text: In turn, according to Kozinski's analysis, the contemporary rule of binding precedent became possible in the U.S. in the nineteenth century only after the creation of a clear court hierarchy (under the Judiciary Acts), and the beginning of regular verbatim publication of U.S. appellate decisions by West Publishing. The rule gradually developed, case-by-case, as an extension of the judiciary's public policy of effective judicial administration (that is, in order to efficiently exercise the judicial power). The rule of precedent is generally justified today as a matter of public policy, first, as a matter of fundamental fairness, and second, because in the absence of case law, it would be completely unworkable for every minor issue in every legal case to be briefed, argued, and decided from first principles (such as relevant statutes, constitutional provisions, and underlying public policies), which in turn would create hopeless inefficiency, instability, and unpredictability, and thereby undermine the rule of law.

title: Law_of_the_United_States

title: Law_of_the_United_States

text: In

text: turn

text: according

text: to

text: Kozinski

text: 's

text: analysis

text: the

text: contemporary

text: rule

text: of

text: binding

text: precedent

text: became

text: possible

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: in

text: the

text: nineteenth

text: century

text: only

text: after

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: a

text: clear

text: court

text: hierarchy

text: under

text: the

text: Judiciary

text: Acts

text: and

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: regular

text: verbatim

text: publication

text: of

text: U.S.

text: appellate

text: decisions

text: by

text: West

text: Publishing

text: The

text: rule

text: gradually

text: developed

text: case

text: by

text: case

text: as

text: an

text: extension

text: of

text: the

text: judiciary

text: 's

text: public

text: policy

text: of

text: effective

text: judicial

text: administration

text: that

text: is

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: efficiently

text: exercise

text: the

text: judicial

text: power

text: The

text: rule

text: of

text: precedent

text: is

text: generally

text: justified

text: today

text: as

text: a

text: matter

text: of

text: public

text: policy

text: first

text: as

text: a

text: matter

text: of

text: fundamental

text: fairness

text: and

text: second

text: because

text: in

text: the

text: absence

text: of

text: case

text: law

text: it

text: would

text: be

text: completely

text: unworkable

text: for

text: every

text: minor

text: issue

text: in

text: every

text: legal

text: case

text: to

text: be

text: briefed

text: argued

text: and

text: decided

text: from

text: first

text: principles

text: such

text: as

text: relevant

text: statutes

text: constitutional

text: provisions

text: and

text: underlying

text: public

text: policies

text: which

text: in

text: turn

text: would

text: create

text: hopeless

text: inefficiency

text: instability

text: and

text: unpredictability

text: and

text: thereby

text: undermine

text: the

text: rule

text: of

text: law

question: When did binding precedent become possible in the United States?

answer: nineteenth century

text: nineteenth century

question: What made binding precedent a possibility?

answer: creation of a clear court hierarchy (under the Judiciary Acts), and the beginning of regular verbatim publication of U.S. appellate decisions by West Publishing

text: creation of a clear court hierarchy (under the Judiciary Acts), and the beginning of regular verbatim publication of U.S. appellate decisions by West Publishing

question: What can invalidate the rule of law?

answer: hopeless inefficiency, instability, and unpredictability

text: hopeless inefficiency, instability, and unpredictability

question: Why was the rule of precedent allowed?

answer: in the absence of case law, it would be completely unworkable for every minor issue in every legal case to be briefed, argued, and decided

text: in the absence of case law, it would be completely unworkable for every minor issue in every legal case to be briefed, argued, and decided

question: How is a court hierarchy established?

answer: the Judiciary Acts

text: the Judiciary Acts


text: The Caribbean initially provided England's most important and lucrative colonies, but not before several attempts at colonisation failed. An attempt to establish a colony in Guiana in 1604 lasted only two years, and failed in its main objective to find gold deposits. Colonies in St Lucia (1605) and Grenada (1609) also rapidly folded, but settlements were successfully established in St. Kitts (1624), Barbados (1627) and Nevis (1628). The colonies soon adopted the system of sugar plantations successfully used by the Portuguese in Brazil, which depended on slave labour, and—at first—Dutch ships, to sell the slaves and buy the sugar. To ensure that the increasingly healthy profits of this trade remained in English hands, Parliament decreed in 1651 that only English ships would be able to ply their trade in English colonies. This led to hostilities with the United Dutch Provinces—a series of Anglo-Dutch Wars—which would eventually strengthen England's position in the Americas at the expense of the Dutch. In 1655, England annexed the island of Jamaica from the Spanish, and in 1666 succeeded in colonising the Bahamas.

title: British_Empire

title: British_Empire

text: The

text: Caribbean

text: initially

text: provided

text: England

text: 's

text: most

text: important

text: and

text: lucrative

text: colonies

text: but

text: not

text: before

text: several

text: attempts

text: at

text: colonisation

text: failed

text: An

text: attempt

text: to

text: establish

text: a

text: colony

text: in

text: Guiana

text: in

text: lasted

text: only

text: two

text: years

text: and

text: failed

text: in

text: its

text: main

text: objective

text: to

text: find

text: gold

text: deposits

text: Colonies

text: in

text: St

text: Lucia

text: and

text: Grenada

text: also

text: rapidly

text: folded

text: but

text: settlements

text: were

text: successfully

text: established

text: in

text: St.

text: Kitts

text: Barbados

text: and

text: Nevis

text: The

text: colonies

text: soon

text: adopted

text: the

text: system

text: of

text: sugar

text: plantations

text: successfully

text: used

text: by

text: the

text: Portuguese

text: in

text: Brazil

text: which

text: depended

text: on

text: slave

text: labour

text: and

text: at

text: first

text: Dutch

text: ships

text: to

text: sell

text: the

text: slaves

text: and

text: buy

text: the

text: sugar

text: To

text: ensure

text: that

text: the

text: increasingly

text: healthy

text: profits

text: of

text: this

text: trade

text: remained

text: in

text: English

text: hands

text: Parliament

text: decreed

text: in

text: that

text: only

text: English

text: ships

text: would

text: be

text: able

text: to

text: ply

text: their

text: trade

text: in

text: English

text: colonies

text: This

text: led

text: to

text: hostilities

text: with

text: the

text: United

text: Dutch

text: Provinces

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: Anglo

text: Dutch

text: Wars

text: which

text: would

text: eventually

text: strengthen

text: England

text: 's

text: position

text: in

text: the

text: Americas

text: at

text: the

text: expense

text: of

text: the

text: Dutch

text: In

text: England

text: annexed

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Jamaica

text: from

text: the

text: Spanish

text: and

text: in

text: succeeded

text: in

text: colonising

text: the

text: Bahamas

question: When did England first establish a colony in Guiana?

answer: 1604

question: When did England first establish a colony in St. Lucia?

answer: 1605

question: When did England annex the island of Jamaica from the Spanish?

answer: 1655

question: When did England colonize the Bahamas?

answer: 1666

question: What was the goal of England's colony in Guiana?

answer: to find gold deposits

text: to find gold deposits


text: One result of debates over the meaning and validity of the concept of race is that the current literature across different disciplines regarding human variation lacks consensus, though within some fields, such as some branches of anthropology, there is strong consensus. Some studies use the word race in its early essentialist taxonomic sense. Many others still use the term race, but use it to mean a population, clade, or haplogroup. Others eschew the concept of race altogether, and use the concept of population as a less problematic unit of analysis.

title: Race_(human_categorization)

title: Race_(human_categorization

text: One

text: result

text: of

text: debates

text: over

text: the

text: meaning

text: and

text: validity

text: of

text: the

text: concept

text: of

text: race

text: is

text: that

text: the

text: current

text: literature

text: across

text: different

text: disciplines

text: regarding

text: human

text: variation

text: lacks

text: consensus

text: though

text: within

text: some

text: fields

text: such

text: as

text: some

text: branches

text: of

text: anthropology

text: there

text: is

text: strong

text: consensus

text: Some

text: studies

text: use

text: the

text: word

text: race

text: in

text: its

text: early

text: essentialist

text: taxonomic

text: sense

text: Many

text: others

text: still

text: use

text: the

text: term

text: race

text: but

text: use

text: it

text: to

text: mean

text: a

text: population

text: clade

text: or

text: haplogroup

text: Others

text: eschew

text: the

text: concept

text: of

text: race

text: altogether

text: and

text: use

text: the

text: concept

text: of

text: population

text: as

text: a

text: less

text: problematic

text: unit

text: of

text: analysis

question: What does the current literature regarding human variation lack?

answer: consensus

text: consensus

question: What do some studies use the word race in the sense of?

answer: taxonomic

text: taxonomic

question: What term do some use to mean population, clade, or haplogroup?

answer: race

text: race

question: What do some eschew altogether?

answer: the concept of race

text: the concept of race

question: What is a less problematic unit of analysis?

answer: concept of population

text: concept of population


text: On April 8, 2005, a partnership led by Comcast and Sony Pictures Entertainment finalized a deal to acquire MGM and its affiliate studio, United Artists, and create an additional outlet to carry MGM/UA's material for cable and Internet distribution. On October 31, 2005, Comcast officially announced that it had acquired Susquehanna Communications a South Central Pennsylvania, -based cable television and broadband services provider and unit of the former Susquehanna Pfaltzgraff company, for $775 million cash. In this deal Comcast acquired approximately 230,000 basic cable customers, 71,000 digital cable customers, and 86,000 high-speed Internet customers. Comcast previously owned approximately 30 percent of Susquehanna Communications through affiliate company Lenfest. In December 2005, Comcast announced the creation of Comcast Interactive Media, a new division focused on online media.

title: Comcast

title: Comcast

text: On

text: April

text: a

text: partnership

text: led

text: by

text: Comcast

text: and

text: Sony

text: Pictures

text: Entertainment

text: finalized

text: a

text: deal

text: to

text: acquire

text: MGM

text: and

text: its

text: affiliate

text: studio

text: United

text: Artists

text: and

text: create

text: an

text: additional

text: outlet

text: to

text: carry

text: MGM

text: UA

text: 's

text: material

text: for

text: cable

text: and

text: Internet

text: distribution

text: On

text: October

text: Comcast

text: officially

text: announced

text: that

text: it

text: had

text: acquired

text: Susquehanna

text: Communications

text: a

text: South

text: Central

text: Pennsylvania

text: -based

text: cable

text: television

text: and

text: broadband

text: services

text: provider

text: and

text: unit

text: of

text: the

text: former

text: Susquehanna

text: Pfaltzgraff

text: company

text: for

text: million

text: cash

text: In

text: this

text: deal

text: Comcast

text: acquired

text: approximately

text: basic

text: cable

text: customers

text: digital

text: cable

text: customers

text: and

text: high

text: speed

text: Internet

text: customers

text: Comcast

text: previously

text: owned

text: approximately

text: percent

text: of

text: Susquehanna

text: Communications

text: through

text: affiliate

text: company

text: Lenfest

text: In

text: December

text: Comcast

text: announced

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: Comcast

text: Interactive

text: Media

text: a

text: new

text: division

text: focused

text: on

text: online

text: media

question: Comcast joined with what media company to acquire a movie studio in 2005?

answer: Sony Pictures Entertainment

text: Sony Pictures Entertainment

question: What movie studios did Comcast and their partner buy?

answer: MGM and its affiliate studio, United Artists

text: MGM and its affiliate studio, United Artists

question: What Pennsylvania cable provider did Comcast buy controlling interest in during 2005?

answer: Susquehanna Communications

text: Susquehanna Communications

question: When did Comcast formally announce its purchase of this cable provider?

answer: October 31, 2005

text: October 31, 2005

question: How much did Comcast pay for this cable tv provider?

answer: $775 million cash

text: $775 million cash


text: Aristotle noted that cranes traveled from the steppes of Scythia to marshes at the headwaters of the Nile. Pliny the Elder, in his Historia Naturalis, repeats Aristotle's observations.

title: Bird_migration

title: Bird_migration

text: Aristotle

text: noted

text: that

text: cranes

text: traveled

text: from

text: the

text: steppes

text: of

text: Scythia

text: to

text: marshes

text: at

text: the

text: headwaters

text: of

text: the

text: Nile

text: Pliny

text: the

text: Elder

text: in

text: his

text: Historia

text: Naturalis

text: repeats

text: Aristotle

text: 's

text: observations

question: Who noted that cranes traveled from Scythia to the Nile?

answer: Aristotle

text: Aristotle

question: Who repeats Aristotle's observations?

answer: Pliny the Elder

text: Pliny the Elder

question: Where did Pliny the Elder repeat Aristotle's observations?

answer: in his Historia Naturalis

text: in his Historia Naturalis

question: What kind of bird did Aristotle and Pliny the Elder write about?

answer: cranes

text: cranes


text: Engineered wood products, glued building products "engineered" for application-specific performance requirements, are often used in construction and industrial applications. Glued engineered wood products are manufactured by bonding together wood strands, veneers, lumber or other forms of wood fiber with glue to form a larger, more efficient composite structural unit.

title: Wood

title: Wood

text: Engineered

text: wood

text: products

text: glued

text: building

text: products

text: engineered

text: for

text: application

text: specific

text: performance

text: requirements

text: are

text: often

text: used

text: in

text: construction

text: and

text: industrial

text: applications

text: Glued

text: engineered

text: wood

text: products

text: are

text: manufactured

text: by

text: bonding

text: together

text: wood

text: strands

text: veneers

text: lumber

text: or

text: other

text: forms

text: of

text: wood

text: fiber

text: with

text: glue

text: to

text: form

text: a

text: larger

text: more

text: efficient

text: composite

text: structural

text: unit

question: What holds together an engineered wood product?

answer: glue

text: glue

question: Engineered wood products are often used in construction, but what other major type of applications do they have?

answer: industrial

text: industrial

question: What requirements do engineered wood products meet?

answer: application-specific performance requirements

text: application-specific performance requirements

question: What efficient type of unit does the process of "engineering" wood result in?

answer: composite structural unit

text: composite structural unit

question: Wood fibers from wood strands, lumber, and what other source can be glued together to make larger units?

answer: veneers

text: veneers


text: The hypothesis that plant growth and development is coordinated by plant hormones or plant growth regulators first emerged in the late 19th century. Darwin experimented on the movements of plant shoots and roots towards light and gravity, and concluded "It is hardly an exaggeration to say that the tip of the radicle . . acts like the brain of one of the lower animals . . directing the several movements". About the same time, the role of auxins (from the Greek auxein, to grow) in control of plant growth was first outlined by the Dutch scientist Frits Went. The first known auxin, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), which promotes cell growth, was only isolated from plants about 50 years later. This compound mediates the tropic responses of shoots and roots towards light and gravity. The finding in 1939 that plant callus could be maintained in culture containing IAA, followed by the observation in 1947 that it could be induced to form roots and shoots by controlling the concentration of growth hormones were key steps in the development of plant biotechnology and genetic modification.

title: Botany

title: Botany

text: The

text: hypothesis

text: that

text: plant

text: growth

text: and

text: development

text: is

text: coordinated

text: by

text: plant

text: hormones

text: or

text: plant

text: growth

text: regulators

text: first

text: emerged

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: Darwin

text: experimented

text: on

text: the

text: movements

text: of

text: plant

text: shoots

text: and

text: roots

text: towards

text: light

text: and

text: gravity

text: and

text: concluded

text: It

text: is

text: hardly

text: an

text: exaggeration

text: to

text: say

text: that

text: the

text: tip

text: of

text: the

text: radicle

text: acts

text: like

text: the

text: brain

text: of

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: lower

text: animals

text: directing

text: the

text: several

text: movements

text: About

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: the

text: role

text: of

text: auxins

text: from

text: the

text: Greek

text: auxein

text: to

text: grow

text: in

text: control

text: of

text: plant

text: growth

text: was

text: first

text: outlined

text: by

text: the

text: Dutch

text: scientist

text: Frits

text: Went

text: The

text: first

text: known

text: auxin

text: acid

text: IAA

text: which

text: promotes

text: cell

text: growth

text: was

text: only

text: isolated

text: from

text: plants

text: about

text: years

text: later

text: This

text: compound

text: mediates

text: the

text: tropic

text: responses

text: of

text: shoots

text: and

text: roots

text: towards

text: light

text: and

text: gravity

text: The

text: finding

text: in

text: that

text: plant

text: callus

text: could

text: be

text: maintained

text: in

text: culture

text: containing

text: IAA

text: followed

text: by

text: the

text: observation

text: in

text: that

text: it

text: could

text: be

text: induced

text: to

text: form

text: roots

text: and

text: shoots

text: by

text: controlling

text: the

text: concentration

text: of

text: growth

text: hormones

text: were

text: key

text: steps

text: in

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: plant

text: biotechnology

text: and

text: genetic

text: modification

question: When was the theory of plant hormones introduced?

answer: late 19th century

text: late 19th century

question: To what did Darwin compare the top of the plant radical?

answer: the brain of one of the lower animals

text: the brain of one of the lower animals

question: Why did Darwin feel plants had something comparable to a brain?

answer: movements of plant shoots

text: movements of plant shoots

question: What do auxins do?

answer: promotes cell growth

text: promotes cell growth

question: What can plant callus be coaxed into doing?

answer: form roots and shoots

text: form roots and shoots


text: In the past, many organizations have claimed ownership of patents related to MP3 decoding or encoding. These claims led to a number of legal threats and actions from a variety of sources. As a result, uncertainty about which patents must be licensed in order to create MP3 products without committing patent infringement in countries that allow software patents was a common feature of the early stages of adoption of the technology.

title: MP3

title: MP3

text: In

text: the

text: past

text: many

text: organizations

text: have

text: claimed

text: ownership

text: of

text: patents

text: related

text: to

text: decoding

text: or

text: encoding

text: These

text: claims

text: led

text: to

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: legal

text: threats

text: and

text: actions

text: from

text: a

text: variety

text: of

text: sources

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: uncertainty

text: about

text: which

text: patents

text: must

text: be

text: licensed

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: create

text: products

text: without

text: committing

text: patent

text: infringement

text: in

text: countries

text: that

text: allow

text: software

text: patents

text: was

text: a

text: common

text: feature

text: of

text: the

text: early

text: stages

text: of

text: adoption

text: of

text: the

text: technology

question: What has many organizations claiming ownership of patents related to aspects of MP3 led to?

answer: legal threats

text: legal threats

question: Legal threats and confusion made it difficult to ensure what about patents regarding MP3 products?

answer: which patents must be licensed

text: which patents must be licensed

question: What was the danger of not correctly patenting products?

answer: patent infringement

text: patent infringement

question: At what stage of the technology were these problems prevalent?

answer: early stages

text: early stages


text:
A molecular form called protonated molecular hydrogen (H+
3) is found in the interstellar medium, where it is generated by ionization of molecular hydrogen from cosmic rays. This charged ion has also been observed in the upper atmosphere of the planet Jupiter. The ion is relatively stable in the environment of outer space due to the low temperature and density. H+
3 is one of the most abundant ions in the Universe, and it plays a notable role in the chemistry of the interstellar medium. Neutral triatomic hydrogen H3 can only exist in an excited form and is unstable. By contrast, the positive hydrogen molecular ion (H+
2) is a rare molecule in the universe.

title: Hydrogen

title: Hydrogen

text: A

text: molecular

text: form

text: called

text: protonated

text: molecular

text: hydrogen

text: H+

text: is

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: interstellar

text: medium

text: where

text: it

text: is

text: generated

text: by

text: ionization

text: of

text: molecular

text: hydrogen

text: from

text: cosmic

text: rays

text: This

text: charged

text: ion

text: has

text: also

text: been

text: observed

text: in

text: the

text: upper

text: atmosphere

text: of

text: the

text: planet

text: Jupiter

text: The

text: ion

text: is

text: relatively

text: stable

text: in

text: the

text: environment

text: of

text: outer

text: space

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: low

text: temperature

text: and

text: density

text: H+

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: abundant

text: ions

text: in

text: the

text: Universe

text: and

text: it

text: plays

text: a

text: notable

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: chemistry

text: of

text: the

text: interstellar

text: medium

text: Neutral

text: triatomic

text: hydrogen

text: can

text: only

text: exist

text: in

text: an

text: excited

text: form

text: and

text: is

text: unstable

text: By

text: contrast

text: the

text: positive

text: hydrogen

text: molecular

text: ion

text: H+

text: is

text: a

text: rare

text: molecule

text: in

text: the

text: universe

question: What molecular form is found in the interstellar medium?

answer: protonated molecular hydrogen

text: protonated molecular hydrogen

question: What generates protonated molecular hydrogen?

answer: ionization of molecular hydrogen from cosmic rays

text: ionization of molecular hydrogen from cosmic rays

question: On what planet can you find  protonated molecular hydrogen?

answer: Jupiter

text: Jupiter

question: In what way can Neutral triatomic hydrogen exist?

answer: excited form

text: excited form


text: The city had surrendered without a fight to the invading Moors (Berbers and Arabs) by 714 AD, and the cathedral of Saint Vincent was turned into a mosque. Abd al-Rahman I, the first emir of Cordoba, ordered the city destroyed in 755 during his wars against other nobility, but several years later his son, Abdullah, had a form of autonomous rule over the province of Valencia. Among his administrative acts he ordered the building of a luxurious palace, the Russafa, on the outskirts of the city in the neighbourhood of the same name. So far no remains have been found. Also at this time Valencia received the name Medina al-Turab (City of Sand). When Islamic culture settled in, Valencia, then called Balansiyya, prospered from the 10th century, due to a booming trade in paper, silk, leather, ceramics, glass and silver-work. The architectural legacy of this period is abundant in Valencia and can still be appreciated today in the remnants of the old walls, the Baños del Almirante bath house, Portal de Valldigna street and even the Cathedral and the tower, El Micalet (El Miguelete), which was the minaret of the old mosque.

title: Valencia

title: Valencia

text: The

text: city

text: had

text: surrendered

text: without

text: a

text: fight

text: to

text: the

text: invading

text: Moors

text: Berbers

text: and

text: Arabs

text: by

text: AD

text: and

text: the

text: cathedral

text: of

text: Saint

text: Vincent

text: was

text: turned

text: into

text: a

text: mosque

text: Abd

text: al

text: Rahman

text: I

text: the

text: first

text: emir

text: of

text: Cordoba

text: ordered

text: the

text: city

text: destroyed

text: in

text: during

text: his

text: wars

text: against

text: other

text: nobility

text: but

text: several

text: years

text: later

text: his

text: son

text: Abdullah

text: had

text: a

text: form

text: of

text: autonomous

text: rule

text: over

text: the

text: province

text: of

text: Valencia

text: Among

text: his

text: administrative

text: acts

text: he

text: ordered

text: the

text: building

text: of

text: a

text: luxurious

text: palace

text: the

text: Russafa

text: on

text: the

text: outskirts

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: neighbourhood

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: name

text: So

text: far

text: no

text: remains

text: have

text: been

text: found

text: Also

text: at

text: this

text: time

text: Valencia

text: received

text: the

text: name

text: Medina

text: al

text: Turab

text: City

text: of

text: Sand

text: When

text: Islamic

text: culture

text: settled

text: in

text: Valencia

text: then

text: called

text: Balansiyya

text: prospered

text: from

text: the

text: century

text: due

text: to

text: a

text: booming

text: trade

text: in

text: paper

text: silk

text: leather

text: ceramics

text: glass

text: and

text: silver

text: work

text: The

text: architectural

text: legacy

text: of

text: this

text: period

text: is

text: abundant

text: in

text: Valencia

text: and

text: can

text: still

text: be

text: appreciated

text: today

text: in

text: the

text: remnants

text: of

text: the

text: old

text: walls

text: the

text: Baños

text: del

text: Almirante

text: bath

text: house

text: Portal

text: de

text: Valldigna

text: street

text: and

text: even

text: the

text: Cathedral

text: and

text: the

text: tower

text: El

text: Micalet

text: El

text: Miguelete

text: which

text: was

text: the

text: minaret

text: of

text: the

text: old

text: mosque

question: Who commanded that Valencia be destroyed?

answer: Abd al-Rahman I

text: Abd al-Rahman I

question: What did Abdullah have built outside Valencia?

answer: the Russafa

text: the Russafa

question: What was Valencia named during the time of Abdullah?

answer: Medina al-Turab

text: Medina al-Turab

question: When did Valencia surrender to the Moors?

answer: by 714 AD

text: by 714 AD

question: What feature of Valencia used to be a minaret?

answer: El Micalet

text: El Micalet


text: Saint Barthélemy was for many years a French commune forming part of Guadeloupe, which is an overseas region and department of France. Through a referendum in 2003, island residents sought separation from the administrative jurisdiction of Guadeloupe, and it was finally accomplished in 2007. The island of Saint Barthélemy became an Overseas Collectivity (COM). A governing territorial council was elected for its administration, which has provided the island with a certain degree of autonomy. The Hotel de Ville, which was the town hall, is now the Hotel de la Collectivité. A senator represents the island in Paris. St. Barthélemy has retained its free port status.

title: Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy

title: Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy

text: Saint

text: Barthélemy

text: was

text: for

text: many

text: years

text: a

text: French

text: commune

text: forming

text: part

text: of

text: Guadeloupe

text: which

text: is

text: an

text: overseas

text: region

text: and

text: department

text: of

text: France

text: Through

text: a

text: referendum

text: in

text: island

text: residents

text: sought

text: separation

text: from

text: the

text: administrative

text: jurisdiction

text: of

text: Guadeloupe

text: and

text: it

text: was

text: finally

text: accomplished

text: in

text: The

text: island

text: of

text: Saint

text: Barthélemy

text: became

text: an

text: Overseas

text: Collectivity

text: COM

text: A

text: governing

text: territorial

text: council

text: was

text: elected

text: for

text: its

text: administration

text: which

text: has

text: provided

text: the

text: island

text: with

text: a

text: certain

text: degree

text: of

text: autonomy

text: The

text: Hotel

text: de

text: Ville

text: which

text: was

text: the

text: town

text: hall

text: is

text: now

text: the

text: Hotel

text: de

text: la

text: Collectivité

text: A

text: senator

text: represents

text: the

text: island

text: in

text: Paris

text: St.

text: Barthélemy

text: has

text: retained

text: its

text: free

text: port

text: status

question: St. Barts was formerly a part of what French commune?

answer: Guadeloupe

text: Guadeloupe

question: When did the residents of St. Barts file for separation from Guadeloupe?

answer: 2003

question: When did St. Barts finally received its independence?

answer: 2007

question: What is the current name of the building in St. Barts that serves as town hall?

answer: Hotel de la Collectivité

text: Hotel de la Collectivité

question: Who officially represents St. Barts in French legislation?

answer: A senator

text: A senator


text: Israel has nine public universities that are subsidized by the state and 49 private colleges. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel's second-oldest university after the Technion, houses the National Library of Israel, the world's largest repository of Judaica and Hebraica. The Technion, the Hebrew University, and the Weizmann Institute consistently ranked among world's 100 top universities by the prestigious ARWU academic ranking. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Tel Aviv University are ranked among the world's top 100 universities by Times Higher Education magazine. Other major universities in the country include Bar-Ilan University, the University of Haifa, The Open University, and Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. Ariel University, in the West Bank, is the newest university institution, upgraded from college status, and the first in over thirty years. Israel's seven research universities (excluding the Open University) are consistently ranked among top 500 in the world.

title: Israel

title: Israel

text: Israel

text: has

text: nine

text: public

text: universities

text: that

text: are

text: subsidized

text: by

text: the

text: state

text: and

text: private

text: colleges

text: The

text: Hebrew

text: University

text: of

text: Jerusalem

text: Israel

text: 's

text: second

text: oldest

text: university

text: after

text: the

text: Technion

text: houses

text: the

text: National

text: Library

text: of

text: Israel

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: repository

text: of

text: Judaica

text: and

text: Hebraica

text: The

text: Technion

text: the

text: Hebrew

text: University

text: and

text: the

text: Weizmann

text: Institute

text: consistently

text: ranked

text: among

text: world

text: 's

text: top

text: universities

text: by

text: the

text: prestigious

text: ARWU

text: academic

text: ranking

text: The

text: Hebrew

text: University

text: of

text: Jerusalem

text: and

text: Tel

text: Aviv

text: University

text: are

text: ranked

text: among

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: top

text: universities

text: by

text: Times

text: Higher

text: Education

text: magazine

text: Other

text: major

text: universities

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: include

text: Bar

text: Ilan

text: University

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Haifa

text: The

text: Open

text: University

text: and

text: Ben

text: Gurion

text: University

text: of

text: the

text: Negev

text: Ariel

text: University

text: in

text: the

text: West

text: Bank

text: is

text: the

text: newest

text: university

text: institution

text: upgraded

text: from

text: college

text: status

text: and

text: the

text: first

text: in

text: over

text: thirty

text: years

text: Israel

text: 's

text: seven

text: research

text: universities

text: excluding

text: the

text: Open

text: University

text: are

text: consistently

text: ranked

text: among

text: top

text: in

text: the

text: world

question: How many public universities does Israel have?

answer: Israel

text: Israel

question: How many private colleges does Israel have?

answer: 49

question: What is the oldest university in Israel?

answer: Technion

text: Technion


text: Encompasses both secular and religious styles, the design and style made by Muslims and their construction of buildings and structures in Islamic culture included the architectural types: the Mosque, the Tomb, the Palace and the Fort. Perhaps the most important expression of Islamic art is architecture, particularly that of the mosque. Through Islamic architecture, effects of varying cultures within Islamic civilization can be illustrated. Generally, the use of Islamic geometric patterns and foliage based arabesques were striking. There was also the use of decorative calligraphy instead of pictures which were haram (forbidden) in mosque architecture. Note that in secular architecture, human and animal representation was indeed present.

title: Muslim_world

title: Muslim_world

text: Encompasses

text: both

text: secular

text: and

text: religious

text: styles

text: the

text: design

text: and

text: style

text: made

text: by

text: Muslims

text: and

text: their

text: construction

text: of

text: buildings

text: and

text: structures

text: in

text: Islamic

text: culture

text: included

text: the

text: architectural

text: types

text: the

text: Mosque

text: the

text: Tomb

text: the

text: Palace

text: and

text: the

text: Fort

text: Perhaps

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: expression

text: of

text: Islamic

text: art

text: is

text: architecture

text: particularly

text: that

text: of

text: the

text: mosque

text: Through

text: Islamic

text: architecture

text: effects

text: of

text: varying

text: cultures

text: within

text: Islamic

text: civilization

text: can

text: be

text: illustrated

text: Generally

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: Islamic

text: geometric

text: patterns

text: and

text: foliage

text: based

text: arabesques

text: were

text: striking

text: There

text: was

text: also

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: decorative

text: calligraphy

text: instead

text: of

text: pictures

text: which

text: were

text: haram

text: forbidden

text: in

text: mosque

text: architecture

text: Note

text: that

text: in

text: secular

text: architecture

text: human

text: and

text: animal

text: representation

text: was

text: indeed

text: present

question: What is considered the most important work of Islamic architecture?

answer: the mosque

text: the mosque

question: What type of decorations are used in Muslim world decorative art rather than pictures?

answer: decorative calligraphy

text: decorative calligraphy

question: What is the definition of haram?

answer: forbidden

text: forbidden

question: Where in Muslim architecture are pictures forbidden?

answer: mosque architecture

text: mosque architecture

question: Where is one permitted to use representations of humans?

answer: secular architecture

text: secular architecture


text: In Miranda the court created safeguards against self-incriminating statements made after an arrest. The court held that "The prosecution may not use statements, whether exculpatory or inculpatory, stemming from questioning initiated by law enforcement officers after a person has been taken into custody or otherwise deprived of his freedom of action in any significant way, unless it demonstrates the use of procedural safeguards effective to secure the Fifth Amendment's privilege against self-incrimination"

title: Police

title: Police

text: In

text: Miranda

text: the

text: court

text: created

text: safeguards

text: against

text: self

text: incriminating

text: statements

text: made

text: after

text: an

text: arrest

text: The

text: court

text: held

text: that

text: The

text: prosecution

text: may

text: not

text: use

text: statements

text: whether

text: exculpatory

text: or

text: inculpatory

text: stemming

text: from

text: questioning

text: initiated

text: by

text: law

text: enforcement

text: officers

text: after

text: a

text: person

text: has

text: been

text: taken

text: into

text: custody

text: or

text: otherwise

text: deprived

text: of

text: his

text: freedom

text: of

text: action

text: in

text: any

text: significant

text: way

text: unless

text: it

text: demonstrates

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: procedural

text: safeguards

text: effective

text: to

text: secure

text: the

text: Fifth

text: Amendment

text: 's

text: privilege

text: against

text: self

text: incrimination

question: What does Miranda provide?

answer: safeguards against self-incriminating statements made after an arrest

text: safeguards against self-incriminating statements made after an arrest

question: What does the 5th Amendment protect against?

answer: self-incrimination

text: self-incrimination

question: Which amendment prevents self-incrimination?

answer: Fifth

text: Fifth


text: There are several theories to the Islamisation process in Southeast Asia. Another theory is trade. The expansion of trade among West Asia, India and Southeast Asia helped the spread of the religion as Muslim traders from Southern Yemen (Hadramout) brought Islam to the region with their large volume of trade. Many settled in Indonesia, Singapore, and Malaysia. This is evident in the Arab-Indonesian, Arab-Singaporean, and Arab-Malay populations who were at one time very prominent in each of their countries. The second theory is the role of missionaries or Sufis.[citation needed] The Sufi missionaries played a significant role in spreading the faith by introducing Islamic ideas to the region. Finally, the ruling classes embraced Islam and that further aided the permeation of the religion throughout the region. The ruler of the region's most important port, Malacca Sultanate, embraced Islam in the 15th century, heralding a period of accelerated conversion of Islam throughout the region as Islam provided a positive force among the ruling and trading classes.

title: Southeast_Asia

title: Southeast_Asia

text: There

text: are

text: several

text: theories

text: to

text: the

text: Islamisation

text: process

text: in

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: Another

text: theory

text: is

text: trade

text: The

text: expansion

text: of

text: trade

text: among

text: West

text: Asia

text: India

text: and

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: helped

text: the

text: spread

text: of

text: the

text: religion

text: as

text: Muslim

text: traders

text: from

text: Southern

text: Yemen

text: Hadramout

text: brought

text: Islam

text: to

text: the

text: region

text: with

text: their

text: large

text: volume

text: of

text: trade

text: Many

text: settled

text: in

text: Indonesia

text: Singapore

text: and

text: Malaysia

text: This

text: is

text: evident

text: in

text: the

text: Arab

text: Indonesian

text: Arab

text: Singaporean

text: and

text: Arab

text: Malay

text: populations

text: who

text: were

text: at

text: one

text: time

text: very

text: prominent

text: in

text: each

text: of

text: their

text: countries

text: The

text: second

text: theory

text: is

text: the

text: role

text: of

text: missionaries

text: or

text: Sufis.[citation

text: needed

text: The

text: Sufi

text: missionaries

text: played

text: a

text: significant

text: role

text: in

text: spreading

text: the

text: faith

text: by

text: introducing

text: Islamic

text: ideas

text: to

text: the

text: region

text: Finally

text: the

text: ruling

text: classes

text: embraced

text: Islam

text: and

text: that

text: further

text: aided

text: the

text: permeation

text: of

text: the

text: religion

text: throughout

text: the

text: region

text: The

text: ruler

text: of

text: the

text: region

text: 's

text: most

text: important

text: port

text: Malacca

text: Sultanate

text: embraced

text: Islam

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: heralding

text: a

text: period

text: of

text: accelerated

text: conversion

text: of

text: Islam

text: throughout

text: the

text: region

text: as

text: Islam

text: provided

text: a

text: positive

text: force

text: among

text: the

text: ruling

text: and

text: trading

text: classes

question: In the 15th century, the ruler of which port embraced Islam?

answer: Malacca Sultanate

text: Malacca Sultanate

question: Where did the traders from Yemen settle?

answer: Indonesia, Singapore, and Malaysia

text: Indonesia, Singapore, and Malaysia

question: Which missionary helped to spread Islam?

answer: The Sufi missionaries

text: The Sufi missionaries

question: Which religion proved a positive force among the ruling & trading classes?

answer: Islam

text: Islam


text: The high points of this cultural creativity are magnificent architecture, sculpture, and painting. The Gupta period produced scholars such as Kalidasa, Aryabhata, Varahamihira, Vishnu Sharma, and Vatsyayana who made great advancements in many academic fields. The Gupta period marked a watershed of Indian culture: the Guptas performed Vedic sacrifices to legitimize their rule, but they also patronized Buddhism, which continued to provide an alternative to Brahmanical orthodoxy. The military exploits of the first three rulers – Chandragupta I, Samudragupta, and Chandragupta II - brought much of India under their leadership. Science and political administration reached new heights during the Gupta era. Strong trade ties also made the region an important cultural centre and established it as a base that would influence nearby kingdoms and regions in Burma, Sri Lanka, Maritime Southeast Asia, and Indochina. For these reasons, historian Dr.Barnett remarked:

title: History_of_India

title: History_of_India

text: The

text: high

text: points

text: of

text: this

text: cultural

text: creativity

text: are

text: magnificent

text: architecture

text: sculpture

text: and

text: painting

text: The

text: Gupta

text: period

text: produced

text: scholars

text: such

text: as

text: Kalidasa

text: Aryabhata

text: Varahamihira

text: Vishnu

text: Sharma

text: and

text: Vatsyayana

text: who

text: made

text: great

text: advancements

text: in

text: many

text: academic

text: fields

text: The

text: Gupta

text: period

text: marked

text: a

text: watershed

text: of

text: Indian

text: culture

text: the

text: Guptas

text: performed

text: Vedic

text: sacrifices

text: to

text: legitimize

text: their

text: rule

text: but

text: they

text: also

text: patronized

text: Buddhism

text: which

text: continued

text: to

text: provide

text: an

text: alternative

text: to

text: Brahmanical

text: orthodoxy

text: The

text: military

text: exploits

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: three

text: rulers

text: Chandragupta

text: I

text: Samudragupta

text: and

text: Chandragupta

text: II

text: brought

text: much

text: of

text: India

text: under

text: their

text: leadership

text: Science

text: and

text: political

text: administration

text: reached

text: new

text: heights

text: during

text: the

text: Gupta

text: era

text: Strong

text: trade

text: ties

text: also

text: made

text: the

text: region

text: an

text: important

text: cultural

text: centre

text: and

text: established

text: it

text: as

text: a

text: base

text: that

text: would

text: influence

text: nearby

text: kingdoms

text: and

text: regions

text: in

text: Burma

text: Sri

text: Lanka

text: Maritime

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: and

text: Indochina

text: For

text: these

text: reasons

text: historian

text: Dr

text: Barnett

text: remarked

question: What did the Guptas promote in their reigns?

answer: Indian culture

text: Indian culture

question: Besides the Vedic practices, what other religion did the Guptas patronize?

answer: Buddhism

text: Buddhism

question: What Guptas brought much of India under Gupta rule?

answer: first three rulers

text: first three rulers

question: What business activity made the Gupta Empire prominent in India?

answer: Strong trade ties

text: Strong trade ties

question: What did the Gupta Empires trade ties influence?

answer: nearby kingdoms

text: nearby kingdoms


text: Due to the work nature of airline pilots, who often cross several timezones and regions of sunlight and darkness in one day, and spend many hours awake both day and night, they are often unable to maintain sleep patterns that correspond to the natural human circadian rhythm; this situation can easily lead to fatigue. The NTSB cites this as contributing to many accidents[unreliable medical source?]  and has conducted several research studies in order to find methods of combating fatigue in pilots.

title: Circadian_rhythm

title: Circadian_rhythm

text: Due

text: to

text: the

text: work

text: nature

text: of

text: airline

text: pilots

text: who

text: often

text: cross

text: several

text: timezones

text: and

text: regions

text: of

text: sunlight

text: and

text: darkness

text: in

text: one

text: day

text: and

text: spend

text: many

text: hours

text: awake

text: both

text: day

text: and

text: night

text: they

text: are

text: often

text: unable

text: to

text: maintain

text: sleep

text: patterns

text: that

text: correspond

text: to

text: the

text: natural

text: human

text: circadian

text: rhythm

text: this

text: situation

text: can

text: easily

text: lead

text: to

text: fatigue

text: The

text: NTSB

text: cites

text: this

text: as

text: contributing

text: to

text: many

text: accidents[unreliable

text: medical

text: source

text: and

text: has

text: conducted

text: several

text: research

text: studies

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: find

text: methods

text: of

text: combating

text: fatigue

text: in

text: pilots

question: Whose work habits and environment prevents them from maintaining a regular sleep pattern?

answer: airline pilots

text: airline pilots

question: What can the lack of regular sleep patterns cause?

answer: fatigue

text: fatigue

question: What organizations cites this disruption of sleep patterns as a cause of accidents?

answer: NTSB

text: NTSB

question: What has the NTSB conducted to find the cause of pilot fatigue?

answer: research studies

text: research studies

question: Of what does the NTSB want to find a means of doing?

answer: combating fatigue

text: combating fatigue


text: The Russian Civil War was a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed and the Soviets under the domination of the Bolshevik party assumed power, first in Petrograd (St. Petersburg) and then in other places. In the wake of the October Revolution, the old Russian Imperial Army had been demobilized; the volunteer-based Red Guard was the Bolsheviks' main military force, augmented by an armed military component of the Cheka, the Bolshevik state security apparatus. There was an instituted mandatory conscription of the rural peasantry into the Red Army. Opposition of rural Russians to Red Army conscription units was overcome by taking hostages and shooting them when necessary in order to force compliance. Former Tsarist officers were utilized as "military specialists" (voenspetsy), taking their families hostage in order to ensure loyalty. At the start of the war, three-fourths of the Red Army officer corps was composed of former Tsarist officers. By its end, 83% of all Red Army divisional and corps commanders were ex-Tsarist soldiers.

title: Modern_history

title: Modern_history

text: The

text: Russian

text: Civil

text: War

text: was

text: a

text: multi

text: party

text: war

text: that

text: occurred

text: within

text: the

text: former

text: Russian

text: Empire

text: after

text: the

text: Russian

text: provisional

text: government

text: collapsed

text: and

text: the

text: Soviets

text: under

text: the

text: domination

text: of

text: the

text: Bolshevik

text: party

text: assumed

text: power

text: first

text: in

text: Petrograd

text: St.

text: Petersburg

text: and

text: then

text: in

text: other

text: places

text: In

text: the

text: wake

text: of

text: the

text: October

text: Revolution

text: the

text: old

text: Russian

text: Imperial

text: Army

text: had

text: been

text: demobilized

text: the

text: volunteer

text: based

text: Red

text: Guard

text: was

text: the

text: Bolsheviks

text: main

text: military

text: force

text: augmented

text: by

text: an

text: armed

text: military

text: component

text: of

text: the

text: Cheka

text: the

text: Bolshevik

text: state

text: security

text: apparatus

text: There

text: was

text: an

text: instituted

text: mandatory

text: conscription

text: of

text: the

text: rural

text: peasantry

text: into

text: the

text: Red

text: Army

text: Opposition

text: of

text: rural

text: Russians

text: to

text: Red

text: Army

text: conscription

text: units

text: was

text: overcome

text: by

text: taking

text: hostages

text: and

text: shooting

text: them

text: when

text: necessary

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: force

text: compliance

text: Former

text: Tsarist

text: officers

text: were

text: utilized

text: as

text: military

text: specialists

text: voenspetsy

text: taking

text: their

text: families

text: hostage

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: ensure

text: loyalty

text: At

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: the

text: war

text: three

text: fourths

text: of

text: the

text: Red

text: Army

text: officer

text: corps

text: was

text: composed

text: of

text: former

text: Tsarist

text: officers

text: By

text: its

text: end

text: of

text: all

text: Red

text: Army

text: divisional

text: and

text: corps

text: commanders

text: were

text: ex

text: Tsarist

text: soldiers

question: Where did Soviets under the rule of the  Bolshevik first assume power during the Russian Civil War?

answer: Petrograd (St. Petersburg)

text: Petrograd (St. Petersburg)

question: In the wake of the October resolution, what happened to the Russian Imperial Army?

answer: demobilized

text: demobilized

question: What was Bolshevik's main military force?

answer: volunteer-based Red Guard

text: volunteer-based Red Guard

question: How did the Red red Army overcome their foes?

answer: by taking hostages and shooting them when necessary in order to force compliance.

text: by taking hostages and shooting them when necessary in order to force compliance.

question: How were former Tsarist Officers utilized?

answer: as "military specialists"

text: as "military specialists"


text: The term Iran derives directly from Middle Persian Ērān, first attested in a 3rd-century inscription at Rustam Relief, with the accompanying Parthian inscription using the term Aryān, in reference to Iranians. The Middle Iranian ērān and aryān are oblique plural forms of gentilic ēr- (Middle Persian) and ary- (Parthian), both deriving from Proto-Iranian *arya- (meaning "Aryan," i.e., "of the Iranians"), argued to descend from Proto-Indo-European *ar-yo-, meaning "skillful assembler." In Iranian languages, the gentilic is attested as a self-identifier included in ancient inscriptions and the literature of Avesta,[a] and remains also in other Iranian ethnic names such as Alans (Ossetic: Ир – Ir) and Iron (Ossetic: Ирон – Iron).

title: Iran

title: Iran

text: The

text: term

text: Iran

text: derives

text: directly

text: from

text: Middle

text: Persian

text: Ērān

text: first

text: attested

text: in

text: a

text: century

text: inscription

text: at

text: Rustam

text: Relief

text: with

text: the

text: accompanying

text: Parthian

text: inscription

text: using

text: the

text: term

text: Aryān

text: in

text: reference

text: to

text: Iranians

text: The

text: Middle

text: Iranian

text: ērān

text: and

text: aryān

text: are

text: oblique

text: plural

text: forms

text: of

text: gentilic

text: ēr-

text: Middle

text: Persian

text: and

text: ary-

text: Parthian

text: both

text: deriving

text: from

text: Proto

text: Iranian

text: arya-

text: meaning

text: Aryan

text: i.e.

text: of

text: the

text: Iranians

text: argued

text: to

text: descend

text: from

text: Proto

text: Indo

text: European

text: ar

text: yo-

text: meaning

text: skillful

text: assembler

text: In

text: Iranian

text: languages

text: the

text: gentilic

text: is

text: attested

text: as

text: a

text: self

text: identifier

text: included

text: in

text: ancient

text: inscriptions

text: and

text: the

text: literature

text: of

text: Avesta,[a

text: and

text: remains

text: also

text: in

text: other

text: Iranian

text: ethnic

text: names

text: such

text: as

text: Alans

text: Ossetic

text: Ир

text: Ir

text: and

text: Iron

text: Ossetic

text: Ирон

text: Iron

question: What century did terms referencing Iran begin to be recorded?

answer: 3rd-century

question: What inscription referenced the term Aryan to Iranians?

answer: Parthian

text: Parthian

question: What Proto-Indo-European term means "skillful assembler?"

answer: *ar-yo-

text: *ar-yo-

question: What is attested as a self-identifier in Iranian languages?

answer: the gentilic

text: the gentilic

question: What other term in the 3rd Century besides Aryan also refer to Iran?

answer: Ērān

text: Ērān


text: The persecution reached a peak in Nazi Germany's Final Solution, which led to the Holocaust and the slaughter of approximately 6 million Jews. Of the world's 15 million Jews in 1939, more than a third were killed in the Holocaust. The Holocaust—the state-led systematic persecution and genocide of European Jews (and certain communities of North African Jews in European controlled North Africa) and other minority groups of Europe during World War II by Germany and its collaborators remains the most notable modern-day persecution of Jews. The persecution and genocide were accomplished in stages. Legislation to remove the Jews from civil society was enacted years before the outbreak of World War II. Concentration camps were established in which inmates were used as slave labour until they died of exhaustion or disease. Where the Third Reich conquered new territory in Eastern Europe, specialized units called Einsatzgruppen murdered Jews and political opponents in mass shootings. Jews and Roma were crammed into ghettos before being transported hundreds of miles by freight train to extermination camps where, if they survived the journey, the majority of them were killed in gas chambers. Virtually every arm of Germany's bureaucracy was involved in the logistics of the mass murder, turning the country into what one Holocaust scholar has called "a genocidal nation."

title: Jews

title: Jews

text: The

text: persecution

text: reached

text: a

text: peak

text: in

text: Nazi

text: Germany

text: 's

text: Final

text: Solution

text: which

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: Holocaust

text: and

text: the

text: slaughter

text: of

text: approximately

text: million

text: Jews

text: Of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: million

text: Jews

text: in

text: more

text: than

text: a

text: third

text: were

text: killed

text: in

text: the

text: Holocaust

text: The

text: Holocaust

text: the

text: state

text: led

text: systematic

text: persecution

text: and

text: genocide

text: of

text: European

text: Jews

text: and

text: certain

text: communities

text: of

text: North

text: African

text: Jews

text: in

text: European

text: controlled

text: North

text: Africa

text: and

text: other

text: minority

text: groups

text: of

text: Europe

text: during

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: by

text: Germany

text: and

text: its

text: collaborators

text: remains

text: the

text: most

text: notable

text: modern

text: day

text: persecution

text: of

text: Jews

text: The

text: persecution

text: and

text: genocide

text: were

text: accomplished

text: in

text: stages

text: Legislation

text: to

text: remove

text: the

text: Jews

text: from

text: civil

text: society

text: was

text: enacted

text: years

text: before

text: the

text: outbreak

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: Concentration

text: camps

text: were

text: established

text: in

text: which

text: inmates

text: were

text: used

text: as

text: slave

text: labour

text: until

text: they

text: died

text: of

text: exhaustion

text: or

text: disease

text: Where

text: the

text: Third

text: Reich

text: conquered

text: new

text: territory

text: in

text: Eastern

text: Europe

text: specialized

text: units

text: called

text: Einsatzgruppen

text: murdered

text: Jews

text: and

text: political

text: opponents

text: in

text: mass

text: shootings

text: Jews

text: and

text: Roma

text: were

text: crammed

text: into

text: ghettos

text: before

text: being

text: transported

text: hundreds

text: of

text: miles

text: by

text: freight

text: train

text: to

text: extermination

text: camps

text: where

text: if

text: they

text: survived

text: the

text: journey

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: them

text: were

text: killed

text: in

text: gas

text: chambers

text: Virtually

text: every

text: arm

text: of

text: Germany

text: 's

text: bureaucracy

text: was

text: involved

text: in

text: the

text: logistics

text: of

text: the

text: mass

text: murder

text: turning

text: the

text: country

text: into

text: what

text: one

text: Holocaust

text: scholar

text: has

text: called

text: a

text: genocidal

text: nation

question: How many Jews were slaughtered in the Holocaust?

answer: approximately 6 million

text: approximately 6 million

question: Worldwide, how many Jews were there in 1939?

answer: 15 million

text: 15 million

question: What was the state-led systematic persecution and genocide of European Jews and other minority groups?

answer: The Holocaust

text: The Holocaust

question: In 1939, what fraction of Jews were killed in The Holocaust?

answer: more than a third

text: more than a third


text: The Head of State of Portugal is the President of the Republic, elected to a five-year term by direct, universal suffrage. He or she has also supervision and reserve powers. These powers are often compared[by whom?] with the "moderator power" that was held by the King in the Portuguese Constitutional Monarchy.[citation needed] Presidential powers include the appointment of the Prime Minister and the other members of the Government (where the President takes into account the results of legislative elections); dismissing the Prime Minister; dissolving the Assembly of the Republic (to call early elections); vetoing legislation (which may be overridden by the Assembly with a supermajority); and declaring a state of war or siege. The President is also the ex officio Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces.

title: Portugal

title: Portugal

text: The

text: Head

text: of

text: State

text: of

text: Portugal

text: is

text: the

text: President

text: of

text: the

text: Republic

text: elected

text: to

text: a

text: five

text: year

text: term

text: by

text: direct

text: universal

text: suffrage

text: He

text: or

text: she

text: has

text: also

text: supervision

text: and

text: reserve

text: powers

text: These

text: powers

text: are

text: often

text: compared[by

text: whom

text: with

text: the

text: moderator

text: power

text: that

text: was

text: held

text: by

text: the

text: King

text: in

text: the

text: Portuguese

text: Constitutional

text: Monarchy.[citation

text: needed

text: Presidential

text: powers

text: include

text: the

text: appointment

text: of

text: the

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: and

text: the

text: other

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: Government

text: where

text: the

text: President

text: takes

text: into

text: account

text: the

text: results

text: of

text: legislative

text: elections

text: dismissing

text: the

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: dissolving

text: the

text: Assembly

text: of

text: the

text: Republic

text: to

text: call

text: early

text: elections

text: vetoing

text: legislation

text: which

text: may

text: be

text: overridden

text: by

text: the

text: Assembly

text: with

text: a

text: supermajority

text: and

text: declaring

text: a

text: state

text: of

text: war

text: or

text: siege

text: The

text: President

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: ex

text: officio

text: Commander

text: in

text: Chief

text: of

text: the

text: Armed

text: Forces

question: Who is the Head of State of Portugal?

answer: President of the Republic

text: President of the Republic

question: For how many years does each term of the President of the Republic last?

answer: five

text: five

question: By what means is the President of the Republic elected?

answer: by direct, universal suffrage

text: by direct, universal suffrage

question: Who has the power to appoint and dismiss the Prime Minister?

answer: President of the Republic

text: President of the Republic


text: An early advantage of AC is that the power-wasting resistors used in DC locomotives for speed control were not needed in an AC locomotive: multiple taps on the transformer can supply a range of voltages. Separate low-voltage transformer windings supply lighting and the motors driving auxiliary machinery. More recently, the development of very high power semiconductors has caused the classic "universal" AC/DC motor to be largely replaced with the three-phase induction motor fed by a variable frequency drive, a special inverter that varies both frequency and voltage to control motor speed. These drives can run equally well on DC or AC of any frequency, and many modern electric locomotives are designed to handle different supply voltages and frequencies to simplify cross-border operation.

title: Railway_electrification_system

title: Railway_electrification_system

text: An

text: early

text: advantage

text: of

text: AC

text: is

text: that

text: the

text: power

text: wasting

text: resistors

text: used

text: in

text: DC

text: locomotives

text: for

text: speed

text: control

text: were

text: not

text: needed

text: in

text: an

text: AC

text: locomotive

text: multiple

text: taps

text: on

text: the

text: transformer

text: can

text: supply

text: a

text: range

text: of

text: voltages

text: Separate

text: low

text: voltage

text: transformer

text: windings

text: supply

text: lighting

text: and

text: the

text: motors

text: driving

text: auxiliary

text: machinery

text: More

text: recently

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: very

text: high

text: power

text: semiconductors

text: has

text: caused

text: the

text: classic

text: universal

text: AC

text: DC

text: motor

text: to

text: be

text: largely

text: replaced

text: with

text: the

text: three

text: phase

text: induction

text: motor

text: fed

text: by

text: a

text: variable

text: frequency

text: drive

text: a

text: special

text: inverter

text: that

text: varies

text: both

text: frequency

text: and

text: voltage

text: to

text: control

text: motor

text: speed

text: These

text: drives

text: can

text: run

text: equally

text: well

text: on

text: DC

text: or

text: AC

text: of

text: any

text: frequency

text: and

text: many

text: modern

text: electric

text: locomotives

text: are

text: designed

text: to

text: handle

text: different

text: supply

text: voltages

text: and

text: frequencies

text: to

text: simplify

text: cross

text: border

text: operation

question: How can different range of voltages be supplied for AC locomotives?

answer: multiple taps on the transformer

text: multiple taps on the transformer

question: What was a disadvantage of DC system?

answer: power-wasting resistors

text: power-wasting resistors

question: What taps can provide lighting supply?

answer: low-voltage transformer windings

text: low-voltage transformer windings

question: What will AC/DC motor be replaced with?

answer: three-phase induction motor

text: three-phase induction motor

question: What is the main advantage of an induction motor?

answer: can run equally well on DC or AC of any frequency

text: can run equally well on DC or AC of any frequency


text: The Golden Boot is awarded to the top Premier League scorer at the end of each season. Former Blackburn Rovers and Newcastle United striker Alan Shearer holds the record for most Premier League goals with 260. Twenty-four players have reached the 100-goal mark. Since the first Premier League season in 1992–93, 14 different players from 10 different clubs have won or shared the top scorers title. Thierry Henry won his fourth overall scoring title by scoring 27 goals in the 2005–06 season. Andrew Cole and Alan Shearer hold the record for most goals in a season (34) – for Newcastle and Blackburn respectively. Ryan Giggs of Manchester United holds the record for scoring goals in consecutive seasons, having scored in the first 21 seasons of the league.

title: Premier_League

title: Premier_League

text: The

text: Golden

text: Boot

text: is

text: awarded

text: to

text: the

text: top

text: Premier

text: League

text: scorer

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: each

text: season

text: Former

text: Blackburn

text: Rovers

text: and

text: Newcastle

text: United

text: striker

text: Alan

text: Shearer

text: holds

text: the

text: record

text: for

text: most

text: Premier

text: League

text: goals

text: with

text: Twenty

text: four

text: players

text: have

text: reached

text: the

text: mark

text: Since

text: the

text: first

text: Premier

text: League

text: season

text: in

text: different

text: players

text: from

text: different

text: clubs

text: have

text: won

text: or

text: shared

text: the

text: top

text: scorers

text: title

text: Thierry

text: Henry

text: won

text: his

text: fourth

text: overall

text: scoring

text: title

text: by

text: scoring

text: goals

text: in

text: the

text: season

text: Andrew

text: Cole

text: and

text: Alan

text: Shearer

text: hold

text: the

text: record

text: for

text: most

text: goals

text: in

text: a

text: season

text: for

text: Newcastle

text: and

text: Blackburn

text: respectively

text: Ryan

text: Giggs

text: of

text: Manchester

text: United

text: holds

text: the

text: record

text: for

text: scoring

text: goals

text: in

text: consecutive

text: seasons

text: having

text: scored

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: seasons

text: of

text: the

text: league

question: Who is the Golden Boot award given to each season?

answer: The Golden Boot is awarded to the top Premier League scorer at the end of each season.

text: The Golden Boot is awarded to the top Premier League scorer at the end of each season.

question: Who has the record for most goals in the Premier League?

answer: Newcastle United striker Alan Shearer holds the record for most Premier League goals with 260

text: Newcastle United striker Alan Shearer holds the record for most Premier League goals with 260

question: How many players have achieved 100 goals?

answer: Twenty-four players have reached the 100-goal mark

text: Twenty-four players have reached the 100-goal mark

question: How many different players have won the top scorer title?

answer: 14 different players from 10 different clubs have won or shared the top scorers title.

text: 14 different players from 10 different clubs have won or shared the top scorers title.

question: Who has the record for scoring the most goals in single season?

answer: Andrew Cole and Alan Shearer hold the record for most goals in a season (34) – for Newcastle and Blackburn respectively.

text: Andrew Cole and Alan Shearer hold the record for most goals in a season (34) – for Newcastle and Blackburn respectively.

question: To whom is the Golden Boot award given to?

answer: the top Premier League scorer

text: the top Premier League scorer

question: Who holds the record for the most goals in the Premier League?

answer: 260

question: How many players have 100 goals or more in the Premier League?

answer: Twenty-four

text: Twenty-four

question: How many different players have won or shared the top scorer title in the Premier League?

answer: 14

question: Who had scored four overall scoring titles as of the 2006 season?

answer: Thierry Henry

text: Thierry Henry


text: In October 1745, Ewald Georg von Kleist of Pomerania, Germany, found that charge could be stored by connecting a high-voltage electrostatic generator by a wire to a volume of water in a hand-held glass jar. Von Kleist's hand and the water acted as conductors, and the jar as a dielectric (although details of the mechanism were incorrectly identified at the time). Von Kleist found that touching the wire resulted in a powerful spark, much more painful than that obtained from an electrostatic machine. The following year, the Dutch physicist Pieter van Musschenbroek invented a similar capacitor, which was named the Leyden jar, after the University of Leiden where he worked. He also was impressed by the power of the shock he received, writing, "I would not take a second shock for the kingdom of France."

title: Capacitor

title: Capacitor

text: In

text: October

text: Ewald

text: Georg

text: von

text: Kleist

text: of

text: Pomerania

text: Germany

text: found

text: that

text: charge

text: could

text: be

text: stored

text: by

text: connecting

text: a

text: high

text: voltage

text: electrostatic

text: generator

text: by

text: a

text: wire

text: to

text: a

text: volume

text: of

text: water

text: in

text: a

text: hand

text: held

text: glass

text: jar

text: Von

text: Kleist

text: 's

text: hand

text: and

text: the

text: water

text: acted

text: as

text: conductors

text: and

text: the

text: jar

text: as

text: a

text: dielectric

text: although

text: details

text: of

text: the

text: mechanism

text: were

text: incorrectly

text: identified

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: Von

text: Kleist

text: found

text: that

text: touching

text: the

text: wire

text: resulted

text: in

text: a

text: powerful

text: spark

text: much

text: more

text: painful

text: than

text: that

text: obtained

text: from

text: an

text: electrostatic

text: machine

text: The

text: following

text: year

text: the

text: Dutch

text: physicist

text: Pieter

text: van

text: Musschenbroek

text: invented

text: a

text: similar

text: capacitor

text: which

text: was

text: named

text: the

text: Leyden

text: jar

text: after

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Leiden

text: where

text: he

text: worked

text: He

text: also

text: was

text: impressed

text: by

text: the

text: power

text: of

text: the

text: shock

text: he

text: received

text: writing

text: I

text: would

text: not

text: take

text: a

text: second

text: shock

text: for

text: the

text: kingdom

text: of

text: France

question: Who first discovered the basic properties of capacitors?

answer: Ewald Georg von Kleist

text: Ewald Georg von Kleist

question: When were the basic properties of capacitors first discovered?

answer: In October 1745

text: In October 1745

question: In the original experiment in which the properties of capacitors were discovered, what component acted as the dielectric?

answer: a hand-held glass jar

text: a hand-held glass jar

question: Besides the scientist's hand, what other component of the experiment in which the basic properties of capacitors were discovered acted as the second conductor?

answer: the water acted as conductors

text: the water acted as conductors

question: What was the name of the Dutch physicist who invented the Leyden Jar?

answer: Pieter van Musschenbroek

text: Pieter van Musschenbroek


text: The vast majority of living organisms encode their genes in long strands of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). DNA consists of a chain made from four types of nucleotide subunits, each composed of: a five-carbon sugar (2'-deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and one of the four bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine.:2.1

title: Gene

title: Gene

text: The

text: vast

text: majority

text: of

text: living

text: organisms

text: encode

text: their

text: genes

text: in

text: long

text: strands

text: of

text: DNA

text: deoxyribonucleic

text: acid

text: DNA

text: consists

text: of

text: a

text: chain

text: made

text: from

text: four

text: types

text: of

text: nucleotide

text: subunits

text: each

text: composed

text: of

text: a

text: five

text: carbon

text: sugar

text: a

text: phosphate

text: group

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: four

text: bases

text: adenine

text: cytosine

text: guanine

text: and

question: What do the vast majority of living organisms encode their genes in?

answer: long strands of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

text: long strands of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

question: What does DNA consist of?

answer: a chain made from four types of nucleotide subunits

text: a chain made from four types of nucleotide subunits

question: What type of sugar composes part of the DNA molecule?

answer: a five-carbon sugar (2'-deoxyribose)

text: a five-carbon sugar (2'-deoxyribose)

question: What are the four bases used in nucleotide subunits?

answer: adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine

text: adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine

question: Besides the sugar and the four bases, what else does DNA consist of?

answer: a phosphate group

text: a phosphate group


text: Prompted by the chaotic torch relays in Western Europe and North America, the president of the International Olympic Committee, Jacques Rogge described the situation as a "crisis" for the organization and stated that any athletes displaying Tibetan flags at Olympic venues could be expelled from the games. though he stopped short of cancelling the relay altogether despite calls to do so by some IOC members. The outcome of the relay influenced the IOC's decision to scrap global relays in future editions of the games.

title: 2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay

title: 2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay

text: Prompted

text: by

text: the

text: chaotic

text: torch

text: relays

text: in

text: Western

text: Europe

text: and

text: North

text: America

text: the

text: president

text: of

text: the

text: International

text: Olympic

text: Committee

text: Jacques

text: Rogge

text: described

text: the

text: situation

text: as

text: a

text: crisis

text: for

text: the

text: organization

text: and

text: stated

text: that

text: any

text: athletes

text: displaying

text: Tibetan

text: flags

text: at

text: Olympic

text: venues

text: could

text: be

text: expelled

text: from

text: the

text: games

text: though

text: he

text: stopped

text: short

text: of

text: cancelling

text: the

text: relay

text: altogether

text: despite

text: calls

text: to

text: do

text: so

text: by

text: some

text: IOC

text: members

text: The

text: outcome

text: of

text: the

text: relay

text: influenced

text: the

text: IOC

text: 's

text: decision

text: to

text: scrap

text: global

text: relays

text: in

text: future

text: editions

text: of

text: the

text: games

question: Who is the president of the International Olympic Committee?

answer: Jacques Rogge

text: Jacques Rogge

question: Athletes wearing what kind of flag at any Olympic venue faced the possibility of expulsion from the Olympics?

answer: Tibetan

text: Tibetan

question: Because of the relay issues, IOC decided to no longer have what in subsequent Olympics?

answer: global relays

text: global relays

question: What is the name of the man who said the protesting of the torch relay as a "crisis"?

answer: Jacques Rogge

text: Jacques Rogge

question: What could happen to Olympic sports participants who showed a Tibetan flag at events?

answer: could be expelled

text: could be expelled

question: Who asked that the torch relay be ended?

answer: IOC members.

text: IOC members.

question: What was halted with the torch relay for future Olympics?

answer: global relays

text: global relays


text: In response to Cusumano's perspective, Screen Producers Australia executive director Matt Deaner clarified the motivation of the film industry: "Distributors are usually wanting to encourage cinema-going as part of this process [monetizing through returns] and restrict the immediate access to online so as to encourage the maximum number of people to go to the cinema." Deaner further explained the matter in terms of the Australian film industry, stating: "there are currently restrictions on quantities of tax support that a film can receive unless the film has a traditional cinema release."

title: Copyright_infringement

title: Copyright_infringement

text: In

text: response

text: to

text: Cusumano

text: 's

text: perspective

text: Screen

text: Producers

text: Australia

text: executive

text: director

text: Matt

text: Deaner

text: clarified

text: the

text: motivation

text: of

text: the

text: film

text: industry

text: Distributors

text: are

text: usually

text: wanting

text: to

text: encourage

text: cinema

text: going

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: this

text: process

text: monetizing

text: through

text: returns

text: and

text: restrict

text: the

text: immediate

text: access

text: to

text: online

text: so

text: as

text: to

text: encourage

text: the

text: maximum

text: number

text: of

text: people

text: to

text: go

text: to

text: the

text: cinema

text: Deaner

text: further

text: explained

text: the

text: matter

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: the

text: Australian

text: film

text: industry

text: stating

text: there

text: are

text: currently

text: restrictions

text: on

text: quantities

text: of

text: tax

text: support

text: that

text: a

text: film

text: can

text: receive

text: unless

text: the

text: film

text: has

text: a

text: traditional

text: cinema

text: release

question: Who made clear the motivations of the filmmakers?

answer: Matt Deaner

text: Matt Deaner

question: Who encourages watching movies at a theater as making money from the film?

answer: Distributors

text: Distributors

question: What is restricted to ensure the largest number of people see a movie at the theater?

answer: immediate access to online

text: immediate access to online

question: What is restricted unless the film has a traditional theater release?

answer: tax support that a film can receive

text: tax support that a film can receive


text: The city council of the city of Bern decided against having twinned cities except for a temporary (during the UEFA Euro 2008) cooperation with the Austrian city Salzburg

title: Bern

title: Bern

text: The

text: city

text: council

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Bern

text: decided

text: against

text: having

text: twinned

text: cities

text: except

text: for

text: a

text: temporary

text: during

text: the

text: UEFA

text: Euro

text: cooperation

text: with

text: the

text: Austrian

text: city

text: Salzburg

question: What did the city decide again?

answer: having twinned cities

text: having twinned cities

question: When did they have a temporary twinned city?

answer: during the UEFA Euro 2008

text: during the UEFA Euro 2008

question: What was the twinning city with Bern in 2008?

answer: Salzburg

text: Salzburg

question: What country is Salzburg in?

answer: Austrian

text: Austrian


text: After the President signs a bill into law (or Congress enacts it over his veto), it is delivered to the Office of the Federal Register (OFR) of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) where it is assigned a law number, and prepared for publication as a slip law. Public laws, but not private laws, are also given legal statutory citation by the OFR. At the end of each session of Congress, the slip laws are compiled into bound volumes called the United States Statutes at Large, and they are known as session laws. The Statutes at Large present a chronological arrangement of the laws in the exact order that they have been enacted.

title: Law_of_the_United_States

title: Law_of_the_United_States

text: After

text: the

text: President

text: signs

text: a

text: bill

text: into

text: law

text: or

text: Congress

text: enacts

text: it

text: over

text: his

text: veto

text: it

text: is

text: delivered

text: to

text: the

text: Office

text: of

text: the

text: Federal

text: Register

text: OFR

text: of

text: the

text: National

text: Archives

text: and

text: Records

text: Administration

text: NARA

text: where

text: it

text: is

text: assigned

text: a

text: law

text: number

text: and

text: prepared

text: for

text: publication

text: as

text: a

text: slip

text: law

text: Public

text: laws

text: but

text: not

text: private

text: laws

text: are

text: also

text: given

text: legal

text: statutory

text: citation

text: by

text: the

text: OFR

text: At

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: each

text: session

text: of

text: Congress

text: the

text: slip

text: laws

text: are

text: compiled

text: into

text: bound

text: volumes

text: called

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Statutes

text: at

text: Large

text: and

text: they

text: are

text: known

text: as

text: session

text: laws

text: The

text: Statutes

text: at

text: Large

text: present

text: a

text: chronological

text: arrangement

text: of

text: the

text: laws

text: in

text: the

text: exact

text: order

text: that

text: they

text: have

text: been

text: enacted

question: Who signs a bill into a law?

answer: the President

text: the President

question: Where does a bill go after it is signed?

answer: Office of the Federal Register (OFR) of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA)

text: Office of the Federal Register (OFR) of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA)

question: What is a new law given at the OFR of the NARA?

answer: a law number

text: a law number

question: After being given a law number, a new law is prepared for publication as what?

answer: a slip law

text: a slip law

question: What kind of laws are not given statutory citation by the OFR?

answer: private laws

text: private laws

question: Where does a bill go once the President signs it into effect?

answer: delivered to the Office of the Federal Register (OFR) of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA)

text: delivered to the Office of the Federal Register (OFR) of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA)

question: What happens after a bill is delivered to the OFR?

answer: assigned a law number

text: assigned a law number

question: After a bill is assigned a number, what is it made ready for?

answer: publication as a slip law

text: publication as a slip law

question: Once the slip laws are placed into the United States Statutes at Large, what are they called?

answer: session laws

text: session laws

question: What is the United States Statutes at Large?

answer: a chronological arrangement of the laws in the exact order that they have been enacted

text: a chronological arrangement of the laws in the exact order that they have been enacted


title: Somerset

title: Somerset

text: Somerset

text: is

text: a

text: rural

text: county

text: of

text: rolling

text: hills

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Blackdown

text: Hills

text: Mendip

text: Hills

text: Quantock

text: Hills

text: and

text: Exmoor

text: National

text: Park

text: and

text: large

text: flat

text: expanses

text: of

text: land

text: including

text: the

text: Somerset

text: Levels

text: There

text: is

text: evidence

text: of

text: human

text: occupation

text: from

text: Paleolithic

text: times

text: and

text: of

text: subsequent

text: settlement

text: in

text: the

text: Roman

text: and

text: Anglo

text: Saxon

text: periods

text: The

text: county

text: played

text: a

text: significant

text: part

text: in

text: the

text: consolidation

text: of

text: power

text: and

text: rise

text: of

text: King

text: Alfred

text: the

text: Great

text: and

text: later

text: in

text: the

text: English

text: Civil

text: War

text: and

text: the

text: Monmouth

text: Rebellion

text: The

text: city

text: of

text: Bath

text: is

text: famous

text: for

text: its

text: substantial

text: Georgian

text: architecture

text: and

text: is

text: a

text: UNESCO

text: World

text: Heritage

text: Site

question: What type of region is somerset

answer: Somerset is a rural county of rolling hills

text: Somerset is a rural county of rolling hills

question: What are some areas of Somerset county

answer: Blackdown Hills, Mendip Hills, Quantock Hills and Exmoor National Park, and large flat expanses of land including the Somerset Levels

text: Blackdown Hills, Mendip Hills, Quantock Hills and Exmoor National Park, and large flat expanses of land including the Somerset Levels

question: How far back was the county populated

answer: There is evidence of human occupation from Paleolithic times, and of subsequent settlement in the Roman and Anglo-Saxon periods

text: There is evidence of human occupation from Paleolithic times, and of subsequent settlement in the Roman and Anglo-Saxon periods

question: What Kings rise did the county play part in

answer: a significant part in the consolidation of power and rise of King Alfred the Great, and later in the English Civil War and the Monmouth Rebellion

text: a significant part in the consolidation of power and rise of King Alfred the Great, and later in the English Civil War and the Monmouth Rebellion

question: What is the city of Bath famous for

answer: substantial Georgian architecture and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site

text: substantial Georgian architecture and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site


text: On March 3, 1944, on the orders of Stalin, the Chechen-Ingush ASSR was disbanded and its population forcibly deported upon the accusations of collaboration with the invaders and separatism. The territory of the ASSR was divided between other administrative unit of Russian SFSR and the Georgian SSR.

title: Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic

text: On

text: March

text: on

text: the

text: orders

text: of

text: Stalin

text: the

text: Chechen

text: Ingush

text: ASSR

text: was

text: disbanded

text: and

text: its

text: population

text: forcibly

text: deported

text: upon

text: the

text: accusations

text: of

text: collaboration

text: with

text: the

text: invaders

text: and

text: separatism

text: The

text: territory

text: of

text: the

text: ASSR

text: was

text: divided

text: between

text: other

text: administrative

text: unit

text: of

text: Russian

text: SFSR

text: and

text: the

text: Georgian

text: SSR

question: What state was dissolved on March 3, 1944?

answer: the Chechen-Ingush ASSR

text: the Chechen-Ingush ASSR

question: Who ordered the deportation of the residents of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR?

answer: Stalin

text: Stalin

question: Why were the residents of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR deported?

answer: accusations of collaboration with the invaders and separatism

text: accusations of collaboration with the invaders and separatism

question: Along with the RSFSR, what republic received territory from the former Chechen-Ingush ASSR?

answer: Georgian SSR

text: Georgian SSR


text: The Baker v. Carr (1962) decision of the US Supreme Court established the principle of "one man, one vote", requiring state legislatures to redistrict to bring Congressional apportionment in line with decennial censuses. It also required both houses of state legislatures to be based on population for representation and not geographic districts such as counties. This case arose out of a lawsuit challenging the longstanding rural bias of apportionment of seats in the Tennessee legislature. After decades in which urban populations had been underrepresented in many state legislatures, this significant ruling led to an increased (and proportional) prominence in state politics by urban and, eventually, suburban, legislators and statewide officeholders in relation to their population within the state. The ruling also applied to numerous other states long controlled by rural minorities, such as Alabama, Vermont, and Montana.

title: Tennessee

title: Tennessee

text: The

text: Baker

text: v.

text: Carr

text: decision

text: of

text: the

text: US

text: Supreme

text: Court

text: established

text: the

text: principle

text: of

text: one

text: man

text: one

text: vote

text: requiring

text: state

text: legislatures

text: to

text: redistrict

text: to

text: bring

text: Congressional

text: apportionment

text: in

text: line

text: with

text: decennial

text: censuses

text: It

text: also

text: required

text: both

text: houses

text: of

text: state

text: legislatures

text: to

text: be

text: based

text: on

text: population

text: for

text: representation

text: and

text: not

text: geographic

text: districts

text: such

text: as

text: counties

text: This

text: case

text: arose

text: out

text: of

text: a

text: lawsuit

text: challenging

text: the

text: longstanding

text: rural

text: bias

text: of

text: apportionment

text: of

text: seats

text: in

text: the

text: Tennessee

text: legislature

text: After

text: decades

text: in

text: which

text: urban

text: populations

text: had

text: been

text: underrepresented

text: in

text: many

text: state

text: legislatures

text: this

text: significant

text: ruling

text: led

text: to

text: an

text: increased

text: and

text: proportional

text: prominence

text: in

text: state

text: politics

text: by

text: urban

text: and

text: eventually

text: suburban

text: legislators

text: and

text: statewide

text: officeholders

text: in

text: relation

text: to

text: their

text: population

text: within

text: the

text: state

text: The

text: ruling

text: also

text: applied

text: to

text: numerous

text: other

text: states

text: long

text: controlled

text: by

text: rural

text: minorities

text: such

text: as

text: Alabama

text: Vermont

text: and

text: Montana

question: Which 1962 US Supreme Court ruling forced states to realign their voting districts to reflect census findings?

answer: Baker v. Carr

text: Baker v. Carr

question: What phrase expresses the Supreme Court's 1962 decision that population overrules geographic consideration in election districting?

answer: one man, one vote

text: one man, one vote

question: A bias in Tennessee politics favoring which type of geographical district gave rise to the Baker v. Carr Supreme Court case?

answer: rural

text: rural

question: Which type of geographical district became more powerful in Tennessee politics following the 1962 Supreme Court decision?

answer: urban

text: urban


text: The history of Indian Buddhism may be divided into five periods: Early Buddhism (occasionally called Pre-sectarian Buddhism), Nikaya Buddhism or Sectarian Buddhism: The period of the Early Buddhist schools, Early Mahayana Buddhism, Later Mahayana Buddhism, and Esoteric Buddhism (also called Vajrayana Buddhism).

title: Buddhism

title: Buddhism

text: The

text: history

text: of

text: Indian

text: Buddhism

text: may

text: be

text: divided

text: into

text: five

text: periods

text: Early

text: Buddhism

text: occasionally

text: called

text: Pre

text: sectarian

text: Buddhism

text: Nikaya

text: Buddhism

text: or

text: Sectarian

text: Buddhism

text: The

text: period

text: of

text: the

text: Early

text: Buddhist

text: schools

text: Early

text: Mahayana

text: Buddhism

text: Later

text: Mahayana

text: Buddhism

text: and

text: Esoteric

text: Buddhism

text: also

text: called

text: Vajrayana

text: Buddhism

question: The periods of Buddhisma in India is divided into how many periods?

answer: five

text: five

question: What is the first period of Buddhism called?

answer: Early Buddhism

text: Early Buddhism

question: What is another name for Nikaya buddhism?

answer: Sectarian

text: Sectarian

question: What is the last period of Buddhism?

answer: Esoteric Buddhism

text: Esoteric Buddhism

question: What is Esoteric Buddhism also called?

answer: Vajrayana

text: Vajrayana


text: The CJK ideographs currently have codes only for their precomposed form. Still, most of those ideographs comprise simpler elements (often called radicals in English), so in principle, Unicode could have decomposed them, as it did with Hangul. This would have greatly reduced the number of required code points, while allowing the display of virtually every conceivable ideograph (which might do away with some of the problems caused by Han unification). A similar idea is used by some input methods, such as Cangjie and Wubi. However, attempts to do this for character encoding have stumbled over the fact that ideographs do not decompose as simply or as regularly as Hangul does.

title: Unicode

title: Unicode

text: The

text: CJK

text: ideographs

text: currently

text: have

text: codes

text: only

text: for

text: their

text: precomposed

text: form

text: Still

text: most

text: of

text: those

text: ideographs

text: comprise

text: simpler

text: elements

text: often

text: called

text: radicals

text: in

text: English

text: so

text: in

text: principle

text: Unicode

text: could

text: have

text: decomposed

text: them

text: as

text: it

text: did

text: with

text: Hangul

text: This

text: would

text: have

text: greatly

text: reduced

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: required

text: code

text: points

text: while

text: allowing

text: the

text: display

text: of

text: virtually

text: every

text: conceivable

text: ideograph

text: which

text: might

text: do

text: away

text: with

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: problems

text: caused

text: by

text: Han

text: unification

text: A

text: similar

text: idea

text: is

text: used

text: by

text: some

text: input

text: methods

text: such

text: as

text: Cangjie

text: and

text: Wubi

text: However

text: attempts

text: to

text: do

text: this

text: for

text: character

text: encoding

text: have

text: stumbled

text: over

text: the

text: fact

text: that

text: ideographs

text: do

text: not

text: decompose

text: as

text: simply

text: or

text: as

text: regularly

text: as

text: Hangul

text: does

question: The CJK ideographs comprise simpler elements called what in English?

answer: radicals

text: radicals

question: Why have ideographs been unable to be simplified like Hangul?

answer: ideographs do not decompose as simply or as regularly

text: ideographs do not decompose as simply or as regularly

question: What would be the benefit of Unicode decomposing  ideographs?

answer: greatly reduced the number of required code points

text: greatly reduced the number of required code points