text: During the Second World War, General Dornberger was the military head of the army's rocket program, Zanssen became the commandant of the Peenemünde army rocket centre, and von Braun was the technical director of the ballistic missile program. They would lead the team that built the Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket, which became the first vehicle to reach outer space during its test flight program in 1942 and 1943. By 1943, Germany began mass-producing the A-4 as the Vergeltungswaffe 2 ("Vengeance Weapon" 2, or more commonly, V2), a ballistic missile with a 320 kilometers (200 mi) range carrying a 1,130 kilograms (2,490 lb) warhead at 4,000 kilometers per hour (2,500 mph). Its supersonic speed meant there was no defense against it, and radar detection provided little warning. Germany used the weapon to bombard southern England and parts of Allied-liberated western Europe from 1944 until 1945. After the war, the V-2 became the basis of early American and Soviet rocket designs.

title: Space_Race

title: Space_Race

text: During

text: the

text: Second

text: World

text: War

text: General

text: Dornberger

text: was

text: the

text: military

text: head

text: of

text: the

text: army

text: 's

text: rocket

text: program

text: Zanssen

text: became

text: the

text: commandant

text: of

text: the

text: Peenemünde

text: army

text: rocket

text: centre

text: and

text: von

text: Braun

text: was

text: the

text: technical

text: director

text: of

text: the

text: ballistic

text: missile

text: program

text: They

text: would

text: lead

text: the

text: team

text: that

text: built

text: the

text: rocket

text: which

text: became

text: the

text: first

text: vehicle

text: to

text: reach

text: outer

text: space

text: during

text: its

text: test

text: flight

text: program

text: in

text: and

text: By

text: Germany

text: began

text: mass

text: producing

text: the

text: as

text: the

text: Vergeltungswaffe

text: Vengeance

text: Weapon

text: or

text: more

text: commonly

text: a

text: ballistic

text: missile

text: with

text: a

text: kilometers

text: mi

text: range

text: carrying

text: a

text: kilograms

text: lb

text: warhead

text: at

text: kilometers

text: per

text: hour

text: mph

text: Its

text: supersonic

text: speed

text: meant

text: there

text: was

text: no

text: defense

text: against

text: it

text: and

text: radar

text: detection

text: provided

text: little

text: warning

text: Germany

text: used

text: the

text: weapon

text: to

text: bombard

text: southern

text: England

text: and

text: parts

text: of

text: Allied

text: liberated

text: western

text: Europe

text: from

text: until

text: After

text: the

text: war

text: the

text: became

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: early

text: American

text: and

text: Soviet

text: rocket

text: designs

question: What was von Braun's role in the army's rocket program during during World War II?

answer: technical director of the ballistic missile program

text: technical director of the ballistic missile program

question: What was the name of the first vehicle to reach outer space?

answer: the Aggregate-4

text: the Aggregate-4

question: During WWII, who was in charge of the German army's rocket program?

answer: General Dornberger

text: General Dornberger

question: What was the first object to enter space?

answer: Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket

text: Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket

question: When did the Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket reach space?

answer: 1942 and 1943

text: 1942 and 1943


text: The Communist Party of China, founded in 1920, adopted the red flag and hammer and sickle emblem of the Soviet Union, which became the national symbols when the Party took power in China in 1949. Under Party leader Mao Zedong, the Party anthem became "The East Is Red", and Mao Zedong himself was sometimes referred to as a "red sun". During the Cultural Revolution in China, Party ideology was enforced by the Red Guards, and the sayings of Mao Zedong were published as a small red book in hundreds of millions of copies. Today the Communist Party of China claims to be the largest political party in the world, with eighty million members.

title: Red

title: Red

text: The

text: Communist

text: Party

text: of

text: China

text: founded

text: in

text: adopted

text: the

text: red

text: flag

text: and

text: hammer

text: and

text: sickle

text: emblem

text: of

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: which

text: became

text: the

text: national

text: symbols

text: when

text: the

text: Party

text: took

text: power

text: in

text: China

text: in

text: Under

text: Party

text: leader

text: Mao

text: Zedong

text: the

text: Party

text: anthem

text: became

text: The

text: East

text: Is

text: Red

text: and

text: Mao

text: Zedong

text: himself

text: was

text: sometimes

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: a

text: red

text: sun

text: During

text: the

text: Cultural

text: Revolution

text: in

text: China

text: Party

text: ideology

text: was

text: enforced

text: by

text: the

text: Red

text: Guards

text: and

text: the

text: sayings

text: of

text: Mao

text: Zedong

text: were

text: published

text: as

text: a

text: small

text: red

text: book

text: in

text: hundreds

text: of

text: millions

text: of

text: copies

text: Today

text: the

text: Communist

text: Party

text: of

text: China

text: claims

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: largest

text: political

text: party

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: with

text: eighty

text: million

text: members

question: In what year was the Community Party of China created?

answer: 1920

question: The Community Party of China gained power in China, what year did it happen?

answer: 1949

question: Who was the Party leader of the Communist Party of China when it took power?

answer: Mao Zedong

text: Mao Zedong

question: In terms of the Communist Party of China, what is "The East is Red?"

answer: the Party anthem

text: the Party anthem

question: How many members does the contemporary Communist Part of China have?

answer: eighty million members

text: eighty million members


text: For those with severe persistent asthma not controlled by inhaled corticosteroids and LABAs, bronchial thermoplasty may be an option. It involves the delivery of controlled thermal energy to the airway wall during a series of bronchoscopies. While it may increase exacerbation frequency in the first few months it appears to decrease the subsequent rate. Effects beyond one year are unknown. Evidence suggests that sublingual immunotherapy in those with both allergic rhinitis and asthma improve outcomes.

title: Asthma

title: Asthma

text: For

text: those

text: with

text: severe

text: persistent

text: asthma

text: not

text: controlled

text: by

text: inhaled

text: corticosteroids

text: and

text: LABAs

text: bronchial

text: thermoplasty

text: may

text: be

text: an

text: option

text: It

text: involves

text: the

text: delivery

text: of

text: controlled

text: thermal

text: energy

text: to

text: the

text: airway

text: wall

text: during

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: bronchoscopies

text: While

text: it

text: may

text: increase

text: exacerbation

text: frequency

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: few

text: months

text: it

text: appears

text: to

text: decrease

text: the

text: subsequent

text: rate

text: Effects

text: beyond

text: one

text: year

text: are

text: unknown

text: Evidence

text: suggests

text: that

text: sublingual

text: immunotherapy

text: in

text: those

text: with

text: both

text: allergic

text: rhinitis

text: and

text: asthma

text: improve

text: outcomes

question: What type of person would use bronchial thermoplasty as an option?

answer: For those with severe persistent asthma not controlled by inhaled corticosteroids and LABAs

text: For those with severe persistent asthma not controlled by inhaled corticosteroids and LABAs

question: What does bronchial thermoplasty consist of?

answer: It involves the delivery of controlled thermal energy to the airway wall during a series of bronchoscopies

text: It involves the delivery of controlled thermal energy to the airway wall during a series of bronchoscopies

question: What effect does bronchial thermoplasty have?

answer: it appears to decrease the subsequent rate.

text: it appears to decrease the subsequent rate.

question: What treatment helps improve those with allergic rhinitis and asthma?

answer: sublingual immunotherapy

text: sublingual immunotherapy


text: As of 18 June 2012, the ECB in total had spent €212.1bn (equal to 2.2% of the Eurozone GDP) for bond purchases covering outright debt, as part of its Securities Markets Programme (SMP) running since May 2010. On 6 September 2012, the ECB announced a new plan for buying bonds from eurozone countries. The duration of the previous SMP was temporary, while the Outright Monetary Transactions (OMT) programme has no ex-ante time or size limit. On 4 September 2014, the bank went further by announcing it would buy bonds and other debt instruments primarily from banks in a bid to boost the availability of credit for businesses.

title: European_Central_Bank

title: European_Central_Bank

text: As

text: of

text: June

text: the

text: ECB

text: in

text: total

text: had

text: spent

text: equal

text: to

text: of

text: the

text: Eurozone

text: GDP

text: for

text: bond

text: purchases

text: covering

text: outright

text: debt

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: its

text: Securities

text: Markets

text: Programme

text: SMP

text: running

text: since

text: May

text: On

text: September

text: the

text: ECB

text: announced

text: a

text: new

text: plan

text: for

text: buying

text: bonds

text: from

text: eurozone

text: countries

text: The

text: duration

text: of

text: the

text: previous

text: SMP

text: was

text: temporary

text: while

text: the

text: Outright

text: Monetary

text: Transactions

text: OMT

text: programme

text: has

text: no

text: ex

text: ante

text: time

text: or

text: size

text: limit

text: On

text: September

text: the

text: bank

text: went

text: further

text: by

text: announcing

text: it

text: would

text: buy

text: bonds

text: and

text: other

text: debt

text: instruments

text: primarily

text: from

text: banks

text: in

text: a

text: bid

text: to

text: boost

text: the

text: availability

text: of

text: credit

text: for

text: businesses

question: By 2012, how much did the ECB spend in covering bad debt?

answer: €212.1bn

question: How does the ECB plan to increase the available credit for businesses?

answer: Outright Monetary Transactions

text: Outright Monetary Transactions

question: What is the duration of the Outright Monetary Transactions program?

answer: no ex-ante time or size limit

text: no ex-ante time or size limit

question: When was the new idea for the purchasing of eurozone bonds announced?

answer: 6 September 2012

text: 6 September 2012

question: How long was the duration of the Securities Markets Programme to last?

answer: temporary

text: temporary


text: Insects were the earliest organisms to produce and sense sounds. Insects make sounds mostly by mechanical action of appendages. In grasshoppers and crickets, this is achieved by stridulation. Cicadas make the loudest sounds among the insects by producing and amplifying sounds with special modifications to their body and musculature. The African cicada Brevisana brevis has been measured at 106.7 decibels at a distance of 50 cm (20 in). Some insects, such as the Helicoverpa zeamoths, hawk moths and Hedylid butterflies, can hear ultrasound and take evasive action when they sense that they have been detected by bats. Some moths produce ultrasonic clicks that were once thought to have a role in jamming bat echolocation. The ultrasonic clicks were subsequently found to be produced mostly by unpalatable moths to warn bats, just as warning colorations are used against predators that hunt by sight. Some otherwise palatable moths have evolved to mimic these calls. More recently, the claim that some moths can jam bat sonar has been revisited. Ultrasonic recording and high-speed infrared videography of bat-moth interactions suggest the palatable tiger moth really does defend against attacking big brown bats using ultrasonic clicks that jam bat sonar.

title: Insect

title: Insect

text: Insects

text: were

text: the

text: earliest

text: organisms

text: to

text: produce

text: and

text: sense

text: sounds

text: Insects

text: make

text: sounds

text: mostly

text: by

text: mechanical

text: action

text: of

text: appendages

text: In

text: grasshoppers

text: and

text: crickets

text: this

text: is

text: achieved

text: by

text: stridulation

text: Cicadas

text: make

text: the

text: loudest

text: sounds

text: among

text: the

text: insects

text: by

text: producing

text: and

text: amplifying

text: sounds

text: with

text: special

text: modifications

text: to

text: their

text: body

text: and

text: musculature

text: The

text: African

text: cicada

text: Brevisana

text: brevis

text: has

text: been

text: measured

text: at

text: decibels

text: at

text: a

text: distance

text: of

text: cm

text: in

text: Some

text: insects

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Helicoverpa

text: zeamoths

text: hawk

text: moths

text: and

text: Hedylid

text: butterflies

text: can

text: hear

text: ultrasound

text: and

text: take

text: evasive

text: action

text: when

text: they

text: sense

text: that

text: they

text: have

text: been

text: detected

text: by

text: bats

text: Some

text: moths

text: produce

text: ultrasonic

text: clicks

text: that

text: were

text: once

text: thought

text: to

text: have

text: a

text: role

text: in

text: jamming

text: bat

text: echolocation

text: The

text: ultrasonic

text: clicks

text: were

text: subsequently

text: found

text: to

text: be

text: produced

text: mostly

text: by

text: unpalatable

text: moths

text: to

text: warn

text: bats

text: just

text: as

text: warning

text: colorations

text: are

text: used

text: against

text: predators

text: that

text: hunt

text: by

text: sight

text: Some

text: otherwise

text: palatable

text: moths

text: have

text: evolved

text: to

text: mimic

text: these

text: calls

text: More

text: recently

text: the

text: claim

text: that

text: some

text: moths

text: can

text: jam

text: bat

text: sonar

text: has

text: been

text: revisited

text: Ultrasonic

text: recording

text: and

text: high

text: speed

text: infrared

text: videography

text: of

text: bat

text: moth

text: interactions

text: suggest

text: the

text: palatable

text: tiger

text: moth

text: really

text: does

text: defend

text: against

text: attacking

text: big

text: brown

text: bats

text: using

text: ultrasonic

text: clicks

text: that

text: jam

text: bat

text: sonar

question: What were the earliest organisms to produce sound?

answer: Insects

text: Insects

question: Insects can sense what?

answer: sounds

text: sounds

question: Insect sounds come from what kind of action?

answer: mechanical

text: mechanical

question: The mechanical action of what allows insects t make sound?

answer: appendages

text: appendages

question: Moths create what kind of click sounds?

answer: ultrasonic

text: ultrasonic


text: The books written later in the Abbasid period in Iran are more anti Umayyad. Iran was Sunni at the time. There was much anti Arab feeling in Iran after the fall of the Persian empire. This anti Arab feeling also influenced the books on Islamic history. Al-Tabri was also written in Iran during that period. Al-Tabri was a huge collection including all the text that he could find, from all the sources. It was a collection preserving everything for future generations to codify and for future generations to judge if it was true or false.

title: Umayyad_Caliphate

title: Umayyad_Caliphate

text: The

text: books

text: written

text: later

text: in

text: the

text: Abbasid

text: period

text: in

text: Iran

text: are

text: more

text: anti

text: Umayyad

text: Iran

text: was

text: Sunni

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: There

text: was

text: much

text: anti

text: Arab

text: feeling

text: in

text: Iran

text: after

text: the

text: fall

text: of

text: the

text: Persian

text: empire

text: This

text: anti

text: Arab

text: feeling

text: also

text: influenced

text: the

text: books

text: on

text: Islamic

text: history

text: Al

text: Tabri

text: was

text: also

text: written

text: in

text: Iran

text: during

text: that

text: period

text: Al

text: Tabri

text: was

text: a

text: huge

text: collection

text: including

text: all

text: the

text: text

text: that

text: he

text: could

text: find

text: from

text: all

text: the

text: sources

text: It

text: was

text: a

text: collection

text: preserving

text: everything

text: for

text: future

text: generations

text: to

text: codify

text: and

text: for

text: future

text: generations

text: to

text: judge

text: if

text: it

text: was

text: true

text: or

text: false

question: In the later Abbasid era, what branch of Islam did Iran adhere to?

answer: Sunni

text: Sunni

question: What notable work of Islamic history was written in Iran during the later Abbasid period?

answer: Al-Tabri

text: Al-Tabri

question: What group was notably disliked in Iran after the Persian Empire fell?

answer: Arab

text: Arab


text: Biodiversity's relevance to human health is becoming an international political issue, as scientific evidence builds on the global health implications of biodiversity loss. This issue is closely linked with the issue of climate change, as many of the anticipated health risks of climate change are associated with changes in biodiversity (e.g. changes in populations and distribution of disease vectors, scarcity of fresh water, impacts on agricultural biodiversity and food resources etc.) This is because the species most likely to disappear are those that buffer against infectious disease transmission, while surviving species tend to be the ones that increase disease transmission, such as that of West Nile Virus, Lyme disease and Hantavirus, according to a study done co-authored by Felicia Keesing, an ecologist at Bard College, and Drew Harvell, associate director for Environment of the Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future (ACSF) at Cornell University.

title: Biodiversity

title: Biodiversity

text: Biodiversity

text: 's

text: relevance

text: to

text: human

text: health

text: is

text: becoming

text: an

text: international

text: political

text: issue

text: as

text: scientific

text: evidence

text: builds

text: on

text: the

text: global

text: health

text: implications

text: of

text: biodiversity

text: loss

text: This

text: issue

text: is

text: closely

text: linked

text: with

text: the

text: issue

text: of

text: climate

text: change

text: as

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: anticipated

text: health

text: risks

text: of

text: climate

text: change

text: are

text: associated

text: with

text: changes

text: in

text: biodiversity

text: e.g.

text: changes

text: in

text: populations

text: and

text: distribution

text: of

text: disease

text: vectors

text: scarcity

text: of

text: fresh

text: water

text: impacts

text: on

text: agricultural

text: biodiversity

text: and

text: food

text: resources

text: etc

text: This

text: is

text: because

text: the

text: species

text: most

text: likely

text: to

text: disappear

text: are

text: those

text: that

text: buffer

text: against

text: infectious

text: disease

text: transmission

text: while

text: surviving

text: species

text: tend

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: ones

text: that

text: increase

text: disease

text: transmission

text: such

text: as

text: that

text: of

text: West

text: Nile

text: Virus

text: Lyme

text: disease

text: and

text: Hantavirus

text: according

text: to

text: a

text: study

text: done

text: co

text: authored

text: by

text: Felicia

text: Keesing

text: an

text: ecologist

text: at

text: Bard

text: College

text: and

text: Drew

text: Harvell

text: associate

text: director

text: for

text: Environment

text: of

text: the

text: Atkinson

text: Center

text: for

text: a

text: Sustainable

text: Future

text: ACSF

text: at

text: Cornell

text: University

question: What is becoming an international political issue?

answer: Biodiversity's relevance to human health

text: Biodiversity's relevance to human health

question: What issue is closely linked with changes in biodiversity?

answer: climate change

text: climate change

question: What changes in biodiversity have an effect on the climate?

answer: changes in populations and distribution of disease vectors, scarcity of fresh water, impacts on agricultural biodiversity and food resources

text: changes in populations and distribution of disease vectors, scarcity of fresh water, impacts on agricultural biodiversity and food resources

question: What types of species disappear when a new disease is introduced?

answer: those that buffer against infectious disease transmission

text: those that buffer against infectious disease transmission


text: In China, Yellow Emperor is regarded as the humanistic primogenitor.[citation needed] Sage kings such as Yao and Shun are humanistic figures as recorded.[citation needed] King Wu of Zhou has the famous saying: "Humanity is the Ling (efficacious essence) of the world (among all)." Among them Duke of Zhou, respected as a founder of Rujia (Confucianism), is especially prominent and pioneering in humanistic thought. His words were recorded in the Book of History as follows (translation):[citation needed]

title: Humanism

title: Humanism

text: In

text: China

text: Yellow

text: Emperor

text: is

text: regarded

text: as

text: the

text: humanistic

text: primogenitor.[citation

text: needed

text: Sage

text: kings

text: such

text: as

text: Yao

text: and

text: Shun

text: are

text: humanistic

text: figures

text: as

text: recorded.[citation

text: needed

text: King

text: Wu

text: of

text: Zhou

text: has

text: the

text: famous

text: saying

text: Humanity

text: is

text: the

text: Ling

text: efficacious

text: essence

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: among

text: all

text: Among

text: them

text: Duke

text: of

text: Zhou

text: respected

text: as

text: a

text: founder

text: of

text: Rujia

text: Confucianism

text: is

text: especially

text: prominent

text: and

text: pioneering

text: in

text: humanistic

text: thought

text: His

text: words

text: were

text: recorded

text: in

text: the

text: Book

text: of

text: History

text: as

text: follows

text: translation):[citation

text: needed

question: Who was known as being a founder of humanism thought in China?

answer: Yellow Emperor

text: Yellow Emperor

question: What early adopter and developer of is associated with Confucianism?

answer: Duke of Zhou

text: Duke of Zhou

question: What early adopter and developer of is associated with Confucianism?

answer: Book of History

text: Book of History

question: Who is known for the thought that humanity is the most important thing in the world?

answer: Wu of Zhou

text: Wu of Zhou


text: Between 1832 and 2002 the currency of Greece was the drachma. After signing the Maastricht Treaty, Greece applied to join the eurozone. The two main convergence criteria were a maximum budget deficit of 3% of GDP and a declining public debt if it stood above 60% of GDP. Greece met the criteria as shown in its 1999 annual public account. On 1 January 2001, Greece joined the eurozone, with the adoption of the euro at the fixed exchange rate ₯340.75 to €1. However, in 2001 the euro only existed electronically, so the physical exchange from drachma to euro only took place on 1 January 2002. This was followed by a ten-year period for eligible exchange of drachma to euro, which ended on 1 March 2012.

title: Economy_of_Greece

title: Economy_of_Greece

text: Between

text: and

text: the

text: currency

text: of

text: Greece

text: was

text: the

text: drachma

text: After

text: signing

text: the

text: Maastricht

text: Treaty

text: Greece

text: applied

text: to

text: join

text: the

text: eurozone

text: The

text: two

text: main

text: convergence

text: criteria

text: were

text: a

text: maximum

text: budget

text: deficit

text: of

text: of

text: GDP

text: and

text: a

text: declining

text: public

text: debt

text: if

text: it

text: stood

text: above

text: of

text: GDP

text: Greece

text: met

text: the

text: criteria

text: as

text: shown

text: in

text: its

text: annual

text: public

text: account

text: On

text: January

text: Greece

text: joined

text: the

text: eurozone

text: with

text: the

text: adoption

text: of

text: the

text: euro

text: at

text: the

text: fixed

text: exchange

text: rate

text: to

text: However

text: in

text: the

text: euro

text: only

text: existed

text: electronically

text: so

text: the

text: physical

text: exchange

text: from

text: drachma

text: to

text: euro

text: only

text: took

text: place

text: on

text: January

text: This

text: was

text: followed

text: by

text: a

text: ten

text: year

text: period

text: for

text: eligible

text: exchange

text: of

text: drachma

text: to

text: euro

text: which

text: ended

text: on

text: March

question: What was the currency of Greece until 2002?

answer: drachma

text: drachma

question: What did Greece sign to apply to join the eurozone?

answer: Maastricht Treaty

text: Maastricht Treaty

question: How many convergence criteria were there in the treaty?

answer: two

text: two

question: When did the physical exchange of the drachma to euro take place?

answer: January 2002

text: January 2002

question: When did the ten-year period for eligible exchange of the drachma to euro end?

answer: March 2012

text: March 2012


text: Several suitors appeared, including Robert Maxwell, Tiny Rowland and Lord Rothermere; however, only one buyer was in a position to meet the full Thomson remit, Australian media magnate Rupert Murdoch. Robert Holmes à Court, another Australian magnate had previously tried to buy The Times in 1980.

title: The_Times

title: The_Times

text: Several

text: suitors

text: appeared

text: including

text: Robert

text: Maxwell

text: Tiny

text: Rowland

text: and

text: Lord

text: Rothermere

text: however

text: only

text: one

text: buyer

text: was

text: in

text: a

text: position

text: to

text: meet

text: the

text: full

text: Thomson

text: remit

text: Australian

text: media

text: magnate

text: Rupert

text: Murdoch

text: Robert

text: Holmes

text: à

text: Court

text: another

text: Australian

text: magnate

text: had

text: previously

text: tried

text: to

text: buy

text: The

text: Times

text: in

question: A media magnate from which country bought The Times in the 1980s?

answer: Australian

text: Australian

question: What is the name of the media magnate that bought The Times in the 1980s?

answer: Rupert Murdoch

text: Rupert Murdoch

question: Who did a media magnate in the 1980s buy The Times from?

answer: Thomson

text: Thomson


text: Since the middle of the 19th century, Masonic historians have sought the origins of the movement in a series of similar documents known as the Old Charges, dating from the Regius Poem in about 1425 to the beginning of the 18th century. Alluding to the membership of a lodge of operative masons, they relate a mythologised history of the craft, the duties of its grades, and the manner in which oaths of fidelity are to be taken on joining. The fifteenth century also sees the first evidence of ceremonial regalia.

title: Freemasonry

title: Freemasonry

text: Since

text: the

text: middle

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: Masonic

text: historians

text: have

text: sought

text: the

text: origins

text: of

text: the

text: movement

text: in

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: similar

text: documents

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Old

text: Charges

text: dating

text: from

text: the

text: Regius

text: Poem

text: in

text: about

text: to

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: Alluding

text: to

text: the

text: membership

text: of

text: a

text: lodge

text: of

text: operative

text: masons

text: they

text: relate

text: a

text: mythologised

text: history

text: of

text: the

text: craft

text: the

text: duties

text: of

text: its

text: grades

text: and

text: the

text: manner

text: in

text: which

text: oaths

text: of

text: fidelity

text: are

text: to

text: be

text: taken

text: on

text: joining

text: The

text: fifteenth

text: century

text: also

text: sees

text: the

text: first

text: evidence

text: of

text: ceremonial

text: regalia

question: When did ceremonial regalia first appear in the Masonic culture?

answer: The fifteenth century

text: The fifteenth century

question: How long have historians been seeking information about the Masonic movement?

answer: middle of the 19th century

text: middle of the 19th century

question: What kind of an oath do Masons take when they join?

answer: fidelity

text: fidelity

question: What is the oldest written document about Freemasonary?

answer: Regius Poem

text: Regius Poem

question: When was the Regius Poem written?

answer: 1425

question: When did Masonic historians star seeking the origins of the Masonic Movement?

answer: middle of the 19th century

text: middle of the 19th century

question: What are the old Masonic document referred as?

answer: Old Charges

text: Old Charges

question: The Old Charges are dated from when to when?

answer: about 1425 to the beginning of the 18th century

text: about 1425 to the beginning of the 18th century

question: The fifteenth century also shows evidence of what in Masonic history?

answer: ceremonial regalia.

text: ceremonial regalia.

question: The duties of its grades is an example of what historic documents?

answer: Old Charges

text: Old Charges


text: At the same time, these movements were influenced by, and in some respects continued, philosophical thought within the Vedic tradition as reflected e.g. in the Upanishads. These movements included, besides Buddhism, various skeptics (such as Sanjaya Belatthiputta), atomists (such as Pakudha Kaccayana), materialists (such as Ajita Kesakambali), antinomians (such as Purana Kassapa); the most important ones in the 5th century BCE were the Ajivikas, who emphasized the rule of fate, the Lokayata (materialists), the Ajnanas (agnostics) and the Jains, who stressed that the soul must be freed from matter. Many of these new movements shared the same conceptual vocabulary—atman ("Self"), buddha ("awakened one"), dhamma ("rule" or "law"), karma ("action"), nirvana ("extinguishing"), samsara ("eternal recurrence") and yoga ("spiritual practice").[note 24] The shramanas rejected the Veda, and the authority of the brahmans, who claimed they possessed revealed truths not knowable by any ordinary human means. Moreover, they declared that the entire Brahmanical system was fraudulent: a conspiracy of the brahmans to enrich themselves by charging exorbitant fees to perform bogus rites and give useless advice.

title: Buddhism

title: Buddhism

text: At

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: these

text: movements

text: were

text: influenced

text: by

text: and

text: in

text: some

text: respects

text: continued

text: philosophical

text: thought

text: within

text: the

text: Vedic

text: tradition

text: as

text: reflected

text: e.g.

text: in

text: the

text: Upanishads

text: These

text: movements

text: included

text: besides

text: Buddhism

text: various

text: skeptics

text: such

text: as

text: Sanjaya

text: Belatthiputta

text: atomists

text: such

text: as

text: Pakudha

text: Kaccayana

text: materialists

text: such

text: as

text: Ajita

text: Kesakambali

text: antinomians

text: such

text: as

text: Purana

text: Kassapa

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: ones

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: BCE

text: were

text: the

text: Ajivikas

text: who

text: emphasized

text: the

text: rule

text: of

text: fate

text: the

text: Lokayata

text: materialists

text: the

text: Ajnanas

text: agnostics

text: and

text: the

text: Jains

text: who

text: stressed

text: that

text: the

text: soul

text: must

text: be

text: freed

text: from

text: matter

text: Many

text: of

text: these

text: new

text: movements

text: shared

text: the

text: same

text: conceptual

text: vocabulary

text: atman

text: Self

text: buddha

text: awakened

text: one

text: dhamma

text: rule

text: or

text: law

text: karma

text: action

text: nirvana

text: extinguishing

text: samsara

text: eternal

text: recurrence

text: and

text: yoga

text: spiritual

text: practice").[note

text: The

text: shramanas

text: rejected

text: the

text: Veda

text: and

text: the

text: authority

text: of

text: the

text: brahmans

text: who

text: claimed

text: they

text: possessed

text: revealed

text: truths

text: not

text: knowable

text: by

text: any

text: ordinary

text: human

text: means

text: Moreover

text: they

text: declared

text: that

text: the

text: entire

text: Brahmanical

text: system

text: was

text: fraudulent

text: a

text: conspiracy

text: of

text: the

text: brahmans

text: to

text: enrich

text: themselves

text: by

text: charging

text: exorbitant

text: fees

text: to

text: perform

text: bogus

text: rites

text: and

text: give

text: useless

text: advice

question: Movements were influenced by philosophical thought within the Vedic tradition such as what?

answer: in the Upanishads

text: in the Upanishads

question: The movement included atomists such as what?

answer: Pakudha Kaccayana

text: Pakudha Kaccayana

question: What is the term for agnostics?

answer: Ajnanas

text: Ajnanas

question: What movement focused on the idea that the sould must be freed from matter?

answer: Jains

text: Jains


text: Pelayos' plan was to use the Cantabrian mountains as a place of refuge and protection from the invading Moors. He then aimed to regroup the Iberian Peninsula's Christian armies and use the Cantabrian mountains as a springboard from which to regain their lands from the Moors. In the process, after defeating the Moors in the Battle of Covadonga in 722 AD, Pelayos was proclaimed king, thus founding the Christian Kingdom of Asturias and starting the war of Christian reconquest known in Portuguese as the Reconquista Cristã.

title: Portugal

title: Portugal

text: Pelayos

text: plan

text: was

text: to

text: use

text: the

text: Cantabrian

text: mountains

text: as

text: a

text: place

text: of

text: refuge

text: and

text: protection

text: from

text: the

text: invading

text: Moors

text: He

text: then

text: aimed

text: to

text: regroup

text: the

text: Iberian

text: Peninsula

text: 's

text: Christian

text: armies

text: and

text: use

text: the

text: Cantabrian

text: mountains

text: as

text: a

text: springboard

text: from

text: which

text: to

text: regain

text: their

text: lands

text: from

text: the

text: Moors

text: In

text: the

text: process

text: after

text: defeating

text: the

text: Moors

text: in

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Covadonga

text: in

text: AD

text: Pelayos

text: was

text: proclaimed

text: king

text: thus

text: founding

text: the

text: Christian

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Asturias

text: and

text: starting

text: the

text: war

text: of

text: Christian

text: reconquest

text: known

text: in

text: Portuguese

text: as

text: the

text: Reconquista

text: Cristã

question: What was Pelayos' plan?

answer: to use the Cantabrian mountains as a place of refuge and protection from the invading Moors

text: to use the Cantabrian mountains as a place of refuge and protection from the invading Moors

question: Against which group of people was Pelayos fighting?

answer: Moors

text: Moors

question: In which battle did Pelayos defeat the Moors?

answer: Battle of Covadonga

text: Battle of Covadonga

question: In which year was Pelayos proclaimed king?

answer: 722 AD

text: 722 AD

question: What was the war of Christian reconquest, started by Pelayos, known as in Portugese?

answer: Reconquista Cristã

text: Reconquista Cristã


text: In December 1978, Gaddafi stepped down as Secretary-General of the GPC, announcing his new focus on revolutionary rather than governmental activities; this was part of his new emphasis on separating the apparatus of the revolution from the government. Although no longer in a formal governmental post, he adopted the title of "Leader of the Revolution" and continued as commander-in-chief of the armed forces. He continued exerting considerable influence over Libya, with many critics insisting that the structure of Libya's direct democracy gave him "the freedom to manipulate outcomes".

title: Muammar_Gaddafi

title: Muammar_Gaddafi

text: In

text: December

text: Gaddafi

text: stepped

text: down

text: as

text: Secretary

text: General

text: of

text: the

text: GPC

text: announcing

text: his

text: new

text: focus

text: on

text: revolutionary

text: rather

text: than

text: governmental

text: activities

text: this

text: was

text: part

text: of

text: his

text: new

text: emphasis

text: on

text: separating

text: the

text: apparatus

text: of

text: the

text: revolution

text: from

text: the

text: government

text: Although

text: no

text: longer

text: in

text: a

text: formal

text: governmental

text: post

text: he

text: adopted

text: the

text: title

text: of

text: Leader

text: of

text: the

text: Revolution

text: and

text: continued

text: as

text: commander

text: in

text: chief

text: of

text: the

text: armed

text: forces

text: He

text: continued

text: exerting

text: considerable

text: influence

text: over

text: Libya

text: with

text: many

text: critics

text: insisting

text: that

text: the

text: structure

text: of

text: Libya

text: 's

text: direct

text: democracy

text: gave

text: him

text: the

text: freedom

text: to

text: manipulate

text: outcomes

question: In what year did Gaddafi resign from his position in the GPC?

answer: 1978

question: Prior to his resignation, what office did Gaddafi occupy in the GPC?

answer: Secretary-General

text: Secretary-General

question: After Gaddafi stepped down from the GPC, what title did he take?

answer: Leader of the Revolution

text: Leader of the Revolution

question: What authority did Gaddafi have over the Libyan armed forces?

answer: commander-in-chief

text: commander-in-chief


text: Oklahoma City was settled on April 22, 1889, when the area known as the "Unassigned Lands" was opened for settlement in an event known as "The Land Run". Some 10,000 homesteaders settled the area that would become the capital of Oklahoma. The town grew quickly; the population doubled between 1890 and 1900. Early leaders of the development of the city included Anton Classen, John Shartel, Henry Overholser and James W. Maney.

title: Oklahoma_City

title: Oklahoma_City

text: Oklahoma

text: City

text: was

text: settled

text: on

text: April

text: when

text: the

text: area

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Unassigned

text: Lands

text: was

text: opened

text: for

text: settlement

text: in

text: an

text: event

text: known

text: as

text: The

text: Land

text: Run

text: Some

text: homesteaders

text: settled

text: the

text: area

text: that

text: would

text: become

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: Oklahoma

text: The

text: town

text: grew

text: quickly

text: the

text: population

text: doubled

text: between

text: and

text: Early

text: leaders

text: of

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: included

text: Anton

text: Classen

text: John

text: Shartel

text: Henry

text: Overholser

text: and

text: James

text: W.

text: Maney

question: What was the name of the land before being called Oklahoma City?

answer: Unassigned Lands

text: Unassigned Lands

question: Who was an early leader of the city?

answer: James W. Maney

text: James W. Maney


text: Elizabeth's personal fortune has been the subject of speculation for many years. Jock Colville, who was her former private secretary and a director of her bank, Coutts, estimated her wealth in 1971 at £2 million (equivalent to about £25 million today). In 1993, Buckingham Palace called estimates of £100 million "grossly overstated". She inherited an estimated £70 million estate from her mother in 2002. The Sunday Times Rich List 2015 estimated her private wealth at £340 million, making her the 302nd richest person in the UK.

title: Elizabeth_II

title: Elizabeth_II

text: Elizabeth

text: 's

text: personal

text: fortune

text: has

text: been

text: the

text: subject

text: of

text: speculation

text: for

text: many

text: years

text: Jock

text: Colville

text: who

text: was

text: her

text: former

text: private

text: secretary

text: and

text: a

text: director

text: of

text: her

text: bank

text: Coutts

text: estimated

text: her

text: wealth

text: in

text: at

text: million

text: equivalent

text: to

text: about

text: million

text: today

text: In

text: Buckingham

text: Palace

text: called

text: estimates

text: of

text: million

text: grossly

text: overstated

text: She

text: inherited

text: an

text: estimated

text: million

text: estate

text: from

text: her

text: mother

text: in

text: The

text: Sunday

text: Times

text: Rich

text: List

text: estimated

text: her

text: private

text: wealth

text: at

text: million

text: making

text: her

text: the

text: richest

text: person

text: in

text: the

text: UK

question: What has been a subject of speculation concerning Elizabeth's wealth?

answer: personal fortune

text: personal fortune

question: What was Elizabeth's wealth extimated to be in 1971?

answer: £2 million

text: £2 million

question: What did the palace call estimates of Elizabeth wealth in 1993?

answer: "grossly overstated"

text: "grossly overstated"

question: What did the Sunday Times estimate Elizabeth's fortune to be in 2015?

answer: £340 million

text: £340 million

question: Where does Elizabeth's wealth place her in the list of the richest in the UK?

answer: 302nd


text: The main mountain range in the state is the Sierra Madre Occidental reaching a maximum altitude of 10,826 ft (3,300 m) known as Cerro Mohinora. Mountains account for one third of the state's surface area which include large coniferous forests. The climate in the mountainous regions varies Chihuahua has more forests than any other state in Mexico making the area a bountiful source of wood; the mountainous areas are rich in minerals important to Mexico's mining industry. Precipitation and temperature in the mountainous areas depends on the elevation. Between the months of November and March snow storms are possible in the lower elevations and are frequent in the higher elevations. There are several watersheds located in the Sierra Madre Occidental all of the water that flows through the state; most of the rivers finally empty into the Río Grande. Temperatures in some canyons in the state reach over 100 °F in the summer while the same areas rarely drop below 32 °F in the winter. Microclimates found in the heart of the Sierra Madre Occidental in the state could be considered tropical, and wild tropical plants have been found in some canyons. La Barranca del Cobre, or Copper Canyon, a spectacular canyon system larger and deeper than the Grand Canyon; the canyon also contains Mexico's two tallest waterfalls: Basaseachic Falls and Piedra Volada. There are two national parks found in the mountainous area of the state: Cumbres de Majalca National Park and Basaseachic Falls National Park.

title: Chihuahua_(state)

title: Chihuahua_(state

text: The

text: main

text: mountain

text: range

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: is

text: the

text: Sierra

text: Madre

text: Occidental

text: reaching

text: a

text: maximum

text: altitude

text: of

text: ft

text: m

text: known

text: as

text: Cerro

text: Mohinora

text: Mountains

text: account

text: for

text: one

text: third

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: 's

text: surface

text: area

text: which

text: include

text: large

text: coniferous

text: forests

text: The

text: climate

text: in

text: the

text: mountainous

text: regions

text: varies

text: Chihuahua

text: has

text: more

text: forests

text: than

text: any

text: other

text: state

text: in

text: Mexico

text: making

text: the

text: area

text: a

text: bountiful

text: source

text: of

text: wood

text: the

text: mountainous

text: areas

text: are

text: rich

text: in

text: minerals

text: important

text: to

text: Mexico

text: 's

text: mining

text: industry

text: Precipitation

text: and

text: temperature

text: in

text: the

text: mountainous

text: areas

text: depends

text: on

text: the

text: elevation

text: Between

text: the

text: months

text: of

text: November

text: and

text: March

text: snow

text: storms

text: are

text: possible

text: in

text: the

text: lower

text: elevations

text: and

text: are

text: frequent

text: in

text: the

text: higher

text: elevations

text: There

text: are

text: several

text: watersheds

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: Sierra

text: Madre

text: Occidental

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: water

text: that

text: flows

text: through

text: the

text: state

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: rivers

text: finally

text: empty

text: into

text: the

text: Río

text: Grande

text: Temperatures

text: in

text: some

text: canyons

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: reach

text: over

text: F

text: in

text: the

text: summer

text: while

text: the

text: same

text: areas

text: rarely

text: drop

text: below

text: F

text: in

text: the

text: winter

text: Microclimates

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: heart

text: of

text: the

text: Sierra

text: Madre

text: Occidental

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: could

text: be

text: considered

text: tropical

text: and

text: wild

text: tropical

text: plants

text: have

text: been

text: found

text: in

text: some

text: canyons

text: La

text: Barranca

text: del

text: Cobre

text: or

text: Copper

text: Canyon

text: a

text: spectacular

text: canyon

text: system

text: larger

text: and

text: deeper

text: than

text: the

text: Grand

text: Canyon

text: the

text: canyon

text: also

text: contains

text: Mexico

text: 's

text: two

text: tallest

text: waterfalls

text: Basaseachic

text: Falls

text: and

text: Piedra

text: Volada

text: There

text: are

text: two

text: national

text: parks

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: mountainous

text: area

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: Cumbres

text: de

text: Majalca

text: National

text: Park

text: and

text: Basaseachic

text: Falls

text: National

text: Park

question: Which is the main mountain range in the state?

answer: Sierra Madre Occidental

text: Sierra Madre Occidental

question: What altitude does the mountain range reach at maximum?

answer: 10,826 ft (3,300 m)

text: 10,826 ft (3,300 m)

question: Which state has more forests than any other?

answer: Chihuahua

text: Chihuahua

question: Precipitation and temperature in the mountainous region depend on what?

answer: elevation

text: elevation

question: What type of plants can be found in some canyons?

answer: tropical

text: tropical


text: Another family of bowlback mandolins came from Milan and Lombardy. These mandolins are closer to the mandolino or mandore than other modern mandolins. They are shorter and wider than the standard Neapolitan mandolin, with a shallow back. The instruments have 6 strings, 3 wire treble-strings and 3 gut or wire-wrapped-silk bass-strings. The strings ran between the tuning pegs and a bridge that was glued to the soundboard, as a guitar's. The Lombardic mandolins were tuned g b e' a' d" g". A developer of the Milanese stye was Antonio Monzino (Milan) and his family who made them for 6 generations.

title: Mandolin

title: Mandolin

text: Another

text: family

text: of

text: bowlback

text: mandolins

text: came

text: from

text: Milan

text: and

text: Lombardy

text: These

text: mandolins

text: are

text: closer

text: to

text: the

text: mandolino

text: or

text: mandore

text: than

text: other

text: modern

text: mandolins

text: They

text: are

text: shorter

text: and

text: wider

text: than

text: the

text: standard

text: Neapolitan

text: mandolin

text: with

text: a

text: shallow

text: back

text: The

text: instruments

text: have

text: strings

text: wire

text: treble

text: strings

text: and

text: gut

text: or

text: wire

text: wrapped

text: silk

text: bass

text: strings

text: The

text: strings

text: ran

text: between

text: the

text: tuning

text: pegs

text: and

text: a

text: bridge

text: that

text: was

text: glued

text: to

text: the

text: soundboard

text: as

text: a

text: guitar

text: 's

text: The

text: Lombardic

text: mandolins

text: were

text: tuned

text: g

text: b

text: e

text: a

text: d

text: g

text: A

text: developer

text: of

text: the

text: Milanese

text: stye

text: was

text: Antonio

text: Monzino

text: Milan

text: and

text: his

text: family

text: who

text: made

text: them

text: for

text: generations

question: Where did the Lombardic family of bowlback mandolins come from?

answer: Milan and Lombardy

text: Milan and Lombardy

question: What do the Lombardic mandolins resemble more than modern mandolins?

answer: mandolino or mandore

text: mandolino or mandore

question: What differences do the Lombardic mandolins have from the Neapolitan mandolin?

answer: They are shorter and wider

text: They are shorter and wider

question: How many strings do the Lombardic mandolins have?

answer: 6 strings

text: 6 strings

question: Who was the developer of the Milanese mandolin?

answer: Antonio Monzino

text: Antonio Monzino


text: The impressive, costly, and centralised rites to the deities of the Roman state were vastly outnumbered in everyday life by commonplace religious observances pertaining to an individual's domestic and personal deities, the patron divinities of Rome's various neighborhoods and communities, and the often idiosyncratic blends of official, unofficial, local and personal cults that characterised lawful Roman religion. In this spirit, a provincial Roman citizen who made the long journey from Bordeaux to Italy to consult the Sibyl at Tibur did not neglect his devotion to his own goddess from home:

title: Religion_in_ancient_Rome

title: Religion_in_ancient_Rome

text: The

text: impressive

text: costly

text: and

text: centralised

text: rites

text: to

text: the

text: deities

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: state

text: were

text: vastly

text: outnumbered

text: in

text: everyday

text: life

text: by

text: commonplace

text: religious

text: observances

text: pertaining

text: to

text: an

text: individual

text: 's

text: domestic

text: and

text: personal

text: deities

text: the

text: patron

text: divinities

text: of

text: Rome

text: 's

text: various

text: neighborhoods

text: and

text: communities

text: and

text: the

text: often

text: idiosyncratic

text: blends

text: of

text: official

text: unofficial

text: local

text: and

text: personal

text: cults

text: that

text: characterised

text: lawful

text: Roman

text: religion

text: In

text: this

text: spirit

text: a

text: provincial

text: Roman

text: citizen

text: who

text: made

text: the

text: long

text: journey

text: from

text: Bordeaux

text: to

text: Italy

text: to

text: consult

text: the

text: Sibyl

text: at

text: Tibur

text: did

text: not

text: neglect

text: his

text: devotion

text: to

text: his

text: own

text: goddess

text: from

text: home

question: What type of religious practices outnumbered the state observances?

answer: commonplace

text: commonplace

question: To what did the mixture of official and individual religious practices  pertain?

answer: lawful Roman

text: lawful Roman

question: What were the characteristics of state religious observances?

answer: impressive, costly, and centralised

text: impressive, costly, and centralised

question: Who made the choices of personal religious practices in Rome?

answer: individual

text: individual

question: What type of deities did Roman communities have?

answer: patron

text: patron


text: The joint mission began when Soyuz 19 was first launched on July 15, 1975 at 12:20 UTC, and the Apollo craft was launched with the docking module six and a half hours later. The two craft rendezvoused and docked on July 17 at 16:19 UTC. The three astronauts conducted joint experiments with the two cosmonauts, and the crew shook hands, exchanged gifts, and visited each other's craft.

title: Space_Race

title: Space_Race

text: The

text: joint

text: mission

text: began

text: when

text: Soyuz

text: was

text: first

text: launched

text: on

text: July

text: at

text: UTC

text: and

text: the

text: Apollo

text: craft

text: was

text: launched

text: with

text: the

text: docking

text: module

text: six

text: and

text: a

text: half

text: hours

text: later

text: The

text: two

text: craft

text: rendezvoused

text: and

text: docked

text: on

text: July

text: at

text: UTC

text: The

text: three

text: astronauts

text: conducted

text: joint

text: experiments

text: with

text: the

text: two

text: cosmonauts

text: and

text: the

text: crew

text: shook

text: hands

text: exchanged

text: gifts

text: and

text: visited

text: each

text: other

text: 's

text: craft

question: Soyuz 19 took off from Earth on what date?

answer: July 15, 1975

text: July 15, 1975


text: In 2004 he was admitted as knight of the Légion d'honneur by president Jacques Chirac. On July 15, 2006, Spielberg was also awarded the Gold Hugo Lifetime Achievement Award at the Summer Gala of the Chicago International Film Festival, and also was awarded a Kennedy Center honour on December 3. The tribute to Spielberg featured a short, filmed biography narrated by Tom Hanks and included thank-yous from World War II veterans for Saving Private Ryan, as well as a performance of the finale to Leonard Bernstein's Candide, conducted by John Williams (Spielberg's frequent composer).[citation needed]

title: Steven_Spielberg

title: Steven_Spielberg

text: In

text: he

text: was

text: admitted

text: as

text: knight

text: of

text: the

text: Légion

text: d'honneur

text: by

text: president

text: Jacques

text: Chirac

text: On

text: July

text: Spielberg

text: was

text: also

text: awarded

text: the

text: Gold

text: Hugo

text: Lifetime

text: Achievement

text: Award

text: at

text: the

text: Summer

text: Gala

text: of

text: the

text: Chicago

text: International

text: Film

text: Festival

text: and

text: also

text: was

text: awarded

text: a

text: Kennedy

text: Center

text: honour

text: on

text: December

text: The

text: tribute

text: to

text: Spielberg

text: featured

text: a

text: short

text: filmed

text: biography

text: narrated

text: by

text: Tom

text: Hanks

text: and

text: included

text: thank

text: yous

text: from

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: veterans

text: for

text: Saving

text: Private

text: Ryan

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: a

text: performance

text: of

text: the

text: finale

text: to

text: Leonard

text: Bernstein

text: 's

text: Candide

text: conducted

text: by

text: John

text: Williams

text: Spielberg

text: 's

text: frequent

text: composer).[citation

text: needed

question: What award did Spielberg receive on Jul 15, 2006?

answer: Gold Hugo Lifetime Achievement Award

text: Gold Hugo Lifetime Achievement Award

question: Who made Spielberg a knight?

answer: Jacques Chirac

text: Jacques Chirac

question: Where was Spielberg honored on Dec 3, 2006?

answer: Kennedy Center

text: Kennedy Center

question: Who narrated a short Spielberg bio at the Kennedy Center?

answer: Tom Hanks

text: Tom Hanks


text: Philadelphia's an annualized unemployment rate was 7.8% in 2014, down from 10.0%the previous year. This is higher than the national average of 6.2%. Similarly, the rate of new jobs added to the city's economy lagged behind the national job growth. In 2014, about 8,800 jobs were added to the city's economy. Sectors with the largest number of jobs added were in education and health services, leisure and hospitality, and professional and business services. Declines were seen in the city's manufacturing and government sectors.

title: Philadelphia

title: Philadelphia

text: Philadelphia

text: 's

text: an

text: annualized

text: unemployment

text: rate

text: was

text: in

text: down

text: from

text: previous

text: year

text: This

text: is

text: higher

text: than

text: the

text: national

text: average

text: of

text: Similarly

text: the

text: rate

text: of

text: new

text: jobs

text: added

text: to

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: economy

text: lagged

text: behind

text: the

text: national

text: job

text: growth

text: In

text: about

text: jobs

text: were

text: added

text: to

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: economy

text: Sectors

text: with

text: the

text: largest

text: number

text: of

text: jobs

text: added

text: were

text: in

text: education

text: and

text: health

text: services

text: leisure

text: and

text: hospitality

text: and

text: professional

text: and

text: business

text: services

text: Declines

text: were

text: seen

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: manufacturing

text: and

text: government

text: sectors

question: Unemployment rate in 2014?

answer: 7.8%

question: What was the average unemployment rate in the U.S. in 2014?

answer: 6.2%

question: How many jobs were gained in 2014?

answer: 8,800

question: What industries accounted for most of the city's job gains?

answer: education and health services, leisure and hospitality, and professional and business services

text: education and health services, leisure and hospitality, and professional and business services

question: What industries suffered declines?

answer: manufacturing and government

text: manufacturing and government


text: The game pad controllers were more-or-less copied directly from the Game & Watch machines, although the Famicom design team originally wanted to use arcade-style joysticks, even taking apart ones from American game consoles to see how they worked. However, it was eventually decided that children might step on joysticks left on the floor and their durability was also questioned. Katsuyah Nakawaka attached a Game & Watch D-pad to the Famicom prototype and found that it was easy to use and had no discomfort. Ultimately though, they did install a 15-pin expansion port on the front of the console so that an arcade-style joystick could be used optionally. The controllers were hard-wired to the console with no connectors for cost reasons.

title: Nintendo_Entertainment_System

title: Nintendo_Entertainment_System

text: The

text: game

text: pad

text: controllers

text: were

text: more

text: or

text: less

text: copied

text: directly

text: from

text: the

text: Game

text: Watch

text: machines

text: although

text: the

text: Famicom

text: design

text: team

text: originally

text: wanted

text: to

text: use

text: arcade

text: style

text: joysticks

text: even

text: taking

text: apart

text: ones

text: from

text: American

text: game

text: consoles

text: to

text: see

text: how

text: they

text: worked

text: However

text: it

text: was

text: eventually

text: decided

text: that

text: children

text: might

text: step

text: on

text: joysticks

text: left

text: on

text: the

text: floor

text: and

text: their

text: durability

text: was

text: also

text: questioned

text: Katsuyah

text: Nakawaka

text: attached

text: a

text: Game

text: Watch

text: D

text: pad

text: to

text: the

text: Famicom

text: prototype

text: and

text: found

text: that

text: it

text: was

text: easy

text: to

text: use

text: and

text: had

text: no

text: discomfort

text: Ultimately

text: though

text: they

text: did

text: install

text: a

text: expansion

text: port

text: on

text: the

text: front

text: of

text: the

text: console

text: so

text: that

text: an

text: arcade

text: style

text: joystick

text: could

text: be

text: used

text: optionally

text: The

text: controllers

text: were

text: hard

text: wired

text: to

text: the

text: console

text: with

text: no

text: connectors

text: for

text: cost

text: reasons

question: Who attached a Game & Watch D-pad to the Famicom prototype?

answer: Katsuyah Nakawaka

text: Katsuyah Nakawaka

question: What was installed on the front of the console so the joystick could be used?

answer: 15-pin expansion port

text: 15-pin expansion port

question: Why were the controllers hard-wired to the console with no connectors?

answer: cost reasons

text: cost reasons

question: Where were the game pad controllers copied from?

answer: Game & Watch machines

text: Game & Watch machines


text: Towards the end of the Republic, religious and political offices became more closely intertwined; the office of pontifex maximus became a de facto consular prerogative. Augustus was personally vested with an extraordinary breadth of political, military and priestly powers; at first temporarily, then for his lifetime. He acquired or was granted an unprecedented number of Rome's major priesthoods, including that of pontifex maximus; as he invented none, he could claim them as traditional honours. His reforms were represented as adaptive, restorative and regulatory, rather than innovative; most notably his elevation (and membership) of the ancient Arvales, his timely promotion of the plebeian Compitalia shortly before his election and his patronage of the Vestals as a visible restoration of Roman morality. Augustus obtained the pax deorum, maintained it for the rest of his reign and adopted a successor to ensure its continuation. This remained a primary religious and social duty of emperors.

title: Religion_in_ancient_Rome

title: Religion_in_ancient_Rome

text: Towards

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Republic

text: religious

text: and

text: political

text: offices

text: became

text: more

text: closely

text: intertwined

text: the

text: office

text: of

text: pontifex

text: maximus

text: became

text: a

text: de

text: facto

text: consular

text: prerogative

text: Augustus

text: was

text: personally

text: vested

text: with

text: an

text: extraordinary

text: breadth

text: of

text: political

text: military

text: and

text: priestly

text: powers

text: at

text: first

text: temporarily

text: then

text: for

text: his

text: lifetime

text: He

text: acquired

text: or

text: was

text: granted

text: an

text: unprecedented

text: number

text: of

text: Rome

text: 's

text: major

text: priesthoods

text: including

text: that

text: of

text: pontifex

text: maximus

text: as

text: he

text: invented

text: he

text: could

text: claim

text: them

text: as

text: traditional

text: honours

text: His

text: reforms

text: were

text: represented

text: as

text: adaptive

text: restorative

text: and

text: regulatory

text: rather

text: than

text: innovative

text: most

text: notably

text: his

text: elevation

text: and

text: membership

text: of

text: the

text: ancient

text: Arvales

text: his

text: timely

text: promotion

text: of

text: the

text: plebeian

text: Compitalia

text: shortly

text: before

text: his

text: election

text: and

text: his

text: patronage

text: of

text: the

text: Vestals

text: as

text: a

text: visible

text: restoration

text: of

text: Roman

text: morality

text: Augustus

text: obtained

text: the

text: pax

text: deorum

text: maintained

text: it

text: for

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: his

text: reign

text: and

text: adopted

text: a

text: successor

text: to

text: ensure

text: its

text: continuation

text: This

text: remained

text: a

text: primary

text: religious

text: and

text: social

text: duty

text: of

text: emperors

question: By the end of the Republic, what offices were increasingly joined?

answer: religious and political

text: religious and political

question: What Roman figure was given wide and lifeime powers?

answer: Augustus

text: Augustus

question: How many priesthoods was Augustus given?

answer: unprecedented number

text: unprecedented number

question: How were Augustus's reforms viewed?

answer: adaptive, restorative and regulatory

text: adaptive, restorative and regulatory

question: As a return to what did Augustus portray the Vestals in his reforms?

answer: Roman morality

text: Roman morality


text: Islam arrived 1,400 years ago in Zhejiang. Today Islam is practiced by a small number of people including virtually all the Hui Chinese living in Zhejiang. Another religion present in the province is She shamanism (practiced by She ethnic minority).

title: Zhejiang

title: Zhejiang

text: Islam

text: arrived

text: years

text: ago

text: in

text: Zhejiang

text: Today

text: Islam

text: is

text: practiced

text: by

text: a

text: small

text: number

text: of

text: people

text: including

text: virtually

text: all

text: the

text: Hui

text: Chinese

text: living

text: in

text: Zhejiang

text: Another

text: religion

text: present

text: in

text: the

text: province

text: is

text: She

text: shamanism

text: practiced

text: by

text: She

text: ethnic

text: minority

question: How long ago did Islam arrive in Zhejiang?

answer: 1,400 years

text: 1,400 years

question: What religion do the Hui Chinese living in Zhejiang practice?

answer: Islam

text: Islam

question: How many of the Hui Chinese living in Zhejiang practice Islam?

answer: virtually all

text: virtually all

question: What is practiced by the She ethnic minority in Zhejiang?

answer: She shamanism

text: She shamanism

question: What religion came to Zhejiang 1,400 years ago?

answer: Islam

text: Islam


text: The Tennessee income tax does not apply to salaries and wages, but most income from stock, bonds and notes receivable is taxable. All taxable dividends and interest which exceed the $1,250 single exemption or the $2,500 joint exemption are taxable at the rate of 6%. The state's sales and use tax rate for most items is 7%. Food is taxed at a lower rate of 5.25%, but candy, dietary supplements and prepared food are taxed at the full 7% rate. Local sales taxes are collected in most jurisdictions, at rates varying from 1.5% to 2.75%, bringing the total sales tax to between 8.5% and 9.75%, one of the highest levels in the nation. Intangible property is assessed on the shares of stock of stockholders of any loan company, investment company, insurance company or for-profit cemetery companies. The assessment ratio is 40% of the value multiplied by the tax rate for the jurisdiction. Tennessee imposes an inheritance tax on decedents' estates that exceed maximum single exemption limits ($1,000,000 for deaths in 2006 and thereafter).

title: Tennessee

title: Tennessee

text: The

text: Tennessee

text: income

text: tax

text: does

text: not

text: apply

text: to

text: salaries

text: and

text: wages

text: but

text: most

text: income

text: from

text: stock

text: bonds

text: and

text: notes

text: receivable

text: is

text: taxable

text: All

text: taxable

text: dividends

text: and

text: interest

text: which

text: exceed

text: the

text: single

text: exemption

text: or

text: the

text: joint

text: exemption

text: are

text: taxable

text: at

text: the

text: rate

text: of

text: The

text: state

text: 's

text: sales

text: and

text: use

text: tax

text: rate

text: for

text: most

text: items

text: is

text: Food

text: is

text: taxed

text: at

text: a

text: lower

text: rate

text: of

text: but

text: candy

text: dietary

text: supplements

text: and

text: prepared

text: food

text: are

text: taxed

text: at

text: the

text: full

text: rate

text: Local

text: sales

text: taxes

text: are

text: collected

text: in

text: most

text: jurisdictions

text: at

text: rates

text: varying

text: from

text: to

text: bringing

text: the

text: total

text: sales

text: tax

text: to

text: between

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: highest

text: levels

text: in

text: the

text: nation

text: Intangible

text: property

text: is

text: assessed

text: on

text: the

text: shares

text: of

text: stock

text: of

text: stockholders

text: of

text: any

text: loan

text: company

text: investment

text: company

text: insurance

text: company

text: or

text: for

text: profit

text: cemetery

text: companies

text: The

text: assessment

text: ratio

text: is

text: of

text: the

text: value

text: multiplied

text: by

text: the

text: tax

text: rate

text: for

text: the

text: jurisdiction

text: Tennessee

text: imposes

text: an

text: inheritance

text: tax

text: on

text: decedents

text: estates

text: that

text: exceed

text: maximum

text: single

text: exemption

text: limits

text: for

text: deaths

text: in

text: and

text: thereafter

question: What types of income are exempt from Tennessee state income tax?

answer: salaries and wages

text: salaries and wages

question: At what rate is Tennessee state sales and use tax usually applied?

answer: 7%

question: Above which amount is inheritance tax applied in Tennessee?

answer: $1,000,000

question: What is the sales tax on foodstuffs in Tennessee?

answer: 5.25%

question: Which edible items are taxed at the higher non-food sales and use tax rate in Tennessee?

answer: candy, dietary supplements and prepared food

text: candy, dietary supplements and prepared food


text: In the semiconductor industry, infrared light can be used to characterize materials such as thin films and periodic trench structures. By measuring the reflectance of light from the surface of a semiconductor wafer, the index of refraction (n) and the extinction Coefficient (k) can be determined via the Forouhi-Bloomer dispersion equations. The reflectance from the infrared light can also be used to determine the critical dimension, depth, and sidewall angle of high aspect ratio trench structures.

title: Infrared

title: Infrared

text: In

text: the

text: semiconductor

text: industry

text: infrared

text: light

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: characterize

text: materials

text: such

text: as

text: thin

text: films

text: and

text: periodic

text: trench

text: structures

text: By

text: measuring

text: the

text: reflectance

text: of

text: light

text: from

text: the

text: surface

text: of

text: a

text: semiconductor

text: wafer

text: the

text: index

text: of

text: refraction

text: n

text: and

text: the

text: extinction

text: Coefficient

text: k

text: can

text: be

text: determined

text: via

text: the

text: Forouhi

text: Bloomer

text: dispersion

text: equations

text: The

text: reflectance

text: from

text: the

text: infrared

text: light

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: determine

text: the

text: critical

text: dimension

text: depth

text: and

text: sidewall

text: angle

text: of

text: high

text: aspect

text: ratio

text: trench

text: structures

question: What letter represents the index of refraction?

answer: n

text: n

question: What letter represents the extinction Coefficient?

answer: k

text: k

question: What equations are used to figure out the index of refraction and extinction Coefficient?

answer: Forouhi-Bloomer dispersion

text: Forouhi-Bloomer dispersion

question: Along with critical dimension and depth, what can the infrared light reflectance be used to determine in regard to high aspect ratio trench structures?

answer: sidewall angle

text: sidewall angle

question: What reflectance is measured from a semiconductor wafer's surface to determine the index of refraction?

answer: light

text: light


text: Chopin's public popularity as a virtuoso began to wane, as did the number of his pupils, and this, together with the political strife and instability of the time, caused him to struggle financially. In February 1848, with the cellist Auguste Franchomme, he gave his last Paris concert, which included three movements of the Cello Sonata Op. 65.

title: Frédéric_Chopin

title: Frédéric_Chopin

text: Chopin

text: 's

text: public

text: popularity

text: as

text: a

text: virtuoso

text: began

text: to

text: wane

text: as

text: did

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: his

text: pupils

text: and

text: this

text: together

text: with

text: the

text: political

text: strife

text: and

text: instability

text: of

text: the

text: time

text: caused

text: him

text: to

text: struggle

text: financially

text: In

text: February

text: with

text: the

text: cellist

text: Auguste

text: Franchomme

text: he

text: gave

text: his

text: last

text: Paris

text: concert

text: which

text: included

text: three

text: movements

text: of

text: the

text: Cello

text: Sonata

text: Op

question: In what month and year did Chopin give his final performance?

answer: February 1848

text: February 1848

question: With whom did Chopin perform his final concert?

answer: Auguste Franchomme

text: Auguste Franchomme

question: When did Chopin last perform?

answer: February 1848

text: February 1848

question: Who did Chopin last perform with?

answer: Auguste Franchomme

text: Auguste Franchomme

question: Plitical strife, popularity decline, instability of era and fewer students caused Chopin to what?

answer: struggle financially.

text: struggle financially.

question: Who did Chopin have at his last Parisian concert in 1848?

answer: Auguste Franchomme

text: Auguste Franchomme

question: What instrument did Auguste Franchomme play?

answer: Cello

text: Cello


text: Napoleon was born on 15 August 1769, to Carlo Maria di Buonaparte and Maria Letizia Ramolino, in his family's ancestral home Casa Buonaparte in Ajaccio, the capital of the island of Corsica. He was their fourth child and third son. This was a year after the island was transferred to France by the Republic of Genoa. He was christened Napoleone di Buonaparte, probably named after an uncle (an older brother who did not survive infancy was the first of the sons to be called Napoleone). In his 20s, he adopted the more French-sounding Napoléon Bonaparte.[note 2]

title: Napoleon

title: Napoleon

text: Napoleon

text: was

text: born

text: on

text: August

text: to

text: Carlo

text: Maria

text: di

text: Buonaparte

text: and

text: Maria

text: Letizia

text: Ramolino

text: in

text: his

text: family

text: 's

text: ancestral

text: home

text: Casa

text: Buonaparte

text: in

text: Ajaccio

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Corsica

text: He

text: was

text: their

text: fourth

text: child

text: and

text: third

text: son

text: This

text: was

text: a

text: year

text: after

text: the

text: island

text: was

text: transferred

text: to

text: France

text: by

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Genoa

text: He

text: was

text: christened

text: Napoleone

text: di

text: Buonaparte

text: probably

text: named

text: after

text: an

text: uncle

text: an

text: older

text: brother

text: who

text: did

text: not

text: survive

text: infancy

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: of

text: the

text: sons

text: to

text: be

text: called

text: Napoleone

text: In

text: his

text: he

text: adopted

text: the

text: more

text: French

text: sounding

text: Napoléon

text: Bonaparte.[note

question: Who was Napoleon's father?

answer: Carlo Maria di Buonaparte

text: Carlo Maria di Buonaparte

question: Who was Napoleon's mother?

answer: Maria Letizia Ramolino

text: Maria Letizia Ramolino

question: On what island was the Bonaparte ancestral home located?

answer: Corsica

text: Corsica

question: What was the name of Napoleon's family home?

answer: Casa Buonaparte

text: Casa Buonaparte

question: Napoleon was most likely named after what family relation?

answer: an uncle

text: an uncle


text: In 2013, Washington University received a record 30,117 applications for a freshman class of 1,500 with an acceptance rate of 13.7%. More than 90% of incoming freshmen whose high schools ranked were ranked in the top 10% of their high school classes. In 2006, the university ranked fourth overall and second among private universities in the number of enrolled National Merit Scholar freshmen, according to the National Merit Scholar Corporation's annual report. In 2008, Washington University was ranked #1 for quality of life according to The Princeton Review, among other top rankings. In addition, the Olin Business School's undergraduate program is among the top 4 in the country. The Olin Business School's undergraduate program is also among the country's most competitive, admitting only 14% of applicants in 2007 and ranking #1 in SAT scores with an average composite of 1492 M+CR according to BusinessWeek.

title: Washington_University_in_St._Louis

title: Washington_University_in_St._Louis

text: In

text: Washington

text: University

text: received

text: a

text: record

text: applications

text: for

text: a

text: freshman

text: class

text: of

text: with

text: an

text: acceptance

text: rate

text: of

text: More

text: than

text: of

text: incoming

text: freshmen

text: whose

text: high

text: schools

text: ranked

text: were

text: ranked

text: in

text: the

text: top

text: of

text: their

text: high

text: school

text: classes

text: In

text: the

text: university

text: ranked

text: fourth

text: overall

text: and

text: second

text: among

text: private

text: universities

text: in

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: enrolled

text: National

text: Merit

text: Scholar

text: freshmen

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: National

text: Merit

text: Scholar

text: Corporation

text: 's

text: annual

text: report

text: In

text: Washington

text: University

text: was

text: ranked

text: for

text: quality

text: of

text: life

text: according

text: to

text: The

text: Princeton

text: Review

text: among

text: other

text: top

text: rankings

text: In

text: addition

text: the

text: Olin

text: Business

text: School

text: 's

text: undergraduate

text: program

text: is

text: among

text: the

text: top

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: The

text: Olin

text: Business

text: School

text: 's

text: undergraduate

text: program

text: is

text: also

text: among

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: most

text: competitive

text: admitting

text: only

text: of

text: applicants

text: in

text: and

text: ranking

text: in

text: SAT

text: scores

text: with

text: an

text: average

text: composite

text: of

text: M+CR

text: according

text: to

text: BusinessWeek

question: How many freshman class applications did Washington University receive in 2013?

answer: 30,117

question: What percentage of incoming freshman at Washington University were in the top %10 of their class in 2013?

answer: More than 90% of incoming freshmen

text: More than 90% of incoming freshmen

question: Where did Washington University rank among private universities for National Merit Scholar freshman in 2006?

answer: second among private universities

text: second among private universities

question: When was Washington University ranked #1 for quality of life?

answer: In 2008

text: In 2008

question: What percent of applicants were admitted to Olin Business School in 2007?

answer: 14%


text: Many annual events celebrate the diverse cultures of Houston. The largest and longest running is the annual Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo, held over 20 days from early to late March, is the largest annual livestock show and rodeo in the world. Another large celebration is the annual night-time Houston Pride Parade, held at the end of June. Other annual events include the Houston Greek Festival, Art Car Parade, the Houston Auto Show, the Houston International Festival, and the Bayou City Art Festival, which is considered to be one of the top five art festivals in the United States.

title: Houston

title: Houston

text: Many

text: annual

text: events

text: celebrate

text: the

text: diverse

text: cultures

text: of

text: Houston

text: The

text: largest

text: and

text: longest

text: running

text: is

text: the

text: annual

text: Houston

text: Livestock

text: Show

text: and

text: Rodeo

text: held

text: over

text: days

text: from

text: early

text: to

text: late

text: March

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: annual

text: livestock

text: show

text: and

text: rodeo

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: Another

text: large

text: celebration

text: is

text: the

text: annual

text: night

text: time

text: Houston

text: Pride

text: Parade

text: held

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: June

text: Other

text: annual

text: events

text: include

text: the

text: Houston

text: Greek

text: Festival

text: Art

text: Car

text: Parade

text: the

text: Houston

text: Auto

text: Show

text: the

text: Houston

text: International

text: Festival

text: and

text: the

text: Bayou

text: City

text: Art

text: Festival

text: which

text: is

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: top

text: five

text: art

text: festivals

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

question: What is the largest annual event held in Houston?

answer: Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo

text: Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo

question: How long does the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo last?

answer: 20 days

text: 20 days

question: When is the annual Houston Pride Parade held?

answer: the end of June

text: the end of June

question: What is some other annual events held in Houston?

answer: Houston Greek Festival, Art Car Parade, the Houston Auto Show, the Houston International Festival, and the Bayou City Art Festival

text: Houston Greek Festival, Art Car Parade, the Houston Auto Show, the Houston International Festival, and the Bayou City Art Festival

question: What art festival held in Houston is one of the top 5 in the US?

answer: the Bayou City Art Festival

text: the Bayou City Art Festival

question: What event is the longest running in Houston?

answer: Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo

text: Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo

question: When is the Houston Livestock show and Rodeo held?

answer: March

text: March

question: When is the Houston Pride Parade held?

answer: end of June

text: end of June

question: What form of car parade is held in Houston?

answer: Art Car Parade

text: Art Car Parade

question: Where does the Bayou City Art Festival rank in U.S. art festivals?

answer: one of the top five

text: one of the top five


text: Prior to the Golden Age of Mandolins, France had a history with the mandolin, with mandolinists playing in Paris until the Napoleonic Wars. The players, teachers and composers included Giovanni Fouchetti, Eduardo Mezzacapo, Gabriele Leon, and Gervasio. During the Golden age itself (1880s-1920s), the mandolin had a strong presence in France. Prominent mandolin players or composers included Jules Cottin and his sister Madeleine Cottin, Jean Pietrapertosa, and Edgar Bara. Paris had dozens of "estudiantina" mandolin orchestras in the early 1900s. Mandolin magazines included L'Estudiantina, Le Plectre, École de la mandolie.

title: Mandolin

title: Mandolin

text: Prior

text: to

text: the

text: Golden

text: Age

text: of

text: Mandolins

text: France

text: had

text: a

text: history

text: with

text: the

text: mandolin

text: with

text: mandolinists

text: playing

text: in

text: Paris

text: until

text: the

text: Napoleonic

text: Wars

text: The

text: players

text: teachers

text: and

text: composers

text: included

text: Giovanni

text: Fouchetti

text: Eduardo

text: Mezzacapo

text: Gabriele

text: Leon

text: and

text: Gervasio

text: During

text: the

text: Golden

text: age

text: itself

text: the

text: mandolin

text: had

text: a

text: strong

text: presence

text: in

text: France

text: Prominent

text: mandolin

text: players

text: or

text: composers

text: included

text: Jules

text: Cottin

text: and

text: his

text: sister

text: Madeleine

text: Cottin

text: Jean

text: Pietrapertosa

text: and

text: Edgar

text: Bara

text: Paris

text: had

text: dozens

text: of

text: estudiantina

text: mandolin

text: orchestras

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: Mandolin

text: magazines

text: included

text: L'Estudiantina

text: Le

text: Plectre

text: École

text: de

text: la

text: mandolie

question: Prior to what age did France have a history with the mandolin?

answer: Golden Age of Mandolins

text: Golden Age of Mandolins

question: Where in France did the mandolinists play?

answer: Paris

text: Paris

question: When did the mandolinists stop playing in Paris?

answer: Napoleonic Wars.

text: Napoleonic Wars.

question: Who were the players and composers during this time?

answer: Giovanni Fouchetti, Eduardo Mezzacapo, Gabriele Leon, and Gervasio

text: Giovanni Fouchetti, Eduardo Mezzacapo, Gabriele Leon, and Gervasio

question: What years was considered the Golden Age of Mandolins?

answer: 1880s-1920s


text: While the decision (with four dissents) ultimately upheld the state law allowing the funding of transportation of students to religious schools, the majority opinion (by Justice Hugo Black) and the dissenting opinions (by Justice Wiley Blount Rutledge and Justice Robert H. Jackson) each explicitly stated that the Constitution has erected a "wall between church and state" or a "separation of Church from State": their disagreement was limited to whether this case of state funding of transportation to religious schools breached that wall. Rutledge, on behalf of the four dissenting justices, took the position that the majority had indeed permitted a violation of the wall of separation in this case: "Neither so high nor so impregnable today as yesterday is the wall raised between church and state by Virginia's great statute of religious freedom and the First Amendment, now made applicable to all the states by the Fourteenth." Writing separately, Justice Jackson argued that "[T]here are no good grounds upon which to support the present legislation. In fact, the undertones of the opinion, advocating complete and uncompromising separation of Church from State, seem utterly discordant with its conclusion yielding support to their commingling in educational matters."

title: Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States

text: While

text: the

text: decision

text: with

text: four

text: dissents

text: ultimately

text: upheld

text: the

text: state

text: law

text: allowing

text: the

text: funding

text: of

text: transportation

text: of

text: students

text: to

text: religious

text: schools

text: the

text: majority

text: opinion

text: by

text: Justice

text: Hugo

text: Black

text: and

text: the

text: dissenting

text: opinions

text: by

text: Justice

text: Wiley

text: Blount

text: Rutledge

text: and

text: Justice

text: Robert

text: H.

text: Jackson

text: each

text: explicitly

text: stated

text: that

text: the

text: Constitution

text: has

text: erected

text: a

text: wall

text: between

text: church

text: and

text: state

text: or

text: a

text: separation

text: of

text: Church

text: from

text: State

text: their

text: disagreement

text: was

text: limited

text: to

text: whether

text: this

text: case

text: of

text: state

text: funding

text: of

text: transportation

text: to

text: religious

text: schools

text: breached

text: that

text: wall

text: Rutledge

text: on

text: behalf

text: of

text: the

text: four

text: dissenting

text: justices

text: took

text: the

text: position

text: that

text: the

text: majority

text: had

text: indeed

text: permitted

text: a

text: violation

text: of

text: the

text: wall

text: of

text: separation

text: in

text: this

text: case

text: Neither

text: so

text: high

text: nor

text: so

text: impregnable

text: today

text: as

text: yesterday

text: is

text: the

text: wall

text: raised

text: between

text: church

text: and

text: state

text: by

text: Virginia

text: 's

text: great

text: statute

text: of

text: religious

text: freedom

text: and

text: the

text: First

text: Amendment

text: now

text: made

text: applicable

text: to

text: all

text: the

text: states

text: by

text: the

text: Fourteenth

text: Writing

text: separately

text: Justice

text: Jackson

text: argued

text: that

text: T]here

text: are

text: no

text: good

text: grounds

text: upon

text: which

text: to

text: support

text: the

text: present

text: legislation

text: In

text: fact

text: the

text: undertones

text: of

text: the

text: opinion

text: advocating

text: complete

text: and

text: uncompromising

text: separation

text: of

text: Church

text: from

text: State

text: seem

text: utterly

text: discordant

text: with

text: its

text: conclusion

text: yielding

text: support

text: to

text: their

text: commingling

text: in

text: educational

text: matters

question: What did the decision ultimately uphold?

answer: state law

text: state law

question: What was the state allowed to continue to fund?

answer: transportation of students to religious schools

text: transportation of students to religious schools

question: What did both the majority and dissenting opinions reiterate?

answer: that the Constitution has erected a "wall between church and state"

text: that the Constitution has erected a "wall between church and state"

question: What was the disagreement between the Justices over whether funding breached what?

answer: that wall

text: that wall

question: What did Justice Jackson argue there were no grounds upon which to support what?

answer: the present legislation

text: the present legislation


text: Many historical sites exist throughout the city, including 59 properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Of these, nine are among the 60 U.S. National Historic Landmarks in Connecticut. The New Haven Green, one of the National Historic Landmarks, was formed in 1638, and is home to three 19th-century churches. Below one of the churches (referred to as the Center Church on-the-Green) lies a 17th-century crypt, which is open to visitors. Some of the more famous burials include the first wife of Benedict Arnold and the aunt and grandmother of President Rutherford B. Hayes; Hayes visited the crypt while President in 1880. The Old Campus of Yale University is located next to the Green, and includes Connecticut Hall, Yale's oldest building and a National Historic Landmark. The Hillhouse Avenue area, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is also a part of Yale's campus, has been called a walkable museum, due to its 19th-century mansions and street scape; Charles Dickens is said to have called Hillhouse Avenue "the most beautiful street in America" when visiting the city in 1868.

title: New_Haven,_Connecticut

title: New_Haven,_Connecticut

text: Many

text: historical

text: sites

text: exist

text: throughout

text: the

text: city

text: including

text: properties

text: listed

text: on

text: the

text: National

text: Register

text: of

text: Historic

text: Places

text: Of

text: these

text: nine

text: are

text: among

text: the

text: U.S.

text: National

text: Historic

text: Landmarks

text: in

text: Connecticut

text: The

text: New

text: Haven

text: Green

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: National

text: Historic

text: Landmarks

text: was

text: formed

text: in

text: and

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: three

text: century

text: churches

text: Below

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: churches

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Center

text: Church

text: on

text: the

text: Green

text: lies

text: a

text: century

text: crypt

text: which

text: is

text: open

text: to

text: visitors

text: Some

text: of

text: the

text: more

text: famous

text: burials

text: include

text: the

text: first

text: wife

text: of

text: Benedict

text: Arnold

text: and

text: the

text: aunt

text: and

text: grandmother

text: of

text: President

text: Rutherford

text: B.

text: Hayes

text: Hayes

text: visited

text: the

text: crypt

text: while

text: President

text: in

text: The

text: Old

text: Campus

text: of

text: Yale

text: University

text: is

text: located

text: next

text: to

text: the

text: Green

text: and

text: includes

text: Connecticut

text: Hall

text: Yale

text: 's

text: oldest

text: building

text: and

text: a

text: National

text: Historic

text: Landmark

text: The

text: Hillhouse

text: Avenue

text: area

text: which

text: is

text: listed

text: on

text: the

text: National

text: Register

text: of

text: Historic

text: Places

text: and

text: is

text: also

text: a

text: part

text: of

text: Yale

text: 's

text: campus

text: has

text: been

text: called

text: a

text: walkable

text: museum

text: due

text: to

text: its

text: century

text: mansions

text: and

text: street

text: scape

text: Charles

text: Dickens

text: is

text: said

text: to

text: have

text: called

text: Hillhouse

text: Avenue

text: the

text: most

text: beautiful

text: street

text: in

text: America

text: when

text: visiting

text: the

text: city

text: in

question: How many properties in New Haven are featured on the National Register of Historic Places?

answer: 59

question: In 1868, which famous author is reported to have declared New Haven's Hillhouse Avenue to be "the most beautiful street in America?"

answer: Charles Dickens

text: Charles Dickens

question: Of the three churches flanking New Haven Green, which is home to a notorious 17th century crypt?

answer: Center Church on-the-Green

text: Center Church on-the-Green

question: What famous American traitor has a first wife buried in a 17th century crypt in a New Haven church flanking New Haven Green?

answer: Benedict Arnold

text: Benedict Arnold

question: What structure of Yale University, listed on the National Register of Historic Places, holds the distinction of being the oldest building on campus?

answer: Connecticut Hall

text: Connecticut Hall

question: According to the National Register of Historic Places how many historical sites are there in New Haven?

answer: 59

question: In what year was the famous The New Haven Green founded?

answer: 1638

question: What tourist spot can be found directly underneath the New Haven Green?

answer: a 17th-century crypt

text: a 17th-century crypt

question: Yale University also contains a historical site within it campus, the name of it?

answer: Hillhouse Avenue

text: Hillhouse Avenue


text: As of 2015 a variety of murals from internationally recognized street artists have appeared throughout the city as a result of the efforts of Art Whino and RVA Magazine with The Richmond Mural Project and the RVA Street Art Festival. Artists who have produced work in the city as a result of these festivals include ROA, Pixel Pancho, Gaia, Aryz, Alexis Diaz, Ever Siempre, Jaz, 2501, Natalia Rak, Pose MSK, Vizie, Jeff Soto, Mark Jenkins, Etam Cru- and local artists Hamilton Glass, Nils Westergard, and El Kamino. Both festivals are expected to continue this year with artists such as Ron English slated to produce work.

title: Richmond,_Virginia

title: Richmond,_Virginia

text: As

text: of

text: a

text: variety

text: of

text: murals

text: from

text: internationally

text: recognized

text: street

text: artists

text: have

text: appeared

text: throughout

text: the

text: city

text: as

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: the

text: efforts

text: of

text: Art

text: Whino

text: and

text: RVA

text: Magazine

text: with

text: The

text: Richmond

text: Mural

text: Project

text: and

text: the

text: RVA

text: Street

text: Art

text: Festival

text: Artists

text: who

text: have

text: produced

text: work

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: as

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: these

text: festivals

text: include

text: ROA

text: Pixel

text: Pancho

text: Gaia

text: Aryz

text: Alexis

text: Diaz

text: Ever

text: Siempre

text: Jaz

text: Natalia

text: Rak

text: Pose

text: MSK

text: Vizie

text: Jeff

text: Soto

text: Mark

text: Jenkins

text: Etam

text: Cru-

text: and

text: local

text: artists

text: Hamilton

text: Glass

text: Nils

text: Westergard

text: and

text: El

text: Kamino

text: Both

text: festivals

text: are

text: expected

text: to

text: continue

text: this

text: year

text: with

text: artists

text: such

text: as

text: Ron

text: English

text: slated

text: to

text: produce

text: work

question: Along with Hamilton Glass and El Kamino, who is a mural artist local to Richmond?

answer: Nils Westergard

text: Nils Westergard

question: What periodical has attempted to attract internationally known mural artists to Richmond?

answer: RVA

text: RVA

question: What Richmond street art gathering has brought mural artists to the city?

answer: RVA Street Art Festival

text: RVA Street Art Festival