: plans

text: are

text: underway

text: to

text: build

text: a

text: km

text: mi)-long

text: sub

text: alpine

text: tunnel

text: connecting

text: the

text: older

text: Lötschberg

text: and

text: Gotthard

text: tunnels

text: built

text: in

text: the

text: century

question: How much area is devoted to roads in the Alpine region?

answer: 4,200 km (2,600 mi)

text: 4,200 km (2,600 mi)

question: How many vehicles use the roads?

answer: 6 million

text: 6 million

question: Where are most of Europe's highest railways located?

answer: Switzerland

text: Switzerland

question: How long is the tunnel connecting Lotschberg and Gotthard planned to be?

answer: 57 km

text: 57 km


text: Families throughout Han China made ritual sacrifices of animals and food to deities, spirits, and ancestors at temples and shrines, in the belief that these items could be utilized by those in the spiritual realm. It was thought that each person had a two-part soul: the spirit-soul (hun 魂) which journeyed to the afterlife paradise of immortals (xian), and the body-soul (po 魄) which remained in its grave or tomb on earth and was only reunited with the spirit-soul through a ritual ceremony. These tombs were commonly adorned with uniquely decorated hollow clay tiles that function also as a doorjamb to the tomb. Otherwise known as tomb tiles, these artifacts feature holes in the top and bottom of the tile allowing it to pivot. Similar tiles have been found in the Chengdu area of Sichuan province in south-central China.

title: Han_dynasty

title: Han_dynasty

text: Families

text: throughout

text: Han

text: China

text: made

text: ritual

text: sacrifices

text: of

text: animals

text: and

text: food

text: to

text: deities

text: spirits

text: and

text: ancestors

text: at

text: temples

text: and

text: shrines

text: in

text: the

text: belief

text: that

text: these

text: items

text: could

text: be

text: utilized

text: by

text: those

text: in

text: the

text: spiritual

text: realm

text: It

text: was

text: thought

text: that

text: each

text: person

text: had

text: a

text: two

text: part

text: soul

text: the

text: spirit

text: soul

text: hun

text: 魂

text: which

text: journeyed

text: to

text: the

text: afterlife

text: paradise

text: of

text: immortals

text: xian

text: and

text: the

text: body

text: soul

text: po

text: 魄

text: which

text: remained

text: in

text: its

text: grave

text: or

text: tomb

text: on

text: earth

text: and

text: was

text: only

text: reunited

text: with

text: the

text: spirit

text: soul

text: through

text: a

text: ritual

text: ceremony

text: These

text: tombs

text: were

text: commonly

text: adorned

text: with

text: uniquely

text: decorated

text: hollow

text: clay

text: tiles

text: that

text: function

text: also

text: as

text: a

text: doorjamb

text: to

text: the

text: tomb

text: Otherwise

text: known

text: as

text: tomb

text: tiles

text: these

text: artifacts

text: feature

text: holes

text: in

text: the

text: top

text: and

text: bottom

text: of

text: the

text: tile

text: allowing

text: it

text: to

text: pivot

text: Similar

text: tiles

text: have

text: been

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: Chengdu

text: area

text: of

text: Sichuan

text: province

text: in

text: south

text: central

text: China

question: What could be used to prevent a door from closing in a place of burial?

answer: hollow clay tiles

text: hollow clay tiles

question: What type of decoration was often seen in tombs?

answer: hollow clay tiles

text: hollow clay tiles

question: What was the afterlife of the immortals called during this period?

answer: xian

text: xian

question: What is the commonly held notion regarding the dual nature of the soul called?

answer: two-part soul

text: two-part soul

question: What function did the holes in the top and bottom of the tomb tiles enable them to do?

answer: allowing it to pivot

text: allowing it to pivot