text: Brian May and Roger Taylor performed together at several award ceremonies and charity concerts, sharing vocals with various guest singers. During this time, they were billed as Queen + followed by the guest singer's name. In 1998, the duo appeared at Luciano Pavarotti's benefit concert with May performing "Too Much Love Will Kill You" with Pavarotti, later playing "Radio Ga Ga", "We Will Rock You", and "We Are the Champions" with Zucchero. They again attended and performed at Pavarotti's benefit concert in Modena, Italy in May 2003. Several of the guest singers recorded new versions of Queen's hits under the Queen + name, such as Robbie Williams providing vocals for "We Are the Champions" for the soundtrack of A Knight's Tale (2001).

title: Queen_(band)

title: Queen_(band

text: Brian

text: May

text: and

text: Roger

text: Taylor

text: performed

text: together

text: at

text: several

text: award

text: ceremonies

text: and

text: charity

text: concerts

text: sharing

text: vocals

text: with

text: various

text: guest

text: singers

text: During

text: this

text: time

text: they

text: were

text: billed

text: as

text: Queen

text: followed

text: by

text: the

text: guest

text: singer

text: 's

text: name

text: In

text: the

text: duo

text: appeared

text: at

text: Luciano

text: Pavarotti

text: 's

text: benefit

text: concert

text: with

text: May

text: performing

text: Too

text: Much

text: Love

text: Will

text: Kill

text: You

text: with

text: Pavarotti

text: later

text: playing

text: Radio

text: Ga

text: Ga

text: We

text: Will

text: Rock

text: You

text: and

text: We

text: Are

text: the

text: Champions

text: with

text: Zucchero

text: They

text: again

text: attended

text: and

text: performed

text: at

text: Pavarotti

text: 's

text: benefit

text: concert

text: in

text: Modena

text: Italy

text: in

text: May

text: Several

text: of

text: the

text: guest

text: singers

text: recorded

text: new

text: versions

text: of

text: Queen

text: 's

text: hits

text: under

text: the

text: Queen

text: name

text: such

text: as

text: Robbie

text: Williams

text: providing

text: vocals

text: for

text: We

text: Are

text: the

text: Champions

text: for

text: the

text: soundtrack

text: of

text: A

text: Knight

text: 's

text: Tale

question: Which two members of Queen performed together at several charity concerts?

answer: Brian May and Roger Taylor

text: Brian May and Roger Taylor

question: Who performed with Brian May in 1998 at a benefit concert?

answer: Pavarotti

text: Pavarotti

question: Where did Queen play in 2003 with a famous opera singer?

answer: Modena, Italy

text: Modena, Italy

question: Which artist provided vocals for the Queen song found on the soundtrack to A Knight's Tale?

answer: Robbie Williams

text: Robbie Williams


text: At the same time, naval innovations led to a German domination of trade in the Baltic Sea and parts of Eastern Europe through the Hanseatic League. Along the trade routes, Hanseatic trade stations became centers of the German culture. German town law (Stadtrecht) was promoted by the presence of large, relatively wealthy German populations, their influence and political power. Thus people who would be considered "Germans", with a common culture, language, and worldview different from that of the surrounding rural peoples, colonized trading towns as far north of present-day Germany as Bergen (in Norway), Stockholm (in Sweden), and Vyborg (now in Russia). The Hanseatic League was not exclusively German in any ethnic sense: many towns who joined the league were outside the Holy Roman Empire and a number of them may only loosely be characterized as German. The Empire itself was not entirely German either. It had a multi-ethnic and multi-lingual structure, some of the smaller ethnicities and languages used at different times were Dutch, Italian, French, Czech and Polish.

title: Germans

title: Germans

text: At

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: naval

text: innovations

text: led

text: to

text: a

text: German

text: domination

text: of

text: trade

text: in

text: the

text: Baltic

text: Sea

text: and

text: parts

text: of

text: Eastern

text: Europe

text: through

text: the

text: Hanseatic

text: League

text: Along

text: the

text: trade

text: routes

text: Hanseatic

text: trade

text: stations

text: became

text: centers

text: of

text: the

text: German

text: culture

text: German

text: town

text: law

text: Stadtrecht

text: was

text: promoted

text: by

text: the

text: presence

text: of

text: large

text: relatively

text: wealthy

text: German

text: populations

text: their

text: influence

text: and

text: political

text: power

text: Thus

text: people

text: who

text: would

text: be

text: considered

text: Germans

text: with

text: a

text: common

text: culture

text: language

text: and

text: worldview

text: different

text: from

text: that

text: of

text: the

text: surrounding

text: rural

text: peoples

text: colonized

text: trading

text: towns

text: as

text: far

text: north

text: of

text: present

text: day

text: Germany

text: as

text: Bergen

text: in

text: Norway

text: Stockholm

text: in

text: Sweden

text: and

text: Vyborg

text: now

text: in

text: Russia

text: The

text: Hanseatic

text: League

text: was

text: not

text: exclusively

text: German

text: in

text: any

text: ethnic

text: sense

text: many

text: towns

text: who

text: joined

text: the

text: league

text: were

text: outside

text: the

text: Holy

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: and

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: them

text: may

text: only

text: loosely

text: be

text: characterized

text: as

text: German

text: The

text: Empire

text: itself

text: was

text: not

text: entirely

text: German

text: either

text: It

text: had

text: a

text: multi

text: ethnic

text: and

text: multi

text: lingual

text: structure

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: smaller

text: ethnicities

text: and

text: languages

text: used

text: at

text: different

text: times

text: were

text: Dutch

text: Italian

text: French

text: Czech

text: and

text: Polish

question: German's domination of trade in the Eastern Europe was credited to what?

answer: naval innovations

text: naval innovations

question: Because of the increased trade what places became the hubs of German culture?

answer: Hanseatic trade stations

text: Hanseatic trade stations

question: What was promoted due to wealth and power of the German families?

answer: Stadtrecht

text: Stadtrecht

question: the holy roman empire due to its many different conquests was seen as what type of society?

answer: multi-ethnic and multi-lingual

text: multi-ethnic and multi-lingual

question: What helped the Germans dominate trade?

answer: naval innovations

text: naval innovations

question: What is the German work for German town law?

answer: Stadtrecht

text: Stadtrecht

question: Was the Hanseatic league exclusively German?

answer: The Hanseatic League was not exclusively German

text: The Hanseatic League was not exclusively German

question: What other ethnicities, besides German were part of The Empire?

answer: Dutch, Italian, French, Czech and Polish

text: Dutch, Italian, French, Czech and Polish


text: As of 2009, dial up, wireless and satellite services were available. Dial up internet services in Somalia were among the fastest growing on the continent, with an annual landline growth rate of over 12.5%. The increase in usage was largely due to innovative policy initiatives adopted by the various Somali telecom operators, including free local in-town calls, a flat rate of $10 per month for unlimited calls, a low charge of $0.005 per minute for Internet connections, and a one-time connection fee of $50. Global Internet Company, a firm jointly owned by the major Somali telecommunication networks Hormuud Telecom, Telcom Somalia and Nationlink, was the country's largest ISP. It was at the time the only provider of dial up services in Somalia's south-central regions. In the northern Puntland and Somaliland regions, online networks offered internet dial up services to their own group of subscribers. Among these firms was Golis Telecom Somalia in the northeast and Telesom in the northwest.

title: Communications_in_Somalia

title: Communications_in_Somalia

text: As

text: of

text: dial

text: up

text: wireless

text: and

text: satellite

text: services

text: were

text: available

text: Dial

text: up

text: internet

text: services

text: in

text: Somalia

text: were

text: among

text: the

text: fastest

text: growing

text: on

text: the

text: continent

text: with

text: an

text: annual

text: landline

text: growth

text: rate

text: of

text: over

text: The

text: increase

text: in

text: usage

text: was

text: largely

text: due

text: to

text: innovative

text: policy

text: initiatives

text: adopted

text: by

text: the

text: various

text: Somali

text: telecom

text: operators

text: including

text: free

text: local

text: in

text: town

text: calls

text: a

text: flat

text: rate

text: of

text: per

text: month

text: for

text: unlimited

text: calls

text: a

text: low

text: charge

text: of

text: per

text: minute

text: for

text: Internet

text: connections

text: and

text: a

text: one

text: time

text: connection

text: fee

text: of

text: Global

text: Internet

text: Company

text: a

text: firm

text: jointly

text: owned

text: by

text: the

text: major

text: Somali

text: telecommunication

text: networks

text: Hormuud

text: Telecom

text: Telcom

text: Somalia

text: and

text: Nationlink

text: was

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: largest

text: ISP

text: It

text: was

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: the

text: only

text: provider

text: of

text: dial

text: up

text: services

text: in

text: Somalia

text: 's

text: south

text: central

text: regions

text: In

text: the

text: northern

text: Puntland

text: and

text: Somaliland

text: regions

text: online

text: networks

text: offered

text: internet

text: dial

text: up

text: services

text: to

text: their

text: own

text: group

text: of

text: subscribers

text: Among

text: these

text: firms

text: was

text: Golis

text: Telecom

text: Somalia

text: in

text: the

text: northeast

text: and

text: Telesom

text: in

text: the

text: northwest

question: As of what year were dial up, wireless , and satellite services available?

answer: 2009

question: What was the landline growth rate of Somalia in 2009?

answer: 12.5%

question: What was the flat rate per month for unlimited landline calls in Somalia in the year 2009?

answer: $10 per month

text: $10 per month

question: What was Somalias largest ISP in 2009?

answer: Global Internet Company

text: Global Internet Company

question: Who was the only provider of dial up service in Somalias SouthCentral regions in 2009?

answer: Global Internet Company

text: Global Internet Company


text: Executives at Trump Entertainment Resorts, whose sole remaining property will be the Trump Taj Mahal, said in 2013 that they were considering the option of selling the Taj and winding down and exiting the gaming and hotel business.

title: Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey

title: Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey

text: Executives

text: at

text: Trump

text: Entertainment

text: Resorts

text: whose

text: sole

text: remaining

text: property

text: will

text: be

text: the

text: Trump

text: Taj

text: Mahal

text: said

text: in

text: that

text: they

text: were

text: considering

text: the

text: option

text: of

text: selling

text: the

text: Taj

text: and

text: winding

text: down

text: and

text: exiting

text: the

text: gaming

text: and

text: hotel

text: business

question: What did Trump Entertainment Group say they were considering doing with the Trump Taj Mahal?

answer: selling

text: selling

question: What is the sole remaining property owned by Trump Entertainment Group?

answer: Trump Taj Mahal

text: Trump Taj Mahal

question: In what year did executives at Trump Entertainment Group say they were considering selling the Taj?

answer: 2013

question: Why did executives say they were considering selling the Taj?

answer: winding down and exiting the gaming and hotel business

text: winding down and exiting the gaming and hotel business

question: Who spoke for the Trump Entertainment Group in regards to the Taj and what might be done in the future?

answer: Executives

text: Executives


text: The Syriac term Nasrani (Nazarene) has also been attached to the Saint Thomas Christians of Kerala, India. In the Indian subcontinent, Christians call themselves Isaai (Hindi: ईसाई, Urdu: عیسائی), and are also known by this term to adherents of other religions. This is related to the name they call Jesus, 'Isa Masih, and literally means 'the followers of 'Isa'.

title: Christian

title: Christian

text: The

text: Syriac

text: term

text: Nasrani

text: Nazarene

text: has

text: also

text: been

text: attached

text: to

text: the

text: Saint

text: Thomas

text: Christians

text: of

text: Kerala

text: India

text: In

text: the

text: Indian

text: subcontinent

text: Christians

text: call

text: themselves

text: Isaai

text: Hindi

text: ईसाई

text: Urdu

text: عیسائی

text: and

text: are

text: also

text: known

text: by

text: this

text: term

text: to

text: adherents

text: of

text: other

text: religions

text: This

text: is

text: related

text: to

text: the

text: name

text: they

text: call

text: Jesus

text: Isa

text: Masih

text: and

text: literally

text: means

text: the

text: followers

text: of

text: Isa

question: Which word has been connected to Saint Thomas Christians of Kerala, India?

answer: Nasrani

text: Nasrani

question: What do followers of Jesus call themselves in the Indian subcontinent?

answer: Isaai

text: Isaai

question: What do the people in the Indian subcontinent call Jesus?

answer: Isa Masih

text: Isa Masih


text: An example of the second view at the State level is found in the view of the Florida Supreme Court, that only the Florida Supreme Court may license and regulate attorneys appearing before the courts of Florida, and only the Florida Supreme Court may set rules for procedures in the Florida courts.[citation needed] The State of New Hampshire also follows this system.[citation needed]

title: Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution

text: An

text: example

text: of

text: the

text: second

text: view

text: at

text: the

text: State

text: level

text: is

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: view

text: of

text: the

text: Florida

text: Supreme

text: Court

text: that

text: only

text: the

text: Florida

text: Supreme

text: Court

text: may

text: license

text: and

text: regulate

text: attorneys

text: appearing

text: before

text: the

text: courts

text: of

text: Florida

text: and

text: only

text: the

text: Florida

text: Supreme

text: Court

text: may

text: set

text: rules

text: for

text: procedures

text: in

text: the

text: Florida

text: courts.[citation

text: needed

text: The

text: State

text: of

text: New

text: Hampshire

text: also

text: follows

text: this

text: system.[citation

text: needed

question: Who may license and regulate attorneys in Florida?

answer: the Florida Supreme Court

text: the Florida Supreme Court

question: Who sets the procedures to be followed in the Florida court system?

answer: the Florida Supreme Court

text: the Florida Supreme Court


text: Several systems were proposed as the new standard for the US, including the Japanese MUSE system, but all were rejected by the FCC because of their higher bandwidth requirements. At this time, the number of television channels was growing rapidly and bandwidth was already a problem. A new standard had to be more efficient, needing less bandwidth for HDTV than the existing NTSC.

title: High-definition_television

title: High

title: definition_television

text: Several

text: systems

text: were

text: proposed

text: as

text: the

text: new

text: standard

text: for

text: the

text: US

text: including

text: the

text: Japanese

text: MUSE

text: system

text: but

text: all

text: were

text: rejected

text: by

text: the

text: FCC

text: because

text: of

text: their

text: higher

text: bandwidth

text: requirements

text: At

text: this

text: time

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: television

text: channels

text: was

text: growing

text: rapidly

text: and

text: bandwidth

text: was

text: already

text: a

text: problem

text: A

text: new

text: standard

text: had

text: to

text: be

text: more

text: efficient

text: needing

text: less

text: bandwidth

text: for

text: HDTV

text: than

text: the

text: existing

text: NTSC

question: Why did the FCC reject systems such as MUSE?

answer: their higher bandwidth requirements

text: their higher bandwidth requirements

question: What was increasing and consuming a lot of bandwidth?

answer: television channels

text: television channels

question: Who rejected systems such as MUSE as the new standard for the US?

answer: the FCC

text: the FCC

question: What was one of the requirements for a new standard system in the US?

answer: had to be more efficient, needing less bandwidth

text: had to be more efficient, needing less bandwidth

question: What was the existing system at the time?

answer: NTSC

text: NTSC


text: In December 2012, Hormuud Telecom launched its Tri-Band 3G service for internet and mobile clients. The first of its kind in the country, this third generation mobile telecommunications technology offers users a faster and more secure connection.

title: Communications_in_Somalia

title: Communications_in_Somalia

text: In

text: December

text: Hormuud

text: Telecom

text: launched

text: its

text: Tri

text: Band

text: G

text: service

text: for

text: internet

text: and

text: mobile

text: clients

text: The

text: first

text: of

text: its

text: kind

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: this

text: third

text: generation

text: mobile

text: telecommunications

text: technology

text: offers

text: users

text: a

text: faster

text: and

text: more

text: secure

text: connection

question: Hormuud Telecom launched what service in 2012?

answer: Tri-Band 3G

text: Tri-Band 3G

question: Who was the 3G service for?

answer: internet and mobile clients

text: internet and mobile clients

question: what type of connection was the first of its kind in Somalia?

answer: Tri-Band 3G

text: Tri-Band 3G

question: What type of connection does Tri-Band 3G offer its customers?

answer: faster and more secure

text: faster and more secure

question: what does 3G stand for?

answer: third generation

text: third generation


text: In 1877, Thomas Edison invented the phonograph. Unlike the phonautograph, it was capable of both recording and reproducing sound. Despite the similarity of name, there is no documentary evidence that Edison's phonograph was based on Scott's phonautograph. Edison first tried recording sound on a wax-impregnated paper tape, with the idea of creating a "telephone repeater" analogous to the telegraph repeater he had been working on. Although the visible results made him confident that sound could be physically recorded and reproduced, his notes do not indicate that he actually reproduced sound before his first experiment in which he used tinfoil as a recording medium several months later. The tinfoil was wrapped around a grooved metal cylinder and a sound-vibrated stylus indented the tinfoil while the cylinder was rotated. The recording could be played back immediately. The Scientific American article that introduced the tinfoil phonograph to the public mentioned Marey, Rosapelly and Barlow as well as Scott as creators of devices for recording but, importantly, not reproducing sound. Edison also invented variations of the phonograph that used tape and disc formats. Numerous applications for the phonograph were envisioned, but although it enjoyed a brief vogue as a startling novelty at public demonstrations, the tinfoil phonograph proved too crude to be put to any practical use. A decade later, Edison developed a greatly improved phonograph that used a hollow wax cylinder instead of a foil sheet. This proved to be both a better-sounding and far more useful and durable device. The wax phonograph cylinder created the recorded sound market at the end of the 1880s and dominated it through the early years of the 20th century.

title: Gramophone_record

title: Gramophone_record

text: In

text: Thomas

text: Edison

text: invented

text: the

text: phonograph

text: Unlike

text: the

text: phonautograph

text: it

text: was

text: capable

text: of

text: both

text: recording

text: and

text: reproducing

text: sound

text: Despite

text: the

text: similarity

text: of

text: name

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: documentary

text: evidence

text: that

text: Edison

text: 's

text: phonograph

text: was

text: based

text: on

text: Scott

text: 's

text: phonautograph

text: Edison

text: first

text: tried

text: recording

text: sound

text: on

text: a

text: wax

text: impregnated

text: paper

text: tape

text: with

text: the

text: idea

text: of

text: creating

text: a

text: telephone

text: repeater

text: analogous

text: to

text: the

text: telegraph

text: repeater

text: he

text: had

text: been

text: working

text: on

text: Although

text: the

text: visible

text: results

text: made

text: him

text: confident

text: that

text: sound

text: could

text: be

text: physically

text: recorded

text: and

text: reproduced

text: his

text: notes

text: do

text: not

text: indicate

text: that

text: he

text: actually

text: reproduced

text: sound

text: before

text: his

text: first

text: experiment

text: in

text: which

text: he

text: used

text: tinfoil

text: as

text: a

text: recording

text: medium

text: several

text: months

text: later

text: The

text: tinfoil

text: was

text: wrapped

text: around

text: a

text: grooved

text: metal

text: cylinder

text: and

text: a

text: sound

text: vibrated

text: stylus

text: indented

text: the

text: tinfoil

text: while

text: the

text: cylinder

text: was

text: rotated

text: The

text: recording

text: could

text: be

text: played

text: back

text: immediately

text: The

text: Scientific

text: American

text: article

text: that

text: introduced

text: the

text: tinfoil

text: phonograph

text: to

text: the

text: public

text: mentioned

text: Marey

text: Rosapelly

text: and

text: Barlow

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: Scott

text: as

text: creators

text: of

text: devices

text: for

text: recording

text: but

text: importantly

text: not

text: reproducing

text: sound

text: Edison

text: also

text: invented

text: variations

text: of

text: the

text: phonograph

text: that

text: used

text: tape

text: and

text: disc

text: formats

text: Numerous

text: applications

text: for

text: the

text: phonograph

text: were

text: envisioned

text: but

text: although

text: it

text: enjoyed

text: a

text: brief

text: vogue

text: as

text: a

text: startling

text: novelty

text: at

text: public

text: demonstrations

text: the

text: tinfoil

text: phonograph

text: proved

text: too

text: crude

text: to

text: be

text: put

text: to

text: any

text: practical

text: use

text: A

text: decade

text: later

text: Edison

text: developed

text: a

text: greatly

text: improved

text: phonograph

text: that

text: used

text: a

text: hollow

text: wax

text: cylinder

text: instead

text: of

text: a

text: foil

text: sheet

text: This

text: proved

text: to

text: be

text: both

text: a

text: better

text: sounding

text: and

text: far

text: more

text: useful

text: and

text: durable

text: device

text: The

text: wax

text: phonograph

text: cylinder

text: created

text: the

text: recorded

text: sound

text: market

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: and

text: dominated

text: it

text: through

text: the

text: early

text: years

text: of

text: the

text: century

question: In what year did Thomas Edison invent the phonograph?

answer: 1877

question: How did the phonograph differ from the phonautograph?

answer: capable of both recording and reproducing sound

text: capable of both recording and reproducing sound

question: What was unique about Einsteins invention?

answer: reproducing sound

text: reproducing sound

question: At what era was the recorded sound market introduced?

answer: 1880s


text: According to Der Spiegel, credits given to European governments were disguised as "swaps" and consequently did not get registered as debt because Eurostat at the time ignored statistics involving financial derivatives. A German derivatives dealer had commented to Der Spiegel that "The Maastricht rules can be circumvented quite legally through swaps," and "In previous years, Italy used a similar trick to mask its true debt with the help of a different US bank." These conditions had enabled Greek as well as many other European governments to spend beyond their means, while meeting the deficit targets of the European Union and the monetary union guidelines. In May 2010, the Greek government deficit was again revised and estimated to be 13.6% which was the second highest in the world relative to GDP with Iceland in first place at 15.7% and Great Britain third with 12.6%. Public debt was forecast, according to some estimates, to hit 120% of GDP during 2010.

title: Economy_of_Greece

title: Economy_of_Greece

text: According

text: to

text: Der

text: Spiegel

text: credits

text: given

text: to

text: European

text: governments

text: were

text: disguised

text: as

text: swaps

text: and

text: consequently

text: did

text: not

text: get

text: registered

text: as

text: debt

text: because

text: Eurostat

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: ignored

text: statistics

text: involving

text: financial

text: derivatives

text: A

text: German

text: derivatives

text: dealer

text: had

text: commented

text: to

text: Der

text: Spiegel

text: that

text: The

text: Maastricht

text: rules

text: can

text: be

text: circumvented

text: quite

text: legally

text: through

text: swaps

text: and

text: In

text: previous

text: years

text: Italy

text: used

text: a

text: similar

text: trick

text: to

text: mask

text: its

text: true

text: debt

text: with

text: the

text: help

text: of

text: a

text: different

text: US

text: bank

text: These

text: conditions

text: had

text: enabled

text: Greek

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: many

text: other

text: European

text: governments

text: to

text: spend

text: beyond

text: their

text: means

text: while

text: meeting

text: the

text: deficit

text: targets

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: and

text: the

text: monetary

text: union

text: guidelines

text: In

text: May

text: the

text: Greek

text: government

text: deficit

text: was

text: again

text: revised

text: and

text: estimated

text: to

text: be

text: which

text: was

text: the

text: second

text: highest

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: relative

text: to

text: GDP

text: with

text: Iceland

text: in

text: first

text: place

text: at

text: and

text: Great

text: Britain

text: third

text: with

text: Public

text: debt

text: was

text: forecast

text: according

text: to

text: some

text: estimates

text: to

text: hit

text: of

text: GDP

text: during

question: What were credits given to European governments disguised as?

answer: swaps

text: swaps

question: Why weren't swaps registered as debts by Eurostat at the time?

answer: ignored statistics involving financial derivatives

text: ignored statistics involving financial derivatives

question: What rules did a German derivatives dealer say could be quite legally circumvented through swaps?

answer: Maastricht

text: Maastricht

question: What was again revised in May of 2010?

answer: Greek government deficit

text: Greek government deficit

question: What was Greece's public debt forecast to hit as high of a percentage of GDP of in 2010?

answer: 120%


text: The bandolim (Portuguese for "mandolin") was a favourite instrument within the Portuguese bourgeoisie of the 19th century, but its rapid spread took it to other places, joining other instruments. Today you can see mandolins as part of the traditional and folk culture of Portuguese singing groups and the majority of the mandolin scene in Portugal is in Madeira Island. Madeira has over 17 active mandolin Orchestras and Tunas. The mandolin virtuoso Fabio Machado is one of Portugal's most accomplished mandolin players. The Portuguese influence brought the mandolin to Brazil.

title: Mandolin

title: Mandolin

text: The

text: bandolim

text: Portuguese

text: for

text: mandolin

text: was

text: a

text: favourite

text: instrument

text: within

text: the

text: Portuguese

text: bourgeoisie

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: but

text: its

text: rapid

text: spread

text: took

text: it

text: to

text: other

text: places

text: joining

text: other

text: instruments

text: Today

text: you

text: can

text: see

text: mandolins

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: traditional

text: and

text: folk

text: culture

text: of

text: Portuguese

text: singing

text: groups

text: and

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: mandolin

text: scene

text: in

text: Portugal

text: is

text: in

text: Madeira

text: Island

text: Madeira

text: has

text: over

text: active

text: mandolin

text: Orchestras

text: and

text: Tunas

text: The

text: mandolin

text: virtuoso

text: Fabio

text: Machado

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: Portugal

text: 's

text: most

text: accomplished

text: mandolin

text: players

text: The

text: Portuguese

text: influence

text: brought

text: the

text: mandolin

text: to

text: Brazil

question: What does bandolim mean?

answer: Portuguese for "mandolin"

text: Portuguese for "mandolin"

question: When was the bandolim porpular among the Portugese bourgeoisie?

answer: 19th century

text: 19th century

question: Where can you see mandolins a part of in Portgal?

answer: traditional and folk culture

text: traditional and folk culture

question: Where is the Portuguese mandolin scene located?

answer: Madeira Island

text: Madeira Island

question: How many active mandolin orchestras does the Madiera Island have?

answer: over 17

text: over 17


text: In 1966 an agreement with the Vatican, fostered in part by the death in 1960 of anti-communist archbishop of Zagreb Aloysius Stepinac and shifts in the church's approach to resisting communism originating in the Second Vatican Council, accorded new freedom to the Yugoslav Roman Catholic Church, particularly to catechize and open seminaries. The agreement also eased tensions, which had prevented the naming of new bishops in Yugoslavia since 1945. Tito's new socialism met opposition from traditional communists culminating in conspiracy headed by Aleksandar Ranković. In the same year Tito declared that Communists must henceforth chart Yugoslavia's course by the force of their arguments (implying an abandonment of Leninist orthodoxy and development of liberal Communism). The State Security Administration (UDBA) saw its power scaled back and its staff reduced to 5000.

title: Josip_Broz_Tito

title: Josip_Broz_Tito

text: In

text: an

text: agreement

text: with

text: the

text: Vatican

text: fostered

text: in

text: part

text: by

text: the

text: death

text: in

text: of

text: anti

text: communist

text: archbishop

text: of

text: Zagreb

text: Aloysius

text: Stepinac

text: and

text: shifts

text: in

text: the

text: church

text: 's

text: approach

text: to

text: resisting

text: communism

text: originating

text: in

text: the

text: Second

text: Vatican

text: Council

text: accorded

text: new

text: freedom

text: to

text: the

text: Yugoslav

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: particularly

text: to

text: catechize

text: and

text: open

text: seminaries

text: The

text: agreement

text: also

text: eased

text: tensions

text: which

text: had

text: prevented

text: the

text: naming

text: of

text: new

text: bishops

text: in

text: Yugoslavia

text: since

text: Tito

text: 's

text: new

text: socialism

text: met

text: opposition

text: from

text: traditional

text: communists

text: culminating

text: in

text: conspiracy

text: headed

text: by

text: Aleksandar

text: Ranković

text: In

text: the

text: same

text: year

text: Tito

text: declared

text: that

text: Communists

text: must

text: henceforth

text: chart

text: Yugoslavia

text: 's

text: course

text: by

text: the

text: force

text: of

text: their

text: arguments

text: implying

text: an

text: abandonment

text: of

text: Leninist

text: orthodoxy

text: and

text: development

text: of

text: liberal

text: Communism

text: The

text: State

text: Security

text: Administration

text: UDBA

text: saw

text: its

text: power

text: scaled

text: back

text: and

text: its

text: staff

text: reduced

text: to

question: What anti-communist archbisoph died in 1960?

answer: Stepinac

text: Stepinac

question: Stepinac's death gave new freedom to what branch of the Roman Catholic Church?

answer: Yugoslav

text: Yugoslav

question: What agency had its staff reduced to 5000 after Lenninist orthodoxy was abandoned?

answer: UDBA

text: UDBA

question: What acronym describes the State Security Administration?

answer: UDBA

text: UDBA

question: What ideology did Tito abandon as part of his new socialism?

answer: Leninist

text: Leninist


text: Additionally, cable-ready TV sets can display HD content without using an external box. They have a QAM tuner built-in and/or a card slot for inserting a CableCARD.

title: High-definition_television

title: High

title: definition_television

text: Additionally

text: cable

text: ready

text: TV

text: sets

text: can

text: display

text: HD

text: content

text: without

text: using

text: an

text: external

text: box

text: They

text: have

text: a

text: QAM

text: tuner

text: built

text: in

text: and/or

text: a

text: card

text: slot

text: for

text: inserting

text: a

text: CableCARD

question: HD content can be displayed by cable-ready TVs without using what?

answer: an external box

text: an external box

question: Without using an external box, cable-ready TVs can display what?

answer: HD content

text: HD content

question: What features allow the cable-ready TVs to display HD content without an external box?

answer: a QAM tuner built-in and/or a card slot for inserting a CableCARD

text: a QAM tuner built-in and/or a card slot for inserting a CableCARD

question: What kind of built-in tuner will allow a cable-ready TV to display HD content without an external box?

answer: QAM

text: QAM

question: What kind of card will allow a cable-ready TV to display HD content without an external box?

answer: CableCARD

text: CableCARD


text: A comprehensive school is a state school that does not select its intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude. This is in contrast to the selective school system, where admission is restricted on the basis of selection criteria. The term is commonly used in relation to England and Wales, where comprehensive schools were introduced on an experimental basis in the 1940s and became more widespread from 1965. About 90% of British secondary school pupils now attend comprehensive schools. They correspond broadly to the public high school in the United States and Canada and to the German Gesamtschule.[citation needed]

title: Comprehensive_school

title: Comprehensive_school

text: A

text: comprehensive

text: school

text: is

text: a

text: state

text: school

text: that

text: does

text: not

text: select

text: its

text: intake

text: on

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: academic

text: achievement

text: or

text: aptitude

text: This

text: is

text: in

text: contrast

text: to

text: the

text: selective

text: school

text: system

text: where

text: admission

text: is

text: restricted

text: on

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: selection

text: criteria

text: The

text: term

text: is

text: commonly

text: used

text: in

text: relation

text: to

text: England

text: and

text: Wales

text: where

text: comprehensive

text: schools

text: were

text: introduced

text: on

text: an

text: experimental

text: basis

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: became

text: more

text: widespread

text: from

text: About

text: of

text: British

text: secondary

text: school

text: pupils

text: now

text: attend

text: comprehensive

text: schools

text: They

text: correspond

text: broadly

text: to

text: the

text: public

text: high

text: school

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: Canada

text: and

text: to

text: the

text: German

text: Gesamtschule.[citation

text: needed

question: What kind of school does not base its admissions on academic merit?

answer: comprehensive school

text: comprehensive school

question: What kind of school system uses academic success to judge admissions?

answer: selective school system

text: selective school system

question: What countries used comprehensive schools extensively?

answer: England and Wales

text: England and Wales

question: How many secondary school students attend comprehensive schools in England?

answer: 90%

question: What is the German analogue of the comprehensive school?

answer: Gesamtschule

text: Gesamtschule


text: Insects (from Latin insectum, a calque of Greek ἔντομον [éntomon], "cut into sections") are a class of invertebrates within the arthropod phylum that have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body (head, thorax and abdomen), three pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes and one pair of antennae. They are the most diverse group of animals on the planet, including more than a million described species and representing more than half of all known living organisms. The number of extant species is estimated at between six and ten million, and potentially represent over 90% of the differing animal life forms on Earth. Insects may be found in nearly all environments, although only a small number of species reside in the oceans, a habitat dominated by another arthropod group, crustaceans.

title: Insect

title: Insect

text: Insects

text: from

text: Latin

text: insectum

text: a

text: calque

text: of

text: Greek

text: ἔντομον

text: éntomon

text: cut

text: into

text: sections

text: are

text: a

text: class

text: of

text: invertebrates

text: within

text: the

text: arthropod

text: phylum

text: that

text: have

text: a

text: chitinous

text: exoskeleton

text: a

text: three

text: part

text: body

text: head

text: thorax

text: and

text: abdomen

text: three

text: pairs

text: of

text: jointed

text: legs

text: compound

text: eyes

text: and

text: one

text: pair

text: of

text: antennae

text: They

text: are

text: the

text: most

text: diverse

text: group

text: of

text: animals

text: on

text: the

text: planet

text: including

text: more

text: than

text: a

text: million

text: described

text: species

text: and

text: representing

text: more

text: than

text: half

text: of

text: all

text: known

text: living

text: organisms

text: The

text: number

text: of

text: extant

text: species

text: is

text: estimated

text: at

text: between

text: six

text: and

text: ten

text: million

text: and

text: potentially

text: represent

text: over

text: of

text: the

text: differing

text: animal

text: life

text: forms

text: on

text: Earth

text: Insects

text: may

text: be

text: found

text: in

text: nearly

text: all

text: environments

text: although

text: only

text: a

text: small

text: number

text: of

text: species

text: reside

text: in

text: the

text: oceans

text: a

text: habitat

text: dominated

text: by

text: another

text: arthropod

text: group

text: crustaceans

question: In what phylum are insects classified?

answer: arthropod

text: arthropod

question: How many parts comprise the body of an insect?

answer: three-part

text: three-part

question: In addition to the head and abdomen, what is the other major section of an insect's body?

answer: thorax

text: thorax

question: What type of exoskeleton do insects have?

answer: chitinous

text: chitinous

question: How many pairs of jointed legs do insects have?

answer: three

text: three

question: What does insect mean in latin?

answer: cut into sections

text: cut into sections

question: What is the Latin word for insect?

answer: insectum

text: insectum

question: Insects are a class of what?

answer: invertebrates

text: invertebrates

question: Insects have what kind of skeleton?

answer: chitinous exoskeleton

text: chitinous exoskeleton

question: An insects 3-part body includes a throat, abdomen, and what?

answer: head

text: head


text: The Shang dynasty oracle bone script and the Zhou dynasty scripts found on Chinese bronze inscriptions are no longer used; the oldest script that is still in use today is the Seal Script (篆書(书), zhuànshū). It evolved organically out of the Spring and Autumn period Zhou script, and was adopted in a standardized form under the first Emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang. The seal script, as the name suggests, is now used only in artistic seals. Few people are still able to read it effortlessly today, although the art of carving a traditional seal in the script remains alive; some calligraphers also work in this style.

title: Chinese_characters

title: Chinese_characters

text: The

text: Shang

text: dynasty

text: oracle

text: bone

text: script

text: and

text: the

text: Zhou

text: dynasty

text: scripts

text: found

text: on

text: Chinese

text: bronze

text: inscriptions

text: are

text: no

text: longer

text: used

text: the

text: oldest

text: script

text: that

text: is

text: still

text: in

text: use

text: today

text: is

text: the

text: Seal

text: Script

text: 篆書(书

text: zhuànshū

text: It

text: evolved

text: organically

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: Spring

text: and

text: Autumn

text: period

text: Zhou

text: script

text: and

text: was

text: adopted

text: in

text: a

text: standardized

text: form

text: under

text: the

text: first

text: Emperor

text: of

text: China

text: Qin

text: Shi

text: Huang

text: The

text: seal

text: script

text: as

text: the

text: name

text: suggests

text: is

text: now

text: used

text: only

text: in

text: artistic

text: seals

text: Few

text: people

text: are

text: still

text: able

text: to

text: read

text: it

text: effortlessly

text: today

text: although

text: the

text: art

text: of

text: carving

text: a

text: traditional

text: seal

text: in

text: the

text: script

text: remains

text: alive

text: some

text: calligraphers

text: also

text: work

text: in

text: this

text: style

question: What script is only used in artistic seals?

answer: seal

text: seal

question: What script is the oldest and still in use today?

answer: Seal

text: Seal

question: Who work in the style of carving a traditional seal in the script?

answer: calligraphers

text: calligraphers


text: Streets' names change from West to East (for instance, East 10th Street to West 10th Street) at Broadway below 8th Street, and at Fifth Avenue from 8th Street and above.

title: List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan

title: List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan

text: Streets

text: names

text: change

text: from

text: West

text: to

text: East

text: for

text: instance

text: East

text: Street

text: to

text: West

text: Street

text: at

text: Broadway

text: below

text: Street

text: and

text: at

text: Fifth

text: Avenue

text: from

text: Street

text: and

text: above

question: What happens at Broadway below 8th Street?

answer: Streets' names change

text: Streets' names change

question: What happens at Fifth Avenue from 8th street and above?

answer: Streets' names change

text: Streets' names change

question: Do streets' names change from West to East or North to South?

answer: West to East

text: West to East


text: Parque Batlle is named in honour of José Batlle y Ordóñez, President of Uruguay from 1911 to 1915. The park was originally proposed by an Act of March 1907, which also projected wide boulevards and avenues. French landscape architect, Carlos Thays, began the plantings in 1911. In 1918, the park was named Parque de los Aliados, following the victory of the Allies of World War I. On 5 May 1930, after significant expansion, it was again renamed as Parque Batlle y Ordóñez, in memory of the prominent politician and president, who had died in 1929. The park was designated a National Historic Monument Park in 1975. As of 2010[update], the park covers an area of 60 hectares (150 acres) and is considered the "lung" of the Montevideo city due to the large variety of trees planted here.

title: Montevideo

title: Montevideo

text: Parque

text: Batlle

text: is

text: named

text: in

text: honour

text: of

text: José

text: Batlle

text: y

text: Ordóñez

text: President

text: of

text: Uruguay

text: from

text: to

text: The

text: park

text: was

text: originally

text: proposed

text: by

text: an

text: Act

text: of

text: March

text: which

text: also

text: projected

text: wide

text: boulevards

text: and

text: avenues

text: French

text: landscape

text: architect

text: Carlos

text: Thays

text: began

text: the

text: plantings

text: in

text: In

text: the

text: park

text: was

text: named

text: Parque

text: de

text: los

text: Aliados

text: following

text: the

text: victory

text: of

text: the

text: Allies

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: I.

text: On

text: May

text: after

text: significant

text: expansion

text: it

text: was

text: again

text: renamed

text: as

text: Parque

text: Batlle

text: y

text: Ordóñez

text: in

text: memory

text: of

text: the

text: prominent

text: politician

text: and

text: president

text: who

text: had

text: died

text: in

text: The

text: park

text: was

text: designated

text: a

text: National

text: Historic

text: Monument

text: Park

text: in

text: As

text: of

text: the

text: park

text: covers

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: hectares

text: acres

text: and

text: is

text: considered

text: the

text: lung

text: of

text: the

text: Montevideo

text: city

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: large

text: variety

text: of

text: trees

text: planted

text: here

question: Parque Batlle is named in honor of who?

answer: José Batlle y Ordóñez

text: José Batlle y Ordóñez

question: Jose Batile y Ordonez was president of where?

answer: Uruguay

text: Uruguay

question: Between what years was Jose batlle y Ordonez president of Uruguay?

answer: 1911 to 1915

text: 1911 to 1915

question: Parque Batlle was originally proposed by what?

answer: an Act of March 1907

text: an Act of March 1907


text: Music is cherished in Boston. The Boston Symphony Orchestra is one of the "Big Five," a group of the greatest American orchestras, and the classical music magazine Gramophone called it one of the "world's best" orchestras. Symphony Hall (located west of Back Bay) is home to the Boston Symphony Orchestra, (and the related Boston Youth Symphony Orchestra, which is the largest youth orchestra in the nation) and the Boston Pops Orchestra. The British newspaper The Guardian called Boston Symphony Hall "one of the top venues for classical music in the world," adding that "Symphony Hall in Boston was where science became an essential part of concert hall design." Other concerts are held at the New England Conservatory's Jordan Hall. The Boston Ballet performs at the Boston Opera House. Other performing-arts organizations located in the city include the Boston Lyric Opera Company, Opera Boston, Boston Baroque (the first permanent Baroque orchestra in the US), and the Handel and Haydn Society (one of the oldest choral companies in the United States). The city is a center for contemporary classical music with a number of performing groups, several of which are associated with the city's conservatories and universities. These include the Boston Modern Orchestra Project and Boston Musica Viva. Several theaters are located in or near the Theater District south of Boston Common, including the Cutler Majestic Theatre, Citi Performing Arts Center, the Colonial Theater, and the Orpheum Theatre.

title: Boston

title: Boston

text: Music

text: is

text: cherished

text: in

text: Boston

text: The

text: Boston

text: Symphony

text: Orchestra

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: Big

text: Five

text: a

text: group

text: of

text: the

text: greatest

text: American

text: orchestras

text: and

text: the

text: classical

text: music

text: magazine

text: Gramophone

text: called

text: it

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: best

text: orchestras

text: Symphony

text: Hall

text: located

text: west

text: of

text: Back

text: Bay

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: the

text: Boston

text: Symphony

text: Orchestra

text: and

text: the

text: related

text: Boston

text: Youth

text: Symphony

text: Orchestra

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: youth

text: orchestra

text: in

text: the

text: nation

text: and

text: the

text: Boston

text: Pops

text: Orchestra

text: The

text: British

text: newspaper

text: The

text: Guardian

text: called

text: Boston

text: Symphony

text: Hall

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: top

text: venues

text: for

text: classical

text: music

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: adding

text: that

text: Symphony

text: Hall

text: in

text: Boston

text: was

text: where

text: science

text: became

text: an

text: essential

text: part

text: of

text: concert

text: hall

text: design

text: Other

text: concerts

text: are

text: held

text: at

text: the

text: New

text: England

text: Conservatory

text: 's

text: Jordan

text: Hall

text: The

text: Boston

text: Ballet

text: performs

text: at

text: the

text: Boston

text: Opera

text: House

text: Other

text: performing

text: arts

text: organizations

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: include

text: the

text: Boston

text: Lyric

text: Opera

text: Company

text: Opera

text: Boston

text: Boston

text: Baroque

text: the

text: first

text: permanent

text: Baroque

text: orchestra

text: in

text: the

text: US

text: and

text: the

text: Handel

text: and

text: Haydn

text: Society

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: oldest

text: choral

text: companies

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: a

text: center

text: for

text: contemporary

text: classical

text: music

text: with

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: performing

text: groups

text: several

text: of

text: which

text: are

text: associated

text: with

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: conservatories

text: and

text: universities

text: These

text: include

text: the

text: Boston

text: Modern

text: Orchestra

text: Project

text: and

text: Boston

text: Musica

text: Viva

text: Several

text: theaters

text: are

text: located

text: in

text: or

text: near

text: the

text: Theater

text: District

text: south

text: of

text: Boston

text: Common

text: including

text: the

text: Cutler

text: Majestic

text: Theatre

text: Citi

text: Performing

text: Arts

text: Center

text: the

text: Colonial

text: Theater

text: and

text: the

text: Orpheum

text: Theatre

question: The Boston Symphony Orchestra is a member of what?

answer: Big Five

text: Big Five

question: What classical music magazine called the Boston Symphony orchestra one of the worlds best orchestras?

answer: Gramophone

text: Gramophone

question: What does Boston Symphony orchestra call home?

answer: Symphony Hall

text: Symphony Hall

question: Where is Symphony Hall located?

answer: west of Back Bay

text: west of Back Bay

question: Where is the theater District located?

answer: south of Boston Common

text: south of Boston Common


text: Other international standards bodies have ratified character encodings such as ISO/IEC 646 that are identical or nearly identical to ASCII, with extensions for characters outside the English alphabet and symbols used outside the United States, such as the symbol for the United Kingdom's pound sterling (£). Almost every country needed an adapted version of ASCII, since ASCII suited the needs of only the USA and a few other countries. For example, Canada had its own version that supported French characters. Other adapted encodings include ISCII (India), VISCII (Vietnam), and YUSCII (Yugoslavia). Although these encodings are sometimes referred to as ASCII, true ASCII is defined strictly only by the ANSI standard.

title: ASCII

title: ASCII

text: Other

text: international

text: standards

text: bodies

text: have

text: ratified

text: character

text: encodings

text: such

text: as

text: ISO

text: IEC

text: that

text: are

text: identical

text: or

text: nearly

text: identical

text: to

text: ASCII

text: with

text: extensions

text: for

text: characters

text: outside

text: the

text: English

text: alphabet

text: and

text: symbols

text: used

text: outside

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: symbol

text: for

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: 's

text: pound

text: sterling

text: Almost

text: every

text: country

text: needed

text: an

text: adapted

text: version

text: of

text: ASCII

text: since

text: ASCII

text: suited

text: the

text: needs

text: of

text: only

text: the

text: USA

text: and

text: a

text: few

text: other

text: countries

text: For

text: example

text: Canada

text: had

text: its

text: own

text: version

text: that

text: supported

text: French

text: characters

text: Other

text: adapted

text: encodings

text: include

text: ISCII

text: India

text: VISCII

text: Vietnam

text: and

text: YUSCII

text: Yugoslavia

text: Although

text: these

text: encodings

text: are

text: sometimes

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: ASCII

text: true

text: ASCII

text: is

text: defined

text: strictly

text: only

text: by

text: the

text: ANSI

text: standard

question: What is a retified versionof ASCII?

answer: ISO/IEC 646

text: ISO/IEC 646

question: What type of extensions do these other character encodings have?

answer: extensions for characters outside the English alphabet and symbols used outside the United States

text: extensions for characters outside the English alphabet and symbols used outside the United States

question: Why did most countries need a adapted version of ASCII?

answer: ASCII suited the needs of only the USA and a few other countries

text: ASCII suited the needs of only the USA and a few other countries

question: Why are the other versions of ASCII not true ASCII?

answer: true ASCII is defined strictly only by the ANSI standard

text: true ASCII is defined strictly only by the ANSI standard


text: In the fall of 1985, Gorbachev continued to bring younger and more energetic men into government. On September 27, Nikolai Ryzhkov replaced 79-year-old Nikolai Tikhonov as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, effectively the Soviet prime minister, and on October 14, Nikolai Talyzin replaced Nikolai Baibakov as chairman of the State Planning Committee (GOSPLAN). At the next Central Committee meeting on October 15, Tikhonov retired from the Politburo and Talyzin became a candidate. Finally, on December 23, 1985, Gorbachev appointed Yeltsin First Secretary of the Moscow Communist Party replacing Viktor Grishin.

title: Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

title: Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

text: In

text: the

text: fall

text: of

text: Gorbachev

text: continued

text: to

text: bring

text: younger

text: and

text: more

text: energetic

text: men

text: into

text: government

text: On

text: September

text: Nikolai

text: Ryzhkov

text: replaced

text: old

text: Nikolai

text: Tikhonov

text: as

text: Chairman

text: of

text: the

text: Council

text: of

text: Ministers

text: effectively

text: the

text: Soviet

text: prime

text: minister

text: and

text: on

text: October

text: Nikolai

text: Talyzin

text: replaced

text: Nikolai

text: Baibakov

text: as

text: chairman

text: of

text: the

text: State

text: Planning

text: Committee

text: GOSPLAN

text: At

text: the

text: next

text: Central

text: Committee

text: meeting

text: on

text: October

text: Tikhonov

text: retired

text: from

text: the

text: Politburo

text: and

text: Talyzin

text: became

text: a

text: candidate

text: Finally

text: on

text: December

text: Gorbachev

text: appointed

text: Yeltsin

text: First

text: Secretary

text: of

text: the

text: Moscow

text: Communist

text: Party

text: replacing

text: Viktor

text: Grishin

question: Who became Chairman of the Council of Ministers in 1985?

answer: Nikolai Ryzhkov

text: Nikolai Ryzhkov

question: Who was Chairman of the Council of Ministers prior to Ryzhkov?

answer: Nikolai Tikhonov

text: Nikolai Tikhonov

question: How old was Tikhonov when he stopped being Chairman?

answer: 79-year-old

question: Who was the new chairman of the State Planning Committee in 1985?

answer: Nikolai Talyzin

text: Nikolai Talyzin

question: What is an analogous office to Chairman of the Council of Ministers?

answer: chairman of the State Planning Committee

text: chairman of the State Planning Committee


text: Several certification programs exist to support the professional aspirations of software testers and quality assurance specialists. No certification now offered actually requires the applicant to show their ability to test software. No certification is based on a widely accepted body of knowledge. This has led some to declare that the testing field is not ready for certification. Certification itself cannot measure an individual's productivity, their skill, or practical knowledge, and cannot guarantee their competence, or professionalism as a tester.

title: Software_testing

title: Software_testing

text: Several

text: certification

text: programs

text: exist

text: to

text: support

text: the

text: professional

text: aspirations

text: of

text: software

text: testers

text: and

text: quality

text: assurance

text: specialists

text: No

text: certification

text: now

text: offered

text: actually

text: requires

text: the

text: applicant

text: to

text: show

text: their

text: ability

text: to

text: test

text: software

text: No

text: certification

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: a

text: widely

text: accepted

text: body

text: of

text: knowledge

text: This

text: has

text: led

text: some

text: to

text: declare

text: that

text: the

text: testing

text: field

text: is

text: not

text: ready

text: for

text: certification

text: Certification

text: itself

text: can

text: not

text: measure

text: an

text: individual

text: 's

text: productivity

text: their

text: skill

text: or

text: practical

text: knowledge

text: and

text: can

text: not

text: guarantee

text: their

text: competence

text: or

text: professionalism

text: as

text: a

text: tester

question: With several certifications out there that can be aquired, what is the one trait they all share?

answer: requires the applicant to show their ability to test software

text: requires the applicant to show their ability to test software

question: What has the inability for the applicant to show how well they test led to?

answer: testing field is not ready for certification

text: testing field is not ready for certification

question: What four traits can a certification not measure?

answer: individual's productivity, their skill, or practical knowledge

text: individual's productivity, their skill, or practical knowledge


text: The Hudson River flows through the Hudson Valley into New York Bay. Between New York City and Troy, New York, the river is an estuary. The Hudson River separates the city from the U.S. state of New Jersey. The East River—a tidal strait—flows from Long Island Sound and separates the Bronx and Manhattan from Long Island. The Harlem River, another tidal strait between the East and Hudson Rivers, separates most of Manhattan from the Bronx. The Bronx River, which flows through the Bronx and Westchester County, is the only entirely fresh water river in the city.

title: New_York_City

title: New_York_City

text: The

text: Hudson

text: River

text: flows

text: through

text: the

text: Hudson

text: Valley

text: into

text: New

text: York

text: Bay

text: Between

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: and

text: Troy

text: New

text: York

text: the

text: river

text: is

text: an

text: estuary

text: The

text: Hudson

text: River

text: separates

text: the

text: city

text: from

text: the

text: U.S.

text: state

text: of

text: New

text: Jersey

text: The

text: East

text: River

text: a

text: tidal

text: strait

text: flows

text: from

text: Long

text: Island

text: Sound

text: and

text: separates

text: the

text: Bronx

text: and

text: Manhattan

text: from

text: Long

text: Island

text: The

text: Harlem

text: River

text: another

text: tidal

text: strait

text: between

text: the

text: East

text: and

text: Hudson

text: Rivers

text: separates

text: most

text: of

text: Manhattan

text: from

text: the

text: Bronx

text: The

text: Bronx

text: River

text: which

text: flows

text: through

text: the

text: Bronx

text: and

text: Westchester

text: County

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: entirely

text: fresh

text: water

text: river

text: in

text: the

text: city

question: The Hudson River serves as a dividing line between New York and what state?

answer: New Jersey

text: New Jersey

question: What river flows between the Hudson and East Rivers?

answer: Harlem River

text: Harlem River

question: What is the city's sole fresh water river?

answer: Bronx River

text: Bronx River

question: Into what body of water does the Hudson River terminate?

answer: New York Bay

text: New York Bay

question: Between New York City and what city is the Hudson River an estuary?

answer: Troy, New York

text: Troy, New York

question: The Hudson River separates NYC from which US state?

answer: New Jersey

text: New Jersey

question: The single only freshwater river in NYC is what river?

answer: The Bronx River

text: The Bronx River

question: Which river seperates The Bronx from Manhatten?

answer: The Harlem River

text: The Harlem River


text: Appointments to the Order of the British Empire were discontinued in those Commonwealth realms that established a national system of honours and awards such as the Order of Australia, the Order of Canada, and the New Zealand Order of Merit. In many of these systems, the different levels of award and honour reflect the Imperial system they replaced. Canada, Australia, and New Zealand all have (in increasing level of precedence) Members of, Officers of, and Companions to (rather than Commanders of) their respective orders, with both Australia and New Zealand having Knights and Dames as their highest classes.

title: Order_of_the_British_Empire

title: Order_of_the_British_Empire

text: Appointments

text: to

text: the

text: Order

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: Empire

text: were

text: discontinued

text: in

text: those

text: Commonwealth

text: realms

text: that

text: established

text: a

text: national

text: system

text: of

text: honours

text: and

text: awards

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Order

text: of

text: Australia

text: the

text: Order

text: of

text: Canada

text: and

text: the

text: New

text: Zealand

text: Order

text: of

text: Merit

text: In

text: many

text: of

text: these

text: systems

text: the

text: different

text: levels

text: of

text: award

text: and

text: honour

text: reflect

text: the

text: Imperial

text: system

text: they

text: replaced

text: Canada

text: Australia

text: and

text: New

text: Zealand

text: all

text: have

text: in

text: increasing

text: level

text: of

text: precedence

text: Members

text: of

text: Officers

text: of

text: and

text: Companions

text: to

text: rather

text: than

text: Commanders

text: of

text: their

text: respective

text: orders

text: with

text: both

text: Australia

text: and

text: New

text: Zealand

text: having

text: Knights

text: and

text: Dames

text: as

text: their

text: highest

text: classes

question: Who was discontinued in the Commonwealth realms?

answer: Appointments to the Order of the British Empire

text: Appointments to the Order of the British Empire

question: Who established a national system of honours and awards?

answer: Order of Australia, the Order of Canada, and the New Zealand Order of Merit

text: Order of Australia, the Order of Canada, and the New Zealand Order of Merit

question: How were the different levels of award and honour reflected the imperial system?

answer: Canada, Australia, and New Zealand

text: Canada, Australia, and New Zealand

question: What were the highest class?

answer: Knights and Dames

text: Knights and Dames


text: After the decline of the Teutonic Order following its defeat in the Battle of Grunwald in 1410, and the defeat of the Livonian Order in the Battle of Swienta on 1 September 1435, the Livonian Confederation Agreement was signed on 4 December 1435. The Livonian Confederation ceased to exist during the Livonian War (1558–82). The wars had reduced the Estonian population from about 250–300,000 people before the Livonian War to 120–140,000 in the 1620s. The Grand Duchy of Moscow and Tsardom of Russia also attempted invasions in 1481 and 1558, both of which were unsuccessful .

title: Estonia

title: Estonia

text: After

text: the

text: decline

text: of

text: the

text: Teutonic

text: Order

text: following

text: its

text: defeat

text: in

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Grunwald

text: in

text: and

text: the

text: defeat

text: of

text: the

text: Livonian

text: Order

text: in

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Swienta

text: on

text: September

text: the

text: Livonian

text: Confederation

text: Agreement

text: was

text: signed

text: on

text: December

text: The

text: Livonian

text: Confederation

text: ceased

text: to

text: exist

text: during

text: the

text: Livonian

text: War

text: The

text: wars

text: had

text: reduced

text: the

text: Estonian

text: population

text: from

text: about

text: people

text: before

text: the

text: Livonian

text: War

text: to

text: in

text: the

text: The

text: Grand

text: Duchy

text: of

text: Moscow

text: and

text: Tsardom

text: of

text: Russia

text: also

text: attempted

text: invasions

text: in

text: and

text: both

text: of

text: which

text: were

text: unsuccessful

question: When did the Battle of Grunwald take place?

answer: 1410

question: What event preceded the decline of the Teutonic Order?

answer: the Battle of Grunwald

text: the Battle of Grunwald

question: Who did the Estonians defeat in the Battle of Swienta?

answer: the Livonian Order

text: the Livonian Order

question: What is date of the Battle of Swienta?

answer: 1 September 1435

text: 1 September 1435

question: When was the Livonian Confederation Agreement signed?

answer: 4 December 1435

text: 4 December 1435


text: Because of the difficulty of moving crude bitumen through pipelines, non-upgraded bitumen is usually diluted with natural-gas condensate in a form called dilbit or with synthetic crude oil, called synbit. However, to meet international competition, much non-upgraded bitumen is now sold as a blend of multiple grades of bitumen, conventional crude oil, synthetic crude oil, and condensate in a standardized benchmark product such as Western Canadian Select. This sour, heavy crude oil blend is designed to have uniform refining characteristics to compete with internationally marketed heavy oils such as Mexican Mayan or Arabian Dubai Crude.

title: Asphalt

title: Asphalt

text: Because

text: of

text: the

text: difficulty

text: of

text: moving

text: crude

text: bitumen

text: through

text: pipelines

text: non

text: upgraded

text: bitumen

text: is

text: usually

text: diluted

text: with

text: natural

text: gas

text: condensate

text: in

text: a

text: form

text: called

text: dilbit

text: or

text: with

text: synthetic

text: crude

text: oil

text: called

text: synbit

text: However

text: to

text: meet

text: international

text: competition

text: much

text: non

text: upgraded

text: bitumen

text: is

text: now

text: sold

text: as

text: a

text: blend

text: of

text: multiple

text: grades

text: of

text: bitumen

text: conventional

text: crude

text: oil

text: synthetic

text: crude

text: oil

text: and

text: condensate

text: in

text: a

text: standardized

text: benchmark

text: product

text: such

text: as

text: Western

text: Canadian

text: Select

text: This

text: sour

text: heavy

text: crude

text: oil

text: blend

text: is

text: designed

text: to

text: have

text: uniform

text: refining

text: characteristics

text: to

text: compete

text: with

text: internationally

text: marketed

text: heavy

text: oils

text: such

text: as

text: Mexican

text: Mayan

text: or

text: Arabian

text: Dubai

text: Crude

question: What is done to crude bitumen to promote its movement through pipelines?

answer: diluted

text: diluted

question: What is the natural gas condensate used to dilute bitumen?

answer: dilbit

text: dilbit

question: What is the synthetic crude additive to bitumen called?

answer: synbit

text: synbit

question: What is the usually sold standard blend of bitumen and oils named?

answer: Western Canadian Select

text: Western Canadian Select

question: In what uniform use was Western Canadian Select meant to excel?

answer: refining

text: refining


text: Bell's own detailed account, presented to the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1882, differs in several particulars from most of the many and varied versions now in circulation, most notably by concluding that extraneous metal was not to blame for failure to locate the bullet. Perplexed by the peculiar results he had obtained during an examination of Garfield, Bell "...proceeded to the Executive Mansion the next morning...to ascertain from the surgeons whether they were perfectly sure that all metal had been removed from the neighborhood of the bed. It was then recollected that underneath the horse-hair mattress on which the President lay was another mattress composed of steel wires. Upon obtaining a duplicate, the mattress was found to consist of a sort of net of woven steel wires, with large meshes. The extent of the [area that produced a response from the detector] having been so small, as compared with the area of the bed, it seemed reasonable to conclude that the steel mattress had produced no detrimental effect." In a footnote, Bell adds that "The death of President Garfield and the subsequent post-mortem examination, however, proved that the bullet was at too great a distance from the surface to have affected our apparatus."

title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

text: Bell

text: 's

text: own

text: detailed

text: account

text: presented

text: to

text: the

text: American

text: Association

text: for

text: the

text: Advancement

text: of

text: Science

text: in

text: differs

text: in

text: several

text: particulars

text: from

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: many

text: and

text: varied

text: versions

text: now

text: in

text: circulation

text: most

text: notably

text: by

text: concluding

text: that

text: extraneous

text: metal

text: was

text: not

text: to

text: blame

text: for

text: failure

text: to

text: locate

text: the

text: bullet

text: Perplexed

text: by

text: the

text: peculiar

text: results

text: he

text: had

text: obtained

text: during

text: an

text: examination

text: of

text: Garfield

text: Bell

text: proceeded

text: to

text: the

text: Executive

text: Mansion

text: the

text: next

text: morning

text: to

text: ascertain

text: from

text: the

text: surgeons

text: whether

text: they

text: were

text: perfectly

text: sure

text: that

text: all

text: metal

text: had

text: been

text: removed

text: from

text: the

text: neighborhood

text: of

text: the

text: bed

text: It

text: was

text: then

text: recollected

text: that

text: underneath

text: the

text: horse

text: hair

text: mattress

text: on

text: which

text: the

text: President

text: lay

text: was

text: another

text: mattress

text: composed

text: of

text: steel

text: wires

text: Upon

text: obtaining

text: a

text: duplicate

text: the

text: mattress

text: was

text: found

text: to

text: consist

text: of

text: a

text: sort

text: of

text: net

text: of

text: woven

text: steel

text: wires

text: with

text: large

text: meshes

text: The

text: extent

text: of

text: the

text: area

text: that

text: produced

text: a

text: response

text: from

text: the

text: detector

text: having

text: been

text: so

text: small

text: as

text: compared

text: with

text: the

text: area

text: of

text: the

text: bed

text: it

text: seemed

text: reasonable

text: to

text: conclude

text: that

text: the

text: steel

text: mattress

text: had

text: produced

text: no

text: detrimental

text: effect

text: In

text: a

text: footnote

text: Bell

text: adds

text: that

text: The

text: death

text: of

text: President

text: Garfield

text: and

text: the

text: subsequent

text: post

text: mortem

text: examination

text: however

text: proved

text: that

text: the

text: bullet

text: was

text: at

text: too

text: great

text: a

text: distance

text: from

text: the

text: surface

text: to

text: have

text: affected

text: our

text: apparatus

question: Bell gave his story about trying to find the bullet to the American Association for the Advancement of what?

answer: Science

text: Science

question: Where did Bell go the day after trying to find the bullet?

answer: Executive Mansion

text: Executive Mansion

question: What kind of mattress was the President directly on?

answer: horse-hair

text: horse-hair

question: Where did Bell indicate that the bullet was too deep for his machine to register?

answer: footnote

text: footnote


text: Slavery and slaves were part of the social order; there were slave markets where they could be bought and sold. Many slaves were freed by the masters for services rendered; some slaves could save money to buy their freedom. Generally, mutilation and murder of slaves was prohibited by legislation. However, Rome did not have a law enforcement arm. All actions were treated as "torts," which were brought by an accuser who was forced to prove the entire case himself. If the accused were a noble and the victim, not a noble, the likelihood of finding for the accused was small. At most, the accused might have to pay a fine for killing a slave. It is estimated that over 25% of the Roman population was enslaved.

title: Roman_Republic

title: Roman_Republic

text: Slavery

text: and

text: slaves

text: were

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: social

text: order

text: there

text: were

text: slave

text: markets

text: where

text: they

text: could

text: be

text: bought

text: and

text: sold

text: Many

text: slaves

text: were

text: freed

text: by

text: the

text: masters

text: for

text: services

text: rendered

text: some

text: slaves

text: could

text: save

text: money

text: to

text: buy

text: their

text: freedom

text: Generally

text: mutilation

text: and

text: murder

text: of

text: slaves

text: was

text: prohibited

text: by

text: legislation

text: However

text: Rome

text: did

text: not

text: have

text: a

text: law

text: enforcement

text: arm

text: All

text: actions

text: were

text: treated

text: as

text: torts

text: which

text: were

text: brought

text: by

text: an

text: accuser

text: who

text: was

text: forced

text: to

text: prove

text: the

text: entire

text: case

text: himself

text: If

text: the

text: accused

text: were

text: a

text: noble

text: and

text: the

text: victim

text: not

text: a

text: noble

text: the

text: likelihood

text: of

text: finding

text: for

text: the

text: accused

text: was

text: small

text: At

text: most

text: the

text: accused

text: might

text: have

text: to

text: pay

text: a

text: fine

text: for

text: killing

text: a

text: slave

text: It

text: is

text: estimated

text: that

text: over

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: population

text: was

text: enslaved

question: Around what percentage of the Roman populace were thought to be slaves?

answer: over 25%

text: over 25%

question: Where in the Roman Republic could slaves be acquired?

answer: slave markets

text: slave markets

question: Were slave masters allowed to free their slaves in the Roman Republic?

answer: Many slaves were freed by the masters for services rendered

text: Many slaves were freed by the masters for services rendered

question: What branch of law did Rome lack?

answer: law enforcement

text: law enforcement

question: Who was responsible for seeking justice in the Roman courts?

answer: an accuser who was forced to prove the entire case himself

text: an accuser who was forced to prove the entire case himself


text: Smaller private schools include Babson College, Bentley University, Boston Architectural College, Emmanuel College, Fisher College, MGH Institute of Health Professions, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Simmons College, Wellesley College, Wheelock College, Wentworth Institute of Technology, New England School of Law (originally established as America's first all female law school), and Emerson College.

title: Boston

title: Boston

text: Smaller

text: private

text: schools

text: include

text: Babson

text: College

text: Bentley

text: University

text: Boston

text: Architectural

text: College

text: Emmanuel

text: College

text: Fisher

text: College

text: MGH

text: Institute

text: of

text: Health

text: Professions

text: Massachusetts

text: College

text: of

text: Pharmacy

text: and

text: Health

text: Sciences

text: Simmons

text: College

text: Wellesley

text: College

text: Wheelock

text: College

text: Wentworth

text: Institute

text: of

text: Technology

text: New

text: England

text: School

text: of

text: Law

text: originally

text: established

text: as

text: America

text: 's

text: first

text: all

text: female

text: law

text: school

text: and

text: Emerson

text: College

question: Babson College is what type of institution?

answer: Smaller private schools

text: Smaller private schools

question: What small private law school is located in Boston?

answer: New England School of Law

text: New England School of Law

question: What was the name of Americas first all female law school?

answer: New England School of Law

text: New England School of Law


text: Several Islamic kingdoms (sultanates) under both foreign and, newly converted, Rajput rulers were established across the north western subcontinent (Afghanistan and Pakistan) over a period of a few centuries. From the 10th century, Sindh was ruled by the Rajput Soomra dynasty, and later, in the mid-13th century by the Rajput Samma dynasty. Additionally, Muslim trading communities flourished throughout coastal south India, particularly on the western coast where Muslim traders arrived in small numbers, mainly from the Arabian peninsula. This marked the introduction of a third Abrahamic Middle Eastern religion, following Judaism and Christianity, often in puritanical form. Mahmud of Ghazni in the early 11th century raided mainly the north-western parts of the Indian sub-continent 17 times, but he did not seek to establish "permanent dominion" in those areas.

title: History_of_India

title: History_of_India

text: Several

text: Islamic

text: kingdoms

text: sultanates

text: under

text: both

text: foreign

text: and

text: newly

text: converted

text: Rajput

text: rulers

text: were

text: established

text: across

text: the

text: north

text: western

text: subcontinent

text: Afghanistan

text: and

text: Pakistan

text: over

text: a

text: period

text: of

text: a

text: few

text: centuries

text: From

text: the

text: century

text: Sindh

text: was

text: ruled

text: by

text: the

text: Rajput

text: Soomra

text: dynasty

text: and

text: later

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: by

text: the

text: Rajput

text: Samma

text: dynasty

text: Additionally

text: Muslim

text: trading

text: communities

text: flourished

text: throughout

text: coastal

text: south

text: India

text: particularly

text: on

text: the

text: western

text: coast

text: where

text: Muslim

text: traders

text: arrived

text: in

text: small

text: numbers

text: mainly

text: from

text: the

text: Arabian

text: peninsula

text: This

text: marked

text: the

text: introduction

text: of

text: a

text: third

text: Abrahamic

text: Middle

text: Eastern

text: religion

text: following

text: Judaism

text: and

text: Christianity

text: often

text: in

text: puritanical

text: form

text: Mahmud

text: of

text: Ghazni

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: raided

text: mainly

text: the

text: north

text: western

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: Indian

text: sub

text: continent

text: times

text: but

text: he

text: did

text: not

text: seek

text: to

text: establish

text: permanent

text: dominion

text: in

text: those

text: areas

question: In what areas of India were Islamic kingdoms formed over a period of centuries?

answer: Afghanistan and Pakistan

text: Afghanistan and Pakistan

question: What Muslim endeavors thrived on the coastal areas of south India?

answer: trading communities

text: trading communities

question: Which south Indian coast was favored by Muslim traders?

answer: western coast

text: western coast

question: From where did the Arab traders come in order to trade on the west coast of India?

answer: Arabian peninsula

text: Arabian peninsula

question: Besides the newly introduced Islamic religion, what other Abrahamic religions were practiced in India?

answer: Judaism and Christianity

text: Judaism and Christianity


text: The earliest recorded account of a circadian process dates from the 4th century B.C.E., when Androsthenes, a ship captain serving under Alexander the Great, described diurnal leaf movements of the tamarind tree. The observation of a circadian or diurnal process in humans is mentioned in Chinese medical texts dated to around the 13th century, including the Noon and Midnight Manual and the Mnemonic Rhyme to Aid in the Selection of Acu-points According to the Diurnal Cycle, the Day of the Month and the Season of the Year.

title: Circadian_rhythm

title: Circadian_rhythm

text: The

text: earliest

text: recorded

text: account

text: of

text: a

text: circadian

text: process

text: dates

text: from

text: the

text: century

text: B.C.E.

text: when

text: Androsthenes

text: a

text: ship

text: captain

text: serving

text: under

text: Alexander

text: the

text: Great

text: described

text: diurnal

text: leaf

text: movements

text: of

text: the

text: tamarind

text: tree

text: The

text: observation

text: of

text: a

text: circadian

text: or

text: diurnal

text: process

text: in

text: humans

text: is

text: mentioned

text: in

text: Chinese

text: medical

text: texts

text: dated

text: to

text: around

text: the

text: century

text: including

text: the

text: Noon

text: and

text: Midnight

text: Manual

text: and

text: the

text: Mnemonic

text: Rhyme

text: to

text: Aid

text: in

text: the

text: Selection

text: of

text: Acu

text: points

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: Diurnal

text: Cycle

text: the

text: Day

text: of

text: the

text: Month

text: and

text: the

text: Season

text: of

text: the

text: Year

question: What is the earliest recorded instance of circadian rhythm?

answer: 4th century B.C.E

text: 4th century B.C.E

question: What ship captain described daily leaf movements?

answer: Androsthenes

text: Androsthenes

question: What tree leaves did Androsthenes describe?

answer: tamarind

text: tamarind

question: What type of Chinese texts mention circadian process in humans?

answer: medical

text: medical

question: When did the Chinese use diurnal rhythms to remember Acu-points?

answer: 13th century

text: 13th century


text: Most legal theorists believe that the rule of law has purely formal characteristics, meaning that the law must be publicly declared, with prospective application, and possess the characteristics of generality, equality, and certainty, but there are no requirements with regard to the content of the law. Others, including a few legal theorists, believe that the rule of law necessarily entails protection of individual rights. Within legal theory, these two approaches to the rule of law are seen as the two basic alternatives, respectively labelled the formal and substantive approaches. Still, there are other views as well. Some believe that democracy is part of the rule of law.

title: Rule_of_law

title: Rule_of_law

text: Most

text: legal

text: theorists

text: believe

text: that

text: the

text: rule

text: of

text: law

text: has

text: purely

text: formal

text: characteristics

text: meaning

text: that

text: the

text: law

text: must

text: be

text: publicly

text: declared

text: with

text: prospective

text: application

text: and

text: possess

text: the

text: characteristics

text: of

text: generality

text: equality

text: and

text: certainty

text: but

text: there

text: are

text: no

text: requirements

text: with

text: regard

text: to

text: the

text: content

text: of

text: the

text: law

text: Others

text: including

text: a

text: few

text: legal

text: theorists

text: believe

text: that

text: the

text: rule

text: of

text: law

text: necessarily

text: entails

text: protection

text: of

text: individual

text: rights

text: Within

text: legal

text: theory

text: these

text: two

text: approaches

text: to

text: the

text: rule

text: of

text: law

text: are

text: seen

text: as

text: the

text: two

text: basic

text: alternatives

text: respectively

text: labelled

text: the

text: formal

text: and

text: substantive

text: approaches

text: Still

text: there

text: are

text: other

text: views

text: as

text: well

text: Some

text: believe

text: that

text: democracy

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: rule

text: of

text: law

question: According to legal theorists, what characteristics must the rule of law have?

answer: generality, equality, and certainty

text: generality, equality, and certainty

question: According to some, what is the rule of law is formed to protect?

answer: individual rights

text: individual rights

question: What system of government is considered as a component of the rule of law?

answer: democracy

text: democracy

question: According to some legal theorists, for what are there no requirements for something to be considered a law?

answer: content

text: content

question: What are the two approaches to defining the concept of the rule of law?

answer: formal and substantive

text: formal and substantive


text: In 2010, Executive Order 13526 created the National Declassification Center to coordinate declassification practices across agencies, provide secure document services to other agencies, and review records in NARA custody for declassification.

title: National_Archives_and_Records_Administration

text: In

text: Executive

text: Order

text: created

text: the

text: National

text: Declassification

text: Center

text: to

text: coordinate

text: declassification

text: practices

text: across

text: agencies

text: provide

text: secure

text: document

text: services

text: to

text: other

text: agencies

text: and

text: review

text: records

text: in

text: NARA

text: custody

text: for

text: declassification

question: What year was Executive Order 13526 created?

answer: 2010

question: What Executive order created the National Declassification Center?

answer: Executive Order 13526

text: Executive Order 13526

question: What was the aim of Executive Order 13526?

answer: coordinate declassification practices

text: coordinate declassification practices


text: Thuringia's leading research centre is Jena, followed by Ilmenau. Both focus on technology, in particular life sciences and optics at Jena and information technology at Ilmenau. Erfurt is a centre of Germany's horticultural research, whereas Weimar and Gotha with their various archives and libraries are centres of historic and cultural research. Most of the research in Thuringia is publicly funded basic research due to the lack of large companies able to invest significant amounts in applied research, with the notable exception of the optics sector at Jena.

title: Thuringia

title: Thuringia

text: Thuringia

text: 's

text: leading

text: research

text: centre

text: is

text: Jena

text: followed

text: by

text: Ilmenau

text: Both

text: focus

text: on

text: technology

text: in

text: particular

text: life

text: sciences

text: and

text: optics

text: at

text: Jena

text: and

text: information

text: technology

text: at

text: Ilmenau

text: Erfurt

text: is

text: a

text: centre

text: of

text: Germany

text: 's

text: horticultural

text: research

text: whereas

text: Weimar

text: and

text: Gotha

text: with

text: their

text: various

text: archives

text: and

text: libraries

text: are

text: centres

text: of

text: historic

text: and

text: cultural

text: research

text: Most

text: of

text: the

text: research

text: in

text: Thuringia

text: is

text: publicly

text: funded

text: basic

text: research

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: lack

text: of

text: large

text: companies

text: able

text: to

text: invest

text: significant

text: amounts

text: in

text: applied

text: research

text: with

text: the

text: notable

text: exception

text: of

text: the

text: optics

text: sector

text: at

text: Jena

question: What is the focus of Thuringia's research center, Jena?

answer: life sciences and optics

text: life sciences and optics

question: Which universities are known for their historic and cultural aspects?

answer: Weimar and Gotha

text: Weimar and Gotha

question: How is most research in Thuringia funded?

answer: publicly funded

text: publicly funded

question: What is one company that is able to get investments from large companies?

answer: the optics sector at Jena.

text: the optics sector at Jena.


text: An intellectual revitalization of Europe started with the birth of medieval universities in the 12th century. The contact with the Islamic world in Spain and Sicily, and during the Reconquista and the Crusades, allowed Europeans access to scientific Greek and Arabic texts, including the works of Aristotle, Ptolemy, Jābir ibn Hayyān, al-Khwarizmi, Alhazen, Avicenna, and Averroes. European scholars had access to the translation programs of Raymond of Toledo, who sponsored the 12th century Toledo School of Translators from Arabic to Latin. Later translators like Michael Scotus would learn Arabic in order to study these texts directly. The European universities aided materially in the translation and propagation of these texts and started a new infrastructure which was needed for scientific communities. In fact, European university put many works about the natural world and the study of nature at the center of its curriculum, with the result that the "medieval university laid far greater emphasis on science than does its modern counterpart and descendent."

title: History_of_science

title: History_of_science

text: An

text: intellectual

text: revitalization

text: of

text: Europe

text: started

text: with

text: the

text: birth

text: of

text: medieval

text: universities

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: The

text: contact

text: with

text: the

text: Islamic

text: world

text: in

text: Spain

text: and

text: Sicily

text: and

text: during

text: the

text: Reconquista

text: and

text: the

text: Crusades

text: allowed

text: Europeans

text: access

text: to

text: scientific

text: Greek

text: and

text: Arabic

text: texts

text: including

text: the

text: works

text: of

text: Aristotle

text: Ptolemy

text: Jābir

text: ibn

text: Hayyān

text: al

text: Khwarizmi

text: Alhazen

text: Avicenna

text: and

text: Averroes

text: European

text: scholars

text: had

text: access

text: to

text: the

text: translation

text: programs

text: of

text: Raymond

text: of

text: Toledo

text: who

text: sponsored

text: the

text: century

text: Toledo

text: School

text: of

text: Translators

text: from

text: Arabic

text: to

text: Latin

text: Later

text: translators

text: like

text: Michael

text: Scotus

text: would

text: learn

text: Arabic

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: study

text: these

text: texts

text: directly

text: The

text: European

text: universities

text: aided

text: materially

text: in

text: the

text: translation

text: and

text: propagation

text: of

text: these

text: texts

text: and

text: started

text: a

text: new

text: infrastructure

text: which

text: was

text: needed

text: for

text: scientific

text: communities

text: In

text: fact

text: European

text: university

text: put

text: many

text: works

text: about

text: the

text: natural

text: world

text: and

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: nature

text: at

text: the

text: center

text: of

text: its

text: curriculum

text: with

text: the

text: result

text: that

text: the

text: medieval

text: university

text: laid

text: far

text: greater

text: emphasis

text: on

text: science

text: than

text: does

text: its

text: modern

text: counterpart

text: and

text: descendent

question: When were medieval universities created?

answer: the 12th century

text: the 12th century

question: Who sponsored the Toledo School of Translators?

answer: Raymond of Toledo

text: Raymond of Toledo

question: At the Toledo School of Translators, what language was Arabic text translated into?

answer: Latin

text: Latin

question: Which translator learned Arabic to be able to study the Arabic texts directly?

answer: Michael Scotus

text: Michael Scotus


text: Simultaneous videoconferencing among three or more remote points is possible by means of a Multipoint Control Unit (MCU). This is a bridge that interconnects calls from several sources (in a similar way to the audio conference call). All parties call the MCU, or the MCU can also call the parties which are going to participate, in sequence. There are MCU bridges for IP and ISDN-based videoconferencing. There are MCUs which are pure software, and others which are a combination of hardware and software. An MCU is characterised according to the number of simultaneous calls it can handle, its ability to conduct transposing of data rates and protocols, and features such as Continuous Presence, in which multiple parties can be seen on-screen at once. MCUs can be stand-alone hardware devices, or they can be embedded into dedicated videoconferencing units.

title: Videoconferencing

title: Videoconferencing

text: Simultaneous

text: videoconferencing

text: among

text: three

text: or

text: more

text: remote

text: points

text: is

text: possible

text: by

text: means

text: of

text: a

text: Multipoint

text: Control

text: Unit

text: MCU

text: This

text: is

text: a

text: bridge

text: that

text: interconnects

text: calls

text: from

text: several

text: sources

text: in

text: a

text: similar

text: way

text: to

text: the

text: audio

text: conference

text: call

text: All

text: parties

text: call

text: the

text: MCU

text: or

text: the

text: MCU

text: can

text: also

text: call

text: the

text: parties

text: which

text: are

text: going

text: to

text: participate

text: in

text: sequence

text: There

text: are

text: MCU

text: bridges

text: for

text: IP

text: and

text: ISDN

text: based

text: videoconferencing

text: There

text: are

text: MCUs

text: which

text: are

text: pure

text: software

text: and

text: others

text: which

text: are

text: a

text: combination

text: of

text: hardware

text: and

text: software

text: An

text: MCU

text: is

text: characterised

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: simultaneous

text: calls

text: it

text: can

text: handle

text: its

text: ability

text: to

text: conduct

text: transposing

text: of

text: data

text: rates

text: and

text: protocols

text: and

text: features

text: such

text: as

text: Continuous

text: Presence

text: in

text: which

text: multiple

text: parties

text: can

text: be

text: seen

text: on

text: screen

text: at

text: once

text: MCUs

text: can

text: be

text: stand

text: alone

text: hardware

text: devices

text: or

text: they

text: can

text: be

text: embedded

text: into

text: dedicated

text: videoconferencing

text: units

question: What enables videoconferencing to connect three or more remote points?

answer: Multipoint Control Unit (MCU)

text: Multipoint Control Unit (MCU)

question: What is one type of MCU bridge?

answer: IP

text: IP

question: In what way can an MCU be characterized?

answer: the number of simultaneous calls it can handle

text: the number of simultaneous calls it can handle

question: What feature enables an MCU to allow for multiple parties to be seen on screen at the same time?

answer: Continuous Presence

text: Continuous Presence

question: Where can an MCU be embedded?

answer: dedicated videoconferencing units

text: dedicated videoconferencing units