text: In consequence to the Reform War, the federal government was bankrupt and could not pay its foreign debts to Spain, England, and France. On July 17, 1861, President Juárez decreed a moratorium on payment to foreign debtors for a period of two years. Spain, England, and France did not accept the moratorium by Mexico; they united at the Convention of the Triple Alliance on October 31, 1861 in which they agreed to take possession of several custom stations within Mexico as payment. A delegation of the Triple Alliance arrived in Veracruz in December 1861. President Juárez immediately sent his Foreign Affairs Minister, Manuel Doblado, who is able to reduce the debts through the Pacto de Soledad (Soledad Pact). General Juan Prim of Spain persuaded the English delegation to accept the terms of the Pacto de Soledad, but the French delegation refused.

title: Chihuahua_(state)

title: Chihuahua_(state

text: In

text: consequence

text: to

text: the

text: Reform

text: War

text: the

text: federal

text: government

text: was

text: bankrupt

text: and

text: could

text: not

text: pay

text: its

text: foreign

text: debts

text: to

text: Spain

text: England

text: and

text: France

text: On

text: July

text: President

text: Juárez

text: decreed

text: a

text: moratorium

text: on

text: payment

text: to

text: foreign

text: debtors

text: for

text: a

text: period

text: of

text: two

text: years

text: Spain

text: England

text: and

text: France

text: did

text: not

text: accept

text: the

text: moratorium

text: by

text: Mexico

text: they

text: united

text: at

text: the

text: Convention

text: of

text: the

text: Triple

text: Alliance

text: on

text: October

text: in

text: which

text: they

text: agreed

text: to

text: take

text: possession

text: of

text: several

text: custom

text: stations

text: within

text: Mexico

text: as

text: payment

text: A

text: delegation

text: of

text: the

text: Triple

text: Alliance

text: arrived

text: in

text: Veracruz

text: in

text: December

text: President

text: Juárez

text: immediately

text: sent

text: his

text: Foreign

text: Affairs

text: Minister

text: Manuel

text: Doblado

text: who

text: is

text: able

text: to

text: reduce

text: the

text: debts

text: through

text: the

text: Pacto

text: de

text: Soledad

text: Soledad

text: Pact

text: General

text: Juan

text: Prim

text: of

text: Spain

text: persuaded

text: the

text: English

text: delegation

text: to

text: accept

text: the

text: terms

text: of

text: the

text: Pacto

text: de

text: Soledad

text: but

text: the

text: French

text: delegation

text: refused

question: Which countries owned Mexican debt?

answer: Spain, England, and France

text: Spain, England, and France

question: Who was the Foreign Affairs Minister?

answer: Manuel Doblado

text: Manuel Doblado

question: Who was the President of Mexico at the time?

answer: President Juárez

text: President Juárez

question: Who convinced the English to accept the terms of the pact?

answer: General Juan Prim of Spain

text: General Juan Prim of Spain

question: Which country refused to accept?

answer: France

text: France


text: Israel's legal system combines three legal traditions: English common law, civil law, and Jewish law. It is based on the principle of stare decisis (precedent) and is an adversarial system, where the parties in the suit bring evidence before the court. Court cases are decided by professional judges rather than juries. Marriage and divorce are under the jurisdiction of the religious courts: Jewish, Muslim, Druze, and Christian. A committee of Knesset members, Supreme Court justices, and Israeli Bar members carries out the election of judges. Administration of Israel's courts (both the "General" courts and the Labor Courts) is carried by the Administration of Courts, situated in Jerusalem. Both General and Labor courts are paperless courts: the storage of court files, as well as court decisions, are conducted electronically. Israel's Basic Law: Human Dignity and Liberty seeks to defend human rights and liberties in Israel.

title: Israel

title: Israel

text: Israel

text: 's

text: legal

text: system

text: combines

text: three

text: legal

text: traditions

text: English

text: common

text: law

text: civil

text: law

text: and

text: Jewish

text: law

text: It

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: principle

text: of

text: stare

text: decisis

text: precedent

text: and

text: is

text: an

text: adversarial

text: system

text: where

text: the

text: parties

text: in

text: the

text: suit

text: bring

text: evidence

text: before

text: the

text: court

text: Court

text: cases

text: are

text: decided

text: by

text: professional

text: judges

text: rather

text: than

text: juries

text: Marriage

text: and

text: divorce

text: are

text: under

text: the

text: jurisdiction

text: of

text: the

text: religious

text: courts

text: Jewish

text: Muslim

text: Druze

text: and

text: Christian

text: A

text: committee

text: of

text: Knesset

text: members

text: Supreme

text: Court

text: justices

text: and

text: Israeli

text: Bar

text: members

text: carries

text: out

text: the

text: election

text: of

text: judges

text: Administration

text: of

text: Israel

text: 's

text: courts

text: both

text: the

text: General

text: courts

text: and

text: the

text: Labor

text: Courts

text: is

text: carried

text: by

text: the

text: Administration

text: of

text: Courts

text: situated

text: in

text: Jerusalem

text: Both

text: General

text: and

text: Labor

text: courts

text: are

text: paperless

text: courts

text: the

text: storage

text: of

text: court

text: files

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: court

text: decisions

text: are

text: conducted

text: electronically

text: Israel

text: 's

text: Basic

text: Law

text: Human

text: Dignity

text: and

text: Liberty

text: seeks

text: to

text: defend

text: human

text: rights

text: and

text: liberties

text: in

text: Israel

question: What legal traditions does Israel combine?

answer: English common law, civil law, and Jewish law

text: English common law, civil law, and Jewish law

question: What principle is it based on?

answer: stare decisis

text: stare decisis

question: What is Israel's Basic Law?

answer: Human Dignity

text: Human Dignity


text: The coastline of Norfolk Island consists, to varying degrees, of cliff faces. A downward slope exists towards Slaughter Bay and Emily Bay, the site of the original colonial settlement of Kingston. There are no safe harbour facilities on Norfolk Island, with loading jetties existing at Kingston and Cascade Bay. All goods not domestically produced are brought in by ship, usually to Cascade Bay. Emily Bay, protected from the Pacific Ocean by a small coral reef, is the only safe area for recreational swimming, although surfing waves can be found at Anson and Ball Bays.

title: Norfolk_Island

title: Norfolk_Island

text: The

text: coastline

text: of

text: Norfolk

text: Island

text: consists

text: to

text: varying

text: degrees

text: of

text: cliff

text: faces

text: A

text: downward

text: slope

text: exists

text: towards

text: Slaughter

text: Bay

text: and

text: Emily

text: Bay

text: the

text: site

text: of

text: the

text: original

text: colonial

text: settlement

text: of

text: Kingston

text: There

text: are

text: no

text: safe

text: harbour

text: facilities

text: on

text: Norfolk

text: Island

text: with

text: loading

text: jetties

text: existing

text: at

text: Kingston

text: and

text: Cascade

text: Bay

text: All

text: goods

text: not

text: domestically

text: produced

text: are

text: brought

text: in

text: by

text: ship

text: usually

text: to

text: Cascade

text: Bay

text: Emily

text: Bay

text: protected

text: from

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: by

text: a

text: small

text: coral

text: reef

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: safe

text: area

text: for

text: recreational

text: swimming

text: although

text: surfing

text: waves

text: can

text: be

text: found

text: at

text: Anson

text: and

text: Ball

text: Bays

question: What is the coastline of Norfolk made of?

answer: cliff faces

text: cliff faces

question: Where is the site of the original colonial settlement of Kingston, Norfolk Islands, currently located?

answer: Slaughter Bay and Emily Bay

text: Slaughter Bay and Emily Bay

question: How are goods imported to Norfolk Island?

answer: by ship

text: by ship

question: Where are imported goods usually sent on Norfolk Island?

answer: Cascade Bay

text: Cascade Bay

question: Where can you go to surf on Norfolk Island?

answer: Anson and Ball Bays

text: Anson and Ball Bays


text: In France during the Middle Ages, there were two Great Officers of the Crown of France with police responsibilities: The Marshal of France and the Constable of France. The military policing responsibilities of the Marshal of France were delegated to the Marshal's provost, whose force was known as the Marshalcy because its authority ultimately derived from the Marshal. The marshalcy dates back to the Hundred Years' 'War, and some historians trace it back to the early 12th century. Another organisation, the Constabulary (French: Connétablie), was under the command of the Constable of France. The constabulary was regularised as a military body in 1337. Under King Francis I (who reigned 1515–1547), the Maréchaussée was merged with the Constabulary. The resulting force was also known as the Maréchaussée, or, formally, the Constabulary and Marshalcy of France.

title: Police

title: Police

text: In

text: France

text: during

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: there

text: were

text: two

text: Great

text: Officers

text: of

text: the

text: Crown

text: of

text: France

text: with

text: police

text: responsibilities

text: The

text: Marshal

text: of

text: France

text: and

text: the

text: Constable

text: of

text: France

text: The

text: military

text: policing

text: responsibilities

text: of

text: the

text: Marshal

text: of

text: France

text: were

text: delegated

text: to

text: the

text: Marshal

text: 's

text: provost

text: whose

text: force

text: was

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Marshalcy

text: because

text: its

text: authority

text: ultimately

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: Marshal

text: The

text: marshalcy

text: dates

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: Hundred

text: Years

text: War

text: and

text: some

text: historians

text: trace

text: it

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: Another

text: organisation

text: the

text: Constabulary

text: French

text: Connétablie

text: was

text: under

text: the

text: command

text: of

text: the

text: Constable

text: of

text: France

text: The

text: constabulary

text: was

text: regularised

text: as

text: a

text: military

text: body

text: in

text: Under

text: King

text: Francis

text: I

text: who

text: reigned

text: the

text: Maréchaussée

text: was

text: merged

text: with

text: the

text: Constabulary

text: The

text: resulting

text: force

text: was

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Maréchaussée

text: or

text: formally

text: the

text: Constabulary

text: and

text: Marshalcy

text: of

text: France

question: Which two entities in Medieval France had police duties?

answer: The Marshal of France and the Constable of France

text: The Marshal of France and the Constable of France

question: How were the Marshal and Constable of France formally classified?

answer: Great Officers of the Crown of France

text: Great Officers of the Crown of France

question: What was the Marshal's force called?

answer: the Marshalcy

text: the Marshalcy

question: What was the Constable's force called, in English?

answer: the Constabulary

text: the Constabulary

question: What was the Constable's force called, in French?

answer: Connétablie

text: Connétablie

question: Which two entities in Medieval France had police duties?

answer: The Marshal of France and the Constable of France

text: The Marshal of France and the Constable of France

question: How were the Marshal and Constable of France formally classified?

answer: Great Officers of the Crown of France

text: Great Officers of the Crown of France

question: What was the Marshal's force called?

answer: the Marshalcy

text: the Marshalcy

question: What was the Constable's force called, in English?

answer: the Constabulary

text: the Constabulary

question: What was the Constable's force called, in French?

answer: Connétablie

text: Connétablie


text: Romila Thapar notes that the division into Hindu-Muslim-British periods of Indian history gives too much weight to "ruling dynasties and foreign invasions", neglecting the social-economic history which often showed a strong continuity. The division into Ancient-Medieval-Modern periods overlooks the fact that the Muslim conquests occurred gradually during which time many things came and went off, while the south was never completely conquered. According to Thapar, a periodisation could also be based on "significant social and economic changes", which are not strictly related to a change of ruling powers.[note 1]

title: History_of_India

title: History_of_India

text: Romila

text: Thapar

text: notes

text: that

text: the

text: division

text: into

text: Hindu

text: Muslim

text: British

text: periods

text: of

text: Indian

text: history

text: gives

text: too

text: much

text: weight

text: to

text: ruling

text: dynasties

text: and

text: foreign

text: invasions

text: neglecting

text: the

text: social

text: economic

text: history

text: which

text: often

text: showed

text: a

text: strong

text: continuity

text: The

text: division

text: into

text: Ancient

text: Medieval

text: Modern

text: periods

text: overlooks

text: the

text: fact

text: that

text: the

text: Muslim

text: conquests

text: occurred

text: gradually

text: during

text: which

text: time

text: many

text: things

text: came

text: and

text: went

text: off

text: while

text: the

text: south

text: was

text: never

text: completely

text: conquered

text: According

text: to

text: Thapar

text: a

text: periodisation

text: could

text: also

text: be

text: based

text: on

text: significant

text: social

text: and

text: economic

text: changes

text: which

text: are

text: not

text: strictly

text: related

text: to

text: a

text: change

text: of

text: ruling

text: powers.[note

question: Who remarked Indian history is too devoted to the ranking of dynasties and invasions?

answer: Romila Thapar

text: Romila Thapar

question: What type of history period is often neglected in Indian histories?

answer: social-economic

text: social-economic

question: What facet of social and economic conditions are displayed by Indian history?

answer: strong continuity

text: strong continuity

question: What type of conquests were gradual in nature?

answer: Muslim conquests

text: Muslim conquests

question: What part of India was never completely conquered?

answer: south

text: south


text: The deeper ancestral demography of Bermuda's population has been obscured by the ethnic homogenisation of the last four centuries. There is effectively no ethnic distinction between black and white Bermudians, other than those characterising recent immigrant communities. In the 17th century, this was not so. For the first hundred years of settlement, white Protestants of English heritage were the distinct majority, with white minorities of Irish (the native language of many of whom can be assumed to have been Gaelic) and Scots sent to Bermuda after the English invasions of their homelands that followed the English Civil War. Non-white minorities included Spanish-speaking, free (indentured) blacks from the West Indies, black chattel slaves primarily captured from Spanish and Portuguese ships by Bermudian privateers, and Native Americans, primarily from the Algonquian and other tribes of the Atlantic seaboard, but possibly from as far away as Mexico. By the 19th century, the white ethnically-English Bermudians had lost their numerical advantage. Despite the banning of the importation of Irish, and the repeated attempts to force free blacks to emigrate and the owners of black slaves to export them, the merging of the various minority groups, along with some of the white English, had resulted in a new demographic group, "coloured" (which term, in Bermuda, referred to anyone not wholly of European ancestry) Bermudians, gaining a slight majority. Any child born before or since then to one coloured and one white parent has been added to the coloured statistic. Most of those historically described as "coloured" are today described as "black", or "of African heritage", which obscures their non-African heritage (those previously described as "coloured" who were not of African ancestry had been very few, though the numbers of South Asians, particularly, is now growing. The number of persons born in Asian countries doubled between the 2000 and the 2010 censuses), blacks have remained in the majority, with new white immigration from Portugal, Britain and elsewhere countered by black immigration from the West Indies.

title: Bermuda

title: Bermuda

text: The

text: deeper

text: ancestral

text: demography

text: of

text: Bermuda

text: 's

text: population

text: has

text: been

text: obscured

text: by

text: the

text: ethnic

text: homogenisation

text: of

text: the

text: last

text: four

text: centuries

text: There

text: is

text: effectively

text: no

text: ethnic

text: distinction

text: between

text: black

text: and

text: white

text: Bermudians

text: other

text: than

text: those

text: characterising

text: recent

text: immigrant

text: communities

text: In

text: the

text: century

text: this

text: was

text: not

text: so

text: For

text: the

text: first

text: hundred

text: years

text: of

text: settlement

text: white

text: Protestants

text: of

text: English

text: heritage

text: were

text: the

text: distinct

text: majority

text: with

text: white

text: minorities

text: of

text: Irish

text: the

text: native

text: language

text: of

text: many

text: of

text: whom

text: can

text: be

text: assumed

text: to

text: have

text: been

text: Gaelic

text: and

text: Scots

text: sent

text: to

text: Bermuda

text: after

text: the

text: English

text: invasions

text: of

text: their

text: homelands

text: that

text: followed

text: the

text: English

text: Civil

text: War

text: Non

text: white

text: minorities

text: included

text: Spanish

text: speaking

text: free

text: indentured

text: blacks

text: from

text: the

text: West

text: Indies

text: black

text: chattel

text: slaves

text: primarily

text: captured

text: from

text: Spanish

text: and

text: Portuguese

text: ships

text: by

text: Bermudian

text: privateers

text: and

text: Native

text: Americans

text: primarily

text: from

text: the

text: Algonquian

text: and

text: other

text: tribes

text: of

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: seaboard

text: but

text: possibly

text: from

text: as

text: far

text: away

text: as

text: Mexico

text: By

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: white

text: ethnically

text: English

text: Bermudians

text: had

text: lost

text: their

text: numerical

text: advantage

text: Despite

text: the

text: banning

text: of

text: the

text: importation

text: of

text: Irish

text: and

text: the

text: repeated

text: attempts

text: to

text: force

text: free

text: blacks

text: to

text: emigrate

text: and

text: the

text: owners

text: of

text: black

text: slaves

text: to

text: export

text: them

text: the

text: merging

text: of

text: the

text: various

text: minority

text: groups

text: along

text: with

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: white

text: English

text: had

text: resulted

text: in

text: a

text: new

text: demographic

text: group

text: coloured

text: which

text: term

text: in

text: Bermuda

text: referred

text: to

text: anyone

text: not

text: wholly

text: of

text: European

text: ancestry

text: Bermudians

text: gaining

text: a

text: slight

text: majority

text: Any

text: child

text: born

text: before

text: or

text: since

text: then

text: to

text: one

text: coloured

text: and

text: one

text: white

text: parent

text: has

text: been

text: added

text: to

text: the

text: coloured

text: statistic

text: Most

text: of

text: those

text: historically

text: described

text: as

text: coloured

text: are

text: today

text: described

text: as

text: black

text: or

text: of

text: African

text: heritage

text: which

text: obscures

text: their

text: non

text: African

text: heritage

text: those

text: previously

text: described

text: as

text: coloured

text: who

text: were

text: not

text: of

text: African

text: ancestry

text: had

text: been

text: very

text: few

text: though

text: the

text: numbers

text: of

text: South

text: Asians

text: particularly

text: is

text: now

text: growing

text: The

text: number

text: of

text: persons

text: born

text: in

text: Asian

text: countries

text: doubled

text: between

text: the

text: and

text: the

text: censuses

text: blacks

text: have

text: remained

text: in

text: the

text: majority

text: with

text: new

text: white

text: immigration

text: from

text: Portugal

text: Britain

text: and

text: elsewhere

text: countered

text: by

text: black

text: immigration

text: from

text: the

text: West

text: Indies

question: There is no distinction between what two ethnicities of Bermudians?

answer: black and white

text: black and white

question: Which ethnicity claimed the majority in Bermuda during the 17th century?

answer: white Protestants of English heritage

text: white Protestants of English heritage

question: Anyone in Bermuda that is not considered 100% of European heritage is referred to as what?

answer: coloured

text: coloured

question: Why is it problematic that the "coloured" population of Bermuda is now referred to as "black" or "African heritage"?

answer: obscures their non-African heritage

text: obscures their non-African heritage

question: There has been a double in the population of people born in which country?

answer: Asian

text: Asian


text: As a Southern Gothic novel and a Bildungsroman, the primary themes of To Kill a Mockingbird involve racial injustice and the destruction of innocence. Scholars have noted that Lee also addresses issues of class, courage, compassion, and gender roles in the American Deep South. The book is widely taught in schools in the United States with lessons that emphasize tolerance and decry prejudice. Despite its themes, To Kill a Mockingbird has been subject to campaigns for removal from public classrooms, often challenged for its use of racial epithets.

title: To_Kill_a_Mockingbird

title: To_Kill_a_Mockingbird

text: As

text: a

text: Southern

text: Gothic

text: novel

text: and

text: a

text: Bildungsroman

text: the

text: primary

text: themes

text: of

text: To

text: Kill

text: a

text: Mockingbird

text: involve

text: racial

text: injustice

text: and

text: the

text: destruction

text: of

text: innocence

text: Scholars

text: have

text: noted

text: that

text: Lee

text: also

text: addresses

text: issues

text: of

text: class

text: courage

text: compassion

text: and

text: gender

text: roles

text: in

text: the

text: American

text: Deep

text: South

text: The

text: book

text: is

text: widely

text: taught

text: in

text: schools

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: with

text: lessons

text: that

text: emphasize

text: tolerance

text: and

text: decry

text: prejudice

text: Despite

text: its

text: themes

text: To

text: Kill

text: a

text: Mockingbird

text: has

text: been

text: subject

text: to

text: campaigns

text: for

text: removal

text: from

text: public

text: classrooms

text: often

text: challenged

text: for

text: its

text: use

text: of

text: racial

text: epithets

question: To Kill a Mockingbird is widely read in which countries schools?

answer: United States

text: United States

question: What genre of book is To Kill a Mockingbird?

answer: Southern Gothic novel

text: Southern Gothic novel

question: Some of the central themes of the book are what exactly?

answer: racial injustice and the destruction of innocence

text: racial injustice and the destruction of innocence

question: Which region of America was the novel set in?

answer: Deep South

text: Deep South

question: What has caused  the use of the novel in classrooms to be challenged?

answer: racial epithets

text: racial epithets


text: Proto-Slavic, sometimes referred to as Common Slavic or Late Proto-Slavic, is defined as the last stage of the language preceding the geographical split of the historical Slavic languages. That language was uniform, and on the basis of borrowings from foreign languages and Slavic borrowings into other languages, cannot be said to have any recognizable dialects, suggesting a comparatively compact homeland. Slavic linguistic unity was to some extent visible as late as Old Church Slavonic manuscripts which, though based on local Slavic speech of Thessaloniki, could still serve the purpose of the first common Slavic literary language.

title: Slavs

title: Slavs

text: Proto

text: Slavic

text: sometimes

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Common

text: Slavic

text: or

text: Late

text: Proto

text: Slavic

text: is

text: defined

text: as

text: the

text: last

text: stage

text: of

text: the

text: language

text: preceding

text: the

text: geographical

text: split

text: of

text: the

text: historical

text: Slavic

text: languages

text: That

text: language

text: was

text: uniform

text: and

text: on

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: borrowings

text: from

text: foreign

text: languages

text: and

text: Slavic

text: borrowings

text: into

text: other

text: languages

text: can

text: not

text: be

text: said

text: to

text: have

text: any

text: recognizable

text: dialects

text: suggesting

text: a

text: comparatively

text: compact

text: homeland

text: Slavic

text: linguistic

text: unity

text: was

text: to

text: some

text: extent

text: visible

text: as

text: late

text: as

text: Old

text: Church

text: Slavonic

text: manuscripts

text: which

text: though

text: based

text: on

text: local

text: Slavic

text: speech

text: of

text: Thessaloniki

text: could

text: still

text: serve

text: the

text: purpose

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: common

text: Slavic

text: literary

text: language

question: Proto-Slavic is sometimes referred to as what?

answer: Common Slavic or Late Proto-Slavic

text: Common Slavic or Late Proto-Slavic

question: What is defined as the last stage of the language preceding the geographical split of the historical Slavic languages?

answer: Proto-Slavic

text: Proto-Slavic

question: Old Church Slavonic manuscripts were based on the local Slavic speech of what?

answer: Thessaloniki

text: Thessaloniki

question: What could still serve the purpose of the first common Slavic literary language?

answer: Old Church Slavonic manuscripts

text: Old Church Slavonic manuscripts


text: "Alsatia", the Latin form of Alsace's name, has long ago entered the English language with the specialized meaning of "a lawless place" or "a place under no jurisdiction" - since Alsace was conceived by English people to be such. It was used into the 20th century as a term for a ramshackle marketplace, "protected by ancient custom and the independence of their patrons". As of 2007, the word is still in use among the English and Australian judiciaries with the meaning of a place where the law cannot reach: "In setting up the Serious Organised Crime Agency, the state has set out to create an Alsatia - a region of executive action free of judicial oversight," Lord Justice Sedley in UMBS v SOCA 2007.

title: Alsace

title: Alsace

text: Alsatia

text: the

text: Latin

text: form

text: of

text: Alsace

text: 's

text: name

text: has

text: long

text: ago

text: entered

text: the

text: English

text: language

text: with

text: the

text: specialized

text: meaning

text: of

text: a

text: lawless

text: place

text: or

text: a

text: place

text: under

text: no

text: jurisdiction

text: since

text: Alsace

text: was

text: conceived

text: by

text: English

text: people

text: to

text: be

text: such

text: It

text: was

text: used

text: into

text: the

text: century

text: as

text: a

text: term

text: for

text: a

text: ramshackle

text: marketplace

text: protected

text: by

text: ancient

text: custom

text: and

text: the

text: independence

text: of

text: their

text: patrons

text: As

text: of

text: the

text: word

text: is

text: still

text: in

text: use

text: among

text: the

text: English

text: and

text: Australian

text: judiciaries

text: with

text: the

text: meaning

text: of

text: a

text: place

text: where

text: the

text: law

text: can

text: not

text: reach

text: In

text: setting

text: up

text: the

text: Serious

text: Organised

text: Crime

text: Agency

text: the

text: state

text: has

text: set

text: out

text: to

text: create

text: an

text: Alsatia

text: a

text: region

text: of

text: executive

text: action

text: free

text: of

text: judicial

text: oversight

text: Lord

text: Justice

text: Sedley

text: in

text: UMBS

text: v

text: SOCA

question: What is the meaning of the name Aslatia in English?

answer: a lawless place" or "a place under no jurisdiction

text: a lawless place" or "a place under no jurisdiction

question: What was the meaning or term used for Aslace that was used by english people in the 20th century?

answer: ramshackle marketplace

text: ramshackle marketplace

question: Which nationalities still refer it to Alslace "ramshackle marketplace" as of 2007?

answer: English and Australian

text: English and Australian


text: The German rocket center in Peenemünde was located in the eastern part of Germany, which became the Soviet zone of occupation. On Stalin's orders, the Soviet Union sent its best rocket engineers to this region to see what they could salvage for future weapons systems. The Soviet rocket engineers were led by Sergei Korolev. He had been involved in space clubs and early Soviet rocket design in the 1930s, but was arrested in 1938 during Joseph Stalin's Great Purge and imprisoned for six years in Siberia. After the war, he became the USSR's chief rocket and spacecraft engineer, essentially the Soviet counterpart to von Braun. His identity was kept a state secret throughout the Cold War, and he was identified publicly only as "the Chief Designer." In the West, his name was only officially revealed when he died in 1966.

title: Space_Race

title: Space_Race

text: The

text: German

text: rocket

text: center

text: in

text: Peenemünde

text: was

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: eastern

text: part

text: of

text: Germany

text: which

text: became

text: the

text: Soviet

text: zone

text: of

text: occupation

text: On

text: Stalin

text: 's

text: orders

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: sent

text: its

text: best

text: rocket

text: engineers

text: to

text: this

text: region

text: to

text: see

text: what

text: they

text: could

text: salvage

text: for

text: future

text: weapons

text: systems

text: The

text: Soviet

text: rocket

text: engineers

text: were

text: led

text: by

text: Sergei

text: Korolev

text: He

text: had

text: been

text: involved

text: in

text: space

text: clubs

text: and

text: early

text: Soviet

text: rocket

text: design

text: in

text: the

text: but

text: was

text: arrested

text: in

text: during

text: Joseph

text: Stalin

text: 's

text: Great

text: Purge

text: and

text: imprisoned

text: for

text: six

text: years

text: in

text: Siberia

text: After

text: the

text: war

text: he

text: became

text: the

text: USSR

text: 's

text: chief

text: rocket

text: and

text: spacecraft

text: engineer

text: essentially

text: the

text: Soviet

text: counterpart

text: to

text: von

text: Braun

text: His

text: identity

text: was

text: kept

text: a

text: state

text: secret

text: throughout

text: the

text: Cold

text: War

text: and

text: he

text: was

text: identified

text: publicly

text: only

text: as

text: the

text: Chief

text: Designer

text: In

text: the

text: West

text: his

text: name

text: was

text: only

text: officially

text: revealed

text: when

text: he

text: died

text: in

question: Who led the Soviet rocket engineers

answer: Sergei Korolev

text: Sergei Korolev

question: Where was Sergei Korolev imprisoned for six years?

answer: Siberia

text: Siberia

question: What was his "secret" title after World War II?

answer: the Chief Designer

text: the Chief Designer

question: The German rocket center was located in what city?

answer: Peenemünde

text: Peenemünde

question: Who was in charge of the Soviet rocket engineer team that went into Germany?

answer: Sergei Korolev

text: Sergei Korolev

question: What year was Sergei Korolev arrested?

answer: 1938

question: Sergei Korolev died in what year?

answer: 1966

question: After the war, Sergei Korolev was known under what title?

answer: USSR's chief rocket and spacecraft engineer

text: USSR's chief rocket and spacecraft engineer


text: Buddhism provides many opportunities for comparative study with a diverse range of subjects. For example, Buddhism's emphasis on the Middle way not only provides a unique guideline for ethics but has also allowed Buddhism to peacefully coexist with various differing beliefs, customs and institutions in countries where it has resided throughout its history. Also, its moral and spiritual parallels with other systems of thought—for example, with various tenets of Christianity—have been subjects of close study. In addition, the Buddhist concept of dependent origination has been compared to modern scientific thought, as well as Western metaphysics.

title: Buddhism

title: Buddhism

text: Buddhism

text: provides

text: many

text: opportunities

text: for

text: comparative

text: study

text: with

text: a

text: diverse

text: range

text: of

text: subjects

text: For

text: example

text: Buddhism

text: 's

text: emphasis

text: on

text: the

text: Middle

text: way

text: not

text: only

text: provides

text: a

text: unique

text: guideline

text: for

text: ethics

text: but

text: has

text: also

text: allowed

text: Buddhism

text: to

text: peacefully

text: coexist

text: with

text: various

text: differing

text: beliefs

text: customs

text: and

text: institutions

text: in

text: countries

text: where

text: it

text: has

text: resided

text: throughout

text: its

text: history

text: Also

text: its

text: moral

text: and

text: spiritual

text: parallels

text: with

text: other

text: systems

text: of

text: thought

text: for

text: example

text: with

text: various

text: tenets

text: of

text: Christianity

text: have

text: been

text: subjects

text: of

text: close

text: study

text: In

text: addition

text: the

text: Buddhist

text: concept

text: of

text: dependent

text: origination

text: has

text: been

text: compared

text: to

text: modern

text: scientific

text: thought

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: Western

text: metaphysics

question: What provides chances for comparative study with a large range of subjects?

answer: Buddhism

text: Buddhism

question: Buddhism's emphasis on the Middle Way provides a guideline for what?

answer: ethics

text: ethics

question: Buddism has what kind of parallels withother systems of thought?

answer: moral and spiritual

text: moral and spiritual

question: Buddhism had similiar tenets to what other common religion?

answer: Christianity

text: Christianity

question: Buddhist concept of dependent origination has been compared to what modern thought?

answer: scientific

text: scientific


text: Initially, the station's range was officially a 40 kilometres radius of the Alexandra Palace transmitter—in practice, however, transmissions could be picked up a good deal further away, and on one occasion in 1938 were picked up by engineers at RCA in New York, who were experimenting with a British television set.

title: BBC_Television

title: BBC_Television

text: Initially

text: the

text: station

text: 's

text: range

text: was

text: officially

text: a

text: kilometres

text: radius

text: of

text: the

text: Alexandra

text: Palace

text: transmitter

text: in

text: practice

text: however

text: transmissions

text: could

text: be

text: picked

text: up

text: a

text: good

text: deal

text: further

text: away

text: and

text: on

text: one

text: occasion

text: in

text: were

text: picked

text: up

text: by

text: engineers

text: at

text: RCA

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: who

text: were

text: experimenting

text: with

text: a

text: British

text: television

text: set

question: How far from its studio could the BBC's broadcast originally reach?

answer: 40 kilometres

text: 40 kilometres

question: In what year were BBC broadcasts seen in the United States?

answer: 1938

question: What company did the U.S. engineers who saw the BBC broadcast work for?

answer: RCA

text: RCA

question: What did the RCA employees use in order to receive the BBC signal?

answer: a British television set

text: a British television set


text: Britain was concerned about Russian activity and Sir John Burgoyne senior advisor to Lord Aberdeen urged that the Dardanelles should be occupied and throw up works of sufficient strength to block any Russian move to capture Constantinople and gain access to the Mediterranean Sea. The Corps of Royal Engineers sent men to the Dardanelles while Burgoyne went to Paris, meeting the British Ambassador and the French Emperor. The Lord Cowley wrote on 8 February to Burgoyne "Your visit to Paris has produced a visible change in the Emperor's views, and he is making every preparation for a land expedition in case the last attempt at negotiation should break down.":411

title: Crimean_War

title: Crimean_War

text: Britain

text: was

text: concerned

text: about

text: Russian

text: activity

text: and

text: Sir

text: John

text: Burgoyne

text: senior

text: advisor

text: to

text: Lord

text: Aberdeen

text: urged

text: that

text: the

text: Dardanelles

text: should

text: be

text: occupied

text: and

text: throw

text: up

text: works

text: of

text: sufficient

text: strength

text: to

text: block

text: any

text: Russian

text: move

text: to

text: capture

text: Constantinople

text: and

text: gain

text: access

text: to

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: The

text: Corps

text: of

text: Royal

text: Engineers

text: sent

text: men

text: to

text: the

text: Dardanelles

text: while

text: Burgoyne

text: went

text: to

text: Paris

text: meeting

text: the

text: British

text: Ambassador

text: and

text: the

text: French

text: Emperor

text: The

text: Lord

text: Cowley

text: wrote

text: on

text: February

text: to

text: Burgoyne

text: Your

text: visit

text: to

text: Paris

text: has

text: produced

text: a

text: visible

text: change

text: in

text: the

text: Emperor

text: 's

text: views

text: and

text: he

text: is

text: making

text: every

text: preparation

text: for

text: a

text: land

text: expedition

text: in

text: case

text: the

text: last

text: attempt

text: at

text: negotiation

text: should

text: break

question: Who was concerned with Russia  capturing Constantinople?

answer: Britain

text: Britain

question: Who sent men to the Dardanelles?

answer: The Corps of Royal Engineers

text: The Corps of Royal Engineers

question: As men were sent to the Dardanelles, where did Burgoyne go?

answer: Paris

text: Paris

question: Who was Burgoyne visiting in Paris?

answer: British Ambassador and the French Emperor

text: British Ambassador and the French Emperor

question: Who wrote to Burgoyne on February 8th?

answer: Lord Cowley

text: Lord Cowley


text: Convinced now that the Greeks (and therefore the rest of the region) would not have peace if left alone, Rome decided to establish its first permanent foothold in the Greek world, and divided the Kingdom of Macedonia into four client republics. Yet, Macedonian agitation continued. The Fourth Macedonian War, 150 to 148 BC, was fought against a Macedonian pretender to the throne who was again destabilizing Greece by trying to re-establish the old kingdom. The Romans swiftly defeated the Macedonians at the Second battle of Pydna.

title: Roman_Republic

title: Roman_Republic

text: Convinced

text: now

text: that

text: the

text: Greeks

text: and

text: therefore

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: the

text: region

text: would

text: not

text: have

text: peace

text: if

text: left

text: alone

text: Rome

text: decided

text: to

text: establish

text: its

text: first

text: permanent

text: foothold

text: in

text: the

text: Greek

text: world

text: and

text: divided

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Macedonia

text: into

text: four

text: client

text: republics

text: Yet

text: Macedonian

text: agitation

text: continued

text: The

text: Fourth

text: Macedonian

text: War

text: to

text: BC

text: was

text: fought

text: against

text: a

text: Macedonian

text: pretender

text: to

text: the

text: throne

text: who

text: was

text: again

text: destabilizing

text: Greece

text: by

text: trying

text: to

text: re

text: establish

text: the

text: old

text: kingdom

text: The

text: Romans

text: swiftly

text: defeated

text: the

text: Macedonians

text: at

text: the

text: Second

text: battle

text: of

text: Pydna

question: How many republics was the Kingdom of Macedonia splintered into?

answer: four client republics

text: four client republics

question: In what year did the Fourt Macedonian War end?

answer: 148 BC

text: 148 BC

question: Who did Rome fight in the Fourth Macedonian War?

answer: a Macedonian pretender to the throne

text: a Macedonian pretender to the throne

question: What effect did the establishment of the kingdom of Macedonia have on Greece?

answer: destabilizing

text: destabilizing

question: Who could claim victory at the Second Battle of Pydna?

answer: The Romans

text: The Romans


text: Miami is the southern terminus of Amtrak's Atlantic Coast services, running two lines, the Silver Meteor and the Silver Star, both terminating in New York City. The Miami Amtrak Station is located in the suburb of Hialeah near the Tri-Rail/Metrorail Station on NW 79 St and NW 38 Ave. Current construction of the Miami Central Station will move all Amtrak operations from its current out-of-the-way location to a centralized location with Metrorail, MIA Mover, Tri-Rail, Miami International Airport, and the Miami Intermodal Center all within the same station closer to Downtown. The station was expected to be completed by 2012, but experienced several delays and was later expected to be completed in late 2014, again pushed back to early 2015.

title: Miami

title: Miami

text: Miami

text: is

text: the

text: southern

text: terminus

text: of

text: Amtrak

text: 's

text: Atlantic

text: Coast

text: services

text: running

text: two

text: lines

text: the

text: Silver

text: Meteor

text: and

text: the

text: Silver

text: Star

text: both

text: terminating

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: The

text: Miami

text: Amtrak

text: Station

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: suburb

text: of

text: Hialeah

text: near

text: the

text: Tri

text: Rail

text: Metrorail

text: Station

text: on

text: NW

text: St

text: and

text: NW

text: Ave

text: Current

text: construction

text: of

text: the

text: Miami

text: Central

text: Station

text: will

text: move

text: all

text: Amtrak

text: operations

text: from

text: its

text: current

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: way

text: location

text: to

text: a

text: centralized

text: location

text: with

text: Metrorail

text: MIA

text: Mover

text: Tri

text: Rail

text: Miami

text: International

text: Airport

text: and

text: the

text: Miami

text: Intermodal

text: Center

text: all

text: within

text: the

text: same

text: station

text: closer

text: to

text: Downtown

text: The

text: station

text: was

text: expected

text: to

text: be

text: completed

text: by

text: but

text: experienced

text: several

text: delays

text: and

text: was

text: later

text: expected

text: to

text: be

text: completed

text: in

text: late

text: again

text: pushed

text: back

text: to

text: early

question: Along with the Silver Star, what Amtrak line runs to Miami?

answer: Silver Meteor

text: Silver Meteor

question: From Miami, to where does the Silver Star run?

answer: New York City

text: New York City

question: In what city is the Miami Amtrak Station?

answer: Hialeah

text: Hialeah

question: In what year was the Miami Central Station originally supposed to have been completed?

answer: 2012

question: After the first delay, in what year was the Miami Central Station supposed to open?

answer: 2014


text: The Anglo-French hostilities were ended in 1763 by the Treaty of Paris, which involved a complex series of land exchanges, the most important being France's cession to Spain of Louisiana, and to Great Britain the rest of New France except for the islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon. Faced with the choice of retrieving either New France or its Caribbean island colonies of Guadeloupe and Martinique, France chose the latter to retain these lucrative sources of sugar, writing off New France as an unproductive, costly territory. France also returned Minorca to the British. Spain lost control of Florida to Great Britain, but it received from the French the Île d'Orléans and all of the former French holdings west of the Mississippi River. The exchanges suited the British as well, as their own Caribbean islands already supplied ample sugar, and, with the acquisition of New France and Florida, they now controlled all of North America east of the Mississippi.

title: Seven_Years%27_War

title: Seven_Years%27_War

text: The

text: Anglo

text: French

text: hostilities

text: were

text: ended

text: in

text: by

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Paris

text: which

text: involved

text: a

text: complex

text: series

text: of

text: land

text: exchanges

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: being

text: France

text: 's

text: cession

text: to

text: Spain

text: of

text: Louisiana

text: and

text: to

text: Great

text: Britain

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: New

text: France

text: except

text: for

text: the

text: islands

text: of

text: St.

text: Pierre

text: and

text: Miquelon

text: Faced

text: with

text: the

text: choice

text: of

text: retrieving

text: either

text: New

text: France

text: or

text: its

text: Caribbean

text: island

text: colonies

text: of

text: Guadeloupe

text: and

text: Martinique

text: France

text: chose

text: the

text: latter

text: to

text: retain

text: these

text: lucrative

text: sources

text: of

text: sugar

text: writing

text: off

text: New

text: France

text: as

text: an

text: unproductive

text: costly

text: territory

text: France

text: also

text: returned

text: Minorca

text: to

text: the

text: British

text: Spain

text: lost

text: control

text: of

text: Florida

text: to

text: Great

text: Britain

text: but

text: it

text: received

text: from

text: the

text: French

text: the

text: Île

text: d'Orléans

text: and

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: former

text: French

text: holdings

text: west

text: of

text: the

text: Mississippi

text: River

text: The

text: exchanges

text: suited

text: the

text: British

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: their

text: own

text: Caribbean

text: islands

text: already

text: supplied

text: ample

text: sugar

text: and

text: with

text: the

text: acquisition

text: of

text: New

text: France

text: and

text: Florida

text: they

text: now

text: controlled

text: all

text: of

text: North

text: America

text: east

text: of

text: the

text: Mississippi

question: How were the British-French hostilities concluded?

answer: hostilities were ended in 1763 by the Treaty of Paris

text: hostilities were ended in 1763 by the Treaty of Paris

question: Who ended up owning Louisiana?

answer: the most important being France's cession to Spain of Louisiana

text: the most important being France's cession to Spain of Louisiana

question: What part of North America did Britain end up with?

answer: they now controlled all of North America east of the Mississippi.

text: they now controlled all of North America east of the Mississippi.

question: What country ended up with Lie d'Orleans

answer: Spain lost control of Florida to Great Britain, but it received from the French the Île d'Orléans

text: Spain lost control of Florida to Great Britain, but it received from the French the Île d'Orléans

question: What did France get that gave them a supply of sugar?

answer: Caribbean island colonies of Guadeloupe and Martinique, France chose the latter

text: Caribbean island colonies of Guadeloupe and Martinique, France chose the latter


text: With too low a bit rate, compression artifacts (i.e., sounds that were not present in the original recording) may be audible in the reproduction. Some audio is hard to compress because of its randomness and sharp attacks. When this type of audio is compressed, artifacts such as ringing or pre-echo are usually heard. A sample of applause compressed with a relatively low bit rate provides a good example of compression artifacts.

title: MP3

title: MP3

text: With

text: too

text: low

text: a

text: bit

text: rate

text: compression

text: artifacts

text: i.e.

text: sounds

text: that

text: were

text: not

text: present

text: in

text: the

text: original

text: recording

text: may

text: be

text: audible

text: in

text: the

text: reproduction

text: Some

text: audio

text: is

text: hard

text: to

text: compress

text: because

text: of

text: its

text: randomness

text: and

text: sharp

text: attacks

text: When

text: this

text: type

text: of

text: audio

text: is

text: compressed

text: artifacts

text: such

text: as

text: ringing

text: or

text: pre

text: echo

text: are

text: usually

text: heard

text: A

text: sample

text: of

text: applause

text: compressed

text: with

text: a

text: relatively

text: low

text: bit

text: rate

text: provides

text: a

text: good

text: example

text: of

text: compression

text: artifacts

question: If the bit rate is too low, what might be audible in the reproduction?

answer: compression artifacts

text: compression artifacts

question: Sounds that were not in the original recording are referred to as what?

answer: compression artifacts

text: compression artifacts

question: Randomness and sharp attacks are two reasons that may make it harder to to do what to an audio file?

answer: compress

text: compress

question: Other than pre - echo, what is another example of what can happen when audio is compressed?

answer: ringing

text: ringing

question: What kind of sample can display a good example of compression artifacts?

answer: A sample of applause

text: A sample of applause


text: The Boulton Paul Defiant, despite its poor performance during daylight engagements, was a much better night fighter. It was faster, able to catch the bombers and its configuration of four machine guns in a turret could (much like German night fighters in 1943–1945 with Schräge Musik) engage the unsuspecting German bomber from beneath. Attacks from below offered a larger target, compared to attacking tail-on, as well as a better chance of not being seen by the bomber (so less chance of evasion), as well as greater likelihood of detonating its bombload. In subsequent months a steady number of German bombers would fall to night fighters.

title: The_Blitz

title: The_Blitz

text: The

text: Boulton

text: Paul

text: Defiant

text: despite

text: its

text: poor

text: performance

text: during

text: daylight

text: engagements

text: was

text: a

text: much

text: better

text: night

text: fighter

text: It

text: was

text: faster

text: able

text: to

text: catch

text: the

text: bombers

text: and

text: its

text: configuration

text: of

text: four

text: machine

text: guns

text: in

text: a

text: turret

text: could

text: much

text: like

text: German

text: night

text: fighters

text: in

text: with

text: Schräge

text: Musik

text: engage

text: the

text: unsuspecting

text: German

text: bomber

text: from

text: beneath

text: Attacks

text: from

text: below

text: offered

text: a

text: larger

text: target

text: compared

text: to

text: attacking

text: tail

text: on

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: a

text: better

text: chance

text: of

text: not

text: being

text: seen

text: by

text: the

text: bomber

text: so

text: less

text: chance

text: of

text: evasion

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: greater

text: likelihood

text: of

text: detonating

text: its

text: bombload

text: In

text: subsequent

text: months

text: a

text: steady

text: number

text: of

text: German

text: bombers

text: would

text: fall

text: to

text: night

text: fighters

question: What performed better during night fighting?

answer: The Boulton Paul Defiant

text: The Boulton Paul Defiant

question: How could aircraft engage bombers when fitted with a turret?

answer: engage the unsuspecting German bomber from beneath

text: engage the unsuspecting German bomber from beneath

question: What benefits did attacking from below offer?

answer: larger target, compared to attacking tail-on, as well as a better chance of not being seen by the bomber

text: larger target, compared to attacking tail-on, as well as a better chance of not being seen by the bomber


text: Oklahoma's largest commercial airport is Will Rogers World Airport in Oklahoma City, averaging a yearly passenger count of more than 3.5 million (1.7 million boardings) in 2010. Tulsa International Airport, the state's second largest commercial airport, served more than 1.3 million boardings in 2010. Between the two, six airlines operate in Oklahoma. In terms of traffic, R. L. Jones Jr. (Riverside) Airport in Tulsa is the state's busiest airport, with 335,826 takeoffs and landings in 2008. In total, Oklahoma has over 150 public-use airports.

title: Oklahoma

title: Oklahoma

text: Oklahoma

text: 's

text: largest

text: commercial

text: airport

text: is

text: Will

text: Rogers

text: World

text: Airport

text: in

text: Oklahoma

text: City

text: averaging

text: a

text: yearly

text: passenger

text: count

text: of

text: more

text: than

text: million

text: million

text: boardings

text: in

text: Tulsa

text: International

text: Airport

text: the

text: state

text: 's

text: second

text: largest

text: commercial

text: airport

text: served

text: more

text: than

text: million

text: boardings

text: in

text: Between

text: the

text: two

text: six

text: airlines

text: operate

text: in

text: Oklahoma

text: In

text: terms

text: of

text: traffic

text: R.

text: L.

text: Jones

text: Jr.

text: Riverside

text: Airport

text: in

text: Tulsa

text: is

text: the

text: state

text: 's

text: busiest

text: airport

text: with

text: takeoffs

text: and

text: landings

text: in

text: In

text: total

text: Oklahoma

text: has

text: over

text: public

text: use

text: airports

question: What is the largest commercial airport in Oklahoma?

answer: Will Rogers World Airport

text: Will Rogers World Airport

question: Where is Oklahoma's largest airport?

answer: Oklahoma City

text: Oklahoma City

question: How many people boarded in Will Rogers World Airport in 2010?

answer: 1.7 million

text: 1.7 million

question: How many different airlines operate in Oklahoma?

answer: six

text: six

question: How many public airports does Oklahoma have?

answer: over 150

text: over 150


text: The middle up segment is mainly occupied by Metro Department Store originated from Singapore and Sogo from Japan. 2007 saw the re-opening of Jakarta's Seibu, poised to be the largest and second most upscale department store in Indonesia after Harvey Nichols, which the latter closed in 2010 and yet plans to return. Other international department stores include Debenhams and Marks & Spencer. Galeries Lafayette also joins the Indonesian market in 2013 inside Pacific Place Mall. This department store is targeting middle up market with price range from affordable to luxury, poised to be the largest upscale department store. Galeries Lafayette, Debenhams, Harvey Nichols, Marks & Spencer, Seibu and Sogo are all operated by PT. Mitra Adiperkasa.

title: Department_store

title: Department_store

text: The

text: middle

text: up

text: segment

text: is

text: mainly

text: occupied

text: by

text: Metro

text: Department

text: Store

text: originated

text: from

text: Singapore

text: and

text: Sogo

text: from

text: Japan

text: saw

text: the

text: re

text: opening

text: of

text: Jakarta

text: 's

text: Seibu

text: poised

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: largest

text: and

text: second

text: most

text: upscale

text: department

text: store

text: in

text: Indonesia

text: after

text: Harvey

text: Nichols

text: which

text: the

text: latter

text: closed

text: in

text: and

text: yet

text: plans

text: to

text: return

text: Other

text: international

text: department

text: stores

text: include

text: Debenhams

text: and

text: Marks

text: Spencer

text: Galeries

text: Lafayette

text: also

text: joins

text: the

text: Indonesian

text: market

text: in

text: inside

text: Pacific

text: Place

text: Mall

text: This

text: department

text: store

text: is

text: targeting

text: middle

text: up

text: market

text: with

text: price

text: range

text: from

text: affordable

text: to

text: luxury

text: poised

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: largest

text: upscale

text: department

text: store

text: Galeries

text: Lafayette

text: Debenhams

text: Harvey

text: Nichols

text: Marks

text: Spencer

text: Seibu

text: and

text: Sogo

text: are

text: all

text: operated

text: by

text: PT

text: Mitra

text: Adiperkasa

question: Where did the Metro Department store originally begin?

answer: Singapore and Sogo from Japan

text: Singapore and Sogo from Japan

question: When did Seibu, located in Jakarta, re-open?

answer: 2007

question: Where did Galeries Lafayette open in 2013, inside Indonesia?

answer: Pacific Place Mall

text: Pacific Place Mall

question: Who operates the wide range of department stores in these areas?

answer: PT. Mitra Adiperkasa.

text: PT. Mitra Adiperkasa.

question: What store led the Indonesian markets until 2010 when it closed?

answer: Harvey Nichols

text: Harvey Nichols


text: Biographer J. Randy Taraborrelli described her ballad "I'll Remember" (1994) as an attempt to tone down her provocative image. The song was recorded for Alek Keshishian's film With Honors. She made a subdued appearance with Letterman at an awards show and appeared on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno after realizing that she needed to change her musical direction in order to sustain her popularity. With her sixth studio album, Bedtime Stories (1994), Madonna employed a softer image to try to improve the public perception. The album debuted at number three on the Billboard 200 and produced four singles, including "Secret" and "Take a Bow", the latter topping the Hot 100 for seven weeks, the longest period of any Madonna single. At the same time, she became romantically involved with fitness trainer Carlos Leon. Something to Remember, a collection of ballads, was released in November 1995. The album featured three new songs: "You'll See", "One More Chance", and a cover of Marvin Gaye's "I Want You".

title: Madonna_(entertainer)

title: Madonna_(entertainer

text: Biographer

text: J.

text: Randy

text: Taraborrelli

text: described

text: her

text: ballad

text: I

text: 'll

text: Remember

text: as

text: an

text: attempt

text: to

text: tone

text: down

text: her

text: provocative

text: image

text: The

text: song

text: was

text: recorded

text: for

text: Alek

text: Keshishian

text: 's

text: film

text: With

text: Honors

text: She

text: made

text: a

text: subdued

text: appearance

text: with

text: Letterman

text: at

text: an

text: awards

text: show

text: and

text: appeared

text: on

text: The

text: Tonight

text: Show

text: with

text: Jay

text: Leno

text: after

text: realizing

text: that

text: she

text: needed

text: to

text: change

text: her

text: musical

text: direction

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: sustain

text: her

text: popularity

text: With

text: her

text: sixth

text: studio

text: album

text: Bedtime

text: Stories

text: Madonna

text: employed

text: a

text: softer

text: image

text: to

text: try

text: to

text: improve

text: the

text: public

text: perception

text: The

text: album

text: debuted

text: at

text: number

text: three

text: on

text: the

text: Billboard

text: and

text: produced

text: four

text: singles

text: including

text: Secret

text: and

text: Take

text: a

text: Bow

text: the

text: latter

text: topping

text: the

text: Hot

text: for

text: seven

text: weeks

text: the

text: longest

text: period

text: of

text: any

text: Madonna

text: single

text: At

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: she

text: became

text: romantically

text: involved

text: with

text: fitness

text: trainer

text: Carlos

text: Leon

text: Something

text: to

text: Remember

text: a

text: collection

text: of

text: ballads

text: was

text: released

text: in

text: November

text: The

text: album

text: featured

text: three

text: new

text: songs

text: You

text: 'll

text: See

text: One

text: More

text: Chance

text: and

text: a

text: cover

text: of

text: Marvin

text: Gaye

text: 's

text: I

text: Want

text: You

question: Which biographer described her song "I'll Remember" as trying to clean up Madonna's image?

answer: J. Randy Taraborrelli

text: J. Randy Taraborrelli

question: The song "I'll Remember" was recorded for which film?

answer: With Honors

text: With Honors

question: What was Madonna's sixth album named?

answer: Bedtime Stories

text: Bedtime Stories

question: The single "Take A Bow" was at the Hot 100 for how many weeks?

answer: seven weeks

text: seven weeks

question: Who was the fitness trainer that Madonna was involved with?

answer: Carlos Leon

text: Carlos Leon


text: Traditionally the Rajputs, Jats, Meenas, Gurjars, Bhils, Rajpurohit, Charans, Yadavs, Bishnois, Sermals, PhulMali (Saini) and other tribes made a great contribution in building the state of Rajasthan. All these tribes suffered great difficulties in protecting their culture and the land. Millions of them were killed trying to protect their land. A number of Gurjars had been exterminated in Bhinmal and Ajmer areas fighting with the invaders. Bhils once ruled Kota. Meenas were rulers of Bundi and the Dhundhar region.

title: Rajasthan

title: Rajasthan

text: Traditionally

text: the

text: Rajputs

text: Jats

text: Meenas

text: Gurjars

text: Bhils

text: Rajpurohit

text: Charans

text: Yadavs

text: Bishnois

text: Sermals

text: PhulMali

text: Saini

text: and

text: other

text: tribes

text: made

text: a

text: great

text: contribution

text: in

text: building

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Rajasthan

text: All

text: these

text: tribes

text: suffered

text: great

text: difficulties

text: in

text: protecting

text: their

text: culture

text: and

text: the

text: land

text: Millions

text: of

text: them

text: were

text: killed

text: trying

text: to

text: protect

text: their

text: land

text: A

text: number

text: of

text: Gurjars

text: had

text: been

text: exterminated

text: in

text: Bhinmal

text: and

text: Ajmer

text: areas

text: fighting

text: with

text: the

text: invaders

text: Bhils

text: once

text: ruled

text: Kota

text: Meenas

text: were

text: rulers

text: of

text: Bundi

text: and

text: the

text: Dhundhar

text: region

question: Members of what tribe were exterminated in Ajmer?

answer: Gurjars

text: Gurjars

question: What tribe formerly ruled Kota?

answer: Bhils

text: Bhils

question: What was the name of the group that formerly ruled Bundi?

answer: Meenas

text: Meenas

question: What is another way to refer to the PhulMali?

answer: Saini

text: Saini

question: The Jats assisted in building what state?

answer: Rajasthan

text: Rajasthan


text: The impact of the post-election reforms has been observed in numerous areas, including ASEAN's approval of Myanmar's bid for the position of ASEAN chair in 2014; the visit by United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton in December 2011 for the encouragement of further progress—it was the first visit by a Secretary of State in more than fifty years (Clinton met with the Burmese president and former military commander Thein Sein, as well as opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi); and the participation of Aung San Suu Kyi's National League for Democracy (NLD) party in the 2012 by-elections, facilitated by the government's abolition of the laws that previously barred the NLD. As of July 2013, about 100 political prisoners remain imprisoned, while conflict between the Burmese Army and local insurgent groups continues.

title: Myanmar

title: Myanmar

text: The

text: impact

text: of

text: the

text: post

text: election

text: reforms

text: has

text: been

text: observed

text: in

text: numerous

text: areas

text: including

text: ASEAN

text: 's

text: approval

text: of

text: Myanmar

text: 's

text: bid

text: for

text: the

text: position

text: of

text: ASEAN

text: chair

text: in

text: the

text: visit

text: by

text: United

text: States

text: Secretary

text: of

text: State

text: Hillary

text: Clinton

text: in

text: December

text: for

text: the

text: encouragement

text: of

text: further

text: progress

text: it

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: visit

text: by

text: a

text: Secretary

text: of

text: State

text: in

text: more

text: than

text: fifty

text: years

text: Clinton

text: met

text: with

text: the

text: Burmese

text: president

text: and

text: former

text: military

text: commander

text: Thein

text: Sein

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: opposition

text: leader

text: Aung

text: San

text: Suu

text: Kyi

text: and

text: the

text: participation

text: of

text: Aung

text: San

text: Suu

text: Kyi

text: 's

text: National

text: League

text: for

text: Democracy

text: NLD

text: party

text: in

text: the

text: by

text: elections

text: facilitated

text: by

text: the

text: government

text: 's

text: abolition

text: of

text: the

text: laws

text: that

text: previously

text: barred

text: the

text: NLD

text: As

text: of

text: July

text: about

text: political

text: prisoners

text: remain

text: imprisoned

text: while

text: conflict

text: between

text: the

text: Burmese

text: Army

text: and

text: local

text: insurgent

text: groups

text: continues

question: Have the changes in Burmese law been of benefit to the country in international views ?

answer: approval of Myanmar's bid for the position of ASEAN chair in 2014; the visit by United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton

text: approval of Myanmar's bid for the position of ASEAN chair in 2014; the visit by United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton

question: Who was the United States Secretary of State who visited Myanmar in 2014?

answer: Secretary of State Hillary Clinton

text: Secretary of State Hillary Clinton

question: How long was the interval between the visits from the United States Secretary of State officials ?

answer: more than fifty years

text: more than fifty years

question: What political party does Aung San Suu Kyi belong to ?

answer: National League for Democracy (NLD) party

text: National League for Democracy (NLD) party


text: The Maratha states, following the Anglo-Maratha wars, eventually lost to the British East India Company in 1818 with the Third Anglo-Maratha War. The rule lasted until 1858, when, after the Indian rebellion of 1857 and consequent of the Government of India Act 1858, the British government assumed the task of directly administering India in the new British Raj. In 1819 Stamford Raffles established Singapore as a key trading post for Britain in their rivalry with the Dutch. However, their rivalry cooled in 1824 when an Anglo-Dutch treaty demarcated their respective interests in Southeast Asia. From the 1850s onwards, the pace of colonization shifted to a significantly higher gear.

title: Modern_history

title: Modern_history

text: The

text: Maratha

text: states

text: following

text: the

text: Anglo

text: Maratha

text: wars

text: eventually

text: lost

text: to

text: the

text: British

text: East

text: India

text: Company

text: in

text: with

text: the

text: Third

text: Anglo

text: Maratha

text: War

text: The

text: rule

text: lasted

text: until

text: when

text: after

text: the

text: Indian

text: rebellion

text: of

text: and

text: consequent

text: of

text: the

text: Government

text: of

text: India

text: Act

text: the

text: British

text: government

text: assumed

text: the

text: task

text: of

text: directly

text: administering

text: India

text: in

text: the

text: new

text: British

text: Raj

text: In

text: Stamford

text: Raffles

text: established

text: Singapore

text: as

text: a

text: key

text: trading

text: post

text: for

text: Britain

text: in

text: their

text: rivalry

text: with

text: the

text: Dutch

text: However

text: their

text: rivalry

text: cooled

text: in

text: when

text: an

text: Anglo

text: Dutch

text: treaty

text: demarcated

text: their

text: respective

text: interests

text: in

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: From

text: the

text: onwards

text: the

text: pace

text: of

text: colonization

text: shifted

text: to

text: a

text: significantly

text: higher

text: gear

question: In what year did the Maratha states lose to the British East Company?

answer: 1818

question: What was the name of the war lost by the Maratha states in 1818?

answer: the Third Anglo-Maratha War

text: the Third Anglo-Maratha War

question: How long did the British east Indian Company rule last after the war?

answer: 1858

question: What caused the British east Indian Company rule to end?

answer: the Indian rebellion of 1857 and consequent of the Government of India Act 1858

text: the Indian rebellion of 1857 and consequent of the Government of India Act 1858

question: What did Britain establish in 1824?

answer: Singapore as a key trading post

text: Singapore as a key trading post


text: Vowel length is not always considered a distinctive feature in Dutch phonology, because it normally co-occurs with changes in vowel quality. One feature or the other may be considered redundant, and some phonemic analyses prefer to treat it as an opposition of tenseness. However, even if not considered part of the phonemic opposition, the long/tense vowels are still realised as phonetically longer than their short counterparts. The changes in vowel quality are also not always the same in all dialects, and in some there may be little difference at all, with length remaining the primary distinguishing feature. And while it is true that older words always pair vowel length with a change in vowel quality, new loanwords have reintroduced phonemic oppositions of length. Compare zonne(n) [ˈzɔnə] ("suns") versus zone [ˈzɔːnə] ("zone") versus zonen [ˈzoːnə(n)] ("sons"), or kroes [krus] ("mug") versus cruise [kruːs] ("cruise").

title: Dutch_language

title: Dutch_language

text: Vowel

text: length

text: is

text: not

text: always

text: considered

text: a

text: distinctive

text: feature

text: in

text: Dutch

text: phonology

text: because

text: it

text: normally

text: co

text: occurs

text: with

text: changes

text: in

text: vowel

text: quality

text: One

text: feature

text: or

text: the

text: other

text: may

text: be

text: considered

text: redundant

text: and

text: some

text: phonemic

text: analyses

text: prefer

text: to

text: treat

text: it

text: as

text: an

text: opposition

text: of

text: tenseness

text: However

text: even

text: if

text: not

text: considered

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: phonemic

text: opposition

text: the

text: long

text: tense

text: vowels

text: are

text: still

text: realised

text: as

text: phonetically

text: longer

text: than

text: their

text: short

text: counterparts

text: The

text: changes

text: in

text: vowel

text: quality

text: are

text: also

text: not

text: always

text: the

text: same

text: in

text: all

text: dialects

text: and

text: in

text: some

text: there

text: may

text: be

text: little

text: difference

text: at

text: all

text: with

text: length

text: remaining

text: the

text: primary

text: distinguishing

text: feature

text: And

text: while

text: it

text: is

text: true

text: that

text: older

text: words

text: always

text: pair

text: vowel

text: length

text: with

text: a

text: change

text: in

text: vowel

text: quality

text: new

text: loanwords

text: have

text: reintroduced

text: phonemic

text: oppositions

text: of

text: length

text: Compare

text: zonne(n

text: ˈzɔnə

text: suns

text: versus

text: zone

text: ˈzɔːnə

text: zone

text: versus

text: zonen

text: ˈzoːnə(n

text: sons

text: or

text: kroes

text: krus

text: mug

text: versus

text: cruise

text: kruːs

text: cruise

question: What quality of Dutch vowels isn't usually recognized as distinctive?

answer: length

text: length

question: Is it true or false that older Dutch words combine changes in vowel length and vowel quality?

answer: true

text: true

question: How would you say "sons" in Dutch?

answer: zonen

text: zonen

question: Since vowel quality changes might be very slight between dialects, what's the main vowel feature used to differentiate them?

answer: length

text: length

question: What does the Dutch word "kroes" mean in English?

answer: mug

text: mug


text: A parasitic relationship is one in which one member of the association benefits while the other is harmed. This is also known as antagonistic or antipathetic symbiosis. Parasitic symbioses take many forms, from endoparasites that live within the host's body to ectoparasites that live on its surface. In addition, parasites may be necrotrophic, which is to say they kill their host, or biotrophic, meaning they rely on their host's surviving. Biotrophic parasitism is an extremely successful mode of life. Depending on the definition used, as many as half of all animals have at least one parasitic phase in their life cycles, and it is also frequent in plants and fungi. Moreover, almost all free-living animals are host to one or more parasite taxa. An example of a biotrophic relationship would be a tick feeding on the blood of its host.

title: Symbiosis

title: Symbiosis

text: A

text: parasitic

text: relationship

text: is

text: one

text: in

text: which

text: one

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: association

text: benefits

text: while

text: the

text: other

text: is

text: harmed

text: This

text: is

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: antagonistic

text: or

text: antipathetic

text: symbiosis

text: Parasitic

text: symbioses

text: take

text: many

text: forms

text: from

text: endoparasites

text: that

text: live

text: within

text: the

text: host

text: 's

text: body

text: to

text: ectoparasites

text: that

text: live

text: on

text: its

text: surface

text: In

text: addition

text: parasites

text: may

text: be

text: necrotrophic

text: which

text: is

text: to

text: say

text: they

text: kill

text: their

text: host

text: or

text: biotrophic

text: meaning

text: they

text: rely

text: on

text: their

text: host

text: 's

text: surviving

text: Biotrophic

text: parasitism

text: is

text: an

text: extremely

text: successful

text: mode

text: of

text: life

text: Depending

text: on

text: the

text: definition

text: used

text: as

text: many

text: as

text: half

text: of

text: all

text: animals

text: have

text: at

text: least

text: one

text: parasitic

text: phase

text: in

text: their

text: life

text: cycles

text: and

text: it

text: is

text: also

text: frequent

text: in

text: plants

text: and

text: fungi

text: Moreover

text: almost

text: all

text: free

text: living

text: animals

text: are

text: host

text: to

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: parasite

text: taxa

text: An

text: example

text: of

text: a

text: biotrophic

text: relationship

text: would

text: be

text: a

text: tick

text: feeding

text: on

text: the

text: blood

text: of

text: its

text: host

question: Antagonistic or antipathetic symbiosis are alternate names for what?

answer: A parasitic relationship

text: A parasitic relationship

question: What is it called when organisms are lethal to their host?

answer: necrotrophic

text: necrotrophic

question: What is it called when parasites need their host to live?

answer: biotrophic

text: biotrophic

question: What proportion of animals go through a parasitic stage?

answer: as many as half

text: as many as half

question: Name a biotrophic organism.

answer: a tick

text: a tick


text: Theories of coregulation describe communication as a creative and dynamic continuous process, rather than a discrete exchange of information. Canadian media scholar Harold Innis had the theory that people use different types of media to communicate and which one they choose to use will offer different possibilities for the shape and durability of society (Wark, McKenzie 1997). His famous example of this is using ancient Egypt and looking at the ways they built themselves out of media with very different properties stone and papyrus. Papyrus is what he called 'Space Binding'. it made possible the transmission of written orders across space, empires and enables the waging of distant military campaigns and colonial administration. The other is stone and 'Time Binding', through the construction of temples and the pyramids can sustain their authority generation to generation, through this media they can change and shape communication in their society (Wark, McKenzie 1997).

title: Communication

title: Communication

text: Theories

text: of

text: coregulation

text: describe

text: communication

text: as

text: a

text: creative

text: and

text: dynamic

text: continuous

text: process

text: rather

text: than

text: a

text: discrete

text: exchange

text: of

text: information

text: Canadian

text: media

text: scholar

text: Harold

text: Innis

text: had

text: the

text: theory

text: that

text: people

text: use

text: different

text: types

text: of

text: media

text: to

text: communicate

text: and

text: which

text: one

text: they

text: choose

text: to

text: use

text: will

text: offer

text: different

text: possibilities

text: for

text: the

text: shape

text: and

text: durability

text: of

text: society

text: Wark

text: McKenzie

text: His

text: famous

text: example

text: of

text: this

text: is

text: using

text: ancient

text: Egypt

text: and

text: looking

text: at

text: the

text: ways

text: they

text: built

text: themselves

text: out

text: of

text: media

text: with

text: very

text: different

text: properties

text: stone

text: and

text: papyrus

text: Papyrus

text: is

text: what

text: he

text: called

text: Space

text: Binding

text: it

text: made

text: possible

text: the

text: transmission

text: of

text: written

text: orders

text: across

text: space

text: empires

text: and

text: enables

text: the

text: waging

text: of

text: distant

text: military

text: campaigns

text: and

text: colonial

text: administration

text: The

text: other

text: is

text: stone

text: and

text: Time

text: Binding

text: through

text: the

text: construction

text: of

text: temples

text: and

text: the

text: pyramids

text: can

text: sustain

text: their

text: authority

text: generation

text: to

text: generation

text: through

text: this

text: media

text: they

text: can

text: change

text: and

text: shape

text: communication

text: in

text: their

text: society

text: Wark

text: McKenzie

question: What describes communication as creative and dynamic rather than discrete?

answer: Theories of coregulation

text: Theories of coregulation

question: What ancient civilization did Harold Innis use as an example of his theory?

answer: Egypt

text: Egypt

question: Who theorized that the types of media people use to communicate will offer different possibilities for the shape of society?

answer: Harold Innis

text: Harold Innis

question: What did Harold Innis call papyrus?

answer: Space Binding

text: Space Binding

question: What did Space Binding make possible for the ancient Egyptian civilizations?

answer: transmission of written orders across space, empires

text: transmission of written orders across space, empires


text: The development of flattop vessels produced the first large fleet ships. In 1918, HMS Argus became the world's first carrier capable of launching and recovering naval aircraft. As a result of the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922, which limited the construction of new heavy surface combat ships, most early aircraft carriers were conversions of ships that were laid down (or had served) as different ship types: cargo ships, cruisers, battlecruisers, or battleships. These conversions gave rise to the Lexington-class aircraft carriers (1927), Akagi and Courageous class. Specialist carrier evolution was well underway, with several navies ordering and building warships that were purposefully designed to function as aircraft carriers by the mid-1920s, resulting in the commissioning of ships such as Hōshō (1922), HMS Hermes (1924), and Béarn (1927). During World War II, these ships would become known as fleet carriers.[citation needed]

title: Aircraft_carrier

title: Aircraft_carrier

text: The

text: development

text: of

text: flattop

text: vessels

text: produced

text: the

text: first

text: large

text: fleet

text: ships

text: In

text: HMS

text: Argus

text: became

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: first

text: carrier

text: capable

text: of

text: launching

text: and

text: recovering

text: naval

text: aircraft

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: the

text: Washington

text: Naval

text: Treaty

text: of

text: which

text: limited

text: the

text: construction

text: of

text: new

text: heavy

text: surface

text: combat

text: ships

text: most

text: early

text: aircraft

text: carriers

text: were

text: conversions

text: of

text: ships

text: that

text: were

text: laid

text: down

text: or

text: had

text: served

text: as

text: different

text: ship

text: types

text: cargo

text: ships

text: cruisers

text: battlecruisers

text: or

text: battleships

text: These

text: conversions

text: gave

text: rise

text: to

text: the

text: Lexington

text: class

text: aircraft

text: carriers

text: Akagi

text: and

text: Courageous

text: class

text: Specialist

text: carrier

text: evolution

text: was

text: well

text: underway

text: with

text: several

text: navies

text: ordering

text: and

text: building

text: warships

text: that

text: were

text: purposefully

text: designed

text: to

text: function

text: as

text: aircraft

text: carriers

text: by

text: the

text: resulting

text: in

text: the

text: commissioning

text: of

text: ships

text: such

text: as

text: Hōshō

text: HMS

text: Hermes

text: and

text: Béarn

text: During

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: these

text: ships

text: would

text: become

text: known

text: as

text: fleet

text: carriers.[citation

text: needed

question: What develpment produced the first large fleet ships?

answer: flattop vessels

text: flattop vessels

question: What was the world's first carrier capable of launching and recovering naval aircraft?

answer: HMS Argus

text: HMS Argus

question: What did the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 limit?

answer: the construction of new heavy surface combat ships

text: the construction of new heavy surface combat ships

question: What caused early aircraft carriers to be made up of conversions of ships that were previously cargo ships, cruisers or battlecruisers?

answer: Washington Naval Treaty of 1922

text: Washington Naval Treaty of 1922

question: What type of aircraft carriers did these ship conversions give rise to in 1927?

answer: Lexington-class

text: Lexington-class


text: In a course at the LSA summer institute in 1991, Alan Prince and Paul Smolensky developed optimality theory—an overall architecture for phonology according to which languages choose a pronunciation of a word that best satisfies a list of constraints ordered by importance; a lower-ranked constraint can be violated when the violation is necessary in order to obey a higher-ranked constraint. The approach was soon extended to morphology by John McCarthy and Alan Prince, and has become a dominant trend in phonology. The appeal to phonetic grounding of constraints and representational elements (e.g. features) in various approaches has been criticized by proponents of 'substance-free phonology', especially Mark Hale and Charles Reiss.

title: Phonology

title: Phonology

text: In

text: a

text: course

text: at

text: the

text: LSA

text: summer

text: institute

text: in

text: Alan

text: Prince

text: and

text: Paul

text: Smolensky

text: developed

text: optimality

text: theory

text: an

text: overall

text: architecture

text: for

text: phonology

text: according

text: to

text: which

text: languages

text: choose

text: a

text: pronunciation

text: of

text: a

text: word

text: that

text: best

text: satisfies

text: a

text: list

text: of

text: constraints

text: ordered

text: by

text: importance

text: a

text: lower

text: ranked

text: constraint

text: can

text: be

text: violated

text: when

text: the

text: violation

text: is

text: necessary

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: obey

text: a

text: higher

text: ranked

text: constraint

text: The

text: approach

text: was

text: soon

text: extended

text: to

text: morphology

text: by

text: John

text: McCarthy

text: and

text: Alan

text: Prince

text: and

text: has

text: become

text: a

text: dominant

text: trend

text: in

text: phonology

text: The

text: appeal

text: to

text: phonetic

text: grounding

text: of

text: constraints

text: and

text: representational

text: elements

text: e.g.

text: features

text: in

text: various

text: approaches

text: has

text: been

text: criticized

text: by

text: proponents

text: of

text: substance

text: free

text: phonology

text: especially

text: Mark

text: Hale

text: and

text: Charles

text: Reiss

question: When did Prince and Smolensky develop their theory?

answer: 1991

question: Where was optimality theory created?

answer: LSA summer institute

text: LSA summer institute

question: Aside from Alan Prince who brought optimality theory to morphology?

answer: John McCarthy

text: John McCarthy

question: Who were prominent critics of optimality theory?

answer: Mark Hale and Charles Reiss

text: Mark Hale and Charles Reiss


text: Bush's margin of victory in the popular vote was the smallest ever for a reelected incumbent president, but marked the first time since his father's victory 16 years prior that a candidate won a majority of the popular vote. The electoral map closely resembled that of 2000, with only three states changing sides: New Mexico and Iowa voted Republican in 2004 after having voted Democratic in 2000, while New Hampshire voted Democratic in 2004 after previously voting Republican. In the Electoral College, Bush received 286 votes to Kerry's 252.

title: United_States_presidential_election,_2004

text: Bush

text: 's

text: margin

text: of

text: victory

text: in

text: the

text: popular

text: vote

text: was

text: the

text: smallest

text: ever

text: for

text: a

text: reelected

text: incumbent

text: president

text: but

text: marked

text: the

text: first

text: time

text: since

text: his

text: father

text: 's

text: victory

text: years

text: prior

text: that

text: a

text: candidate

text: won

text: a

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: popular

text: vote

text: The

text: electoral

text: map

text: closely

text: resembled

text: that

text: of

text: with

text: only

text: three

text: states

text: changing

text: sides

text: New

text: Mexico

text: and

text: Iowa

text: voted

text: Republican

text: in

text: after

text: having

text: voted

text: Democratic

text: in

text: while

text: New

text: Hampshire

text: voted

text: Democratic

text: in

text: after

text: previously

text: voting

text: Republican

text: In

text: the

text: Electoral

text: College

text: Bush

text: received

text: votes

text: to

text: Kerry

text: 's

question: How many States renounced their preferred political party?

answer: three

text: three

question: Which state switched sides and embraced the Democratic party after previously choosing the Republican party?

answer: New Hampshire

text: New Hampshire

question: How many votes did Kerry receive, in the Electoral College?

answer: 252

question: How large of a gap was there between Bush's and Kerry's votes?

answer: the smallest ever

text: the smallest ever

question: Which candidate, in the 2004 election, had the majority of the popular vote?

answer: Bush

text: Bush


text: Older constitutions often vest this power in the cabinet. In the United Kingdom, for example, the tradition whereby it is the prime minister who requests a dissolution of parliament dates back to 1918. Prior to then, it was the entire government that made the request. Similarly, though the modern 1937 Irish constitution grants to the Taoiseach the right to make the request, the earlier 1922 Irish Free State Constitution vested the power in the Executive Council (the then name for the Irish cabinet).

title: Prime_minister

title: Prime_minister

text: Older

text: constitutions

text: often

text: vest

text: this

text: power

text: in

text: the

text: cabinet

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: for

text: example

text: the

text: tradition

text: whereby

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: prime

text: minister

text: who

text: requests

text: a

text: dissolution

text: of

text: parliament

text: dates

text: back

text: to

text: Prior

text: to

text: then

text: it

text: was

text: the

text: entire

text: government

text: that

text: made

text: the

text: request

text: Similarly

text: though

text: the

text: modern

text: Irish

text: constitution

text: grants

text: to

text: the

text: Taoiseach

text: the

text: right

text: to

text: make

text: the

text: request

text: the

text: earlier

text: Irish

text: Free

text: State

text: Constitution

text: vested

text: the

text: power

text: in

text: the

text: Executive

text: Council

text: the

text: then

text: name

text: for

text: the

text: Irish

text: cabinet

question: When was the convention of prime ministers initiating the dissolution of parliament started?

answer: 1918

question: In Ireland, when was the power to dissolve parliament assigned to the prime minister?

answer: 1937

question: The 1922 Irish Free State Constitution previously gave what body the power to dissolve parliament?

answer: the Executive Council

text: the Executive Council

question: What was the Executive Council an alternate name for?

answer: cabinet

text: cabinet


text: Having sold more than 300 million records worldwide, Madonna is recognized as the best-selling female recording artist of all time by Guinness World Records. The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) listed her as the best-selling female rock artist of the 20th century and the second best-selling female artist in the United States, with 64.5 million certified albums. According to Billboard, Madonna is the highest-grossing solo touring artist of all time, earning US $1.31 billion from her concerts since 1990. She was ranked at number two, behind only The Beatles, on the Billboard Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists, making her the most successful solo artist in the history of American singles chart. Madonna became one of the five founding members of the UK Music Hall of Fame and was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in her first year of eligibility.

title: Madonna_(entertainer)

title: Madonna_(entertainer

text: Having

text: sold

text: more

text: than

text: million

text: records

text: worldwide

text: Madonna

text: is

text: recognized

text: as

text: the

text: best

text: selling

text: female

text: recording

text: artist

text: of

text: all

text: time

text: by

text: Guinness

text: World

text: Records

text: The

text: Recording

text: Industry

text: Association

text: of

text: America

text: RIAA

text: listed

text: her

text: as

text: the

text: best

text: selling

text: female

text: rock

text: artist

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: and

text: the

text: second

text: best

text: selling

text: female

text: artist

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: with

text: million

text: certified

text: albums

text: According

text: to

text: Billboard

text: Madonna

text: is

text: the

text: highest

text: grossing

text: solo

text: touring

text: artist

text: of

text: all

text: time

text: earning

text: US

text: billion

text: from

text: her

text: concerts

text: since

text: She

text: was

text: ranked

text: at

text: number

text: two

text: behind

text: only

text: The

text: Beatles

text: on

text: the

text: Billboard

text: Hot

text: All

text: Time

text: Top

text: Artists

text: making

text: her

text: the

text: most

text: successful

text: solo

text: artist

text: in

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: American

text: singles

text: chart

text: Madonna

text: became

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: five

text: founding

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: UK

text: Music

text: Hall

text: of

text: Fame

text: and

text: was

text: inducted

text: into

text: the

text: Rock

text: and

text: Roll

text: Hall

text: of

text: Fame

text: in

text: her

text: first

text: year

text: of

text: eligibility

question: How many records did Madonna sell worldwide?

answer: more than 300 million

text: more than 300 million

question: Madonna is recognize as the best selling female music artiste by who?

answer: Guinness World Records

text: Guinness World Records

question: How many certified albums does Madonna have?

answer: 64.5 million

text: 64.5 million

question: Since 1990, how much did Madonna make in her concerts?

answer: $1.31 billion

text: $1.31 billion

question: Who is one of the founding members of the UK Music Hall of Fame?

answer: Madonna

text: Madonna


text: The return of former player George Graham as manager in 1986 brought a third period of glory. Arsenal won the League Cup in 1987, Graham's first season in charge. This was followed by a League title win in 1988–89, won with a last-minute goal in the final game of the season against fellow title challengers Liverpool. Graham's Arsenal won another title in 1990–91, losing only one match, won the FA Cup and League Cup double in 1993, and a second European trophy, the European Cup Winners' Cup, in 1994. Graham's reputation was tarnished when he was found to have taken kickbacks from agent Rune Hauge for signing certain players, and he was dismissed in 1995. His replacement, Bruce Rioch, lasted for only one season, leaving the club after a dispute with the board of directors.

title: Arsenal_F.C.

title: Arsenal_F.C.

text: The

text: return

text: of

text: former

text: player

text: George

text: Graham

text: as

text: manager

text: in

text: brought

text: a

text: third

text: period

text: of

text: glory

text: Arsenal

text: won

text: the

text: League

text: Cup

text: in

text: Graham

text: 's

text: first

text: season

text: in

text: charge

text: This

text: was

text: followed

text: by

text: a

text: League

text: title

text: win

text: in

text: won

text: with

text: a

text: last

text: minute

text: goal

text: in

text: the

text: final

text: game

text: of

text: the

text: season

text: against

text: fellow

text: title

text: challengers

text: Liverpool

text: Graham

text: 's

text: Arsenal

text: won

text: another

text: title

text: in

text: losing

text: only

text: one

text: match

text: won

text: the

text: FA

text: Cup

text: and

text: League

text: Cup

text: double

text: in

text: and

text: a

text: second

text: European

text: trophy

text: the

text: European

text: Cup

text: Winners

text: Cup

text: in

text: Graham

text: 's

text: reputation

text: was

text: tarnished

text: when

text: he

text: was

text: found

text: to

text: have

text: taken

text: kickbacks

text: from

text: agent

text: Rune

text: Hauge

text: for

text: signing

text: certain

text: players

text: and

text: he

text: was

text: dismissed

text: in

text: His

text: replacement

text: Bruce

text: Rioch

text: lasted

text: for

text: only

text: one

text: season

text: leaving

text: the

text: club

text: after

text: a

text: dispute

text: with

text: the

text: board

text: of

text: directors

question: What former Arsenal player became manager in 1986?

answer: George Graham

text: George Graham

question: Under the direction of Graham, what trophy did Arsenal win in 1987?

answer: League Cup

text: League Cup

question: What competitor did Arsenal defeat to win a league title in the 1988-89 season?

answer: Liverpool

text: Liverpool

question: In what year did Arsenal win their second European cup?

answer: 1994

question: What action did Graham get caught doing to get fired by Arsenal?

answer: kickbacks

text: kickbacks