text: A cappella has been used as the sole orchestration for original works of musical theater that have had commercial runs Off-Broadway (theaters in New York City with 99 to 500 seats) only four times. The first was Avenue X which opened on 28 January 1994 and ran for 77 performances. It was produced by Playwrights Horizons with book by John Jiler, music and lyrics by Ray Leslee. The musical style of the show's score was primarily Doo-Wop as the plot revolved around Doo-Wop group singers of the 1960s.

title: A_cappella

title: A_cappella

text: A

text: cappella

text: has

text: been

text: used

text: as

text: the

text: sole

text: orchestration

text: for

text: original

text: works

text: of

text: musical

text: theater

text: that

text: have

text: had

text: commercial

text: runs

text: Off

text: Broadway

text: theaters

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: with

text: to

text: seats

text: only

text: four

text: times

text: The

text: first

text: was

text: Avenue

text: X

text: which

text: opened

text: on

text: January

text: and

text: ran

text: for

text: performances

text: It

text: was

text: produced

text: by

text: Playwrights

text: Horizons

text: with

text: book

text: by

text: John

text: Jiler

text: music

text: and

text: lyrics

text: by

text: Ray

text: Leslee

text: The

text: musical

text: style

text: of

text: the

text: show

text: 's

text: score

text: was

text: primarily

text: Doo

text: Wop

text: as

text: the

text: plot

text: revolved

text: around

text: Doo

text: Wop

text: group

text: singers

text: of

text: the

question: How many works of a cappella in musical theater have been successful in Off-Broadway productions?

answer: four

text: four

question: What was the name of the a cappella musical that first opened 28 January 1994?

answer: Avenue X

text: Avenue X

question: What time period was Avenue X set in?

answer: the 1960s

text: the 1960s

question: What was the final number of performances in Avenue X's original run?

answer: 77

question: Who was responsible for the lyrics of Avenue X?

answer: Ray Leslee

text: Ray Leslee


text: It is the world's fourth oldest major film studio, after the renowned French studios Gaumont Film Company and Pathé, and the Danish Nordisk Film company.

title: Universal_Studios

title: Universal_Studios

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: fourth

text: oldest

text: major

text: film

text: studio

text: after

text: the

text: renowned

text: French

text: studios

text: Gaumont

text: Film

text: Company

text: and

text: Pathé

text: and

text: the

text: Danish

text: Nordisk

text: Film

text: company

question: What rank does Universal Studios have in terms of age?

answer: fourth

text: fourth

question: Which film studio from Denmark is older than Universal?

answer: Nordisk

text: Nordisk

question: Which French companies are older than Universal?

answer: Gaumont Film Company and Pathé

text: Gaumont Film Company and Pathé

question: What is the nationality of Pathé?

answer: French

text: French

question: Along with Pathé and the Gaumont Film Company, what major film studio is older then Universal Studios?

answer: Nordisk Film company

text: Nordisk Film company

question: Among major film studies, where does Universal Studios rank in terms of age?

answer: fourth

text: fourth


text: Among the parish churches are Saints John (Baptist and Evangelist), rebuilt in 1368, whose dome, decorated by Palonino, contains some of the best frescoes in Spain; El Templo (the Temple), the ancient church of the Knights Templar, which passed into the hands of the Order of Montesa and was rebuilt in the reigns of Ferdinand VI and Charles III; the former convent of the Dominicans, at one time the headquarters of the Capital General, the cloister of which has a beautiful Gothic wing and the chapter room, large columns imitating palm trees; the Colegio del Corpus Christi, which is devoted to the Blessed Sacrament, and in which perpetual adoration is carried on; the Jesuit college, which was destroyed in 1868 by the revolutionary Committee of the Popular Front, but later rebuilt; and the Colegio de San Juan (also of the Society), the former college of the nobles, now a provincial institute for secondary instruction.

title: Valencia

title: Valencia

text: Among

text: the

text: parish

text: churches

text: are

text: Saints

text: John

text: Baptist

text: and

text: Evangelist

text: rebuilt

text: in

text: whose

text: dome

text: decorated

text: by

text: Palonino

text: contains

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: best

text: frescoes

text: in

text: Spain

text: El

text: Templo

text: the

text: Temple

text: the

text: ancient

text: church

text: of

text: the

text: Knights

text: Templar

text: which

text: passed

text: into

text: the

text: hands

text: of

text: the

text: Order

text: of

text: Montesa

text: and

text: was

text: rebuilt

text: in

text: the

text: reigns

text: of

text: Ferdinand

text: VI

text: and

text: Charles

text: III

text: the

text: former

text: convent

text: of

text: the

text: Dominicans

text: at

text: one

text: time

text: the

text: headquarters

text: of

text: the

text: Capital

text: General

text: the

text: cloister

text: of

text: which

text: has

text: a

text: beautiful

text: Gothic

text: wing

text: and

text: the

text: chapter

text: room

text: large

text: columns

text: imitating

text: palm

text: trees

text: the

text: Colegio

text: del

text: Corpus

text: Christi

text: which

text: is

text: devoted

text: to

text: the

text: Blessed

text: Sacrament

text: and

text: in

text: which

text: perpetual

text: adoration

text: is

text: carried

text: on

text: the

text: Jesuit

text: college

text: which

text: was

text: destroyed

text: in

text: by

text: the

text: revolutionary

text: Committee

text: of

text: the

text: Popular

text: Front

text: but

text: later

text: rebuilt

text: and

text: the

text: Colegio

text: de

text: San

text: Juan

text: also

text: of

text: the

text: Society

text: the

text: former

text: college

text: of

text: the

text: nobles

text: now

text: a

text: provincial

text: institute

text: for

text: secondary

text: instruction

question: What church holds some of Spain's greatest frescoes?

answer: Saints John

text: Saints John

question: Who decorated the Saints John's dome?

answer: Palonino

text: Palonino

question: Who destroyed the Jesuit college?

answer: the revolutionary Committee of the Popular Front

text: the revolutionary Committee of the Popular Front

question: What was once headquartered in the former Dominican convent?

answer: Capital General

text: Capital General

question: What was once a college for nobles and is now a place of secondary education?

answer: Colegio de San Juan

text: Colegio de San Juan


text: In England, the 16th-century European Reformation resulted in a number of executions on charges of heresy. During the thirty-eight years of Henry VIII's reign, about sixty heretics, mainly Protestants, were executed and a rather greater number of Catholics lost their lives on grounds of political offences such as treason, notably Sir Thomas More and Cardinal John Fisher, for refusing to accept the king's supremacy over the Church in England. Under Edward VI, the heresy laws were repealed in 1547 only to be reintroduced in 1554 by Mary I; even so two radicals were executed in Edward's reign (one for denying the reality of the incarnation, the other for denying Christ's divinity). Under Mary, around two hundred and ninety people were burned at the stake between 1555 and 1558 after the restoration of papal jurisdiction. When Elizabeth I came to the throne, the concept of heresy was retained in theory but severely restricted by the 1559 Act of Supremacy and the one hundred and eighty or so Catholics who were executed in the forty-five years of her reign were put to death because they were considered members of "...a subversive fifth column." The last execution of a "heretic" in England occurred under James VI and I in 1612. Although the charge was technically one of "blasphemy" there was one later execution in Scotland (still at that date an entirely independent kingdom) when in 1697 Thomas Aikenhead was accused, among other things, of denying the doctrine of the Trinity.

title: Heresy

title: Heresy

text: In

text: England

text: the

text: century

text: European

text: Reformation

text: resulted

text: in

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: executions

text: on

text: charges

text: of

text: heresy

text: During

text: the

text: thirty

text: eight

text: years

text: of

text: Henry

text: VIII

text: 's

text: reign

text: about

text: sixty

text: heretics

text: mainly

text: Protestants

text: were

text: executed

text: and

text: a

text: rather

text: greater

text: number

text: of

text: Catholics

text: lost

text: their

text: lives

text: on

text: grounds

text: of

text: political

text: offences

text: such

text: as

text: treason

text: notably

text: Sir

text: Thomas

text: More

text: and

text: Cardinal

text: John

text: Fisher

text: for

text: refusing

text: to

text: accept

text: the

text: king

text: 's

text: supremacy

text: over

text: the

text: Church

text: in

text: England

text: Under

text: Edward

text: VI

text: the

text: heresy

text: laws

text: were

text: repealed

text: in

text: only

text: to

text: be

text: reintroduced

text: in

text: by

text: Mary

text: I

text: even

text: so

text: two

text: radicals

text: were

text: executed

text: in

text: Edward

text: 's

text: reign

text: one

text: for

text: denying

text: the

text: reality

text: of

text: the

text: incarnation

text: the

text: other

text: for

text: denying

text: Christ

text: 's

text: divinity

text: Under

text: Mary

text: around

text: two

text: hundred

text: and

text: ninety

text: people

text: were

text: burned

text: at

text: the

text: stake

text: between

text: and

text: after

text: the

text: restoration

text: of

text: papal

text: jurisdiction

text: When

text: Elizabeth

text: I

text: came

text: to

text: the

text: throne

text: the

text: concept

text: of

text: heresy

text: was

text: retained

text: in

text: theory

text: but

text: severely

text: restricted

text: by

text: the

text: Act

text: of

text: Supremacy

text: and

text: the

text: one

text: hundred

text: and

text: eighty

text: or

text: so

text: Catholics

text: who

text: were

text: executed

text: in

text: the

text: forty

text: five

text: years

text: of

text: her

text: reign

text: were

text: put

text: to

text: death

text: because

text: they

text: were

text: considered

text: members

text: of

text: a

text: subversive

text: fifth

text: column

text: The

text: last

text: execution

text: of

text: a

text: heretic

text: in

text: England

text: occurred

text: under

text: James

text: VI

text: and

text: I

text: in

text: Although

text: the

text: charge

text: was

text: technically

text: one

text: of

text: blasphemy

text: there

text: was

text: one

text: later

text: execution

text: in

text: Scotland

text: still

text: at

text: that

text: date

text: an

text: entirely

text: independent

text: kingdom

text: when

text: in

text: Thomas

text: Aikenhead

text: was

text: accused

text: among

text: other

text: things

text: of

text: denying

text: the

text: doctrine

text: of

text: the

text: Trinity

question: What event in England during the 16th century had an outcome of many deaths for heresy?

answer: European Reformation

text: European Reformation

question: During what king's reign did 60 Protestants die for heresy?

answer: Henry VIII

text: Henry VIII

question: What two notable figures are cited to have perished for refusing to give up the Church in England?

answer: Sir Thomas More and Cardinal John Fisher

text: Sir Thomas More and Cardinal John Fisher

question: Under which king were the heresy laws repealed in 1547?

answer: Edward VI

text: Edward VI

question: In what year was the last known person sentenced to death in England for heresy?

answer: 1612


text: The remains of a 6th-century synagogue have been uncovered in Sepphoris, which was an important centre of Jewish culture between the 3rd–7th centuries and a multicultural town inhabited by Jews, Christians and pagans. The mosaic reflects an interesting fusion of Jewish and pagan beliefs. In the center of the floor the zodiac wheel was depicted. Helios sits in the middle, in his sun chariot, and each zodiac is matched with a Jewish month. Along the sides of the mosaic are strips depicting Biblical scenes, such as the binding of Isaac, as well as traditional rituals, including a burnt sacrifice and the offering of fruits and grains.

title: Mosaic

title: Mosaic

text: The

text: remains

text: of

text: a

text: century

text: synagogue

text: have

text: been

text: uncovered

text: in

text: Sepphoris

text: which

text: was

text: an

text: important

text: centre

text: of

text: Jewish

text: culture

text: between

text: the

text: centuries

text: and

text: a

text: multicultural

text: town

text: inhabited

text: by

text: Jews

text: Christians

text: and

text: pagans

text: The

text: mosaic

text: reflects

text: an

text: interesting

text: fusion

text: of

text: Jewish

text: and

text: pagan

text: beliefs

text: In

text: the

text: center

text: of

text: the

text: floor

text: the

text: zodiac

text: wheel

text: was

text: depicted

text: Helios

text: sits

text: in

text: the

text: middle

text: in

text: his

text: sun

text: chariot

text: and

text: each

text: zodiac

text: is

text: matched

text: with

text: a

text: Jewish

text: month

text: Along

text: the

text: sides

text: of

text: the

text: mosaic

text: are

text: strips

text: depicting

text: Biblical

text: scenes

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: binding

text: of

text: Isaac

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: traditional

text: rituals

text: including

text: a

text: burnt

text: sacrifice

text: and

text: the

text: offering

text: of

text: fruits

text: and

text: grains

question: The remains of what was found at Sepphoris?

answer: a 6th-century synagogue

text: a 6th-century synagogue

question: Who were the primary inhabitants of Sepphoris in the 3rd through 7th centuries?

answer: Jews

text: Jews

question: The mosaic found at Sepphoris display a mix of Jewish and which beliefs?

answer: pagan

text: pagan

question: What figure is dominant in the mosaic at Sepphoris?

answer: Helios

text: Helios

question: What surrounds Helios in the mosaic at Sepphoris?

answer: a Jewish month

text: a Jewish month


text: Conflict between the Germanic tribes and the forces of Rome under Julius Caesar forced major Germanic tribes to retreat to the east bank of the Rhine. Roman emperor Augustus in 12 BC ordered the conquest of the Germans, but the catastrophic Roman defeat at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest resulted in the Roman Empire abandoning its plans to completely conquer Germany. Germanic peoples in Roman territory were culturally Romanized, and although much of Germany remained free of direct Roman rule, Rome deeply influenced the development of German society, especially the adoption of Christianity by the Germans who obtained it from the Romans. In Roman-held territories with Germanic populations, the Germanic and Roman peoples intermarried, and Roman, Germanic, and Christian traditions intermingled. The adoption of Christianity would later become a major influence in the development of a common German identity.

title: Germans

title: Germans

text: Conflict

text: between

text: the

text: Germanic

text: tribes

text: and

text: the

text: forces

text: of

text: Rome

text: under

text: Julius

text: Caesar

text: forced

text: major

text: Germanic

text: tribes

text: to

text: retreat

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: bank

text: of

text: the

text: Rhine

text: Roman

text: emperor

text: Augustus

text: in

text: BC

text: ordered

text: the

text: conquest

text: of

text: the

text: Germans

text: but

text: the

text: catastrophic

text: Roman

text: defeat

text: at

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: the

text: Teutoburg

text: Forest

text: resulted

text: in

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: abandoning

text: its

text: plans

text: to

text: completely

text: conquer

text: Germany

text: Germanic

text: peoples

text: in

text: Roman

text: territory

text: were

text: culturally

text: Romanized

text: and

text: although

text: much

text: of

text: Germany

text: remained

text: free

text: of

text: direct

text: Roman

text: rule

text: Rome

text: deeply

text: influenced

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: German

text: society

text: especially

text: the

text: adoption

text: of

text: Christianity

text: by

text: the

text: Germans

text: who

text: obtained

text: it

text: from

text: the

text: Romans

text: In

text: Roman

text: held

text: territories

text: with

text: Germanic

text: populations

text: the

text: Germanic

text: and

text: Roman

text: peoples

text: intermarried

text: and

text: Roman

text: Germanic

text: and

text: Christian

text: traditions

text: intermingled

text: The

text: adoption

text: of

text: Christianity

text: would

text: later

text: become

text: a

text: major

text: influence

text: in

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: a

text: common

text: German

text: identity

question: What emperor forced the Germanic tribes to the east side of the Rhine?

answer: Julius Caesar

text: Julius Caesar

question: In what did Emperor Augustus order the conquest of the Germans?

answer: 12 BC

text: 12 BC

question: The Romans suffered a horrible defeat in there conquest of the Germans in what battle?

answer: Battle of the Teutoburg Forest

text: Battle of the Teutoburg Forest

question: Roman's adoption of what religion would greatly influence the German society?

answer: Christianity

text: Christianity

question: Through what act would Roman and German customs become intertwine?

answer: Germanic and Roman peoples intermarried

text: Germanic and Roman peoples intermarried

question: Which Roman emperor ordered the conquest of the Germans?

answer: Augustus

text: Augustus

question: What religion did Germans adopt?

answer: Christianity

text: Christianity

question: What battle did Germans defeat the Romans?

answer: Battle of the Teutoburg Forest r

text: Battle of the Teutoburg Forest r


text: Also, other human rights were advocated for by some Protestants. For example, torture was abolished in Prussia in 1740, slavery in Britain in 1834 and in the United States in 1865 (William Wilberforce, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Abraham Lincoln - against Southern Protestants). Hugo Grotius and Samuel Pufendorf were among the first thinkers who made significant contributions to international law. The Geneva Convention, an important part of humanitarian international law, was largely the work of Henry Dunant, a reformed pietist. He also founded the Red Cross.

title: Protestantism

title: Protestantism

text: Also

text: other

text: human

text: rights

text: were

text: advocated

text: for

text: by

text: some

text: Protestants

text: For

text: example

text: torture

text: was

text: abolished

text: in

text: Prussia

text: in

text: slavery

text: in

text: Britain

text: in

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: in

text: William

text: Wilberforce

text: Harriet

text: Beecher

text: Stowe

text: Abraham

text: Lincoln

text: against

text: Southern

text: Protestants

text: Hugo

text: Grotius

text: and

text: Samuel

text: Pufendorf

text: were

text: among

text: the

text: first

text: thinkers

text: who

text: made

text: significant

text: contributions

text: to

text: international

text: law

text: The

text: Geneva

text: Convention

text: an

text: important

text: part

text: of

text: humanitarian

text: international

text: law

text: was

text: largely

text: the

text: work

text: of

text: Henry

text: Dunant

text: a

text: reformed

text: pietist

text: He

text: also

text: founded

text: the

text: Red

text: Cross

question: When did Prussia stop torture?

answer: 1740

question: When did Britain end slavery?

answer: 1834

question: Who were the first men to make large contributions to international law?

answer: Hugo Grotius and Samuel Pufendorf

text: Hugo Grotius and Samuel Pufendorf

question: Who founded the Red Cross?

answer: Henry Dunant

text: Henry Dunant

question: What international law was Henry Dunant mostly responsible for?

answer: The Geneva Convention

text: The Geneva Convention


text: Regulation of hunting within the United States dates from the 19th century. Some modern hunters see themselves as conservationists and sportsmen in the mode of Theodore Roosevelt and the Boone and Crockett Club. Local hunting clubs and national organizations provide hunter education and help protect the future of the sport by buying land for future hunting use. Some groups represent a specific hunting interest, such as Ducks Unlimited, Pheasants Forever, or the Delta Waterfowl Foundation. Many hunting groups also participate in lobbying the federal government and state government.

title: Hunting

title: Hunting

text: Regulation

text: of

text: hunting

text: within

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: dates

text: from

text: the

text: century

text: Some

text: modern

text: hunters

text: see

text: themselves

text: as

text: conservationists

text: and

text: sportsmen

text: in

text: the

text: mode

text: of

text: Theodore

text: Roosevelt

text: and

text: the

text: Boone

text: and

text: Crockett

text: Club

text: Local

text: hunting

text: clubs

text: and

text: national

text: organizations

text: provide

text: hunter

text: education

text: and

text: help

text: protect

text: the

text: future

text: of

text: the

text: sport

text: by

text: buying

text: land

text: for

text: future

text: hunting

text: use

text: Some

text: groups

text: represent

text: a

text: specific

text: hunting

text: interest

text: such

text: as

text: Ducks

text: Unlimited

text: Pheasants

text: Forever

text: or

text: the

text: Delta

text: Waterfowl

text: Foundation

text: Many

text: hunting

text: groups

text: also

text: participate

text: in

text: lobbying

text: the

text: federal

text: government

text: and

text: state

text: government

question: When do hunting regulations date from in the US?

answer: 19th century

text: 19th century

question: What do some modern hunters see themselves as?

answer: conservationists and sportsmen

text: conservationists and sportsmen

question: What organizations provide hunter education and help protect the future of the sport?

answer: Local hunting clubs and national organizations

text: Local hunting clubs and national organizations

question: Ducks Unlimited and the Delta Waterfowl are examples of groups representing what?

answer: a specific hunting interest

text: a specific hunting interest

question: What do many hunting groups participate in doing at the federal and state level?

answer: lobbying

text: lobbying

question: What do modern hunters see themselves as?

answer: conservationists and sportsmen

text: conservationists and sportsmen

question: Who provides hunter education?

answer: Local hunting clubs

text: Local hunting clubs

question: What do hunting groups also participate in?

answer: lobbying the federal government and state government

text: lobbying the federal government and state government

question: What century is U.S. regulations dates from?

answer: 19th


text: In college sports, Detroit's central location within the Mid-American Conference has made it a frequent site for the league's championship events. While the MAC Basketball Tournament moved permanently to Cleveland starting in 2000, the MAC Football Championship Game has been played at Ford Field in Detroit since 2004, and annually attracts 25,000 to 30,000 fans. The University of Detroit Mercy has a NCAA Division I program, and Wayne State University has both NCAA Division I and II programs. The NCAA football Little Caesars Pizza Bowl is held at Ford Field each December.

title: Detroit

title: Detroit

text: In

text: college

text: sports

text: Detroit

text: 's

text: central

text: location

text: within

text: the

text: Mid

text: American

text: Conference

text: has

text: made

text: it

text: a

text: frequent

text: site

text: for

text: the

text: league

text: 's

text: championship

text: events

text: While

text: the

text: MAC

text: Basketball

text: Tournament

text: moved

text: permanently

text: to

text: Cleveland

text: starting

text: in

text: the

text: MAC

text: Football

text: Championship

text: Game

text: has

text: been

text: played

text: at

text: Ford

text: Field

text: in

text: Detroit

text: since

text: and

text: annually

text: attracts

text: to

text: fans

text: The

text: University

text: of

text: Detroit

text: Mercy

text: has

text: a

text: NCAA

text: Division

text: I

text: program

text: and

text: Wayne

text: State

text: University

text: has

text: both

text: NCAA

text: Division

text: I

text: and

text: II

text: programs

text: The

text: NCAA

text: football

text: Little

text: Caesars

text: Pizza

text: Bowl

text: is

text: held

text: at

text: Ford

text: Field

text: each

text: December

question: Which bowl game is held in Detroit?

answer: Little Caesars Pizza Bowl

text: Little Caesars Pizza Bowl

question: Where is the MAC Football Championship game played?

answer: Ford Field

text: Ford Field

question: Which conference has held many of it's championships games in Detroit?

answer: Mid-American Conference

text: Mid-American Conference


text: Hindu philosophy refers to a group of darśanas (philosophies, world views, teachings) that emerged in ancient India. The mainstream Hindu philosophy includes six systems (ṣaḍdarśana) – Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mimamsa and Vedanta. These are also called the Astika (orthodox) philosophical traditions and are those that accept the Vedas as authoritative, important source of knowledge.[note 1][note 2] Ancient and medieval India was also the source of philosophies that share philosophical concepts but rejected the Vedas, and these have been called nāstika (heterodox or non-orthodox) Indian philosophies. Nāstika Indian philosophies include Buddhism, Jainism, Cārvāka, Ājīvika, and others.

title: Hindu_philosophy

title: Hindu_philosophy

text: Hindu

text: philosophy

text: refers

text: to

text: a

text: group

text: of

text: darśanas

text: philosophies

text: world

text: views

text: teachings

text: that

text: emerged

text: in

text: ancient

text: India

text: The

text: mainstream

text: Hindu

text: philosophy

text: includes

text: six

text: systems

text: ṣaḍdarśana

text: Samkhya

text: Yoga

text: Nyaya

text: Vaisheshika

text: Mimamsa

text: and

text: Vedanta

text: These

text: are

text: also

text: called

text: the

text: Astika

text: orthodox

text: philosophical

text: traditions

text: and

text: are

text: those

text: that

text: accept

text: the

text: Vedas

text: as

text: authoritative

text: important

text: source

text: of

text: knowledge.[note

text: Ancient

text: and

text: medieval

text: India

text: was

text: also

text: the

text: source

text: of

text: philosophies

text: that

text: share

text: philosophical

text: concepts

text: but

text: rejected

text: the

text: Vedas

text: and

text: these

text: have

text: been

text: called

text: nāstika

text: heterodox

text: or

text: non

text: orthodox

text: Indian

text: philosophies

text: Nāstika

text: Indian

text: philosophies

text: include

text: Buddhism

text: Jainism

text: Cārvāka

text: Ājīvika

text: and

text: others

question: What was the origin of Hindu philosophy?

answer: ancient India

text: ancient India

question: How many main systems of Hindu philosophy are there?

answer: six

text: six

question: What are the main orthodox systems of Hindu philosophy called?

answer: Astika

text: Astika

question: What is the accepted source of knowledge in the Astika system?

answer: Vedas

text: Vedas

question: What are the non-orthodox Indian philosophies that do not accept Vedas called?

answer: nāstika

text: nāstika


text: Jobs stated during the Macintosh's introduction "we expect Macintosh to become the third industry standard", after the Apple II and IBM PC. Although outselling every other computer, it did not meet expectations during the first year, especially among business customers. Only about ten applications including MacWrite and MacPaint were widely available, although many non-Apple software developers participated in the introduction and Apple promised that 79 companies including Lotus, Digital Research, and Ashton-Tate were creating products for the new computer. After one year, it had less than one quarter of the software selection available compared to the IBM PC—including only one word processor, two databases, and one spreadsheet—although Apple had sold 280,000 Macintoshes compared to IBM's first year sales of fewer than 100,000 PCs.

title: Macintosh

title: Macintosh

text: Jobs

text: stated

text: during

text: the

text: Macintosh

text: 's

text: introduction

text: we

text: expect

text: Macintosh

text: to

text: become

text: the

text: third

text: industry

text: standard

text: after

text: the

text: Apple

text: II

text: and

text: IBM

text: PC

text: Although

text: outselling

text: every

text: other

text: computer

text: it

text: did

text: not

text: meet

text: expectations

text: during

text: the

text: first

text: year

text: especially

text: among

text: business

text: customers

text: Only

text: about

text: ten

text: applications

text: including

text: MacWrite

text: and

text: MacPaint

text: were

text: widely

text: available

text: although

text: many

text: non

text: Apple

text: software

text: developers

text: participated

text: in

text: the

text: introduction

text: and

text: Apple

text: promised

text: that

text: companies

text: including

text: Lotus

text: Digital

text: Research

text: and

text: Ashton

text: Tate

text: were

text: creating

text: products

text: for

text: the

text: new

text: computer

text: After

text: one

text: year

text: it

text: had

text: less

text: than

text: one

text: quarter

text: of

text: the

text: software

text: selection

text: available

text: compared

text: to

text: the

text: IBM

text: PC

text: including

text: only

text: one

text: word

text: processor

text: two

text: databases

text: and

text: one

text: spreadsheet

text: although

text: Apple

text: had

text: sold

text: Macintoshes

text: compared

text: to

text: IBM

text: 's

text: first

text: year

text: sales

text: of

text: fewer

text: than

text: PCs

question: What did Jobs state that he expected Macintosh to become?

answer: the third industry standard

text: the third industry standard

question: How many applications were widely available during Macintosh's introduction?

answer: Only about ten

text: Only about ten

question: How many companies did Apple promise were develping products for the new computer?

answer: 79

question: How many Macintoshes had Apple sold after one year?

answer: 280,000

question: How many databases did Apple have available the first year?

answer: two

text: two


text: Modern police forces make extensive use of radio communications equipment, carried both on the person and installed in vehicles, to co-ordinate their work, share information, and get help quickly. In recent years, vehicle-installed computers have enhanced the ability of police communications, enabling easier dispatching of calls, criminal background checks on persons of interest to be completed in a matter of seconds, and updating officers' daily activity log and other, required reports on a real-time basis. Other common pieces of police equipment include flashlights/torches, whistles, police notebooks and "ticket books" or citations.

title: Police

title: Police

text: Modern

text: police

text: forces

text: make

text: extensive

text: use

text: of

text: radio

text: communications

text: equipment

text: carried

text: both

text: on

text: the

text: person

text: and

text: installed

text: in

text: vehicles

text: to

text: co

text: ordinate

text: their

text: work

text: share

text: information

text: and

text: get

text: help

text: quickly

text: In

text: recent

text: years

text: vehicle

text: installed

text: computers

text: have

text: enhanced

text: the

text: ability

text: of

text: police

text: communications

text: enabling

text: easier

text: dispatching

text: of

text: calls

text: criminal

text: background

text: checks

text: on

text: persons

text: of

text: interest

text: to

text: be

text: completed

text: in

text: a

text: matter

text: of

text: seconds

text: and

text: updating

text: officers

text: daily

text: activity

text: log

text: and

text: other

text: required

text: reports

text: on

text: a

text: real

text: time

text: basis

text: Other

text: common

text: pieces

text: of

text: police

text: equipment

text: include

text: flashlights

text: torches

text: whistles

text: police

text: notebooks

text: and

text: ticket

text: books

text: or

text: citations

question: How do modern police often communicate?

answer: radio

text: radio

question: Where do police have radios?

answer: carried both on the person and installed in vehicles

text: carried both on the person and installed in vehicles

question: Why do police use radios?

answer: to co-ordinate their work, share information, and get help quickly

text: to co-ordinate their work, share information, and get help quickly

question: What have computers in police cars enabled for investigation?

answer: criminal background checks on persons of interest to be completed in a matter of seconds

text: criminal background checks on persons of interest to be completed in a matter of seconds

question: What have computers in police cars enabled for reporting?

answer: updating officers' daily activity log and other, required reports on a real-time basis

text: updating officers' daily activity log and other, required reports on a real-time basis


text: Likewise, Émile Durkheim was one of the earliest to suggest that gods represent an extension of human social life to include supernatural beings. In line with this reasoning, psychologist Matt Rossano contends that when humans began living in larger groups, they may have created gods as a means of enforcing morality. In small groups, morality can be enforced by social forces such as gossip or reputation. However, it is much harder to enforce morality using social forces in much larger groups. Rossano indicates that by including ever-watchful gods and spirits, humans discovered an effective strategy for restraining selfishness and building more cooperative groups.

title: God

title: God

text: Likewise

text: Émile

text: Durkheim

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: earliest

text: to

text: suggest

text: that

text: gods

text: represent

text: an

text: extension

text: of

text: human

text: social

text: life

text: to

text: include

text: supernatural

text: beings

text: In

text: line

text: with

text: this

text: reasoning

text: psychologist

text: Matt

text: Rossano

text: contends

text: that

text: when

text: humans

text: began

text: living

text: in

text: larger

text: groups

text: they

text: may

text: have

text: created

text: gods

text: as

text: a

text: means

text: of

text: enforcing

text: morality

text: In

text: small

text: groups

text: morality

text: can

text: be

text: enforced

text: by

text: social

text: forces

text: such

text: as

text: gossip

text: or

text: reputation

text: However

text: it

text: is

text: much

text: harder

text: to

text: enforce

text: morality

text: using

text: social

text: forces

text: in

text: much

text: larger

text: groups

text: Rossano

text: indicates

text: that

text: by

text: including

text: ever

text: watchful

text: gods

text: and

text: spirits

text: humans

text: discovered

text: an

text: effective

text: strategy

text: for

text: restraining

text: selfishness

text: and

text: building

text: more

text: cooperative

text: groups

question: What are ways that small social groups can force morality?

answer: gossip or reputation

text: gossip or reputation

question: Who suggested that by including the presence of an omniscient God, selfishness can be controlled and cooperation can be gained?

answer: Matt Rossano

text: Matt Rossano

question: What did Émile Durkheim suggest about the existence of God?

answer: gods represent an extension of human social life to include supernatural beings

text: gods represent an extension of human social life to include supernatural beings

question: Why would humans have begun to create gods?

answer: a means of enforcing morality

text: a means of enforcing morality

question: Who posited that humans created gods to create morality in social groups?

answer: Matt Rossano

text: Matt Rossano

question: Omnipresent gods are a way to watch large groups and enforce what?

answer: morality

text: morality

question: Omniprestent gods helped build what?

answer: more cooperative groups

text: more cooperative groups


text: One of the major developments in the military sphere during the Late Middle Ages was the increased use of infantry and light cavalry. The English also employed longbowmen, but other countries were unable to create similar forces with the same success. Armour continued to advance, spurred by the increasing power of crossbows, and plate armour was developed to protect soldiers from crossbows as well as the hand-held guns that were developed. Pole arms reached new prominence with the development of the Flemish and Swiss infantry armed with pikes and other long spears.

title: Middle_Ages

title: Middle_Ages

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: major

text: developments

text: in

text: the

text: military

text: sphere

text: during

text: the

text: Late

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: was

text: the

text: increased

text: use

text: of

text: infantry

text: and

text: light

text: cavalry

text: The

text: English

text: also

text: employed

text: longbowmen

text: but

text: other

text: countries

text: were

text: unable

text: to

text: create

text: similar

text: forces

text: with

text: the

text: same

text: success

text: Armour

text: continued

text: to

text: advance

text: spurred

text: by

text: the

text: increasing

text: power

text: of

text: crossbows

text: and

text: plate

text: armour

text: was

text: developed

text: to

text: protect

text: soldiers

text: from

text: crossbows

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: hand

text: held

text: guns

text: that

text: were

text: developed

text: Pole

text: arms

text: reached

text: new

text: prominence

text: with

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: the

text: Flemish

text: and

text: Swiss

text: infantry

text: armed

text: with

text: pikes

text: and

text: other

text: long

text: spears

question: Along with light cavalry, what military arm was used with increasing frequency in the Late Middle Ages?

answer: infantry

text: infantry

question: What troops were uniquely successful in English service?

answer: longbowmen

text: longbowmen

question: What influenced the increasing development of armor?

answer: the increasing power of crossbows

text: the increasing power of crossbows

question: What weapons were notably employed by the Swiss infantry?

answer: pikes

text: pikes

question: Along with crossbows, what was plate armor designed to defend against?

answer: hand-held guns

text: hand-held guns


text: As Edward was unmarried and had no children, Albert was the heir presumptive to the throne. Less than a year later, on 11 December 1936, Edward VIII abdicated in order to marry his mistress, Wallis Simpson, who was divorced from her first husband and divorcing her second. Edward had been advised by British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin that he could not remain king and marry a divorced woman with two living ex-husbands. Edward chose abdication in preference to abandoning his marriage plans. Thus Albert became king, a position he was reluctant to accept. The day before the abdication, he went to London to see his mother, Queen Mary. He wrote in his diary, "When I told her what had happened, I broke down and sobbed like a child."

title: George_VI

title: George_VI

text: As

text: Edward

text: was

text: unmarried

text: and

text: had

text: no

text: children

text: Albert

text: was

text: the

text: heir

text: presumptive

text: to

text: the

text: throne

text: Less

text: than

text: a

text: year

text: later

text: on

text: December

text: Edward

text: VIII

text: abdicated

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: marry

text: his

text: mistress

text: Wallis

text: Simpson

text: who

text: was

text: divorced

text: from

text: her

text: first

text: husband

text: and

text: divorcing

text: her

text: second

text: Edward

text: had

text: been

text: advised

text: by

text: British

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: Stanley

text: Baldwin

text: that

text: he

text: could

text: not

text: remain

text: king

text: and

text: marry

text: a

text: divorced

text: woman

text: with

text: two

text: living

text: ex

text: husbands

text: Edward

text: chose

text: abdication

text: in

text: preference

text: to

text: abandoning

text: his

text: marriage

text: plans

text: Thus

text: Albert

text: became

text: king

text: a

text: position

text: he

text: was

text: reluctant

text: to

text: accept

text: The

text: day

text: before

text: the

text: abdication

text: he

text: went

text: to

text: London

text: to

text: see

text: his

text: mother

text: Queen

text: Mary

text: He

text: wrote

text: in

text: his

text: diary

text: When

text: I

text: told

text: her

text: what

text: had

text: happened

text: I

text: broke

text: down

text: and

text: sobbed

text: like

text: a

text: child

question: Why was Albert the heir presumptive to the throne?

answer: Edward was unmarried and had no children

text: Edward was unmarried and had no children

question: What was wrong with Edward marrying Wallis Simpson?

answer: divorced woman with two living ex-husbands

text: divorced woman with two living ex-husbands

question: What did Edward do to marry Wallis Simpson?

answer: abdication

text: abdication

question: Who is Edward's mother?

answer: Queen Mary

text: Queen Mary

question: How did Edward react when he became heir to the throne?

answer: broke down and sobbed like a child

text: broke down and sobbed like a child


text: Techniques like hand washing, wearing gowns, and wearing face masks can help prevent infections from being passed from one person to another. Frequent hand washing remains the most important defense against the spread of unwanted organisms. There are other forms of prevention such as avoiding the use of illicit drugs, using a condom, and having a healthy lifestyle with a balanced diet and regular exercise. Cooking foods well and avoiding foods that have been left outside for a long time is also important.

title: Infection

title: Infection

text: Techniques

text: like

text: hand

text: washing

text: wearing

text: gowns

text: and

text: wearing

text: face

text: masks

text: can

text: help

text: prevent

text: infections

text: from

text: being

text: passed

text: from

text: one

text: person

text: to

text: another

text: Frequent

text: hand

text: washing

text: remains

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: defense

text: against

text: the

text: spread

text: of

text: unwanted

text: organisms

text: There

text: are

text: other

text: forms

text: of

text: prevention

text: such

text: as

text: avoiding

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: illicit

text: drugs

text: using

text: a

text: condom

text: and

text: having

text: a

text: healthy

text: lifestyle

text: with

text: a

text: balanced

text: diet

text: and

text: regular

text: exercise

text: Cooking

text: foods

text: well

text: and

text: avoiding

text: foods

text: that

text: have

text: been

text: left

text: outside

text: for

text: a

text: long

text: time

text: is

text: also

text: important

question: What can wearing gowns and face masks help prevent?

answer: infections from being passed from one person to another

text: infections from being passed from one person to another

question: What is the most important defense against the spread of unwanted organisms?

answer: Frequent hand washing

text: Frequent hand washing

question: Avoiding drugs and using condoms are other forms of what?

answer: prevention

text: prevention

question: Why is it important to cook foods well?

answer: prevention

text: prevention

question: What should one do with foods that have been left outside for a long time?

answer: avoiding

text: avoiding


text: Old Low Franconian or Old Dutch is regarded as the primary stage in the development of a separate Dutch language. The "Low" in Old Low Franconian refers to the Frankish spoken in the Low Countries where it was not influenced by the High German consonant shift, as opposed to Central and high Franconian in Germany. The latter would as a consequence evolve with Allemanic into Old High German. At more or less the same time the Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law led to the development of Old Saxon, Old Frisian (Anglo-Frisian) and Old English (Anglo-Saxon). Hardly influenced by either development, Old Dutch remained close to the original language of the Franks, the people that would rule Europe for centuries. The language however, did experienced developments on its own, like final-obstruent devoicing in a very early stage. In fact, by judging from the find at Bergakker, it would seem that the language already experienced this characteristic during the Old Frankish period.

title: Dutch_language

title: Dutch_language

text: Old

text: Low

text: Franconian

text: or

text: Old

text: Dutch

text: is

text: regarded

text: as

text: the

text: primary

text: stage

text: in

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: a

text: separate

text: Dutch

text: language

text: The

text: Low

text: in

text: Old

text: Low

text: Franconian

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: Frankish

text: spoken

text: in

text: the

text: Low

text: Countries

text: where

text: it

text: was

text: not

text: influenced

text: by

text: the

text: High

text: German

text: consonant

text: shift

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: Central

text: and

text: high

text: Franconian

text: in

text: Germany

text: The

text: latter

text: would

text: as

text: a

text: consequence

text: evolve

text: with

text: Allemanic

text: into

text: Old

text: High

text: German

text: At

text: more

text: or

text: less

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: the

text: Ingvaeonic

text: nasal

text: spirant

text: law

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: Old

text: Saxon

text: Old

text: Frisian

text: Anglo

text: Frisian

text: and

text: Old

text: English

text: Anglo

text: Saxon

text: Hardly

text: influenced

text: by

text: either

text: development

text: Old

text: Dutch

text: remained

text: close

text: to

text: the

text: original

text: language

text: of

text: the

text: Franks

text: the

text: people

text: that

text: would

text: rule

text: Europe

text: for

text: centuries

text: The

text: language

text: however

text: did

text: experienced

text: developments

text: on

text: its

text: own

text: like

text: final

text: obstruent

text: devoicing

text: in

text: a

text: very

text: early

text: stage

text: In

text: fact

text: by

text: judging

text: from

text: the

text: find

text: at

text: Bergakker

text: it

text: would

text: seem

text: that

text: the

text: language

text: already

text: experienced

text: this

text: characteristic

text: during

text: the

text: Old

text: Frankish

text: period

question: What's another name for Old Frisian?

answer: Anglo-Frisian

text: Anglo-Frisian

question: What's another name for Old English?

answer: Anglo-Saxon

text: Anglo-Saxon

question: What language stayed very similar to the language spoken by Franks?

answer: Old Dutch

text: Old Dutch

question: What period is the Bergakker inscription from that shows characteristics of the Old Dutch language?

answer: Old Frankish

text: Old Frankish

question: What's another name for Old Dutch that demonstrates its difference from German Franconian?

answer: Old Low Franconian

text: Old Low Franconian


text: Iran received access to the Internet in 1993. According to 2014 census, around 40% of the population of Iran are Internet users. Iran ranks 24th among countries by number of Internet users. According to the statistics provided by the web information company of Alexa, Google Search and Yahoo! are the most used search engines in Iran. Over 80% of the users of Telegram, a cloud-based instant messaging service, are from Iran. Instagram is the most popular online social networking service in Iran. Direct access to Facebook has been blocked in Iran since the 2009 Iranian presidential election protests, due to organization of the opposition movements on the website; but however, Facebook has around 12 to 17 million users in Iran who are using virtual private networks and proxy servers to access the website. Around 90% of Iran's e-commerce takes place on the Iranian online store of Digikala, which has around 750,000 visitors per day and more than 2.3 million subscribers. Digikala is the most visited online store in the Middle East, and ranks 4th among the most visited websites in Iran.

title: Iran

title: Iran

text: Iran

text: received

text: access

text: to

text: the

text: Internet

text: in

text: According

text: to

text: census

text: around

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: of

text: Iran

text: are

text: Internet

text: users

text: Iran

text: ranks

text: among

text: countries

text: by

text: number

text: of

text: Internet

text: users

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: statistics

text: provided

text: by

text: the

text: web

text: information

text: company

text: of

text: Alexa

text: Google

text: Search

text: and

text: Yahoo

text: are

text: the

text: most

text: used

text: search

text: engines

text: in

text: Iran

text: Over

text: of

text: the

text: users

text: of

text: Telegram

text: a

text: cloud

text: based

text: instant

text: messaging

text: service

text: are

text: from

text: Iran

text: Instagram

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: popular

text: online

text: social

text: networking

text: service

text: in

text: Iran

text: Direct

text: access

text: to

text: Facebook

text: has

text: been

text: blocked

text: in

text: Iran

text: since

text: the

text: Iranian

text: presidential

text: election

text: protests

text: due

text: to

text: organization

text: of

text: the

text: opposition

text: movements

text: on

text: the

text: website

text: but

text: however

text: Facebook

text: has

text: around

text: to

text: million

text: users

text: in

text: Iran

text: who

text: are

text: using

text: virtual

text: private

text: networks

text: and

text: proxy

text: servers

text: to

text: access

text: the

text: website

text: Around

text: of

text: Iran

text: 's

text: e

text: commerce

text: takes

text: place

text: on

text: the

text: Iranian

text: online

text: store

text: of

text: Digikala

text: which

text: has

text: around

text: visitors

text: per

text: day

text: and

text: more

text: than

text: million

text: subscribers

text: Digikala

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: visited

text: online

text: store

text: in

text: the

text: Middle

text: East

text: and

text: ranks

text: among

text: the

text: most

text: visited

text: websites

text: in

text: Iran

question: When did the Internet arrive in Iran?

answer: 1993

question: What percentage of Iran's population were internet users in 2014?

answer: around 40%

text: around 40%

question: What is Iran's most popular online social network?

answer: Instagram

text: Instagram

question: What percentage of cloud-based instant messaging platform Telegram's users are from Iran?

answer: Over 80%

text: Over 80%

question: What site is responsible for around 90% of Iran's online e-commerce?

answer: Digikala

text: Digikala


text:
To avoid the implication of the naked "solvated proton" in solution, acidic aqueous solutions are sometimes considered to contain a less unlikely fictitious species, termed the "hydronium ion" (H
3O+). However, even in this case, such solvated hydrogen cations are more realistically conceived as being organized into clusters that form species closer to H
9O+
4. Other oxonium ions are found when water is in acidic solution with other solvents.

title: Hydrogen

title: Hydrogen

text: To

text: avoid

text: the

text: implication

text: of

text: the

text: naked

text: solvated

text: proton

text: in

text: solution

text: acidic

text: aqueous

text: solutions

text: are

text: sometimes

text: considered

text: to

text: contain

text: a

text: less

text: unlikely

text: fictitious

text: species

text: termed

text: the

text: hydronium

text: ion

text: H

text: However

text: even

text: in

text: this

text: case

text: such

text: solvated

text: hydrogen

text: cations

text: are

text: more

text: realistically

text: conceived

text: as

text: being

text: organized

text: into

text: clusters

text: that

text: form

text: species

text: closer

text: to

text: H

text: Other

text: oxonium

text: ions

text: are

text: found

text: when

text: water

text: is

text: in

text: acidic

text: solution

text: with

text: other

text: solvents

question: Where can oxonium ions be found?

answer: in acidic solution with other solvents

text: in acidic solution with other solvents

question: What other term is a solvated protons referred as?

answer: hydronium ion

text: hydronium ion


text: The "Fan Save" was introduced in the fourteenth season. During the finals, viewers are given a five-minute window to vote for the contestants in danger of elimination by using their Twitter account to decide which contestant will move on to the next show, starting with the Top 8.

title: American_Idol

title: American_Idol

text: The

text: Fan

text: Save

text: was

text: introduced

text: in

text: the

text: fourteenth

text: season

text: During

text: the

text: finals

text: viewers

text: are

text: given

text: a

text: five

text: minute

text: window

text: to

text: vote

text: for

text: the

text: contestants

text: in

text: danger

text: of

text: elimination

text: by

text: using

text: their

text: Twitter

text: account

text: to

text: decide

text: which

text: contestant

text: will

text: move

text: on

text: to

text: the

text: next

text: show

text: starting

text: with

text: the

text: Top

question: In which season was the "Fan Save" first used?

answer: fourteen

text: fourteen

question: How do people vote using the fan save?

answer: Twitter

text: Twitter

question: What was introduced in season 14 to allow the fans to help save a contestant?

answer: Fan Save

text: Fan Save

question: How do viewers vote for a contestant using Fan Save?

answer: Twitter

text: Twitter

question: When does the Fan Save start?

answer: Top 8

text: Top 8


text: The Arabic term ijāzat al-tadrīs was awarded to Islamic scholars who were qualified to teach. According to Makdisi, the Latin title licentia docendi 'licence to teach' in the European university may have been a translation of the Arabic, but the underlying concept was very different. A significant difference between the ijāzat al-tadrīs and the licentia docendi was that the former was awarded by the individual scholar-teacher, while the latter was awarded by the chief official of the university, who represented the collective faculty, rather than the individual scholar-teacher.

title: Madrasa

title: Madrasa

text: The

text: Arabic

text: term

text: ijāzat

text: al

text: tadrīs

text: was

text: awarded

text: to

text: Islamic

text: scholars

text: who

text: were

text: qualified

text: to

text: teach

text: According

text: to

text: Makdisi

text: the

text: Latin

text: title

text: licentia

text: docendi

text: licence

text: to

text: teach

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: university

text: may

text: have

text: been

text: a

text: translation

text: of

text: the

text: Arabic

text: but

text: the

text: underlying

text: concept

text: was

text: very

text: different

text: A

text: significant

text: difference

text: between

text: the

text: ijāzat

text: al

text: tadrīs

text: and

text: the

text: licentia

text: docendi

text: was

text: that

text: the

text: former

text: was

text: awarded

text: by

text: the

text: individual

text: scholar

text: teacher

text: while

text: the

text: latter

text: was

text: awarded

text: by

text: the

text: chief

text: official

text: of

text: the

text: university

text: who

text: represented

text: the

text: collective

text: faculty

text: rather

text: than

text: the

text: individual

text: scholar

text: teacher

question: What did earning the ijazat al-tadris award students?

answer: licence to teach

text: licence to teach

question: Who awarded a teaching license in Islamic schools?

answer: individual scholar-teacher

text: individual scholar-teacher

question: Who awarded a teaching license in European schools?

answer: chief official of the university

text: chief official of the university

question: What type of license is closely related to the ijazat al-tadris?

answer: licentia docendi

text: licentia docendi


text: Black-box testing treats the software as a "black box", examining functionality without any knowledge of internal implementation, without seeing the source code. The testers are only aware of what the software is supposed to do, not how it does it. Black-box testing methods include: equivalence partitioning, boundary value analysis, all-pairs testing, state transition tables, decision table testing, fuzz testing, model-based testing, use case testing, exploratory testing and specification-based testing.

title: Software_testing

title: Software_testing

text: Black

text: box

text: testing

text: treats

text: the

text: software

text: as

text: a

text: black

text: box

text: examining

text: functionality

text: without

text: any

text: knowledge

text: of

text: internal

text: implementation

text: without

text: seeing

text: the

text: source

text: code

text: The

text: testers

text: are

text: only

text: aware

text: of

text: what

text: the

text: software

text: is

text: supposed

text: to

text: do

text: not

text: how

text: it

text: does

text: it

text: Black

text: box

text: testing

text: methods

text: include

text: equivalence

text: partitioning

text: boundary

text: value

text: analysis

text: all

text: pairs

text: testing

text: state

text: transition

text: tables

text: decision

text: table

text: testing

text: fuzz

text: testing

text: model

text: based

text: testing

text: use

text: case

text: testing

text: exploratory

text: testing

text: and

text: specification

text: based

text: testing

question: What is the main difference between black-box testing and white-box testing?

answer: seeing the source code

text: seeing the source code

question: What are the software testers aware of?

answer: aware of what the software is supposed to do

text: aware of what the software is supposed to do

question: What are the first three methods mentioned that make up black-box testing??

answer: equivalence partitioning, boundary value analysis

text: equivalence partitioning, boundary value analysis


text: The iconic department stores of New Zealand's three major centres are Smith & Caughey's (founded 1880), in New Zealand's most populous city, Auckland; Kirkcaldie & Stains (founded 1863) in the capital, Wellington; and Ballantynes (founded 1854) in New Zealand's second biggest city, Christchurch. These offer high-end and luxury items. Additionally, Arthur Barnett (1903) operates in Dunedin. H & J Smith is a small chain operating throughout Southland with a large flagship store in Invercargill. Farmers is a mid-range national chain of stores (originally a mail-order firm known as Laidlaw Leeds founded in 1909). Historical department stores include DIC. Discount chains include The Warehouse, Kmart Australia, and the now-defunct DEKA.

title: Department_store

title: Department_store

text: The

text: iconic

text: department

text: stores

text: of

text: New

text: Zealand

text: 's

text: three

text: major

text: centres

text: are

text: Smith

text: Caughey

text: 's

text: founded

text: in

text: New

text: Zealand

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: Auckland

text: Kirkcaldie

text: Stains

text: founded

text: in

text: the

text: capital

text: Wellington

text: and

text: Ballantynes

text: founded

text: in

text: New

text: Zealand

text: 's

text: second

text: biggest

text: city

text: Christchurch

text: These

text: offer

text: high

text: end

text: and

text: luxury

text: items

text: Additionally

text: Arthur

text: Barnett

text: operates

text: in

text: Dunedin

text: H

text: J

text: Smith

text: is

text: a

text: small

text: chain

text: operating

text: throughout

text: Southland

text: with

text: a

text: large

text: flagship

text: store

text: in

text: Invercargill

text: Farmers

text: is

text: a

text: mid

text: range

text: national

text: chain

text: of

text: stores

text: originally

text: a

text: mail

text: order

text: firm

text: known

text: as

text: Laidlaw

text: Leeds

text: founded

text: in

text: Historical

text: department

text: stores

text: include

text: DIC

text: Discount

text: chains

text: include

text: The

text: Warehouse

text: Kmart

text: Australia

text: and

text: the

text: now

text: defunct

text: DEKA

question: What sorts of goods do the most popular department stores in New Zealand offer?

answer: high-end and luxury items

text: high-end and luxury items

question: What city is Arthur Barnett in?

answer: Dunedin

text: Dunedin

question: Where is H & J Smith's flagship store?

answer: Invercargill

text: Invercargill

question: Where are H & J Smith stores typically located?

answer: Southland

text: Southland

question: When was Laidlaw Leeds first established?

answer: 1909


text: Within months of beginning his tenure as the president of the university, Eisenhower was requested to advise U.S. Secretary of Defense James Forrestal on the unification of the armed services. About six months after his appointment, he became the informal Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in Washington. Two months later he fell ill, and he spent over a month in recovery at the Augusta National Golf Club. He returned to his post in New York in mid-May, and in July 1949 took a two-month vacation out-of-state. Because the American Assembly had begun to take shape, he traveled around the country during mid-to-late 1950, building financial support from Columbia Associates, an alumni association.

title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

text: Within

text: months

text: of

text: beginning

text: his

text: tenure

text: as

text: the

text: president

text: of

text: the

text: university

text: Eisenhower

text: was

text: requested

text: to

text: advise

text: U.S.

text: Secretary

text: of

text: Defense

text: James

text: Forrestal

text: on

text: the

text: unification

text: of

text: the

text: armed

text: services

text: About

text: six

text: months

text: after

text: his

text: appointment

text: he

text: became

text: the

text: informal

text: Chairman

text: of

text: the

text: Joint

text: Chiefs

text: of

text: Staff

text: in

text: Washington

text: Two

text: months

text: later

text: he

text: fell

text: ill

text: and

text: he

text: spent

text: over

text: a

text: month

text: in

text: recovery

text: at

text: the

text: Augusta

text: National

text: Golf

text: Club

text: He

text: returned

text: to

text: his

text: post

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: in

text: mid

text: May

text: and

text: in

text: July

text: took

text: a

text: two

text: month

text: vacation

text: out

text: of

text: state

text: Because

text: the

text: American

text: Assembly

text: had

text: begun

text: to

text: take

text: shape

text: he

text: traveled

text: around

text: the

text: country

text: during

text: mid

text: to

text: late

text: building

text: financial

text: support

text: from

text: Columbia

text: Associates

text: an

text: alumni

text: association

question: What position was held by James Forrestal?

answer: Secretary of Defense

text: Secretary of Defense

question: What position did Eisenhower informally hold?

answer: Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

text: Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

question: After becoming sick, where did Eisenhower recover?

answer: Augusta National Golf Club

text: Augusta National Golf Club

question: What was the name of Columbia University's alumni association?

answer: Columbia Associates

text: Columbia Associates

question: When did Eisenhower vacation for two months outside New York?

answer: July 1949

text: July 1949


text: In cosmology and astronomy the phenomena of stars, nova, supernova, quasars and gamma-ray bursts are the universe's highest-output energy transformations of matter. All stellar phenomena (including solar activity) are driven by various kinds of energy transformations. Energy in such transformations is either from gravitational collapse of matter (usually molecular hydrogen) into various classes of astronomical objects (stars, black holes, etc.), or from nuclear fusion (of lighter elements, primarily hydrogen). The nuclear fusion of hydrogen in the Sun also releases another store of potential energy which was created at the time of the Big Bang. At that time, according to theory, space expanded and the universe cooled too rapidly for hydrogen to completely fuse into heavier elements. This meant that hydrogen represents a store of potential energy that can be released by fusion. Such a fusion process is triggered by heat and pressure generated from gravitational collapse of hydrogen clouds when they produce stars, and some of the fusion energy is then transformed into sunlight.

title: Energy

title: Energy

text: In

text: cosmology

text: and

text: astronomy

text: the

text: phenomena

text: of

text: stars

text: nova

text: supernova

text: quasars

text: and

text: gamma

text: ray

text: bursts

text: are

text: the

text: universe

text: 's

text: highest

text: output

text: energy

text: transformations

text: of

text: matter

text: All

text: stellar

text: phenomena

text: including

text: solar

text: activity

text: are

text: driven

text: by

text: various

text: kinds

text: of

text: energy

text: transformations

text: Energy

text: in

text: such

text: transformations

text: is

text: either

text: from

text: gravitational

text: collapse

text: of

text: matter

text: usually

text: molecular

text: hydrogen

text: into

text: various

text: classes

text: of

text: astronomical

text: objects

text: stars

text: black

text: holes

text: etc

text: or

text: from

text: nuclear

text: fusion

text: of

text: lighter

text: elements

text: primarily

text: hydrogen

text: The

text: nuclear

text: fusion

text: of

text: hydrogen

text: in

text: the

text: Sun

text: also

text: releases

text: another

text: store

text: of

text: potential

text: energy

text: which

text: was

text: created

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: the

text: Big

text: Bang

text: At

text: that

text: time

text: according

text: to

text: theory

text: space

text: expanded

text: and

text: the

text: universe

text: cooled

text: too

text: rapidly

text: for

text: hydrogen

text: to

text: completely

text: fuse

text: into

text: heavier

text: elements

text: This

text: meant

text: that

text: hydrogen

text: represents

text: a

text: store

text: of

text: potential

text: energy

text: that

text: can

text: be

text: released

text: by

text: fusion

text: Such

text: a

text: fusion

text: process

text: is

text: triggered

text: by

text: heat

text: and

text: pressure

text: generated

text: from

text: gravitational

text: collapse

text: of

text: hydrogen

text: clouds

text: when

text: they

text: produce

text: stars

text: and

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: fusion

text: energy

text: is

text: then

text: transformed

text: into

text: sunlight

question: What is driven by various kinds of energy transformations?

answer: stellar phenomena

text: stellar phenomena

question: What releases another store of potential energy which was created at the time of the Big Bang?

answer: nuclear fusion of hydrogen in the Sun

text: nuclear fusion of hydrogen in the Sun

question: What theory states that space expanded and the universe cooled too rapidly for hydrogen to completely fuse into heavier elements?

answer: Big Bang

text: Big Bang

question: Hydrogen represents a store of potential energy that can be released by what?

answer: fusion

text: fusion


text: Commercial solar water heaters began appearing in the United States in the 1890s. These systems saw increasing use until the 1920s but were gradually replaced by cheaper and more reliable heating fuels. As with photovoltaics, solar water heating attracted renewed attention as a result of the oil crises in the 1970s but interest subsided in the 1980s due to falling petroleum prices. Development in the solar water heating sector progressed steadily throughout the 1990s and growth rates have averaged 20% per year since 1999. Although generally underestimated, solar water heating and cooling is by far the most widely deployed solar technology with an estimated capacity of 154 GW as of 2007.

title: Solar_energy

title: Solar_energy

text: Commercial

text: solar

text: water

text: heaters

text: began

text: appearing

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: in

text: the

text: These

text: systems

text: saw

text: increasing

text: use

text: until

text: the

text: but

text: were

text: gradually

text: replaced

text: by

text: cheaper

text: and

text: more

text: reliable

text: heating

text: fuels

text: As

text: with

text: photovoltaics

text: solar

text: water

text: heating

text: attracted

text: renewed

text: attention

text: as

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: the

text: oil

text: crises

text: in

text: the

text: but

text: interest

text: subsided

text: in

text: the

text: due

text: to

text: falling

text: petroleum

text: prices

text: Development

text: in

text: the

text: solar

text: water

text: heating

text: sector

text: progressed

text: steadily

text: throughout

text: the

text: and

text: growth

text: rates

text: have

text: averaged

text: per

text: year

text: since

text: Although

text: generally

text: underestimated

text: solar

text: water

text: heating

text: and

text: cooling

text: is

text: by

text: far

text: the

text: most

text: widely

text: deployed

text: solar

text: technology

text: with

text: an

text: estimated

text: capacity

text: of

text: GW

text: as

text: of

question: The solar water heaters introduced in the US in the 1890s saw growth until what time period?

answer: the 1920s

text: the 1920s

question: Since 1999, what average rate has the solar water heating sector progressed at?

answer: 20% per year

text: 20% per year

question: When did the use of solar water heaters in the US first begin?

answer: in the 1890s

text: in the 1890s

question: Why did interest in solar water heating decrease in the 1980s?

answer: falling petroleum prices

text: falling petroleum prices

question: Growth of solar water heating development has averaged how much per year since 1999

answer: 20%

question: What was the estimated capacity of solar water heating and cooling in 2007?

answer: 154 GW

text: 154 GW


text: After the 1969 coup, representatives of the Four Powers – France, the United Kingdom, the United States and the Soviet Union – were called to meet RCC representatives. The U.K. and U.S. quickly extended diplomatic recognition, hoping to secure the position of their military bases in Libya and fearing further instability. Hoping to ingratiate themselves with Gaddafi, in 1970 the U.S. informed him of at least one planned counter-coup. Such attempts to form a working relationship with the RCC failed; Gaddafi was determined to reassert national sovereignty and expunge what he described as foreign colonial and imperialist influences. His administration insisted that the U.S. and U.K. remove their military bases from Libya, with Gaddafi proclaiming that "the armed forces which rose to express the people's revolution [will not] tolerate living in their shacks while the bases of imperialism exist in Libyan territory." The British left in March and the Americans in June 1970.

title: Muammar_Gaddafi

title: Muammar_Gaddafi

text: After

text: the

text: coup

text: representatives

text: of

text: the

text: Four

text: Powers

text: France

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: were

text: called

text: to

text: meet

text: RCC

text: representatives

text: The

text: U.K.

text: and

text: U.S.

text: quickly

text: extended

text: diplomatic

text: recognition

text: hoping

text: to

text: secure

text: the

text: position

text: of

text: their

text: military

text: bases

text: in

text: Libya

text: and

text: fearing

text: further

text: instability

text: Hoping

text: to

text: ingratiate

text: themselves

text: with

text: Gaddafi

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: informed

text: him

text: of

text: at

text: least

text: one

text: planned

text: counter

text: coup

text: Such

text: attempts

text: to

text: form

text: a

text: working

text: relationship

text: with

text: the

text: RCC

text: failed

text: Gaddafi

text: was

text: determined

text: to

text: reassert

text: national

text: sovereignty

text: and

text: expunge

text: what

text: he

text: described

text: as

text: foreign

text: colonial

text: and

text: imperialist

text: influences

text: His

text: administration

text: insisted

text: that

text: the

text: U.S.

text: and

text: U.K.

text: remove

text: their

text: military

text: bases

text: from

text: Libya

text: with

text: Gaddafi

text: proclaiming

text: that

text: the

text: armed

text: forces

text: which

text: rose

text: to

text: express

text: the

text: people

text: 's

text: revolution

text: will

text: not

text: tolerate

text: living

text: in

text: their

text: shacks

text: while

text: the

text: bases

text: of

text: imperialism

text: exist

text: in

text: Libyan

text: territory

text: The

text: British

text: left

text: in

text: March

text: and

text: the

text: Americans

text: in

text: June

question: What nations comprised the Four Powers?

answer: France, the United Kingdom, the United States and the Soviet Union

text: France, the United Kingdom, the United States and the Soviet Union

question: Who told Gaddafi about a possible counter-coup in 1970?

answer: U.S.

text: U.S.

question: Along with the U.S., what major power recognized Gaddafi's government at an early date?

answer: U.K.

text: U.K.

question: In what month and year did the United States remove its military bases from Libya?

answer: June 1970

text: June 1970

question: Who removed their Libyan military bases in March of 1970?

answer: British

text: British


text: In 2003, the season expanded to 16 games. There were also several rule changes in this period. In 2005, players were no longer allowed to run out of bounds. The only way for a player to go out of bounds presently is if he is tackled into or deliberately contacts the side boards. This was also the first year the ArenaBowl was played at a neutral site. In 2007, free substitution was allowed, ending the "iron man" era of one-platoon football. And in 2008, the "jack" linebacker was allowed to go sideboard to sideboard without being penalized for "illegal defense".

title: Arena_Football_League

title: Arena_Football_League

text: In

text: the

text: season

text: expanded

text: to

text: games

text: There

text: were

text: also

text: several

text: rule

text: changes

text: in

text: this

text: period

text: In

text: players

text: were

text: no

text: longer

text: allowed

text: to

text: run

text: out

text: of

text: bounds

text: The

text: only

text: way

text: for

text: a

text: player

text: to

text: go

text: out

text: of

text: bounds

text: presently

text: is

text: if

text: he

text: is

text: tackled

text: into

text: or

text: deliberately

text: contacts

text: the

text: side

text: boards

text: This

text: was

text: also

text: the

text: first

text: year

text: the

text: ArenaBowl

text: was

text: played

text: at

text: a

text: neutral

text: site

text: In

text: free

text: substitution

text: was

text: allowed

text: ending

text: the

text: iron

text: man

text: era

text: of

text: one

text: platoon

text: football

text: And

text: in

text: the

text: jack

text: linebacker

text: was

text: allowed

text: to

text: go

text: sideboard

text: to

text: sideboard

text: without

text: being

text: penalized

text: for

text: illegal

text: defense

question: How many games made up the AFL season in 2003?

answer: 16

question: In what year did the rules first forbid players running out of bounds?

answer: 2005

question: In what year was the ArenaBowl first played at a neutral location?

answer: 2005

question: What year introduced the free substitution rule?

answer: 2007

question: What year saw a rules change that had an impact on the role of the "jack" linebacker?

answer: 2008


text: Capacitors may catastrophically fail when subjected to voltages or currents beyond their rating, or as they reach their normal end of life. Dielectric or metal interconnection failures may create arcing that vaporizes the dielectric fluid, resulting in case bulging, rupture, or even an explosion. Capacitors used in RF or sustained high-current applications can overheat, especially in the center of the capacitor rolls. Capacitors used within high-energy capacitor banks can violently explode when a short in one capacitor causes sudden dumping of energy stored in the rest of the bank into the failing unit. High voltage vacuum capacitors can generate soft X-rays even during normal operation. Proper containment, fusing, and preventive maintenance can help to minimize these hazards.

title: Capacitor

title: Capacitor

text: Capacitors

text: may

text: catastrophically

text: fail

text: when

text: subjected

text: to

text: voltages

text: or

text: currents

text: beyond

text: their

text: rating

text: or

text: as

text: they

text: reach

text: their

text: normal

text: end

text: of

text: life

text: Dielectric

text: or

text: metal

text: interconnection

text: failures

text: may

text: create

text: arcing

text: that

text: vaporizes

text: the

text: dielectric

text: fluid

text: resulting

text: in

text: case

text: bulging

text: rupture

text: or

text: even

text: an

text: explosion

text: Capacitors

text: used

text: in

text: RF

text: or

text: sustained

text: high

text: current

text: applications

text: can

text: overheat

text: especially

text: in

text: the

text: center

text: of

text: the

text: capacitor

text: rolls

text: Capacitors

text: used

text: within

text: high

text: energy

text: capacitor

text: banks

text: can

text: violently

text: explode

text: when

text: a

text: short

text: in

text: one

text: capacitor

text: causes

text: sudden

text: dumping

text: of

text: energy

text: stored

text: in

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: the

text: bank

text: into

text: the

text: failing

text: unit

text: High

text: voltage

text: vacuum

text: capacitors

text: can

text: generate

text: soft

text: X

text: rays

text: even

text: during

text: normal

text: operation

text: Proper

text: containment

text: fusing

text: and

text: preventive

text: maintenance

text: can

text: help

text: to

text: minimize

text: these

text: hazards

question: What could cause the failure of a capacitor?

answer: when subjected to voltages or currents beyond their rating

text: when subjected to voltages or currents beyond their rating

question: What can happen to capacitors used in high current applications?

answer: overheat

text: overheat

question: What can happen to capacitors used in high energy capacitor banks?

answer: violently explode

text: violently explode

question: What type of capacitors can generate soft x-rays?

answer: High voltage vacuum capacitors

text: High voltage vacuum capacitors

question: What is one way to help minimize capacitor dangers?

answer: preventive maintenance

text: preventive maintenance


text: Marwan was succeeded by his son, Abd al-Malik (685–705), who reconsolidated Umayyad control of the caliphate. The early reign of Abd al-Malik was marked by the revolt of Al-Mukhtar, which was based in Kufa. Al-Mukhtar hoped to elevate Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah, another son of Ali, to the caliphate, although Ibn al-Hanafiyyah himself may have had no connection to the revolt. The troops of al-Mukhtar engaged in battles both with the Umayyads in 686, defeating them at the river Khazir near Mosul, and with Ibn al-Zubayr in 687, at which time the revolt of al-Mukhtar was crushed. In 691, Umayyad troops reconquered Iraq, and in 692 the same army captured Mecca. Ibn al-Zubayr was killed in the attack.

title: Umayyad_Caliphate

title: Umayyad_Caliphate

text: Marwan

text: was

text: succeeded

text: by

text: his

text: son

text: Abd

text: al

text: Malik

text: who

text: reconsolidated

text: Umayyad

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: caliphate

text: The

text: early

text: reign

text: of

text: Abd

text: al

text: Malik

text: was

text: marked

text: by

text: the

text: revolt

text: of

text: Al

text: Mukhtar

text: which

text: was

text: based

text: in

text: Kufa

text: Al

text: Mukhtar

text: hoped

text: to

text: elevate

text: Muhammad

text: ibn

text: al

text: Hanafiyyah

text: another

text: son

text: of

text: Ali

text: to

text: the

text: caliphate

text: although

text: Ibn

text: al

text: Hanafiyyah

text: himself

text: may

text: have

text: had

text: no

text: connection

text: to

text: the

text: revolt

text: The

text: troops

text: of

text: al

text: Mukhtar

text: engaged

text: in

text: battles

text: both

text: with

text: the

text: Umayyads

text: in

text: defeating

text: them

text: at

text: the

text: river

text: Khazir

text: near

text: Mosul

text: and

text: with

text: Ibn

text: al

text: Zubayr

text: in

text: at

text: which

text: time

text: the

text: revolt

text: of

text: al

text: Mukhtar

text: was

text: crushed

text: In

text: Umayyad

text: troops

text: reconquered

text: Iraq

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: same

text: army

text: captured

text: Mecca

text: Ibn

text: al

text: Zubayr

text: was

text: killed

text: in

text: the

text: attack

question: Who was the father of Abd al-Malik?

answer: Marwan

text: Marwan

question: When did Abd al-Malik's rule begin?

answer: 685

question: Where was Al-Mukhtar based?

answer: Kufa

text: Kufa

question: Who was the father of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah?

answer: Ali

text: Ali

question: In what year did Ibn al-Zubayr die?

answer: 692


text: Amid preparations for the coronation, Princess Margaret informed her sister that she wished to marry Peter Townsend, a divorcé‚ 16 years Margaret's senior, with two sons from his previous marriage. The Queen asked them to wait for a year; in the words of Martin Charteris, "the Queen was naturally sympathetic towards the Princess, but I think she thought—she hoped—given time, the affair would peter out." Senior politicians were against the match and the Church of England did not permit remarriage after divorce. If Margaret had contracted a civil marriage, she would have been expected to renounce her right of succession. Eventually, she decided to abandon her plans with Townsend. In 1960, she married Antony Armstrong-Jones, who was created Earl of Snowdon the following year. They divorced in 1978; she did not remarry.

title: Elizabeth_II

title: Elizabeth_II

text: Amid

text: preparations

text: for

text: the

text: coronation

text: Princess

text: Margaret

text: informed

text: her

text: sister

text: that

text: she

text: wished

text: to

text: marry

text: Peter

text: Townsend

text: a

text: divorcé

text: years

text: Margaret

text: 's

text: senior

text: with

text: two

text: sons

text: from

text: his

text: previous

text: marriage

text: The

text: Queen

text: asked

text: them

text: to

text: wait

text: for

text: a

text: year

text: in

text: the

text: words

text: of

text: Martin

text: Charteris

text: the

text: Queen

text: was

text: naturally

text: sympathetic

text: towards

text: the

text: Princess

text: but

text: I

text: think

text: she

text: thought

text: she

text: hoped

text: given

text: time

text: the

text: affair

text: would

text: peter

text: out

text: Senior

text: politicians

text: were

text: against

text: the

text: match

text: and

text: the

text: Church

text: of

text: England

text: did

text: not

text: permit

text: remarriage

text: after

text: divorce

text: If

text: Margaret

text: had

text: contracted

text: a

text: civil

text: marriage

text: she

text: would

text: have

text: been

text: expected

text: to

text: renounce

text: her

text: right

text: of

text: succession

text: Eventually

text: she

text: decided

text: to

text: abandon

text: her

text: plans

text: with

text: Townsend

text: In

text: she

text: married

text: Antony

text: Armstrong

text: Jones

text: who

text: was

text: created

text: Earl

text: of

text: Snowdon

text: the

text: following

text: year

text: They

text: divorced

text: in

text: she

text: did

text: not

text: remarry

question: Who did Princess Margaret want to marry?

answer: Peter Townsend

text: Peter Townsend

question: What did Queen Elizabeth ask Margaret to do instead of marring Townsend?

answer: wait for a year

text: wait for a year

question: What act would the Church of England not permit?

answer: remarriage after divorce

text: remarriage after divorce

question: Who did Princess Margaret marry in 1960?

answer: Antony Armstrong-Jones

text: Antony Armstrong-Jones

question: What title was Armstrong-Jones given?

answer: Earl of Snowdon

text: Earl of Snowdon


text: The New Haven Green is the site of many free music concerts, especially during the summer months. These have included the New Haven Symphony Orchestra, the July Free Concerts on the Green in July, and the New Haven Jazz Festival in August. The Jazz Festival, which began in 1982, is one of the longest-running free outdoor festivals in the U.S., until it was canceled for 2007. Headliners such as The Breakfast, Dave Brubeck, Ray Charles and Celia Cruz have historically drawn 30,000 to 50,000 fans, filling up the New Haven Green to capacity. The New Haven Jazz Festival was revived in 2008 and has been sponsored since by Jazz Haven.

title: New_Haven,_Connecticut

title: New_Haven,_Connecticut

text: The

text: New

text: Haven

text: Green

text: is

text: the

text: site

text: of

text: many

text: free

text: music

text: concerts

text: especially

text: during

text: the

text: summer

text: months

text: These

text: have

text: included

text: the

text: New

text: Haven

text: Symphony

text: Orchestra

text: the

text: July

text: Free

text: Concerts

text: on

text: the

text: Green

text: in

text: July

text: and

text: the

text: New

text: Haven

text: Jazz

text: Festival

text: in

text: August

text: The

text: Jazz

text: Festival

text: which

text: began

text: in

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: longest

text: running

text: free

text: outdoor

text: festivals

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: until

text: it

text: was

text: canceled

text: for

text: Headliners

text: such

text: as

text: The

text: Breakfast

text: Dave

text: Brubeck

text: Ray

text: Charles

text: and

text: Celia

text: Cruz

text: have

text: historically

text: drawn

text: to

text: fans

text: filling

text: up

text: the

text: New

text: Haven

text: Green

text: to

text: capacity

text: The

text: New

text: Haven

text: Jazz

text: Festival

text: was

text: revived

text: in

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: sponsored

text: since

text: by

text: Jazz

text: Haven

question: What public area in New Haven is home to free concerts in the summer?

answer: New Haven Green

text: New Haven Green

question: What musical festival was initiated in 1982 in New Haven?

answer: New Haven Jazz Festival

text: New Haven Jazz Festival

question: In what year was the New Haven Jazz Festival cancelled, thereby precluding it from being one of the longest running free outdoor festivals in the U.S.?

answer: 2007

question: Who sponsors the New Haven Jazz Festival?

answer: Jazz Haven

text: Jazz Haven

question: What is the name for the concerts held on New Haven Green throughout the month of July?

answer: July Free Concerts

text: July Free Concerts

question: What popular events that place in New Haven Green area?

answer: free music concerts

text: free music concerts

question: When did the first Jazz Festival made it debut?

answer: 1982

question: In general how many people attend these music concerts?

answer: 30,000 to 50,000 fans

text: 30,000 to 50,000 fans

question: After being cancel in 2007, what organization currently support New Haven Jazz Festival?

answer: Jazz Haven

text: Jazz Haven


text: Water storage and supply for Melbourne is managed by Melbourne Water, which is owned by the Victorian Government. The organisation is also responsible for management of sewerage and the major water catchments in the region as well as the Wonthaggi desalination plant and North–South Pipeline. Water is stored in a series of reservoirs located within and outside the Greater Melbourne area. The largest dam, the Thomson River Dam, located in the Victorian Alps, is capable of holding around 60% of Melbourne's water capacity, while smaller dams such as the Upper Yarra Dam, Yan Yean Reservoir, and the Cardinia Reservoir carry secondary supplies.

title: Melbourne

title: Melbourne

text: Water

text: storage

text: and

text: supply

text: for

text: Melbourne

text: is

text: managed

text: by

text: Melbourne

text: Water

text: which

text: is

text: owned

text: by

text: the

text: Victorian

text: Government

text: The

text: organisation

text: is

text: also

text: responsible

text: for

text: management

text: of

text: sewerage

text: and

text: the

text: major

text: water

text: catchments

text: in

text: the

text: region

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: Wonthaggi

text: desalination

text: plant

text: and

text: North

text: South

text: Pipeline

text: Water

text: is

text: stored

text: in

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: reservoirs

text: located

text: within

text: and

text: outside

text: the

text: Greater

text: Melbourne

text: area

text: The

text: largest

text: dam

text: the

text: Thomson

text: River

text: Dam

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: Victorian

text: Alps

text: is

text: capable

text: of

text: holding

text: around

text: of

text: Melbourne

text: 's

text: water

text: capacity

text: while

text: smaller

text: dams

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Upper

text: Yarra

text: Dam

text: Yan

text: Yean

text: Reservoir

text: and

text: the

text: Cardinia

text: Reservoir

text: carry

text: secondary

text: supplies

question: Who manages the water storage and supply for Melbourne?

answer: Melbourne Water

text: Melbourne Water

question: Who owns Melbourne Water?

answer: the Victorian Government

text: the Victorian Government

question: Which is Melbourne's largest dam?

answer: Thomson River Dam

text: Thomson River Dam

question: Where is the Thomson River Dam located?

answer: Victorian Alps

text: Victorian Alps

question: How much of Melbourne's water capacity is the Thomson River Dam capable of holding?

answer: 60%


text: Under threat from the conservative forces, Governor Terrazas was deposed, and the state legislature proclaimed martial law in the state in April 1864 and established Jesús José Casavantes as the new governor. In response, José María Patoni decided to march to Chihuahua with presidential support. Meanwhile, Maximilian von Habsburg, a younger brother of the Emperor of Austria, was proclaimed Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico on April 10, 1864 with the backing of Napoleon III and a group of Mexican conservatives. Before President Benito Juárez was forced to flee, Congress granted him an emergency extension of his presidency, which would go into effect in 1865 when his term expired, and last until 1867. At the same time, the state liberals and conservatives compromised to allow the popular Ángel Trías take the governorship; by this time the French forces had taken control over the central portions of the country and were making preparations to invade the northern states.

title: Chihuahua_(state)

title: Chihuahua_(state

text: Under

text: threat

text: from

text: the

text: conservative

text: forces

text: Governor

text: Terrazas

text: was

text: deposed

text: and

text: the

text: state

text: legislature

text: proclaimed

text: martial

text: law

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: in

text: April

text: and

text: established

text: Jesús

text: José

text: Casavantes

text: as

text: the

text: new

text: governor

text: In

text: response

text: José

text: María

text: Patoni

text: decided

text: to

text: march

text: to

text: Chihuahua

text: with

text: presidential

text: support

text: Meanwhile

text: Maximilian

text: von

text: Habsburg

text: a

text: younger

text: brother

text: of

text: the

text: Emperor

text: of

text: Austria

text: was

text: proclaimed

text: Emperor

text: Maximilian

text: I

text: of

text: Mexico

text: on

text: April

text: with

text: the

text: backing

text: of

text: Napoleon

text: III

text: and

text: a

text: group

text: of

text: Mexican

text: conservatives

text: Before

text: President

text: Benito

text: Juárez

text: was

text: forced

text: to

text: flee

text: Congress

text: granted

text: him

text: an

text: emergency

text: extension

text: of

text: his

text: presidency

text: which

text: would

text: go

text: into

text: effect

text: in

text: when

text: his

text: term

text: expired

text: and

text: last

text: until

text: At

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: the

text: state

text: liberals

text: and

text: conservatives

text: compromised

text: to

text: allow

text: the

text: popular

text: Ángel

text: Trías

text: take

text: the

text: governorship

text: by

text: this

text: time

text: the

text: French

text: forces

text: had

text: taken

text: control

text: over

text: the

text: central

text: portions

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: and

text: were

text: making

text: preparations

text: to

text: invade

text: the

text: northern

text: states

question: Who was deposed under threat from conservative forces?

answer: Governor Terrazas

text: Governor Terrazas

question: Who was established as the new governor?

answer: Jesús José Casavantes

text: Jesús José Casavantes

question: Who decided to march on Chihuahua in response?

answer: José María Patoni

text: José María Patoni

question: Which president was forced to flee?

answer: President Benito Juárez

text: President Benito Juárez

question: Until which year did his extended term last?

answer: 1867


text: In the 19th century, the city was transformed by development relating to its status as a trading center, as well as by European immigration. The city adopted the Commissioners' Plan of 1811, which expanded the city street grid to encompass all of Manhattan. The 1825 completion of the Erie Canal through central New York connected the Atlantic port to the agricultural markets and commodities of the North American interior via the Hudson River and the Great Lakes. Local politics became dominated by Tammany Hall, a political machine supported by Irish and German immigrants.

title: New_York_City

title: New_York_City

text: In

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: city

text: was

text: transformed

text: by

text: development

text: relating

text: to

text: its

text: status

text: as

text: a

text: trading

text: center

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: by

text: European

text: immigration

text: The

text: city

text: adopted

text: the

text: Commissioners

text: Plan

text: of

text: which

text: expanded

text: the

text: city

text: street

text: grid

text: to

text: encompass

text: all

text: of

text: Manhattan

text: The

text: completion

text: of

text: the

text: Erie

text: Canal

text: through

text: central

text: New

text: York

text: connected

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: port

text: to

text: the

text: agricultural

text: markets

text: and

text: commodities

text: of

text: the

text: North

text: American

text: interior

text: via

text: the

text: Hudson

text: River

text: and

text: the

text: Great

text: Lakes

text: Local

text: politics

text: became

text: dominated

text: by

text: Tammany

text: Hall

text: a

text: political

text: machine

text: supported

text: by

text: Irish

text: and

text: German

text: immigrants

question: What plan of 1811 spread a grid of streets across Manhattan?

answer: Commissioners' Plan

text: Commissioners' Plan

question: In what year did the Erie Canal finish building?

answer: 1825

question: What political machine controlled New York politics in this era?

answer: Tammany Hall

text: Tammany Hall

question: Along with German immigrants, immigrants of what nationality supported Tammany Hall?

answer: Irish

text: Irish

question: The Erie Canal was finished being built in what year?

answer: 1825