text: Bruce Matthews notes that there is no cohesive presentation of karma in the Sutta Pitaka, which may mean that the doctrine was incidental to the main perspective of early Buddhist soteriology. Schmithausen is a notable scholar who has questioned whether karma already played a role in the theory of rebirth of earliest Buddhism.[page needed][note 32] According to Vetter, "the Buddha at first sought "the deathless" (amata/amrta), which is concerned with the here and now. According to Vetter, only after this realization did he become acquainted with the doctrine of rebirth." Bronkhorst disagrees, and concludes that the Buddha "introduced a concept of karma that differed considerably from the commonly held views of his time." According to Bronkhorst, not physical and mental activities as such were seen as responsible for rebirth, but intentions and desire.

title: Buddhism

title: Buddhism

text: Bruce

text: Matthews

text: notes

text: that

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: cohesive

text: presentation

text: of

text: karma

text: in

text: the

text: Sutta

text: Pitaka

text: which

text: may

text: mean

text: that

text: the

text: doctrine

text: was

text: incidental

text: to

text: the

text: main

text: perspective

text: of

text: early

text: Buddhist

text: soteriology

text: Schmithausen

text: is

text: a

text: notable

text: scholar

text: who

text: has

text: questioned

text: whether

text: karma

text: already

text: played

text: a

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: theory

text: of

text: rebirth

text: of

text: earliest

text: Buddhism.[page

text: needed][note

text: According

text: to

text: Vetter

text: the

text: Buddha

text: at

text: first

text: sought

text: the

text: deathless

text: amata

text: amrta

text: which

text: is

text: concerned

text: with

text: the

text: here

text: and

text: now

text: According

text: to

text: Vetter

text: only

text: after

text: this

text: realization

text: did

text: he

text: become

text: acquainted

text: with

text: the

text: doctrine

text: of

text: rebirth

text: Bronkhorst

text: disagrees

text: and

text: concludes

text: that

text: the

text: Buddha

text: introduced

text: a

text: concept

text: of

text: karma

text: that

text: differed

text: considerably

text: from

text: the

text: commonly

text: held

text: views

text: of

text: his

text: time

text: According

text: to

text: Bronkhorst

text: not

text: physical

text: and

text: mental

text: activities

text: as

text: such

text: were

text: seen

text: as

text: responsible

text: for

text: rebirth

text: but

text: intentions

text: and

text: desire

question: According the Bronkhorst, intentions and desire are responsible for what?

answer: rebirth

text: rebirth

question: Bronkhurst says that Buddha had a view of 'what' much different then current day?

answer: karma

text: karma


text: The Dutch Republic formally made claim to Saint Helena in 1633, although there is no evidence that they ever occupied, colonised or fortified it. By 1651, the Dutch had mainly abandoned the island in favour of their colony at the Cape of Good Hope.

title: Saint_Helena

title: Saint_Helena

text: The

text: Dutch

text: Republic

text: formally

text: made

text: claim

text: to

text: Saint

text: Helena

text: in

text: although

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: evidence

text: that

text: they

text: ever

text: occupied

text: colonised

text: or

text: fortified

text: it

text: By

text: the

text: Dutch

text: had

text: mainly

text: abandoned

text: the

text: island

text: in

text: favour

text: of

text: their

text: colony

text: at

text: the

text: Cape

text: of

text: Good

text: Hope

question: Who claimed Saint Helena in 1633?

answer: The Dutch Republic

text: The Dutch Republic

question: What year did the Dutch abandon the island?

answer: 1651

question: Which colony did the Dutch abandon the island for?

answer: Cape of Good Hope.

text: Cape of Good Hope.


text: In the east there is a Dutch Low Saxon dialect area, comprising the provinces of Groningen, Drenthe and Overijssel, and parts of the province of Gelderland as well. The IJssel river roughly forms the linguistic watershed here. This group, though not being Low Franconian and being close to the neighbouring Low German, is regarded as Dutch, because of a number of reasons. From the 14th to 15th century onward, its urban centers (Deventer, Zwolle and Kampen as well as Zutphen and Doesburg) have been increasingly influenced by the western written Dutch and became a linguistically mixed area. From the 17th century onward, it was gradually integrated into the Dutch language area. In other words, this group is Dutch synchronically but not diachronically.[citation needed]

title: Dutch_language

title: Dutch_language

text: In

text: the

text: east

text: there

text: is

text: a

text: Dutch

text: Low

text: Saxon

text: dialect

text: area

text: comprising

text: the

text: provinces

text: of

text: Groningen

text: Drenthe

text: and

text: Overijssel

text: and

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: province

text: of

text: Gelderland

text: as

text: well

text: The

text: IJssel

text: river

text: roughly

text: forms

text: the

text: linguistic

text: watershed

text: here

text: This

text: group

text: though

text: not

text: being

text: Low

text: Franconian

text: and

text: being

text: close

text: to

text: the

text: neighbouring

text: Low

text: German

text: is

text: regarded

text: as

text: Dutch

text: because

text: of

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: reasons

text: From

text: the

text: to

text: century

text: onward

text: its

text: urban

text: centers

text: Deventer

text: Zwolle

text: and

text: Kampen

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: Zutphen

text: and

text: Doesburg

text: have

text: been

text: increasingly

text: influenced

text: by

text: the

text: western

text: written

text: Dutch

text: and

text: became

text: a

text: linguistically

text: mixed

text: area

text: From

text: the

text: century

text: onward

text: it

text: was

text: gradually

text: integrated

text: into

text: the

text: Dutch

text: language

text: area

text: In

text: other

text: words

text: this

text: group

text: is

text: Dutch

text: synchronically

text: but

text: not

text: diachronically.[citation

text: needed

question: What dialect of Dutch is spoken in Drenthe?

answer: Dutch Low Saxon

text: Dutch Low Saxon

question: What's the name of the river that marks a dialect divide in the Netherlands?

answer: IJssel

text: IJssel

question: Although Dutch Low Saxon is similar to Low German, it's synchronically included with which language?

answer: Dutch

text: Dutch

question: Which Dutch province is only partially comprised of speakers of Dutch low Saxon?

answer: Gelderland

text: Gelderland

question: When did cities like Diventer and Zutphen start becoming more linguistically diverse?

answer: 14th to 15th century

text: 14th to 15th century


text: The presence of companies like Shell in the Niger-Delta has led to extreme environmental issues in the Niger Delta. Many pipelines in the Niger-Delta owned by Shell are old and corroded. Shell has acknowledged its responsibility for keeping the pipelines new but has also denied responsibility for environmental causes. This has led to mass protests from the Niger-Delta inhabitants and Amnesty International against Shell and Friends of the Earth Netherlands. It has also led to action plans to boycott Shell by environmental groups, and human rights groups. In January 2013, a Dutch court rejected four out of five allegations brought against the firm over oil pollution in the Niger Delta but found a subsidiary guilty of one case of pollution, ordering compensation to be paid to a Nigerian farmer.

title: Royal_Dutch_Shell

title: Royal_Dutch_Shell

text: The

text: presence

text: of

text: companies

text: like

text: Shell

text: in

text: the

text: Niger

text: Delta

text: has

text: led

text: to

text: extreme

text: environmental

text: issues

text: in

text: the

text: Niger

text: Delta

text: Many

text: pipelines

text: in

text: the

text: Niger

text: Delta

text: owned

text: by

text: Shell

text: are

text: old

text: and

text: corroded

text: Shell

text: has

text: acknowledged

text: its

text: responsibility

text: for

text: keeping

text: the

text: pipelines

text: new

text: but

text: has

text: also

text: denied

text: responsibility

text: for

text: environmental

text: causes

text: This

text: has

text: led

text: to

text: mass

text: protests

text: from

text: the

text: Niger

text: Delta

text: inhabitants

text: and

text: Amnesty

text: International

text: against

text: Shell

text: and

text: Friends

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: Netherlands

text: It

text: has

text: also

text: led

text: to

text: action

text: plans

text: to

text: boycott

text: Shell

text: by

text: environmental

text: groups

text: and

text: human

text: rights

text: groups

text: In

text: January

text: a

text: Dutch

text: court

text: rejected

text: four

text: out

text: of

text: five

text: allegations

text: brought

text: against

text: the

text: firm

text: over

text: oil

text: pollution

text: in

text: the

text: Niger

text: Delta

text: but

text: found

text: a

text: subsidiary

text: guilty

text: of

text: one

text: case

text: of

text: pollution

text: ordering

text: compensation

text: to

text: be

text: paid

text: to

text: a

text: Nigerian

text: farmer

question: What is a cause of severe environmental issues in the Niger Delta?

answer: The presence of companies like Shell

text: The presence of companies like Shell

question: Many pipelines owned by Shell in the Niger Delta are described as what?

answer: old and corroded

text: old and corroded

question: Shell has accepted responsibility for keeping its pipelines in what condition?

answer: new

text: new

question: In contrast to its acceptance of responsibility for keeping the pipelines new, Shell has denied what?

answer: responsibility for environmental causes

text: responsibility for environmental causes

question: Environmental and human rights groups have created action plans to do what?

answer: boycott Shell

text: boycott Shell


text: During this period, Roman soldiers seem to have been modelled after those of the Etruscans to the north, who themselves seem to have copied their style of warfare from the Greeks. Traditionally, the introduction of the phalanx formation into the Roman army is ascribed to the city's penultimate king, Servius Tullius (ruled 578 to 534 BC). According to Livy and Dionysius of Halicarnassus, the front rank was composed of the wealthiest citizens, who were able to purchase the best equipment. Each subsequent rank consisted of those with less wealth and poorer equipment than the one before it.

title: Roman_Republic

title: Roman_Republic

text: During

text: this

text: period

text: Roman

text: soldiers

text: seem

text: to

text: have

text: been

text: modelled

text: after

text: those

text: of

text: the

text: Etruscans

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: who

text: themselves

text: seem

text: to

text: have

text: copied

text: their

text: style

text: of

text: warfare

text: from

text: the

text: Greeks

text: Traditionally

text: the

text: introduction

text: of

text: the

text: phalanx

text: formation

text: into

text: the

text: Roman

text: army

text: is

text: ascribed

text: to

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: penultimate

text: king

text: Servius

text: Tullius

text: ruled

text: to

text: BC

text: According

text: to

text: Livy

text: and

text: Dionysius

text: of

text: Halicarnassus

text: the

text: front

text: rank

text: was

text: composed

text: of

text: the

text: wealthiest

text: citizens

text: who

text: were

text: able

text: to

text: purchase

text: the

text: best

text: equipment

text: Each

text: subsequent

text: rank

text: consisted

text: of

text: those

text: with

text: less

text: wealth

text: and

text: poorer

text: equipment

text: than

text: the

text: one

text: before

text: it

question: Who introduced the phalanx formation into Rome's army?

answer: Servius Tullius

text: Servius Tullius

question: Were Roman soldiers expected to purchase their own equipment?

answer: wealthiest citizens, who were able to purchase the best equipment

text: wealthiest citizens, who were able to purchase the best equipment

question: Who were contained in the first rank of the phalanx formation?

answer: wealthiest citizens

text: wealthiest citizens

question: From what people did it appear the Etruscans had model their form of warfare on?

answer: Greeks

text: Greeks

question: Where did Dionysius hail from?

answer: Halicarnassus

text: Halicarnassus


text: Voting results have been a consistent source of controversy. The mechanism of voting had also aroused considerable criticisms, most notably in season two when Ruben Studdard beat Clay Aiken in a close vote, and in season eight, when the massive increase in text votes (100 million more text votes than season 7) fueled the texting controversy. Concerns about power voting have been expressed from the very first season. Since 2004, votes also have been affected to a limited degree by online communities such as DialIdol, Vote for the Worst (closed in 2013), and Vote for the Girls (started 2010).

title: American_Idol

title: American_Idol

text: Voting

text: results

text: have

text: been

text: a

text: consistent

text: source

text: of

text: controversy

text: The

text: mechanism

text: of

text: voting

text: had

text: also

text: aroused

text: considerable

text: criticisms

text: most

text: notably

text: in

text: season

text: two

text: when

text: Ruben

text: Studdard

text: beat

text: Clay

text: Aiken

text: in

text: a

text: close

text: vote

text: and

text: in

text: season

text: eight

text: when

text: the

text: massive

text: increase

text: in

text: text

text: votes

text: million

text: more

text: text

text: votes

text: than

text: season

text: fueled

text: the

text: texting

text: controversy

text: Concerns

text: about

text: power

text: voting

text: have

text: been

text: expressed

text: from

text: the

text: very

text: first

text: season

text: Since

text: votes

text: also

text: have

text: been

text: affected

text: to

text: a

text: limited

text: degree

text: by

text: online

text: communities

text: such

text: as

text: DialIdol

text: Vote

text: for

text: the

text: Worst

text: closed

text: in

text: and

text: Vote

text: for

text: the

text: Girls

text: started

question: Who won season two of American Idol?

answer: Ruben Studdard

text: Ruben Studdard

question: Who came in second on season two of American Idol?

answer: Clay Aiken

text: Clay Aiken

question: What year did Vote for the Worst cease operations?

answer: 2013

question: How many more text votes were there in season eight of American Idol over season seven?

answer: 100 million

text: 100 million

question: Which season had the biggest voting controversy?

answer: season two

text: season two

question: Which season had a voting controversy because of a huge increase in text votes?

answer: season eight

text: season eight

question: Which voting concern has been present since the first season?

answer: power voting

text: power voting

question: When did Vote for the Girls start?

answer: 2010

question: When did Vote for the Worst close?

answer: 2013


text: On September 13, 2009, during the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards while Taylor Swift was accepting her award for Best Female Video for "You Belong with Me", West went on stage and grabbed the microphone to proclaim that Beyoncé's video for "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)", nominated for the same award, was "one of the best videos of all time". He was subsequently removed from the remainder of the show for his actions. When Beyoncé later won the award for Best Video of the Year for "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)", she called Swift up on stage so that she could finish her acceptance speech. West was criticized by various celebrities for the outburst, and by President Barack Obama, who called West a "jackass". In addition, West's VMA disruption sparked a large influx of Internet photo memes with blogs, forums and "tweets" with the "Let you finish" photo-jokes. He posted a Tweet soon after the event where he stated, "Everybody wanna booooo me but I'm a fan of real pop culture... I'm not crazy y'all, I'm just real." He then posted two apologies for the outburst on his personal blog; one on the night of the incident, and the other the following day, when he also apologized during an appearance on The Jay Leno Show. After Swift appeared on The View two days after the outburst, partly to discuss the matter, West called her to apologize personally. Swift said she accepted his apology.

title: Kanye_West

title: Kanye_West

text: On

text: September

text: during

text: the

text: MTV

text: Video

text: Music

text: Awards

text: while

text: Taylor

text: Swift

text: was

text: accepting

text: her

text: award

text: for

text: Best

text: Female

text: Video

text: for

text: You

text: Belong

text: with

text: Me

text: West

text: went

text: on

text: stage

text: and

text: grabbed

text: the

text: microphone

text: to

text: proclaim

text: that

text: Beyoncé

text: 's

text: video

text: for

text: Single

text: Ladies

text: Put

text: a

text: Ring

text: on

text: It

text: nominated

text: for

text: the

text: same

text: award

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: best

text: videos

text: of

text: all

text: time

text: He

text: was

text: subsequently

text: removed

text: from

text: the

text: remainder

text: of

text: the

text: show

text: for

text: his

text: actions

text: When

text: Beyoncé

text: later

text: won

text: the

text: award

text: for

text: Best

text: Video

text: of

text: the

text: Year

text: for

text: Single

text: Ladies

text: Put

text: a

text: Ring

text: on

text: It

text: she

text: called

text: Swift

text: up

text: on

text: stage

text: so

text: that

text: she

text: could

text: finish

text: her

text: acceptance

text: speech

text: West

text: was

text: criticized

text: by

text: various

text: celebrities

text: for

text: the

text: outburst

text: and

text: by

text: President

text: Barack

text: Obama

text: who

text: called

text: West

text: a

text: jackass

text: In

text: addition

text: West

text: 's

text: VMA

text: disruption

text: sparked

text: a

text: large

text: influx

text: of

text: Internet

text: photo

text: memes

text: with

text: blogs

text: forums

text: and

text: tweets

text: with

text: the

text: Let

text: you

text: finish

text: photo

text: jokes

text: He

text: posted

text: a

text: Tweet

text: soon

text: after

text: the

text: event

text: where

text: he

text: stated

text: Everybody

text: wanna

text: booooo

text: me

text: but

text: I

text: 'm

text: a

text: fan

text: of

text: real

text: pop

text: culture

text: I

text: 'm

text: not

text: crazy

text: y'

text: all

text: I

text: 'm

text: just

text: real

text: He

text: then

text: posted

text: two

text: apologies

text: for

text: the

text: outburst

text: on

text: his

text: personal

text: blog

text: one

text: on

text: the

text: night

text: of

text: the

text: incident

text: and

text: the

text: other

text: the

text: following

text: day

text: when

text: he

text: also

text: apologized

text: during

text: an

text: appearance

text: on

text: The

text: Jay

text: Leno

text: Show

text: After

text: Swift

text: appeared

text: on

text: The

text: View

text: two

text: days

text: after

text: the

text: outburst

text: partly

text: to

text: discuss

text: the

text: matter

text: West

text: called

text: her

text: to

text: apologize

text: personally

text: Swift

text: said

text: she

text: accepted

text: his

text: apology

question: What artist's award reception did Kanye interrupt onstage at the 2009 MTV VMAs?

answer: Taylor Swift

text: Taylor Swift

question: Which U.S. President criticized Kanye for his VMA outburst?

answer: Obama

text: Obama

question: Which President called Kanye West a jackass for his behavior at the 2009 VMAs?

answer: President Barack Obama

text: President Barack Obama


text: The River Plym, which flows off Dartmoor to the north-east, forms a smaller estuary to the east of the city called Cattewater. Plymouth Sound is protected from the sea by the Plymouth Breakwater, in use since 1814. In the Sound is Drake's Island which is seen from Plymouth Hoe, a flat public area on top of limestone cliffs. The Unitary Authority of Plymouth is 79.84 square kilometres (30.83 sq mi). The topography rises from sea level to a height, at Roborough, of about 509 feet (155 m) above Ordnance Datum (AOD).

title: Plymouth

title: Plymouth

text: The

text: River

text: Plym

text: which

text: flows

text: off

text: Dartmoor

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: east

text: forms

text: a

text: smaller

text: estuary

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: called

text: Cattewater

text: Plymouth

text: Sound

text: is

text: protected

text: from

text: the

text: sea

text: by

text: the

text: Plymouth

text: Breakwater

text: in

text: use

text: since

text: In

text: the

text: Sound

text: is

text: Drake

text: 's

text: Island

text: which

text: is

text: seen

text: from

text: Plymouth

text: Hoe

text: a

text: flat

text: public

text: area

text: on

text: top

text: of

text: limestone

text: cliffs

text: The

text: Unitary

text: Authority

text: of

text: Plymouth

text: is

text: square

text: kilometres

text: sq

text: mi

text: The

text: topography

text: rises

text: from

text: sea

text: level

text: to

text: a

text: height

text: at

text: Roborough

text: of

text: about

text: feet

text: m

text: above

text: Ordnance

text: Datum

text: AOD

question: What estuary east of Plymouth is part of the River Plym?

answer: Cattewater

text: Cattewater

question: When did the Plymouth Breakwater open?

answer: 1814

question: What island is present in Plymouth Sound?

answer: Drake's Island

text: Drake's Island

question: How large is the Unitary Authority of Plymouth in square miles?

answer: 30.83

question: In meters, what is the highest point in the Plymouth Unitary Authority?

answer: 155


text: Yaroslav, known as "the Wise", struggled for power with his brothers. A son of Vladimir the Great, he was vice-regent of Novgorod at the time of his father's death in 1015. Subsequently, his eldest surviving brother, Svyatopolk the Accursed, killed three of his other brothers and seized power in Kiev. Yaroslav, with the active support of the Novgorodians and the help of Viking mercenaries, defeated Svyatopolk and became the grand prince of Kiev in 1019. Although he first established his rule over Kiev in 1019, he did not have uncontested rule of all of Kievan Rus' until 1036. Like Vladimir, Yaroslav was eager to improve relations with the rest of Europe, especially the Byzantine Empire. Yaroslav's granddaughter, Eupraxia the daughter of his son Vsevolod I, Prince of Kiev, was married to Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor. Yaroslav also arranged marriages for his sister and three daughters to the kings of Poland, France, Hungary and Norway. Yaroslav promulgated the first East Slavic law code, Russkaya Pravda; built Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev and Saint Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod; patronized local clergy and monasticism; and is said to have founded a school system. Yaroslav's sons developed the great Kiev Pechersk Lavra (monastery), which functioned in Kievan Rus' as an ecclesiastical academy.

title: Kievan_Rus%27

title: Kievan_Rus%27

text: Yaroslav

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Wise

text: struggled

text: for

text: power

text: with

text: his

text: brothers

text: A

text: son

text: of

text: Vladimir

text: the

text: Great

text: he

text: was

text: vice

text: regent

text: of

text: Novgorod

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: his

text: father

text: 's

text: death

text: in

text: Subsequently

text: his

text: eldest

text: surviving

text: brother

text: Svyatopolk

text: the

text: Accursed

text: killed

text: three

text: of

text: his

text: other

text: brothers

text: and

text: seized

text: power

text: in

text: Kiev

text: Yaroslav

text: with

text: the

text: active

text: support

text: of

text: the

text: Novgorodians

text: and

text: the

text: help

text: of

text: Viking

text: mercenaries

text: defeated

text: Svyatopolk

text: and

text: became

text: the

text: grand

text: prince

text: of

text: Kiev

text: in

text: Although

text: he

text: first

text: established

text: his

text: rule

text: over

text: Kiev

text: in

text: he

text: did

text: not

text: have

text: uncontested

text: rule

text: of

text: all

text: of

text: Kievan

text: Rus

text: until

text: Like

text: Vladimir

text: Yaroslav

text: was

text: eager

text: to

text: improve

text: relations

text: with

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: Europe

text: especially

text: the

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: Yaroslav

text: 's

text: granddaughter

text: Eupraxia

text: the

text: daughter

text: of

text: his

text: son

text: Vsevolod

text: I

text: Prince

text: of

text: Kiev

text: was

text: married

text: to

text: Henry

text: III

text: Holy

text: Roman

text: Emperor

text: Yaroslav

text: also

text: arranged

text: marriages

text: for

text: his

text: sister

text: and

text: three

text: daughters

text: to

text: the

text: kings

text: of

text: Poland

text: France

text: Hungary

text: and

text: Norway

text: Yaroslav

text: promulgated

text: the

text: first

text: East

text: Slavic

text: law

text: code

text: Russkaya

text: Pravda

text: built

text: Saint

text: Sophia

text: Cathedral

text: in

text: Kiev

text: and

text: Saint

text: Sophia

text: Cathedral

text: in

text: Novgorod

text: patronized

text: local

text: clergy

text: and

text: monasticism

text: and

text: is

text: said

text: to

text: have

text: founded

text: a

text: school

text: system

text: Yaroslav

text: 's

text: sons

text: developed

text: the

text: great

text: Kiev

text: Pechersk

text: Lavra

text: monastery

text: which

text: functioned

text: in

text: Kievan

text: Rus

text: as

text: an

text: ecclesiastical

text: academy

question: What was Yaroslav also known as?

answer: the Wise

text: the Wise

question: Who was Yaroslav's father?

answer: Vladimir the Great

text: Vladimir the Great

question: In what year did Yaroslav become the prince of Kiev?

answer: 1019


text: Computer security, also known as cybersecurity or IT security, is the protection of information systems from theft or damage to the hardware, the software, and to the information on them, as well as from disruption or misdirection of the services they provide. It includes controlling physical access to the hardware, as well as protecting against harm that may come via network access, data and code injection, and due to malpractice by operators, whether intentional, accidental, or due to them being tricked into deviating from secure procedures.

title: Computer_security

title: Computer_security

text: Computer

text: security

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: cybersecurity

text: or

text: IT

text: security

text: is

text: the

text: protection

text: of

text: information

text: systems

text: from

text: theft

text: or

text: damage

text: to

text: the

text: hardware

text: the

text: software

text: and

text: to

text: the

text: information

text: on

text: them

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: from

text: disruption

text: or

text: misdirection

text: of

text: the

text: services

text: they

text: provide

text: It

text: includes

text: controlling

text: physical

text: access

text: to

text: the

text: hardware

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: protecting

text: against

text: harm

text: that

text: may

text: come

text: via

text: network

text: access

text: data

text: and

text: code

text: injection

text: and

text: due

text: to

text: malpractice

text: by

text: operators

text: whether

text: intentional

text: accidental

text: or

text: due

text: to

text: them

text: being

text: tricked

text: into

text: deviating

text: from

text: secure

text: procedures

question: What must an operator deviate from to harm the computer?

answer: secure procedures

text: secure procedures

question: What is computer security also known as?

answer: cybersecurity or IT security

text: cybersecurity or IT security

question: What is the protection of information systems?

answer: Computer security

text: Computer security

question: What are the ways an operator can malpractice?

answer: intentional, accidental, or due to them being tricked

text: intentional, accidental, or due to them being tricked

question: What is the practice that includes controlling physical access to hardware?

answer: Computer security

text: Computer security


text: In its 2013 ParkScore ranking, The Trust for Public Land reported that the park system in New York City was the second best park system among the 50 most populous U.S. cities, behind the park system of Minneapolis. ParkScore ranks urban park systems by a formula that analyzes median park size, park acres as percent of city area, the percent of city residents within a half-mile of a park, spending of park services per resident, and the number of playgrounds per 10,000 residents.

title: New_York_City

title: New_York_City

text: In

text: its

text: ParkScore

text: ranking

text: The

text: Trust

text: for

text: Public

text: Land

text: reported

text: that

text: the

text: park

text: system

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: was

text: the

text: second

text: best

text: park

text: system

text: among

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: U.S.

text: cities

text: behind

text: the

text: park

text: system

text: of

text: Minneapolis

text: ParkScore

text: ranks

text: urban

text: park

text: systems

text: by

text: a

text: formula

text: that

text: analyzes

text: median

text: park

text: size

text: park

text: acres

text: as

text: percent

text: of

text: city

text: area

text: the

text: percent

text: of

text: city

text: residents

text: within

text: a

text: half

text: mile

text: of

text: a

text: park

text: spending

text: of

text: park

text: services

text: per

text: resident

text: and

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: playgrounds

text: per

text: residents

question: What city was rated as having the best park system by The Trust for Public Land?

answer: Minneapolis

text: Minneapolis

question: What city had the second highest ParkScore rating?

answer: New York City

text: New York City

question: The 2013 ParkScore rating for NYC made NYC second in best park system to what other US city?

answer: Minneapolis

text: Minneapolis


text: It was imperative for Japanese commanders to hold Saipan. The only way to do this was to destroy the U.S. Fifth Fleet, which had 15 fleet carriers and 956 planes, 7 battleships, 28 submarines, and 69 destroyers, as well as several light and heavy cruisers. Vice Admiral Jisaburo Ozawa attacked with nine-tenths of Japan's fighting fleet, which included nine carriers with 473 planes, 5 battleships, several cruisers, and 28 destroyers. Ozawa's pilots were outnumbered 2:1 and their aircraft were becoming or were already obsolete. The Japanese had considerable antiaircraft defenses but lacked proximity fuzes or good radar. With the odds against him, Ozawa devised an appropriate strategy. His planes had greater range because they were not weighed down with protective armor; they could attack at about 480 km (300 mi)[citation needed], and could search a radius of 900 km[citation needed] (560 mi). U.S. Navy Hellcat fighters could only attack within 200 miles (320 km) and only search within a 325-mile (523 km)[citation needed] radius. Ozawa planned to use this advantage by positioning his fleet 300 miles (480 km)[citation needed] out. The Japanese planes would hit the U.S. carriers, land at Guam to refuel, then hit the enemy again when returning to their carriers. Ozawa also counted on about 500 land-based planes at Guam and other islands.

title: Pacific_War

title: Pacific_War

text: It

text: was

text: imperative

text: for

text: Japanese

text: commanders

text: to

text: hold

text: Saipan

text: The

text: only

text: way

text: to

text: do

text: this

text: was

text: to

text: destroy

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Fifth

text: Fleet

text: which

text: had

text: fleet

text: carriers

text: and

text: planes

text: battleships

text: submarines

text: and

text: destroyers

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: several

text: light

text: and

text: heavy

text: cruisers

text: Vice

text: Admiral

text: Jisaburo

text: Ozawa

text: attacked

text: with

text: nine

text: tenths

text: of

text: Japan

text: 's

text: fighting

text: fleet

text: which

text: included

text: nine

text: carriers

text: with

text: planes

text: battleships

text: several

text: cruisers

text: and

text: destroyers

text: Ozawa

text: 's

text: pilots

text: were

text: outnumbered

text: and

text: their

text: aircraft

text: were

text: becoming

text: or

text: were

text: already

text: obsolete

text: The

text: Japanese

text: had

text: considerable

text: antiaircraft

text: defenses

text: but

text: lacked

text: proximity

text: fuzes

text: or

text: good

text: radar

text: With

text: the

text: odds

text: against

text: him

text: Ozawa

text: devised

text: an

text: appropriate

text: strategy

text: His

text: planes

text: had

text: greater

text: range

text: because

text: they

text: were

text: not

text: weighed

text: down

text: with

text: protective

text: armor

text: they

text: could

text: attack

text: at

text: about

text: km

text: mi)[citation

text: needed

text: and

text: could

text: search

text: a

text: radius

text: of

text: km[citation

text: needed

text: mi

text: U.S.

text: Navy

text: Hellcat

text: fighters

text: could

text: only

text: attack

text: within

text: miles

text: km

text: and

text: only

text: search

text: within

text: a

text: km)[citation

text: needed

text: radius

text: Ozawa

text: planned

text: to

text: use

text: this

text: advantage

text: by

text: positioning

text: his

text: fleet

text: miles

text: km)[citation

text: needed

text: out

text: The

text: Japanese

text: planes

text: would

text: hit

text: the

text: U.S.

text: carriers

text: land

text: at

text: Guam

text: to

text: refuel

text: then

text: hit

text: the

text: enemy

text: again

text: when

text: returning

text: to

text: their

text: carriers

text: Ozawa

text: also

text: counted

text: on

text: about

text: land

text: based

text: planes

text: at

text: Guam

text: and

text: other

text: islands

question: What was it imperative for the Japanese to hold?

answer: Saipan

text: Saipan

question: How many fleet carriers did the U.S. Fifth Fleet have?

answer: 15

question: How many fleet planes did the U.S. Fifth Fleet have?

answer: 956

question: What was the search radius of U.S. Navy Hellcat fighters?

answer: 325-mile

question: How many carriers did Ozawa have?

answer: nine

text: nine


text: In front of the goal is the penalty area. This area is marked by the goal line, two lines starting on the goal line 16.5 m (18 yd) from the goalposts and extending 16.5 m (18 yd) into the pitch perpendicular to the goal line, and a line joining them. This area has a number of functions, the most prominent being to mark where the goalkeeper may handle the ball and where a penalty foul by a member of the defending team becomes punishable by a penalty kick. Other markings define the position of the ball or players at kick-offs, goal kicks, penalty kicks and corner kicks.

title: Association_football

title: Association_football

text: In

text: front

text: of

text: the

text: goal

text: is

text: the

text: penalty

text: area

text: This

text: area

text: is

text: marked

text: by

text: the

text: goal

text: line

text: two

text: lines

text: starting

text: on

text: the

text: goal

text: line

text: m

text: yd

text: from

text: the

text: goalposts

text: and

text: extending

text: m

text: yd

text: into

text: the

text: pitch

text: perpendicular

text: to

text: the

text: goal

text: line

text: and

text: a

text: line

text: joining

text: them

text: This

text: area

text: has

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: functions

text: the

text: most

text: prominent

text: being

text: to

text: mark

text: where

text: the

text: goalkeeper

text: may

text: handle

text: the

text: ball

text: and

text: where

text: a

text: penalty

text: foul

text: by

text: a

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: defending

text: team

text: becomes

text: punishable

text: by

text: a

text: penalty

text: kick

text: Other

text: markings

text: define

text: the

text: position

text: of

text: the

text: ball

text: or

text: players

text: at

text: kick

text: offs

text: goal

text: kicks

text: penalty

text: kicks

text: and

text: corner

text: kicks

question: What is the penalty area marked by?

answer: goal line

text: goal line

question: a penalty foul by the defending team can be punishable by a what?

answer: penalty kick

text: penalty kick

question: how many meters from the goalpost does a penalty area extend?

answer: 16.5 m

text: 16.5 m

question: Only who can handle the ball with his hands?

answer: goalkeeper

text: goalkeeper


text: Deforestation and forest fires are a problem in many areas, as is the continual spread of the eucalyptus tree, a species imported from Australia, actively promoted by the paper industry since the mid-20th century. Galicia is one of the more forested areas of Spain, but the majority of Galicia's plantations, usually growing eucalyptus or pine, lack any formal management. Massive eucalyptus, especially Eucalyptus globulus plantation, began in the Francisco Franco era, largely on behalf of the paper company Empresa Nacional de Celulosas de España (ENCE) in Pontevedra, which wanted it for its pulp. Wood products figure significantly in Galicia's economy. Apart from tree plantations Galicia is also notable for the extensive surface occupied by meadows used for animal husbandry, especially cattle , an important activity. Hydroelectric development in most rivers has been a serious concern for local conservationists during the last decades.

title: Galicia_(Spain)

title: Galicia_(Spain

text: Deforestation

text: and

text: forest

text: fires

text: are

text: a

text: problem

text: in

text: many

text: areas

text: as

text: is

text: the

text: continual

text: spread

text: of

text: the

text: eucalyptus

text: tree

text: a

text: species

text: imported

text: from

text: Australia

text: actively

text: promoted

text: by

text: the

text: paper

text: industry

text: since

text: the

text: century

text: Galicia

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: more

text: forested

text: areas

text: of

text: Spain

text: but

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: Galicia

text: 's

text: plantations

text: usually

text: growing

text: eucalyptus

text: or

text: pine

text: lack

text: any

text: formal

text: management

text: Massive

text: eucalyptus

text: especially

text: Eucalyptus

text: globulus

text: plantation

text: began

text: in

text: the

text: Francisco

text: Franco

text: era

text: largely

text: on

text: behalf

text: of

text: the

text: paper

text: company

text: Empresa

text: Nacional

text: de

text: Celulosas

text: de

text: España

text: ENCE

text: in

text: Pontevedra

text: which

text: wanted

text: it

text: for

text: its

text: pulp

text: Wood

text: products

text: figure

text: significantly

text: in

text: Galicia

text: 's

text: economy

text: Apart

text: from

text: tree

text: plantations

text: Galicia

text: is

text: also

text: notable

text: for

text: the

text: extensive

text: surface

text: occupied

text: by

text: meadows

text: used

text: for

text: animal

text: husbandry

text: especially

text: cattle

text: an

text: important

text: activity

text: Hydroelectric

text: development

text: in

text: most

text: rivers

text: has

text: been

text: a

text: serious

text: concern

text: for

text: local

text: conservationists

text: during

text: the

text: last

text: decades

question: Which tree species has become a problem for Galicia?

answer: eucalyptus tree

text: eucalyptus tree

question: What kind of development on rivers are conservationists concerned about?

answer: Hydroelectric

text: Hydroelectric


text: According to the Crisis Group, since Myanmar transitioned to a new government in August 2011, the country's human rights record has been improving. Previously giving Myanmar its lowest rating of 7, the 2012 Freedom in the World report also notes improvement, giving Myanmar a 6 for improvements in civil liberties and political rights, the release of political prisoners, and a loosening of restrictions. In 2013, Myanmar improved yet again, receiving a score of five in civil liberties and a six in political freedoms

title: Myanmar

title: Myanmar

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: Crisis

text: Group

text: since

text: Myanmar

text: transitioned

text: to

text: a

text: new

text: government

text: in

text: August

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: human

text: rights

text: record

text: has

text: been

text: improving

text: Previously

text: giving

text: Myanmar

text: its

text: lowest

text: rating

text: of

text: the

text: Freedom

text: in

text: the

text: World

text: report

text: also

text: notes

text: improvement

text: giving

text: Myanmar

text: a

text: for

text: improvements

text: in

text: civil

text: liberties

text: and

text: political

text: rights

text: the

text: release

text: of

text: political

text: prisoners

text: and

text: a

text: loosening

text: of

text: restrictions

text: In

text: Myanmar

text: improved

text: yet

text: again

text: receiving

text: a

text: score

text: of

text: five

text: in

text: civil

text: liberties

text: and

text: a

text: six

text: in

text: political

text: freedoms

question: What is the name of the individuals who gave relevant information on the recent events in Burma ?

answer: the Crisis Group

text: the Crisis Group

question: Have there been any advances in the human rights situation in Myanmar?

answer: the country's human rights record has been improving

text: the country's human rights record has been improving

question: What is the current rating of for Burma from the  Freedom in the World report and what caused the current standing ?

answer: Myanmar improved yet again, receiving a score of five in civil liberties and a six in political freedom

text: Myanmar improved yet again, receiving a score of five in civil liberties and a six in political freedom

question: What caused Myanmar to receive a rating of 6?

answer: improvements in civil liberties and political rights, the release of political prisoners, and a loosening of restrictions.

text: improvements in civil liberties and political rights, the release of political prisoners, and a loosening of restrictions.

question: What was the previous rating for Burma?

answer: lowest rating of 7

text: lowest rating of 7


text: Several countries have established their national churches, linking the ecclesiastical structure with the state. Jurisdictions where a Protestant denomination has been established as a state religion include several Nordic countries; Denmark (including Greenland), the Faroe Islands (its church being independent since 2007), Iceland and Norway have established Evangelical Lutheran churches. Tuvalu has the only established church in Reformed tradition in the world, while Tonga—in the Methodist tradition. The Church of England is the officially established religious institution in England, and also the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican Communion.

title: Protestantism

title: Protestantism

text: Several

text: countries

text: have

text: established

text: their

text: national

text: churches

text: linking

text: the

text: ecclesiastical

text: structure

text: with

text: the

text: state

text: Jurisdictions

text: where

text: a

text: Protestant

text: denomination

text: has

text: been

text: established

text: as

text: a

text: state

text: religion

text: include

text: several

text: Nordic

text: countries

text: Denmark

text: including

text: Greenland

text: the

text: Faroe

text: Islands

text: its

text: church

text: being

text: independent

text: since

text: Iceland

text: and

text: Norway

text: have

text: established

text: Evangelical

text: Lutheran

text: churches

text: Tuvalu

text: has

text: the

text: only

text: established

text: church

text: in

text: Reformed

text: tradition

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: while

text: Tonga

text: in

text: the

text: Methodist

text: tradition

text: The

text: Church

text: of

text: England

text: is

text: the

text: officially

text: established

text: religious

text: institution

text: in

text: England

text: and

text: also

text: the

text: Mother

text: Church

text: of

text: the

text: worldwide

text: Anglican

text: Communion

question: What do national churches bring together?

answer: the ecclesiastical structure with the state

text: the ecclesiastical structure with the state

question: How long has the Faroe Islands church been independent?

answer: since 2007

text: since 2007

question: Who has the only Reformed church?

answer: Tuvalu

text: Tuvalu

question: Who is the head church of the Anglican Communion?

answer: The Church of England

text: The Church of England

question: What type of church does Tonga have?

answer: Methodist

text: Methodist


text: Measures, which were the means by which the National Assembly for Wales passed legislation between 2006 and 2011, were assented to by the Queen by means of an Order in Council. Section 102 of the Government of Wales Act 2006 required the Clerk to the Assembly to present measures passed by the assembly after a four-week period during which the Counsel General for Wales or the Attorney General could refer the proposed measure to the Supreme Court for a decision as to whether the measure was within the assembly's legislative competence.

title: Royal_assent

title: Royal_assent

text: Measures

text: which

text: were

text: the

text: means

text: by

text: which

text: the

text: National

text: Assembly

text: for

text: Wales

text: passed

text: legislation

text: between

text: and

text: were

text: assented

text: to

text: by

text: the

text: Queen

text: by

text: means

text: of

text: an

text: Order

text: in

text: Council

text: Section

text: of

text: the

text: Government

text: of

text: Wales

text: Act

text: required

text: the

text: Clerk

text: to

text: the

text: Assembly

text: to

text: present

text: measures

text: passed

text: by

text: the

text: assembly

text: after

text: a

text: four

text: week

text: period

text: during

text: which

text: the

text: Counsel

text: General

text: for

text: Wales

text: or

text: the

text: Attorney

text: General

text: could

text: refer

text: the

text: proposed

text: measure

text: to

text: the

text: Supreme

text: Court

text: for

text: a

text: decision

text: as

text: to

text: whether

text: the

text: measure

text: was

text: within

text: the

text: assembly

text: 's

text: legislative

text: competence

question: What was the name of the method by which Wales passed legislation in the 2000's?

answer: Measures

text: Measures

question: After a four-week period, who could refer a proposed measure to the Supreme Court?

answer: Counsel General for Wales or the Attorney General

text: Counsel General for Wales or the Attorney General

question: What were "measures" in Wales?

answer: the means by which the National Assembly for Wales passed legislation between 2006 and 2011

text: the means by which the National Assembly for Wales passed legislation between 2006 and 2011

question: During which years were measures used in order to pass legislation in Wales?

answer: 2006 and 2011

text: 2006 and 2011

question: In Wales, who had the capability of submitting a bill to the Supreme Court?

answer: Counsel General for Wales or the Attorney General

text: Counsel General for Wales or the Attorney General


text: Nominally, sovereignty lay in the emperor but in fact power was wielded by the Fujiwara nobility. However, to protect their interests in the provinces, the Fujiwara and other noble families required guards, police and soldiers. The warrior class made steady political gains throughout the Heian period. As early as 939 A.D, Taira no Masakado threatened the authority of the central government, leading an uprising in the eastern province of Hitachi, and almost simultaneously, Fujiwara no Sumitomo rebelled in the west. Still, a true military takeover of the Japanese government was centuries away, when much of the strength of the government would lie within the private armies of the shogunate.

title: Heian_period

title: Heian_period

text: Nominally

text: sovereignty

text: lay

text: in

text: the

text: emperor

text: but

text: in

text: fact

text: power

text: was

text: wielded

text: by

text: the

text: Fujiwara

text: nobility

text: However

text: to

text: protect

text: their

text: interests

text: in

text: the

text: provinces

text: the

text: Fujiwara

text: and

text: other

text: noble

text: families

text: required

text: guards

text: police

text: and

text: soldiers

text: The

text: warrior

text: class

text: made

text: steady

text: political

text: gains

text: throughout

text: the

text: Heian

text: period

text: As

text: early

text: as

text: A.D

text: Taira

text: no

text: Masakado

text: threatened

text: the

text: authority

text: of

text: the

text: central

text: government

text: leading

text: an

text: uprising

text: in

text: the

text: eastern

text: province

text: of

text: Hitachi

text: and

text: almost

text: simultaneously

text: Fujiwara

text: no

text: Sumitomo

text: rebelled

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: Still

text: a

text: true

text: military

text: takeover

text: of

text: the

text: Japanese

text: government

text: was

text: centuries

text: away

text: when

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: strength

text: of

text: the

text: government

text: would

text: lie

text: within

text: the

text: private

text: armies

text: of

text: the

text: shogunate

question: What noble family wielded power during the Heian period?

answer: Fujiwara

text: Fujiwara

question: Who threatened the authority of Japan's central government?

answer: Taira no Masakado

text: Taira no Masakado

question: Masakado led an uprising in what province?

answer: Hitachi

text: Hitachi

question: What member of the Fujiwara family rebelled in western Japan?

answer: Fujiwara no Sumitomo

text: Fujiwara no Sumitomo

question: In what year did Masakado begin his rebellion?

answer: 939 A.D

text: 939 A.D


text: Though many of the events were outside the traditional time-period of the Middle Ages, the end of the unity of the Western Church (the Protestant Reformation), was one of the distinguishing characteristics of the medieval period. The Catholic Church had long fought against heretic movements, but during the Late Middle Ages, it started to experience demands for reform from within. The first of these came from Oxford professor John Wycliffe in England. Wycliffe held that the Bible should be the only authority in religious questions, and he spoke out against transubstantiation, celibacy and indulgences. In spite of influential supporters among the English aristocracy, such as John of Gaunt, the movement was not allowed to survive. Though Wycliffe himself was left unmolested, his supporters, the Lollards, were eventually suppressed in England.

title: Late_Middle_Ages

title: Late_Middle_Ages

text: Though

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: events

text: were

text: outside

text: the

text: traditional

text: time

text: period

text: of

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: unity

text: of

text: the

text: Western

text: Church

text: the

text: Protestant

text: Reformation

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: distinguishing

text: characteristics

text: of

text: the

text: medieval

text: period

text: The

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: had

text: long

text: fought

text: against

text: heretic

text: movements

text: but

text: during

text: the

text: Late

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: it

text: started

text: to

text: experience

text: demands

text: for

text: reform

text: from

text: within

text: The

text: first

text: of

text: these

text: came

text: from

text: Oxford

text: professor

text: John

text: Wycliffe

text: in

text: England

text: Wycliffe

text: held

text: that

text: the

text: Bible

text: should

text: be

text: the

text: only

text: authority

text: in

text: religious

text: questions

text: and

text: he

text: spoke

text: out

text: against

text: transubstantiation

text: celibacy

text: and

text: indulgences

text: In

text: spite

text: of

text: influential

text: supporters

text: among

text: the

text: English

text: aristocracy

text: such

text: as

text: John

text: of

text: Gaunt

text: the

text: movement

text: was

text: not

text: allowed

text: to

text: survive

text: Though

text: Wycliffe

text: himself

text: was

text: left

text: unmolested

text: his

text: supporters

text: the

text: Lollards

text: were

text: eventually

text: suppressed

text: in

text: England

question: Which Oxford professor believed that the Bible should be the sole authority in religious questions?

answer: John Wycliffe

text: John Wycliffe

question: What were Jon Wycliffe's supporters called?

answer: the Lollards

text: the Lollards

question: What was the event that ended religious unity in the Western Church?

answer: the Protestant Reformation

text: the Protestant Reformation

question: Which Catholic practices did Wycliffe speak out against?

answer: transubstantiation, celibacy and indulgences

text: transubstantiation, celibacy and indulgences

question: Who was one of the English aristocrats who supported the Lollard movement?

answer: John of Gaunt

text: John of Gaunt


text: In November 2014, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation announced that they are adopting an open access (OA) policy for publications and data, "to enable the unrestricted access and reuse of all peer-reviewed published research funded by the foundation, including any underlying data sets". This move has been widely applauded by those who are working in the area of capacity building and knowledge sharing.[citation needed] Its terms have been called the most stringent among similar OA policies. As of January 1, 2015 their Open Access policy is effective for all new agreements.

title: Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation

title: Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation

text: In

text: November

text: the

text: Bill

text: and

text: Melinda

text: Gates

text: Foundation

text: announced

text: that

text: they

text: are

text: adopting

text: an

text: open

text: access

text: OA

text: policy

text: for

text: publications

text: and

text: data

text: to

text: enable

text: the

text: unrestricted

text: access

text: and

text: reuse

text: of

text: all

text: peer

text: reviewed

text: published

text: research

text: funded

text: by

text: the

text: foundation

text: including

text: any

text: underlying

text: data

text: sets

text: This

text: move

text: has

text: been

text: widely

text: applauded

text: by

text: those

text: who

text: are

text: working

text: in

text: the

text: area

text: of

text: capacity

text: building

text: and

text: knowledge

text: sharing.[citation

text: needed

text: Its

text: terms

text: have

text: been

text: called

text: the

text: most

text: stringent

text: among

text: similar

text: OA

text: policies

text: As

text: of

text: January

text: their

text: Open

text: Access

text: policy

text: is

text: effective

text: for

text: all

text: new

text: agreements

question: What did the foundation announce in November 2014

answer: In November 2014, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation announced that they are adopting an open access (OA) policy for publications and data

text: In November 2014, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation announced that they are adopting an open access (OA) policy for publications and data

question: What does the OA policy for publications and data do ?

answer: open access (OA) policy for publications and data, "to enable the unrestricted access and reuse of all peer-reviewed published research funded by the foundation

text: open access (OA) policy for publications and data, "to enable the unrestricted access and reuse of all peer-reviewed published research funded by the foundation

question: What does the OA policy cover ?

answer: As of January 1, 2015 their Open Access policy is effective for all new agreements.

text: As of January 1, 2015 their Open Access policy is effective for all new agreements.


text: After years of negotiation, three Great Powers, Russia, the United Kingdom and France, decided to intervene in the conflict and each nation sent a navy to Greece. Following news that combined Ottoman–Egyptian fleets were going to attack the Greek island of Hydra, the allied fleet intercepted the Ottoman–Egyptian fleet at Navarino. After a week-long standoff, a battle began which resulted in the destruction of the Ottoman–Egyptian fleet. A French expeditionary force was dispatched to supervise the evacuation of the Egyptian army from the Peloponnese, while the Greeks proceeded to the captured part of Central Greece by 1828. As a result of years of negotiation, the nascent Greek state was finally recognized under the London Protocol in 1830.

title: Greece

title: Greece

text: After

text: years

text: of

text: negotiation

text: three

text: Great

text: Powers

text: Russia

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: France

text: decided

text: to

text: intervene

text: in

text: the

text: conflict

text: and

text: each

text: nation

text: sent

text: a

text: navy

text: to

text: Greece

text: Following

text: news

text: that

text: combined

text: Ottoman

text: Egyptian

text: fleets

text: were

text: going

text: to

text: attack

text: the

text: Greek

text: island

text: of

text: Hydra

text: the

text: allied

text: fleet

text: intercepted

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Egyptian

text: fleet

text: at

text: Navarino

text: After

text: a

text: week

text: long

text: standoff

text: a

text: battle

text: began

text: which

text: resulted

text: in

text: the

text: destruction

text: of

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Egyptian

text: fleet

text: A

text: French

text: expeditionary

text: force

text: was

text: dispatched

text: to

text: supervise

text: the

text: evacuation

text: of

text: the

text: Egyptian

text: army

text: from

text: the

text: Peloponnese

text: while

text: the

text: Greeks

text: proceeded

text: to

text: the

text: captured

text: part

text: of

text: Central

text: Greece

text: by

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: years

text: of

text: negotiation

text: the

text: nascent

text: Greek

text: state

text: was

text: finally

text: recognized

text: under

text: the

text: London

text: Protocol

text: in

question: What three countries sent their Navy to Greece?

answer: Russia, the United Kingdom and France

text: Russia, the United Kingdom and France

question: Which navy won the battle of Hydra?

answer: the allied fleet

text: the allied fleet

question: Which navy's ships intended to attack Hydra?

answer: Ottoman–Egyptian

text: Ottoman–Egyptian

question: The recognition of a Greek state happened in what year?

answer: 1830

question: What was the agreement that recognized Greece as a state called?

answer: London Protocol

text: London Protocol


text: Notre Dame rose to national prominence in the early 1900s for its Fighting Irish football team, especially under the guidance of the legendary coach Knute Rockne. The university's athletic teams are members of the NCAA Division I and are known collectively as the Fighting Irish. The football team, an Independent, has accumulated eleven consensus national championships, seven Heisman Trophy winners, 62 members in the College Football Hall of Fame and 13 members in the Pro Football Hall of Fame and is considered one of the most famed and successful college football teams in history. Other ND teams, chiefly in the Atlantic Coast Conference, have accumulated 16 national championships. The Notre Dame Victory March is often regarded as the most famous and recognizable collegiate fight song.

title: University_of_Notre_Dame

title: University_of_Notre_Dame

text: Notre

text: Dame

text: rose

text: to

text: national

text: prominence

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: for

text: its

text: Fighting

text: Irish

text: football

text: team

text: especially

text: under

text: the

text: guidance

text: of

text: the

text: legendary

text: coach

text: Knute

text: Rockne

text: The

text: university

text: 's

text: athletic

text: teams

text: are

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: NCAA

text: Division

text: I

text: and

text: are

text: known

text: collectively

text: as

text: the

text: Fighting

text: Irish

text: The

text: football

text: team

text: an

text: Independent

text: has

text: accumulated

text: eleven

text: consensus

text: national

text: championships

text: seven

text: Heisman

text: Trophy

text: winners

text: members

text: in

text: the

text: College

text: Football

text: Hall

text: of

text: Fame

text: and

text: members

text: in

text: the

text: Pro

text: Football

text: Hall

text: of

text: Fame

text: and

text: is

text: considered

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: famed

text: and

text: successful

text: college

text: football

text: teams

text: in

text: history

text: Other

text: ND

text: teams

text: chiefly

text: in

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Coast

text: Conference

text: have

text: accumulated

text: national

text: championships

text: The

text: Notre

text: Dame

text: Victory

text: March

text: is

text: often

text: regarded

text: as

text: the

text: most

text: famous

text: and

text: recognizable

text: collegiate

text: fight

text: song

question: What caused Notre Dame to become notable in the early 20th century?

answer: its Fighting Irish football team

text: its Fighting Irish football team

question: Which 20th century Notre Dame football coach is most notable?

answer: Knute Rockne

text: Knute Rockne

question: Which athletic association are the student athletes at Notre Dame a part of?

answer: NCAA Division I

text: NCAA Division I

question: How many students at Notre Dame received the Heisman Trophy?

answer: seven

text: seven

question: There were multiple students from Notre Dame who entered the Pro Football Hall of Fame, how many?

answer: 13


text: By the Middle Ages, large numbers of Jews lived in the Holy Roman Empire and had assimilated into German culture, including many Jews who had previously assimilated into French culture and had spoken a mixed Judeo-French language. Upon assimilating into German culture, the Jewish German peoples incorporated major parts of the German language and elements of other European languages into a mixed language known as Yiddish. However tolerance and assimilation of Jews in German society suddenly ended during the Crusades with many Jews being forcefully expelled from Germany and Western Yiddish disappeared as a language in Germany over the centuries, with German Jewish people fully adopting the German language.

title: Germans

title: Germans

text: By

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: large

text: numbers

text: of

text: Jews

text: lived

text: in

text: the

text: Holy

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: and

text: had

text: assimilated

text: into

text: German

text: culture

text: including

text: many

text: Jews

text: who

text: had

text: previously

text: assimilated

text: into

text: French

text: culture

text: and

text: had

text: spoken

text: a

text: mixed

text: Judeo

text: French

text: language

text: Upon

text: assimilating

text: into

text: German

text: culture

text: the

text: Jewish

text: German

text: peoples

text: incorporated

text: major

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: German

text: language

text: and

text: elements

text: of

text: other

text: European

text: languages

text: into

text: a

text: mixed

text: language

text: known

text: as

text: Yiddish

text: However

text: tolerance

text: and

text: assimilation

text: of

text: Jews

text: in

text: German

text: society

text: suddenly

text: ended

text: during

text: the

text: Crusades

text: with

text: many

text: Jews

text: being

text: forcefully

text: expelled

text: from

text: Germany

text: and

text: Western

text: Yiddish

text: disappeared

text: as

text: a

text: language

text: in

text: Germany

text: over

text: the

text: centuries

text: with

text: German

text: Jewish

text: people

text: fully

text: adopting

text: the

text: German

text: language

question: By what time period had many of the Jewish  population joined the Holy Roman Empire?

answer: Middle Ages

text: Middle Ages

question: The Jewish populations upon migrating into the German society mingled languages to form what new language?

answer: Yiddish

text: Yiddish

question: What cause the tolerance and mixing  into German Society to end for the Jews?

answer: Crusades

text: Crusades

question: What language did many of the Jews speak after the crusades?

answer: German

text: German

question: What language did the Jews speak prior to assimilating into German culture?

answer: Judeo-French

text: Judeo-French

question: After assimilating to German culture, what language did the Jews adopt?

answer: Yiddish.

text: Yiddish.

question: When did Jewish assimilation end?

answer: during the Crusades

text: during the Crusades

question: What happened to the Jews during the crusades?

answer: forcefully expelled from Germany

text: forcefully expelled from Germany


text: In June 2005, presidential elections were held for the first time since the coup that deposed Ialá. Ialá returned as the candidate for the PRS, claiming to be the legitimate president of the country, but the election was won by former president João Bernardo Vieira, deposed in the 1999 coup. Vieira beat Malam Bacai Sanhá in a runoff election. Sanhá initially refused to concede, claiming that tampering and electoral fraud occurred in two constituencies including the capital, Bissau.

title: Guinea-Bissau

title: Guinea

title: Bissau

text: In

text: June

text: presidential

text: elections

text: were

text: held

text: for

text: the

text: first

text: time

text: since

text: the

text: coup

text: that

text: deposed

text: Ialá

text: Ialá

text: returned

text: as

text: the

text: candidate

text: for

text: the

text: PRS

text: claiming

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: legitimate

text: president

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: but

text: the

text: election

text: was

text: won

text: by

text: former

text: president

text: João

text: Bernardo

text: Vieira

text: deposed

text: in

text: the

text: coup

text: Vieira

text: beat

text: Malam

text: Bacai

text: Sanhá

text: in

text: a

text: runoff

text: election

text: Sanhá

text: initially

text: refused

text: to

text: concede

text: claiming

text: that

text: tampering

text: and

text: electoral

text: fraud

text: occurred

text: in

text: two

text: constituencies

text: including

text: the

text: capital

text: Bissau

question: After the coup, when were presidential elections held?

answer: June 2005

text: June 2005

question: At that time, who ran claiming to be the legitimate president of the country?

answer: Ialá

text: Ialá

question: Who won the election?

answer: João Bernardo Vieira

text: João Bernardo Vieira

question: Who did Vieira beat in a runoff election?

answer: Malam Bacai Sanhá

text: Malam Bacai Sanhá

question: When was Vieira, a former president, deposed?

answer: 1999


text: The formal study of adolescent psychology began with the publication of G. Stanley Hall's "Adolescence in 1904." Hall, who was the first president of the American Psychological Association, viewed adolescence primarily as a time of internal turmoil and upheaval (sturm und drang). This understanding of youth was based on two then new ways of understanding human behavior: Darwin's evolutionary theory and Freud's psychodynamic theory. He believed that adolescence was a representation of our human ancestors' phylogenetic shift from being primitive to being civilized. Hall's assertions stood relatively uncontested until the 1950s when psychologists such as Erik Erikson and Anna Freud started to formulate their theories about adolescence. Freud believed that the psychological disturbances associated with youth were biologically based and culturally universal while Erikson focused on the dichotomy between identity formation and role fulfillment. Even with their different theories, these three psychologists agreed that adolescence was inherently a time of disturbance and psychological confusion. The less turbulent aspects of adolescence, such as peer relations and cultural influence, were left largely ignored until the 1980s. From the '50s until the '80s, the focus of the field was mainly on describing patterns of behavior as opposed to explaining them.

title: Adolescence

title: Adolescence

text: The

text: formal

text: study

text: of

text: adolescent

text: psychology

text: began

text: with

text: the

text: publication

text: of

text: G.

text: Stanley

text: Hall

text: 's

text: Adolescence

text: in

text: Hall

text: who

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: president

text: of

text: the

text: American

text: Psychological

text: Association

text: viewed

text: adolescence

text: primarily

text: as

text: a

text: time

text: of

text: internal

text: turmoil

text: and

text: upheaval

text: sturm

text: und

text: drang

text: This

text: understanding

text: of

text: youth

text: was

text: based

text: on

text: two

text: then

text: new

text: ways

text: of

text: understanding

text: human

text: behavior

text: Darwin

text: 's

text: evolutionary

text: theory

text: and

text: Freud

text: 's

text: psychodynamic

text: theory

text: He

text: believed

text: that

text: adolescence

text: was

text: a

text: representation

text: of

text: our

text: human

text: ancestors

text: phylogenetic

text: shift

text: from

text: being

text: primitive

text: to

text: being

text: civilized

text: Hall

text: 's

text: assertions

text: stood

text: relatively

text: uncontested

text: until

text: the

text: when

text: psychologists

text: such

text: as

text: Erik

text: Erikson

text: and

text: Anna

text: Freud

text: started

text: to

text: formulate

text: their

text: theories

text: about

text: adolescence

text: Freud

text: believed

text: that

text: the

text: psychological

text: disturbances

text: associated

text: with

text: youth

text: were

text: biologically

text: based

text: and

text: culturally

text: universal

text: while

text: Erikson

text: focused

text: on

text: the

text: dichotomy

text: between

text: identity

text: formation

text: and

text: role

text: fulfillment

text: Even

text: with

text: their

text: different

text: theories

text: these

text: three

text: psychologists

text: agreed

text: that

text: adolescence

text: was

text: inherently

text: a

text: time

text: of

text: disturbance

text: and

text: psychological

text: confusion

text: The

text: less

text: turbulent

text: aspects

text: of

text: adolescence

text: such

text: as

text: peer

text: relations

text: and

text: cultural

text: influence

text: were

text: left

text: largely

text: ignored

text: until

text: the

text: From

text: the

text: until

text: the

text: the

text: focus

text: of

text: the

text: field

text: was

text: mainly

text: on

text: describing

text: patterns

text: of

text: behavior

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: explaining

text: them

question: Who was the first president of the American Psychological Association?

answer: G. Stanley Hall

text: G. Stanley Hall

question: From the '50s to the '80s, was the field's focus devoted to describing patterns of behavior or explaining them?

answer: describing

text: describing

question: What was the title of the publication that started the formal study of adolescent psychology?

answer: Adolescence in 1904

text: Adolescence in 1904

question: Which theorist is known for his beliefs on evolution?

answer: Darwin

text: Darwin


text: Albert spent the first six months of 1913 on the training ship HMS Cumberland in the West Indies and on the east coast of Canada. He was rated as a midshipman aboard HMS Collingwood on 15 September 1913, and spent three months in the Mediterranean. His fellow officers gave him the nickname "Mr. Johnson". One year after his commission, he began service in the First World War. He was mentioned in despatches for his action as a turret officer aboard Collingwood in the Battle of Jutland (31 May – 1 June 1916), an indecisive engagement with the German navy that was the largest naval action of the war. He did not see further combat, largely because of ill health caused by a duodenal ulcer, for which he had an operation in November 1917.

title: George_VI

title: George_VI

text: Albert

text: spent

text: the

text: first

text: six

text: months

text: of

text: on

text: the

text: training

text: ship

text: HMS

text: Cumberland

text: in

text: the

text: West

text: Indies

text: and

text: on

text: the

text: east

text: coast

text: of

text: Canada

text: He

text: was

text: rated

text: as

text: a

text: midshipman

text: aboard

text: HMS

text: Collingwood

text: on

text: September

text: and

text: spent

text: three

text: months

text: in

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: His

text: fellow

text: officers

text: gave

text: him

text: the

text: nickname

text: Mr.

text: Johnson

text: One

text: year

text: after

text: his

text: commission

text: he

text: began

text: service

text: in

text: the

text: First

text: World

text: War

text: He

text: was

text: mentioned

text: in

text: despatches

text: for

text: his

text: action

text: as

text: a

text: turret

text: officer

text: aboard

text: Collingwood

text: in

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Jutland

text: May

text: June

text: an

text: indecisive

text: engagement

text: with

text: the

text: German

text: navy

text: that

text: was

text: the

text: largest

text: naval

text: action

text: of

text: the

text: war

text: He

text: did

text: not

text: see

text: further

text: combat

text: largely

text: because

text: of

text: ill

text: health

text: caused

text: by

text: a

text: duodenal

text: ulcer

text: for

text: which

text: he

text: had

text: an

text: operation

text: in

text: November

question: Which ship did Alber train on in 1913?

answer: HMS Cumberland

text: HMS Cumberland

question: How many months did Albert spend in the Mediterranean in 1913?

answer: three months

text: three months

question: Which war did Albert serve in?

answer: First World War

text: First World War

question: Who gave Albert the nickname of "Mr Johnson"?

answer: fellow officers

text: fellow officers

question: What was the cause of Albert's ill health in 1917?

answer: duodenal ulcer

text: duodenal ulcer


text: Unpopulated boards are usually bare-board tested for "shorts" and "opens". A short is a connection between two points that should not be connected. An open is a missing connection between points that should be connected. For high-volume production a fixture or a rigid needle adapter is used to make contact with copper lands on the board. Building the adapter is a significant fixed cost and is only economical for high-volume or high-value production. For small or medium volume production flying probe testers are used where test probes are moved over the board by an XY drive to make contact with the copper lands. The CAM system instructs the electrical tester to apply a voltage to each contact point as required and to check that this voltage appears on the appropriate contact points and only on these.

title: Printed_circuit_board

title: Printed_circuit_board

text: Unpopulated

text: boards

text: are

text: usually

text: bare

text: board

text: tested

text: for

text: shorts

text: and

text: opens

text: A

text: short

text: is

text: a

text: connection

text: between

text: two

text: points

text: that

text: should

text: not

text: be

text: connected

text: An

text: open

text: is

text: a

text: missing

text: connection

text: between

text: points

text: that

text: should

text: be

text: connected

text: For

text: high

text: volume

text: production

text: a

text: fixture

text: or

text: a

text: rigid

text: needle

text: adapter

text: is

text: used

text: to

text: make

text: contact

text: with

text: copper

text: lands

text: on

text: the

text: board

text: Building

text: the

text: adapter

text: is

text: a

text: significant

text: fixed

text: cost

text: and

text: is

text: only

text: economical

text: for

text: high

text: volume

text: or

text: high

text: value

text: production

text: For

text: small

text: or

text: medium

text: volume

text: production

text: flying

text: probe

text: testers

text: are

text: used

text: where

text: test

text: probes

text: are

text: moved

text: over

text: the

text: board

text: by

text: an

text: XY

text: drive

text: to

text: make

text: contact

text: with

text: the

text: copper

text: lands

text: The

text: CAM

text: system

text: instructs

text: the

text: electrical

text: tester

text: to

text: apply

text: a

text: voltage

text: to

text: each

text: contact

text: point

text: as

text: required

text: and

text: to

text: check

text: that

text: this

text: voltage

text: appears

text: on

text: the

text: appropriate

text: contact

text: points

text: and

text: only

text: on

text: these

question: What are bare-board tests looking for besides "opens"?

answer: "shorts"

text: "shorts"

question: What conductive metal are the lands on a circuit board made out of?

answer: copper

text: copper

question: What's an absent connection that needs to be linked up on an unpopulated board called?

answer: An open

text: An open

question: What does a flying probe tester deliver to the contact points during testing?

answer: voltage

text: voltage

question: What system tells the flying probe where to go and what to do?

answer: CAM system

text: CAM system


text: The company, which benefited from the imperial patronage, soon expanded its commercial trading operations, eclipsing the Portuguese Estado da Índia, which had established bases in Goa, Chittagong, and Bombay, which Portugal later ceded to England as part of the dowry of Catherine de Braganza. The East India Company also launched a joint attack with the Dutch United East India Company on Portuguese and Spanish ships off the coast of China, which helped secure their ports in China. The company established trading posts in Surat (1619), Madras (1639), Bombay (1668), and Calcutta (1690). By 1647, the company had 23 factories, each under the command of a factor or master merchant and governor if so chosen, and 90 employees in India. The major factories became the walled forts of Fort William in Bengal, Fort St George in Madras, and Bombay Castle.

title: East_India_Company

title: East_India_Company

text: The

text: company

text: which

text: benefited

text: from

text: the

text: imperial

text: patronage

text: soon

text: expanded

text: its

text: commercial

text: trading

text: operations

text: eclipsing

text: the

text: Portuguese

text: Estado

text: da

text: Índia

text: which

text: had

text: established

text: bases

text: in

text: Goa

text: Chittagong

text: and

text: Bombay

text: which

text: Portugal

text: later

text: ceded

text: to

text: England

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: dowry

text: of

text: Catherine

text: de

text: Braganza

text: The

text: East

text: India

text: Company

text: also

text: launched

text: a

text: joint

text: attack

text: with

text: the

text: Dutch

text: United

text: East

text: India

text: Company

text: on

text: Portuguese

text: and

text: Spanish

text: ships

text: off

text: the

text: coast

text: of

text: China

text: which

text: helped

text: secure

text: their

text: ports

text: in

text: China

text: The

text: company

text: established

text: trading

text: posts

text: in

text: Surat

text: Madras

text: Bombay

text: and

text: Calcutta

text: By

text: the

text: company

text: had

text: factories

text: each

text: under

text: the

text: command

text: of

text: a

text: factor

text: or

text: master

text: merchant

text: and

text: governor

text: if

text: so

text: chosen

text: and

text: employees

text: in

text: India

text: The

text: major

text: factories

text: became

text: the

text: walled

text: forts

text: of

text: Fort

text: William

text: in

text: Bengal

text: Fort

text: St

text: George

text: in

text: Madras

text: and

text: Bombay

text: Castle

question: when was the bombay trading post established?

answer: 1668

question: who commanded the factories owned by the East India company?

answer: factor or master merchant and governor

text: factor or master merchant and governor

question: who helped join the East India company in a joint attack on Portuguese and Spanish ships?

answer: Dutch United East India Company

text: Dutch United East India Company

question: how many employees were in the factories in India?

answer: 90

question: what were the walled forts of Fort William in Bengal, Fort St George in Madras and Bombay castle before they were forts?

answer: major factories

text: major factories

question: who helped join the East India company in a joint attack on Portuguese and Spanish ships?

answer: Dutch

text: Dutch

question: by 1647 how many factories did the company have?

answer: 23

question: the east india company changed how it did business by moving from  focusing on royal patronage to what type of business?

answer: commercial trading operations

text: commercial trading operations

question: when the east india company move to commercial  trading what  company did they surpass?

answer: Portuguese Estado da Índia

text: Portuguese Estado da Índia

question: The top or most important factories had what  physical feature in  common?

answer: walled forts

text: walled forts


text: Galicia was late to catch the tourism boom that has swept Spain in recent decades, but the coastal regions (especially the Rías Baixas and Santiago de Compostela) are now significant tourist destinations and are especially popular with visitors from other regions in Spain, where the majority of tourists come from. In 2007, 5.7 million tourists visited Galicia, an 8% growth over the previous year, and part of a continual pattern of growth in this sector. 85% of tourists who visit Galicia visit Santiago de Compostela. Tourism constitutes 12% of Galician GDP and employs about 12% of the regional workforce.

title: Galicia_(Spain)

title: Galicia_(Spain

text: Galicia

text: was

text: late

text: to

text: catch

text: the

text: tourism

text: boom

text: that

text: has

text: swept

text: Spain

text: in

text: recent

text: decades

text: but

text: the

text: coastal

text: regions

text: especially

text: the

text: Rías

text: Baixas

text: and

text: Santiago

text: de

text: Compostela

text: are

text: now

text: significant

text: tourist

text: destinations

text: and

text: are

text: especially

text: popular

text: with

text: visitors

text: from

text: other

text: regions

text: in

text: Spain

text: where

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: tourists

text: come

text: from

text: In

text: million

text: tourists

text: visited

text: Galicia

text: an

text: growth

text: over

text: the

text: previous

text: year

text: and

text: part

text: of

text: a

text: continual

text: pattern

text: of

text: growth

text: in

text: this

text: sector

text: of

text: tourists

text: who

text: visit

text: Galicia

text: visit

text: Santiago

text: de

text: Compostela

text: Tourism

text: constitutes

text: of

text: Galician

text: GDP

text: and

text: employs

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: regional

text: workforce

question: Which two coastal regions are now major tourist destinations?

answer: Rías Baixas and Santiago de Compostela

text: Rías Baixas and Santiago de Compostela

question: How many tourists visited Galicia in 2007?

answer: 5.7 million

text: 5.7 million

question: What percentage of its GDP is tourism responsible for?

answer: 12%


text: The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon. Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of antibiotics. Under certain conditions, it may result in preferential growth of resistant bacteria, while growth of susceptible bacteria is inhibited by the drug. For example, antibacterial selection for strains having previously acquired antibacterial-resistance genes was demonstrated in 1943 by the Luria–Delbrück experiment. Antibiotics such as penicillin and erythromycin, which used to have a high efficacy against many bacterial species and strains, have become less effective, due to the increased resistance of many bacterial strains.

title: Antibiotics

title: Antibiotics

text: The

text: emergence

text: of

text: resistance

text: of

text: bacteria

text: to

text: antibiotics

text: is

text: a

text: common

text: phenomenon

text: Emergence

text: of

text: resistance

text: often

text: reflects

text: evolutionary

text: processes

text: that

text: take

text: place

text: during

text: antibiotic

text: therapy

text: The

text: antibiotic

text: treatment

text: may

text: select

text: for

text: bacterial

text: strains

text: with

text: physiologically

text: or

text: genetically

text: enhanced

text: capacity

text: to

text: survive

text: high

text: doses

text: of

text: antibiotics

text: Under

text: certain

text: conditions

text: it

text: may

text: result

text: in

text: preferential

text: growth

text: of

text: resistant

text: bacteria

text: while

text: growth

text: of

text: susceptible

text: bacteria

text: is

text: inhibited

text: by

text: the

text: drug

text: For

text: example

text: antibacterial

text: selection

text: for

text: strains

text: having

text: previously

text: acquired

text: antibacterial

text: resistance

text: genes

text: was

text: demonstrated

text: in

text: by

text: the

text: Luria

text: Delbrück

text: experiment

text: Antibiotics

text: such

text: as

text: penicillin

text: and

text: erythromycin

text: which

text: used

text: to

text: have

text: a

text: high

text: efficacy

text: against

text: many

text: bacterial

text: species

text: and

text: strains

text: have

text: become

text: less

text: effective

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: increased

text: resistance

text: of

text: many

text: bacterial

text: strains

question: What is a modern common occurence with antibiotics?

answer: resistance of bacteria

text: resistance of bacteria

question: What is resistance to antibiotics a cause of?

answer: evolution

text: evolution

question: When was the Luria-Delbruck experiment?

answer: 1943

question: Which two antibiotics that have high efficacy are much less useful now?

answer: penicillin and erythromycin

text: penicillin and erythromycin

question: What does emergence of resistance reflect?

answer: evolutionary processes

text: evolutionary processes

question: What is the purpose of antibiotic treatment?

answer: survive high doses of antibiotics

text: survive high doses of antibiotics

question: When was antibacterial-resistance demonstrated?

answer: 1943

question: Who made the demonstration in 1943?

answer: Luria–Delbrück

text: Luria–Delbrück


text: PlayStation 3 console protects certain types of data and uses digital rights management to limit the data's use. Purchased games and content from the PlayStation Network store are governed by PlayStation's Network Digital Rights Management (NDRM). The NDRM allows users to access the data from up to 2 different PlayStation 3's that have been activated using a user's PlayStation Network ID. PlayStation 3 also limits the transfer of copy protected videos downloaded from its store to other machines and states that copy protected video "may not restore correctly" following certain actions after making a backup such as downloading a new copy protected movie.

title: PlayStation_3

title: PlayStation_3

text: PlayStation

text: console

text: protects

text: certain

text: types

text: of

text: data

text: and

text: uses

text: digital

text: rights

text: management

text: to

text: limit

text: the

text: data

text: 's

text: use

text: Purchased

text: games

text: and

text: content

text: from

text: the

text: PlayStation

text: Network

text: store

text: are

text: governed

text: by

text: PlayStation

text: 's

text: Network

text: Digital

text: Rights

text: Management

text: NDRM

text: The

text: NDRM

text: allows

text: users

text: to

text: access

text: the

text: data

text: from

text: up

text: to

text: different

text: PlayStation

text: 's

text: that

text: have

text: been

text: activated

text: using

text: a

text: user

text: 's

text: PlayStation

text: Network

text: ID

text: PlayStation

text: also

text: limits

text: the

text: transfer

text: of

text: copy

text: protected

text: videos

text: downloaded

text: from

text: its

text: store

text: to

text: other

text: machines

text: and

text: states

text: that

text: copy

text: protected

text: video

text: may

text: not

text: restore

text: correctly

text: following

text: certain

text: actions

text: after

text: making

text: a

text: backup

text: such

text: as

text: downloading

text: a

text: new

text: copy

text: protected

text: movie

question: What does the abbreviation "NDRM" represent?

answer: Network Digital Rights Management

text: Network Digital Rights Management

question: How many different PS3s can one user access?

answer: 2

question: What identifier allows a player to activate a PlayStation 3?

answer: PlayStation Network ID

text: PlayStation Network ID

question: PlayStation has safeguards in place to prevent illegal use of what type of movies or video?

answer: copy protected

text: copy protected


text: The Spanish–American War was a short decisive war marked by quick, overwhelming American victories at sea and on land against Spain. The Navy was well-prepared and won laurels, even as politicians tried (and failed) to have it redeployed to defend East Coast cities against potential threats from the feeble Spanish fleet. The Army performed well in combat in Cuba. However, it was too oriented to small posts in the West and not as well-prepared for an overseas conflict. It relied on volunteers and state militia units, which faced logistical, training and food problems in the staging areas in Florida. The United States freed Cuba (after an occupation by the U.S. Army). By the peace treaty Spain ceded to the United States its colonies of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. The Navy set up coaling stations there and in Hawaii (which voluntarily joined the U.S. in 1898). The U.S. Navy now had a major forward presence across the Pacific and (with the lease of Guantánamo Bay Naval Base in Cuba) a major base in the Caribbean guarding the approaches to the Gulf Coast and the Panama Canal.

title: Military_history_of_the_United_States

title: Military_history_of_the_United_States

text: The

text: Spanish

text: American

text: War

text: was

text: a

text: short

text: decisive

text: war

text: marked

text: by

text: quick

text: overwhelming

text: American

text: victories

text: at

text: sea

text: and

text: on

text: land

text: against

text: Spain

text: The

text: Navy

text: was

text: well

text: prepared

text: and

text: won

text: laurels

text: even

text: as

text: politicians

text: tried

text: and

text: failed

text: to

text: have

text: it

text: redeployed

text: to

text: defend

text: East

text: Coast

text: cities

text: against

text: potential

text: threats

text: from

text: the

text: feeble

text: Spanish

text: fleet

text: The

text: Army

text: performed

text: well

text: in

text: combat

text: in

text: Cuba

text: However

text: it

text: was

text: too

text: oriented

text: to

text: small

text: posts

text: in

text: the

text: West

text: and

text: not

text: as

text: well

text: prepared

text: for

text: an

text: overseas

text: conflict

text: It

text: relied

text: on

text: volunteers

text: and

text: state

text: militia

text: units

text: which

text: faced

text: logistical

text: training

text: and

text: food

text: problems

text: in

text: the

text: staging

text: areas

text: in

text: Florida

text: The

text: United

text: States

text: freed

text: Cuba

text: after

text: an

text: occupation

text: by

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Army

text: By

text: the

text: peace

text: treaty

text: Spain

text: ceded

text: to

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: its

text: colonies

text: of

text: Puerto

text: Rico

text: Guam

text: and

text: the

text: Philippines

text: The

text: Navy

text: set

text: up

text: coaling

text: stations

text: there

text: and

text: in

text: Hawaii

text: which

text: voluntarily

text: joined

text: the

text: U.S.

text: in

text: The

text: U.S.

text: Navy

text: now

text: had

text: a

text: major

text: forward

text: presence

text: across

text: the

text: Pacific

text: and

text: with

text: the

text: lease

text: of

text: Guantánamo

text: Bay

text: Naval

text: Base

text: in

text: Cuba

text: a

text: major

text: base

text: in

text: the

text: Caribbean

text: guarding

text: the

text: approaches

text: to

text: the

text: Gulf

text: Coast

text: and

text: the

text: Panama

text: Canal

question: Where did the American army fight the Spanish in the Spanish American War?

answer: Cuba

text: Cuba

question: The army in this war was primarily made up of what sort of units?

answer: volunteers and state militia

text: volunteers and state militia

question: What colonies did Spain hand over to the US after the war?

answer: Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines

text: Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines

question: What island territory voluntarily joined the US as a colony in 1898?

answer: Hawaii

text: Hawaii

question: What is the name of the naval base the US leased from a newly independent Cuba?

answer: Guantánamo Bay Naval Base

text: Guantánamo Bay Naval Base


text: Mid-20th century movies set in the Bronx portrayed densely settled, working-class, urban culture. Hollywood films such as From This Day Forward (1946), set in Highbridge, occasionally delved into Bronx life. Paddy Chayefsky's Academy Award-winning Marty was the most notable examination of working class Bronx life was also explored by Chayefsky in his 1956 film The Catered Affair, and in the 1993 Robert De Niro/Chazz Palminteri film, A Bronx Tale, Spike Lee's 1999 movie Summer of Sam, centered in an Italian-American Bronx community, 1994's I Like It Like That that takes place in the predominantly Puerto Rican neighborhood of the South Bronx, and Doughboys, the story of two Italian-American brothers in danger of losing their bakery thanks to one brother's gambling debts.

title: The_Bronx

title: The_Bronx

text: century

text: movies

text: set

text: in

text: the

text: Bronx

text: portrayed

text: densely

text: settled

text: working

text: class

text: urban

text: culture

text: Hollywood

text: films

text: such

text: as

text: From

text: This

text: Day

text: Forward

text: set

text: in

text: Highbridge

text: occasionally

text: delved

text: into

text: Bronx

text: life

text: Paddy

text: Chayefsky

text: 's

text: Academy

text: Award

text: winning

text: Marty

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: notable

text: examination

text: of

text: working

text: class

text: Bronx

text: life

text: was

text: also

text: explored

text: by

text: Chayefsky

text: in

text: his

text: film

text: The

text: Catered

text: Affair

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: Robert

text: De

text: Niro

text: Chazz

text: Palminteri

text: film

text: A

text: Bronx

text: Tale

text: Spike

text: Lee

text: 's

text: movie

text: Summer

text: of

text: Sam

text: centered

text: in

text: an

text: Italian

text: American

text: Bronx

text: community

text: 's

text: I

text: Like

text: It

text: Like

text: That

text: that

text: takes

text: place

text: in

text: the

text: predominantly

text: Puerto

text: Rican

text: neighborhood

text: of

text: the

text: South

text: Bronx

text: and

text: Doughboys

text: the

text: story

text: of

text: two

text: Italian

text: American

text: brothers

text: in

text: danger

text: of

text: losing

text: their

text: bakery

text: thanks

text: to

text: one

text: brother

text: 's

text: gambling

text: debts

question: When was 'From This Day Forward' released?

answer: 1946

question: Where was 'From This Day Forward' set?

answer: Highbridge

text: Highbridge

question: When was 'The Catered Affair' released?

answer: 1956

question: What did 'The Catered Affair' explore?

answer: working class Bronx life

text: working class Bronx life

question: What was 'Summer of Sam' about?

answer: an Italian-American Bronx community

text: an Italian-American Bronx community