text: The two major types of nonprofit organization are membership and board-only. A membership organization elects the board and has regular meetings and the power to amend the bylaws. A board-only organization typically has a self-selected board, and a membership whose powers are limited to those delegated to it by the board. A board-only organization's bylaws may even state that the organization does not have any membership, although the organization's literature may refer to its donors or service recipients as "members"; examples of such organizations are Fairvote and the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws. The Model Nonprofit Corporation Act imposes many complexities and requirements on membership decision-making. Accordingly, many organizations, such as Wikimedia, have formed board-only structures. The National Association of Parliamentarians has generated concerns about the implications of this trend for the future of openness, accountability, and understanding of public concerns in nonprofit organizations. Specifically, they note that nonprofit organizations, unlike business corporations, are not subject to market discipline for products and shareholder discipline of their capital; therefore, without membership control of major decisions such as election of the board, there are few inherent safeguards against abuse. A rebuttal to this might be that as nonprofit organizations grow and seek larger donations, the degree of scrutiny increases, including expectations of audited financial statements. A further rebuttal might be that NPOs are constrained, by their choice of legal structure, from financial benefit as far as distribution of profit to its members/directors is concerned. Beware of board-only organizations- review the board members annual income before donating, such as the Clinton Foundation. Board members who decide what percentage of your donations will increase their personal wealth are rampant in abusing this designation of an NPO, and this is why they attempt to avoid audits and use a double bottom line for taxing.

title: Nonprofit_organization

title: Nonprofit_organization

text: The

text: two

text: major

text: types

text: of

text: nonprofit

text: organization

text: are

text: membership

text: and

text: board

text: only

text: A

text: membership

text: organization

text: elects

text: the

text: board

text: and

text: has

text: regular

text: meetings

text: and

text: the

text: power

text: to

text: amend

text: the

text: bylaws

text: A

text: board

text: only

text: organization

text: typically

text: has

text: a

text: self

text: selected

text: board

text: and

text: a

text: membership

text: whose

text: powers

text: are

text: limited

text: to

text: those

text: delegated

text: to

text: it

text: by

text: the

text: board

text: A

text: board

text: only

text: organization

text: 's

text: bylaws

text: may

text: even

text: state

text: that

text: the

text: organization

text: does

text: not

text: have

text: any

text: membership

text: although

text: the

text: organization

text: 's

text: literature

text: may

text: refer

text: to

text: its

text: donors

text: or

text: service

text: recipients

text: as

text: members

text: examples

text: of

text: such

text: organizations

text: are

text: Fairvote

text: and

text: the

text: National

text: Organization

text: for

text: the

text: Reform

text: of

text: Marijuana

text: Laws

text: The

text: Model

text: Nonprofit

text: Corporation

text: Act

text: imposes

text: many

text: complexities

text: and

text: requirements

text: on

text: membership

text: decision

text: making

text: Accordingly

text: many

text: organizations

text: such

text: as

text: Wikimedia

text: have

text: formed

text: board

text: only

text: structures

text: The

text: National

text: Association

text: of

text: Parliamentarians

text: has

text: generated

text: concerns

text: about

text: the

text: implications

text: of

text: this

text: trend

text: for

text: the

text: future

text: of

text: openness

text: accountability

text: and

text: understanding

text: of

text: public

text: concerns

text: in

text: nonprofit

text: organizations

text: Specifically

text: they

text: note

text: that

text: nonprofit

text: organizations

text: unlike

text: business

text: corporations

text: are

text: not

text: subject

text: to

text: market

text: discipline

text: for

text: products

text: and

text: shareholder

text: discipline

text: of

text: their

text: capital

text: therefore

text: without

text: membership

text: control

text: of

text: major

text: decisions

text: such

text: as

text: election

text: of

text: the

text: board

text: there

text: are

text: few

text: inherent

text: safeguards

text: against

text: abuse

text: A

text: rebuttal

text: to

text: this

text: might

text: be

text: that

text: as

text: nonprofit

text: organizations

text: grow

text: and

text: seek

text: larger

text: donations

text: the

text: degree

text: of

text: scrutiny

text: increases

text: including

text: expectations

text: of

text: audited

text: financial

text: statements

text: A

text: further

text: rebuttal

text: might

text: be

text: that

text: NPOs

text: are

text: constrained

text: by

text: their

text: choice

text: of

text: legal

text: structure

text: from

text: financial

text: benefit

text: as

text: far

text: as

text: distribution

text: of

text: profit

text: to

text: its

text: members

text: directors

text: is

text: concerned

text: Beware

text: of

text: board

text: only

text: organizations-

text: review

text: the

text: board

text: members

text: annual

text: income

text: before

text: donating

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Clinton

text: Foundation

text: Board

text: members

text: who

text: decide

text: what

text: percentage

text: of

text: your

text: donations

text: will

text: increase

text: their

text: personal

text: wealth

text: are

text: rampant

text: in

text: abusing

text: this

text: designation

text: of

text: an

text: NPO

text: and

text: this

text: is

text: why

text: they

text: attempt

text: to

text: avoid

text: audits

text: and

text: use

text: a

text: double

text: bottom

text: line

text: for

text: taxing

question: What are the two top types of NPOs?

answer: membership and board-only

text: membership and board-only

question: How is a membership organization run?

answer: elects the board and has regular meetings and the power to amend the bylaws

text: elects the board and has regular meetings and the power to amend the bylaws

question: How is a board only organization run?

answer: self-selected board, and a membership whose powers are limited to those delegated to it by the board

text: self-selected board, and a membership whose powers are limited to those delegated to it by the board

question: What is a further constraint of an NPO, depending on their legal structure?

answer: financial benefit as far as distribution of profit to its members/directors is concerned

text: financial benefit as far as distribution of profit to its members/directors is concerned

question: What should one be aware of when dealing with a board run NPO?

answer: Board members who decide what percentage of your donations will increase their personal wealth are rampant in abusing this designation

text: Board members who decide what percentage of your donations will increase their personal wealth are rampant in abusing this designation


text: UN aerial reconnaissance had difficulty sighting PVA units in daytime, because their march and bivouac discipline minimized aerial detection. The PVA marched "dark-to-dark" (19:00–03:00), and aerial camouflage (concealing soldiers, pack animals, and equipment) was deployed by 05:30. Meanwhile, daylight advance parties scouted for the next bivouac site. During daylight activity or marching, soldiers were to remain motionless if an aircraft appeared, until it flew away; PVA officers were under order to shoot security violators. Such battlefield discipline allowed a three-division army to march the 286 miles (460 km) from An-tung, Manchuria, to the combat zone in some 19 days. Another division night-marched a circuitous mountain route, averaging 18 miles (29 km) daily for 18 days.

title: Korean_War

title: Korean_War

text: UN

text: aerial

text: reconnaissance

text: had

text: difficulty

text: sighting

text: PVA

text: units

text: in

text: daytime

text: because

text: their

text: march

text: and

text: bivouac

text: discipline

text: minimized

text: aerial

text: detection

text: The

text: PVA

text: marched

text: dark

text: to

text: dark

text: and

text: aerial

text: camouflage

text: concealing

text: soldiers

text: pack

text: animals

text: and

text: equipment

text: was

text: deployed

text: by

text: Meanwhile

text: daylight

text: advance

text: parties

text: scouted

text: for

text: the

text: next

text: bivouac

text: site

text: During

text: daylight

text: activity

text: or

text: marching

text: soldiers

text: were

text: to

text: remain

text: motionless

text: if

text: an

text: aircraft

text: appeared

text: until

text: it

text: flew

text: away

text: PVA

text: officers

text: were

text: under

text: order

text: to

text: shoot

text: security

text: violators

text: Such

text: battlefield

text: discipline

text: allowed

text: a

text: three

text: division

text: army

text: to

text: march

text: the

text: miles

text: km

text: from

text: An

text: tung

text: Manchuria

text: to

text: the

text: combat

text: zone

text: in

text: some

text: days

text: Another

text: division

text: night

text: marched

text: a

text: circuitous

text: mountain

text: route

text: averaging

text: miles

text: km

text: daily

text: for

text: days

question: What made seeing the PVA units difficult during the day?

answer: their march and bivouac discipline

text: their march and bivouac discipline

question: What were PVA troops told to do when planes flew by?

answer: remain motionless

text: remain motionless

question: How many days did it take PVA forces to march 286 miles?

answer: 19

question: What were PVA officers supposed to do if troops disobeyed the security protocol?

answer: shoot security violators

text: shoot security violators

question: When would PVA forces march to minimize the chances of being seen?

answer: 19:00–03:00


text: The Russian R-7 rocket family, which launched the first Sputnik at the beginning of the space race, is still in use today. It services the International Space Station (ISS) as the launcher for both the Soyuz and Progress spacecraft. It also ferries both Russian and American crews to and from the station.

title: Space_Race

title: Space_Race

text: The

text: Russian

text: rocket

text: family

text: which

text: launched

text: the

text: first

text: Sputnik

text: at

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: space

text: race

text: is

text: still

text: in

text: use

text: today

text: It

text: services

text: the

text: International

text: Space

text: Station

text: ISS

text: as

text: the

text: launcher

text: for

text: both

text: the

text: Soyuz

text: and

text: Progress

text: spacecraft

text: It

text: also

text: ferries

text: both

text: Russian

text: and

text: American

text: crews

text: to

text: and

text: from

text: the

text: station

question: Which Russian rocket carries passengers to and from the International Space Station?

answer: R-7 rocket

text: R-7 rocket


text: The history of the Ottoman Empire during World War I began with the Ottoman engagement in the Middle Eastern theatre. There were several important Ottoman victories in the early years of the war, such as the Battle of Gallipoli and the Siege of Kut. The Arab Revolt which began in 1916 turned the tide against the Ottomans on the Middle Eastern front, where they initially seemed to have the upper hand during the first two years of the war. The Armistice of Mudros was signed on 30 October 1918, and set the partition of the Ottoman Empire under the terms of the Treaty of Sèvres. This treaty, as designed in the conference of London, allowed the Sultan to retain his position and title. The occupation of Constantinople and İzmir led to the establishment of a Turkish national movement, which won the Turkish War of Independence (1919–22) under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal (later given the surname "Atatürk"). The sultanate was abolished on 1 November 1922, and the last sultan, Mehmed VI (reigned 1918–22), left the country on 17 November 1922. The caliphate was abolished on 3 March 1924.

title: Ottoman_Empire

title: Ottoman_Empire

text: The

text: history

text: of

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: during

text: World

text: War

text: I

text: began

text: with

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: engagement

text: in

text: the

text: Middle

text: Eastern

text: theatre

text: There

text: were

text: several

text: important

text: Ottoman

text: victories

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: years

text: of

text: the

text: war

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Gallipoli

text: and

text: the

text: Siege

text: of

text: Kut

text: The

text: Arab

text: Revolt

text: which

text: began

text: in

text: turned

text: the

text: tide

text: against

text: the

text: Ottomans

text: on

text: the

text: Middle

text: Eastern

text: front

text: where

text: they

text: initially

text: seemed

text: to

text: have

text: the

text: upper

text: hand

text: during

text: the

text: first

text: two

text: years

text: of

text: the

text: war

text: The

text: Armistice

text: of

text: Mudros

text: was

text: signed

text: on

text: October

text: and

text: set

text: the

text: partition

text: of

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: under

text: the

text: terms

text: of

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Sèvres

text: This

text: treaty

text: as

text: designed

text: in

text: the

text: conference

text: of

text: London

text: allowed

text: the

text: Sultan

text: to

text: retain

text: his

text: position

text: and

text: title

text: The

text: occupation

text: of

text: Constantinople

text: and

text: İzmir

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: a

text: Turkish

text: national

text: movement

text: which

text: won

text: the

text: Turkish

text: War

text: of

text: Independence

text: under

text: the

text: leadership

text: of

text: Mustafa

text: Kemal

text: later

text: given

text: the

text: surname

text: Atatürk

text: The

text: sultanate

text: was

text: abolished

text: on

text: November

text: and

text: the

text: last

text: sultan

text: Mehmed

text: VI

text: reigned

text: left

text: the

text: country

text: on

text: November

text: The

text: caliphate

text: was

text: abolished

text: on

text: March

question: Where did the Ottoman empire begin its part in the first world war?

answer: Middle Eastern theatre

text: Middle Eastern theatre

question: The Battle of Gallipoli and the Siege of Kut resulted in what?

answer: Ottoman victories

text: Ottoman victories

question: The Arab Revolt began in what year?

answer: 1916

question: What was the date that the Armistice of Mudros came to be signed?

answer: 30 October 1918

text: 30 October 1918

question: When did the Turkish War of Independence take place?

answer: 1919–22


text: Early during the Taiping Rebellion, Qing forces suffered a series of disastrous defeats culminating in the loss of the regional capital city of Nanjing in 1853. Shortly thereafter, a Taiping expeditionary force penetrated as far north as the suburbs of Tianjin, the imperial heartlands. In desperation the Qing court ordered a Chinese official, Zeng Guofan, to organize regional and village militias into an emergency army called tuanlian. Zeng Guofan's strategy was to rely on local gentry to raise a new type of military organization from those provinces that the Taiping rebels directly threatened. This new force became known as the Xiang Army, named after the Hunan region where it was raised. The Xiang Army was a hybrid of local militia and a standing army. It was given professional training, but was paid for out of regional coffers and funds its commanders — mostly members of the Chinese gentry — could muster. The Xiang Army and its successor, the Huai Army, created by Zeng Guofan's colleague and mentee Li Hongzhang, were collectively called the "Yong Ying" (Brave Camp).

title: Qing_dynasty

title: Qing_dynasty

text: Early

text: during

text: the

text: Taiping

text: Rebellion

text: Qing

text: forces

text: suffered

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: disastrous

text: defeats

text: culminating

text: in

text: the

text: loss

text: of

text: the

text: regional

text: capital

text: city

text: of

text: Nanjing

text: in

text: Shortly

text: thereafter

text: a

text: Taiping

text: expeditionary

text: force

text: penetrated

text: as

text: far

text: north

text: as

text: the

text: suburbs

text: of

text: Tianjin

text: the

text: imperial

text: heartlands

text: In

text: desperation

text: the

text: Qing

text: court

text: ordered

text: a

text: Chinese

text: official

text: Zeng

text: Guofan

text: to

text: organize

text: regional

text: and

text: village

text: militias

text: into

text: an

text: emergency

text: army

text: called

text: tuanlian

text: Zeng

text: Guofan

text: 's

text: strategy

text: was

text: to

text: rely

text: on

text: local

text: gentry

text: to

text: raise

text: a

text: new

text: type

text: of

text: military

text: organization

text: from

text: those

text: provinces

text: that

text: the

text: Taiping

text: rebels

text: directly

text: threatened

text: This

text: new

text: force

text: became

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Xiang

text: Army

text: named

text: after

text: the

text: Hunan

text: region

text: where

text: it

text: was

text: raised

text: The

text: Xiang

text: Army

text: was

text: a

text: hybrid

text: of

text: local

text: militia

text: and

text: a

text: standing

text: army

text: It

text: was

text: given

text: professional

text: training

text: but

text: was

text: paid

text: for

text: out

text: of

text: regional

text: coffers

text: and

text: funds

text: its

text: commanders

text: mostly

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: Chinese

text: gentry

text: could

text: muster

text: The

text: Xiang

text: Army

text: and

text: its

text: successor

text: the

text: Huai

text: Army

text: created

text: by

text: Zeng

text: Guofan

text: 's

text: colleague

text: and

text: mentee

text: Li

text: Hongzhang

text: were

text: collectively

text: called

text: the

text: Yong

text: Ying

text: Brave

text: Camp

question: What caused the Qing armies to lose many battles?

answer: Taiping Rebellion

text: Taiping Rebellion

question: What city did the Qing lose in 1853?

answer: Nanjing

text: Nanjing

question: What was Zeng Guofan?

answer: Xiang Army

text: Xiang Army

question: Who created a new type of army to thwart the Taiping rebels?

answer: Zeng Guofan

text: Zeng Guofan

question: What was the Xiang Army named after?

answer: Hunan region where it was raised

text: Hunan region where it was raised


text: Federations often employ the paradox of being a union of states, while still being states (or having aspects of statehood) in themselves. For example, James Madison (author of the US Constitution) wrote in Federalist Paper No. 39 that the US Constitution "is in strictness neither a national nor a federal constitution; but a composition of both. In its foundation, it is federal, not national; in the sources from which the ordinary powers of the Government are drawn, it is partly federal, and partly national..." This stems from the fact that states in the US maintain all sovereignty that they do not yield to the federation by their own consent. This was reaffirmed by the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which reserves all powers and rights that are not delegated to the Federal Government as left to the States and to the people.

title: Federalism

title: Federalism

text: Federations

text: often

text: employ

text: the

text: paradox

text: of

text: being

text: a

text: union

text: of

text: states

text: while

text: still

text: being

text: states

text: or

text: having

text: aspects

text: of

text: statehood

text: in

text: themselves

text: For

text: example

text: James

text: Madison

text: author

text: of

text: the

text: US

text: Constitution

text: wrote

text: in

text: Federalist

text: Paper

text: No

text: that

text: the

text: US

text: Constitution

text: is

text: in

text: strictness

text: neither

text: a

text: national

text: nor

text: a

text: federal

text: constitution

text: but

text: a

text: composition

text: of

text: both

text: In

text: its

text: foundation

text: it

text: is

text: federal

text: not

text: national

text: in

text: the

text: sources

text: from

text: which

text: the

text: ordinary

text: powers

text: of

text: the

text: Government

text: are

text: drawn

text: it

text: is

text: partly

text: federal

text: and

text: partly

text: national

text: This

text: stems

text: from

text: the

text: fact

text: that

text: states

text: in

text: the

text: US

text: maintain

text: all

text: sovereignty

text: that

text: they

text: do

text: not

text: yield

text: to

text: the

text: federation

text: by

text: their

text: own

text: consent

text: This

text: was

text: reaffirmed

text: by

text: the

text: Tenth

text: Amendment

text: to

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Constitution

text: which

text: reserves

text: all

text: powers

text: and

text: rights

text: that

text: are

text: not

text: delegated

text: to

text: the

text: Federal

text: Government

text: as

text: left

text: to

text: the

text: States

text: and

text: to

text: the

text: people

question: What does federations often employ?

answer: union of states

text: union of states

question: What is federalist paper no. 39?

answer: that the US Constitution "is in strictness neither a national nor a federal constitution; but a composition of both

text: that the US Constitution "is in strictness neither a national nor a federal constitution; but a composition of both

question: What is the foundation for federalist paper no. 39?

answer: it is federal, not national; in the sources from which the ordinary powers of the Government are drawn, it is partly federal, and partly national..

text: it is federal, not national; in the sources from which the ordinary powers of the Government are drawn, it is partly federal, and partly national..

question: What is the 10th Amendment in the United States?

answer: which reserves all powers and rights that are not delegated to the Federal Government as left to the States and to the people.

text: which reserves all powers and rights that are not delegated to the Federal Government as left to the States and to the people.


text: As a result of the magnitude 7.9 earthquake and the many strong aftershocks, many rivers became blocked by large landslides, which resulted in the formation of "quake lakes" behind the blockages; these massive amounts of water were pooling up at a very high rate behind the natural landslide dams and it was feared that the blockages would eventually crumble under the weight of the ever-increasing water mass, potentially endangering the lives of millions of people living downstream. As of May 27, 2008, 34 lakes had formed due to earthquake debris blocking and damming rivers, and it was estimated that 28 of them were still of potential danger to the local people. Entire villages had to be evacuated because of the resultant flooding.

title: 2008_Sichuan_earthquake

title: 2008_Sichuan_earthquake

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: the

text: magnitude

text: earthquake

text: and

text: the

text: many

text: strong

text: aftershocks

text: many

text: rivers

text: became

text: blocked

text: by

text: large

text: landslides

text: which

text: resulted

text: in

text: the

text: formation

text: of

text: quake

text: lakes

text: behind

text: the

text: blockages

text: these

text: massive

text: amounts

text: of

text: water

text: were

text: pooling

text: up

text: at

text: a

text: very

text: high

text: rate

text: behind

text: the

text: natural

text: landslide

text: dams

text: and

text: it

text: was

text: feared

text: that

text: the

text: blockages

text: would

text: eventually

text: crumble

text: under

text: the

text: weight

text: of

text: the

text: ever

text: increasing

text: water

text: mass

text: potentially

text: endangering

text: the

text: lives

text: of

text: millions

text: of

text: people

text: living

text: downstream

text: As

text: of

text: May

text: lakes

text: had

text: formed

text: due

text: to

text: earthquake

text: debris

text: blocking

text: and

text: damming

text: rivers

text: and

text: it

text: was

text: estimated

text: that

text: of

text: them

text: were

text: still

text: of

text: potential

text: danger

text: to

text: the

text: local

text: people

text: Entire

text: villages

text: had

text: to

text: be

text: evacuated

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: resultant

text: flooding

question: What formed behind blockages?

answer: quake lakes

text: quake lakes

question: How many quake lakes formed?

answer: 34

question: How many of the lakes were a danger to people?

answer: 28

question: What was the magnitude of the Sichuan earthquake?

answer: 7.9

question: What blocked many of the area's rivers?

answer: large landslides

text: large landslides

question: What formed behind the blocked rivers?

answer: quake lakes

text: quake lakes

question: By May 27, how many earthquake lakes had formed up behind landslide debris?

answer: 34

question: What had to be evacuated due to potential flooding?

answer: Entire villages

text: Entire villages


text: On August 17, 2007, Dell Inc. announced that after an internal investigation into its accounting practices it would restate and reduce earnings from 2003 through to the first quarter of 2007 by a total amount of between $50 million and $150 million, or 2 cents to 7 cents per share. The investigation, begun in November 2006, resulted from concerns raised by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission over some documents and information that Dell Inc. had submitted. It was alleged that Dell had not disclosed large exclusivity payments received from Intel for agreeing not to buy processors from rival manufacturer AMD. In 2010 Dell finally paid $100 million to settle the SEC's charges of fraud. Michael Dell and other executives also paid penalties and suffered other sanctions, without admitting or denying the charges.

title: Dell

title: Dell

text: On

text: August

text: Dell

text: Inc.

text: announced

text: that

text: after

text: an

text: internal

text: investigation

text: into

text: its

text: accounting

text: practices

text: it

text: would

text: restate

text: and

text: reduce

text: earnings

text: from

text: through

text: to

text: the

text: first

text: quarter

text: of

text: by

text: a

text: total

text: amount

text: of

text: between

text: million

text: and

text: million

text: or

text: cents

text: to

text: cents

text: per

text: share

text: The

text: investigation

text: begun

text: in

text: November

text: resulted

text: from

text: concerns

text: raised

text: by

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Securities

text: and

text: Exchange

text: Commission

text: over

text: some

text: documents

text: and

text: information

text: that

text: Dell

text: Inc.

text: had

text: submitted

text: It

text: was

text: alleged

text: that

text: Dell

text: had

text: not

text: disclosed

text: large

text: exclusivity

text: payments

text: received

text: from

text: Intel

text: for

text: agreeing

text: not

text: to

text: buy

text: processors

text: from

text: rival

text: manufacturer

text: AMD

text: In

text: Dell

text: finally

text: paid

text: million

text: to

text: settle

text: the

text: SEC

text: 's

text: charges

text: of

text: fraud

text: Michael

text: Dell

text: and

text: other

text: executives

text: also

text: paid

text: penalties

text: and

text: suffered

text: other

text: sanctions

text: without

text: admitting

text: or

text: denying

text: the

text: charges

question: What department did Dell launch an internal investigation on?

answer: accounting

text: accounting

question: What was the minimum amount of earnings that would be restated by Dell's investigation?

answer: $50 million

text: $50 million

question: What year did Dell's internal investigation begin?

answer: 2006

question: Who did Dell agree to not buy processors from?

answer: AMD

text: AMD

question: How much did Dell pay in fines to settle fraud charges against it?

answer: $100 million

text: $100 million


text: A patent is a form of right granted by the government to an inventor, giving the owner the right to exclude others from making, using, selling, offering to sell, and importing an invention for a limited period of time, in exchange for the public disclosure of the invention. An invention is a solution to a specific technological problem, which may be a product or a process and generally has to fulfil three main requirements: it has to be new, not obvious and there needs to be an industrial applicability.:17

title: Intellectual_property

title: Intellectual_property

text: A

text: patent

text: is

text: a

text: form

text: of

text: right

text: granted

text: by

text: the

text: government

text: to

text: an

text: inventor

text: giving

text: the

text: owner

text: the

text: right

text: to

text: exclude

text: others

text: from

text: making

text: using

text: selling

text: offering

text: to

text: sell

text: and

text: importing

text: an

text: invention

text: for

text: a

text: limited

text: period

text: of

text: time

text: in

text: exchange

text: for

text: the

text: public

text: disclosure

text: of

text: the

text: invention

text: An

text: invention

text: is

text: a

text: solution

text: to

text: a

text: specific

text: technological

text: problem

text: which

text: may

text: be

text: a

text: product

text: or

text: a

text: process

text: and

text: generally

text: has

text: to

text: fulfil

text: three

text: main

text: requirements

text: it

text: has

text: to

text: be

text: new

text: not

text: obvious

text: and

text: there

text: needs

text: to

text: be

text: an

text: industrial

question: Who grants a patent?

answer: the government

text: the government

question: Who is a patent granted to?

answer: an inventor

text: an inventor

question: How many requirements does an invention need to fulfill for a patent?

answer: three

text: three

question: An invention is a solution to what type of problem?

answer: technological

text: technological

question: What is a patent offered in exchange for?

answer: public disclosure of the invention

text: public disclosure of the invention


text: In March 2013 Mendes said he would not return to direct the next film in the series, then known as Bond 24; he later recanted and announced that he would return, as he found the script and the plans for the long-term future of the franchise appealing. In directing Skyfall and Spectre, Mendes became the first director to oversee two consecutive Bond films since John Glen directed The Living Daylights and Licence to Kill in 1987 and 1989. Skyfall writer John Logan resumed his role of scriptwriter, collaborating with Neal Purvis and Robert Wade, who returned for their sixth Bond film.[N 4] The writer Jez Butterworth also worked on the script, alongside Mendes and Craig. Dennis Gassner returned as the film's production designer, while cinematographer Hoyte van Hoytema took over from Roger Deakins. In July 2015 Mendes noted that the combined crew of Spectre numbered over one thousand, making it a larger production than Skyfall. Craig is listed as co-producer.

title: Spectre_(2015_film)

title: Spectre_(2015_film

text: In

text: March

text: Mendes

text: said

text: he

text: would

text: not

text: return

text: to

text: direct

text: the

text: next

text: film

text: in

text: the

text: series

text: then

text: known

text: as

text: Bond

text: he

text: later

text: recanted

text: and

text: announced

text: that

text: he

text: would

text: return

text: as

text: he

text: found

text: the

text: script

text: and

text: the

text: plans

text: for

text: the

text: long

text: term

text: future

text: of

text: the

text: franchise

text: appealing

text: In

text: directing

text: Skyfall

text: and

text: Spectre

text: Mendes

text: became

text: the

text: first

text: director

text: to

text: oversee

text: two

text: consecutive

text: Bond

text: films

text: since

text: John

text: Glen

text: directed

text: The

text: Living

text: Daylights

text: and

text: Licence

text: to

text: Kill

text: in

text: and

text: Skyfall

text: writer

text: John

text: Logan

text: resumed

text: his

text: role

text: of

text: scriptwriter

text: collaborating

text: with

text: Neal

text: Purvis

text: and

text: Robert

text: Wade

text: who

text: returned

text: for

text: their

text: sixth

text: Bond

text: film.[N

text: The

text: writer

text: Jez

text: Butterworth

text: also

text: worked

text: on

text: the

text: script

text: alongside

text: Mendes

text: and

text: Craig

text: Dennis

text: Gassner

text: returned

text: as

text: the

text: film

text: 's

text: production

text: designer

text: while

text: cinematographer

text: Hoyte

text: van

text: Hoytema

text: took

text: over

text: from

text: Roger

text: Deakins

text: In

text: July

text: Mendes

text: noted

text: that

text: the

text: combined

text: crew

text: of

text: Spectre

text: numbered

text: over

text: one

text: thousand

text: making

text: it

text: a

text: larger

text: production

text: than

text: Skyfall

text: Craig

text: is

text: listed

text: as

text: co

text: producer

question: Who was the last person to direct two James Bond movies in a row before Mendes?

answer: John Glen

text: John Glen

question: Who served as production designer for Spectre?

answer: Dennis Gassner

text: Dennis Gassner

question: Who did Hoyte van Hoytema replace as cinematographer?

answer: Roger Deakins

text: Roger Deakins

question: Which two consecutive Bond films did Mendes direct?

answer: Skyfall and Spectre

text: Skyfall and Spectre

question: Which film had a larger production staff, Spectre or Skyfall?

answer: Spectre

text: Spectre

question: Which Bond film is Daniel Craig listed as a co-producer?

answer: Spectre

text: Spectre

question: Who directed The Living Daylights and Licence to Kill?

answer: John Glen

text: John Glen

question: Neal Purvis and Robert Wade have worked on how many Bond films?

answer: six

text: six


text: In Dutch, the diminutive is not merely restricted to nouns and exist in numerals (met z'n tweetjes, "the two of us"), pronouns (onderonsje, "tête-à-tête"), verbal particles (moetje, "shotgun marriage"), and even prepositions (toetje, "dessert"). Most notable however, are the diminutive forms of adjectives and adverbs. The former take an diminutive ending and thus functions as a noun, the latter remain adverbs and have always the diminutive with the -s appended, e.g. adjective: groen ("green") → noun: groentje ("rookie"); adverb: even ("just") → adverb: eventjes ("just a minute").

title: Dutch_language

title: Dutch_language

text: In

text: Dutch

text: the

text: diminutive

text: is

text: not

text: merely

text: restricted

text: to

text: nouns

text: and

text: exist

text: in

text: numerals

text: met

text: z'n

text: tweetjes

text: the

text: two

text: of

text: us

text: pronouns

text: onderonsje

text: tête

text: à

text: tête

text: verbal

text: particles

text: moetje

text: shotgun

text: marriage

text: and

text: even

text: prepositions

text: toetje

text: dessert

text: Most

text: notable

text: however

text: are

text: the

text: diminutive

text: forms

text: of

text: adjectives

text: and

text: adverbs

text: The

text: former

text: take

text: an

text: diminutive

text: ending

text: and

text: thus

text: functions

text: as

text: a

text: noun

text: the

text: latter

text: remain

text: adverbs

text: and

text: have

text: always

text: the

text: diminutive

text: with

text: the

text: -s

text: appended

text: e.g.

text: adjective

text: groen

text: green

text: noun

text: groentje

text: rookie

text: adverb

text: even

text: just

text: adverb

text: eventjes

text: just

text: a

text: minute

question: What word do Dutch speakers use for what we call a "shotgun marriage"?

answer: moetje

text: moetje

question: In Dutch, what part of speech does an adjective with a diminutive ending become?

answer: noun

text: noun

question: When the diminutive ending "-tjes" is added to the adverb "even," as what part of speech does it function?

answer: adverb

text: adverb

question: What's the Dutch word for "green"?

answer: groen

text: groen

question: With the diminutive ending "-tje" added to the Dutch word for "green," what does the new formation translate to in English?

answer: rookie

text: rookie


text: BMW released the first iPod automobile interface, allowing drivers of newer BMW vehicles to control an iPod using either the built-in steering wheel controls or the radio head-unit buttons. Apple announced in 2005 that similar systems would be available for other vehicle brands, including Mercedes-Benz, Volvo, Nissan, Toyota, Alfa Romeo, Ferrari, Acura, Audi, Honda, Renault, Infiniti and Volkswagen. Scion offers standard iPod connectivity on all their cars.

title: IPod

title: IPod

text: BMW

text: released

text: the

text: first

text: iPod

text: automobile

text: interface

text: allowing

text: drivers

text: of

text: newer

text: BMW

text: vehicles

text: to

text: control

text: an

text: iPod

text: using

text: either

text: the

text: built

text: in

text: steering

text: wheel

text: controls

text: or

text: the

text: radio

text: head

text: unit

text: buttons

text: Apple

text: announced

text: in

text: that

text: similar

text: systems

text: would

text: be

text: available

text: for

text: other

text: vehicle

text: brands

text: including

text: Mercedes

text: Benz

text: Volvo

text: Nissan

text: Toyota

text: Alfa

text: Romeo

text: Ferrari

text: Acura

text: Audi

text: Honda

text: Renault

text: Infiniti

text: and

text: Volkswagen

text: Scion

text: offers

text: standard

text: iPod

text: connectivity

text: on

text: all

text: their

text: cars

question: What company was first to create a means of connecting the iPod to an automobile?

answer: BMW

text: BMW

question: In what year did Apple reveal that it would provide compatibility with a wide range of auto manufacturers?

answer: 2005

question: Which company provides the ability to connect to iPods as a standard feature in their automobiles?

answer: Scion

text: Scion

question: Which car company released the first automobile interface for the iPod?

answer: BMW

text: BMW

question: Which car company first offered iPod connectivity as a standard feature on their whole product line?

answer: Scion

text: Scion


text: In 1913, Elmer McCollum discovered the first vitamins, fat-soluble vitamin A, and water-soluble vitamin B (in 1915; now known to be a complex of several water-soluble vitamins) and named vitamin C as the then-unknown substance preventing scurvy. Lafayette Mendel and Thomas Osborne also performed pioneering work on vitamins A and B. In 1919, Sir Edward Mellanby incorrectly identified rickets as a vitamin A deficiency because he could cure it in dogs with cod liver oil. In 1922, McCollum destroyed the vitamin A in cod liver oil, but found that it still cured rickets. Also in 1922, H.M. Evans and L.S. Bishop discover vitamin E as essential for rat pregnancy, originally calling it "food factor X" until 1925.

title: Nutrition

title: Nutrition

text: In

text: Elmer

text: McCollum

text: discovered

text: the

text: first

text: vitamins

text: fat

text: soluble

text: vitamin

text: A

text: and

text: water

text: soluble

text: vitamin

text: B

text: in

text: now

text: known

text: to

text: be

text: a

text: complex

text: of

text: several

text: water

text: soluble

text: vitamins

text: and

text: named

text: vitamin

text: C

text: as

text: the

text: then

text: unknown

text: substance

text: preventing

text: scurvy

text: Lafayette

text: Mendel

text: and

text: Thomas

text: Osborne

text: also

text: performed

text: pioneering

text: work

text: on

text: vitamins

text: A

text: and

text: B.

text: In

text: Sir

text: Edward

text: Mellanby

text: incorrectly

text: identified

text: rickets

text: as

text: a

text: vitamin

text: A

text: deficiency

text: because

text: he

text: could

text: cure

text: it

text: in

text: dogs

text: with

text: cod

text: liver

text: oil

text: In

text: McCollum

text: destroyed

text: the

text: vitamin

text: A

text: in

text: cod

text: liver

text: oil

text: but

text: found

text: that

text: it

text: still

text: cured

text: rickets

text: Also

text: in

text: H.M.

text: Evans

text: and

text: L.S.

text: Bishop

text: discover

text: vitamin

text: E

text: as

text: essential

text: for

text: rat

text: pregnancy

text: originally

text: calling

text: it

text: food

text: factor

text: X

text: until

question: What was notable about the discovered vitamin A?

answer: fat-soluble

text: fat-soluble

question: Which property was vitamin B found to have?

answer: water-soluble

text: water-soluble

question: Which disease was vitamin C claimed to help prevent?

answer: scurvy

text: scurvy

question: What was cod liver oil able to help cure in dogs?

answer: rickets

text: rickets

question: What was referred to as "food factor X"?

answer: vitamin E

text: vitamin E


text: Many scholars (including Makdisi) have argued that early medieval universities were influenced by the religious madrasahs in Al-Andalus, the Emirate of Sicily, and the Middle East (during the Crusades). Other scholars see this argument as overstated. Lowe and Yasuhara have recently drawn on the well-documented influences of scholarship from the Islamic world on the universities of Western Europe to call for a reconsideration of the development of higher education, turning away from a concern with local institutional structures to a broader consideration within a global context.

title: University

title: University

text: Many

text: scholars

text: including

text: Makdisi

text: have

text: argued

text: that

text: early

text: medieval

text: universities

text: were

text: influenced

text: by

text: the

text: religious

text: madrasahs

text: in

text: Al

text: Andalus

text: the

text: Emirate

text: of

text: Sicily

text: and

text: the

text: Middle

text: East

text: during

text: the

text: Crusades

text: Other

text: scholars

text: see

text: this

text: argument

text: as

text: overstated

text: Lowe

text: and

text: Yasuhara

text: have

text: recently

text: drawn

text: on

text: the

text: well

text: documented

text: influences

text: of

text: scholarship

text: from

text: the

text: Islamic

text: world

text: on

text: the

text: universities

text: of

text: Western

text: Europe

text: to

text: call

text: for

text: a

text: reconsideration

text: of

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: higher

text: education

text: turning

text: away

text: from

text: a

text: concern

text: with

text: local

text: institutional

text: structures

text: to

text: a

text: broader

text: consideration

text: within

text: a

text: global

text: context

question: Madrasas in which specific location are said to have guided the formation of medieval universities?

answer: Al-Andalus

text: Al-Andalus

question: Some scholars think that universities come from what, rather than solely local influences?

answer: a global context

text: a global context

question: Al-Andalus was an Emirate of which entity?

answer: Sicily

text: Sicily

question: During what notable Middle East conflict is it believed by some that Universities received influence from madrasas?

answer: the Crusades

text: the Crusades


text: The second part of the novel deals with what book reviewer Harding LeMay termed "the spirit-corroding shame of the civilized white Southerner in the treatment of the Negro". In the years following its release, many reviewers considered To Kill a Mockingbird a novel primarily concerned with race relations. Claudia Durst Johnson considers it "reasonable to believe" that the novel was shaped by two events involving racial issues in Alabama: Rosa Parks' refusal to yield her seat on a city bus to a white person, which sparked the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott, and the 1956 riots at the University of Alabama after Autherine Lucy and Polly Myers were admitted (Myers eventually withdrew her application and Lucy was expelled, but reinstated in 1980). In writing about the historical context of the novel's construction, two other literary scholars remark: "To Kill a Mockingbird was written and published amidst the most significant and conflict-ridden social change in the South since the Civil War and Reconstruction. Inevitably, despite its mid-1930s setting, the story told from the perspective of the 1950s voices the conflicts, tensions, and fears induced by this transition."

title: To_Kill_a_Mockingbird

title: To_Kill_a_Mockingbird

text: The

text: second

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: novel

text: deals

text: with

text: what

text: book

text: reviewer

text: Harding

text: LeMay

text: termed

text: the

text: spirit

text: corroding

text: shame

text: of

text: the

text: civilized

text: white

text: Southerner

text: in

text: the

text: treatment

text: of

text: the

text: Negro

text: In

text: the

text: years

text: following

text: its

text: release

text: many

text: reviewers

text: considered

text: To

text: Kill

text: a

text: Mockingbird

text: a

text: novel

text: primarily

text: concerned

text: with

text: race

text: relations

text: Claudia

text: Durst

text: Johnson

text: considers

text: it

text: reasonable

text: to

text: believe

text: that

text: the

text: novel

text: was

text: shaped

text: by

text: two

text: events

text: involving

text: racial

text: issues

text: in

text: Alabama

text: Rosa

text: Parks

text: refusal

text: to

text: yield

text: her

text: seat

text: on

text: a

text: city

text: bus

text: to

text: a

text: white

text: person

text: which

text: sparked

text: the

text: Montgomery

text: Bus

text: Boycott

text: and

text: the

text: riots

text: at

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Alabama

text: after

text: Autherine

text: Lucy

text: and

text: Polly

text: Myers

text: were

text: admitted

text: Myers

text: eventually

text: withdrew

text: her

text: application

text: and

text: Lucy

text: was

text: expelled

text: but

text: reinstated

text: in

text: In

text: writing

text: about

text: the

text: historical

text: context

text: of

text: the

text: novel

text: 's

text: construction

text: two

text: other

text: literary

text: scholars

text: remark

text: To

text: Kill

text: a

text: Mockingbird

text: was

text: written

text: and

text: published

text: amidst

text: the

text: most

text: significant

text: and

text: conflict

text: ridden

text: social

text: change

text: in

text: the

text: South

text: since

text: the

text: Civil

text: War

text: and

text: Reconstruction

text: Inevitably

text: despite

text: its

text: setting

text: the

text: story

text: told

text: from

text: the

text: perspective

text: of

text: the

text: voices

text: the

text: conflicts

text: tensions

text: and

text: fears

text: induced

text: by

text: this

text: transition

question: When did the Montgomery Bus Boycott take place?

answer: 1955

question: Many reviewers consider the second part of the book to be about what issue?

answer: race relations

text: race relations


text: By the mid-7th century, English and Irish missionaries set out to convert the Frisians. The pope appointed their leader, Willibrordus, bishop of the Frisians. The tenure of Willibrordus is generally considered to be the beginning of the Bishopric of Utrecht. In 723, the Frankish leader Charles Martel bestowed the fortress in Utrecht and the surrounding lands as the base of the bishops. From then on Utrecht became one of the most influential seats of power for the Roman Catholic Church in the Netherlands. The archbishops of Utrecht were based at the uneasy northern border of the Carolingian Empire. In addition, the city of Utrecht had competition from the nearby trading centre Dorestad. After the fall of Dorestad around 850, Utrecht became one of the most important cities in the Netherlands. The importance of Utrecht as a centre of Christianity is illustrated by the election of the Utrecht-born Adriaan Florenszoon Boeyens as pope in 1522 (the last non-Italian pope before John Paul II).

title: Utrecht

title: Utrecht

text: By

text: the

text: century

text: English

text: and

text: Irish

text: missionaries

text: set

text: out

text: to

text: convert

text: the

text: Frisians

text: The

text: pope

text: appointed

text: their

text: leader

text: Willibrordus

text: bishop

text: of

text: the

text: Frisians

text: The

text: tenure

text: of

text: Willibrordus

text: is

text: generally

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Bishopric

text: of

text: Utrecht

text: In

text: the

text: Frankish

text: leader

text: Charles

text: Martel

text: bestowed

text: the

text: fortress

text: in

text: Utrecht

text: and

text: the

text: surrounding

text: lands

text: as

text: the

text: base

text: of

text: the

text: bishops

text: From

text: then

text: on

text: Utrecht

text: became

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: influential

text: seats

text: of

text: power

text: for

text: the

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: in

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: The

text: archbishops

text: of

text: Utrecht

text: were

text: based

text: at

text: the

text: uneasy

text: northern

text: border

text: of

text: the

text: Carolingian

text: Empire

text: In

text: addition

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Utrecht

text: had

text: competition

text: from

text: the

text: nearby

text: trading

text: centre

text: Dorestad

text: After

text: the

text: fall

text: of

text: Dorestad

text: around

text: Utrecht

text: became

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: cities

text: in

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: The

text: importance

text: of

text: Utrecht

text: as

text: a

text: centre

text: of

text: Christianity

text: is

text: illustrated

text: by

text: the

text: election

text: of

text: the

text: Utrecht

text: born

text: Adriaan

text: Florenszoon

text: Boeyens

text: as

text: pope

text: in

text: the

text: last

text: non

text: Italian

text: pope

text: before

text: John

text: Paul

text: II

question: Who tried to convert Frisians

answer: English and Irish missionaries set out to convert the Frisians

text: English and Irish missionaries set out to convert the Frisians

question: Who did the pope appoint Bishop

answer: The pope appointed their leader, Willibrordus, bishop of the Frisians

text: The pope appointed their leader, Willibrordus, bishop of the Frisians

question: What did Charles Martel do

answer: Frankish leader Charles Martel bestowed the fortress in Utrecht and the surrounding lands as the base of the bishops

text: Frankish leader Charles Martel bestowed the fortress in Utrecht and the surrounding lands as the base of the bishops

question: What year did Utrecht gain in power

answer: After the fall of Dorestad around 850, Utrecht became one of the most important cities in the Netherlands

text: After the fall of Dorestad around 850, Utrecht became one of the most important cities in the Netherlands

question: What showed the importance of Utrecht

answer: Utrecht as a centre of Christianity is illustrated by the election of the Utrecht-born Adriaan Florenszoon Boeyens as pope in 1522

text: Utrecht as a centre of Christianity is illustrated by the election of the Utrecht-born Adriaan Florenszoon Boeyens as pope in 1522


text: In southeast Asian colonies, such as Hong Kong, child labour such as the Mui Tsai (妹仔), was rationalised as a cultural tradition and ignored by British authorities. The Dutch East India Company officials rationalised their child labour abuses with, "it is a way to save these children from a worse fate." Christian mission schools in regions stretching from Zambia to Nigeria too required work from children, and in exchange provided religious education, not secular education. Elsewhere, the Canadian Dominion Statutes in form of so-called Breaches of Contract Act, stipulated jail terms for uncooperative child workers.

title: Child_labour

title: Child_labour

text: In

text: southeast

text: Asian

text: colonies

text: such

text: as

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: child

text: labour

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Mui

text: Tsai

text: 妹仔

text: was

text: rationalised

text: as

text: a

text: cultural

text: tradition

text: and

text: ignored

text: by

text: British

text: authorities

text: The

text: Dutch

text: East

text: India

text: Company

text: officials

text: rationalised

text: their

text: child

text: labour

text: abuses

text: with

text: it

text: is

text: a

text: way

text: to

text: save

text: these

text: children

text: from

text: a

text: worse

text: fate

text: Christian

text: mission

text: schools

text: in

text: regions

text: stretching

text: from

text: Zambia

text: to

text: Nigeria

text: too

text: required

text: work

text: from

text: children

text: and

text: in

text: exchange

text: provided

text: religious

text: education

text: not

text: secular

text: education

text: Elsewhere

text: the

text: Canadian

text: Dominion

text: Statutes

text: in

text: form

text: of

text: so

text: called

text: Breaches

text: of

text: Contract

text: Act

text: stipulated

text: jail

text: terms

text: for

text: uncooperative

text: child

text: workers

question: Where did the British turn a blind eye to child labour?

answer: Hong Kong

text: Hong Kong

question: What schools required child labour?

answer: Christian mission schools

text: Christian mission schools

question: Did the child workers receive anything from the christian mission schools?

answer: provided religious education

text: provided religious education

question: What did the Canadians do to children that did not wish to work?

answer: stipulated jail terms

text: stipulated jail terms


text: In 1995, Sony and Michael Jackson formed a joint venture which merged Sony's music publishing operations with Jackson's ATV Music to form Sony/ATV Music Publishing.

title: Sony_Music_Entertainment

title: Sony_Music_Entertainment

text: In

text: Sony

text: and

text: Michael

text: Jackson

text: formed

text: a

text: joint

text: venture

text: which

text: merged

text: Sony

text: 's

text: music

text: publishing

text: operations

text: with

text: Jackson

text: 's

text: ATV

text: Music

text: to

text: form

text: Sony

text: ATV

text: Music

text: Publishing

question: In what year did the merger take place?

answer: 1995


text: Guinea-Bissau (i/ˈɡɪni bɪˈsaʊ/, GI-nee-bi-SOW), officially the Republic of Guinea-Bissau (Portuguese: República da Guiné-Bissau, pronounced: [ʁeˈpublikɐ dɐ ɡiˈnɛ biˈsaw]), is a country in West Africa. It covers 36,125 square kilometres (13,948 sq mi) with an estimated population of 1,704,000.

title: Guinea-Bissau

title: Guinea

title: Bissau

text: Guinea

text: Bissau

text: i/ˈɡɪni

text: bɪˈsaʊ/

text: GI

text: nee

text: bi

text: SOW

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Guinea

text: Bissau

text: Portuguese

text: República

text: da

text: Guiné

text: Bissau

text: pronounced

text: ʁeˈpublikɐ

text: dɐ

text: ɡiˈnɛ

text: biˈsaw

text: is

text: a

text: country

text: in

text: West

text: Africa

text: It

text: covers

text: square

text: kilometres

text: sq

text: mi

text: with

text: an

text: estimated

text: population

text: of

question: What is the official name for Guinea-Bissau?

answer: the Republic of Guinea-Bissau

text: the Republic of Guinea-Bissau

question: Where is Guinea-Bissau located?

answer: West Africa

text: West Africa

question: How many square miles is Guinea-Bissau?

answer: 13,948 sq mi

text: 13,948 sq mi

question: What is the estimated population of Guinea-Bissau?

answer: 1,704,000

question: How many kilometers does Guinea-Bissau cover?

answer: 36,125


text: Vladimir's choice of Eastern Christianity may also have reflected his close personal ties with Constantinople, which dominated the Black Sea and hence trade on Kiev's most vital commercial route, the Dnieper River. Adherence to the Eastern Church had long-range political, cultural, and religious consequences. The church had a liturgy written in Cyrillic and a corpus of translations from Greek that had been produced for the Slavic peoples. This literature facilitated the conversion to Christianity of the Eastern Slavs and introduced them to rudimentary Greek philosophy, science, and historiography without the necessity of learning Greek (there were some merchants who did business with Greeks and likely had an understanding of contemporary business Greek). In contrast, educated people in medieval Western and Central Europe learned Latin. Enjoying independence from the Roman authority and free from tenets of Latin learning, the East Slavs developed their own literature and fine arts, quite distinct from those of other Eastern Orthodox countries.[citation needed] (See Old East Slavic language and Architecture of Kievan Rus for details ). Following the Great Schism of 1054, the Rus' church maintained communion with both Rome and Constantinople for some time, but along with most of the Eastern churches it eventually split to follow the Eastern Orthodox. That being said, unlike other parts of the Greek world, Kievan Rus' did not have a strong hostility to the Western world.

title: Kievan_Rus%27

title: Kievan_Rus%27

text: Vladimir

text: 's

text: choice

text: of

text: Eastern

text: Christianity

text: may

text: also

text: have

text: reflected

text: his

text: close

text: personal

text: ties

text: with

text: Constantinople

text: which

text: dominated

text: the

text: Black

text: Sea

text: and

text: hence

text: trade

text: on

text: Kiev

text: 's

text: most

text: vital

text: commercial

text: route

text: the

text: Dnieper

text: River

text: Adherence

text: to

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Church

text: had

text: long

text: range

text: political

text: cultural

text: and

text: religious

text: consequences

text: The

text: church

text: had

text: a

text: liturgy

text: written

text: in

text: Cyrillic

text: and

text: a

text: corpus

text: of

text: translations

text: from

text: Greek

text: that

text: had

text: been

text: produced

text: for

text: the

text: Slavic

text: peoples

text: This

text: literature

text: facilitated

text: the

text: conversion

text: to

text: Christianity

text: of

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Slavs

text: and

text: introduced

text: them

text: to

text: rudimentary

text: Greek

text: philosophy

text: science

text: and

text: historiography

text: without

text: the

text: necessity

text: of

text: learning

text: Greek

text: there

text: were

text: some

text: merchants

text: who

text: did

text: business

text: with

text: Greeks

text: and

text: likely

text: had

text: an

text: understanding

text: of

text: contemporary

text: business

text: Greek

text: In

text: contrast

text: educated

text: people

text: in

text: medieval

text: Western

text: and

text: Central

text: Europe

text: learned

text: Latin

text: Enjoying

text: independence

text: from

text: the

text: Roman

text: authority

text: and

text: free

text: from

text: tenets

text: of

text: Latin

text: learning

text: the

text: East

text: Slavs

text: developed

text: their

text: own

text: literature

text: and

text: fine

text: arts

text: quite

text: distinct

text: from

text: those

text: of

text: other

text: Eastern

text: Orthodox

text: countries.[citation

text: needed

text: See

text: Old

text: East

text: Slavic

text: language

text: and

text: Architecture

text: of

text: Kievan

text: Rus

text: for

text: details

text: Following

text: the

text: Great

text: Schism

text: of

text: the

text: Rus

text: church

text: maintained

text: communion

text: with

text: both

text: Rome

text: and

text: Constantinople

text: for

text: some

text: time

text: but

text: along

text: with

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: Eastern

text: churches

text: it

text: eventually

text: split

text: to

text: follow

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Orthodox

text: That

text: being

text: said

text: unlike

text: other

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: Greek

text: world

text: Kievan

text: Rus

text: did

text: not

text: have

text: a

text: strong

text: hostility

text: to

text: the

text: Western

text: world

question: What was considered too be Kiev's most important route for trade?

answer: Dnieper River

text: Dnieper River

question: What language did the church write  the liturgy in?

answer: Cyrillic

text: Cyrillic

question: What did this literature help with that was written in Cyrillic?

answer: facilitated the conversion to Christianity

text: facilitated the conversion to Christianity


text: Although the rivers and coast of this area were among the first places colonized by the Portuguese, who set up trading posts in the 16th century, they did not explore the interior until the 19th century. The local African rulers in Guinea, some of whom prospered greatly from the slave trade, controlled the inland trade and did not allow the Europeans into the interior. They kept them in the fortified coastal settlements where the trading took place. African communities that fought back against slave traders also distrusted European adventurers and would-be settlers. The Portuguese in Guinea were largely restricted to the port of Bissau and Cacheu. A small number of European settlers established isolated farms along Bissau's inland rivers.

title: Guinea-Bissau

title: Guinea

title: Bissau

text: Although

text: the

text: rivers

text: and

text: coast

text: of

text: this

text: area

text: were

text: among

text: the

text: first

text: places

text: colonized

text: by

text: the

text: Portuguese

text: who

text: set

text: up

text: trading

text: posts

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: they

text: did

text: not

text: explore

text: the

text: interior

text: until

text: the

text: century

text: The

text: local

text: African

text: rulers

text: in

text: Guinea

text: some

text: of

text: whom

text: prospered

text: greatly

text: from

text: the

text: slave

text: trade

text: controlled

text: the

text: inland

text: trade

text: and

text: did

text: not

text: allow

text: the

text: Europeans

text: into

text: the

text: interior

text: They

text: kept

text: them

text: in

text: the

text: fortified

text: coastal

text: settlements

text: where

text: the

text: trading

text: took

text: place

text: African

text: communities

text: that

text: fought

text: back

text: against

text: slave

text: traders

text: also

text: distrusted

text: European

text: adventurers

text: and

text: would

text: be

text: settlers

text: The

text: Portuguese

text: in

text: Guinea

text: were

text: largely

text: restricted

text: to

text: the

text: port

text: of

text: Bissau

text: and

text: Cacheu

text: A

text: small

text: number

text: of

text: European

text: settlers

text: established

text: isolated

text: farms

text: along

text: Bissau

text: 's

text: inland

text: rivers

question: What areas were the first places colonized by the Portuguese?

answer: the rivers and coast

text: the rivers and coast

question: When did the Portuguese first set up trading posts in Guinea-Bissau?

answer: 16th century

text: 16th century

question: When did the Portuguese explore the interior of Guinea-Bissau?

answer: 19th century

text: 19th century

question: Who controlled the inland trade in Guinea-Bissau during this time?

answer: local African rulers

text: local African rulers

question: What ports were the Portuguese restricted to?

answer: Bissau and Cacheu

text: Bissau and Cacheu


text: While the terms "institute of technology" and "polytechnic" are synonymous, the preference concerning which one is the preferred term varies from country to country.[citation needed]

title: Institute_of_technology

title: Institute_of_technology

text: While

text: the

text: terms

text: institute

text: of

text: technology

text: and

text: polytechnic

text: are

text: synonymous

text: the

text: preference

text: concerning

text: which

text: one

text: is

text: the

text: preferred

text: term

text: varies

text: from

text: country

text: to

text: country.[citation

text: needed

question: What word means the same thing as "institute of technology"?

answer: polytechnic

text: polytechnic


text: The northern group consists of the keskmurre or central dialect that is also the basis for the standard language, the läänemurre or western dialect, roughly corresponding to Läänemaa and Pärnumaa, the saarte murre (islands') dialect of Saaremaa and Hiiumaa and the idamurre or eastern dialect on the northwestern shore of Lake Peipsi.

title: Estonian_language

title: Estonian_language

text: The

text: northern

text: group

text: consists

text: of

text: the

text: keskmurre

text: or

text: central

text: dialect

text: that

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: basis

text: for

text: the

text: standard

text: language

text: the

text: läänemurre

text: or

text: western

text: dialect

text: roughly

text: corresponding

text: to

text: Läänemaa

text: and

text: Pärnumaa

text: the

text: saarte

text: murre

text: islands

text: dialect

text: of

text: Saaremaa

text: and

text: Hiiumaa

text: and

text: the

text: idamurre

text: or

text: eastern

text: dialect

text: on

text: the

text: northwestern

text: shore

text: of

text: Lake

text: Peipsi

question: What dialect is also known as the central dialect?

answer: the keskmurre

text: the keskmurre

question: What is the dialect from Lake Peipsi?

answer: the idamurre or eastern dialect

text: the idamurre or eastern dialect

question: What dialects of the northern group are spoken on the saarte murre?

answer: Saaremaa and Hiiumaa

text: Saaremaa and Hiiumaa

question: What is another name for Estonian's northern group's western dialect?

answer: the läänemurre

text: the läänemurre


text: Unlike many other MP3 players, simply copying audio or video files to the drive with a typical file management application will not allow an iPod to properly access them. The user must use software that has been specifically designed to transfer media files to iPods, so that the files are playable and viewable. Usually iTunes is used to transfer media to an iPod, though several alternative third-party applications are available on a number of different platforms.

title: IPod

title: IPod

text: Unlike

text: many

text: other

text: players

text: simply

text: copying

text: audio

text: or

text: video

text: files

text: to

text: the

text: drive

text: with

text: a

text: typical

text: file

text: management

text: application

text: will

text: not

text: allow

text: an

text: iPod

text: to

text: properly

text: access

text: them

text: The

text: user

text: must

text: use

text: software

text: that

text: has

text: been

text: specifically

text: designed

text: to

text: transfer

text: media

text: files

text: to

text: iPods

text: so

text: that

text: the

text: files

text: are

text: playable

text: and

text: viewable

text: Usually

text: iTunes

text: is

text: used

text: to

text: transfer

text: media

text: to

text: an

text: iPod

text: though

text: several

text: alternative

text: third

text: party

text: applications

text: are

text: available

text: on

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: different

text: platforms

question: What kind program is commonly used to move files between iTunes and an iPod?

answer: iTunes

text: iTunes

question: What kind of other applications enable communication between iTunes and an iPod?

answer: third-party

text: third-party

question: Rather than copying media files directly to it, what software must be used for this purpose so that they are accessible?

answer: iTunes

text: iTunes


text: Jehovah's Witnesses believe their highest allegiance belongs to God's kingdom, which is viewed as an actual government in heaven, with Christ as king. They remain politically neutral, do not seek public office, and are discouraged from voting, though individual members may participate in uncontroversial community improvement issues. Although they do not take part in politics, they respect the authority of the governments under which they live. They do not celebrate religious holidays such as Christmas and Easter, nor do they observe birthdays, nationalistic holidays, or other celebrations they consider to honor people other than Jesus. They feel that these and many other customs have pagan origins or reflect a nationalistic or political spirit. Their position is that these traditional holidays reflect Satan's control over the world. Witnesses are told that spontaneous giving at other times can help their children to not feel deprived of birthdays or other celebrations.

title: Jehovah%27s_Witnesses

title: Jehovah%27s_Witnesses

text: Jehovah

text: 's

text: Witnesses

text: believe

text: their

text: highest

text: allegiance

text: belongs

text: to

text: God

text: 's

text: kingdom

text: which

text: is

text: viewed

text: as

text: an

text: actual

text: government

text: in

text: heaven

text: with

text: Christ

text: as

text: king

text: They

text: remain

text: politically

text: neutral

text: do

text: not

text: seek

text: public

text: office

text: and

text: are

text: discouraged

text: from

text: voting

text: though

text: individual

text: members

text: may

text: participate

text: in

text: uncontroversial

text: community

text: improvement

text: issues

text: Although

text: they

text: do

text: not

text: take

text: part

text: in

text: politics

text: they

text: respect

text: the

text: authority

text: of

text: the

text: governments

text: under

text: which

text: they

text: live

text: They

text: do

text: not

text: celebrate

text: religious

text: holidays

text: such

text: as

text: Christmas

text: and

text: Easter

text: nor

text: do

text: they

text: observe

text: birthdays

text: nationalistic

text: holidays

text: or

text: other

text: celebrations

text: they

text: consider

text: to

text: honor

text: people

text: other

text: than

text: Jesus

text: They

text: feel

text: that

text: these

text: and

text: many

text: other

text: customs

text: have

text: pagan

text: origins

text: or

text: reflect

text: a

text: nationalistic

text: or

text: political

text: spirit

text: Their

text: position

text: is

text: that

text: these

text: traditional

text: holidays

text: reflect

text: Satan

text: 's

text: control

text: over

text: the

text: world

text: Witnesses

text: are

text: told

text: that

text: spontaneous

text: giving

text: at

text: other

text: times

text: can

text: help

text: their

text: children

text: to

text: not

text: feel

text: deprived

text: of

text: birthdays

text: or

text: other

text: celebrations

question: Who is king of God's kingdom in heaven?

answer: Christ

text: Christ

question: What do Jehovah Witnesses remain politically?

answer: neutral

text: neutral

question: What are Jehovah Witnesses discouraged from doing?

answer: voting

text: voting

question: Why do Jehovah Witnesses forego religious holidays and birthdays or other celebrations?

answer: they consider to honor people other than Jesus

text: they consider to honor people other than Jesus

question: What do Jehovah Witnesses feel all the traditional holidays reflect?

answer: Satan's control over the world

text: Satan's control over the world


text: The city is home to New Haven Promise, a scholarship funded by Yale University for students who meet the requirements. Students must be enrolled in a public high school (charters included) for four years, be a resident of the city during that time, carry a 3.0 cumulative grade-point average, have a 90-percent attendance rate and perform 40 hours of service to the city. The initiative was launched in 2010 and there are currently more than 500 Scholars enrolled in qualifying Connecticut colleges and universities. There are more than 60 cities in the country that have a Promise-type program for their students.

title: New_Haven,_Connecticut

title: New_Haven,_Connecticut

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: New

text: Haven

text: Promise

text: a

text: scholarship

text: funded

text: by

text: Yale

text: University

text: for

text: students

text: who

text: meet

text: the

text: requirements

text: Students

text: must

text: be

text: enrolled

text: in

text: a

text: public

text: high

text: school

text: charters

text: included

text: for

text: four

text: years

text: be

text: a

text: resident

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: during

text: that

text: time

text: carry

text: a

text: cumulative

text: grade

text: point

text: average

text: have

text: a

text: attendance

text: rate

text: and

text: perform

text: hours

text: of

text: service

text: to

text: the

text: city

text: The

text: initiative

text: was

text: launched

text: in

text: and

text: there

text: are

text: currently

text: more

text: than

text: Scholars

text: enrolled

text: in

text: qualifying

text: Connecticut

text: colleges

text: and

text: universities

text: There

text: are

text: more

text: than

text: cities

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: that

text: have

text: a

text: Promise

text: type

text: program

text: for

text: their

text: students

question: What scholarship is awarded in New Haven by Yale University to public school students meeting specified criteria?

answer: New Haven Promise

text: New Haven Promise

question: What is the cumulative GPA necessary for a student to be eligible for the New Haven Promise scholarship?

answer: 3.0

question: How many hours of community service must a student perform in order to be eligible for the New Haven Promise scholarship?

answer: 40 hours

text: 40 hours

question: What is the minimum attendance rate for a student to be eligible for the New Haven Promise Scholarship?

answer: 90-percent

question: In what year was the New Haven Promise scholarship initiated?

answer: 2010

question: What is the name of the scholarship is funded by Yale?

answer: New Haven Promise

text: New Haven Promise

question: In terms of requirement what sort of service would one needs to fulfilled in order to apply?

answer: 40 hours of service to the city.

text: 40 hours of service to the city.

question: When did the scholar project begin?

answer: 2010

question: Currently how many students total have been approve by the program?

answer: more than 500 Scholars

text: more than 500 Scholars


text: Western philosophy regarded emotion in varying ways. In stoic theories it was seen as a hindrance to reason and therefore a hindrance to virtue. Aristotle believed that emotions were an essential component of virtue. In the Aristotelian view all emotions (called passions) corresponded to appetites or capacities. During the Middle Ages, the Aristotelian view was adopted and further developed by scholasticism and Thomas Aquinas in particular. There are also theories of emotions in the works of philosophers such as René Descartes, Niccolò Machiavelli, Baruch Spinoza and David Hume. In the 19th century emotions were considered adaptive and were studied more frequently from an empiricist psychiatric perspective.

title: Emotion

title: Emotion

text: Western

text: philosophy

text: regarded

text: emotion

text: in

text: varying

text: ways

text: In

text: stoic

text: theories

text: it

text: was

text: seen

text: as

text: a

text: hindrance

text: to

text: reason

text: and

text: therefore

text: a

text: hindrance

text: to

text: virtue

text: Aristotle

text: believed

text: that

text: emotions

text: were

text: an

text: essential

text: component

text: of

text: virtue

text: In

text: the

text: Aristotelian

text: view

text: all

text: emotions

text: called

text: passions

text: corresponded

text: to

text: appetites

text: or

text: capacities

text: During

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: the

text: Aristotelian

text: view

text: was

text: adopted

text: and

text: further

text: developed

text: by

text: scholasticism

text: and

text: Thomas

text: Aquinas

text: in

text: particular

text: There

text: are

text: also

text: theories

text: of

text: emotions

text: in

text: the

text: works

text: of

text: philosophers

text: such

text: as

text: René

text: Descartes

text: Niccolò

text: Machiavelli

text: Baruch

text: Spinoza

text: and

text: David

text: Hume

text: In

text: the

text: century

text: emotions

text: were

text: considered

text: adaptive

text: and

text: were

text: studied

text: more

text: frequently

text: from

text: an

text: empiricist

text: psychiatric

text: perspective

question: What school of thought saw emotion as an impediment to virtue?

answer: stoic

text: stoic

question: What thinker believed that emotions were necessary for virtue?

answer: Aristotle

text: Aristotle

question: What did the Aristotelians call emotions?

answer: passions

text: passions

question: Who was a notable scholastic thinker?

answer: Thomas Aquinas

text: Thomas Aquinas

question: Along with Descartes, Machiavelli and Hume, what notable philosopher developed a theory of emotions?

answer: Baruch Spinoza

text: Baruch Spinoza


text: Spielberg's films often deal with several recurring themes. Most of his films deal with ordinary characters searching for or coming in contact with extraordinary beings or finding themselves in extraordinary circumstances. In an AFI interview in August 2000 Spielberg commented on his interest in the possibility of extra terrestrial life and how it has influenced some of his films. Spielberg described himself as feeling like an alien during childhood, and his interest came from his father, a science fiction fan, and his opinion that aliens would not travel light years for conquest, but instead curiosity and sharing of knowledge.

title: Steven_Spielberg

title: Steven_Spielberg

text: Spielberg

text: 's

text: films

text: often

text: deal

text: with

text: several

text: recurring

text: themes

text: Most

text: of

text: his

text: films

text: deal

text: with

text: ordinary

text: characters

text: searching

text: for

text: or

text: coming

text: in

text: contact

text: with

text: extraordinary

text: beings

text: or

text: finding

text: themselves

text: in

text: extraordinary

text: circumstances

text: In

text: an

text: AFI

text: interview

text: in

text: August

text: Spielberg

text: commented

text: on

text: his

text: interest

text: in

text: the

text: possibility

text: of

text: extra

text: terrestrial

text: life

text: and

text: how

text: it

text: has

text: influenced

text: some

text: of

text: his

text: films

text: Spielberg

text: described

text: himself

text: as

text: feeling

text: like

text: an

text: alien

text: during

text: childhood

text: and

text: his

text: interest

text: came

text: from

text: his

text: father

text: a

text: science

text: fiction

text: fan

text: and

text: his

text: opinion

text: that

text: aliens

text: would

text: not

text: travel

text: light

text: years

text: for

text: conquest

text: but

text: instead

text: curiosity

text: and

text: sharing

text: of

text: knowledge

question: What theme is common to Spielberg's films?

answer: ordinary characters searching for or coming in contact with extraordinary beings or finding themselves in extraordinary circumstances

text: ordinary characters searching for or coming in contact with extraordinary beings or finding themselves in extraordinary circumstances

question: When in his life did Spielberg 'feel like an alien'?

answer: during childhood

text: during childhood

question: When did Spielberg give an interview saying he had 'felt like an alien'?

answer: August 2000

text: August 2000

question: Why does Spielberg think aliens would visit?

answer: curiosity and sharing of knowledge

text: curiosity and sharing of knowledge

question: Which of Spielberg's parents liked sci-fi?

answer: his father

text: his father


text: Through the force of sheer numbers, the English-speaking American settlers entering the Southwest established their language, culture, and law as dominant, to the extent it fully displaced Spanish in the public sphere; this is why the United States never developed bilingualism as Canada did. For example, the California constitutional convention of 1849 had eight Californio participants; the resulting state constitution was produced in English and Spanish, and it contained a clause requiring all published laws and regulations to be published in both languages. The constitutional convention of 1872 had no Spanish-speaking participants; the convention's English-speaking participants felt that the state's remaining minority of Spanish-speakers should simply learn English; and the convention ultimately voted 46-39 to revise the earlier clause so that all official proceedings would henceforth be published only in English.

title: Spanish_language_in_the_United_States

title: Spanish_language_in_the_United_States

text: Through

text: the

text: force

text: of

text: sheer

text: numbers

text: the

text: English

text: speaking

text: American

text: settlers

text: entering

text: the

text: Southwest

text: established

text: their

text: language

text: culture

text: and

text: law

text: as

text: dominant

text: to

text: the

text: extent

text: it

text: fully

text: displaced

text: Spanish

text: in

text: the

text: public

text: sphere

text: this

text: is

text: why

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: never

text: developed

text: bilingualism

text: as

text: Canada

text: did

text: For

text: example

text: the

text: California

text: constitutional

text: convention

text: of

text: had

text: eight

text: Californio

text: participants

text: the

text: resulting

text: state

text: constitution

text: was

text: produced

text: in

text: English

text: and

text: Spanish

text: and

text: it

text: contained

text: a

text: clause

text: requiring

text: all

text: published

text: laws

text: and

text: regulations

text: to

text: be

text: published

text: in

text: both

text: languages

text: The

text: constitutional

text: convention

text: of

text: had

text: no

text: Spanish

text: speaking

text: participants

text: the

text: convention

text: 's

text: English

text: speaking

text: participants

text: felt

text: that

text: the

text: state

text: 's

text: remaining

text: minority

text: of

text: Spanish

text: speakers

text: should

text: simply

text: learn

text: English

text: and

text: the

text: convention

text: ultimately

text: voted

text: to

text: revise

text: the

text: earlier

text: clause

text: so

text: that

text: all

text: official

text: proceedings

text: would

text: henceforth

text: be

text: published

text: only

text: in

text: English

question: Why isn't the southwest Spanish speaking?

answer: Through the force of sheer numbers, the English-speaking American settlers entering the Southwest established their language, culture, and law

text: Through the force of sheer numbers, the English-speaking American settlers entering the Southwest established their language, culture, and law

question: Is Canada bilingual?

answer: United States never developed bilingualism as Canada did.

text: United States never developed bilingualism as Canada did.

question: Was California a bilingual state?

answer: California constitutional convention of 1849 had eight Californio participants; the resulting state constitution was produced in English and Spanish,

text: California constitutional convention of 1849 had eight Californio participants; the resulting state constitution was produced in English and Spanish,

question: Why didn't California officially become  bilingual?

answer: the convention's English-speaking participants felt that the state's remaining minority of Spanish-speakers should simply learn English

text: the convention's English-speaking participants felt that the state's remaining minority of Spanish-speakers should simply learn English

question: Was there a court ruling?

answer: the convention ultimately voted 46-39 to revise the earlier clause so that all official proceedings would henceforth be published only in English.

text: the convention ultimately voted 46-39 to revise the earlier clause so that all official proceedings would henceforth be published only in English.


text: The President is responsible for the implementation of the Constitution and for the exercise of executive powers, except for matters directly related to the Supreme Leader, who has the final say in all matters. The President appoints and supervises the Council of Ministers, coordinates government decisions, and selects government policies to be placed before the legislature. Eight Vice-Presidents serve under the President, as well as a cabinet of twenty-two ministers, who must all be approved by the legislature.

title: Iran

title: Iran

text: The

text: President

text: is

text: responsible

text: for

text: the

text: implementation

text: of

text: the

text: Constitution

text: and

text: for

text: the

text: exercise

text: of

text: executive

text: powers

text: except

text: for

text: matters

text: directly

text: related

text: to

text: the

text: Supreme

text: Leader

text: who

text: has

text: the

text: final

text: say

text: in

text: all

text: matters

text: The

text: President

text: appoints

text: and

text: supervises

text: the

text: Council

text: of

text: Ministers

text: coordinates

text: government

text: decisions

text: and

text: selects

text: government

text: policies

text: to

text: be

text: placed

text: before

text: the

text: legislature

text: Eight

text: Vice

text: Presidents

text: serve

text: under

text: the

text: President

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: a

text: cabinet

text: of

text: twenty

text: two

text: ministers

text: who

text: must

text: all

text: be

text: approved

text: by

text: the

text: legislature

question: In Iran, who has the final say in all matters directly related to the Supreme Leader?

answer: the Supreme Leader

text: the Supreme Leader

question: Who exercises exective powers in Iran?

answer: The President

text: The President

question: The Council of Ministers is appointed and supervised by who?

answer: The President

text: The President

question: How many Vice-Presidents serve under the President in Iran?

answer: Eight

text: Eight

question: The legislature approves the 8 vice presidents and how many cabinet members?

answer: twenty-two

text: twenty-two


text: LaserDiscs were initially cheaper than videocassettes to manufacture, because they lacked the moving parts and plastic outer shell that are necessary for VHS tapes to work, and the duplication process was much simpler. A VHS cassette has at least 14 parts including the actual tape while LaserDisc has one part with five or six layers. A disc can be stamped out in a matter of seconds whereas duplicating videotape required a complex bulk tape duplication mechanism and was a time-consuming process. However, by the end of the 1980s, average disc-pressing prices were over $5.00 per two-sided disc, due to the large amount of plastic material and the costly glass-mastering process needed to make the metal stamper mechanisms. Due to the larger volume of demand, videocassettes quickly became much cheaper to duplicate, costing as little as $1.00 by the beginning of the 1990s.

title: LaserDisc

title: LaserDisc

text: LaserDiscs

text: were

text: initially

text: cheaper

text: than

text: videocassettes

text: to

text: manufacture

text: because

text: they

text: lacked

text: the

text: moving

text: parts

text: and

text: plastic

text: outer

text: shell

text: that

text: are

text: necessary

text: for

text: VHS

text: tapes

text: to

text: work

text: and

text: the

text: duplication

text: process

text: was

text: much

text: simpler

text: A

text: VHS

text: cassette

text: has

text: at

text: least

text: parts

text: including

text: the

text: actual

text: tape

text: while

text: LaserDisc

text: has

text: one

text: part

text: with

text: five

text: or

text: six

text: layers

text: A

text: disc

text: can

text: be

text: stamped

text: out

text: in

text: a

text: matter

text: of

text: seconds

text: whereas

text: duplicating

text: videotape

text: required

text: a

text: complex

text: bulk

text: tape

text: duplication

text: mechanism

text: and

text: was

text: a

text: time

text: consuming

text: process

text: However

text: by

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: average

text: disc

text: pressing

text: prices

text: were

text: over

text: per

text: two

text: sided

text: disc

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: large

text: amount

text: of

text: plastic

text: material

text: and

text: the

text: costly

text: glass

text: mastering

text: process

text: needed

text: to

text: make

text: the

text: metal

text: stamper

text: mechanisms

text: Due

text: to

text: the

text: larger

text: volume

text: of

text: demand

text: videocassettes

text: quickly

text: became

text: much

text: cheaper

text: to

text: duplicate

text: costing

text: as

text: little

text: as

text: by

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

question: Were Laserdiscs initially cheaper or more costly to produce than their VHS counterparts?

answer: cheaper

text: cheaper

question: How many parts does a VHS tape have that must be manufactured?

answer: at least 14

text: at least 14

question: How much did LaserDiscs cost to produce by the end of the 1980s?

answer: $5.00 per two-sided disc

text: $5.00 per two-sided disc

question: How much did VHS cost to produce by the 1990s?

answer: as little as $1.00

text: as little as $1.00


text: Oklahoma has teams in basketball, football, arena football, baseball, soccer, hockey, and wrestling located in Oklahoma City, Tulsa, Enid, Norman, and Lawton. The Oklahoma City Thunder of the National Basketball Association (NBA) is the state's only major league sports franchise. The state had a team in the Women's National Basketball Association, the Tulsa Shock, from 2010 through 2015, but the team relocated to Dallas–Fort Worth after that season and became the Dallas Wings. Oklahoma supports teams in several minor leagues, including Minor League Baseball at the AAA and AA levels (Oklahoma City Dodgers and Tulsa Drillers, respectively), hockey's ECHL with the Tulsa Oilers, and a number of indoor football leagues. In the last-named sport, the state's most notable team was the Tulsa Talons, which played in the Arena Football League until 2012, when the team was moved to San Antonio. The Oklahoma Defenders replaced the Talons as Tulsa's only professional arena football team, playing the CPIFL. The Oklahoma City Blue, of the NBA Development League, relocated to Oklahoma City from Tulsa in 2014, where they were formerly known as the Tulsa 66ers. Tulsa is the base for the Tulsa Revolution, which plays in the American Indoor Soccer League. Enid and Lawton host professional basketball teams in the USBL and the CBA.

title: Oklahoma

title: Oklahoma

text: Oklahoma

text: has

text: teams

text: in

text: basketball

text: football

text: arena

text: football

text: baseball

text: soccer

text: hockey

text: and

text: wrestling

text: located

text: in

text: Oklahoma

text: City

text: Tulsa

text: Enid

text: Norman

text: and

text: Lawton

text: The

text: Oklahoma

text: City

text: Thunder

text: of

text: the

text: National

text: Basketball

text: Association

text: NBA

text: is

text: the

text: state

text: 's

text: only

text: major

text: league

text: sports

text: franchise

text: The

text: state

text: had

text: a

text: team

text: in

text: the

text: Women

text: 's

text: National

text: Basketball

text: Association

text: the

text: Tulsa

text: Shock

text: from

text: through

text: but

text: the

text: team

text: relocated

text: to

text: Dallas

text: Fort

text: Worth

text: after

text: that

text: season

text: and

text: became

text: the

text: Dallas

text: Wings

text: Oklahoma

text: supports

text: teams

text: in

text: several

text: minor

text: leagues

text: including

text: Minor

text: League

text: Baseball

text: at

text: the

text: AAA

text: and

text: AA

text: levels

text: Oklahoma

text: City

text: Dodgers

text: and

text: Tulsa

text: Drillers

text: respectively

text: hockey

text: 's

text: ECHL

text: with

text: the

text: Tulsa

text: Oilers

text: and

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: indoor

text: football

text: leagues

text: In

text: the

text: last

text: named

text: sport

text: the

text: state

text: 's

text: most

text: notable

text: team

text: was

text: the

text: Tulsa

text: Talons

text: which

text: played

text: in

text: the

text: Arena

text: Football

text: League

text: until

text: when

text: the

text: team

text: was

text: moved

text: to

text: San

text: Antonio

text: The

text: Oklahoma

text: Defenders

text: replaced

text: the

text: Talons

text: as

text: Tulsa

text: 's

text: only

text: professional

text: arena

text: football

text: team

text: playing

text: the

text: CPIFL

text: The

text: Oklahoma

text: City

text: Blue

text: of

text: the

text: NBA

text: Development

text: League

text: relocated

text: to

text: Oklahoma

text: City

text: from

text: Tulsa

text: in

text: where

text: they

text: were

text: formerly

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Tulsa

text: Tulsa

text: is

text: the

text: base

text: for

text: the

text: Tulsa

text: Revolution

text: which

text: plays

text: in

text: the

text: American

text: Indoor

text: Soccer

text: League

text: Enid

text: and

text: Lawton

text: host

text: professional

text: basketball

text: teams

text: in

text: the

text: USBL

text: and

text: the

text: CBA

question: What is the only major league sports team in Oklahoma?

answer: Oklahoma City Thunder

text: Oklahoma City Thunder

question: What league is the Thunder in?

answer: National Basketball Association

text: National Basketball Association

question: What had Oklahoma's WNBA team been?

answer: Tulsa Shock

text: Tulsa Shock

question: Where did Oklahoma's WNBA team move to?

answer: Dallas–Fort Worth

text: Dallas–Fort Worth

question: What was Oklahoma's WNBA team renamed to when it moved?

answer: Dallas Wings

text: Dallas Wings