text: The red flag appeared as a political symbol during the French Revolution, after the fall of Bastille. A law adopted by the new government on October 20, 1789 authorized the Garde Nationale to raise the red flag in the event of a riot, to signal that the Garde would imminently intervene. During a demonstration on the Champs de Mars on July 17, 1791, the Garde Nationale fired on the crowd, killed up to fifty people. The government was denounced by the more radical revolutionaries. In the words of his famous hymn, the Marseillaise, Rouget de Lisle wrote: "Against us they have raised the bloody flag of tyranny!" (Contre nous de la tyrannie, l'entendard sanglant est leve). Beginning in 1790, the most radical revolutionaries adopted the red flag themselves, to symbolize the blood of those killed in the demonstrations, and to call for the repression of those they considered counter-revolutionary.

title: Red

title: Red

text: The

text: red

text: flag

text: appeared

text: as

text: a

text: political

text: symbol

text: during

text: the

text: French

text: Revolution

text: after

text: the

text: fall

text: of

text: Bastille

text: A

text: law

text: adopted

text: by

text: the

text: new

text: government

text: on

text: October

text: authorized

text: the

text: Garde

text: Nationale

text: to

text: raise

text: the

text: red

text: flag

text: in

text: the

text: event

text: of

text: a

text: riot

text: to

text: signal

text: that

text: the

text: Garde

text: would

text: imminently

text: intervene

text: During

text: a

text: demonstration

text: on

text: the

text: Champs

text: de

text: Mars

text: on

text: July

text: the

text: Garde

text: Nationale

text: fired

text: on

text: the

text: crowd

text: killed

text: up

text: to

text: fifty

text: people

text: The

text: government

text: was

text: denounced

text: by

text: the

text: more

text: radical

text: revolutionaries

text: In

text: the

text: words

text: of

text: his

text: famous

text: hymn

text: the

text: Marseillaise

text: Rouget

text: de

text: Lisle

text: wrote

text: Against

text: us

text: they

text: have

text: raised

text: the

text: bloody

text: flag

text: of

text: tyranny

text: Contre

text: nous

text: de

text: la

text: tyrannie

text: l'entendard

text: sanglant

text: est

text: leve

text: Beginning

text: in

text: the

text: most

text: radical

text: revolutionaries

text: adopted

text: the

text: red

text: flag

text: themselves

text: to

text: symbolize

text: the

text: blood

text: of

text: those

text: killed

text: in

text: the

text: demonstrations

text: and

text: to

text: call

text: for

text: the

text: repression

text: of

text: those

text: they

text: considered

text: counter

text: revolutionary

question: After the demise of what was the red flag linked to the French Revolution?

answer: Bastille

text: Bastille

question: On what date was the Garde Nationale empowered to hoist a red flag to signal their intervention in a riot?

answer: October 20, 1789

text: October 20, 1789

question: On what date did the Garde Nationale kill as many as fifty people on Champs de Mars?

answer: July 17, 1791

text: July 17, 1791

question: Who wrote the words "Against us they have raised the bloody flag of tyranny?"

answer: Rouget de Lisle

text: Rouget de Lisle

question: In what year did the most ardent revolutionaries in France adopt a red flag to symbolize the blood of their fallen comrades?

answer: 1790


text: The Russians avoided Napoleon's objective of a decisive engagement and instead retreated deeper into Russia. A brief attempt at resistance was made at Smolensk in August; the Russians were defeated in a series of battles, and Napoleon resumed his advance. The Russians again avoided battle, although in a few cases this was only achieved because Napoleon uncharacteristically hesitated to attack when the opportunity arose. Owing to the Russian army's scorched earth tactics, the French found it increasingly difficult to forage food for themselves and their horses.

title: Napoleon

title: Napoleon

text: The

text: Russians

text: avoided

text: Napoleon

text: 's

text: objective

text: of

text: a

text: decisive

text: engagement

text: and

text: instead

text: retreated

text: deeper

text: into

text: Russia

text: A

text: brief

text: attempt

text: at

text: resistance

text: was

text: made

text: at

text: Smolensk

text: in

text: August

text: the

text: Russians

text: were

text: defeated

text: in

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: battles

text: and

text: Napoleon

text: resumed

text: his

text: advance

text: The

text: Russians

text: again

text: avoided

text: battle

text: although

text: in

text: a

text: few

text: cases

text: this

text: was

text: only

text: achieved

text: because

text: Napoleon

text: uncharacteristically

text: hesitated

text: to

text: attack

text: when

text: the

text: opportunity

text: arose

text: Owing

text: to

text: the

text: Russian

text: army

text: 's

text: scorched

text: earth

text: tactics

text: the

text: French

text: found

text: it

text: increasingly

text: difficult

text: to

text: forage

text: food

text: for

text: themselves

text: and

text: their

text: horses

question: To avoid direct fighting with Napoleon, the Russians retreated into which country?

answer: Russia

text: Russia

question: Where did the Russians try to resist Napoleon and get defeated?

answer: Smolensk

text: Smolensk

question: In what month were the Russians defeated at Smolensk?

answer: August

text: August

question: What methods used by the Russian army made it hard for the French to find food?

answer: scorched earth tactics

text: scorched earth tactics


text: In the 1960 election to choose his successor, Eisenhower endorsed his own Vice President, Republican Richard Nixon against Democrat John F. Kennedy. He told friends, "I will do almost anything to avoid turning my chair and country over to Kennedy." He actively campaigned for Nixon in the final days, although he may have done Nixon some harm. When asked by reporters at the end of a televised press conference to list one of Nixon's policy ideas he had adopted, Eisenhower joked, "If you give me a week, I might think of one. I don't remember." Kennedy's campaign used the quote in one of its campaign commercials. Nixon narrowly lost to Kennedy. Eisenhower, who was the oldest president in history at that time (then 70), was succeeded by the youngest elected president, as Kennedy was 43.

title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

text: In

text: the

text: election

text: to

text: choose

text: his

text: successor

text: Eisenhower

text: endorsed

text: his

text: own

text: Vice

text: President

text: Republican

text: Richard

text: Nixon

text: against

text: Democrat

text: John

text: F.

text: Kennedy

text: He

text: told

text: friends

text: I

text: will

text: do

text: almost

text: anything

text: to

text: avoid

text: turning

text: my

text: chair

text: and

text: country

text: over

text: to

text: Kennedy

text: He

text: actively

text: campaigned

text: for

text: Nixon

text: in

text: the

text: final

text: days

text: although

text: he

text: may

text: have

text: done

text: Nixon

text: some

text: harm

text: When

text: asked

text: by

text: reporters

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: a

text: televised

text: press

text: conference

text: to

text: list

text: one

text: of

text: Nixon

text: 's

text: policy

text: ideas

text: he

text: had

text: adopted

text: Eisenhower

text: joked

text: If

text: you

text: give

text: me

text: a

text: week

text: I

text: might

text: think

text: of

text: one

text: I

text: do

text: n't

text: remember

text: Kennedy

text: 's

text: campaign

text: used

text: the

text: quote

text: in

text: one

text: of

text: its

text: campaign

text: commercials

text: Nixon

text: narrowly

text: lost

text: to

text: Kennedy

text: Eisenhower

text: who

text: was

text: the

text: oldest

text: president

text: in

text: history

text: at

text: that

text: time

text: then

text: was

text: succeeded

text: by

text: the

text: youngest

text: elected

text: president

text: as

text: Kennedy

text: was

question: Who did Eisenhower endorse for president in 1960?

answer: Richard Nixon

text: Richard Nixon

question: Who was the Democratic candidate for president in 1960?

answer: John F. Kennedy

text: John F. Kennedy

question: How old was Eisenhower in 1960?

answer: 70

question: Who was the youngest person elected to the United States presidency?

answer: Kennedy

text: Kennedy

question: Who won the US presidential election of 1960?

answer: Kennedy

text: Kennedy


text: The 5th Avenue Theatre, built in 1926, stages Broadway-style musical shows featuring both local talent and international stars. Seattle has "around 100" theatrical production companies and over two dozen live theatre venues, many of them associated with fringe theatre; Seattle is probably second only to New York for number of equity theaters (28 Seattle theater companies have some sort of Actors' Equity contract). In addition, the 900-seat Romanesque Revival Town Hall on First Hill hosts numerous cultural events, especially lectures and recitals.

title: Seattle

title: Seattle

text: The

text: Avenue

text: Theatre

text: built

text: in

text: stages

text: Broadway

text: style

text: musical

text: shows

text: featuring

text: both

text: local

text: talent

text: and

text: international

text: stars

text: Seattle

text: has

text: around

text: theatrical

text: production

text: companies

text: and

text: over

text: two

text: dozen

text: live

text: theatre

text: venues

text: many

text: of

text: them

text: associated

text: with

text: fringe

text: theatre

text: Seattle

text: is

text: probably

text: second

text: only

text: to

text: New

text: York

text: for

text: number

text: of

text: equity

text: theaters

text: Seattle

text: theater

text: companies

text: have

text: some

text: sort

text: of

text: Actors

text: Equity

text: contract

text: In

text: addition

text: the

text: Romanesque

text: Revival

text: Town

text: Hall

text: on

text: First

text: Hill

text: hosts

text: numerous

text: cultural

text: events

text: especially

text: lectures

text: and

text: recitals

question: How many theater companies does Seattle have in residence?

answer: around 100

text: around 100

question: How many equity theaters does Seattle have?

answer: 28

question: What Seattle theater was built in 1926?

answer: 5th Avenue Theatre

text: 5th Avenue Theatre

question: To what type of theater are the two dozen live venues in Seattle associated?

answer: fringe theatre

text: fringe theatre

question: To what type of theater is Seattle second to New York?

answer: equity theaters

text: equity theaters


text: Many units are supplemented with a variety of specialized weapons, including the M249 SAW (Squad Automatic Weapon), to provide suppressive fire at the fire-team level. Indirect fire is provided by the M203 grenade launcher. The M1014 Joint Service Combat Shotgun or the Mossberg 590 Shotgun are used for door breaching and close-quarters combat. The M14EBR is used by designated marksmen. Snipers use the M107 Long Range Sniper Rifle, the M2010 Enhanced Sniper Rifle, and the M110 Semi-Automatic Sniper Rifle.

title: United_States_Army

title: United_States_Army

text: Many

text: units

text: are

text: supplemented

text: with

text: a

text: variety

text: of

text: specialized

text: weapons

text: including

text: the

text: SAW

text: Squad

text: Automatic

text: Weapon

text: to

text: provide

text: suppressive

text: fire

text: at

text: the

text: fire

text: team

text: level

text: Indirect

text: fire

text: is

text: provided

text: by

text: the

text: grenade

text: launcher

text: The

text: Joint

text: Service

text: Combat

text: Shotgun

text: or

text: the

text: Mossberg

text: Shotgun

text: are

text: used

text: for

text: door

text: breaching

text: and

text: close

text: quarters

text: combat

text: The

text: is

text: used

text: by

text: designated

text: marksmen

text: Snipers

text: use

text: the

text: Long

text: Range

text: Sniper

text: Rifle

text: the

text: Enhanced

text: Sniper

text: Rifle

text: and

text: the

text: Semi

text: Automatic

text: Sniper

text: Rifle

question: What does the SAW in M249 SAW stand for?

answer: Squad Automatic Weapon

text: Squad Automatic Weapon

question: What kind of gunfire is the M249 SAW generally used for?

answer: suppressive fire

text: suppressive fire

question: What is the Mossberg 590 used for?

answer: door breaching and close-quarters combat

text: door breaching and close-quarters combat

question: What gun do designated marksmen use?

answer: M14EBR

question: What semi-automatic sniper do Snipers use?

answer: M110


text: Prajñā (Sanskrit) or paññā (Pāli) means wisdom that is based on a realization of dependent origination, The Four Noble Truths and the three marks of existence. Prajñā is the wisdom that is able to extinguish afflictions and bring about bodhi. It is spoken of as the principal means of attaining nirvāṇa, through its revelation of the true nature of all things as dukkha (unsatisfactoriness), anicca (impermanence) and anatta (not-self). Prajñā is also listed as the sixth of the six pāramitās of the Mahayana.

title: Buddhism

title: Buddhism

text: Prajñā

text: Sanskrit

text: or

text: paññā

text: Pāli

text: means

text: wisdom

text: that

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: a

text: realization

text: of

text: dependent

text: origination

text: The

text: Four

text: Noble

text: Truths

text: and

text: the

text: three

text: marks

text: of

text: existence

text: Prajñā

text: is

text: the

text: wisdom

text: that

text: is

text: able

text: to

text: extinguish

text: afflictions

text: and

text: bring

text: about

text: bodhi

text: It

text: is

text: spoken

text: of

text: as

text: the

text: principal

text: means

text: of

text: attaining

text: nirvāṇa

text: through

text: its

text: revelation

text: of

text: the

text: true

text: nature

text: of

text: all

text: things

text: as

text: dukkha

text: unsatisfactoriness

text: anicca

text: impermanence

text: and

text: anatta

text: not

text: self

text: Prajñā

text: is

text: also

text: listed

text: as

text: the

text: sixth

text: of

text: the

text: six

text: pāramitās

text: of

text: the

text: Mahayana

question: How many Noble Truths are there?

answer: Four

text: Four

question: Prajna is the wisom that is able to extinguish afflictions and bring about what?

answer: bodhi

text: bodhi

question: What is listed as the sixth of the six paramitas of the mahayana?

answer: Prajñā

text: Prajñā


text: From the 4th century, the Empire's Balkan territories, including Greece, suffered from the dislocation of the Barbarian Invasions. The raids and devastation of the Goths and Huns in the 4th and 5th centuries and the Slavic invasion of Greece in the 7th century resulted in a dramatic collapse in imperial authority in the Greek peninsula. Following the Slavic invasion, the imperial government retained formal control of only the islands and coastal areas, particularly the densely populated walled cities such as Athens, Corinth and Thessalonica, while some mountainous areas in the interior held out on their own and continued to recognize imperial authority. Outside of these areas, a limited amount of Slavic settlement is generally thought to have occurred, although on a much smaller scale than previously thought.

title: Greece

title: Greece

text: From

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: Empire

text: 's

text: Balkan

text: territories

text: including

text: Greece

text: suffered

text: from

text: the

text: dislocation

text: of

text: the

text: Barbarian

text: Invasions

text: The

text: raids

text: and

text: devastation

text: of

text: the

text: Goths

text: and

text: Huns

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

text: and

text: the

text: Slavic

text: invasion

text: of

text: Greece

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: resulted

text: in

text: a

text: dramatic

text: collapse

text: in

text: imperial

text: authority

text: in

text: the

text: Greek

text: peninsula

text: Following

text: the

text: Slavic

text: invasion

text: the

text: imperial

text: government

text: retained

text: formal

text: control

text: of

text: only

text: the

text: islands

text: and

text: coastal

text: areas

text: particularly

text: the

text: densely

text: populated

text: walled

text: cities

text: such

text: as

text: Athens

text: Corinth

text: and

text: Thessalonica

text: while

text: some

text: mountainous

text: areas

text: in

text: the

text: interior

text: held

text: out

text: on

text: their

text: own

text: and

text: continued

text: to

text: recognize

text: imperial

text: authority

text: Outside

text: of

text: these

text: areas

text: a

text: limited

text: amount

text: of

text: Slavic

text: settlement

text: is

text: generally

text: thought

text: to

text: have

text: occurred

text: although

text: on

text: a

text: much

text: smaller

text: scale

text: than

text: previously

text: thought

question: When did the Slavs invade Greece?

answer: 7th century

text: 7th century

question: What invading marauders caused havoc in the Balkans during the 4th century.

answer: Barbarian

text: Barbarian

question: After the Slav's invaded, the government only controlled what areas?

answer: islands and coastal areas

text: islands and coastal areas


text: During the tumultuous 14th century, disputes within the leadership of the Church led to the Avignon Papacy of 1305–78, also called the "Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy" (a reference to the Babylonian captivity of the Jews), and then to the Great Schism, lasting from 1378 to 1418, when there were two and later three rival popes, each supported by several states. Ecclesiastical officials convened at the Council of Constance in 1414, and in the following year the council deposed one of the rival popes, leaving only two claimants. Further depositions followed, and in November 1417 the council elected Martin V (pope 1417–31) as pope.

title: Middle_Ages

title: Middle_Ages

text: During

text: the

text: tumultuous

text: century

text: disputes

text: within

text: the

text: leadership

text: of

text: the

text: Church

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: Avignon

text: Papacy

text: of

text: also

text: called

text: the

text: Babylonian

text: Captivity

text: of

text: the

text: Papacy

text: a

text: reference

text: to

text: the

text: Babylonian

text: captivity

text: of

text: the

text: Jews

text: and

text: then

text: to

text: the

text: Great

text: Schism

text: lasting

text: from

text: to

text: when

text: there

text: were

text: two

text: and

text: later

text: three

text: rival

text: popes

text: each

text: supported

text: by

text: several

text: states

text: Ecclesiastical

text: officials

text: convened

text: at

text: the

text: Council

text: of

text: Constance

text: in

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: following

text: year

text: the

text: council

text: deposed

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: rival

text: popes

text: leaving

text: only

text: two

text: claimants

text: Further

text: depositions

text: followed

text: and

text: in

text: November

text: the

text: council

text: elected

text: Martin

text: V

text: pope

text: as

text: pope

question: During what years did the Avignon Papacy occur?

answer: 1305–78

question: What is another term for the Avignon Papacy?

answer: Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy

text: Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy

question: When did the Great Schism end?

answer: 1418

question: How many popes existed simultaneously after the Council of Constance?

answer: two

text: two

question: Who was made pope in 1417?

answer: Martin V

text: Martin V


text: According to Capitol Record's A&R, Joe Weinberger, he was approached by West and almost signed a deal with him, but another person in the company convinced Capitol's president not to. Desperate to keep West from defecting to another label, then-label head Damon Dash reluctantly signed West to Roc-A-Fella Records. Jay-Z later admitted that Roc-A-Fella was initially reluctant to support West as a rapper, claiming that many saw him as a producer first and foremost, and that his background contrasted with that of his labelmates.

title: Kanye_West

title: Kanye_West

text: According

text: to

text: Capitol

text: Record

text: 's

text: A&R

text: Joe

text: Weinberger

text: he

text: was

text: approached

text: by

text: West

text: and

text: almost

text: signed

text: a

text: deal

text: with

text: him

text: but

text: another

text: person

text: in

text: the

text: company

text: convinced

text: Capitol

text: 's

text: president

text: not

text: to

text: Desperate

text: to

text: keep

text: West

text: from

text: defecting

text: to

text: another

text: label

text: then

text: label

text: head

text: Damon

text: Dash

text: reluctantly

text: signed

text: West

text: to

text: Roc

text: A

text: Fella

text: Records

text: Jay

text: Z

text: later

text: admitted

text: that

text: Roc

text: A

text: Fella

text: was

text: initially

text: reluctant

text: to

text: support

text: West

text: as

text: a

text: rapper

text: claiming

text: that

text: many

text: saw

text: him

text: as

text: a

text: producer

text: first

text: and

text: foremost

text: and

text: that

text: his

text: background

text: contrasted

text: with

text: that

text: of

text: his

text: labelmates

question: Who almost picked up Kanye but was ultimately swayed?

answer: Joe Weinberger

text: Joe Weinberger

question: What label finally (although reluctantly) picked up Kanye?

answer: Roc-A-Fella

text: Roc-A-Fella

question: What did Kanye's peers see him as while he tried to pursue his rap career?

answer: a producer

text: a producer

question: What man was almost ready to give Kanye a record deal?

answer: Joe Weinberger

text: Joe Weinberger

question: What record company eventually signed Kanye West?

answer: Roc-A-Fella

text: Roc-A-Fella


text: Mosaic art also flourished in Christian Petra where three Byzantine churches were discovered. The most important one was uncovered in 1990. It is known that the walls were also covered with golden glass mosaics but only the floor panels survived as usual. The mosaic of the seasons in the southern aisle is from this first building period from the middle of the 5th century. In the first half of the 6th century the mosaics of the northern aisle and the eastern end of the southern aisle were installed. They depict native as well as exotic or mythological animals, and personifications of the Seasons, Ocean, Earth and Wisdom.

title: Mosaic

title: Mosaic

text: Mosaic

text: art

text: also

text: flourished

text: in

text: Christian

text: Petra

text: where

text: three

text: Byzantine

text: churches

text: were

text: discovered

text: The

text: most

text: important

text: one

text: was

text: uncovered

text: in

text: It

text: is

text: known

text: that

text: the

text: walls

text: were

text: also

text: covered

text: with

text: golden

text: glass

text: mosaics

text: but

text: only

text: the

text: floor

text: panels

text: survived

text: as

text: usual

text: The

text: mosaic

text: of

text: the

text: seasons

text: in

text: the

text: southern

text: aisle

text: is

text: from

text: this

text: first

text: building

text: period

text: from

text: the

text: middle

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: In

text: the

text: first

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: mosaics

text: of

text: the

text: northern

text: aisle

text: and

text: the

text: eastern

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: southern

text: aisle

text: were

text: installed

text: They

text: depict

text: native

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: exotic

text: or

text: mythological

text: animals

text: and

text: personifications

text: of

text: the

text: Seasons

text: Ocean

text: Earth

text: and

text: Wisdom

question: How many Christian churches have been found in the Christian Petra?

answer: three

text: three

question: When was the most important Byzantine church re-discovered?

answer: in 1990

text: in 1990

question: What type of mosaics were present in the church discovered in 1990?

answer: only the floor panels

text: only the floor panels

question: What century was the oldest known mosaic at the church discovered in 1990?

answer: the 5th

text: the 5th

question: The scenes depicted on the mosaics were both native and what kind of mythological animals?

answer: exotic

text: exotic


text: Predators are often another organism's prey, and likewise prey are often predators. Though blue jays prey on insects, they may in turn be prey for cats and snakes, and snakes may be the prey of hawks. One way of classifying predators is by trophic level. Organisms that feed on autotrophs, the producers of the trophic pyramid, are known as herbivores or primary consumers; those that feed on heterotrophs such as animals are known as secondary consumers. Secondary consumers are a type of carnivore, but there are also tertiary consumers eating these carnivores, quartary consumers eating them, and so forth. Because only a fraction of energy is passed on to the next level, this hierarchy of predation must end somewhere, and very seldom goes higher than five or six levels, and may go only as high as three trophic levels (for example, a lion that preys upon large herbivores such as wildebeest, which in turn eat grasses). A predator at the top of any food chain (that is, one that is preyed upon by no organism) is called an apex predator; examples include the orca, sperm whale, anaconda, Komodo dragon, tiger, lion, tiger shark, Nile crocodile, and most eagles and owls—and even omnivorous humans and grizzly bears. An apex predator in one environment may not retain this position as a top predator if introduced to another habitat, such as a dog among alligators, a skunk in the presence of the great horned owl immune to skunk spray, or a snapping turtle among jaguars; a predatory species introduced into an area where it faces no predators, such as a domestic cat or a dog in some insular environments, can become an apex predator by default.

title: Predation

title: Predation

text: Predators

text: are

text: often

text: another

text: organism

text: 's

text: prey

text: and

text: likewise

text: prey

text: are

text: often

text: predators

text: Though

text: blue

text: jays

text: prey

text: on

text: insects

text: they

text: may

text: in

text: turn

text: be

text: prey

text: for

text: cats

text: and

text: snakes

text: and

text: snakes

text: may

text: be

text: the

text: prey

text: of

text: hawks

text: One

text: way

text: of

text: classifying

text: predators

text: is

text: by

text: trophic

text: level

text: Organisms

text: that

text: feed

text: on

text: autotrophs

text: the

text: producers

text: of

text: the

text: trophic

text: pyramid

text: are

text: known

text: as

text: herbivores

text: or

text: primary

text: consumers

text: those

text: that

text: feed

text: on

text: heterotrophs

text: such

text: as

text: animals

text: are

text: known

text: as

text: secondary

text: consumers

text: Secondary

text: consumers

text: are

text: a

text: type

text: of

text: carnivore

text: but

text: there

text: are

text: also

text: tertiary

text: consumers

text: eating

text: these

text: carnivores

text: quartary

text: consumers

text: eating

text: them

text: and

text: so

text: forth

text: Because

text: only

text: a

text: fraction

text: of

text: energy

text: is

text: passed

text: on

text: to

text: the

text: next

text: level

text: this

text: hierarchy

text: of

text: predation

text: must

text: end

text: somewhere

text: and

text: very

text: seldom

text: goes

text: higher

text: than

text: five

text: or

text: six

text: levels

text: and

text: may

text: go

text: only

text: as

text: high

text: as

text: three

text: trophic

text: levels

text: for

text: example

text: a

text: lion

text: that

text: preys

text: upon

text: large

text: herbivores

text: such

text: as

text: wildebeest

text: which

text: in

text: turn

text: eat

text: grasses

text: A

text: predator

text: at

text: the

text: top

text: of

text: any

text: food

text: chain

text: that

text: is

text: one

text: that

text: is

text: preyed

text: upon

text: by

text: no

text: organism

text: is

text: called

text: an

text: apex

text: predator

text: examples

text: include

text: the

text: orca

text: sperm

text: whale

text: anaconda

text: Komodo

text: dragon

text: tiger

text: lion

text: tiger

text: shark

text: Nile

text: crocodile

text: and

text: most

text: eagles

text: and

text: owls

text: and

text: even

text: omnivorous

text: humans

text: and

text: grizzly

text: bears

text: An

text: apex

text: predator

text: in

text: one

text: environment

text: may

text: not

text: retain

text: this

text: position

text: as

text: a

text: top

text: predator

text: if

text: introduced

text: to

text: another

text: habitat

text: such

text: as

text: a

text: dog

text: among

text: alligators

text: a

text: skunk

text: in

text: the

text: presence

text: of

text: the

text: great

text: horned

text: owl

text: immune

text: to

text: skunk

text: spray

text: or

text: a

text: snapping

text: turtle

text: among

text: jaguars

text: a

text: predatory

text: species

text: introduced

text: into

text: an

text: area

text: where

text: it

text: faces

text: no

text: predators

text: such

text: as

text: a

text: domestic

text: cat

text: or

text: a

text: dog

text: in

text: some

text: insular

text: environments

text: can

text: become

text: an

text: apex

text: predator

text: by

text: default

question: What is the the strata of predator prey interaction called?

answer: trophic level

text: trophic level

question: What is the top predator in an environment called?

answer: apex predator

text: apex predator

question: When a new apex predator moves into an area this changes.

answer: trophic pyramid

text: trophic pyramid

question: What limits the size of a trophic pyramid?

answer: energy

text: energy

question: Which organisms are known as primary consumers?

answer: Organisms that feed on autotrophs

text: Organisms that feed on autotrophs

question: What makes an organism a secondary consumer?

answer: feed on heterotrophs

text: feed on heterotrophs

question: What is an organism at the top of the food chain called?

answer: apex predator

text: apex predator

question: How many levels does a predatory pyramid or heirarchy typically climb?

answer: five or six levels

text: five or six levels

question: In what pyramid position is an organism not preyed upon by any other predators?

answer: the top

text: the top


text: Following the successes of his trial-run games, Foster moved ahead with his idea for arena football. He founded the Arena Football League with four teams: the Pittsburgh Gladiators, Denver Dynamite, Washington Commandos, and Chicago Bruisers. Foster appointed legendary Darrel "Mouse" Davis, godfather of the "run and shoot" and modern pro offenses, as executive director of football operations. Davis hired the original coaches and was the architect of the league's original wide-open offensive playbooks.

title: Arena_Football_League

title: Arena_Football_League

text: Following

text: the

text: successes

text: of

text: his

text: trial

text: run

text: games

text: Foster

text: moved

text: ahead

text: with

text: his

text: idea

text: for

text: arena

text: football

text: He

text: founded

text: the

text: Arena

text: Football

text: League

text: with

text: four

text: teams

text: the

text: Pittsburgh

text: Gladiators

text: Denver

text: Dynamite

text: Washington

text: Commandos

text: and

text: Chicago

text: Bruisers

text: Foster

text: appointed

text: legendary

text: Darrel

text: Mouse

text: Davis

text: godfather

text: of

text: the

text: run

text: and

text: shoot

text: and

text: modern

text: pro

text: offenses

text: as

text: executive

text: director

text: of

text: football

text: operations

text: Davis

text: hired

text: the

text: original

text: coaches

text: and

text: was

text: the

text: architect

text: of

text: the

text: league

text: 's

text: original

text: wide

text: open

text: offensive

text: playbooks

question: How many teams did the Arena Football League originally have?

answer: four

text: four

question: Along with the Chicago Bruisers, Denver Dynamite and Pittsburgh Gladiators, what team was one of the original AFL teams?

answer: Washington Commandos

text: Washington Commandos

question: What was the title of Darrell Davis in the AFL?

answer: executive director of football operations

text: executive director of football operations

question: What was Darrell Davis' nickname?

answer: Mouse

text: Mouse

question: Who was responsible for hiring the first coaches of the AFL teams?

answer: Davis

text: Davis


text: Research institutes linked to the third level colleges in the city support the research and innovation capacity of the city and region. Examples include the Tyndall National Institute (ICT hardware research), IMERC (Marine Energy), Environmental Research Institute, NIMBUS (Network Embedded Systems); and CREATE (Advanced Therapeutic Engineering). UCC and CIT also have start-up company incubation centres. In UCC, the IGNITE Graduate Business Innovation Centre aims to foster and support entrepreneurship. In CIT, The Rubicon Centre is a business innovation hub that is home to 57 knowledge based start-up companies.

title: Cork_(city)

title: Cork_(city

text: Research

text: institutes

text: linked

text: to

text: the

text: third

text: level

text: colleges

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: support

text: the

text: research

text: and

text: innovation

text: capacity

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: and

text: region

text: Examples

text: include

text: the

text: Tyndall

text: National

text: Institute

text: ICT

text: hardware

text: research

text: IMERC

text: Marine

text: Energy

text: Environmental

text: Research

text: Institute

text: NIMBUS

text: Network

text: Embedded

text: Systems

text: and

text: CREATE

text: Advanced

text: Therapeutic

text: Engineering

text: UCC

text: and

text: CIT

text: also

text: have

text: start

text: up

text: company

text: incubation

text: centres

text: In

text: UCC

text: the

text: IGNITE

text: Graduate

text: Business

text: Innovation

text: Centre

text: aims

text: to

text: foster

text: and

text: support

text: entrepreneurship

text: In

text: CIT

text: The

text: Rubicon

text: Centre

text: is

text: a

text: business

text: innovation

text: hub

text: that

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: knowledge

text: based

text: start

text: up

text: companies

question: What is the biggest conglomeration of start-up companies in Cork?

answer: The Rubicon Centre

text: The Rubicon Centre

question: Where is a good source of marine research in Cork?

answer: IMERC (Marine Energy)

text: IMERC (Marine Energy)

question: What is a good source for business start-ups in Cork?

answer: the IGNITE Graduate Business Innovation Centre

text: the IGNITE Graduate Business Innovation Centre

question: How many start-ups are associated with the Rubicon Center?

answer: 57


text: As the Ottoman state attempted to modernize its infrastructure and army in response to threats from the outside, it also opened itself up to a different kind of threat: that of creditors. Indeed, as the historian Eugene Rogan has written, "the single greatest threat to the independence of the Middle East" in the nineteenth century "was not the armies of Europe but its banks." The Ottoman state, which had begun taking on debt with the Crimean War, was forced to declare bankruptcy in 1875. By 1881, the Ottoman Empire agreed to have its debt controlled by an institution known as the Ottoman Public Debt Administration, a council of European men with presidency alternating between France and Britain. The body controlled swaths of the Ottoman economy, and used its position to insure that European capital continued to penetrate the empire, often to the detriment of local Ottoman interests.

title: Ottoman_Empire

title: Ottoman_Empire

text: As

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: state

text: attempted

text: to

text: modernize

text: its

text: infrastructure

text: and

text: army

text: in

text: response

text: to

text: threats

text: from

text: the

text: outside

text: it

text: also

text: opened

text: itself

text: up

text: to

text: a

text: different

text: kind

text: of

text: threat

text: that

text: of

text: creditors

text: Indeed

text: as

text: the

text: historian

text: Eugene

text: Rogan

text: has

text: written

text: the

text: single

text: greatest

text: threat

text: to

text: the

text: independence

text: of

text: the

text: Middle

text: East

text: in

text: the

text: nineteenth

text: century

text: was

text: not

text: the

text: armies

text: of

text: Europe

text: but

text: its

text: banks

text: The

text: Ottoman

text: state

text: which

text: had

text: begun

text: taking

text: on

text: debt

text: with

text: the

text: Crimean

text: War

text: was

text: forced

text: to

text: declare

text: bankruptcy

text: in

text: By

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: agreed

text: to

text: have

text: its

text: debt

text: controlled

text: by

text: an

text: institution

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Public

text: Debt

text: Administration

text: a

text: council

text: of

text: European

text: men

text: with

text: presidency

text: alternating

text: between

text: France

text: and

text: Britain

text: The

text: body

text: controlled

text: swaths

text: of

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: economy

text: and

text: used

text: its

text: position

text: to

text: insure

text: that

text: European

text: capital

text: continued

text: to

text: penetrate

text: the

text: empire

text: often

text: to

text: the

text: detriment

text: of

text: local

text: Ottoman

text: interests

question: What historian wrote that banks were the single greatest threat to mid-east independence?

answer: Eugene Rogan

text: Eugene Rogan

question: In what year did the Ottoman Empire declare bankruptcy?

answer: 1875

question: What was the administration that the empire used to control its debt called?

answer: Ottoman Public Debt Administration

text: Ottoman Public Debt Administration

question: Who served on the debt controlling administration of the Ottoman Empire?

answer: European men with presidency alternating between France and Britain.

text: European men with presidency alternating between France and Britain.

question: European capital in the Ottoman empire resulted in what?

answer: the detriment of local Ottoman interests

text: the detriment of local Ottoman interests


text: The top ten (eleven in season ten) toured at the end of every season. In the season twelve tour a semi-finalist who won a sing-off was also added to the tour. Kellogg's Pop-Tarts was the sponsor for the first seven seasons, and Guitar Hero was added for the season seven tour. M&M's Pretzel Chocolate Candies was a sponsor of the season nine tour. The season five tour was the most successful tour with gross of over $35 million.

title: American_Idol

title: American_Idol

text: The

text: top

text: ten

text: eleven

text: in

text: season

text: ten

text: toured

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: every

text: season

text: In

text: the

text: season

text: twelve

text: tour

text: a

text: semi

text: finalist

text: who

text: won

text: a

text: sing

text: off

text: was

text: also

text: added

text: to

text: the

text: tour

text: Kellogg

text: 's

text: Pop

text: Tarts

text: was

text: the

text: sponsor

text: for

text: the

text: first

text: seven

text: seasons

text: and

text: Guitar

text: Hero

text: was

text: added

text: for

text: the

text: season

text: seven

text: tour

text: M&M

text: 's

text: Pretzel

text: Chocolate

text: Candies

text: was

text: a

text: sponsor

text: of

text: the

text: season

text: nine

text: tour

text: The

text: season

text: five

text: tour

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: successful

text: tour

text: with

text: gross

text: of

text: over

text: million

question: Which season of American Idol had the highest profit on its tour?

answer: season five

text: season five

question: What company was a sponsor of the American Idol tour in its ninth season?

answer: M&M's Pretzel Chocolate Candies

text: M&M's Pretzel Chocolate Candies

question: Who was added to the tour in season 12?

answer: a semi-finalist who won a sing-off

text: a semi-finalist who won a sing-off

question: Who sponsored the first seven tours?

answer: Kellogg's Pop-Tarts

text: Kellogg's Pop-Tarts

question: Who sponsored the ninth tour?

answer: M&M's Pretzel Chocolate Candies

text: M&M's Pretzel Chocolate Candies

question: Which was the most successful tour?

answer: season five

text: season five


text: There are two types of transistors, which have slight differences in how they are used in a circuit. A bipolar transistor has terminals labeled base, collector, and emitter. A small current at the base terminal (that is, flowing between the base and the emitter) can control or switch a much larger current between the collector and emitter terminals. For a field-effect transistor, the terminals are labeled gate, source, and drain, and a voltage at the gate can control a current between source and drain.

title: Transistor

title: Transistor

text: There

text: are

text: two

text: types

text: of

text: transistors

text: which

text: have

text: slight

text: differences

text: in

text: how

text: they

text: are

text: used

text: in

text: a

text: circuit

text: A

text: bipolar

text: transistor

text: has

text: terminals

text: labeled

text: base

text: collector

text: and

text: emitter

text: A

text: small

text: current

text: at

text: the

text: base

text: terminal

text: that

text: is

text: flowing

text: between

text: the

text: base

text: and

text: the

text: emitter

text: can

text: control

text: or

text: switch

text: a

text: much

text: larger

text: current

text: between

text: the

text: collector

text: and

text: emitter

text: terminals

text: For

text: a

text: field

text: effect

text: transistor

text: the

text: terminals

text: are

text: labeled

text: gate

text: source

text: and

text: drain

text: and

text: a

text: voltage

text: at

text: the

text: gate

text: can

text: control

text: a

text: current

text: between

text: source

text: and

text: drain

question: How many types of transistors are there?

answer: two

text: two

question: What controls the large current between the collector and emitter?

answer: A small current at the base terminal

text: A small current at the base terminal

question: What are the components of a field-effect transistor?

answer: gate, source, and drain

text: gate, source, and drain

question: In a field-effect transistor, what controls the current between the source and drain?

answer: a voltage at the gate

text: a voltage at the gate

question: What are the components of a bipolar transistor?

answer: base, collector, and emitter

text: base, collector, and emitter


text: Microsoft responded with its Internet Explorer in 1995, also heavily influenced by Mosaic, initiating the industry's first browser war. Bundled with Windows, Internet Explorer gained dominance in the web browser market; Internet Explorer usage share peaked at over 95% by 2002.

title: Web_browser

title: Web_browser

text: Microsoft

text: responded

text: with

text: its

text: Internet

text: Explorer

text: in

text: also

text: heavily

text: influenced

text: by

text: Mosaic

text: initiating

text: the

text: industry

text: 's

text: first

text: browser

text: war

text: Bundled

text: with

text: Windows

text: Internet

text: Explorer

text: gained

text: dominance

text: in

text: the

text: web

text: browser

text: market

text: Internet

text: Explorer

text: usage

text: share

text: peaked

text: at

text: over

text: by

question: Who released the Internet Explorer browser?

answer: Microsoft

text: Microsoft

question: When did Microsoft release Internet Explorer?

answer: 1995

question: The release of Internet Explorer started the first what?

answer: browser war

text: browser war

question: What was bundled with Internet Explorer?

answer: Windows

text: Windows


text: The control of associated biodiversity is one of the great agricultural challenges that farmers face. On monoculture farms, the approach is generally to eradicate associated diversity using a suite of biologically destructive pesticides, mechanized tools and transgenic engineering techniques, then to rotate crops. Although some polyculture farmers use the same techniques, they also employ integrated pest management strategies as well as strategies that are more labor-intensive, but generally less dependent on capital, biotechnology and energy.

title: Biodiversity

title: Biodiversity

text: The

text: control

text: of

text: associated

text: biodiversity

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: great

text: agricultural

text: challenges

text: that

text: farmers

text: face

text: On

text: monoculture

text: farms

text: the

text: approach

text: is

text: generally

text: to

text: eradicate

text: associated

text: diversity

text: using

text: a

text: suite

text: of

text: biologically

text: destructive

text: pesticides

text: mechanized

text: tools

text: and

text: transgenic

text: engineering

text: techniques

text: then

text: to

text: rotate

text: crops

text: Although

text: some

text: polyculture

text: farmers

text: use

text: the

text: same

text: techniques

text: they

text: also

text: employ

text: integrated

text: pest

text: management

text: strategies

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: strategies

text: that

text: are

text: more

text: labor

text: intensive

text: but

text: generally

text: less

text: dependent

text: on

text: capital

text: biotechnology

text: and

text: energy

question: What farms use biologically destructive pesticides

answer: monoculture farms

text: monoculture farms

question: What is one of the great agricultural challenges that farmers face?

answer: The control of associated biodiversity

text: The control of associated biodiversity

question: What farmers use integrated pest management strategies?

answer: polyculture farmers

text: polyculture farmers

question: What farmers are generally less dependent on capital, biotechnology and energy?

answer: polyculture farmers

text: polyculture farmers


text: The Carnival of Malmedy is locally called Cwarmê. Even if Malmedy is located in the east Belgium, near the German-speaking area, the Cwarmê is a pure walloon and Latin carnival. The celebration takes place during 4 days before the Shrove Tuesday. The Cwarmê Sunday is the most important and insteresting to see. All the old traditional costumes parade in the street. The Cwarmê is a "street carnival" and is not only a parade. People who are disguised pass through the crowd and perform a part of the traditional costume they wear. The famous traditional costumes at the Cwarmê of Malmedy are the Haguète, the Longuès-Brèsses and the Long-Né.

title: Carnival

title: Carnival

text: The

text: Carnival

text: of

text: Malmedy

text: is

text: locally

text: called

text: Cwarmê

text: Even

text: if

text: Malmedy

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: east

text: Belgium

text: near

text: the

text: German

text: speaking

text: area

text: the

text: Cwarmê

text: is

text: a

text: pure

text: walloon

text: and

text: Latin

text: carnival

text: The

text: celebration

text: takes

text: place

text: during

text: days

text: before

text: the

text: Shrove

text: Tuesday

text: The

text: Cwarmê

text: Sunday

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: and

text: insteresting

text: to

text: see

text: All

text: the

text: old

text: traditional

text: costumes

text: parade

text: in

text: the

text: street

text: The

text: Cwarmê

text: is

text: a

text: street

text: carnival

text: and

text: is

text: not

text: only

text: a

text: parade

text: People

text: who

text: are

text: disguised

text: pass

text: through

text: the

text: crowd

text: and

text: perform

text: a

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: traditional

text: costume

text: they

text: wear

text: The

text: famous

text: traditional

text: costumes

text: at

text: the

text: Cwarmê

text: of

text: Malmedy

text: are

text: the

text: Haguète

text: the

text: Longuès

text: Brèsses

text: and

text: the

text: Long

text: Né

question: Whose Carnival is known local as Cwarmê?

answer: Malmedy

text: Malmedy

question: Despite being located in East Belgium, Malmedy's Carnival harks purely to what area?

answer: Latin

text: Latin

question: How many days does Malmedy's festival take place before Shrove Tuesday?

answer: 4

question: Where can all the traditional costumes be seen parading on the Sunday of the festival?

answer: in the street

text: in the street

question: What do disguised people pass through during the festival?

answer: the crowd

text: the crowd


text: The debate on a new delimitation of the German territory started in 1919 as part of discussions about the new constitution. Hugo Preuss, the father of the Weimar Constitution, drafted a plan to divide the German Reich into 14 roughly equal-sized states. His proposal was turned down due to opposition of the states and concerns of the government. Article 18 of the constitution enabled a new delimitation of the German territory but set high hurdles: Three fifth of the votes handed in, and at least the majority of the population are necessary to decide on the alteration of territory. In fact, until 1933 there were only four changes in the configuration of the German states: The 7 Thuringian states were merged in 1920, whereby Coburg opted for Bavaria, Pyrmont joined Prussia in 1922, and Waldeck did so in 1929. Any later plans to break up the dominating Prussia into smaller states failed because political circumstances were not favorable to state reforms.

title: States_of_Germany

title: States_of_Germany

text: The

text: debate

text: on

text: a

text: new

text: delimitation

text: of

text: the

text: German

text: territory

text: started

text: in

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: discussions

text: about

text: the

text: new

text: constitution

text: Hugo

text: Preuss

text: the

text: father

text: of

text: the

text: Weimar

text: Constitution

text: drafted

text: a

text: plan

text: to

text: divide

text: the

text: German

text: Reich

text: into

text: roughly

text: equal

text: sized

text: states

text: His

text: proposal

text: was

text: turned

text: down

text: due

text: to

text: opposition

text: of

text: the

text: states

text: and

text: concerns

text: of

text: the

text: government

text: Article

text: of

text: the

text: constitution

text: enabled

text: a

text: new

text: delimitation

text: of

text: the

text: German

text: territory

text: but

text: set

text: high

text: hurdles

text: Three

text: fifth

text: of

text: the

text: votes

text: handed

text: in

text: and

text: at

text: least

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: are

text: necessary

text: to

text: decide

text: on

text: the

text: alteration

text: of

text: territory

text: In

text: fact

text: until

text: there

text: were

text: only

text: four

text: changes

text: in

text: the

text: configuration

text: of

text: the

text: German

text: states

text: The

text: Thuringian

text: states

text: were

text: merged

text: in

text: whereby

text: Coburg

text: opted

text: for

text: Bavaria

text: Pyrmont

text: joined

text: Prussia

text: in

text: and

text: Waldeck

text: did

text: so

text: in

text: Any

text: later

text: plans

text: to

text: break

text: up

text: the

text: dominating

text: Prussia

text: into

text: smaller

text: states

text: failed

text: because

text: political

text: circumstances

text: were

text: not

text: favorable

text: to

text: state

text: reforms

question: When did the debate on delimitation begin in Germany?

answer: 1919

question: Who was the father of the Weimar Constitution?

answer: Hugo Preuss

text: Hugo Preuss

question: How many states was the German Reich to divided into?

answer: 14

question: Until 1933 how many configurations in the German states occurred?

answer: four

text: four

question: When did Pyrmont join Prussia?

answer: 1922


text: In the 1970s, the Bronx was plagued by a wave of arson. The burning of buildings was predominantly in the poorest communities, like the South Bronx. The most common explanation of what occurred was that landlords decided to burn their low property-value buildings and take the insurance money as it was more lucrative to get insurance money than to refurbish or sell a building in a severely distressed area. The Bronx became identified with a high rate of poverty and unemployment, which was mainly a persistent problem in the South Bronx.

title: The_Bronx

title: The_Bronx

text: In

text: the

text: the

text: Bronx

text: was

text: plagued

text: by

text: a

text: wave

text: of

text: arson

text: The

text: burning

text: of

text: buildings

text: was

text: predominantly

text: in

text: the

text: poorest

text: communities

text: like

text: the

text: South

text: Bronx

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: explanation

text: of

text: what

text: occurred

text: was

text: that

text: landlords

text: decided

text: to

text: burn

text: their

text: low

text: property

text: value

text: buildings

text: and

text: take

text: the

text: insurance

text: money

text: as

text: it

text: was

text: more

text: lucrative

text: to

text: get

text: insurance

text: money

text: than

text: to

text: refurbish

text: or

text: sell

text: a

text: building

text: in

text: a

text: severely

text: distressed

text: area

text: The

text: Bronx

text: became

text: identified

text: with

text: a

text: high

text: rate

text: of

text: poverty

text: and

text: unemployment

text: which

text: was

text: mainly

text: a

text: persistent

text: problem

text: in

text: the

text: South

text: Bronx

question: What crime was common in the Bronx in the 1970s?

answer: arson

text: arson

question: Why did some landlords burn their own buildings?

answer: it was more lucrative to get insurance money than to refurbish or sell a building in a severely distressed area

text: it was more lucrative to get insurance money than to refurbish or sell a building in a severely distressed area

question: Where were poverty and unemployment the worst in the Bronx?

answer: South Bronx

text: South Bronx


text: The 2014 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on July 24, 2014, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2013. Below is the list of the "very high human development" countries:

title: Human_Development_Index

title: Human_Development_Index

text: The

text: Human

text: Development

text: Report

text: by

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: Development

text: Program

text: was

text: released

text: on

text: July

text: and

text: calculates

text: HDI

text: values

text: based

text: on

text: estimates

text: for

text: Below

text: is

text: the

text: list

text: of

text: the

text: very

text: high

text: human

text: development

text: countries

question: On what date was the 2014 Human Development Report released?

answer: July 24, 2014

text: July 24, 2014

question: Which year was used for estimates in the 2014 report?

answer: 2013


text: Technologies based upon the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method will become nearly ubiquitous gold standards of diagnostics of the near future, for several reasons. First, the catalog of infectious agents has grown to the point that virtually all of the significant infectious agents of the human population have been identified. Second, an infectious agent must grow within the human body to cause disease; essentially it must amplify its own nucleic acids in order to cause a disease. This amplification of nucleic acid in infected tissue offers an opportunity to detect the infectious agent by using PCR. Third, the essential tools for directing PCR, primers, are derived from the genomes of infectious agents, and with time those genomes will be known, if they are not already.

title: Infection

title: Infection

text: Technologies

text: based

text: upon

text: the

text: polymerase

text: chain

text: reaction

text: PCR

text: method

text: will

text: become

text: nearly

text: ubiquitous

text: gold

text: standards

text: of

text: diagnostics

text: of

text: the

text: near

text: future

text: for

text: several

text: reasons

text: First

text: the

text: catalog

text: of

text: infectious

text: agents

text: has

text: grown

text: to

text: the

text: point

text: that

text: virtually

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: significant

text: infectious

text: agents

text: of

text: the

text: human

text: population

text: have

text: been

text: identified

text: Second

text: an

text: infectious

text: agent

text: must

text: grow

text: within

text: the

text: human

text: body

text: to

text: cause

text: disease

text: essentially

text: it

text: must

text: amplify

text: its

text: own

text: nucleic

text: acids

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: cause

text: a

text: disease

text: This

text: amplification

text: of

text: nucleic

text: acid

text: in

text: infected

text: tissue

text: offers

text: an

text: opportunity

text: to

text: detect

text: the

text: infectious

text: agent

text: by

text: using

text: PCR

text: Third

text: the

text: essential

text: tools

text: for

text: directing

text: PCR

text: primers

text: are

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: genomes

text: of

text: infectious

text: agents

text: and

text: with

text: time

text: those

text: genomes

text: will

text: be

text: known

text: if

text: they

text: are

text: not

text: already

question: What does the acronym PCR expand to?

answer: polymerase chain reaction

text: polymerase chain reaction

question: What will be the ubiquitous gold standards of diagnostics in the near future?

answer: PCR

text: PCR

question: What has the catalog of infectious agents grown to the point of?

answer: virtually all of the significant infectious agents of the human population have been identified

text: virtually all of the significant infectious agents of the human population have been identified

question: What must an infectious agent do to cause disease?

answer: grow within the human body

text: grow within the human body

question: What are primers derived from the genomes of?

answer: infectious agents

text: infectious agents


text: Chopin's polonaises show a marked advance on those of his Polish predecessors in the form (who included his teachers Zywny and Elsner). As with the traditional polonaise, Chopin's works are in triple time and typically display a martial rhythm in their melodies, accompaniments and cadences. Unlike most of their precursors, they also require a formidable playing technique.

title: Frédéric_Chopin

title: Frédéric_Chopin

text: Chopin

text: 's

text: polonaises

text: show

text: a

text: marked

text: advance

text: on

text: those

text: of

text: his

text: Polish

text: predecessors

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: who

text: included

text: his

text: teachers

text: Zywny

text: and

text: Elsner

text: As

text: with

text: the

text: traditional

text: polonaise

text: Chopin

text: 's

text: works

text: are

text: in

text: triple

text: time

text: and

text: typically

text: display

text: a

text: martial

text: rhythm

text: in

text: their

text: melodies

text: accompaniments

text: and

text: cadences

text: Unlike

text: most

text: of

text: their

text: precursors

text: they

text: also

text: require

text: a

text: formidable

text: playing

text: technique

question: What time are Chopin's polonaises written in?

answer: triple time

text: triple time

question: Chopin's ability to create an advanced polonasises surpassed even two of his teachers, Zywny and who?

answer: Elsner

text: Elsner

question: Chopin's polonaise often have what kind of rhythm in their melodies?

answer: martial

text: martial

question: Chopin's polonaises needed what kind of playing technique?

answer: formidable

text: formidable


text: By the late 1950s, the motion picture business was again changing. The combination of the studio/theater-chain break-up and the rise of television saw the reduced audience size for cinema productions. The Music Corporation of America (MCA), then predominately a talent agency, had also become a powerful television producer, renting space at Republic Studios for its Revue Productions subsidiary. After a period of complete shutdown, a moribund Universal agreed to sell its 360-acre (1.5 km²) studio lot to MCA in 1958, for $11 million, renamed Revue Studios. MCA owned the studio lot, but not Universal Pictures, yet was increasingly influential on Universal's product. The studio lot was upgraded and modernized, while MCA clients like Doris Day, Lana Turner, Cary Grant, and director Alfred Hitchcock were signed to Universal Pictures contracts.

title: Universal_Studios

title: Universal_Studios

text: By

text: the

text: late

text: the

text: motion

text: picture

text: business

text: was

text: again

text: changing

text: The

text: combination

text: of

text: the

text: studio

text: theater

text: chain

text: break

text: up

text: and

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: television

text: saw

text: the

text: reduced

text: audience

text: size

text: for

text: cinema

text: productions

text: The

text: Music

text: Corporation

text: of

text: America

text: MCA

text: then

text: predominately

text: a

text: talent

text: agency

text: had

text: also

text: become

text: a

text: powerful

text: television

text: producer

text: renting

text: space

text: at

text: Republic

text: Studios

text: for

text: its

text: Revue

text: Productions

text: subsidiary

text: After

text: a

text: period

text: of

text: complete

text: shutdown

text: a

text: moribund

text: Universal

text: agreed

text: to

text: sell

text: its

text: studio

text: lot

text: to

text: MCA

text: in

text: for

text: million

text: renamed

text: Revue

text: Studios

text: MCA

text: owned

text: the

text: studio

text: lot

text: but

text: not

text: Universal

text: Pictures

text: yet

text: was

text: increasingly

text: influential

text: on

text: Universal

text: 's

text: product

text: The

text: studio

text: lot

text: was

text: upgraded

text: and

text: modernized

text: while

text: MCA

text: clients

text: like

text: Doris

text: Day

text: Lana

text: Turner

text: Cary

text: Grant

text: and

text: director

text: Alfred

text: Hitchcock

text: were

text: signed

text: to

text: Universal

text: Pictures

text: contracts

question: What acronym was the Music Corporation of America known by?

answer: MCA

text: MCA

question: Where did MCA's Revue Productions subsidiary rent space?

answer: Republic Studios

text: Republic Studios

question: In square kilometers, how large was the lot Universal sold to MCA?

answer: 1.5

question: In what year did Universal sell its 360-acre lot to MCA?

answer: 1958

question: How much did MCA pay for Universal's 360-acre lot?

answer: $11 million

text: $11 million


text: Silicon Alley, centered in Manhattan, has evolved into a metonym for the sphere encompassing the New York City metropolitan region's high technology industries involving the Internet, new media, telecommunications, digital media, software development, biotechnology, game design, financial technology ("fintech"), and other fields within information technology that are supported by its entrepreneurship ecosystem and venture capital investments. In the first half of 2015, Silicon Alley generated over US$3.7 billion in venture capital investment across a broad spectrum of high technology enterprises, most based in Manhattan, with others in Brooklyn, Queens, and elsewhere in the region. High technology startup companies and employment are growing in New York City and the region, bolstered by the city's position in North America as the leading Internet hub and telecommunications center, including its vicinity to several transatlantic fiber optic trunk lines, New York's intellectual capital, and its extensive outdoor wireless connectivity. Verizon Communications, headquartered at 140 West Street in Lower Manhattan, was at the final stages in 2014 of completing a US$3 billion fiberoptic telecommunications upgrade throughout New York City. As of 2014, New York City hosted 300,000 employees in the tech sector.

title: New_York_City

title: New_York_City

text: Silicon

text: Alley

text: centered

text: in

text: Manhattan

text: has

text: evolved

text: into

text: a

text: metonym

text: for

text: the

text: sphere

text: encompassing

text: the

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: metropolitan

text: region

text: 's

text: high

text: technology

text: industries

text: involving

text: the

text: Internet

text: new

text: media

text: telecommunications

text: digital

text: media

text: software

text: development

text: biotechnology

text: game

text: design

text: financial

text: technology

text: fintech

text: and

text: other

text: fields

text: within

text: information

text: technology

text: that

text: are

text: supported

text: by

text: its

text: entrepreneurship

text: ecosystem

text: and

text: venture

text: capital

text: investments

text: In

text: the

text: first

text: half

text: of

text: Silicon

text: Alley

text: generated

text: over

text: US$

text: billion

text: in

text: venture

text: capital

text: investment

text: across

text: a

text: broad

text: spectrum

text: of

text: high

text: technology

text: enterprises

text: most

text: based

text: in

text: Manhattan

text: with

text: others

text: in

text: Brooklyn

text: Queens

text: and

text: elsewhere

text: in

text: the

text: region

text: High

text: technology

text: startup

text: companies

text: and

text: employment

text: are

text: growing

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: and

text: the

text: region

text: bolstered

text: by

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: position

text: in

text: North

text: America

text: as

text: the

text: leading

text: Internet

text: hub

text: and

text: telecommunications

text: center

text: including

text: its

text: vicinity

text: to

text: several

text: transatlantic

text: fiber

text: optic

text: trunk

text: lines

text: New

text: York

text: 's

text: intellectual

text: capital

text: and

text: its

text: extensive

text: outdoor

text: wireless

text: connectivity

text: Verizon

text: Communications

text: headquartered

text: at

text: West

text: Street

text: in

text: Lower

text: Manhattan

text: was

text: at

text: the

text: final

text: stages

text: in

text: of

text: completing

text: a

text: US$

text: billion

text: fiberoptic

text: telecommunications

text: upgrade

text: throughout

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: As

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: hosted

text: employees

text: in

text: the

text: tech

text: sector

question: In what borough is Silicon Alley located?

answer: Manhattan

text: Manhattan

question: What is the street address of the headquarters of Verizon Communciations?

answer: 140 West Street

text: 140 West Street

question: How much did Verizon spend on fiber optic upgrades in New York City?

answer: US$3 billion

text: US$3 billion

question: Approximately how many tech sector jobs are in New York City?

answer: 300,000

question: The technology sector of work in NYC has how many employees in its service?

answer: 300,000


text: Melbourne (/ˈmɛlbərn/, AU i/ˈmɛlbən/) is the capital and most populous city in the Australian state of Victoria, and the second most populous city in Australia and Oceania. The name "Melbourne" refers to the area of urban agglomeration (as well as a census statistical division) spanning 9,900 km2 (3,800 sq mi) which comprises the broader metropolitan area, as well as being the common name for its city centre. The metropolis is located on the large natural bay of Port Phillip and expands into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon mountain ranges, Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley. Melbourne consists of 31 municipalities. It has a population of 4,347,955 as of 2013, and its inhabitants are called Melburnians.

title: Melbourne

title: Melbourne

text: Melbourne

text: /ˈmɛlbərn/

text: AU

text: i/ˈmɛlbən/

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: Australian

text: state

text: of

text: Victoria

text: and

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: Australia

text: and

text: Oceania

text: The

text: name

text: Melbourne

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: area

text: of

text: urban

text: agglomeration

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: a

text: census

text: statistical

text: division

text: spanning

text: sq

text: mi

text: which

text: comprises

text: the

text: broader

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: being

text: the

text: common

text: name

text: for

text: its

text: city

text: centre

text: The

text: metropolis

text: is

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: large

text: natural

text: bay

text: of

text: Port

text: Phillip

text: and

text: expands

text: into

text: the

text: hinterlands

text: towards

text: the

text: Dandenong

text: and

text: Macedon

text: mountain

text: ranges

text: Mornington

text: Peninsula

text: and

text: Yarra

text: Valley

text: Melbourne

text: consists

text: of

text: municipalities

text: It

text: has

text: a

text: population

text: of

text: as

text: of

text: and

text: its

text: inhabitants

text: are

text: called

text: Melburnians

question: What is the most populas city in the Australian state of Victoria?

answer: Melbourne

text: Melbourne

question: What is the second most populas city in Australia?

answer: Oceania

text: Oceania

question: Where is the Metropolis?

answer: large natural bay of Port Phillip

text: large natural bay of Port Phillip

question: What is the population of Melbourne?

answer: 4,347,955 as of 2013

text: 4,347,955 as of 2013

question: What are inhabitants of Melbourne called?

answer: Melburnians

text: Melburnians

question: Which city is the capital of Victoria?

answer: Melbourne

text: Melbourne

question: Which city is the most populous city in Victoria?

answer: Melbourne

text: Melbourne

question: Melbourne consists of how many municipalities?

answer: 31

question: What was Melbourne's population in 2013?

answer: 4,347,955

question: What are the inhabitants of Melbourne called?

answer: Melburnians

text: Melburnians


text: Street parking in urban neighborhoods is mostly controlled by the franeleros a.k.a. "viene vienes" (lit. "come on, come on"), who ask drivers for a fee to park, in theory to guard the car, but with the implicit threat that the franelero will damage the car if the fee is not paid. Double parking is common (with franeleros moving the cars as required), impeding on the available lanes for traffic to pass. In order to mitigate that and other problems and to raise revenue, 721 parking meters (as of October 2013), have been installed in the west-central neighborhoods Lomas de Chapultepec, Condesa, Roma, Polanco and Anzures, in operation from 8 AM to 8 PM on weekdays and charging a rate of 2 pesos per 15 minutes, with offenders' cars booted, costing about 500 pesos to remove. 30 percent of the monthly 16 million-peso (as of October 2013) income from the parking-meter system (named "ecoParq") is earmarked for neighborhood improvements. The granting of the license for all zones exclusively to a new company without experience in operating parking meters, Operadora de Estacionamientos Bicentenario, has generated controversy.

title: Mexico_City

title: Mexico_City

text: Street

text: parking

text: in

text: urban

text: neighborhoods

text: is

text: mostly

text: controlled

text: by

text: the

text: franeleros

text: a.k.a

text: viene

text: vienes

text: lit

text: come

text: on

text: come

text: on

text: who

text: ask

text: drivers

text: for

text: a

text: fee

text: to

text: park

text: in

text: theory

text: to

text: guard

text: the

text: car

text: but

text: with

text: the

text: implicit

text: threat

text: that

text: the

text: franelero

text: will

text: damage

text: the

text: car

text: if

text: the

text: fee

text: is

text: not

text: paid

text: Double

text: parking

text: is

text: common

text: with

text: franeleros

text: moving

text: the

text: cars

text: as

text: required

text: impeding

text: on

text: the

text: available

text: lanes

text: for

text: traffic

text: to

text: pass

text: In

text: order

text: to

text: mitigate

text: that

text: and

text: other

text: problems

text: and

text: to

text: raise

text: revenue

text: parking

text: meters

text: as

text: of

text: October

text: have

text: been

text: installed

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: central

text: neighborhoods

text: Lomas

text: de

text: Chapultepec

text: Condesa

text: Roma

text: Polanco

text: and

text: Anzures

text: in

text: operation

text: from

text: AM

text: to

text: PM

text: on

text: weekdays

text: and

text: charging

text: a

text: rate

text: of

text: pesos

text: per

text: minutes

text: with

text: offenders

text: cars

text: booted

text: costing

text: about

text: pesos

text: to

text: remove

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: monthly

text: million

text: peso

text: as

text: of

text: October

text: income

text: from

text: the

text: parking

text: meter

text: system

text: named

text: ecoParq

text: is

text: earmarked

text: for

text: neighborhood

text: improvements

text: The

text: granting

text: of

text: the

text: license

text: for

text: all

text: zones

text: exclusively

text: to

text: a

text: new

text: company

text: without

text: experience

text: in

text: operating

text: parking

text: meters

text: Operadora

text: de

text: Estacionamientos

text: Bicentenario

text: has

text: generated

text: controversy

question: What is the name of the parking meter system in Mexico City?

answer: ecoParq

text: ecoParq

question: Who operates the parking meters?

answer: Operadora de Estacionamientos Bicentenario

text: Operadora de Estacionamientos Bicentenario

question: How much money a month do the parking meters bring in?

answer: 16 million-peso

text: 16 million-peso

question: What are the hours of Mexico City Parking meters?

answer: 8 AM to 8 PM

text: 8 AM to 8 PM

question: How many parking meters were installed as of October 2013?

answer: 721


text: According to the endurance running hypothesis, long-distance running as in persistence hunting, a method still practiced by some hunter-gatherer groups in modern times, was likely the driving evolutionary force leading to the evolution of certain human characteristics. This hypothesis does not necessarily contradict the scavenging hypothesis: both subsistence strategies could have been in use – sequentially, alternating or even simultaneously.

title: Hunter-gatherer

title: Hunter

title: gatherer

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: endurance

text: running

text: hypothesis

text: long

text: distance

text: running

text: as

text: in

text: persistence

text: hunting

text: a

text: method

text: still

text: practiced

text: by

text: some

text: hunter

text: gatherer

text: groups

text: in

text: modern

text: times

text: was

text: likely

text: the

text: driving

text: evolutionary

text: force

text: leading

text: to

text: the

text: evolution

text: of

text: certain

text: human

text: characteristics

text: This

text: hypothesis

text: does

text: not

text: necessarily

text: contradict

text: the

text: scavenging

text: hypothesis

text: both

text: subsistence

text: strategies

text: could

text: have

text: been

text: in

text: use

text: sequentially

text: alternating

text: or

text: even

text: simultaneously

question: What is long-distance running as a food hunting-gathering technique?

answer: persistence hunting

text: persistence hunting

question: What theory says that long-distance running drove the evolution of some human traits?

answer: endurance running hypothesis

text: endurance running hypothesis

question: Who still practices persistence hunting?

answer: some hunter-gatherer groups

text: some hunter-gatherer groups

question: Besides the endurance running hypothesis, what other theory of food collection is there?

answer: scavenging hypothesis

text: scavenging hypothesis

question: What food gathering techniques could have been used by early man at the same time?

answer: both subsistence strategies

text: both subsistence strategies


text: The exact relationship between these eight groups is not yet clear, although there is agreement that the first three groups to diverge from the ancestral angiosperm were Amborellales, Nymphaeales, and Austrobaileyales. The term basal angiosperms refers to these three groups. Among the rest, the relationship between the three broadest of these groups (magnoliids, monocots, and eudicots) remains unclear. Some analyses make the magnoliids the first to diverge, others the monocots. Ceratophyllum seems to group with the eudicots rather than with the monocots.

title: Flowering_plant

title: Flowering_plant

text: The

text: exact

text: relationship

text: between

text: these

text: eight

text: groups

text: is

text: not

text: yet

text: clear

text: although

text: there

text: is

text: agreement

text: that

text: the

text: first

text: three

text: groups

text: to

text: diverge

text: from

text: the

text: ancestral

text: angiosperm

text: were

text: Amborellales

text: Nymphaeales

text: and

text: Austrobaileyales

text: The

text: term

text: basal

text: angiosperms

text: refers

text: to

text: these

text: three

text: groups

text: Among

text: the

text: rest

text: the

text: relationship

text: between

text: the

text: three

text: broadest

text: of

text: these

text: groups

text: magnoliids

text: monocots

text: and

text: eudicots

text: remains

text: unclear

text: Some

text: analyses

text: make

text: the

text: magnoliids

text: the

text: first

text: to

text: diverge

text: others

text: the

text: monocots

text: Ceratophyllum

text: seems

text: to

text: group

text: with

text: the

text: eudicots

text: rather

text: than

text: with

text: the

text: monocots

question: What three groups were the first to diverge from angiosperm?

answer: Amborellales, Nymphaeales, and Austrobaileyales

text: Amborellales, Nymphaeales, and Austrobaileyales

question: What term refers to the first three groups to diverge from angiosperm?

answer: basal

text: basal

question: How clear is the relationship between the broadest of the three non-basal angiosperm groups?

answer: unclear

text: unclear

question: What group do some analyses seem to indicate diverged first?

answer: magnoliids

text: magnoliids


text: By 1874, Bell's initial work on the harmonic telegraph had entered a formative stage, with progress made both at his new Boston "laboratory" (a rented facility) and at his family home in Canada a big success.[N 14] While working that summer in Brantford, Bell experimented with a "phonautograph", a pen-like machine that could draw shapes of sound waves on smoked glass by tracing their vibrations. Bell thought it might be possible to generate undulating electrical currents that corresponded to sound waves. Bell also thought that multiple metal reeds tuned to different frequencies like a harp would be able to convert the undulating currents back into sound. But he had no working model to demonstrate the feasibility of these ideas.

title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

text: By

text: Bell

text: 's

text: initial

text: work

text: on

text: the

text: harmonic

text: telegraph

text: had

text: entered

text: a

text: formative

text: stage

text: with

text: progress

text: made

text: both

text: at

text: his

text: new

text: Boston

text: laboratory

text: a

text: rented

text: facility

text: and

text: at

text: his

text: family

text: home

text: in

text: Canada

text: a

text: big

text: success.[N

text: While

text: working

text: that

text: summer

text: in

text: Brantford

text: Bell

text: experimented

text: with

text: a

text: phonautograph

text: a

text: pen

text: like

text: machine

text: that

text: could

text: draw

text: shapes

text: of

text: sound

text: waves

text: on

text: smoked

text: glass

text: by

text: tracing

text: their

text: vibrations

text: Bell

text: thought

text: it

text: might

text: be

text: possible

text: to

text: generate

text: undulating

text: electrical

text: currents

text: that

text: corresponded

text: to

text: sound

text: waves

text: Bell

text: also

text: thought

text: that

text: multiple

text: metal

text: reeds

text: tuned

text: to

text: different

text: frequencies

text: like

text: a

text: harp

text: would

text: be

text: able

text: to

text: convert

text: the

text: undulating

text: currents

text: back

text: into

text: sound

text: But

text: he

text: had

text: no

text: working

text: model

text: to

text: demonstrate

text: the

text: feasibility

text: of

text: these

text: ideas

question: On what material did the phonautograph operate?

answer: smoked glass

text: smoked glass

question: What kind of reed did Bell want to play with?

answer: metal

text: metal

question: What did Bell believe the reeds would turn the signal into?

answer: sound

text: sound

question: What instrument is a phonautograph similar to?

answer: pen

text: pen

question: In what year was Bell really working on his telegraph?

answer: 1874


text: Meanwhile, the Industrial Revolution laid open the door for mass production and consumption. Aesthetics became a criterion for the middle class as ornamented products, once within the province of expensive craftsmanship, became cheaper under machine production.

title: Architecture

title: Architecture

text: Meanwhile

text: the

text: Industrial

text: Revolution

text: laid

text: open

text: the

text: door

text: for

text: mass

text: production

text: and

text: consumption

text: Aesthetics

text: became

text: a

text: criterion

text: for

text: the

text: middle

text: class

text: as

text: ornamented

text: products

text: once

text: within

text: the

text: province

text: of

text: expensive

text: craftsmanship

text: became

text: cheaper

text: under

text: machine

text: production

question: What started with the Industrial Revolution?

answer: mass production and consumption

text: mass production and consumption

question: What became cheap enough for the middle class to buy?

answer: ornamented products

text: ornamented products

question: As products came within their financial reach what concept began to interest the middle class?

answer: Aesthetics

text: Aesthetics


text: In Ancient Egypt green was the symbol of regeneration and rebirth, and of the crops made possible by the annual flooding of the Nile. For painting on the walls of tombs or on papyrus, Egyptian artists used finely-ground malachite, mined in the west Sinai and the eastern desert- A paintbox with malachite pigment was found inside the tomb of King Tutankhamun. They also used less expensive green earth pigment, or mixed yellow ochre and blue azurite. To dye fabrics green, they first colored them yellow with dye made from saffron and then soaked them in blue dye from the roots of the woad plant.

title: Green

title: Green

text: In

text: Ancient

text: Egypt

text: green

text: was

text: the

text: symbol

text: of

text: regeneration

text: and

text: rebirth

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: crops

text: made

text: possible

text: by

text: the

text: annual

text: flooding

text: of

text: the

text: Nile

text: For

text: painting

text: on

text: the

text: walls

text: of

text: tombs

text: or

text: on

text: papyrus

text: Egyptian

text: artists

text: used

text: finely

text: ground

text: malachite

text: mined

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: Sinai

text: and

text: the

text: eastern

text: desert-

text: A

text: paintbox

text: with

text: malachite

text: pigment

text: was

text: found

text: inside

text: the

text: tomb

text: of

text: King

text: Tutankhamun

text: They

text: also

text: used

text: less

text: expensive

text: green

text: earth

text: pigment

text: or

text: mixed

text: yellow

text: ochre

text: and

text: blue

text: azurite

text: To

text: dye

text: fabrics

text: green

text: they

text: first

text: colored

text: them

text: yellow

text: with

text: dye

text: made

text: from

text: saffron

text: and

text: then

text: soaked

text: them

text: in

text: blue

text: dye

text: from

text: the

text: roots

text: of

text: the

text: woad

text: plant

question: Which color was the symbol to regeneration and rebirth in Ancient Egypt?

answer: green

text: green

question: What did Egyptian artists grind to use to paint on the walls of tombs or on papyrus?

answer: malachite

text: malachite

question: How did Egyptians dye fabrics yellow?

answer: saffron

text: saffron


text: In 2001, she became the first African-American woman and second woman songwriter to win the Pop Songwriter of the Year award at the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers Pop Music Awards. Beyoncé was the third woman to have writing credits on three number one songs ("Irreplaceable", "Grillz" and "Check on It") in the same year, after Carole King in 1971 and Mariah Carey in 1991. She is tied with American songwriter Diane Warren at third with nine songwriting credits on number-one singles. (The latter wrote her 9/11-motivated song "I Was Here" for 4.) In May 2011, Billboard magazine listed Beyoncé at number 17 on their list of the "Top 20 Hot 100 Songwriters", for having co-written eight singles that hit number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. She was one of only three women on that list.

title: Beyoncé

title: Beyoncé

text: In

text: she

text: became

text: the

text: first

text: African

text: American

text: woman

text: and

text: second

text: woman

text: songwriter

text: to

text: win

text: the

text: Pop

text: Songwriter

text: of

text: the

text: Year

text: award

text: at

text: the

text: American

text: Society

text: of

text: Composers

text: Authors

text: and

text: Publishers

text: Pop

text: Music

text: Awards

text: Beyoncé

text: was

text: the

text: third

text: woman

text: to

text: have

text: writing

text: credits

text: on

text: three

text: number

text: one

text: songs

text: Irreplaceable

text: Grillz

text: and

text: Check

text: on

text: It

text: in

text: the

text: same

text: year

text: after

text: Carole

text: King

text: in

text: and

text: Mariah

text: Carey

text: in

text: She

text: is

text: tied

text: with

text: American

text: songwriter

text: Diane

text: Warren

text: at

text: third

text: with

text: nine

text: songwriting

text: credits

text: on

text: number

text: one

text: singles

text: The

text: latter

text: wrote

text: her

text: song

text: I

text: Was

text: Here

text: for

text: In

text: May

text: Billboard

text: magazine

text: listed

text: Beyoncé

text: at

text: number

text: on

text: their

text: list

text: of

text: the

text: Top

text: Hot

text: Songwriters

text: for

text: having

text: co

text: written

text: eight

text: singles

text: that

text: hit

text: number

text: one

text: on

text: the

text: Billboard

text: Hot

text: chart

text: She

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: only

text: three

text: women

text: on

text: that

text: list

question: Pop Songwriter of the Year award in 2001 was awarded to whom?

answer: Beyoncé

text: Beyoncé

question: Beyonce received the Pop Songwriter of the Year award at which event?

answer: American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers Pop Music Awards

text: American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers Pop Music Awards

question: Beyonce has the same number of writing credits on number one singles as whom?

answer: Diane Warren

text: Diane Warren

question: Beyonce joined 2 other women on what list from Billboard magazine in 2011?

answer: Top 20 Hot 100 Songwriters

text: Top 20 Hot 100 Songwriters

question: When did Beyonce become the first African American woman to win Pop songwriter of the year?

answer: 2001

question: What place is she tied for in songwriting credits?

answer: third

text: third

question: Who listed her at number 17 in their list of  Top 20 hot 100 Songwriters?

answer: Billboard magazine

text: Billboard magazine

question: Where does she place in writing credits  for three number one songs?

answer: third woman

text: third woman

question: What did Beyoncé win in 2001, making her the first black woman to do so?

answer: Pop Songwriter of the Year award

text: Pop Songwriter of the Year award

question: Who gave Beyoncé the Pop Songwriter of the Year award in 2001?

answer: the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers Pop Music Awards.

text: the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers Pop Music Awards.

question: Beyoncé was one of how many women on Billboard magazine's 2011 "Top 20 Hot 100 Songwriters" list.

answer: three

text: three

question: What number was Beyoncé on the Top 20 Hot 100 Songwriters list?

answer: 17


text: The Muslims took control of the Island in 904, after decades of fierce fighting, and the Emirate of Sicily was established. Muslim rule on the island lasted for about 120 years and was marked by cruelty and brutality against the native population, which was reduced into near slavery[clarification needed] and Christian churches across the island were all completely destroyed.[page needed] Palermo (Balarm during Arab rule) displaced Syracuse as the capital city of Sicily. It was said to have then begun to compete with Córdoba and Cairo in terms of importance and splendor. For more than one hundred years Palermo was the capital of a flourishing emirate. The Arabs also introduced many agricultural crops which remain a mainstay of Sicilian cuisine.

title: Palermo

title: Palermo

text: The

text: Muslims

text: took

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: Island

text: in

text: after

text: decades

text: of

text: fierce

text: fighting

text: and

text: the

text: Emirate

text: of

text: Sicily

text: was

text: established

text: Muslim

text: rule

text: on

text: the

text: island

text: lasted

text: for

text: about

text: years

text: and

text: was

text: marked

text: by

text: cruelty

text: and

text: brutality

text: against

text: the

text: native

text: population

text: which

text: was

text: reduced

text: into

text: near

text: slavery[clarification

text: needed

text: and

text: Christian

text: churches

text: across

text: the

text: island

text: were

text: all

text: completely

text: destroyed.[page

text: needed

text: Palermo

text: Balarm

text: during

text: Arab

text: rule

text: displaced

text: Syracuse

text: as

text: the

text: capital

text: city

text: of

text: Sicily

text: It

text: was

text: said

text: to

text: have

text: then

text: begun

text: to

text: compete

text: with

text: Córdoba

text: and

text: Cairo

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: importance

text: and

text: splendor

text: For

text: more

text: than

text: one

text: hundred

text: years

text: Palermo

text: was

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: a

text: flourishing

text: emirate

text: The

text: Arabs

text: also

text: introduced

text: many

text: agricultural

text: crops

text: which

text: remain

text: a

text: mainstay

text: of

text: Sicilian

text: cuisine

question: How long did Muslim control of Palermo last?

answer: 120 years

text: 120 years

question: What did the Arabs introduce that continues to be relevant to Palermo's culture today?

answer: agricultural crops

text: agricultural crops

question: How were the indigenous Palermo population treated under Muslim rule?

answer: reduced into near slavery

text: reduced into near slavery


text: Catalan shares many traits with the other neighboring Romance languages (Italian, Sardinian, Occitan, and Spanish). However, despite being mostly situated in the Iberian Peninsula, Catalan has marked differences with the Ibero-Romance group (Spanish and Portuguese) in terms of pronunciation, grammar, and especially vocabulary; showing instead its closest affinity with Occitan and to a lesser extent Gallo-Romance (French, Franco-Provençal, Gallo-Italian).

title: Catalan_language

title: Catalan_language

text: Catalan

text: shares

text: many

text: traits

text: with

text: the

text: other

text: neighboring

text: Romance

text: languages

text: Italian

text: Sardinian

text: Occitan

text: and

text: Spanish

text: However

text: despite

text: being

text: mostly

text: situated

text: in

text: the

text: Iberian

text: Peninsula

text: Catalan

text: has

text: marked

text: differences

text: with

text: the

text: Ibero

text: Romance

text: group

text: Spanish

text: and

text: Portuguese

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: pronunciation

text: grammar

text: and

text: especially

text: vocabulary

text: showing

text: instead

text: its

text: closest

text: affinity

text: with

text: Occitan

text: and

text: to

text: a

text: lesser

text: extent

text: Gallo

text: Romance

text: French

text: Franco

text: Provençal

text: Gallo

text: Italian

question: What does Catalan share with nearby Romance languages?

answer: many traits

text: many traits

question: Where is the Catalan language mostly located?

answer: Iberian Peninsula

text: Iberian Peninsula

question: In pronunciation what is Catalan different from?

answer: Ibero-Romance group

text: Ibero-Romance group

question: What are examples of Ibero-Romance languages?

answer: Spanish and Portuguese

text: Spanish and Portuguese

question: To what group is Catalan most closely related?

answer: Occitan

text: Occitan