text: As reflected in the 2010 United States Census, Alaska has a total of 355 incorporated cities and census-designated places (CDPs). The tally of cities includes four unified municipalities, essentially the equivalent of a consolidated city–county. The majority of these communities are located in the rural expanse of Alaska known as "The Bush" and are unconnected to the contiguous North American road network. The table at the bottom of this section lists the 100 largest cities and census-designated places in Alaska, in population order.

title: Alaska

title: Alaska

text: As

text: reflected

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Census

text: Alaska

text: has

text: a

text: total

text: of

text: incorporated

text: cities

text: and

text: census

text: designated

text: places

text: CDPs

text: The

text: tally

text: of

text: cities

text: includes

text: four

text: unified

text: municipalities

text: essentially

text: the

text: equivalent

text: of

text: a

text: consolidated

text: city

text: county

text: The

text: majority

text: of

text: these

text: communities

text: are

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: rural

text: expanse

text: of

text: Alaska

text: known

text: as

text: The

text: Bush

text: and

text: are

text: unconnected

text: to

text: the

text: contiguous

text: North

text: American

text: road

text: network

text: The

text: table

text: at

text: the

text: bottom

text: of

text: this

text: section

text: lists

text: the

text: largest

text: cities

text: and

text: census

text: designated

text: places

text: in

text: Alaska

text: in

text: population

text: order

question: What are CDPs?

answer: census-designated places

text: census-designated places

question: How many incorporated cities and CDPs does Alaska have, according to the 2010 Census?

answer: 355

question: Are the majority of CDPs connected or disconnected from the North American road network?

answer: unconnected

text: unconnected

question: In what area are the majority of cities and CDPS located in Alaska?

answer: "The Bush"

text: "The Bush"


text: The typical lifespan of dogs varies widely among breeds, but for most the median longevity, the age at which half the dogs in a population have died and half are still alive, ranges from 10 to 13 years. Individual dogs may live well beyond the median of their breed.

title: Dog

title: Dog

text: The

text: typical

text: lifespan

text: of

text: dogs

text: varies

text: widely

text: among

text: breeds

text: but

text: for

text: most

text: the

text: median

text: longevity

text: the

text: age

text: at

text: which

text: half

text: the

text: dogs

text: in

text: a

text: population

text: have

text: died

text: and

text: half

text: are

text: still

text: alive

text: ranges

text: from

text: to

text: years

text: Individual

text: dogs

text: may

text: live

text: well

text: beyond

text: the

text: median

text: of

text: their

text: breed

question: What is the median lifespan of canines?

answer: 10 to 13 years.

text: 10 to 13 years.


text: In the last two decades, photovoltaics (PV), also known as solar PV, has evolved from a pure niche market of small scale applications towards becoming a mainstream electricity source. A solar cell is a device that converts light directly into electricity using the photoelectric effect. The first solar cell was constructed by Charles Fritts in the 1880s. In 1931 a German engineer, Dr Bruno Lange, developed a photo cell using silver selenide in place of copper oxide. Although the prototype selenium cells converted less than 1% of incident light into electricity, both Ernst Werner von Siemens and James Clerk Maxwell recognized the importance of this discovery. Following the work of Russell Ohl in the 1940s, researchers Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller and Daryl Chapin created the crystalline silicon solar cell in 1954. These early solar cells cost 286 USD/watt and reached efficiencies of 4.5–6%. By 2012 available efficiencies exceed 20% and the maximum efficiency of research photovoltaics is over 40%.

title: Solar_energy

title: Solar_energy

text: In

text: the

text: last

text: two

text: decades

text: photovoltaics

text: PV

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: solar

text: PV

text: has

text: evolved

text: from

text: a

text: pure

text: niche

text: market

text: of

text: small

text: scale

text: applications

text: towards

text: becoming

text: a

text: mainstream

text: electricity

text: source

text: A

text: solar

text: cell

text: is

text: a

text: device

text: that

text: converts

text: light

text: directly

text: into

text: electricity

text: using

text: the

text: photoelectric

text: effect

text: The

text: first

text: solar

text: cell

text: was

text: constructed

text: by

text: Charles

text: Fritts

text: in

text: the

text: In

text: a

text: German

text: engineer

text: Dr

text: Bruno

text: Lange

text: developed

text: a

text: photo

text: cell

text: using

text: silver

text: selenide

text: in

text: place

text: of

text: copper

text: oxide

text: Although

text: the

text: prototype

text: selenium

text: cells

text: converted

text: less

text: than

text: of

text: incident

text: light

text: into

text: electricity

text: both

text: Ernst

text: Werner

text: von

text: Siemens

text: and

text: James

text: Clerk

text: Maxwell

text: recognized

text: the

text: importance

text: of

text: this

text: discovery

text: Following

text: the

text: work

text: of

text: Russell

text: Ohl

text: in

text: the

text: researchers

text: Gerald

text: Pearson

text: Calvin

text: Fuller

text: and

text: Daryl

text: Chapin

text: created

text: the

text: crystalline

text: silicon

text: solar

text: cell

text: in

text: These

text: early

text: solar

text: cells

text: cost

text: USD

text: watt

text: and

text: reached

text: efficiencies

text: of

text: By

text: available

text: efficiencies

text: exceed

text: and

text: the

text: maximum

text: efficiency

text: of

text: research

text: photovoltaics

text: is

text: over

question: In the 1880s, who constructed the first solar cell?

answer: Charles Fritts

text: Charles Fritts

question: In what year was the crystalline silicon solar cell constructed?

answer: 1954

question: What has happened to photovoltaic in the past 20 years?

answer: evolved from a pure niche market of small scale applications towards becoming a mainstream electricity source

text: evolved from a pure niche market of small scale applications towards becoming a mainstream electricity source

question: What is a solar cell?

answer: a device that converts light directly into electricity

text: a device that converts light directly into electricity

question: Who created the first solar cell?

answer: Charles Fritts

text: Charles Fritts

question: Who created the first solar cell using silver selenide in place of copper oxide?

answer: Dr Bruno Lange

text: Dr Bruno Lange

question: Who created the crystalline silicon solar cell?

answer: Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller and Daryl Chapin

text: Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller and Daryl Chapin


text: The Times faced financial extinction in 1890 under Arthur Fraser Walter, but it was rescued by an energetic editor, Charles Frederic Moberly Bell. During his tenure (1890–1911), The Times became associated with selling the Encyclopædia Britannica using aggressive American marketing methods introduced by Horace Everett Hooper and his advertising executive, Henry Haxton. Due to legal fights between the Britannica's two owners, Hooper and Walter Montgomery Jackson, The Times severed its connection in 1908 and was bought by pioneering newspaper magnate, Alfred Harmsworth, later Lord Northcliffe.

title: The_Times

title: The_Times

text: The

text: Times

text: faced

text: financial

text: extinction

text: in

text: under

text: Arthur

text: Fraser

text: Walter

text: but

text: it

text: was

text: rescued

text: by

text: an

text: energetic

text: editor

text: Charles

text: Frederic

text: Moberly

text: Bell

text: During

text: his

text: tenure

text: The

text: Times

text: became

text: associated

text: with

text: selling

text: the

text: Encyclopædia

text: Britannica

text: using

text: aggressive

text: American

text: marketing

text: methods

text: introduced

text: by

text: Horace

text: Everett

text: Hooper

text: and

text: his

text: advertising

text: executive

text: Henry

text: Haxton

text: Due

text: to

text: legal

text: fights

text: between

text: the

text: Britannica

text: 's

text: two

text: owners

text: Hooper

text: and

text: Walter

text: Montgomery

text: Jackson

text: The

text: Times

text: severed

text: its

text: connection

text: in

text: and

text: was

text: bought

text: by

text: pioneering

text: newspaper

text: magnate

text: Alfred

text: Harmsworth

text: later

text: Lord

text: Northcliffe

question: Which editor nearly ruined The Times in 1890?

answer: Arthur Fraser Walter

text: Arthur Fraser Walter

question: Which energetic editor rescued The Times from financial collapse in 1890?

answer: Charles Frederic Moberly Bell

text: Charles Frederic Moberly Bell

question: Which encyclopedia was The Times aggressively selling to American markets?

answer: Britannica

text: Britannica

question: Who was the creator of the encyclopedia that The Times was known for selling to America?

answer: Horace Everett Hooper

text: Horace Everett Hooper

question: Who later bought the well-known encyclopedia from The Times in 1908?

answer: Alfred Harmsworth

text: Alfred Harmsworth


text: While attending Ealing Art College, Tim Staffell became friends with Farrokh Bulsara, a fellow student who had assumed the English name of Freddie. Bulsara felt that he and the band had the same tastes and soon became a keen fan of Smile. In late 1970, after Staffell left to join the band Humpy Bong, the remaining Smile members, encouraged by Bulsara, changed their name to "Queen" and continued working together. When asked about the name, Bulsara explained, "I thought up the name Queen. It's just a name, but it's very regal obviously, and it sounds splendid. It's a strong name, very universal and immediate. It had a lot of visual potential and was open to all sorts of interpretations. I was certainly aware of gay connotations, but that was just one facet of it."

title: Queen_(band)

title: Queen_(band

text: While

text: attending

text: Ealing

text: Art

text: College

text: Tim

text: Staffell

text: became

text: friends

text: with

text: Farrokh

text: Bulsara

text: a

text: fellow

text: student

text: who

text: had

text: assumed

text: the

text: English

text: name

text: of

text: Freddie

text: Bulsara

text: felt

text: that

text: he

text: and

text: the

text: band

text: had

text: the

text: same

text: tastes

text: and

text: soon

text: became

text: a

text: keen

text: fan

text: of

text: Smile

text: In

text: late

text: after

text: Staffell

text: left

text: to

text: join

text: the

text: band

text: Humpy

text: Bong

text: the

text: remaining

text: Smile

text: members

text: encouraged

text: by

text: Bulsara

text: changed

text: their

text: name

text: to

text: Queen

text: and

text: continued

text: working

text: together

text: When

text: asked

text: about

text: the

text: name

text: Bulsara

text: explained

text: I

text: thought

text: up

text: the

text: name

text: Queen

text: It

text: 's

text: just

text: a

text: name

text: but

text: it

text: 's

text: very

text: regal

text: obviously

text: and

text: it

text: sounds

text: splendid

text: It

text: 's

text: a

text: strong

text: name

text: very

text: universal

text: and

text: immediate

text: It

text: had

text: a

text: lot

text: of

text: visual

text: potential

text: and

text: was

text: open

text: to

text: all

text: sorts

text: of

text: interpretations

text: I

text: was

text: certainly

text: aware

text: of

text: gay

text: connotations

text: but

text: that

text: was

text: just

text: one

text: facet

text: of

text: it

question: Tim Staffell left the band Smile in what year?

answer: 1970

question: What band did Tim Staffell join after leaving Smile?

answer: Humpy Bong

text: Humpy Bong

question: What was the name of the college Tim Staffell attended when he met Farrokh Bulsara?

answer: Ealing Art College

text: Ealing Art College

question: In what year did Smile change their name to Queen?

answer: 1970

question: What was the English first name Farrokh Bulsara adopted?

answer: Freddie

text: Freddie


text: In 1374 King Louis of Hungary approved the Privilege of Koszyce (Polish: "przywilej koszycki" or "ugoda koszycka") in Košice in order to guarantee the Polish throne for his daughter Jadwiga. He broadened the definition of who was a member of the nobility and exempted the entire class from all but one tax (łanowy, which was limited to 2 grosze from łan (an old measure of land size)). In addition, the King's right to raise taxes was abolished; no new taxes could be raised without the agreement of the nobility. Henceforth, also, district offices (Polish: "urzędy ziemskie") were reserved exclusively for local nobility, as the Privilege of Koszyce forbade the king to grant official posts and major Polish castles to foreign knights. Finally, this privilege obliged the King to pay indemnities to nobles injured or taken captive during a war outside Polish borders.

title: Szlachta

title: Szlachta

text: In

text: King

text: Louis

text: of

text: Hungary

text: approved

text: the

text: Privilege

text: of

text: Koszyce

text: Polish

text: przywilej

text: koszycki

text: or

text: ugoda

text: koszycka

text: in

text: Košice

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: guarantee

text: the

text: Polish

text: throne

text: for

text: his

text: daughter

text: Jadwiga

text: He

text: broadened

text: the

text: definition

text: of

text: who

text: was

text: a

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: nobility

text: and

text: exempted

text: the

text: entire

text: class

text: from

text: all

text: but

text: one

text: tax

text: łanowy

text: which

text: was

text: limited

text: to

text: grosze

text: from

text: łan

text: an

text: old

text: measure

text: of

text: land

text: size

text: In

text: addition

text: the

text: King

text: 's

text: right

text: to

text: raise

text: taxes

text: was

text: abolished

text: no

text: new

text: taxes

text: could

text: be

text: raised

text: without

text: the

text: agreement

text: of

text: the

text: nobility

text: Henceforth

text: also

text: district

text: offices

text: Polish

text: urzędy

text: ziemskie

text: were

text: reserved

text: exclusively

text: for

text: local

text: nobility

text: as

text: the

text: Privilege

text: of

text: Koszyce

text: forbade

text: the

text: king

text: to

text: grant

text: official

text: posts

text: and

text: major

text: Polish

text: castles

text: to

text: foreign

text: knights

text: Finally

text: this

text: privilege

text: obliged

text: the

text: King

text: to

text: pay

text: indemnities

text: to

text: nobles

text: injured

text: or

text: taken

text: captive

text: during

text: a

text: war

text: outside

text: Polish

text: borders

question: When did King Louis of Hungary approve the privilege of Koszyce?

answer: 1374

question: WHy did King louis approve the privilege?

answer: in order to guarantee the Polish throne for his daughter Jadwiga

text: in order to guarantee the Polish throne for his daughter Jadwiga

question: What did king louis of hungary do for the nobles?

answer: exempted the entire class from all but one tax

text: exempted the entire class from all but one tax

question: WHat happened to the kings right to raise taxes?

answer: abolished

text: abolished

question: What could the king do to nobles injured or taken during war?

answer: King to pay indemnities

text: King to pay indemnities


text: Although unpleasantness is an essential part of the IASP definition of pain, it is possible to induce a state described as intense pain devoid of unpleasantness in some patients, with morphine injection or psychosurgery. Such patients report that they have pain but are not bothered by it; they recognize the sensation of pain but suffer little, or not at all. Indifference to pain can also rarely be present from birth; these people have normal nerves on medical investigations, and find pain unpleasant, but do not avoid repetition of the pain stimulus.

title: Pain

title: Pain

text: Although

text: unpleasantness

text: is

text: an

text: essential

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: IASP

text: definition

text: of

text: pain

text: it

text: is

text: possible

text: to

text: induce

text: a

text: state

text: described

text: as

text: intense

text: pain

text: devoid

text: of

text: unpleasantness

text: in

text: some

text: patients

text: with

text: morphine

text: injection

text: or

text: psychosurgery

text: Such

text: patients

text: report

text: that

text: they

text: have

text: pain

text: but

text: are

text: not

text: bothered

text: by

text: it

text: they

text: recognize

text: the

text: sensation

text: of

text: pain

text: but

text: suffer

text: little

text: or

text: not

text: at

text: all

text: Indifference

text: to

text: pain

text: can

text: also

text: rarely

text: be

text: present

text: from

text: birth

text: these

text: people

text: have

text: normal

text: nerves

text: on

text: medical

text: investigations

text: and

text: find

text: pain

text: unpleasant

text: but

text: do

text: not

text: avoid

text: repetition

text: of

text: the

text: pain

text: stimulus

question: Which type of injection has caused patients to report they have pain but aren't bothered by it?

answer: morphine

text: morphine

question: How much do some patients going through psychosurgery suffer from the sensation of pain?

answer: little, or not at all

text: little, or not at all

question: IASP's definition of pain includes what aspect as an essential part?

answer: unpleasantness

text: unpleasantness

question: What is it possible to induce which is, contrary to expectations, devoid of unpleasantness?

answer: a state described as intense pain

text: a state described as intense pain

question: What perspective towards pain are some people with perfectly normal nerves born with?

answer: Indifference

text: Indifference


text: Wylie asserts that this type of censorship of the History of Ming distorts the true picture of the history of Sino-Tibetan relations, while the Ming court granted titles to various lamas regardless of their sectarian affiliations in an ongoing civil war in Tibet between competing Buddhist factions. Wylie argues that Ming titles of "King" granted indiscriminately to various Tibetan lamas or even their disciples should not be viewed as reappointments to earlier Yuan dynasty offices, since the viceregal Sakya regime established by the Mongols in Tibet was overthrown by the Phagmodru myriarchy before the Ming existed.

title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty

title: Sino

text: Wylie

text: asserts

text: that

text: this

text: type

text: of

text: censorship

text: of

text: the

text: History

text: of

text: Ming

text: distorts

text: the

text: true

text: picture

text: of

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: Sino

text: Tibetan

text: relations

text: while

text: the

text: Ming

text: court

text: granted

text: titles

text: to

text: various

text: lamas

text: regardless

text: of

text: their

text: sectarian

text: affiliations

text: in

text: an

text: ongoing

text: civil

text: war

text: in

text: Tibet

text: between

text: competing

text: Buddhist

text: factions

text: Wylie

text: argues

text: that

text: Ming

text: titles

text: of

text: King

text: granted

text: indiscriminately

text: to

text: various

text: Tibetan

text: lamas

text: or

text: even

text: their

text: disciples

text: should

text: not

text: be

text: viewed

text: as

text: reappointments

text: to

text: earlier

text: Yuan

text: dynasty

text: offices

text: since

text: the

text: viceregal

text: Sakya

text: regime

text: established

text: by

text: the

text: Mongols

text: in

text: Tibet

text: was

text: overthrown

text: by

text: the

text: Phagmodru

text: myriarchy

text: before

text: the

text: Ming

text: existed

question: Regardless of their sectarian affiliations, who did the Ming grant titles to?

answer: various lamas

text: various lamas

question: Who was the viceregal Sakya regime overthrown by?

answer: the Phagmodru myriarchy

text: the Phagmodru myriarchy


text: Over 40 per cent of school pupils in the city that responded to a survey claimed to have been the victim of bullying. More than 2,000 took part and said that verbal bullying was the most common form, although physical bullying was a close second for boys.

title: Southampton

title: Southampton

text: Over

text: per

text: cent

text: of

text: school

text: pupils

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: that

text: responded

text: to

text: a

text: survey

text: claimed

text: to

text: have

text: been

text: the

text: victim

text: of

text: bullying

text: More

text: than

text: took

text: part

text: and

text: said

text: that

text: verbal

text: bullying

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: form

text: although

text: physical

text: bullying

text: was

text: a

text: close

text: second

text: for

text: boys

question: More than what percentage of the students surveyed said they'd been bullied?

answer: 40

question: About how many pupils took the bullying survey?

answer: 2,000

question: What specific form of bullying did the survey show was most common?

answer: verbal

text: verbal

question: What was the second most common form of bullying experienced by boys who took the survey?

answer: physical

text: physical


text: It combined the high speed of electronics with the ability to be programmed for many complex problems. It could add or subtract 5000 times a second, a thousand times faster than any other machine. It also had modules to multiply, divide, and square root. High speed memory was limited to 20 words (about 80 bytes). Built under the direction of John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert at the University of Pennsylvania, ENIAC's development and construction lasted from 1943 to full operation at the end of 1945. The machine was huge, weighing 30 tons, using 200 kilowatts of electric power and contained over 18,000 vacuum tubes, 1,500 relays, and hundreds of thousands of resistors, capacitors, and inductors.

title: Computer

title: Computer

text: It

text: combined

text: the

text: high

text: speed

text: of

text: electronics

text: with

text: the

text: ability

text: to

text: be

text: programmed

text: for

text: many

text: complex

text: problems

text: It

text: could

text: add

text: or

text: subtract

text: times

text: a

text: second

text: a

text: thousand

text: times

text: faster

text: than

text: any

text: other

text: machine

text: It

text: also

text: had

text: modules

text: to

text: multiply

text: divide

text: and

text: square

text: root

text: High

text: speed

text: memory

text: was

text: limited

text: to

text: words

text: about

text: bytes

text: Built

text: under

text: the

text: direction

text: of

text: John

text: Mauchly

text: and

text: J.

text: Presper

text: Eckert

text: at

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Pennsylvania

text: ENIAC

text: 's

text: development

text: and

text: construction

text: lasted

text: from

text: to

text: full

text: operation

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: The

text: machine

text: was

text: huge

text: weighing

text: tons

text: using

text: kilowatts

text: of

text: electric

text: power

text: and

text: contained

text: over

text: vacuum

text: tubes

text: relays

text: and

text: hundreds

text: of

text: thousands

text: of

text: resistors

text: capacitors

text: and

text: inductors

question: How many times could it add or subtract a second?

answer: 5000

question: What was the limit of its high speed memory?

answer: ENIAC

text: ENIAC

question: ENIAC was constructed by whom?

answer: John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert

text: John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert

question: Where did John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert build the ENIAC?

answer: University of Pennsylvania

text: University of Pennsylvania

question: When was ENIAC fully operational?

answer: 1945


text: In vertebrates, the part of the brain that plays the greatest role is the hypothalamus, a small region at the base of the forebrain whose size does not reflect its complexity or the importance of its function. The hypothalamus is a collection of small nuclei, most of which are involved in basic biological functions. Some of these functions relate to arousal or to social interactions such as sexuality, aggression, or maternal behaviors; but many of them relate to homeostasis. Several hypothalamic nuclei receive input from sensors located in the lining of blood vessels, conveying information about temperature, sodium level, glucose level, blood oxygen level, and other parameters. These hypothalamic nuclei send output signals to motor areas that can generate actions to rectify deficiencies. Some of the outputs also go to the pituitary gland, a tiny gland attached to the brain directly underneath the hypothalamus. The pituitary gland secretes hormones into the bloodstream, where they circulate throughout the body and induce changes in cellular activity.

title: Brain

title: Brain

text: In

text: vertebrates

text: the

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: brain

text: that

text: plays

text: the

text: greatest

text: role

text: is

text: the

text: hypothalamus

text: a

text: small

text: region

text: at

text: the

text: base

text: of

text: the

text: forebrain

text: whose

text: size

text: does

text: not

text: reflect

text: its

text: complexity

text: or

text: the

text: importance

text: of

text: its

text: function

text: The

text: hypothalamus

text: is

text: a

text: collection

text: of

text: small

text: nuclei

text: most

text: of

text: which

text: are

text: involved

text: in

text: basic

text: biological

text: functions

text: Some

text: of

text: these

text: functions

text: relate

text: to

text: arousal

text: or

text: to

text: social

text: interactions

text: such

text: as

text: sexuality

text: aggression

text: or

text: maternal

text: behaviors

text: but

text: many

text: of

text: them

text: relate

text: to

text: homeostasis

text: Several

text: hypothalamic

text: nuclei

text: receive

text: input

text: from

text: sensors

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: lining

text: of

text: blood

text: vessels

text: conveying

text: information

text: about

text: temperature

text: sodium

text: level

text: glucose

text: level

text: blood

text: oxygen

text: level

text: and

text: other

text: parameters

text: These

text: hypothalamic

text: nuclei

text: send

text: output

text: signals

text: to

text: motor

text: areas

text: that

text: can

text: generate

text: actions

text: to

text: rectify

text: deficiencies

text: Some

text: of

text: the

text: outputs

text: also

text: go

text: to

text: the

text: pituitary

text: gland

text: a

text: tiny

text: gland

text: attached

text: to

text: the

text: brain

text: directly

text: underneath

text: the

text: hypothalamus

text: The

text: pituitary

text: gland

text: secretes

text: hormones

text: into

text: the

text: bloodstream

text: where

text: they

text: circulate

text: throughout

text: the

text: body

text: and

text: induce

text: changes

text: in

text: cellular

text: activity

question: The hypothalamus is located at the base of what?

answer: the forebrain

text: the forebrain

question: In vertebrates, the most important part of the brain is what?

answer: the hypothalamus,

text: the hypothalamus,

question: A collection of small nuclei at the base of the forebrain is called what?

answer: the hypothalamus,

text: the hypothalamus,

question: The gland directly underneath the hypothalamus is which gland?

answer: the pituitary gland

text: the pituitary gland

question: The pituitary gland sends hormones through what in the body?

answer: the bloodstream

text: the bloodstream


text: Plumage is regularly moulted; the standard plumage of a bird that has moulted after breeding is known as the "non-breeding" plumage, or—in the Humphrey-Parkes terminology—"basic" plumage; breeding plumages or variations of the basic plumage are known under the Humphrey-Parkes system as "alternate" plumages. Moulting is annual in most species, although some may have two moults a year, and large birds of prey may moult only once every few years. Moulting patterns vary across species. In passerines, flight feathers are replaced one at a time with the innermost primary being the first. When the fifth of sixth primary is replaced, the outermost tertiaries begin to drop. After the innermost tertiaries are moulted, the secondaries starting from the innermost begin to drop and this proceeds to the outer feathers (centrifugal moult). The greater primary coverts are moulted in synchrony with the primary that they overlap. A small number of species, such as ducks and geese, lose all of their flight feathers at once, temporarily becoming flightless. As a general rule, the tail feathers are moulted and replaced starting with the innermost pair. Centripetal moults of tail feathers are however seen in the Phasianidae. The centrifugal moult is modified in the tail feathers of woodpeckers and treecreepers, in that it begins with the second innermost pair of feathers and finishes with the central pair of feathers so that the bird maintains a functional climbing tail. The general pattern seen in passerines is that the primaries are replaced outward, secondaries inward, and the tail from center outward. Before nesting, the females of most bird species gain a bare brood patch by losing feathers close to the belly. The skin there is well supplied with blood vessels and helps the bird in incubation.

title: Bird

title: Bird

text: Plumage

text: is

text: regularly

text: moulted

text: the

text: standard

text: plumage

text: of

text: a

text: bird

text: that

text: has

text: moulted

text: after

text: breeding

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: non

text: breeding

text: plumage

text: or

text: in

text: the

text: Humphrey

text: Parkes

text: terminology—"basic

text: plumage

text: breeding

text: plumages

text: or

text: variations

text: of

text: the

text: basic

text: plumage

text: are

text: known

text: under

text: the

text: Humphrey

text: Parkes

text: system

text: as

text: alternate

text: plumages

text: Moulting

text: is

text: annual

text: in

text: most

text: species

text: although

text: some

text: may

text: have

text: two

text: moults

text: a

text: year

text: and

text: large

text: birds

text: of

text: prey

text: may

text: moult

text: only

text: once

text: every

text: few

text: years

text: Moulting

text: patterns

text: vary

text: across

text: species

text: In

text: passerines

text: flight

text: feathers

text: are

text: replaced

text: one

text: at

text: a

text: time

text: with

text: the

text: innermost

text: primary

text: being

text: the

text: first

text: When

text: the

text: fifth

text: of

text: sixth

text: primary

text: is

text: replaced

text: the

text: outermost

text: tertiaries

text: begin

text: to

text: drop

text: After

text: the

text: innermost

text: tertiaries

text: are

text: moulted

text: the

text: secondaries

text: starting

text: from

text: the

text: innermost

text: begin

text: to

text: drop

text: and

text: this

text: proceeds

text: to

text: the

text: outer

text: feathers

text: centrifugal

text: moult

text: The

text: greater

text: primary

text: coverts

text: are

text: moulted

text: in

text: synchrony

text: with

text: the

text: primary

text: that

text: they

text: overlap

text: A

text: small

text: number

text: of

text: species

text: such

text: as

text: ducks

text: and

text: geese

text: lose

text: all

text: of

text: their

text: flight

text: feathers

text: at

text: once

text: temporarily

text: becoming

text: flightless

text: As

text: a

text: general

text: rule

text: the

text: tail

text: feathers

text: are

text: moulted

text: and

text: replaced

text: starting

text: with

text: the

text: innermost

text: pair

text: Centripetal

text: moults

text: of

text: tail

text: feathers

text: are

text: however

text: seen

text: in

text: the

text: Phasianidae

text: The

text: centrifugal

text: moult

text: is

text: modified

text: in

text: the

text: tail

text: feathers

text: of

text: woodpeckers

text: and

text: treecreepers

text: in

text: that

text: it

text: begins

text: with

text: the

text: second

text: innermost

text: pair

text: of

text: feathers

text: and

text: finishes

text: with

text: the

text: central

text: pair

text: of

text: feathers

text: so

text: that

text: the

text: bird

text: maintains

text: a

text: functional

text: climbing

text: tail

text: The

text: general

text: pattern

text: seen

text: in

text: passerines

text: is

text: that

text: the

text: primaries

text: are

text: replaced

text: outward

text: secondaries

text: inward

text: and

text: the

text: tail

text: from

text: center

text: outward

text: Before

text: nesting

text: the

text: females

text: of

text: most

text: bird

text: species

text: gain

text: a

text: bare

text: brood

text: patch

text: by

text: losing

text: feathers

text: close

text: to

text: the

text: belly

text: The

text: skin

text: there

text: is

text: well

text: supplied

text: with

text: blood

text: vessels

text: and

text: helps

text: the

text: bird

text: in

text: incubation

question: What is regularly moulted?

answer: Plumage

text: Plumage

question: What is the standard plumage of a bird that has moulted after breeding?

answer: "non-breeding" plumage

text: "non-breeding" plumage

question: How often does moulting occur in most species?

answer: annual

text: annual

question: What type of birds may moult only once every few years?

answer: large birds of prey

text: large birds of prey


text: The BRA subsequently reevaluated its approach to urban renewal in its future projects, including the construction of Government Center. In 1965, the first Community Health Center in the United States opened, the Columbia Point Health Center, in the Dorchester neighborhood. It mostly served the massive Columbia Point public housing complex adjoining it, which was built in 1953. The health center is still in operation and was rededicated in 1990 as the Geiger-Gibson Community Health Center. The Columbia Point complex itself was redeveloped and revitalized into a mixed-income community called Harbor Point Apartments from 1984 to 1990. By the 1970s, the city's economy boomed after 30 years of economic downturn. A large number of high rises were constructed in the Financial District and in Boston's Back Bay during this time period. This boom continued into the mid-1980s and later began again. Hospitals such as Massachusetts General Hospital, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Brigham and Women's Hospital lead the nation in medical innovation and patient care. Schools such as Boston College, Boston University, the Harvard Medical School, Northeastern University, Wentworth Institute of Technology, Berklee College of Music and Boston Conservatory attract students to the area. Nevertheless, the city experienced conflict starting in 1974 over desegregation busing, which resulted in unrest and violence around public schools throughout the mid-1970s.

title: Boston

title: Boston

text: The

text: BRA

text: subsequently

text: reevaluated

text: its

text: approach

text: to

text: urban

text: renewal

text: in

text: its

text: future

text: projects

text: including

text: the

text: construction

text: of

text: Government

text: Center

text: In

text: the

text: first

text: Community

text: Health

text: Center

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: opened

text: the

text: Columbia

text: Point

text: Health

text: Center

text: in

text: the

text: Dorchester

text: neighborhood

text: It

text: mostly

text: served

text: the

text: massive

text: Columbia

text: Point

text: public

text: housing

text: complex

text: adjoining

text: it

text: which

text: was

text: built

text: in

text: The

text: health

text: center

text: is

text: still

text: in

text: operation

text: and

text: was

text: rededicated

text: in

text: as

text: the

text: Geiger

text: Gibson

text: Community

text: Health

text: Center

text: The

text: Columbia

text: Point

text: complex

text: itself

text: was

text: redeveloped

text: and

text: revitalized

text: into

text: a

text: mixed

text: income

text: community

text: called

text: Harbor

text: Point

text: Apartments

text: from

text: to

text: By

text: the

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: economy

text: boomed

text: after

text: years

text: of

text: economic

text: downturn

text: A

text: large

text: number

text: of

text: high

text: rises

text: were

text: constructed

text: in

text: the

text: Financial

text: District

text: and

text: in

text: Boston

text: 's

text: Back

text: Bay

text: during

text: this

text: time

text: period

text: This

text: boom

text: continued

text: into

text: the

text: and

text: later

text: began

text: again

text: Hospitals

text: such

text: as

text: Massachusetts

text: General

text: Hospital

text: Beth

text: Israel

text: Deaconess

text: Medical

text: Center

text: and

text: Brigham

text: and

text: Women

text: 's

text: Hospital

text: lead

text: the

text: nation

text: in

text: medical

text: innovation

text: and

text: patient

text: care

text: Schools

text: such

text: as

text: Boston

text: College

text: Boston

text: University

text: the

text: Harvard

text: Medical

text: School

text: Northeastern

text: University

text: Wentworth

text: Institute

text: of

text: Technology

text: Berklee

text: College

text: of

text: Music

text: and

text: Boston

text: Conservatory

text: attract

text: students

text: to

text: the

text: area

text: Nevertheless

text: the

text: city

text: experienced

text: conflict

text: starting

text: in

text: over

text: desegregation

text: busing

text: which

text: resulted

text: in

text: unrest

text: and

text: violence

text: around

text: public

text: schools

text: throughout

text: the

question: What year did the first community health center in the US open?

answer: 1965

question: Where was Colombia Point Health Center located?

answer: the Dorchester neighborhood

text: the Dorchester neighborhood

question: In 1990, the Colombia Point Health Center was renamed what?

answer: Geiger-Gibson Community Health Center

text: Geiger-Gibson Community Health Center


text: Schwarzenegger rolled profits from the mail order business and his bodybuilding competition winnings into his first real estate investment venture: an apartment building he purchased for $10,000. He would later go on to invest in a number of real estate holding companies.

title: Arnold_Schwarzenegger

title: Arnold_Schwarzenegger

text: Schwarzenegger

text: rolled

text: profits

text: from

text: the

text: mail

text: order

text: business

text: and

text: his

text: bodybuilding

text: competition

text: winnings

text: into

text: his

text: first

text: real

text: estate

text: investment

text: venture

text: an

text: apartment

text: building

text: he

text: purchased

text: for

text: He

text: would

text: later

text: go

text: on

text: to

text: invest

text: in

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: real

text: estate

text: holding

text: companies

question: How much did Schwarzenegger pay for the first apartment building he bought?

answer: $10,000


text: The birth of native Estonian literature was in 1810 to 1820 when the patriotic and philosophical poems by Kristjan Jaak Peterson were published. Peterson, who was the first student at the then German-language University of Dorpat to acknowledge his Estonian origin, is commonly regarded as a herald of Estonian national literature and considered the founder of modern Estonian poetry. His birthday on March 14 is celebrated in Estonia as the Mother Tongue Day. A fragment from Peterson's poem "Kuu" expresses the claim reestablishing the birthright of the Estonian language:

title: Estonian_language

title: Estonian_language

text: The

text: birth

text: of

text: native

text: Estonian

text: literature

text: was

text: in

text: to

text: when

text: the

text: patriotic

text: and

text: philosophical

text: poems

text: by

text: Kristjan

text: Jaak

text: Peterson

text: were

text: published

text: Peterson

text: who

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: student

text: at

text: the

text: then

text: German

text: language

text: University

text: of

text: Dorpat

text: to

text: acknowledge

text: his

text: Estonian

text: origin

text: is

text: commonly

text: regarded

text: as

text: a

text: herald

text: of

text: Estonian

text: national

text: literature

text: and

text: considered

text: the

text: founder

text: of

text: modern

text: Estonian

text: poetry

text: His

text: birthday

text: on

text: March

text: is

text: celebrated

text: in

text: Estonia

text: as

text: the

text: Mother

text: Tongue

text: Day

text: A

text: fragment

text: from

text: Peterson

text: 's

text: poem

text: Kuu

text: expresses

text: the

text: claim

text: reestablishing

text: the

text: birthright

text: of

text: the

text: Estonian

text: language

question: Which Estonian poet's works were printed from 1810 to 1820?

answer: Kristjan Jaak Peterson

text: Kristjan Jaak Peterson

question: What subjects were Kristjan Jaak Peterson poems on?

answer: patriotic and philosophical

text: patriotic and philosophical

question: When was Peterson born?

answer: March 14

text: March 14

question: What is another name given for Peterson's birthday?

answer: Mother Tongue Day

text: Mother Tongue Day

question: What university did Peterson attend?

answer: German-language University of Dorpat

text: German-language University of Dorpat


text: Argentine activists told a news conference that they would not try to snuff out the torch's flame as demonstrators had in Paris and London. "I want to announce that we will not put out the Olympic torch," said pro-Tibet activist Jorge Carcavallo. "We'll be carrying out surprise actions throughout the city of Buenos Aires, but all of these will be peaceful." Among other activities, protesters organized an alternative march that went from the Obelisk to the city hall, featuring their own "Human Rights Torch." A giant banner reading "Free Tibet" was also displayed on the torch route. According to a representative from the NGO 'Human Rights Torch Relay', their objective was to "show the contradiction between the Olympic Games and the presence of widespread human rights violations in China"

title: 2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay

title: 2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay

text: Argentine

text: activists

text: told

text: a

text: news

text: conference

text: that

text: they

text: would

text: not

text: try

text: to

text: snuff

text: out

text: the

text: torch

text: 's

text: flame

text: as

text: demonstrators

text: had

text: in

text: Paris

text: and

text: London

text: I

text: want

text: to

text: announce

text: that

text: we

text: will

text: not

text: put

text: out

text: the

text: Olympic

text: torch

text: said

text: pro

text: Tibet

text: activist

text: Jorge

text: Carcavallo

text: We

text: 'll

text: be

text: carrying

text: out

text: surprise

text: actions

text: throughout

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Buenos

text: Aires

text: but

text: all

text: of

text: these

text: will

text: be

text: peaceful

text: Among

text: other

text: activities

text: protesters

text: organized

text: an

text: alternative

text: march

text: that

text: went

text: from

text: the

text: Obelisk

text: to

text: the

text: city

text: hall

text: featuring

text: their

text: own

text: Human

text: Rights

text: Torch

text: A

text: giant

text: banner

text: reading

text: Free

text: Tibet

text: was

text: also

text: displayed

text: on

text: the

text: torch

text: route

text: According

text: to

text: a

text: representative

text: from

text: the

text: NGO

text: Human

text: Rights

text: Torch

text: Relay

text: their

text: objective

text: was

text: to

text: show

text: the

text: contradiction

text: between

text: the

text: Olympic

text: Games

text: and

text: the

text: presence

text: of

text: widespread

text: human

text: rights

text: violations

text: in

text: China

question: What is the name of the activist who promised peaceful protests?

answer: Jorge Carcavallo

text: Jorge Carcavallo

question: What route was planned for an alternative march?

answer: from the Obelisk to the city hall

text: from the Obelisk to the city hall

question: What was on the banner that was displayed where the torchbearers would carry the torch?

answer: Free Tibet

text: Free Tibet

question: What is the name of the protester who said they would not try to extinguish the torch?

answer: Jorge Carcavallo.

text: Jorge Carcavallo.

question: Where did the other march travel form and to?

answer: Obelisk to the city hall

text: Obelisk to the city hall

question: What was the name given to the torch carried on the alternative march?

answer: Human Rights Torch.

text: Human Rights Torch.

question: What did the large banner say that was along the alternative march route?

answer: Free Tibet

text: Free Tibet

question: What was the unsanctioned alternative relay called?

answer: Human Rights Torch Relay

text: Human Rights Torch Relay


text: Archaeology confirms the widespread use of binding spells (defixiones), magical papyri and so-called "voodoo dolls" from a very early era. Around 250 defixiones have been recovered just from Roman Britain, in both urban and rural settings. Some seek straightforward, usually gruesome revenge, often for a lover's offense or rejection. Others appeal for divine redress of wrongs, in terms familiar to any Roman magistrate, and promise a portion of the value (usually small) of lost or stolen property in return for its restoration. None of these defixiones seem produced by, or on behalf of the elite, who had more immediate recourse to human law and justice. Similar traditions existed throughout the empire, persisting until around the 7th century AD, well into the Christian era.

title: Religion_in_ancient_Rome

title: Religion_in_ancient_Rome

text: Archaeology

text: confirms

text: the

text: widespread

text: use

text: of

text: binding

text: spells

text: defixiones

text: magical

text: papyri

text: and

text: so

text: called

text: voodoo

text: dolls

text: from

text: a

text: very

text: early

text: era

text: Around

text: defixiones

text: have

text: been

text: recovered

text: just

text: from

text: Roman

text: Britain

text: in

text: both

text: urban

text: and

text: rural

text: settings

text: Some

text: seek

text: straightforward

text: usually

text: gruesome

text: revenge

text: often

text: for

text: a

text: lover

text: 's

text: offense

text: or

text: rejection

text: Others

text: appeal

text: for

text: divine

text: redress

text: of

text: wrongs

text: in

text: terms

text: familiar

text: to

text: any

text: Roman

text: magistrate

text: and

text: promise

text: a

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: value

text: usually

text: small

text: of

text: lost

text: or

text: stolen

text: property

text: in

text: return

text: for

text: its

text: restoration

text: of

text: these

text: defixiones

text: seem

text: produced

text: by

text: or

text: on

text: behalf

text: of

text: the

text: elite

text: who

text: had

text: more

text: immediate

text: recourse

text: to

text: human

text: law

text: and

text: justice

text: Similar

text: traditions

text: existed

text: throughout

text: the

text: empire

text: persisting

text: until

text: around

text: the

text: century

text: AD

text: well

text: into

text: the

text: Christian

text: era

question: What science has confirmed the existence of magic use from early times?

answer: Archaeology

text: Archaeology

question: What was the term for binding spells in the Roman world?

answer: defixiones

text: defixiones

question: What did the elite use instead of spells and potions to redress a wrong?

answer: law and justice

text: law and justice

question: Until what era did spells persist in the empire?

answer: 7th century AD

text: 7th century AD

question: What era produced a decline in the use of spells?

answer: Christian era

text: Christian era


text: The Exeter to Plymouth railway of the LSWR needs to be reopened to connect Cornwall and Plymouth to the rest of the UK railway system on an all weather basis. There are proposals to reopen the line from Tavistock to Bere Alston for a through service to Plymouth. On the night of 4 February 2014, amid high winds and extremely rough seas, part of the sea wall at Dawlish was breached washing away around 40 metres (130 ft) of the wall and the ballast under the railway immediately behind. The line was closed. Network Rail began repair work  and the line reopened on 4 April 2014. In the wake of widespread disruption caused by damage to the mainline track at Dawlish by coastal storms in February 2014, Network Rail are considering reopening the Tavistock to Okehampton and Exeter section of the line as an alternative to the coastal route.

title: Plymouth

title: Plymouth

text: The

text: Exeter

text: to

text: Plymouth

text: railway

text: of

text: the

text: LSWR

text: needs

text: to

text: be

text: reopened

text: to

text: connect

text: Cornwall

text: and

text: Plymouth

text: to

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: the

text: UK

text: railway

text: system

text: on

text: an

text: all

text: weather

text: basis

text: There

text: are

text: proposals

text: to

text: reopen

text: the

text: line

text: from

text: Tavistock

text: to

text: Bere

text: Alston

text: for

text: a

text: through

text: service

text: to

text: Plymouth

text: On

text: the

text: night

text: of

text: February

text: amid

text: high

text: winds

text: and

text: extremely

text: rough

text: seas

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: sea

text: wall

text: at

text: Dawlish

text: was

text: breached

text: washing

text: away

text: around

text: metres

text: ft

text: of

text: the

text: wall

text: and

text: the

text: ballast

text: under

text: the

text: railway

text: immediately

text: behind

text: The

text: line

text: was

text: closed

text: Network

text: Rail

text: began

text: repair

text: work

text: and

text: the

text: line

text: reopened

text: on

text: April

text: In

text: the

text: wake

text: of

text: widespread

text: disruption

text: caused

text: by

text: damage

text: to

text: the

text: mainline

text: track

text: at

text: Dawlish

text: by

text: coastal

text: storms

text: in

text: February

text: Network

text: Rail

text: are

text: considering

text: reopening

text: the

text: Tavistock

text: to

text: Okehampton

text: and

text: Exeter

text: section

text: of

text: the

text: line

text: as

text: an

text: alternative

text: to

text: the

text: coastal

text: route

question: On what date was the Dawlish sea wall damaged?

answer: 4 February 2014

text: 4 February 2014

question: In feet, how much of the Dawlish sea wall was destroyed?

answer: 130

question: After the Dawlish sea wall was damaged, on what date did the line reopen?

answer: 4 April 2014

text: 4 April 2014

question: In what month and year did storms affect the coastal line near Dawlish?

answer: February 2014

text: February 2014


text: A "grand", sometimes shortened to simply "G", is a common term for the amount of $1,000. The suffix "K" or "k" (from "kilo-") is also commonly used to denote this amount (such as "$10k" to mean $10,000). However, the $1,000 note is no longer in general use. A "large" or "stack", it is usually a reference to a multiple of $1,000 (such as "fifty large" meaning $50,000). The $100 note is nicknamed "Benjamin", "Benji", "Ben", or "Franklin" (after Benjamin Franklin), "C-note" (C being the Roman numeral for 100), "Century note" or "bill" (e.g. "two bills" being $200). The $50 note is occasionally called a "yardstick" or a "grant" (after President Ulysses S. Grant, pictured on the obverse). The $20 note is referred to as a "double sawbuck", "Jackson" (after Andrew Jackson), or "double eagle". The $10 note is referred to as a "sawbuck", "ten-spot" or "Hamilton" (after Alexander Hamilton). The $5 note as "Lincoln", "fin", "fiver" or "five-spot". The infrequently-used $2 note is sometimes called "deuce", "Tom", or "Jefferson" (after Thomas Jefferson). The $1 note as a "single" or "buck". The dollar has also been, referred to as a "bone" and "bones" in plural (e.g. "twenty bones" is equal to $20). The newer designs, with portraits displayed in the main body of the obverse rather than in cameo insets upon paper color-coded by denomination, are sometimes referred to as "bigface" notes or "Monopoly money".

title: United_States_dollar

title: United_States_dollar

text: A

text: grand

text: sometimes

text: shortened

text: to

text: simply

text: G

text: is

text: a

text: common

text: term

text: for

text: the

text: amount

text: of

text: The

text: suffix

text: K

text: or

text: k

text: from

text: kilo-

text: is

text: also

text: commonly

text: used

text: to

text: denote

text: this

text: amount

text: such

text: as

text: to

text: mean

text: However

text: the

text: note

text: is

text: no

text: longer

text: in

text: general

text: use

text: A

text: large

text: or

text: stack

text: it

text: is

text: usually

text: a

text: reference

text: to

text: a

text: multiple

text: of

text: such

text: as

text: fifty

text: large

text: meaning

text: The

text: note

text: is

text: nicknamed

text: Benjamin

text: Benji

text: Ben

text: or

text: Franklin

text: after

text: Benjamin

text: Franklin

text: C

text: note

text: C

text: being

text: the

text: Roman

text: numeral

text: for

text: Century

text: note

text: or

text: bill

text: e.g.

text: two

text: bills

text: being

text: The

text: note

text: is

text: occasionally

text: called

text: a

text: yardstick

text: or

text: a

text: grant

text: after

text: President

text: Ulysses

text: S.

text: Grant

text: pictured

text: on

text: the

text: obverse

text: The

text: note

text: is

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: a

text: double

text: sawbuck

text: Jackson

text: after

text: Andrew

text: Jackson

text: or

text: double

text: eagle

text: The

text: note

text: is

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: a

text: sawbuck

text: ten

text: spot

text: or

text: Hamilton

text: after

text: Alexander

text: Hamilton

text: The

text: note

text: as

text: Lincoln

text: fin

text: fiver

text: or

text: five

text: spot

text: The

text: infrequently

text: used

text: note

text: is

text: sometimes

text: called

text: deuce

text: Tom

text: or

text: Jefferson

text: after

text: Thomas

text: Jefferson

text: The

text: note

text: as

text: a

text: single

text: or

text: buck

text: The

text: dollar

text: has

text: also

text: been

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: a

text: bone

text: and

text: bones

text: in

text: plural

text: e.g.

text: twenty

text: bones

text: is

text: equal

text: to

text: The

text: newer

text: designs

text: with

text: portraits

text: displayed

text: in

text: the

text: main

text: body

text: of

text: the

text: obverse

text: rather

text: than

text: in

text: cameo

text: insets

text: upon

text: paper

text: color

text: coded

text: by

text: denomination

text: are

text: sometimes

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: bigface

text: notes

text: or

text: Monopoly

text: money

question: What is a "grand" sometimes shortened to?

answer: "G"

text: "G"

question: What is another term other than "large" that means a stack of mutiple thousands?

answer: "stack"

text: "stack"

question: What is a "C-note" a reference to?

answer: the Roman numeral for 100

text: the Roman numeral for 100

question: Which note is occasionally called a "yardstick"?

answer: $50

question: What is another term for "bigface" notes?

answer: Monopoly money

text: Monopoly money


text: While videoconferencing technology was initially used primarily within internal corporate communication networks, one of the first community service usages of the technology started in 1992 through a unique partnership with PictureTel and IBM Corporations which at the time were promoting a jointly developed desktop based videoconferencing product known as the PCS/1. Over the next 15 years, Project DIANE (Diversified Information and Assistance Network) grew to utilize a variety of videoconferencing platforms to create a multi-state cooperative public service and distance education network consisting of several hundred schools, neighborhood centers, libraries, science museums, zoos and parks, public assistance centers, and other community oriented organizations.

title: Videoconferencing

title: Videoconferencing

text: While

text: videoconferencing

text: technology

text: was

text: initially

text: used

text: primarily

text: within

text: internal

text: corporate

text: communication

text: networks

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: community

text: service

text: usages

text: of

text: the

text: technology

text: started

text: in

text: through

text: a

text: unique

text: partnership

text: with

text: PictureTel

text: and

text: IBM

text: Corporations

text: which

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: were

text: promoting

text: a

text: jointly

text: developed

text: desktop

text: based

text: videoconferencing

text: product

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Over

text: the

text: next

text: years

text: Project

text: DIANE

text: Diversified

text: Information

text: and

text: Assistance

text: Network

text: grew

text: to

text: utilize

text: a

text: variety

text: of

text: videoconferencing

text: platforms

text: to

text: create

text: a

text: multi

text: state

text: cooperative

text: public

text: service

text: and

text: distance

text: education

text: network

text: consisting

text: of

text: several

text: hundred

text: schools

text: neighborhood

text: centers

text: libraries

text: science

text: museums

text: zoos

text: and

text: parks

text: public

text: assistance

text: centers

text: and

text: other

text: community

text: oriented

text: organizations

question: What year did one the first community service usages of videoconferencing take place?

answer: 1992

question: What company helped in the creation of community service videoconferencing?

answer: IBM

text: IBM

question: What is the videoconferencing product that both IBM and PictureTel worked on?

answer: PCS/1

question: What does DIANE in Project DIANE stand for?

answer: Diversified Information and Assistance Network

text: Diversified Information and Assistance Network

question: How many years did it take for Project DIANE to grow?

answer: 15


text: The University of Guam (UOG) and Guam Community College, both fully accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges, offer courses in higher education. UOG is a member of the exclusive group of only 76 U.S. land-grant institutions in the entire United States. Pacific Islands University is a small Christian liberal arts institution nationally accredited by the Transnational Association of Christian Colleges and Schools. They offer courses at both the undergraduate and graduate levels.

title: Guam

title: Guam

text: The

text: University

text: of

text: Guam

text: UOG

text: and

text: Guam

text: Community

text: College

text: both

text: fully

text: accredited

text: by

text: the

text: Western

text: Association

text: of

text: Schools

text: and

text: Colleges

text: offer

text: courses

text: in

text: higher

text: education

text: UOG

text: is

text: a

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: exclusive

text: group

text: of

text: only

text: U.S.

text: land

text: grant

text: institutions

text: in

text: the

text: entire

text: United

text: States

text: Pacific

text: Islands

text: University

text: is

text: a

text: small

text: Christian

text: liberal

text: arts

text: institution

text: nationally

text: accredited

text: by

text: the

text: Transnational

text: Association

text: of

text: Christian

text: Colleges

text: and

text: Schools

text: They

text: offer

text: courses

text: at

text: both

text: the

text: undergraduate

text: and

text: graduate

text: levels

question: What are the names of the two colleges in Guam?

answer: The University of Guam (UOG) and Guam Community College

text: The University of Guam (UOG) and Guam Community College

question: Who are these two schools accredited by?

answer: Western Association of Schools and Colleges

text: Western Association of Schools and Colleges

question: What is the name of the small Christian college in Guam?

answer: Pacific Islands University

text: Pacific Islands University


text: Alternatively, or in addition to this practice, the members of an upper house may be indirectly elected by the government or legislature of the component states, as occurred in the United States prior to 1913, or be actual members or delegates of the state governments, as, for example, is the case in the German Bundesrat and in the Council of the European Union. The lower house of a federal legislature is usually directly elected, with apportionment in proportion to population, although states may sometimes still be guaranteed a certain minimum number of seats.

title: Federalism

title: Federalism

text: Alternatively

text: or

text: in

text: addition

text: to

text: this

text: practice

text: the

text: members

text: of

text: an

text: upper

text: house

text: may

text: be

text: indirectly

text: elected

text: by

text: the

text: government

text: or

text: legislature

text: of

text: the

text: component

text: states

text: as

text: occurred

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: prior

text: to

text: or

text: be

text: actual

text: members

text: or

text: delegates

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: governments

text: as

text: for

text: example

text: is

text: the

text: case

text: in

text: the

text: German

text: Bundesrat

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: Council

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: The

text: lower

text: house

text: of

text: a

text: federal

text: legislature

text: is

text: usually

text: directly

text: elected

text: with

text: apportionment

text: in

text: proportion

text: to

text: population

text: although

text: states

text: may

text: sometimes

text: still

text: be

text: guaranteed

text: a

text: certain

text: minimum

text: number

text: of

text: seats

question: Who can elect the members of the upper house?

answer: government or legislature

text: government or legislature

question: Can the members of the upper house be elected directly or indirectly?

answer: indirectly

text: indirectly

question: Can the members of the lower house be elected directly or indirectly?

answer: directly

text: directly


text: The Chronicle provides a mythic tale of Oleg's death. A sorcerer prophesies that the death of the Grand Prince would be associated with a certain horse. Oleg has the horse sequestered, and it later dies. Oleg goes to visit the horse and stands over the carcass, gloating that he had outlived the threat, when a snake strikes him from among the bones, and he soon becomes ill and dies. The Chronicle reports that Prince Igor succeeded Oleg in 913, and after some brief conflicts with the Drevlians and the Pechenegs, a period of peace ensued for over twenty years.

title: Kievan_Rus%27

title: Kievan_Rus%27

text: The

text: Chronicle

text: provides

text: a

text: mythic

text: tale

text: of

text: Oleg

text: 's

text: death

text: A

text: sorcerer

text: prophesies

text: that

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: the

text: Grand

text: Prince

text: would

text: be

text: associated

text: with

text: a

text: certain

text: horse

text: Oleg

text: has

text: the

text: horse

text: sequestered

text: and

text: it

text: later

text: dies

text: Oleg

text: goes

text: to

text: visit

text: the

text: horse

text: and

text: stands

text: over

text: the

text: carcass

text: gloating

text: that

text: he

text: had

text: outlived

text: the

text: threat

text: when

text: a

text: snake

text: strikes

text: him

text: from

text: among

text: the

text: bones

text: and

text: he

text: soon

text: becomes

text: ill

text: and

text: dies

text: The

text: Chronicle

text: reports

text: that

text: Prince

text: Igor

text: succeeded

text: Oleg

text: in

text: and

text: after

text: some

text: brief

text: conflicts

text: with

text: the

text: Drevlians

text: and

text: the

text: Pechenegs

text: a

text: period

text: of

text: peace

text: ensued

text: for

text: over

text: twenty

text: years

question: What known document tells of the death of Oleg?

answer: The Chronicle

text: The Chronicle

question: What was prophesised by a sorcerer involving Oleg's death?

answer: certain horse

text: certain horse

question: WHo succeeded Oleg in 913?

answer: Prince Igor

text: Prince Igor

question: What does Oleg do to his horse?

answer: has the horse sequestered

text: has the horse sequestered


text: Fachhochschulen were first founded in the early 1970s. They do not focus exclusively on technology, but may also offer courses in social science, medicine, business and design. They grant bachelor's degrees and master's degrees, and focus more on teaching than research and more on specific professions than on science.

title: Institute_of_technology

title: Institute_of_technology

text: Fachhochschulen

text: were

text: first

text: founded

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: They

text: do

text: not

text: focus

text: exclusively

text: on

text: technology

text: but

text: may

text: also

text: offer

text: courses

text: in

text: social

text: science

text: medicine

text: business

text: and

text: design

text: They

text: grant

text: bachelor

text: 's

text: degrees

text: and

text: master

text: 's

text: degrees

text: and

text: focus

text: more

text: on

text: teaching

text: than

text: research

text: and

text: more

text: on

text: specific

text: professions

text: than

text: on

text: science

question: Fachhochschulen first came about in the early years of what decade?

answer: 1970s

question: Fachhochschulen favor an education in what, as opposed to research?

answer: teaching

text: teaching

question: In addition to technology, Fachhochschulen offer courses in social science, medicine, design, and what other discipline?

answer: business

text: business


text: At the end of the Rigvedic period, the Aryan society began to expand from the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent, into the western Ganges plain. It became increasingly agricultural and was socially organised around the hierarchy of the four varnas, or social classes. This social structure was characterized both by syncretising with the native cultures of northern India, but also eventually by the excluding of indigenous peoples by labelling their occupations impure. During this period, many of the previous small tribal units and chiefdoms began to coalesce into monarchical, state-level polities.

title: History_of_India

title: History_of_India

text: At

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Rigvedic

text: period

text: the

text: Aryan

text: society

text: began

text: to

text: expand

text: from

text: the

text: northwestern

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: Indian

text: subcontinent

text: into

text: the

text: western

text: Ganges

text: plain

text: It

text: became

text: increasingly

text: agricultural

text: and

text: was

text: socially

text: organised

text: around

text: the

text: hierarchy

text: of

text: the

text: four

text: varnas

text: or

text: social

text: classes

text: This

text: social

text: structure

text: was

text: characterized

text: both

text: by

text: syncretising

text: with

text: the

text: native

text: cultures

text: of

text: northern

text: India

text: but

text: also

text: eventually

text: by

text: the

text: excluding

text: of

text: indigenous

text: peoples

text: by

text: labelling

text: their

text: occupations

text: impure

text: During

text: this

text: period

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: previous

text: small

text: tribal

text: units

text: and

text: chiefdoms

text: began

text: to

text: coalesce

text: into

text: monarchical

text: state

text: level

text: polities

question: When did the Aryan culture begin its expansion?

answer: Rigvedic period

text: Rigvedic period

question: Into what area did the Aryan culture expand?

answer: western Ganges plain

text: western Ganges plain

question: What were the Aryan social classes called?

answer: varnas

text: varnas

question: What did the Aryans label as impure in the indigenous peoples in order to exclude them from certain social classes?

answer: occupations

text: occupations

question: What groupings formed up into larger monarchical groups?

answer: small tribal units

text: small tribal units


text: With the record company a global operation in 1965, the Columbia Broadcasting System upper management started pondering changing the name of their record company subsidiary from Columbia Records to CBS Records.

title: Sony_Music_Entertainment

title: Sony_Music_Entertainment

text: With

text: the

text: record

text: company

text: a

text: global

text: operation

text: in

text: the

text: Columbia

text: Broadcasting

text: System

text: upper

text: management

text: started

text: pondering

text: changing

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: their

text: record

text: company

text: subsidiary

text: from

text: Columbia

text: Records

text: to

text: CBS

text: Records

question: CBS began thinking of a name change to their record label in what year?

answer: 1965


text: The City Council (Gemeinderat) constitutes the executive government of the City of Bern and operates as a collegiate authority. It is composed of five councilors (German: Gemeinderat/-rätin), each presiding over a directorate (Direktion) comprising several departments and bureaus. The president of the executive department acts as mayor (Stadtpräsident). In the mandate period 2013–2016 (Legislatur) the City Council is presided by Stadtpräsident Alexander Tschäppät. Departmental tasks, coordination measures and implementation of laws decreed by the City Parliament are carried by the City Council. The regular election of the City Council by any inhabitant valid to vote is held every four years. Any resident of Bern allowed to vote can be elected as a member of the City Council. The delegates are selected by means of a system of Majorz. The mayor is elected as such as well by public election while the heads of the other directorates are assigned by the collegiate. The executive body holds its meetings in the Erlacherhof, built by architect Albrecht Stürler after 1747.

title: Bern

title: Bern

text: The

text: City

text: Council

text: Gemeinderat

text: constitutes

text: the

text: executive

text: government

text: of

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: Bern

text: and

text: operates

text: as

text: a

text: collegiate

text: authority

text: It

text: is

text: composed

text: of

text: five

text: councilors

text: German

text: Gemeinderat/-rätin

text: each

text: presiding

text: over

text: a

text: directorate

text: Direktion

text: comprising

text: several

text: departments

text: and

text: bureaus

text: The

text: president

text: of

text: the

text: executive

text: department

text: acts

text: as

text: mayor

text: Stadtpräsident

text: In

text: the

text: mandate

text: period

text: Legislatur

text: the

text: City

text: Council

text: is

text: presided

text: by

text: Stadtpräsident

text: Alexander

text: Tschäppät

text: Departmental

text: tasks

text: coordination

text: measures

text: and

text: implementation

text: of

text: laws

text: decreed

text: by

text: the

text: City

text: Parliament

text: are

text: carried

text: by

text: the

text: City

text: Council

text: The

text: regular

text: election

text: of

text: the

text: City

text: Council

text: by

text: any

text: inhabitant

text: valid

text: to

text: vote

text: is

text: held

text: every

text: four

text: years

text: Any

text: resident

text: of

text: Bern

text: allowed

text: to

text: vote

text: can

text: be

text: elected

text: as

text: a

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: City

text: Council

text: The

text: delegates

text: are

text: selected

text: by

text: means

text: of

text: a

text: system

text: of

text: Majorz

text: The

text: mayor

text: is

text: elected

text: as

text: such

text: as

text: well

text: by

text: public

text: election

text: while

text: the

text: heads

text: of

text: the

text: other

text: directorates

text: are

text: assigned

text: by

text: the

text: collegiate

text: The

text: executive

text: body

text: holds

text: its

text: meetings

text: in

text: the

text: Erlacherhof

text: built

text: by

text: architect

text: Albrecht

text: Stürler

text: after

question: How does the government of Bern operate?

answer: as a collegiate authority.

text: as a collegiate authority.

question: How many councilors are there?

answer: five

text: five

question: Who is Bern's mayor, or Stadtprasident?

answer: Alexander Tschäppät

text: Alexander Tschäppät

question: How after are the elections?

answer: every four years.

text: every four years.

question: Where is the executive body held?

answer: in the Erlacherhof

text: in the Erlacherhof


text: Due to the chemical composition of the pentose residues of the bases, DNA strands have directionality. One end of a DNA polymer contains an exposed hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose; this is known as the 3' end of the molecule. The other end contains an exposed phosphate group; this is the 5' end. The two strands of a double-helix run in opposite directions. Nucleic acid synthesis, including DNA replication and transcription occurs in the 5'→3' direction, because new nucleotides are added via a dehydration reaction that uses the exposed 3' hydroxyl as a nucleophile.:27.2

title: Gene

title: Gene

text: Due

text: to

text: the

text: chemical

text: composition

text: of

text: the

text: pentose

text: residues

text: of

text: the

text: bases

text: DNA

text: strands

text: have

text: directionality

text: One

text: end

text: of

text: a

text: DNA

text: polymer

text: contains

text: an

text: exposed

text: hydroxyl

text: group

text: on

text: the

text: deoxyribose

text: this

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: molecule

text: The

text: other

text: end

text: contains

text: an

text: exposed

text: phosphate

text: group

text: this

text: is

text: the

text: end

text: The

text: two

text: strands

text: of

text: a

text: double

text: helix

text: run

text: in

text: opposite

text: directions

text: Nucleic

text: acid

text: synthesis

text: including

text: DNA

text: replication

text: and

text: transcription

text: occurs

text: in

text: the

text: direction

text: because

text: new

text: nucleotides

text: are

text: added

text: via

text: a

text: dehydration

text: reaction

text: that

text: uses

text: the

text: exposed

text: hydroxyl

text: as

text: a

question: What causes the directionality of DNA strands?

answer: the chemical composition of the pentose residues of the bases

text: the chemical composition of the pentose residues of the bases

question: What is known as the 3' end?

answer: an exposed hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose

text: an exposed hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose

question: What is known as the 5' end?

answer: an exposed phosphate group

text: an exposed phosphate group

question: What type of synthesis occurs in the 5'→3' direction?

answer: Nucleic acid synthesis

text: Nucleic acid synthesis

question: Why does DNA replication and transcription occur in the 5'→3' direction?

answer: because new nucleotides are added via a dehydration reaction that uses the exposed 3' hydroxyl as a nucleophile

text: because new nucleotides are added via a dehydration reaction that uses the exposed 3' hydroxyl as a nucleophile


text: Detailed licensing records were kept, giving the Public House, its address, owner, licensee and misdemeanours of the licensees, often going back for hundreds of years[citation needed]. Many of these records survive and can be viewed, for example, at the London Metropolitan Archives centre.

title: Pub

title: Pub

text: Detailed

text: licensing

text: records

text: were

text: kept

text: giving

text: the

text: Public

text: House

text: its

text: address

text: owner

text: licensee

text: and

text: misdemeanours

text: of

text: the

text: licensees

text: often

text: going

text: back

text: for

text: hundreds

text: of

text: years[citation

text: needed

text: Many

text: of

text: these

text: records

text: survive

text: and

text: can

text: be

text: viewed

text: for

text: example

text: at

text: the

text: London

text: Metropolitan

text: Archives

text: centre

question: Where can historical licensing records be examined?

answer: London Metropolitan Archives centre

text: London Metropolitan Archives centre

question: Along with a public house's address, licensee, and the licensee's misdemeanors, what information was kept in licensing records?

answer: owner

text: owner


text: New domestic housing in many parts of the world today is commonly made from timber-framed construction. Engineered wood products are becoming a bigger part of the construction industry. They may be used in both residential and commercial buildings as structural and aesthetic materials.

title: Wood

title: Wood

text: New

text: domestic

text: housing

text: in

text: many

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: today

text: is

text: commonly

text: made

text: from

text: timber

text: framed

text: construction

text: Engineered

text: wood

text: products

text: are

text: becoming

text: a

text: bigger

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: construction

text: industry

text: They

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: in

text: both

text: residential

text: and

text: commercial

text: buildings

text: as

text: structural

text: and

text: aesthetic

text: materials

question: What type of construction is often used now to build homes in much of the world?

answer: timber-framed

text: timber-framed

question: In addition to residential applications, what type of buildings often have engineered wood components?

answer: commercial

text: commercial

question: Along with decorative components, what type of building materials can be engineered from wood?

answer: structural

text: structural

question: What industry benefits greatly from engineered wood products?

answer: construction

text: construction


text: This nationwide acceptance and recognition of Aboriginal people led to a significant increase in the number of people self-identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander. The reappropriation of the term "black" with a positive and more inclusive meaning has resulted in its widespread use in mainstream Australian culture, including public media outlets, government agencies, and private companies. In 2012, a number of high-profile cases highlighted the legal and community attitude that identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander is not dependent on skin colour, with a well-known boxer Anthony Mundine being widely criticised for questioning the "blackness" of another boxer and journalist Andrew Bolt being successfully sued for publishing discriminatory comments about Aboriginals with light skin.

title: Black_people

title: Black_people

text: This

text: nationwide

text: acceptance

text: and

text: recognition

text: of

text: Aboriginal

text: people

text: led

text: to

text: a

text: significant

text: increase

text: in

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: people

text: self

text: identifying

text: as

text: Aboriginal

text: or

text: Torres

text: Strait

text: Islander

text: The

text: reappropriation

text: of

text: the

text: term

text: black

text: with

text: a

text: positive

text: and

text: more

text: inclusive

text: meaning

text: has

text: resulted

text: in

text: its

text: widespread

text: use

text: in

text: mainstream

text: Australian

text: culture

text: including

text: public

text: media

text: outlets

text: government

text: agencies

text: and

text: private

text: companies

text: In

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: high

text: profile

text: cases

text: highlighted

text: the

text: legal

text: and

text: community

text: attitude

text: that

text: identifying

text: as

text: Aboriginal

text: or

text: Torres

text: Strait

text: Islander

text: is

text: not

text: dependent

text: on

text: skin

text: colour

text: with

text: a

text: well

text: known

text: boxer

text: Anthony

text: Mundine

text: being

text: widely

text: criticised

text: for

text: questioning

text: the

text: blackness

text: of

text: another

text: boxer

text: and

text: journalist

text: Andrew

text: Bolt

text: being

text: successfully

text: sued

text: for

text: publishing

text: discriminatory

text: comments

text: about

text: Aboriginals

text: with

text: light

text: skin

question: What did the improvements in quality of life increase?

answer: people self-identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander

text: people self-identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander

question: What has the reappropriation of the word "black" done?

answer: resulted in its widespread use in mainstream Australian culture,

text: resulted in its widespread use in mainstream Australian culture,

question: In what year were there several cases that helped to redefine Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander?

answer: 2012

question: What well known boxer was criticized for question someone's blackness?

answer: Anthony Mundine

text: Anthony Mundine

question: Which Journalist was sued for publishing discriminatory comments?

answer: Andrew Bolt

text: Andrew Bolt


text: In the dense areas, most of the concentration is via medium- and high-rise buildings. London's skyscrapers such as 30 St Mary Axe, Tower 42, the Broadgate Tower and One Canada Square are mostly in the two financial districts, the City of London and Canary Wharf. High-rise development is restricted at certain sites if it would obstruct protected views of St Paul's Cathedral and other historic buildings. Nevertheless, there are a number of very tall skyscrapers in central London (see Tall buildings in London), including the 95-storey Shard London Bridge, the tallest building in the European Union.

title: London

title: London

text: In

text: the

text: dense

text: areas

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: concentration

text: is

text: via

text: medium-

text: and

text: high

text: rise

text: buildings

text: London

text: 's

text: skyscrapers

text: such

text: as

text: St

text: Mary

text: Axe

text: Tower

text: the

text: Broadgate

text: Tower

text: and

text: One

text: Canada

text: Square

text: are

text: mostly

text: in

text: the

text: two

text: financial

text: districts

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: London

text: and

text: Canary

text: Wharf

text: High

text: rise

text: development

text: is

text: restricted

text: at

text: certain

text: sites

text: if

text: it

text: would

text: obstruct

text: protected

text: views

text: of

text: St

text: Paul

text: 's

text: Cathedral

text: and

text: other

text: historic

text: buildings

text: Nevertheless

text: there

text: are

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: very

text: tall

text: skyscrapers

text: in

text: central

text: London

text: see

text: Tall

text: buildings

text: in

text: London

text: including

text: the

text: Shard

text: London

text: Bridge

text: the

text: tallest

text: building

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Union

question: What are the financial districts of London known as?

answer: the City of London and Canary Wharf

text: the City of London and Canary Wharf

question: High-rise buildings may be restricted to prevent obstruction of what views?

answer: St Paul's Cathedral and other historic buildings

text: St Paul's Cathedral and other historic buildings

question: What is the European Union's tallest building?

answer: Shard London Bridge

text: Shard London Bridge

question: How high does the Shard London Bridge rise?

answer: 95-storey

question: Most of London's skyscrapers are located where?

answer: in the two financial districts

text: in the two financial districts


text: Melting of floating ice shelves (ice that originated on the land) does not in itself contribute much to sea-level rise (since the ice displaces only its own mass of water). However it is the outflow of the ice from the land to form the ice shelf which causes a rise in global sea level. This effect is offset by snow falling back onto the continent. Recent decades have witnessed several dramatic collapses of large ice shelves around the coast of Antarctica, especially along the Antarctic Peninsula. Concerns have been raised that disruption of ice shelves may result in increased glacial outflow from the continental ice mass.

title: Antarctica

title: Antarctica

text: Melting

text: of

text: floating

text: ice

text: shelves

text: ice

text: that

text: originated

text: on

text: the

text: land

text: does

text: not

text: in

text: itself

text: contribute

text: much

text: to

text: sea

text: level

text: rise

text: since

text: the

text: ice

text: displaces

text: only

text: its

text: own

text: mass

text: of

text: water

text: However

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: outflow

text: of

text: the

text: ice

text: from

text: the

text: land

text: to

text: form

text: the

text: ice

text: shelf

text: which

text: causes

text: a

text: rise

text: in

text: global

text: sea

text: level

text: This

text: effect

text: is

text: offset

text: by

text: snow

text: falling

text: back

text: onto

text: the

text: continent

text: Recent

text: decades

text: have

text: witnessed

text: several

text: dramatic

text: collapses

text: of

text: large

text: ice

text: shelves

text: around

text: the

text: coast

text: of

text: Antarctica

text: especially

text: along

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: Peninsula

text: Concerns

text: have

text: been

text: raised

text: that

text: disruption

text: of

text: ice

text: shelves

text: may

text: result

text: in

text: increased

text: glacial

text: outflow

text: from

text: the

text: continental

text: ice

text: mass

question: What type of ice originates on land and floats out to sea?

answer: floating ice shelves

text: floating ice shelves

question: What events have occurred in recent decades to the ice shelves surrounding Antarctica?

answer: collapses

text: collapses

question: Along what area has there been more collapsing ice shelves?

answer: Antarctic Peninsula

text: Antarctic Peninsula

question: What could the displacement of ice cause?

answer: glacial outflow

text: glacial outflow

question: What weather event would offset loss of ice shelves?

answer: snow falling

text: snow falling


text: During Vatican II, the Council Fathers avoided statements which might anger Christians of other faiths.[page needed] Cardinal Augustin Bea, the President of the Christian Unity Secretariat, always had the full support of Paul VI in his attempts to ensure that the Council language was friendly and open to the sensitivities of Protestant and Orthodox Churches, whom he had invited to all sessions at the request of Pope John XXIII. Bea also was strongly involved in the passage of Nostra aetate, which regulates the Church's relations with the Jewish faith and members of other religions.[d]

title: Pope_Paul_VI

title: Pope_Paul_VI

text: During

text: Vatican

text: II

text: the

text: Council

text: Fathers

text: avoided

text: statements

text: which

text: might

text: anger

text: Christians

text: of

text: other

text: faiths.[page

text: needed

text: Cardinal

text: Augustin

text: Bea

text: the

text: President

text: of

text: the

text: Christian

text: Unity

text: Secretariat

text: always

text: had

text: the

text: full

text: support

text: of

text: Paul

text: VI

text: in

text: his

text: attempts

text: to

text: ensure

text: that

text: the

text: Council

text: language

text: was

text: friendly

text: and

text: open

text: to

text: the

text: sensitivities

text: of

text: Protestant

text: and

text: Orthodox

text: Churches

text: whom

text: he

text: had

text: invited

text: to

text: all

text: sessions

text: at

text: the

text: request

text: of

text: Pope

text: John

text: XXIII

text: Bea

text: also

text: was

text: strongly

text: involved

text: in

text: the

text: passage

text: of

text: Nostra

text: aetate

text: which

text: regulates

text: the

text: Church

text: 's

text: relations

text: with

text: the

text: Jewish

text: faith

text: and

text: members

text: of

text: other

text: religions.[d

question: Who was President of the Christian Unity Secretariat?

answer: Cardinal Augustin Bea

text: Cardinal Augustin Bea

question: What did Paul VI believe in keeping friendly to people of other Christian faiths?

answer: Council language

text: Council language

question: Who insisted that Protestant and Orthodox Christians be invited to all Counsel meetings?

answer: Pope John XXIII

text: Pope John XXIII

question: Which cardinal became heavily engaged in the passage of Nostra aetate?

answer: Cardinal Augustin Bea

text: Cardinal Augustin Bea

question: Which Vatican strove to avoid offending other Christian faiths with counsel session language?

answer: Vatican II

text: Vatican II


text: The top 12 finalists originally included Mario Vazquez, but he dropped out citing 'personal reasons' and was replaced by Nikko Smith. Later, an employee of Freemantle Media, which produces the show, sued the company for wrongful termination, claiming that he was dismissed after complaining about lewd behavior by Vazquez toward him during the show.

title: American_Idol

title: American_Idol

text: The

text: top

text: finalists

text: originally

text: included

text: Mario

text: Vazquez

text: but

text: he

text: dropped

text: out

text: citing

text: personal

text: reasons

text: and

text: was

text: replaced

text: by

text: Nikko

text: Smith

text: Later

text: an

text: employee

text: of

text: Freemantle

text: Media

text: which

text: produces

text: the

text: show

text: sued

text: the

text: company

text: for

text: wrongful

text: termination

text: claiming

text: that

text: he

text: was

text: dismissed

text: after

text: complaining

text: about

text: lewd

text: behavior

text: by

text: Vazquez

text: toward

text: him

text: during

text: the

text: show

question: Who got a spot in the top 12 after Mario Vasquez dropped out?

answer: Nikko Smith

text: Nikko Smith

question: Who replaced Vasquez as a finalist?

answer: Nikko Smith

text: Nikko Smith

question: What company produces the show?

answer: Freemantle Media

text: Freemantle Media

question: A former employee states he was fired after complaining about which finalist?

answer: Vazquez

text: Vazquez


text: The international repertoire of music for mandolin is almost unlimited, and musicians use it to play various types of music. This is especially true of violin music, since the mandolin has the same tuning of the violin. Following its invention and early development in Italy the mandolin spread throughout the European continent. The instrument was primarily used in a classical tradition with Mandolin orchestras, so called Estudiantinas or in Germany Zupforchestern appearing in many cities. Following this continental popularity of the mandolin family local traditions appeared outside of Europe in the Americas and in Japan. Travelling mandolin virtuosi like Giuseppe Pettine, Raffaele Calace and Silvio Ranieri contributed to the mandolin becoming a "fad" instrument in the early 20th century. This "mandolin craze" was fading by the 1930s, but just as this practice was falling into disuse, the mandolin found a new niche in American country, old-time music, bluegrass and folk music. More recently, the Baroque and Classical mandolin repertory and styles have benefited from the raised awareness of and interest in Early music, with media attention to classical players such as Israeli Avi Avital, Italian Carlo Aonzo and American Joseph Brent.

title: Mandolin

title: Mandolin

text: The

text: international

text: repertoire

text: of

text: music

text: for

text: mandolin

text: is

text: almost

text: unlimited

text: and

text: musicians

text: use

text: it

text: to

text: play

text: various

text: types

text: of

text: music

text: This

text: is

text: especially

text: true

text: of

text: violin

text: music

text: since

text: the

text: mandolin

text: has

text: the

text: same

text: tuning

text: of

text: the

text: violin

text: Following

text: its

text: invention

text: and

text: early

text: development

text: in

text: Italy

text: the

text: mandolin

text: spread

text: throughout

text: the

text: European

text: continent

text: The

text: instrument

text: was

text: primarily

text: used

text: in

text: a

text: classical

text: tradition

text: with

text: Mandolin

text: orchestras

text: so

text: called

text: Estudiantinas

text: or

text: in

text: Germany

text: Zupforchestern

text: appearing

text: in

text: many

text: cities

text: Following

text: this

text: continental

text: popularity

text: of

text: the

text: mandolin

text: family

text: local

text: traditions

text: appeared

text: outside

text: of

text: Europe

text: in

text: the

text: Americas

text: and

text: in

text: Japan

text: Travelling

text: mandolin

text: virtuosi

text: like

text: Giuseppe

text: Pettine

text: Raffaele

text: Calace

text: and

text: Silvio

text: Ranieri

text: contributed

text: to

text: the

text: mandolin

text: becoming

text: a

text: fad

text: instrument

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: This

text: mandolin

text: craze

text: was

text: fading

text: by

text: the

text: but

text: just

text: as

text: this

text: practice

text: was

text: falling

text: into

text: disuse

text: the

text: mandolin

text: found

text: a

text: new

text: niche

text: in

text: American

text: country

text: old

text: time

text: music

text: bluegrass

text: and

text: folk

text: music

text: More

text: recently

text: the

text: Baroque

text: and

text: Classical

text: mandolin

text: repertory

text: and

text: styles

text: have

text: benefited

text: from

text: the

text: raised

text: awareness

text: of

text: and

text: interest

text: in

text: Early

text: music

text: with

text: media

text: attention

text: to

text: classical

text: players

text: such

text: as

text: Israeli

text: Avi

text: Avital

text: Italian

text: Carlo

text: Aonzo

text: and

text: American

text: Joseph

text: Brent

question: What instrument does the mandolin share the same tuning of?

answer: violin

text: violin

question: Where was the mandolin primarily used?

answer: classical tradition with Mandolin orchestras

text: classical tradition with Mandolin orchestras

question: When was the mandolin considered a fad?

answer: early 20th century

text: early 20th century

question: Who contributed to the idea that the mandolin was a fad?

answer: Giuseppe Pettine, Raffaele Calace and Silvio Ranieri

text: Giuseppe Pettine, Raffaele Calace and Silvio Ranieri

question: When did the mandolin craze end?

answer: 1930s