text: In 1996, Marvel had some of its titles participate in "Heroes Reborn", a crossover that allowed Marvel to relaunch some of its flagship characters such as the Avengers and the Fantastic Four, and outsource them to the studios of two of the former Marvel artists turned Image Comics founders, Jim Lee and Rob Liefeld. The relaunched titles, which saw the characters transported to a parallel universe with a history distinct from the mainstream Marvel Universe, were a solid success amidst a generally struggling industry, but Marvel discontinued the experiment after a one-year run and returned the characters to the Marvel Universe proper. In 1998, the company launched the imprint Marvel Knights, taking place within Marvel continuity; helmed by soon-to-become editor-in-chief Joe Quesada, it featured tough, gritty stories showcasing such characters as the Inhumans, Black Panther and Daredevil.

title: Marvel_Comics

title: Marvel_Comics

text: In

text: Marvel

text: had

text: some

text: of

text: its

text: titles

text: participate

text: in

text: Heroes

text: Reborn

text: a

text: crossover

text: that

text: allowed

text: Marvel

text: to

text: relaunch

text: some

text: of

text: its

text: flagship

text: characters

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Avengers

text: and

text: the

text: Fantastic

text: Four

text: and

text: outsource

text: them

text: to

text: the

text: studios

text: of

text: two

text: of

text: the

text: former

text: Marvel

text: artists

text: turned

text: Image

text: Comics

text: founders

text: Jim

text: Lee

text: and

text: Rob

text: Liefeld

text: The

text: relaunched

text: titles

text: which

text: saw

text: the

text: characters

text: transported

text: to

text: a

text: parallel

text: universe

text: with

text: a

text: history

text: distinct

text: from

text: the

text: mainstream

text: Marvel

text: Universe

text: were

text: a

text: solid

text: success

text: amidst

text: a

text: generally

text: struggling

text: industry

text: but

text: Marvel

text: discontinued

text: the

text: experiment

text: after

text: a

text: one

text: year

text: run

text: and

text: returned

text: the

text: characters

text: to

text: the

text: Marvel

text: Universe

text: proper

text: In

text: the

text: company

text: launched

text: the

text: imprint

text: Marvel

text: Knights

text: taking

text: place

text: within

text: Marvel

text: continuity

text: helmed

text: by

text: soon

text: to

text: become

text: editor

text: in

text: chief

text: Joe

text: Quesada

text: it

text: featured

text: tough

text: gritty

text: stories

text: showcasing

text: such

text: characters

text: as

text: the

text: Inhumans

text: Black

text: Panther

text: and

text: Daredevil

question: What studio helped to relaunch and revamp classic marvel teams The Fantastic Four and the Avengers?

answer: Image Comics

text: Image Comics

question: What two Marvel veterans founded Image?

answer: Jim Lee and Rob Liefeld

text: Jim Lee and Rob Liefeld

question: How was the setting for the Image versions of Marvel characters different from the official comics?

answer: a parallel universe with a history distinct from the mainstream

text: a parallel universe with a history distinct from the mainstream

question: How long did the Image run of Marvel characters last?

answer: a one-year run

text: a one-year run

question: What three titles were part of the darker, grimmer Marvel Knights comics?

answer: the Inhumans, Black Panther and Daredevil

text: the Inhumans, Black Panther and Daredevil


text: The shallow waters of the Southeast Asian coral reefs have the highest levels of biodiversity for the world's marine ecosystems, where coral, fish and molluscs abound. According to Conservation International, marine surveys suggest that the marine life diversity in the Raja Ampat (Indonesia) is the highest recorded on Earth. Diversity is considerably greater than any other area sampled in the Coral Triangle composed of Indonesia, Philippines, and Papua New Guinea. The Coral Triangle is the heart of the world's coral reef biodiversity, the Verde Passage is dubbed by Conservation International as the world's "center of the center of marine shorefish biodiversity". The whale shark, the world's largest species of fish and 6 species of sea turtles can also be found in the South China Sea and the Pacific Ocean territories of the Philippines.

title: Southeast_Asia

title: Southeast_Asia

text: The

text: shallow

text: waters

text: of

text: the

text: Southeast

text: Asian

text: coral

text: reefs

text: have

text: the

text: highest

text: levels

text: of

text: biodiversity

text: for

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: marine

text: ecosystems

text: where

text: coral

text: fish

text: and

text: molluscs

text: abound

text: According

text: to

text: Conservation

text: International

text: marine

text: surveys

text: suggest

text: that

text: the

text: marine

text: life

text: diversity

text: in

text: the

text: Raja

text: Ampat

text: Indonesia

text: is

text: the

text: highest

text: recorded

text: on

text: Earth

text: Diversity

text: is

text: considerably

text: greater

text: than

text: any

text: other

text: area

text: sampled

text: in

text: the

text: Coral

text: Triangle

text: composed

text: of

text: Indonesia

text: Philippines

text: and

text: Papua

text: New

text: Guinea

text: The

text: Coral

text: Triangle

text: is

text: the

text: heart

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: coral

text: reef

text: biodiversity

text: the

text: Verde

text: Passage

text: is

text: dubbed

text: by

text: Conservation

text: International

text: as

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: center

text: of

text: the

text: center

text: of

text: marine

text: shorefish

text: biodiversity

text: The

text: whale

text: shark

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: species

text: of

text: fish

text: and

text: species

text: of

text: sea

text: turtles

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: South

text: China

text: Sea

text: and

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: territories

text: of

text: the

text: Philippines

question: Where on Earth is the highest marine activity recorded?

answer: Raja Ampat

text: Raja Ampat

question: Which areas are composed as the Coral Triangle?

answer: Indonesia, Philippines, and Papua New Guinea.

text: Indonesia, Philippines, and Papua New Guinea.

question: Which area is called the heart of the world's Coral reef biodiversity?

answer: The Coral Triangle

text: The Coral Triangle

question: Name the largest species of fish in the world.

answer: The whale shark

text: The whale shark


text: Some organisms, such as the lichen Trapelia involuta or microorganisms such as the bacterium Citrobacter, can absorb concentrations of uranium that are up to 300 times the level of their environment. Citrobacter species absorb uranyl ions when given glycerol phosphate (or other similar organic phosphates). After one day, one gram of bacteria can encrust themselves with nine grams of uranyl phosphate crystals; this creates the possibility that these organisms could be used in bioremediation to decontaminate uranium-polluted water. The proteobacterium Geobacter has also been shown to bioremediate uranium in ground water. The mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices increases uranium content in the roots of its symbiotic plant.

title: Uranium

title: Uranium

text: Some

text: organisms

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: lichen

text: Trapelia

text: involuta

text: or

text: microorganisms

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: bacterium

text: Citrobacter

text: can

text: absorb

text: concentrations

text: of

text: uranium

text: that

text: are

text: up

text: to

text: times

text: the

text: level

text: of

text: their

text: environment

text: Citrobacter

text: species

text: absorb

text: uranyl

text: ions

text: when

text: given

text: glycerol

text: phosphate

text: or

text: other

text: similar

text: organic

text: phosphates

text: After

text: one

text: day

text: one

text: gram

text: of

text: bacteria

text: can

text: encrust

text: themselves

text: with

text: nine

text: grams

text: of

text: uranyl

text: phosphate

text: crystals

text: this

text: creates

text: the

text: possibility

text: that

text: these

text: organisms

text: could

text: be

text: used

text: in

text: bioremediation

text: to

text: decontaminate

text: uranium

text: polluted

text: water

text: The

text: proteobacterium

text: Geobacter

text: has

text: also

text: been

text: shown

text: to

text: bioremediate

text: uranium

text: in

text: ground

text: water

text: The

text: mycorrhizal

text: fungus

text: Glomus

text: intraradices

text: increases

text: uranium

text: content

text: in

text: the

text: roots

text: of

text: its

text: symbiotic

text: plant

question: What microorganism can notably absorb a very high concentrate of uranium?

answer: Citrobacter

text: Citrobacter

question: What is given to Citrobacter to cause it to absorb uranyl ions?

answer: glycerol phosphate

text: glycerol phosphate

question: What lichen is known to absorb a uranium concentration nearly 300 times higher than the amount in the environment?

answer: Trapelia involuta

text: Trapelia involuta

question: What protobacterium notably bioremediates ground water uranium?

answer: Geobacter

text: Geobacter

question: What fungus is known to cause uranium content in its symbiotic plant roots to increase?

answer: Glomus intraradices

text: Glomus intraradices


text: In free-range husbandry, the birds can roam freely outdoors for at least part of the day. Often, this is in large enclosures, but the birds have access to natural conditions and can exhibit their normal behaviours. A more intensive system is yarding, in which the birds have access to a fenced yard and poultry house at a higher stocking rate. Poultry can also be kept in a barn system, with no access to the open air, but with the ability to move around freely inside the building. The most intensive system for egg-laying chickens is battery cages, often set in multiple tiers. In these, several birds share a small cage which restricts their ability to move around and behave in a normal manner. The eggs are laid on the floor of the cage and roll into troughs outside for ease of collection. Battery cages for hens have been illegal in the EU since January 1, 2012.

title: Poultry

title: Poultry

text: In

text: free

text: range

text: husbandry

text: the

text: birds

text: can

text: roam

text: freely

text: outdoors

text: for

text: at

text: least

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: day

text: Often

text: this

text: is

text: in

text: large

text: enclosures

text: but

text: the

text: birds

text: have

text: access

text: to

text: natural

text: conditions

text: and

text: can

text: exhibit

text: their

text: normal

text: behaviours

text: A

text: more

text: intensive

text: system

text: is

text: yarding

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: birds

text: have

text: access

text: to

text: a

text: fenced

text: yard

text: and

text: poultry

text: house

text: at

text: a

text: higher

text: stocking

text: rate

text: Poultry

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: kept

text: in

text: a

text: barn

text: system

text: with

text: no

text: access

text: to

text: the

text: open

text: air

text: but

text: with

text: the

text: ability

text: to

text: move

text: around

text: freely

text: inside

text: the

text: building

text: The

text: most

text: intensive

text: system

text: for

text: egg

text: laying

text: chickens

text: is

text: battery

text: cages

text: often

text: set

text: in

text: multiple

text: tiers

text: In

text: these

text: several

text: birds

text: share

text: a

text: small

text: cage

text: which

text: restricts

text: their

text: ability

text: to

text: move

text: around

text: and

text: behave

text: in

text: a

text: normal

text: manner

text: The

text: eggs

text: are

text: laid

text: on

text: the

text: floor

text: of

text: the

text: cage

text: and

text: roll

text: into

text: troughs

text: outside

text: for

text: ease

text: of

text: collection

text: Battery

text: cages

text: for

text: hens

text: have

text: been

text: illegal

text: in

text: the

text: EU

text: since

text: January

question: What is the benefit to chickens of being in a free-range farming location?

answer: the birds have access to natural conditions and can exhibit their normal behaviours

text: the birds have access to natural conditions and can exhibit their normal behaviours

question: What is yarding in relation to the pultry industry?

answer: birds have access to a fenced yard and poultry house at a higher stocking rate

text: birds have access to a fenced yard and poultry house at a higher stocking rate

question: What is the most intensive type of enclosure system used in the poultry business?

answer: battery cages, often set in multiple tiers

text: battery cages, often set in multiple tiers

question: How are eggs collected in teh battery cage system?

answer: The eggs are laid on the floor of the cage and roll into troughs outside for ease of collection

text: The eggs are laid on the floor of the cage and roll into troughs outside for ease of collection


text: Foot resigned and was replaced as leader by Neil Kinnock, with Roy Hattersley as his deputy. The new leadership progressively dropped unpopular policies. The miners strike of 1984–85 over coal mine closures, for which miners' leader Arthur Scargill was blamed, and the Wapping dispute led to clashes with the left of the party, and negative coverage in most of the press. Tabloid vilification of the so-called loony left continued to taint the parliamentary party by association from the activities of 'extra-parliamentary' militants in local government.

title: Labour_Party_(UK)

title: Labour_Party_(UK

text: Foot

text: resigned

text: and

text: was

text: replaced

text: as

text: leader

text: by

text: Neil

text: Kinnock

text: with

text: Roy

text: Hattersley

text: as

text: his

text: deputy

text: The

text: new

text: leadership

text: progressively

text: dropped

text: unpopular

text: policies

text: The

text: miners

text: strike

text: of

text: over

text: coal

text: mine

text: closures

text: for

text: which

text: miners

text: leader

text: Arthur

text: Scargill

text: was

text: blamed

text: and

text: the

text: Wapping

text: dispute

text: led

text: to

text: clashes

text: with

text: the

text: left

text: of

text: the

text: party

text: and

text: negative

text: coverage

text: in

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: press

text: Tabloid

text: vilification

text: of

text: the

text: so

text: called

text: loony

text: left

text: continued

text: to

text: taint

text: the

text: parliamentary

text: party

text: by

text: association

text: from

text: the

text: activities

text: of

text: extra

text: parliamentary

text: militants

text: in

text: local

text: government

question: Who was Foot replaced by?

answer: Neil Kinnock

text: Neil Kinnock

question: Who was Neil Knnocks deputy?

answer: Roy Hattersley

text: Roy Hattersley

question: What years were the miners strike?

answer: 1984–85

question: What was the name of the miner's leader that was blamed for the strike?

answer: Arthur Scargill

text: Arthur Scargill


text: Indigenous population in Peru make up around 45%. Native Peruvian traditions and customs have shaped the way Peruvians live and see themselves today. Cultural citizenship—or what Renato Rosaldo has called, "the right to be different and to belong, in a democratic, participatory sense" (1996:243)—is not yet very well developed in Peru. This is perhaps no more apparent than in the country's Amazonian regions where indigenous societies continue to struggle against state-sponsored economic abuses, cultural discrimination, and pervasive violence.

title: Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

title: Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

text: Indigenous

text: population

text: in

text: Peru

text: make

text: up

text: around

text: Native

text: Peruvian

text: traditions

text: and

text: customs

text: have

text: shaped

text: the

text: way

text: Peruvians

text: live

text: and

text: see

text: themselves

text: today

text: Cultural

text: citizenship

text: or

text: what

text: Renato

text: Rosaldo

text: has

text: called

text: the

text: right

text: to

text: be

text: different

text: and

text: to

text: belong

text: in

text: a

text: democratic

text: participatory

text: sense

text: not

text: yet

text: very

text: well

text: developed

text: in

text: Peru

text: This

text: is

text: perhaps

text: no

text: more

text: apparent

text: than

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: Amazonian

text: regions

text: where

text: indigenous

text: societies

text: continue

text: to

text: struggle

text: against

text: state

text: sponsored

text: economic

text: abuses

text: cultural

text: discrimination

text: and

text: pervasive

text: violence

question: What percentage of Peru's population is indigenous?

answer: 45%

question: What has shaped the way Peruvians live and see themselves today?

answer: Native Peruvian traditions

text: Native Peruvian traditions

question: What is not very well developed in Peru?

answer: Cultural citizenship

text: Cultural citizenship

question: What regions suffer from state-sponsored abuse and violence?

answer: Amazonian

text: Amazonian


text: Ninety-five percent of bird species are socially monogamous. These species pair for at least the length of the breeding season or—in some cases—for several years or until the death of one mate. Monogamy allows for both paternal care and biparental care, which is especially important for species in which females require males' assistance for successful brood-rearing. Among many socially monogamous species, extra-pair copulation (infidelity) is common. Such behaviour typically occurs between dominant males and females paired with subordinate males, but may also be the result of forced copulation in ducks and other anatids. Female birds have sperm storage mechanisms that allow sperm from males to remain viable long after copulation, a hundred days in some species. Sperm from multiple males may compete through this mechanism. For females, possible benefits of extra-pair copulation include getting better genes for her offspring and insuring against the possibility of infertility in her mate. Males of species that engage in extra-pair copulations will closely guard their mates to ensure the parentage of the offspring that they raise.

title: Bird

title: Bird

text: Ninety

text: five

text: percent

text: of

text: bird

text: species

text: are

text: socially

text: monogamous

text: These

text: species

text: pair

text: for

text: at

text: least

text: the

text: length

text: of

text: the

text: breeding

text: season

text: or

text: in

text: some

text: cases

text: for

text: several

text: years

text: or

text: until

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: one

text: mate

text: Monogamy

text: allows

text: for

text: both

text: paternal

text: care

text: and

text: biparental

text: care

text: which

text: is

text: especially

text: important

text: for

text: species

text: in

text: which

text: females

text: require

text: males

text: assistance

text: for

text: successful

text: brood

text: rearing

text: Among

text: many

text: socially

text: monogamous

text: species

text: extra

text: pair

text: copulation

text: infidelity

text: is

text: common

text: Such

text: behaviour

text: typically

text: occurs

text: between

text: dominant

text: males

text: and

text: females

text: paired

text: with

text: subordinate

text: males

text: but

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: the

text: result

text: of

text: forced

text: copulation

text: in

text: ducks

text: and

text: other

text: anatids

text: Female

text: birds

text: have

text: sperm

text: storage

text: mechanisms

text: that

text: allow

text: sperm

text: from

text: males

text: to

text: remain

text: viable

text: long

text: after

text: copulation

text: a

text: hundred

text: days

text: in

text: some

text: species

text: Sperm

text: from

text: multiple

text: males

text: may

text: compete

text: through

text: this

text: mechanism

text: For

text: females

text: possible

text: benefits

text: of

text: extra

text: pair

text: copulation

text: include

text: getting

text: better

text: genes

text: for

text: her

text: offspring

text: and

text: insuring

text: against

text: the

text: possibility

text: of

text: infertility

text: in

text: her

text: mate

text: Males

text: of

text: species

text: that

text: engage

text: in

text: extra

text: pair

text: copulations

text: will

text: closely

text: guard

text: their

text: mates

text: to

text: ensure

text: the

text: parentage

text: of

text: the

text: offspring

text: that

text: they

text: raise

question: What percent of bird species are socially monogamous?

answer: Ninety-five percent

text: Ninety-five percent

question: What do female birds have that allow sperm from males to remain viable long after copulation?

answer: sperm storage mechanisms

text: sperm storage mechanisms

question: What is extra-pair copulation?

answer: infidelity

text: infidelity

question: Why do males that engage in extra-pair copulation closely guard their mates?

answer: to ensure the parentage of the offspring that they raise

text: to ensure the parentage of the offspring that they raise


text: The Legislature is composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The House, led by a speaker, has 73 members apportioned among the 15 counties on the basis of the national census, with each county receiving a minimum of two members. Each House member represents an electoral district within a county as drawn by the National Elections Commission and is elected by a plurality of the popular vote of their district into a six-year term. The Senate is made up of two senators from each county for a total of 30 senators. Senators serve nine-year terms and are elected at-large by a plurality of the popular vote. The vice president serves as the President of the Senate, with a President pro tempore serving in their absence.

title: Liberia

title: Liberia

text: The

text: Legislature

text: is

text: composed

text: of

text: the

text: Senate

text: and

text: the

text: House

text: of

text: Representatives

text: The

text: House

text: led

text: by

text: a

text: speaker

text: has

text: members

text: apportioned

text: among

text: the

text: counties

text: on

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: the

text: national

text: census

text: with

text: each

text: county

text: receiving

text: a

text: minimum

text: of

text: two

text: members

text: Each

text: House

text: member

text: represents

text: an

text: electoral

text: district

text: within

text: a

text: county

text: as

text: drawn

text: by

text: the

text: National

text: Elections

text: Commission

text: and

text: is

text: elected

text: by

text: a

text: plurality

text: of

text: the

text: popular

text: vote

text: of

text: their

text: district

text: into

text: a

text: six

text: year

text: term

text: The

text: Senate

text: is

text: made

text: up

text: of

text: two

text: senators

text: from

text: each

text: county

text: for

text: a

text: total

text: of

text: senators

text: Senators

text: serve

text: nine

text: year

text: terms

text: and

text: are

text: elected

text: at

text: large

text: by

text: a

text: plurality

text: of

text: the

text: popular

text: vote

text: The

text: vice

text: president

text: serves

text: as

text: the

text: President

text: of

text: the

text: Senate

text: with

text: a

text: President

text: pro

text: tempore

text: serving

text: in

text: their

text: absence

question: What is the legislature composed of?

answer: the Senate and the House of Representatives

text: the Senate and the House of Representatives

question: How many members are in a house?

answer: 73

question: Who is the house led by?

answer: a speaker

text: a speaker

question: What are the 73 members of the house are appropriated among?

answer: the 15 counties on the basis of the national census

text: the 15 counties on the basis of the national census

question: What is the senate made up of?

answer: two senators from each county for a total of 30 senators.

text: two senators from each county for a total of 30 senators.


text: The definition of symbiosis has varied among scientists. Some believe symbiosis should only refer to persistent mutualisms, while others believe it should apply to any type of persistent biological interaction (in other words mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic). After 130 years of debate, current biology and ecology textbooks now use the latter "de Bary" definition or an even broader definition (where symbiosis means all species interactions), with the restrictive definition no longer used (in other words, symbiosis means mutualism).

title: Symbiosis

title: Symbiosis

text: The

text: definition

text: of

text: symbiosis

text: has

text: varied

text: among

text: scientists

text: Some

text: believe

text: symbiosis

text: should

text: only

text: refer

text: to

text: persistent

text: mutualisms

text: while

text: others

text: believe

text: it

text: should

text: apply

text: to

text: any

text: type

text: of

text: persistent

text: biological

text: interaction

text: in

text: other

text: words

text: mutualistic

text: commensalistic

text: or

text: parasitic

text: After

text: years

text: of

text: debate

text: current

text: biology

text: and

text: ecology

text: textbooks

text: now

text: use

text: the

text: latter

text: de

text: Bary

text: definition

text: or

text: an

text: even

text: broader

text: definition

text: where

text: symbiosis

text: means

text: all

text: species

text: interactions

text: with

text: the

text: restrictive

text: definition

text: no

text: longer

text: used

text: in

text: other

text: words

text: symbiosis

text: means

text: mutualism

question: How long did it take for scientists to stop using the narrow definition of symbiosis?

answer: 130 years

text: 130 years


text: In 2003, a congestion charge was introduced to reduce traffic volumes in the city centre. With a few exceptions, motorists are required to pay £10 per day to drive within a defined zone encompassing much of central London. Motorists who are residents of the defined zone can buy a greatly reduced season pass. London government initially expected the Congestion Charge Zone to increase daily peak period Underground and bus users by 20,000 people, reduce road traffic by 10 to 15 per cent, increase traffic speeds by 10 to 15 per cent, and reduce queues by 20 to 30 per cent. Over the course of several years, the average number of cars entering the centre of London on a weekday was reduced from 195,000 to 125,000 cars – a 35-per-cent reduction of vehicles driven per day.

title: London

title: London

text: In

text: a

text: congestion

text: charge

text: was

text: introduced

text: to

text: reduce

text: traffic

text: volumes

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: centre

text: With

text: a

text: few

text: exceptions

text: motorists

text: are

text: required

text: to

text: pay

text: per

text: day

text: to

text: drive

text: within

text: a

text: defined

text: zone

text: encompassing

text: much

text: of

text: central

text: London

text: Motorists

text: who

text: are

text: residents

text: of

text: the

text: defined

text: zone

text: can

text: buy

text: a

text: greatly

text: reduced

text: season

text: pass

text: London

text: government

text: initially

text: expected

text: the

text: Congestion

text: Charge

text: Zone

text: to

text: increase

text: daily

text: peak

text: period

text: Underground

text: and

text: bus

text: users

text: by

text: people

text: reduce

text: road

text: traffic

text: by

text: to

text: per

text: cent

text: increase

text: traffic

text: speeds

text: by

text: to

text: per

text: cent

text: and

text: reduce

text: queues

text: by

text: to

text: per

text: cent

text: Over

text: the

text: course

text: of

text: several

text: years

text: the

text: average

text: number

text: of

text: cars

text: entering

text: the

text: centre

text: of

text: London

text: on

text: a

text: weekday

text: was

text: reduced

text: from

text: to

text: cars

text: a

text: cent

text: reduction

text: of

text: vehicles

text: driven

text: per

text: day

question: What is the daily cost for most drivers to operate their cars within a given zone in the center of London?

answer: £10

question: When was the daily congestion charge in London implemented?

answer: In 2003

text: In 2003

question: By what percentage did the congestion charge decrease the amount of cars traveling through the center of London?

answer: 35-per-cent

question: Drivers who live in a given zone reduce the cost of their congestion charge by means of what?

answer: season pass

text: season pass

question: What services were anticipated to be greatly increased as a result of the congestion charge zone?

answer: Underground and bus

text: Underground and bus


text: The Vedic period is named after the Indo-Aryan culture of north-west India, although other parts of India had a distinct cultural identity during this period. The Vedic culture is described in the texts of Vedas, still sacred to Hindus, which were orally composed in Vedic Sanskrit. The Vedas are some of the oldest extant texts in India. The Vedic period, lasting from about 1750 to 500 BCE, and contributed the foundations of several cultural aspects of Indian subcontinent. In terms of culture, many regions of the subcontinent transitioned from the Chalcolithic to the Iron Age in this period.

title: History_of_India

title: History_of_India

text: The

text: Vedic

text: period

text: is

text: named

text: after

text: the

text: Indo

text: Aryan

text: culture

text: of

text: north

text: west

text: India

text: although

text: other

text: parts

text: of

text: India

text: had

text: a

text: distinct

text: cultural

text: identity

text: during

text: this

text: period

text: The

text: Vedic

text: culture

text: is

text: described

text: in

text: the

text: texts

text: of

text: Vedas

text: still

text: sacred

text: to

text: Hindus

text: which

text: were

text: orally

text: composed

text: in

text: Vedic

text: Sanskrit

text: The

text: Vedas

text: are

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: oldest

text: extant

text: texts

text: in

text: India

text: The

text: Vedic

text: period

text: lasting

text: from

text: about

text: to

text: BCE

text: and

text: contributed

text: the

text: foundations

text: of

text: several

text: cultural

text: aspects

text: of

text: Indian

text: subcontinent

text: In

text: terms

text: of

text: culture

text: many

text: regions

text: of

text: the

text: subcontinent

text: transitioned

text: from

text: the

text: Chalcolithic

text: to

text: the

text: Iron

text: Age

text: in

text: this

text: period

question: For what culture is the Vedic period named?

answer: Indo-Aryan

text: Indo-Aryan

question: Where was the Indo-Aryan culture located?

answer: north-west India

text: north-west India

question: In what language did  the Vedic culture speak?

answer: Vedic Sanskrit

text: Vedic Sanskrit

question: What sacred texts are some of the oldest in India?

answer: The Vedas

text: The Vedas

question: What was the duration of the Vedic culture?

answer: 1750 to 500 BCE

text: 1750 to 500 BCE


text: Nintendo also made two turbo controllers for the NES called NES Advantage and the NES Max. Both controllers had a Turbo feature, a feature where one tap of the button represented multiple taps. This feature allowed players to shoot much faster during shooter games. The NES Advantage had two knobs that adjusted the firing rate of the turbo button from quick to Turbo, as well as a "Slow" button that slowed down the game by rapidly pausing the game. The "Slow" button did not work with games that had a pause menu or pause screen and can interfere with jumping and shooting. The NES Max also had the Turbo Feature, but it was not adjustable, in contrast with the Advantage. It also did not have the "Slow" button. Its wing-like shape made it easier to hold than the Advantage and it also improved on the joystick. Turbo features were also featured on the NES Satellite, the NES Four Score, and the U-Force. Other accessories include the Power Pad and the Power Glove, which was featured in the movie The Wizard.

title: Nintendo_Entertainment_System

title: Nintendo_Entertainment_System

text: Nintendo

text: also

text: made

text: two

text: turbo

text: controllers

text: for

text: the

text: NES

text: called

text: NES

text: Advantage

text: and

text: the

text: NES

text: Max

text: Both

text: controllers

text: had

text: a

text: Turbo

text: feature

text: a

text: feature

text: where

text: one

text: tap

text: of

text: the

text: button

text: represented

text: multiple

text: taps

text: This

text: feature

text: allowed

text: players

text: to

text: shoot

text: much

text: faster

text: during

text: shooter

text: games

text: The

text: NES

text: Advantage

text: had

text: two

text: knobs

text: that

text: adjusted

text: the

text: firing

text: rate

text: of

text: the

text: turbo

text: button

text: from

text: quick

text: to

text: Turbo

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: a

text: Slow

text: button

text: that

text: slowed

text: down

text: the

text: game

text: by

text: rapidly

text: pausing

text: the

text: game

text: The

text: Slow

text: button

text: did

text: not

text: work

text: with

text: games

text: that

text: had

text: a

text: pause

text: menu

text: or

text: pause

text: screen

text: and

text: can

text: interfere

text: with

text: jumping

text: and

text: shooting

text: The

text: NES

text: Max

text: also

text: had

text: the

text: Turbo

text: Feature

text: but

text: it

text: was

text: not

text: adjustable

text: in

text: contrast

text: with

text: the

text: Advantage

text: It

text: also

text: did

text: not

text: have

text: the

text: Slow

text: button

text: Its

text: wing

text: like

text: shape

text: made

text: it

text: easier

text: to

text: hold

text: than

text: the

text: Advantage

text: and

text: it

text: also

text: improved

text: on

text: the

text: joystick

text: Turbo

text: features

text: were

text: also

text: featured

text: on

text: the

text: NES

text: Satellite

text: the

text: NES

text: Four

text: Score

text: and

text: the

text: U

text: Force

text: Other

text: accessories

text: include

text: the

text: Power

text: Pad

text: and

text: the

text: Power

text: Glove

text: which

text: was

text: featured

text: in

text: the

text: movie

text: The

text: Wizard

question: What were the two turbo controllers Nintendo made for the NES?

answer: NES Advantage and the NES Max

text: NES Advantage and the NES Max

question: What did the Turbo feature allow players to do?

answer: shoot much faster during shooter games

text: shoot much faster during shooter games

question: Which controller had a non-adjustable Turbo feature?

answer: The NES Max

text: The NES Max

question: Which two accessories were featured in the movie The Wizard?

answer: Power Pad and the Power Glove

text: Power Pad and the Power Glove

question: The NES Max also did not feature what?

answer: "Slow" button

text: "Slow" button


text: The bells at the abbey were overhauled in 1971. The ring is now made up of ten bells, hung for change ringing, cast in 1971, by the Whitechapel Bell Foundry, tuned to the notes: F#, E, D, C#, B, A, G, F#, E and D. The Tenor bell in D (588.5 Hz) has a weight of 30 cwt, 1 qtr, 15 lb (3403 lb or 1544 kg).

title: Westminster_Abbey

title: Westminster_Abbey

text: The

text: bells

text: at

text: the

text: abbey

text: were

text: overhauled

text: in

text: The

text: ring

text: is

text: now

text: made

text: up

text: of

text: ten

text: bells

text: hung

text: for

text: change

text: ringing

text: cast

text: in

text: by

text: the

text: Whitechapel

text: Bell

text: Foundry

text: tuned

text: to

text: the

text: notes

text: F

text: E

text: D

text: C

text: B

text: A

text: G

text: F

text: E

text: and

text: D.

text: The

text: Tenor

text: bell

text: in

text: D

text: Hz

text: has

text: a

text: weight

text: of

text: cwt

text: qtr

text: lb

text: lb

text: or

text: kg

question: When were the bells overhauled?

answer: 1971

question: How many bells make up the abbey ring?

answer: Ten

text: Ten

question: When were the ten bells cast?

answer: 1971

question: Who cast the abbey bells?

answer: Whitechapel Bell Foundry

text: Whitechapel Bell Foundry


text: The simplest way to gain information about brain anatomy is by visual inspection, but many more sophisticated techniques have been developed. Brain tissue in its natural state is too soft to work with, but it can be hardened by immersion in alcohol or other fixatives, and then sliced apart for examination of the interior. Visually, the interior of the brain consists of areas of so-called grey matter, with a dark color, separated by areas of white matter, with a lighter color. Further information can be gained by staining slices of brain tissue with a variety of chemicals that bring out areas where specific types of molecules are present in high concentrations. It is also possible to examine the microstructure of brain tissue using a microscope, and to trace the pattern of connections from one brain area to another.

title: Brain

title: Brain

text: The

text: simplest

text: way

text: to

text: gain

text: information

text: about

text: brain

text: anatomy

text: is

text: by

text: visual

text: inspection

text: but

text: many

text: more

text: sophisticated

text: techniques

text: have

text: been

text: developed

text: Brain

text: tissue

text: in

text: its

text: natural

text: state

text: is

text: too

text: soft

text: to

text: work

text: with

text: but

text: it

text: can

text: be

text: hardened

text: by

text: immersion

text: in

text: alcohol

text: or

text: other

text: fixatives

text: and

text: then

text: sliced

text: apart

text: for

text: examination

text: of

text: the

text: interior

text: Visually

text: the

text: interior

text: of

text: the

text: brain

text: consists

text: of

text: areas

text: of

text: so

text: called

text: grey

text: matter

text: with

text: a

text: dark

text: color

text: separated

text: by

text: areas

text: of

text: white

text: matter

text: with

text: a

text: lighter

text: color

text: Further

text: information

text: can

text: be

text: gained

text: by

text: staining

text: slices

text: of

text: brain

text: tissue

text: with

text: a

text: variety

text: of

text: chemicals

text: that

text: bring

text: out

text: areas

text: where

text: specific

text: types

text: of

text: molecules

text: are

text: present

text: in

text: high

text: concentrations

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: possible

text: to

text: examine

text: the

text: microstructure

text: of

text: brain

text: tissue

text: using

text: a

text: microscope

text: and

text: to

text: trace

text: the

text: pattern

text: of

text: connections

text: from

text: one

text: brain

text: area

text: to

text: another

question: The easiest way to learn about brain anatomy is by what?

answer: visual inspection

text: visual inspection

question: Brain tissue is naturally soft, but can be stiffened with what liquid?

answer: alcohol

text: alcohol

question: The two main areas of the brain are what colors?

answer: grey matter, with a dark color, separated by areas of white matter

text: grey matter, with a dark color, separated by areas of white matter

question: What instrument can you use to examine the microstructure of the brain?

answer: microscope

text: microscope

question: Grey matter of the brain is what color?

answer: dark color

text: dark color


text: The city is home to 261,546 (mid-2014 est.) people, making it the 30th most populous built-up area in the United Kingdom. It is governed locally by Plymouth City Council and is represented nationally by three MPs. Plymouth's economy remains strongly influenced by shipbuilding and seafaring including ferry links to Brittany (Roscoff and St Malo) and Spain (Santander), but has tended toward a service-based economy since the 1990s. It has the largest operational naval base in Western Europe – HMNB Devonport and is home to Plymouth University.

title: Plymouth

title: Plymouth

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: est

text: people

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: built

text: up

text: area

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: It

text: is

text: governed

text: locally

text: by

text: Plymouth

text: City

text: Council

text: and

text: is

text: represented

text: nationally

text: by

text: three

text: MPs

text: Plymouth

text: 's

text: economy

text: remains

text: strongly

text: influenced

text: by

text: shipbuilding

text: and

text: seafaring

text: including

text: ferry

text: links

text: to

text: Brittany

text: Roscoff

text: and

text: St

text: Malo

text: and

text: Spain

text: Santander

text: but

text: has

text: tended

text: toward

text: a

text: service

text: based

text: economy

text: since

text: the

text: It

text: has

text: the

text: largest

text: operational

text: naval

text: base

text: in

text: Western

text: Europe

text: HMNB

text: Devonport

text: and

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: Plymouth

text: University

question: As of 2014, what was the population of Plymouth?

answer: 261,546

question: Where does Plymouth rank in population among the cities of the UK?

answer: 30th

question: How many members of Parliament represent Plymouth?

answer: three

text: three

question: In what city does Plymouth's ferry to Spain terminate?

answer: Santander

text: Santander

question: What institution of higher education is based in Plymouth?

answer: Plymouth University

text: Plymouth University


text: Chopin's études are largely in straightforward ternary form. He used them to teach his own technique of piano playing—for instance playing double thirds (Op. 25, No. 6), playing in octaves (Op. 25, No. 10), and playing repeated notes (Op. 10, No.  7).

title: Frédéric_Chopin

title: Frédéric_Chopin

text: Chopin

text: 's

text: études

text: are

text: largely

text: in

text: straightforward

text: ternary

text: form

text: He

text: used

text: them

text: to

text: teach

text: his

text: own

text: technique

text: of

text: piano

text: playing

text: for

text: instance

text: playing

text: double

text: thirds

text: Op

text: No

text: playing

text: in

text: octaves

text: Op

text: No

text: and

text: playing

text: repeated

text: notes

text: Op

text: No

question: What pieces of his did Chopin use to teach his technique?

answer: études

text: études

question: What form are most of Chopin's études in?

answer: straightforward ternary

text: straightforward ternary

question: Chopin often taught his piano technique using what form of music he wrote?

answer: études

text: études


text: Menzies ran strongly against Labor's plans to nationalise the Australian banking system and, following victory in the 1949 election, secured a double dissolution election for April 1951, after the Labor-controlled Senate refused to pass his banking legislation. The Liberal-Country Coalition was returned with control of the Senate. The Government was returned again in the 1954 election; the formation of the anti-Communist Democratic Labor Party (DLP) and the consequent split in the Australian Labor Party early in 1955 helped the Liberals to another victory in December 1955. John McEwen replaced Arthur Fadden as leader of the Country Party in March 1958 and the Menzies-McEwen Coalition was returned again at elections in November 1958 – their third victory against Labor's H. V. Evatt. The Coalition was narrowly returned against Labor's Arthur Calwell in the December 1961 election, in the midst of a credit squeeze. Menzies stood for office for the last time in the November 1963 election, again defeating Calwell, with the Coalition winning back its losses in the House of Representatives. Menzies went on to resign from parliament on 26 January 1966.

title: Liberal_Party_of_Australia

title: Liberal_Party_of_Australia

text: Menzies

text: ran

text: strongly

text: against

text: Labor

text: 's

text: plans

text: to

text: nationalise

text: the

text: Australian

text: banking

text: system

text: and

text: following

text: victory

text: in

text: the

text: election

text: secured

text: a

text: double

text: dissolution

text: election

text: for

text: April

text: after

text: the

text: Labor

text: controlled

text: Senate

text: refused

text: to

text: pass

text: his

text: banking

text: legislation

text: The

text: Liberal

text: Country

text: Coalition

text: was

text: returned

text: with

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: Senate

text: The

text: Government

text: was

text: returned

text: again

text: in

text: the

text: election

text: the

text: formation

text: of

text: the

text: anti

text: Communist

text: Democratic

text: Labor

text: Party

text: DLP

text: and

text: the

text: consequent

text: split

text: in

text: the

text: Australian

text: Labor

text: Party

text: early

text: in

text: helped

text: the

text: Liberals

text: to

text: another

text: victory

text: in

text: December

text: John

text: McEwen

text: replaced

text: Arthur

text: Fadden

text: as

text: leader

text: of

text: the

text: Country

text: Party

text: in

text: March

text: and

text: the

text: Menzies

text: McEwen

text: Coalition

text: was

text: returned

text: again

text: at

text: elections

text: in

text: November

text: their

text: third

text: victory

text: against

text: Labor

text: 's

text: H.

text: V.

text: Evatt

text: The

text: Coalition

text: was

text: narrowly

text: returned

text: against

text: Labor

text: 's

text: Arthur

text: Calwell

text: in

text: the

text: December

text: election

text: in

text: the

text: midst

text: of

text: a

text: credit

text: squeeze

text: Menzies

text: stood

text: for

text: office

text: for

text: the

text: last

text: time

text: in

text: the

text: November

text: election

text: again

text: defeating

text: Calwell

text: with

text: the

text: Coalition

text: winning

text: back

text: its

text: losses

text: in

text: the

text: House

text: of

text: Representatives

text: Menzies

text: went

text: on

text: to

text: resign

text: from

text: parliament

text: on

text: January

question: Was Menzies for or against nationalizing the banking system in Australia?

answer: strongly against

text: strongly against

question: What helped the Liberals to victory in December 1955?

answer: the formation of the anti-Communist Democratic Labor Party (DLP) and the consequent split in the Australian Labor Party early in 1955

text: the formation of the anti-Communist Democratic Labor Party (DLP) and the consequent split in the Australian Labor Party early in 1955

question: When did Menzies resign from Parliament?

answer: 26 January 1966

text: 26 January 1966


text: Red is the traditional color of warning and danger. In the Middle Ages, a red flag announced that the defenders of a town or castle would fight to defend it, and a red flag hoisted by a warship meant they would show no mercy to their enemy. In Britain, in the early days of motoring, motor cars had to follow a man with a red flag who would warn horse-drawn vehicles, before the Locomotives on Highways Act 1896 abolished this law. In automobile races, the red flag is raised if there is danger to the drivers. In international football, a player who has made a serious violation of the rules is shown a red penalty card and ejected from the game.

title: Red

title: Red

text: Red

text: is

text: the

text: traditional

text: color

text: of

text: warning

text: and

text: danger

text: In

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: a

text: red

text: flag

text: announced

text: that

text: the

text: defenders

text: of

text: a

text: town

text: or

text: castle

text: would

text: fight

text: to

text: defend

text: it

text: and

text: a

text: red

text: flag

text: hoisted

text: by

text: a

text: warship

text: meant

text: they

text: would

text: show

text: no

text: mercy

text: to

text: their

text: enemy

text: In

text: Britain

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: days

text: of

text: motoring

text: motor

text: cars

text: had

text: to

text: follow

text: a

text: man

text: with

text: a

text: red

text: flag

text: who

text: would

text: warn

text: horse

text: drawn

text: vehicles

text: before

text: the

text: Locomotives

text: on

text: Highways

text: Act

text: abolished

text: this

text: law

text: In

text: automobile

text: races

text: the

text: red

text: flag

text: is

text: raised

text: if

text: there

text: is

text: danger

text: to

text: the

text: drivers

text: In

text: international

text: football

text: a

text: player

text: who

text: has

text: made

text: a

text: serious

text: violation

text: of

text: the

text: rules

text: is

text: shown

text: a

text: red

text: penalty

text: card

text: and

text: ejected

text: from

text: the

text: game

question: What did a red flag signal in the Middle Ages?

answer: defenders of a town or castle would fight to defend it

text: defenders of a town or castle would fight to defend it

question: What was the importance of a red flag flown by a warship in the Middle Ages?

answer: they would show no mercy to their enemy

text: they would show no mercy to their enemy

question: Which British law forbade cars from following a bearer of a red flag as a warning to horse drawn vehicles?

answer: the Locomotives on Highways Act 1896

text: the Locomotives on Highways Act 1896

question: Under what circimstance is a red flag flown in auto racing?

answer: if there is danger to the drivers

text: if there is danger to the drivers

question: What is a football player shown before being ejected from a match?

answer: a red penalty card

text: a red penalty card


text: Glaciers end in ice caves (the Rhone Glacier), by trailing into a lake or river, or by shedding snowmelt on a meadow. Sometimes a piece of glacier will detach or break resulting in flooding, property damage and loss of life. In the 17th century about 2500 people were killed by an avalanche in a village on the French-Italian border; in the 19th century 120 homes in a village near Zermatt were destroyed by an avalanche.

title: Alps

title: Alps

text: Glaciers

text: end

text: in

text: ice

text: caves

text: the

text: Rhone

text: Glacier

text: by

text: trailing

text: into

text: a

text: lake

text: or

text: river

text: or

text: by

text: shedding

text: snowmelt

text: on

text: a

text: meadow

text: Sometimes

text: a

text: piece

text: of

text: glacier

text: will

text: detach

text: or

text: break

text: resulting

text: in

text: flooding

text: property

text: damage

text: and

text: loss

text: of

text: life

text: In

text: the

text: century

text: about

text: people

text: were

text: killed

text: by

text: an

text: avalanche

text: in

text: a

text: village

text: on

text: the

text: French

text: Italian

text: border

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: homes

text: in

text: a

text: village

text: near

text: Zermatt

text: were

text: destroyed

text: by

text: an

text: avalanche

question: What causes flooding, property damage, and loss of life?

answer: a piece of glacier will detach or break

text: a piece of glacier will detach or break

question: What killed about 2500 people in the 17th century?

answer: an avalanche

text: an avalanche

question: How many homes in a village near Zermatt were destroyed by an avalanche in the 19th century?

answer: 120 homes

text: 120 homes


text: Errors in computer programs are called "bugs". They may be benign and not affect the usefulness of the program, or have only subtle effects. But in some cases, they may cause the program or the entire system to "hang", becoming unresponsive to input such as mouse clicks or keystrokes, to completely fail, or to crash. Otherwise benign bugs may sometimes be harnessed for malicious intent by an unscrupulous user writing an exploit, code designed to take advantage of a bug and disrupt a computer's proper execution. Bugs are usually not the fault of the computer. Since computers merely execute the instructions they are given, bugs are nearly always the result of programmer error or an oversight made in the program's design.

title: Computer

title: Computer

text: Errors

text: in

text: computer

text: programs

text: are

text: called

text: bugs

text: They

text: may

text: be

text: benign

text: and

text: not

text: affect

text: the

text: usefulness

text: of

text: the

text: program

text: or

text: have

text: only

text: subtle

text: effects

text: But

text: in

text: some

text: cases

text: they

text: may

text: cause

text: the

text: program

text: or

text: the

text: entire

text: system

text: to

text: hang

text: becoming

text: unresponsive

text: to

text: input

text: such

text: as

text: mouse

text: clicks

text: or

text: keystrokes

text: to

text: completely

text: fail

text: or

text: to

text: crash

text: Otherwise

text: benign

text: bugs

text: may

text: sometimes

text: be

text: harnessed

text: for

text: malicious

text: intent

text: by

text: an

text: unscrupulous

text: user

text: writing

text: an

text: exploit

text: code

text: designed

text: to

text: take

text: advantage

text: of

text: a

text: bug

text: and

text: disrupt

text: a

text: computer

text: 's

text: proper

text: execution

text: Bugs

text: are

text: usually

text: not

text: the

text: fault

text: of

text: the

text: computer

text: Since

text: computers

text: merely

text: execute

text: the

text: instructions

text: they

text: are

text: given

text: bugs

text: are

text: nearly

text: always

text: the

text: result

text: of

text: programmer

text: error

text: or

text: an

text: oversight

text: made

text: in

text: the

text: program

text: 's

text: design

question: Another name for errors in programs are called what?

answer: "bugs

text: "bugs

question: Bugs are usually the fault of whom or what?

answer: programmer error or an oversight made in the program's design

text: programmer error or an oversight made in the program's design


text: Chesapeake Energy Arena in downtown is the principal multipurpose arena in the city which hosts concerts, NHL exhibition games, and many of the city's pro sports teams. In 2008, the Oklahoma City Thunder became the major tenant. Located nearby in Bricktown, the Chickasaw Bricktown Ballpark is the home to the city's baseball team, the Dodgers. "The Brick", as it is locally known, is considered one of the finest minor league parks in the nation.[citation needed]

title: Oklahoma_City

title: Oklahoma_City

text: Chesapeake

text: Energy

text: Arena

text: in

text: downtown

text: is

text: the

text: principal

text: multipurpose

text: arena

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: which

text: hosts

text: concerts

text: NHL

text: exhibition

text: games

text: and

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: pro

text: sports

text: teams

text: In

text: the

text: Oklahoma

text: City

text: Thunder

text: became

text: the

text: major

text: tenant

text: Located

text: nearby

text: in

text: Bricktown

text: the

text: Chickasaw

text: Bricktown

text: Ballpark

text: is

text: the

text: home

text: to

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: baseball

text: team

text: the

text: Dodgers

text: The

text: Brick

text: as

text: it

text: is

text: locally

text: known

text: is

text: considered

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: finest

text: minor

text: league

text: parks

text: in

text: the

text: nation.[citation

text: needed

question: What is the name of the downtown arena?

answer: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

question: Which team became the main tenant of the arena in 2008?

answer: Oklahoma City Thunder

text: Oklahoma City Thunder

question: What is the name of the nearby minor league park?

answer: Chickasaw Bricktown Ballpark

text: Chickasaw Bricktown Ballpark


text: There is no single definition of an "aircraft carrier", and modern navies use several variants of the type. These variants are sometimes categorized as sub-types of aircraft carriers, and sometimes as distinct types of naval aviation-capable ships. Aircraft carriers may be classified according to the type of aircraft they carry and their operational assignments. Admiral Sir Mark Stanhope, former head of the Royal Navy, has said that "To put it simply, countries that aspire to strategic international influence have aircraft carriers".

title: Aircraft_carrier

title: Aircraft_carrier

text: There

text: is

text: no

text: single

text: definition

text: of

text: an

text: aircraft

text: carrier

text: and

text: modern

text: navies

text: use

text: several

text: variants

text: of

text: the

text: type

text: These

text: variants

text: are

text: sometimes

text: categorized

text: as

text: sub

text: types

text: of

text: aircraft

text: carriers

text: and

text: sometimes

text: as

text: distinct

text: types

text: of

text: naval

text: aviation

text: capable

text: ships

text: Aircraft

text: carriers

text: may

text: be

text: classified

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: type

text: of

text: aircraft

text: they

text: carry

text: and

text: their

text: operational

text: assignments

text: Admiral

text: Sir

text: Mark

text: Stanhope

text: former

text: head

text: of

text: the

text: Royal

text: Navy

text: has

text: said

text: that

text: To

text: put

text: it

text: simply

text: countries

text: that

text: aspire

text: to

text: strategic

text: international

text: influence

text: have

text: aircraft

text: carriers

question: What is the definition of an "aircraft carrier"?

answer: There is no single definition

text: There is no single definition

question: How may aircraft carriers be classified?

answer: according to the type of aircraft they carry and their operational assignments

text: according to the type of aircraft they carry and their operational assignments

question: Who is Admiral Sir Mark Stanhope?

answer: former head of the Royal Navy

text: former head of the Royal Navy

question: Who said, "countries that aspire to strategic international influence have aircraft carriers"?

answer: Admiral Sir Mark Stanhope

text: Admiral Sir Mark Stanhope


text: In 1955, von Neumann became a commissioner of the AEC. He accepted this position and used it to further the production of compact hydrogen bombs suitable for Intercontinental ballistic missile delivery. He involved himself in correcting the severe shortage of tritium and lithium 6 needed for these compact weapons, and he argued against settling for the intermediate range missiles that the Army wanted. He was adamant that H-bombs delivered into the heart of enemy territory by an ICBM would be the most effective weapon possible, and that the relative inaccuracy of the missile wouldn't be a problem with an H-bomb. He said the Russians would probably be building a similar weapon system, which turned out to be the case. Despite his disagreement with Oppenheimer over the need for a crash program to develop the hydrogen bomb, he testified on the latter's behalf at the 1954 Oppenheimer security hearing, at which he asserted that Oppenheimer was loyal, and praised him for his helpfulness once the program went ahead.

title: John_von_Neumann

title: John_von_Neumann

text: In

text: von

text: Neumann

text: became

text: a

text: commissioner

text: of

text: the

text: AEC

text: He

text: accepted

text: this

text: position

text: and

text: used

text: it

text: to

text: further

text: the

text: production

text: of

text: compact

text: hydrogen

text: bombs

text: suitable

text: for

text: Intercontinental

text: ballistic

text: missile

text: delivery

text: He

text: involved

text: himself

text: in

text: correcting

text: the

text: severe

text: shortage

text: of

text: tritium

text: and

text: lithium

text: needed

text: for

text: these

text: compact

text: weapons

text: and

text: he

text: argued

text: against

text: settling

text: for

text: the

text: intermediate

text: range

text: missiles

text: that

text: the

text: Army

text: wanted

text: He

text: was

text: adamant

text: that

text: H

text: bombs

text: delivered

text: into

text: the

text: heart

text: of

text: enemy

text: territory

text: by

text: an

text: ICBM

text: would

text: be

text: the

text: most

text: effective

text: weapon

text: possible

text: and

text: that

text: the

text: relative

text: inaccuracy

text: of

text: the

text: missile

text: would

text: n't

text: be

text: a

text: problem

text: with

text: an

text: H

text: bomb

text: He

text: said

text: the

text: Russians

text: would

text: probably

text: be

text: building

text: a

text: similar

text: weapon

text: system

text: which

text: turned

text: out

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: case

text: Despite

text: his

text: disagreement

text: with

text: Oppenheimer

text: over

text: the

text: need

text: for

text: a

text: crash

text: program

text: to

text: develop

text: the

text: hydrogen

text: bomb

text: he

text: testified

text: on

text: the

text: latter

text: 's

text: behalf

text: at

text: the

text: Oppenheimer

text: security

text: hearing

text: at

text: which

text: he

text: asserted

text: that

text: Oppenheimer

text: was

text: loyal

text: and

text: praised

text: him

text: for

text: his

text: helpfulness

text: once

text: the

text: program

text: went

text: ahead

question: In what year did von Neumann become commissioner of the AEC?

answer: 1955

question: What were compact hydrogen bombs useful for?

answer: Intercontinental ballistic missile delivery

text: Intercontinental ballistic missile delivery

question: What was the concern with longer range ICBM with Hbomb?

answer: relative inaccuracy of the missile

text: relative inaccuracy of the missile

question: Von Neumann testified at whose hearing about loyalty and help?

answer: Oppenheimer

text: Oppenheimer


text: Washington, D.C. is often mentioned as a candidate for statehood. In Federalist No. 43 of The Federalist Papers, James Madison considered the implications of the definition of the "seat of government" found in the United States Constitution. Although he noted potential conflicts of interest, and the need for a "municipal legislature for local purposes," Madison did not address the district's role in national voting. Legal scholars disagree on whether a simple act of Congress can admit the District as a state, due to its status as the seat of government of the United States, which Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution requires to be under the exclusive jurisdiction of Congress; depending on the interpretation of this text, admission of the full District as a state may require a Constitutional amendment, which is much more difficult to enact. However, the Constitution does not set a minimum size for the District. Its size has already changed once before, when Virginia reclaimed the portion of the District south of the Potomac. So the constitutional requirement for a federal district can be satisfied by reducing its size to the small central core of government buildings and monuments, giving the rest of the territory to the new state.

title: 51st_state

title: 51st_state

text: Washington

text: D.C.

text: is

text: often

text: mentioned

text: as

text: a

text: candidate

text: for

text: statehood

text: In

text: Federalist

text: No

text: of

text: The

text: Federalist

text: Papers

text: James

text: Madison

text: considered

text: the

text: implications

text: of

text: the

text: definition

text: of

text: the

text: seat

text: of

text: government

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Constitution

text: Although

text: he

text: noted

text: potential

text: conflicts

text: of

text: interest

text: and

text: the

text: need

text: for

text: a

text: municipal

text: legislature

text: for

text: local

text: purposes

text: Madison

text: did

text: not

text: address

text: the

text: district

text: 's

text: role

text: in

text: national

text: voting

text: Legal

text: scholars

text: disagree

text: on

text: whether

text: a

text: simple

text: act

text: of

text: Congress

text: can

text: admit

text: the

text: District

text: as

text: a

text: state

text: due

text: to

text: its

text: status

text: as

text: the

text: seat

text: of

text: government

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: which

text: Article

text: I

text: Section

text: of

text: the

text: Constitution

text: requires

text: to

text: be

text: under

text: the

text: exclusive

text: jurisdiction

text: of

text: Congress

text: depending

text: on

text: the

text: interpretation

text: of

text: this

text: text

text: admission

text: of

text: the

text: full

text: District

text: as

text: a

text: state

text: may

text: require

text: a

text: Constitutional

text: amendment

text: which

text: is

text: much

text: more

text: difficult

text: to

text: enact

text: However

text: the

text: Constitution

text: does

text: not

text: set

text: a

text: minimum

text: size

text: for

text: the

text: District

text: Its

text: size

text: has

text: already

text: changed

text: once

text: before

text: when

text: Virginia

text: reclaimed

text: the

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: District

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: Potomac

text: So

text: the

text: constitutional

text: requirement

text: for

text: a

text: federal

text: district

text: can

text: be

text: satisfied

text: by

text: reducing

text: its

text: size

text: to

text: the

text: small

text: central

text: core

text: of

text: government

text: buildings

text: and

text: monuments

text: giving

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: the

text: territory

text: to

text: the

text: new

text: state

question: Who considered the implications of the definition of the seat of government in the Constitution?

answer: James Madison

text: James Madison

question: Where are these ideas located in the Federalist Papers?

answer: Federalist No. 43

text: Federalist No. 43

question: What limits does the constitution have for the size of Washington, D.C.?

answer: the Constitution does not set a minimum size for the District

text: the Constitution does not set a minimum size for the District

question: What caused the size of Washington, D.C. to change?

answer: Virginia reclaimed the portion of the District south of the Potomac

text: Virginia reclaimed the portion of the District south of the Potomac


text: These scholars suggest, from their studies of economic and social data, that early 20th-century child labour in Europe and the United States ended in large part as a result of the economic development of the formal regulated economy, technology development and general prosperity. Child labour laws and ILO conventions came later. Edmonds suggests, even in contemporary times, the incidence of child labour in Vietnam has rapidly reduced following economic reforms and GDP growth. These scholars suggest economic engagement, emphasis on opening quality schools rather than more laws and expanding economically relevant skill development opportunities in the third world. International legal actions, such as trade sanctions increase child labour.

title: Child_labour

title: Child_labour

text: These

text: scholars

text: suggest

text: from

text: their

text: studies

text: of

text: economic

text: and

text: social

text: data

text: that

text: early

text: century

text: child

text: labour

text: in

text: Europe

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: ended

text: in

text: large

text: part

text: as

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: the

text: economic

text: development

text: of

text: the

text: formal

text: regulated

text: economy

text: technology

text: development

text: and

text: general

text: prosperity

text: Child

text: labour

text: laws

text: and

text: ILO

text: conventions

text: came

text: later

text: Edmonds

text: suggests

text: even

text: in

text: contemporary

text: times

text: the

text: incidence

text: of

text: child

text: labour

text: in

text: Vietnam

text: has

text: rapidly

text: reduced

text: following

text: economic

text: reforms

text: and

text: GDP

text: growth

text: These

text: scholars

text: suggest

text: economic

text: engagement

text: emphasis

text: on

text: opening

text: quality

text: schools

text: rather

text: than

text: more

text: laws

text: and

text: expanding

text: economically

text: relevant

text: skill

text: development

text: opportunities

text: in

text: the

text: third

text: world

text: International

text: legal

text: actions

text: such

text: as

text: trade

text: sanctions

text: increase

text: child

text: labour

question: What caused child labour to decrease in the 20th century?

answer: economic development

text: economic development

question: What caused child labour to decrease in Vietnam?

answer: economic reforms

text: economic reforms

question: What do these scholars suggest with regards to child labour reductions?

answer: emphasis on opening quality schools rather than more laws and expanding economically relevant skill development opportunities in the third world

text: emphasis on opening quality schools rather than more laws and expanding economically relevant skill development opportunities in the third world

question: What do international actions do according to these scholars?

answer: increase child labour

text: increase child labour


text: On 26 July 1956, Nasser gave a speech in Alexandria announcing the nationalization of the Suez Canal Company as a means to fund the Aswan Dam project in light of the British–American withdrawal. In the speech, he denounced British imperialism in Egypt and British control over the canal company's profits, and upheld that the Egyptian people had a right to sovereignty over the waterway, especially since "120,000 Egyptians had died (sic)" building it. The motion was technically in breach of the international agreement he had signed with the UK on 19 October 1954, although he ensured that all existing stockholders would be paid off.

title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

text: On

text: July

text: Nasser

text: gave

text: a

text: speech

text: in

text: Alexandria

text: announcing

text: the

text: nationalization

text: of

text: the

text: Suez

text: Canal

text: Company

text: as

text: a

text: means

text: to

text: fund

text: the

text: Aswan

text: Dam

text: project

text: in

text: light

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: American

text: withdrawal

text: In

text: the

text: speech

text: he

text: denounced

text: British

text: imperialism

text: in

text: Egypt

text: and

text: British

text: control

text: over

text: the

text: canal

text: company

text: 's

text: profits

text: and

text: upheld

text: that

text: the

text: Egyptian

text: people

text: had

text: a

text: right

text: to

text: sovereignty

text: over

text: the

text: waterway

text: especially

text: since

text: Egyptians

text: had

text: died

text: sic

text: building

text: it

text: The

text: motion

text: was

text: technically

text: in

text: breach

text: of

text: the

text: international

text: agreement

text: he

text: had

text: signed

text: with

text: the

text: UK

text: on

text: October

text: although

text: he

text: ensured

text: that

text: all

text: existing

text: stockholders

text: would

text: be

text: paid

text: off

question: What did Nasser propose to do with funds from the nationalized Suez Canal?

answer: fund the Aswan Dam

text: fund the Aswan Dam

question: How many Egyptians did Nasser claim died building the Suez canal?

answer: 120,000

question: Who did Nasser claim would still be paid despite nationalization of the canal?

answer: existing stockholders

text: existing stockholders

question: What country had signed an agreement with Nasser in 1954?

answer: UK

text: UK


text: The best known work of fiction from the Islamic world is One Thousand and One Nights (In Persian: hezār-o-yek šab > Arabic: ʔalf-layl-at-wa-l’-layla= One thousand Night and (one) Night) or *Arabian Nights, a name invented by early Western translators, which is a compilation of folk tales from Sanskrit, Persian, and later Arabian fables. The original concept is derived from a pre-Islamic Persian prototype Hezār Afsān (Thousand Fables) that relied on particular Indian elements. It reached its final form by the 14th century; the number and type of tales have varied from one manuscript to another. All Arabian fantasy tales tend to be called Arabian Nights stories when translated into English, regardless of whether they appear in The Book of One Thousand and One Nights or not. This work has been very influential in the West since it was translated in the 18th century, first by Antoine Galland. Imitations were written, especially in France. Various characters from this epic have themselves become cultural icons in Western culture, such as Aladdin, Sinbad the Sailor and Ali Baba.

title: Muslim_world

title: Muslim_world

text: The

text: best

text: known

text: work

text: of

text: fiction

text: from

text: the

text: Islamic

text: world

text: is

text: One

text: Thousand

text: and

text: One

text: Nights

text: In

text: Persian

text: hezār

text: o

text: yek

text: šab

text: Arabic

text: ʔalf

text: layl

text: at

text: wa

text: l’-layla=

text: One

text: thousand

text: Night

text: and

text: one

text: Night

text: or

text: Arabian

text: Nights

text: a

text: name

text: invented

text: by

text: early

text: Western

text: translators

text: which

text: is

text: a

text: compilation

text: of

text: folk

text: tales

text: from

text: Sanskrit

text: Persian

text: and

text: later

text: Arabian

text: fables

text: The

text: original

text: concept

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: a

text: pre

text: Islamic

text: Persian

text: prototype

text: Hezār

text: Afsān

text: Thousand

text: Fables

text: that

text: relied

text: on

text: particular

text: Indian

text: elements

text: It

text: reached

text: its

text: final

text: form

text: by

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: number

text: and

text: type

text: of

text: tales

text: have

text: varied

text: from

text: one

text: manuscript

text: to

text: another

text: All

text: Arabian

text: fantasy

text: tales

text: tend

text: to

text: be

text: called

text: Arabian

text: Nights

text: stories

text: when

text: translated

text: into

text: English

text: regardless

text: of

text: whether

text: they

text: appear

text: in

text: The

text: Book

text: of

text: One

text: Thousand

text: and

text: One

text: Nights

text: or

text: not

text: This

text: work

text: has

text: been

text: very

text: influential

text: in

text: the

text: West

text: since

text: it

text: was

text: translated

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: first

text: by

text: Antoine

text: Galland

text: Imitations

text: were

text: written

text: especially

text: in

text: France

text: Various

text: characters

text: from

text: this

text: epic

text: have

text: themselves

text: become

text: cultural

text: icons

text: in

text: Western

text: culture

text: such

text: as

text: Aladdin

text: Sinbad

text: the

text: Sailor

text: and

text: Ali

text: Baba

question: What is the most widely known fictional work from the Islamic world?

answer: One Thousand and One Nights

text: One Thousand and One Nights

question: Arabian nights was originally based upon what Persian work?

answer: Hezār Afsān (Thousand Fables)

text: Hezār Afsān (Thousand Fables)

question: In what century was One Thousand and One Nights completed?

answer: 14th century

text: 14th century

question: When did One Thousand and One Nights first get translated in the West?

answer: 18th century

text: 18th century

question: Who was the first westerner to translate One Thousand and One Nights?

answer: Antoine Galland

text: Antoine Galland


text: In the paper "Who's Gay? Does It Matter?", Ritch Savin-Williams proposes two different approaches to assessing sexual orientation until well positioned and psychometrically sound and tested definitions are developed that would allow research to reliably identify the prevalence, causes, and consequences of homosexuality. He first suggests that greater priority should be given to sexual arousal and attraction over behaviour and identity because it is less prone to self- and other-deception, social conditions and variable meanings. To measure attraction and arousal he proposed that biological measures should be developed and used. There are numerous biological/physiological measures that exist that can measure sexual orientation such as sexual arousal, brain scans, eye tracking, body odour preference, and anatomical variations such as digit-length ratio and right or left handedness. Secondly, Savin-Williams suggests that researchers should forsake the general notion of sexual orientation altogether and assess only those components that are relevant for the research question being investigated. For example:

title: Sexual_orientation

title: Sexual_orientation

text: In

text: the

text: paper

text: Who

text: 's

text: Gay

text: Does

text: It

text: Matter

text: Ritch

text: Savin

text: Williams

text: proposes

text: two

text: different

text: approaches

text: to

text: assessing

text: sexual

text: orientation

text: until

text: well

text: positioned

text: and

text: psychometrically

text: sound

text: and

text: tested

text: definitions

text: are

text: developed

text: that

text: would

text: allow

text: research

text: to

text: reliably

text: identify

text: the

text: prevalence

text: causes

text: and

text: consequences

text: of

text: homosexuality

text: He

text: first

text: suggests

text: that

text: greater

text: priority

text: should

text: be

text: given

text: to

text: sexual

text: arousal

text: and

text: attraction

text: over

text: behaviour

text: and

text: identity

text: because

text: it

text: is

text: less

text: prone

text: to

text: self-

text: and

text: other

text: deception

text: social

text: conditions

text: and

text: variable

text: meanings

text: To

text: measure

text: attraction

text: and

text: arousal

text: he

text: proposed

text: that

text: biological

text: measures

text: should

text: be

text: developed

text: and

text: used

text: There

text: are

text: numerous

text: biological

text: physiological

text: measures

text: that

text: exist

text: that

text: can

text: measure

text: sexual

text: orientation

text: such

text: as

text: sexual

text: arousal

text: brain

text: scans

text: eye

text: tracking

text: body

text: odour

text: preference

text: and

text: anatomical

text: variations

text: such

text: as

text: digit

text: length

text: ratio

text: and

text: right

text: or

text: left

text: handedness

text: Secondly

text: Savin

text: Williams

text: suggests

text: that

text: researchers

text: should

text: forsake

text: the

text: general

text: notion

text: of

text: sexual

text: orientation

text: altogether

text: and

text: assess

text: only

text: those

text: components

text: that

text: are

text: relevant

text: for

text: the

text: research

text: question

text: being

text: investigated

text: For

text: example

question: Who wrote the paper "Whos Gay? Does It Matter?

answer: Ritch Savin-Williams

text: Ritch Savin-Williams

question: What does RItch SAvin-Williams propose in this paper?

answer: suggests that greater priority should be given to sexual arousal and attraction

text: suggests that greater priority should be given to sexual arousal and attraction

question: What did he propose to measure attraction?

answer: that biological measures should be developed and used.

text: that biological measures should be developed and used.

question: What else does Savin-Williams suggest?

answer: researchers should forsake the general notion of sexual orientation altogether

text: researchers should forsake the general notion of sexual orientation altogether

question: What components does he believe shoud be used in studies?

answer: assess only those components that are relevant for the research question being investigated

text: assess only those components that are relevant for the research question being investigated


text: In English, the term referring to a person first appears in the mid 14th century as Catelaner, followed in the 15th century as Catellain (from French). It is attested a language name since at least 1652. Catalan can be pronounced as /ˈkætəlæn/, /kætəˈlæn/ or /ˈkætələn/.

title: Catalan_language

title: Catalan_language

text: In

text: English

text: the

text: term

text: referring

text: to

text: a

text: person

text: first

text: appears

text: in

text: the

text: mid

text: century

text: as

text: Catelaner

text: followed

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: as

text: Catellain

text: from

text: French

text: It

text: is

text: attested

text: a

text: language

text: name

text: since

text: at

text: least

text: Catalan

text: can

text: be

text: pronounced

text: as

text: /ˈkætəlæn/

text: /kætəˈlæn/

text: or

text: /ˈkætələn/.

question: When did the reference Catelaner first appear?

answer: mid 14th century

text: mid 14th century

question: What is a Catalan person called in the 15th century?

answer: Catellain

text: Catellain

question: What language is the source of the term Catellain?

answer: French

text: French

question: What is the language source of the term Catelaner?

answer: English

text: English

question: Since what year has this term been used?

answer: 1652


text: The X-ray crystal density method is primarily a method for determining the Avogadro constant NA but as the Avogadro constant is related to the Planck constant it also determines a value for h. The principle behind the method is to determine NA as the ratio between the volume of the unit cell of a crystal, measured by X-ray crystallography, and the molar volume of the substance. Crystals of silicon are used, as they are available in high quality and purity by the technology developed for the semiconductor industry. The unit cell volume is calculated from the spacing between two crystal planes referred to as d220. The molar volume Vm(Si) requires a knowledge of the density of the crystal and the atomic weight of the silicon used. The Planck constant is given by

title: Planck_constant

title: Planck_constant

text: The

text: X

text: ray

text: crystal

text: density

text: method

text: is

text: primarily

text: a

text: method

text: for

text: determining

text: the

text: Avogadro

text: constant

text: but

text: as

text: the

text: Avogadro

text: constant

text: is

text: related

text: to

text: the

text: Planck

text: constant

text: it

text: also

text: determines

text: a

text: value

text: for

text: h.

text: The

text: principle

text: behind

text: the

text: method

text: is

text: to

text: determine

text: as

text: the

text: ratio

text: between

text: the

text: volume

text: of

text: the

text: unit

text: cell

text: of

text: a

text: crystal

text: measured

text: by

text: X

text: ray

text: crystallography

text: and

text: the

text: molar

text: volume

text: of

text: the

text: substance

text: Crystals

text: of

text: silicon

text: are

text: used

text: as

text: they

text: are

text: available

text: in

text: high

text: quality

text: and

text: purity

text: by

text: the

text: technology

text: developed

text: for

text: the

text: semiconductor

text: industry

text: The

text: unit

text: cell

text: volume

text: is

text: calculated

text: from

text: the

text: spacing

text: between

text: two

text: crystal

text: planes

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: The

text: molar

text: volume

text: Vm(Si

text: requires

text: a

text: knowledge

text: of

text: the

text: density

text: of

text: the

text: crystal

text: and

text: the

text: atomic

text: weight

text: of

text: the

text: silicon

text: used

text: The

text: Planck

text: constant

text: is

text: given

text: by

question: What is the primary method for determining the Avogadro constant?

answer: The X-ray crystal density method

text: The X-ray crystal density method

question: The Avogadro constant is determined to be the ratio between what two factors in the X-ray crystal density method?

answer: the volume of the unit cell of a crystal, measured by X-ray crystallography, and the molar volume of the substance

text: the volume of the unit cell of a crystal, measured by X-ray crystallography, and the molar volume of the substance

question: What element is used typically to establish Avogadro's constant?

answer: Crystals of silicon

text: Crystals of silicon

question: How is unit cell volume calculated?

answer: from the spacing between two crystal planes referred to as d220

text: from the spacing between two crystal planes referred to as d220

question: Calculating molar volume requires knowledge of what two factors?

answer: the density of the crystal and the atomic weight of the silicon used

text: the density of the crystal and the atomic weight of the silicon used


text: The difficult question is whether federal judicial power extends to formulating binding precedent through strict adherence to the rule of stare decisis. This is where the act of deciding a case becomes a limited form of lawmaking in itself, in that an appellate court's rulings will thereby bind itself and lower courts in future cases (and therefore also impliedly binds all persons within the court's jurisdiction). Prior to a major change to federal court rules in 2007, about one-fifth of federal appellate cases were published and thereby became binding precedents, while the rest were unpublished and bound only the parties to each case.

title: Law_of_the_United_States

title: Law_of_the_United_States

text: The

text: difficult

text: question

text: is

text: whether

text: federal

text: judicial

text: power

text: extends

text: to

text: formulating

text: binding

text: precedent

text: through

text: strict

text: adherence

text: to

text: the

text: rule

text: of

text: stare

text: decisis

text: This

text: is

text: where

text: the

text: act

text: of

text: deciding

text: a

text: case

text: becomes

text: a

text: limited

text: form

text: of

text: lawmaking

text: in

text: itself

text: in

text: that

text: an

text: appellate

text: court

text: 's

text: rulings

text: will

text: thereby

text: bind

text: itself

text: and

text: lower

text: courts

text: in

text: future

text: cases

text: and

text: therefore

text: also

text: impliedly

text: binds

text: all

text: persons

text: within

text: the

text: court

text: 's

text: jurisdiction

text: Prior

text: to

text: a

text: major

text: change

text: to

text: federal

text: court

text: rules

text: in

text: about

text: one

text: fifth

text: of

text: federal

text: appellate

text: cases

text: were

text: published

text: and

text: thereby

text: became

text: binding

text: precedents

text: while

text: the

text: rest

text: were

text: unpublished

text: and

text: bound

text: only

text: the

text: parties

text: to

text: each

text: case

question: What is used to determine whether federal judicial power extends to formulating binding precedent?

answer: stare decisis

text: stare decisis

question: What is stare decisis?

answer: the act of deciding a case becomes a limited form of lawmaking in itself

text: the act of deciding a case becomes a limited form of lawmaking in itself

question: Why is stare decisis a limited form of lawmaking?

answer: an appellate court's rulings will thereby bind itself and lower courts in future cases

text: an appellate court's rulings will thereby bind itself and lower courts in future cases

question: Who else does stare decisis affect?

answer: impliedly binds all persons within the court's jurisdiction

text: impliedly binds all persons within the court's jurisdiction


text: In theism, God is the creator and sustainer of the universe, while in deism, God is the creator, but not the sustainer, of the universe. Monotheism is the belief in the existence of one God or in the oneness of God. In pantheism, God is the universe itself. In atheism, God is not believed to exist, while God is deemed unknown or unknowable within the context of agnosticism. God has also been conceived as being incorporeal (immaterial), a personal being, the source of all moral obligation, and the "greatest conceivable existent". Many notable philosophers have developed arguments for and against the existence of God.

title: God

title: God

text: In

text: theism

text: God

text: is

text: the

text: creator

text: and

text: sustainer

text: of

text: the

text: universe

text: while

text: in

text: deism

text: God

text: is

text: the

text: creator

text: but

text: not

text: the

text: sustainer

text: of

text: the

text: universe

text: Monotheism

text: is

text: the

text: belief

text: in

text: the

text: existence

text: of

text: one

text: God

text: or

text: in

text: the

text: oneness

text: of

text: God

text: In

text: pantheism

text: God

text: is

text: the

text: universe

text: itself

text: In

text: atheism

text: God

text: is

text: not

text: believed

text: to

text: exist

text: while

text: God

text: is

text: deemed

text: unknown

text: or

text: unknowable

text: within

text: the

text: context

text: of

text: agnosticism

text: God

text: has

text: also

text: been

text: conceived

text: as

text: being

text: incorporeal

text: immaterial

text: a

text: personal

text: being

text: the

text: source

text: of

text: all

text: moral

text: obligation

text: and

text: the

text: greatest

text: conceivable

text: existent

text: Many

text: notable

text: philosophers

text: have

text: developed

text: arguments

text: for

text: and

text: against

text: the

text: existence

text: of

text: God

question: In what belief is God the creator and sustainer of the universe?

answer: theism

text: theism

question: What does deism believe God's role in the universe is?

answer: the creator, but not the sustainer

text: the creator, but not the sustainer

question: Which belief is that God is the universe?

answer: pantheism

text: pantheism

question: Which belief system definitively believes in no Higher Power or Supreme Being?

answer: atheism

text: atheism

question: Which belief system belives in some form of higher powwer, or something, but not organized religion?

answer: agnosticism

text: agnosticism

question: What is God in theism?

answer: creator and sustainer of the universe

text: creator and sustainer of the universe

question: What is monotheism?

answer: belief in the existence of one God

text: belief in the existence of one God

question: What is pantheism?

answer: God is the universe itself

text: God is the universe itself

question: What is atheism?

answer: God is not believed to exist

text: God is not believed to exist

question: What is God in deism?

answer: the creator

text: the creator


text: The English term comics derives from the humorous (or "comic") work which predominated in early American newspaper comic strips; usage of the term has become standard for non-humorous works as well. The term "comic book" has a similarly confusing history: they are most often not humorous; nor are they regular books, but rather periodicals. It is common in English to refer to the comics of different cultures by the terms used in their original languages, such as manga for Japanese comics, or bandes dessinées for French-language Franco-Belgian comics.

title: Comics

title: Comics

text: The

text: English

text: term

text: comics

text: derives

text: from

text: the

text: humorous

text: or

text: comic

text: work

text: which

text: predominated

text: in

text: early

text: American

text: newspaper

text: comic

text: strips

text: usage

text: of

text: the

text: term

text: has

text: become

text: standard

text: for

text: non

text: humorous

text: works

text: as

text: well

text: The

text: term

text: comic

text: book

text: has

text: a

text: similarly

text: confusing

text: history

text: they

text: are

text: most

text: often

text: not

text: humorous

text: nor

text: are

text: they

text: regular

text: books

text: but

text: rather

text: periodicals

text: It

text: is

text: common

text: in

text: English

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: the

text: comics

text: of

text: different

text: cultures

text: by

text: the

text: terms

text: used

text: in

text: their

text: original

text: languages

text: such

text: as

text: manga

text: for

text: Japanese

text: comics

text: or

text: bandes

text: dessinées

text: for

text: French

text: language

text: Franco

text: Belgian

text: comics

question: The word comic comes from the humorous pieces found where?

answer: newspaper comic strips

text: newspaper comic strips

question: Comic is used for what other kind of work other than humorous works?

answer: non-humorous

text: non-humorous

question: Comic books are what type of books?

answer: periodicals

text: periodicals

question: What is the term that the English use for the comics out of Japan?

answer: manga

text: manga

question: What is the term that the English use for the comics that come out of Belgian?

answer: bandes dessinées

text: bandes dessinées


text: Because of their ability to quickly grow and the relative ease with which they can be manipulated, bacteria are the workhorses for the fields of molecular biology, genetics and biochemistry. By making mutations in bacterial DNA and examining the resulting phenotypes, scientists can determine the function of genes, enzymes and metabolic pathways in bacteria, then apply this knowledge to more complex organisms. This aim of understanding the biochemistry of a cell reaches its most complex expression in the synthesis of huge amounts of enzyme kinetic and gene expression data into mathematical models of entire organisms. This is achievable in some well-studied bacteria, with models of Escherichia coli metabolism now being produced and tested. This understanding of bacterial metabolism and genetics allows the use of biotechnology to bioengineer bacteria for the production of therapeutic proteins, such as insulin, growth factors, or antibodies.

title: Bacteria

title: Bacteria

text: Because

text: of

text: their

text: ability

text: to

text: quickly

text: grow

text: and

text: the

text: relative

text: ease

text: with

text: which

text: they

text: can

text: be

text: manipulated

text: bacteria

text: are

text: the

text: workhorses

text: for

text: the

text: fields

text: of

text: molecular

text: biology

text: genetics

text: and

text: biochemistry

text: By

text: making

text: mutations

text: in

text: bacterial

text: DNA

text: and

text: examining

text: the

text: resulting

text: phenotypes

text: scientists

text: can

text: determine

text: the

text: function

text: of

text: genes

text: enzymes

text: and

text: metabolic

text: pathways

text: in

text: bacteria

text: then

text: apply

text: this

text: knowledge

text: to

text: more

text: complex

text: organisms

text: This

text: aim

text: of

text: understanding

text: the

text: biochemistry

text: of

text: a

text: cell

text: reaches

text: its

text: most

text: complex

text: expression

text: in

text: the

text: synthesis

text: of

text: huge

text: amounts

text: of

text: enzyme

text: kinetic

text: and

text: gene

text: expression

text: data

text: into

text: mathematical

text: models

text: of

text: entire

text: organisms

text: This

text: is

text: achievable

text: in

text: some

text: well

text: studied

text: bacteria

text: with

text: models

text: of

text: Escherichia

text: coli

text: metabolism

text: now

text: being

text: produced

text: and

text: tested

text: This

text: understanding

text: of

text: bacterial

text: metabolism

text: and

text: genetics

text: allows

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: biotechnology

text: to

text: bioengineer

text: bacteria

text: for

text: the

text: production

text: of

text: therapeutic

text: proteins

text: such

text: as

text: insulin

text: growth

text: factors

text: or

text: antibodies

question: What sciences use bacteria?

answer: molecular biology, genetics and biochemistry

text: molecular biology, genetics and biochemistry