text: Japan used the name Greater East Asia War (大東亜戦争, Dai Tō-A Sensō?), as chosen by a cabinet decision on 10 December 1941, to refer to both the war with the Western Allies and the ongoing war in China. This name was released to the public on 12 December, with an explanation that it involved Asian nations achieving their independence from the Western powers through armed forces of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. Japanese officials integrated what they called the Japan–China Incident (日支事変, Nisshi Jihen?) into the Greater East Asia War.

title: Pacific_War

title: Pacific_War

text: Japan

text: used

text: the

text: name

text: Greater

text: East

text: Asia

text: War

text: 大東亜戦争

text: Dai

text: Tō

text: A

text: Sensō

text: as

text: chosen

text: by

text: a

text: cabinet

text: decision

text: on

text: December

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: both

text: the

text: war

text: with

text: the

text: Western

text: Allies

text: and

text: the

text: ongoing

text: war

text: in

text: China

text: This

text: name

text: was

text: released

text: to

text: the

text: public

text: on

text: December

text: with

text: an

text: explanation

text: that

text: it

text: involved

text: Asian

text: nations

text: achieving

text: their

text: independence

text: from

text: the

text: Western

text: powers

text: through

text: armed

text: forces

text: of

text: the

text: Greater

text: East

text: Asia

text: Co

text: Prosperity

text: Sphere

text: Japanese

text: officials

text: integrated

text: what

text: they

text: called

text: the

text: Japan

text: China

text: Incident

text: 日支事変

text: Nisshi

text: Jihen

text: into

text: the

text: Greater

text: East

text: Asia

text: War

question: By what name was the war with Japan referred?

answer: Greater East Asia War

text: Greater East Asia War

question: What did Japanese officials call the war?

answer: Japan–China Incident

text: Japan–China Incident

question: What was the reason Japan gave for the war?

answer: achieving their independence from the Western powers

text: achieving their independence from the Western powers

question: What date was the new name of the war released?

answer: 12 December

text: 12 December

question: What name did Japan call the war?

answer: Greater East Asia War

text: Greater East Asia War

question: When did Japan adobt the name for the war?

answer: 10 December 1941

text: 10 December 1941

question: What was Japan's publicised war goal?

answer: independence from the Western powers

text: independence from the Western powers

question: What did Japan call the occupied group of Asian nations?

answer: Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

text: Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

question: How was the name of the war chosen by Japan?

answer: by a cabinet decision

text: by a cabinet decision


text: Formal discipline is administered by congregation elders. When a baptized member is accused of committing a serious sin—usually cases of sexual misconduct or charges of apostasy for disputing Jehovah's Witness doctrines—a judicial committee is formed to determine guilt, provide help and possibly administer discipline. Disfellowshipping, a form of shunning, is the strongest form of discipline, administered to an offender deemed unrepentant. Contact with disfellowshipped individuals is limited to direct family members living in the same home, and with congregation elders who may invite disfellowshipped persons to apply for reinstatement; formal business dealings may continue if contractually or financially obliged. Witnesses are taught that avoiding social and spiritual interaction with disfellowshipped individuals keeps the congregation free from immoral influence and that "losing precious fellowship with loved ones may help [the shunned individual] to come 'to his senses,' see the seriousness of his wrong, and take steps to return to Jehovah." The practice of shunning may also serve to deter other members from dissident behavior. Members who disassociate (formally resign) are described in Watch Tower Society literature as wicked and are also shunned. Expelled individuals may eventually be reinstated to the congregation if deemed repentant by elders in the congregation in which the disfellowshipping was enforced. Reproof is a lesser form of discipline given formally by a judicial committee to a baptized Witness who is considered repentant of serious sin; the reproved person temporarily loses conspicuous privileges of service, but suffers no restriction of social or spiritual fellowship. Marking, a curtailing of social but not spiritual fellowship, is practiced if a baptized member persists in a course of action regarded as a violation of Bible principles but not a serious sin.[note 4]

title: Jehovah%27s_Witnesses

title: Jehovah%27s_Witnesses

text: Formal

text: discipline

text: is

text: administered

text: by

text: congregation

text: elders

text: When

text: a

text: baptized

text: member

text: is

text: accused

text: of

text: committing

text: a

text: serious

text: sin

text: usually

text: cases

text: of

text: sexual

text: misconduct

text: or

text: charges

text: of

text: apostasy

text: for

text: disputing

text: Jehovah

text: 's

text: Witness

text: doctrines

text: a

text: judicial

text: committee

text: is

text: formed

text: to

text: determine

text: guilt

text: provide

text: help

text: and

text: possibly

text: administer

text: discipline

text: Disfellowshipping

text: a

text: form

text: of

text: shunning

text: is

text: the

text: strongest

text: form

text: of

text: discipline

text: administered

text: to

text: an

text: offender

text: deemed

text: unrepentant

text: Contact

text: with

text: disfellowshipped

text: individuals

text: is

text: limited

text: to

text: direct

text: family

text: members

text: living

text: in

text: the

text: same

text: home

text: and

text: with

text: congregation

text: elders

text: who

text: may

text: invite

text: disfellowshipped

text: persons

text: to

text: apply

text: for

text: reinstatement

text: formal

text: business

text: dealings

text: may

text: continue

text: if

text: contractually

text: or

text: financially

text: obliged

text: Witnesses

text: are

text: taught

text: that

text: avoiding

text: social

text: and

text: spiritual

text: interaction

text: with

text: disfellowshipped

text: individuals

text: keeps

text: the

text: congregation

text: free

text: from

text: immoral

text: influence

text: and

text: that

text: losing

text: precious

text: fellowship

text: with

text: loved

text: ones

text: may

text: help

text: the

text: shunned

text: individual

text: to

text: come

text: to

text: his

text: senses

text: see

text: the

text: seriousness

text: of

text: his

text: wrong

text: and

text: take

text: steps

text: to

text: return

text: to

text: Jehovah

text: The

text: practice

text: of

text: shunning

text: may

text: also

text: serve

text: to

text: deter

text: other

text: members

text: from

text: dissident

text: behavior

text: Members

text: who

text: disassociate

text: formally

text: resign

text: are

text: described

text: in

text: Watch

text: Tower

text: Society

text: literature

text: as

text: wicked

text: and

text: are

text: also

text: shunned

text: Expelled

text: individuals

text: may

text: eventually

text: be

text: reinstated

text: to

text: the

text: congregation

text: if

text: deemed

text: repentant

text: by

text: elders

text: in

text: the

text: congregation

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: disfellowshipping

text: was

text: enforced

text: Reproof

text: is

text: a

text: lesser

text: form

text: of

text: discipline

text: given

text: formally

text: by

text: a

text: judicial

text: committee

text: to

text: a

text: baptized

text: Witness

text: who

text: is

text: considered

text: repentant

text: of

text: serious

text: sin

text: the

text: reproved

text: person

text: temporarily

text: loses

text: conspicuous

text: privileges

text: of

text: service

text: but

text: suffers

text: no

text: restriction

text: of

text: social

text: or

text: spiritual

text: fellowship

text: Marking

text: a

text: curtailing

text: of

text: social

text: but

text: not

text: spiritual

text: fellowship

text: is

text: practiced

text: if

text: a

text: baptized

text: member

text: persists

text: in

text: a

text: course

text: of

text: action

text: regarded

text: as

text: a

text: violation

text: of

text: Bible

text: principles

text: but

text: not

text: a

text: serious

text: sin.[note

question: Who administers formal discipline?

answer: congregation elders

text: congregation elders

question: What is formed when a baptized member is accused of doing something serious enough for Jehovah Witnesses to take notice?

answer: a judicial committee

text: a judicial committee

question: What is the strongest form of discipline the Jehovah Witnesses' judicial committee can render?

answer: Disfellowshipping

text: Disfellowshipping

question: What do Jehovah Witnesses describe anyone who formally resign from the church as?

answer: wicked

text: wicked

question: What are Jehovah Witnesses taught that avoiding social and spiritual interaction with disfellowshipped individuals does?

answer: keeps the congregation free from immoral influence

text: keeps the congregation free from immoral influence


text: In 2007 the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), noted in its judgement on Jorgic v. Germany case that in 1992 the majority of legal scholars took the narrow view that "intent to destroy" in the CPPCG meant the intended physical-biological destruction of the protected group and that this was still the majority opinion. But the ECHR also noted that a minority took a broader view and did not consider biological-physical destruction was necessary as the intent to destroy a national, racial, religious or ethnic group was enough to qualify as genocide.

title: Genocide

title: Genocide

text: In

text: the

text: European

text: Court

text: of

text: Human

text: Rights

text: ECHR

text: noted

text: in

text: its

text: judgement

text: on

text: Jorgic

text: v.

text: Germany

text: case

text: that

text: in

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: legal

text: scholars

text: took

text: the

text: narrow

text: view

text: that

text: intent

text: to

text: destroy

text: in

text: the

text: CPPCG

text: meant

text: the

text: intended

text: physical

text: biological

text: destruction

text: of

text: the

text: protected

text: group

text: and

text: that

text: this

text: was

text: still

text: the

text: majority

text: opinion

text: But

text: the

text: ECHR

text: also

text: noted

text: that

text: a

text: minority

text: took

text: a

text: broader

text: view

text: and

text: did

text: not

text: consider

text: biological

text: physical

text: destruction

text: was

text: necessary

text: as

text: the

text: intent

text: to

text: destroy

text: a

text: national

text: racial

text: religious

text: or

text: ethnic

text: group

text: was

text: enough

text: to

text: qualify

text: as

text: genocide

question: Which group was accused by the ECHR of having an overly constricted idea of the meaning of destruction in defining genocide?

answer: majority of legal scholars

text: majority of legal scholars

question: What groups did the ECHR feel should be included as potential victims of genocide?

answer: national, racial, religious or ethnic

text: national, racial, religious or ethnic

question: In 2007 what former case did the European Court of Human Rights draw on to further refine qualifiers of genocide?

answer: Jorgic v. Germany

text: Jorgic v. Germany

question: What form of destruction was considered too limited by a smaller group of experts?

answer: biological-physical

text: biological-physical


text: The archipelago is formed by high points on the rim of the caldera of a submarine volcano that forms a seamount. The volcano is one part of a range that was formed as part of the same process that formed the floor of the Atlantic, and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The top of the seamount has gone through periods of complete submergence, during which its limestone cap was formed by marine organisms, and during the Ice Ages the entire caldera was above sea level, forming an island of approximately two hundred square miles.

title: Bermuda

title: Bermuda

text: The

text: archipelago

text: is

text: formed

text: by

text: high

text: points

text: on

text: the

text: rim

text: of

text: the

text: caldera

text: of

text: a

text: submarine

text: volcano

text: that

text: forms

text: a

text: seamount

text: The

text: volcano

text: is

text: one

text: part

text: of

text: a

text: range

text: that

text: was

text: formed

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: process

text: that

text: formed

text: the

text: floor

text: of

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: and

text: the

text: Mid

text: Atlantic

text: Ridge

text: The

text: top

text: of

text: the

text: seamount

text: has

text: gone

text: through

text: periods

text: of

text: complete

text: submergence

text: during

text: which

text: its

text: limestone

text: cap

text: was

text: formed

text: by

text: marine

text: organisms

text: and

text: during

text: the

text: Ice

text: Ages

text: the

text: entire

text: caldera

text: was

text: above

text: sea

text: level

text: forming

text: an

text: island

text: of

text: approximately

text: two

text: hundred

text: square

text: miles

question: What is the limestone cap of the seamount made from?

answer: marine organisms

text: marine organisms

question: During the ice age, what area of land was above water?

answer: approximately two hundred square miles

text: approximately two hundred square miles

question: Has the seamount always been above sealevel?

answer: The top of the seamount has gone through periods of complete submergence

text: The top of the seamount has gone through periods of complete submergence

question: What type of volcano forms the archipelago?

answer: a submarine volcano

text: a submarine volcano

question: Why is the top of the seamount formed by marine organisms?

answer: periods of complete submergence,

text: periods of complete submergence,

question: What was the result of the whole cladera being above sea level during the Ice Ages?

answer: an island

text: an island

question: The submarine volcano was formed as part of the same proces as what two things?

answer: the floor of the Atlantic, and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge

text: the floor of the Atlantic, and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge


text: The principal battles of the stalemate include the Battle of Bloody Ridge (18 August–15 September 1951), the Battle of the Punchbowl (31 August-21 September 1951), the Battle of Heartbreak Ridge (13 September–15 October 1951), the Battle of Old Baldy (26 June–4 August 1952), the Battle of White Horse (6–15 October 1952), the Battle of Triangle Hill (14 October–25 November 1952), the Battle of Hill Eerie (21 March–21 June 1952), the sieges of Outpost Harry (10–18 June 1953), the Battle of the Hook (28–29 May 1953), the Battle of Pork Chop Hill (23 March–16 July 1953), and the Battle of Kumsong (13–27 July 1953).

title: Korean_War

title: Korean_War

text: The

text: principal

text: battles

text: of

text: the

text: stalemate

text: include

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Bloody

text: Ridge

text: September

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: the

text: Punchbowl

text: September

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Heartbreak

text: Ridge

text: October

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Old

text: Baldy

text: August

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: White

text: Horse

text: October

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Triangle

text: Hill

text: November

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Hill

text: Eerie

text: June

text: the

text: sieges

text: of

text: Outpost

text: Harry

text: June

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: the

text: Hook

text: May

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Pork

text: Chop

text: Hill

text: July

text: and

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Kumsong

text: July

question: When was the Battle of White Horse?

answer: 6–15 October 1952

text: 6–15 October 1952

question: What year was the Battle of Bloody Ridge?

answer: 1951

question: What was the shortest of the major battles fought during the stalemate?

answer: the Battle of the Hook

text: the Battle of the Hook


text: Another potential weapon system for anti-aircraft use is the laser. Although air planners have imagined lasers in combat since the late 1960s, only the most modern laser systems are currently reaching what could be considered "experimental usefulness". In particular the Tactical High Energy Laser can be used in the anti-aircraft and anti-missile role. If current developments continue, some[who?] believe it is reasonable to suggest that lasers will play a major role in air defence starting in the next ten years.

title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

title: Anti

title: aircraft_warfare

text: Another

text: potential

text: weapon

text: system

text: for

text: anti

text: aircraft

text: use

text: is

text: the

text: laser

text: Although

text: air

text: planners

text: have

text: imagined

text: lasers

text: in

text: combat

text: since

text: the

text: late

text: only

text: the

text: most

text: modern

text: laser

text: systems

text: are

text: currently

text: reaching

text: what

text: could

text: be

text: considered

text: experimental

text: usefulness

text: In

text: particular

text: the

text: Tactical

text: High

text: Energy

text: Laser

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: anti

text: aircraft

text: and

text: anti

text: missile

text: role

text: If

text: current

text: developments

text: continue

text: some[who

text: believe

text: it

text: is

text: reasonable

text: to

text: suggest

text: that

text: lasers

text: will

text: play

text: a

text: major

text: role

text: in

text: air

text: defence

text: starting

text: in

text: the

text: next

text: ten

text: years

question: What is another possible weapon for anti-aircraft use?

answer: the laser

text: the laser

question: When did personnel first start thinking about using lasers in combat?

answer: the late 1960s

text: the late 1960s

question: What laser can currently be used in the type of role that was first thought of in the late 1960s?

answer: Tactical High Energy Laser

text: Tactical High Energy Laser

question: The use of lasers in anti-aircraft warfare is currently considered what?

answer: experimental usefulness

text: experimental usefulness

question: When do some people believe that lasers can play a more prominent role in air defence?

answer: in the next ten years

text: in the next ten years


text: The nature of government under the Angevin monarchs was ill-defined and uncertain. John's predecessors had ruled using the principle of vis et voluntas, or "force and will", taking executive and sometimes arbitrary decisions, often justified on the basis that a king was above the law. Both Henry II and Richard had argued that kings possessed a quality of "divine majesty"; John continued this trend and claimed an "almost imperial status" for himself as ruler. During the 12th century, there were contrary opinions expressed about the nature of kingship, and many contemporary writers believed that monarchs should rule in accordance with the custom and the law, and take counsel of the leading members of the realm. There was as yet no model for what should happen if a king refused to do so. Despite his claim to unique authority within England, John would sometimes justify his actions on the basis that he had taken council with the barons. Modern historians remain divided as to whether John suffered from a case of "royal schizophrenia" in his approach to government, or if his actions merely reflected the complex model of Angevin kingship in the early 13th century.

title: John,_King_of_England

title: John,_King_of_England

text: The

text: nature

text: of

text: government

text: under

text: the

text: Angevin

text: monarchs

text: was

text: ill

text: defined

text: and

text: uncertain

text: John

text: 's

text: predecessors

text: had

text: ruled

text: using

text: the

text: principle

text: of

text: vis

text: et

text: voluntas

text: or

text: force

text: and

text: will

text: taking

text: executive

text: and

text: sometimes

text: arbitrary

text: decisions

text: often

text: justified

text: on

text: the

text: basis

text: that

text: a

text: king

text: was

text: above

text: the

text: law

text: Both

text: Henry

text: II

text: and

text: Richard

text: had

text: argued

text: that

text: kings

text: possessed

text: a

text: quality

text: of

text: divine

text: majesty

text: John

text: continued

text: this

text: trend

text: and

text: claimed

text: an

text: almost

text: imperial

text: status

text: for

text: himself

text: as

text: ruler

text: During

text: the

text: century

text: there

text: were

text: contrary

text: opinions

text: expressed

text: about

text: the

text: nature

text: of

text: kingship

text: and

text: many

text: contemporary

text: writers

text: believed

text: that

text: monarchs

text: should

text: rule

text: in

text: accordance

text: with

text: the

text: custom

text: and

text: the

text: law

text: and

text: take

text: counsel

text: of

text: the

text: leading

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: realm

text: There

text: was

text: as

text: yet

text: no

text: model

text: for

text: what

text: should

text: happen

text: if

text: a

text: king

text: refused

text: to

text: do

text: so

text: Despite

text: his

text: claim

text: to

text: unique

text: authority

text: within

text: England

text: John

text: would

text: sometimes

text: justify

text: his

text: actions

text: on

text: the

text: basis

text: that

text: he

text: had

text: taken

text: council

text: with

text: the

text: barons

text: Modern

text: historians

text: remain

text: divided

text: as

text: to

text: whether

text: John

text: suffered

text: from

text: a

text: case

text: of

text: royal

text: schizophrenia

text: in

text: his

text: approach

text: to

text: government

text: or

text: if

text: his

text: actions

text: merely

text: reflected

text: the

text: complex

text: model

text: of

text: Angevin

text: kingship

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: century

question: What principle did John's predecessors use?

answer: vis et voluntas

text: vis et voluntas

question: What quality did Henry II and Richard possess?

answer: divine majesty

text: divine majesty

question: What century were there contrary opinions expressed about the nature of kingship?

answer: 12th century

text: 12th century

question: What did John suffer from?

answer: royal schizophrenia

text: royal schizophrenia


text: The New York Islanders and the New York Rangers represent the city in the National Hockey League. Also within the metropolitan area are the New Jersey Devils, who play in nearby Newark, New Jersey.

title: New_York_City

title: New_York_City

text: The

text: New

text: York

text: Islanders

text: and

text: the

text: New

text: York

text: Rangers

text: represent

text: the

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: National

text: Hockey

text: League

text: Also

text: within

text: the

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: are

text: the

text: New

text: Jersey

text: Devils

text: who

text: play

text: in

text: nearby

text: Newark

text: New

text: Jersey

question: There are two hockey teams located in NYC. What are they?

answer: The New York Islanders and the New York Rangers

text: The New York Islanders and the New York Rangers

question: Which town do the New Jersey Devils hockey team play?

answer: Newark

text: Newark

question: In what city are the New Jersey Devils located?

answer: Newark, New Jersey

text: Newark, New Jersey

question: What sport do the New York Rangers play?

answer: Hockey

text: Hockey

question: Along with the New York Rangers, what NHL franchise is based in New York?

answer: New York Islanders

text: New York Islanders


text: The "Notre Dame Victory March" is the fight song for the University of Notre Dame. It was written by two brothers who were Notre Dame graduates. The Rev. Michael J. Shea, a 1904 graduate, wrote the music, and his brother, John F. Shea, who earned degrees in 1906 and 1908, wrote the original lyrics. The lyrics were revised in the 1920s; it first appeared under the copyright of the University of Notre Dame in 1928. The chorus is, "Cheer cheer for old Notre Dame, wake up the echos cheering her name. Send a volley cheer on high, shake down the thunder from the sky! What though the odds be great or small, old Notre Dame will win over all. While her loyal sons are marching, onward to victory!"

title: University_of_Notre_Dame

title: University_of_Notre_Dame

text: The

text: Notre

text: Dame

text: Victory

text: March

text: is

text: the

text: fight

text: song

text: for

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Notre

text: Dame

text: It

text: was

text: written

text: by

text: two

text: brothers

text: who

text: were

text: Notre

text: Dame

text: graduates

text: The

text: Rev.

text: Michael

text: J.

text: Shea

text: a

text: graduate

text: wrote

text: the

text: music

text: and

text: his

text: brother

text: John

text: F.

text: Shea

text: who

text: earned

text: degrees

text: in

text: and

text: wrote

text: the

text: original

text: lyrics

text: The

text: lyrics

text: were

text: revised

text: in

text: the

text: it

text: first

text: appeared

text: under

text: the

text: copyright

text: of

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Notre

text: Dame

text: in

text: The

text: chorus

text: is

text: Cheer

text: cheer

text: for

text: old

text: Notre

text: Dame

text: wake

text: up

text: the

text: echos

text: cheering

text: her

text: name

text: Send

text: a

text: volley

text: cheer

text: on

text: high

text: shake

text: down

text: the

text: thunder

text: from

text: the

text: sky

text: What

text: though

text: the

text: odds

text: be

text: great

text: or

text: small

text: old

text: Notre

text: Dame

text: will

text: win

text: over

text: all

text: While

text: her

text: loyal

text: sons

text: are

text: marching

text: onward

text: to

text: victory

question: Who wrote the original lyrics to the Notre Dame Victory March?

answer: John F. Shea

text: John F. Shea

question: In what year did Michael J. Shea graduate from Notre Dame?

answer: 1904

question: Who is responsible for writing the music for "Notre Dame Victory March?"

answer: Rev. Michael J. Shea

text: Rev. Michael J. Shea

question: In what year did "Notre Dame Victory March" get copyrighted?

answer: 1928

question: To where are the loyal sons in "Notre Dame Fight Song" marching?

answer: onward to victory

text: onward to victory


text: Accounts of the use of leeches for the medically dubious practise of blood-letting have come from China around 30 AD, India around 200 AD, ancient Rome around 50 AD and later throughout Europe. In the 19th century medical demand for leeches was so high that some areas' stocks were exhausted and other regions imposed restrictions or bans on exports, and Hirudo medicinalis is treated as an endangered species by both IUCN and CITES. More recently leeches have been used to assist in microsurgery, and their saliva has provided anti-inflammatory compounds and several important anticoagulants, one of which also prevents tumors from spreading.

title: Annelid

title: Annelid

text: Accounts

text: of

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: leeches

text: for

text: the

text: medically

text: dubious

text: practise

text: of

text: blood

text: letting

text: have

text: come

text: from

text: China

text: around

text: AD

text: India

text: around

text: AD

text: ancient

text: Rome

text: around

text: AD

text: and

text: later

text: throughout

text: Europe

text: In

text: the

text: century

text: medical

text: demand

text: for

text: leeches

text: was

text: so

text: high

text: that

text: some

text: areas

text: stocks

text: were

text: exhausted

text: and

text: other

text: regions

text: imposed

text: restrictions

text: or

text: bans

text: on

text: exports

text: and

text: Hirudo

text: medicinalis

text: is

text: treated

text: as

text: an

text: endangered

text: species

text: by

text: both

text: IUCN

text: and

text: CITES

text: More

text: recently

text: leeches

text: have

text: been

text: used

text: to

text: assist

text: in

text: microsurgery

text: and

text: their

text: saliva

text: has

text: provided

text: anti

text: inflammatory

text: compounds

text: and

text: several

text: important

text: anticoagulants

text: one

text: of

text: which

text: also

text: prevents

text: tumors

text: from

text: spreading

question: When did leeches begin being used for blood-letting?

answer: 30 AD

text: 30 AD

question: Where did leeches begin being used for blood-letting?

answer: China

text: China

question: When did Rome begin using leeches?

answer: 50 AD

text: 50 AD

question: When did India begin using leeches?

answer: 200 AD

text: 200 AD

question: Which organizations list Hirudo medicinalis as endangered?

answer: IUCN and CITES

text: IUCN and CITES


text: In the Prussian province of Posen, with a large Polish population, there was strong support for the French and angry demonstrations at news of Prussian-German victories—a clear manifestation of Polish nationalist feeling. Calls were also made for Polish recruits to desert from the Prussian Army—though these went mainly unheeded. An alarming report on the Posen situation, sent to Bismarck on 16 August 1870, led to the quartering of reserve troop contingents in the restive province. The Franco-Prussian War thus turned out to be a significant event also in German–Polish relations, marking the beginning of a prolonged period of repressive measures by the authorities and efforts at Germanisation.

title: Franco-Prussian_War

title: Franco

title: Prussian_War

text: In

text: the

text: Prussian

text: province

text: of

text: Posen

text: with

text: a

text: large

text: Polish

text: population

text: there

text: was

text: strong

text: support

text: for

text: the

text: French

text: and

text: angry

text: demonstrations

text: at

text: news

text: of

text: Prussian

text: German

text: victories

text: a

text: clear

text: manifestation

text: of

text: Polish

text: nationalist

text: feeling

text: Calls

text: were

text: also

text: made

text: for

text: Polish

text: recruits

text: to

text: desert

text: from

text: the

text: Prussian

text: Army

text: though

text: these

text: went

text: mainly

text: unheeded

text: An

text: alarming

text: report

text: on

text: the

text: Posen

text: situation

text: sent

text: to

text: Bismarck

text: on

text: August

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: quartering

text: of

text: reserve

text: troop

text: contingents

text: in

text: the

text: restive

text: province

text: The

text: Franco

text: Prussian

text: War

text: thus

text: turned

text: out

text: to

text: be

text: a

text: significant

text: event

text: also

text: in

text: German

text: Polish

text: relations

text: marking

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: a

text: prolonged

text: period

text: of

text: repressive

text: measures

text: by

text: the

text: authorities

text: and

text: efforts

text: at

text: Germanisation

question: In which Prussian province did a large Polish population reside?

answer: Posen

text: Posen

question: What was there strong support of in Posen?

answer: the French

text: the French

question: What calls were made for the Polish recruits?

answer: to desert from the Prussian Army

text: to desert from the Prussian Army

question: On what date did Bismarkck receive the disturbing report on the Posen situation?

answer: 16 August 1870

text: 16 August 1870

question: What significant consequence was a result of German-Polish relations?

answer: prolonged period of repressive measures

text: prolonged period of repressive measures


text: On 30 November 1934, he was appointed Apostolic Delegate to Turkey and Greece and titular archbishop of Mesembria, Bulgaria. Thus, he is known as "the Turcophile Pope," by the Turkish society which is predominantly Muslim. Roncalli took up this post in 1935 and used his office to help the Jewish underground in saving thousands of refugees in Europe, leading some to consider him to be a Righteous Gentile (see Pope John XXIII and Judaism). In October 1935, he led Bulgarian pilgrims to Rome and introduced them to Pope Pius XI on 14 October.

title: Pope_John_XXIII

title: Pope_John_XXIII

text: On

text: November

text: he

text: was

text: appointed

text: Apostolic

text: Delegate

text: to

text: Turkey

text: and

text: Greece

text: and

text: titular

text: archbishop

text: of

text: Mesembria

text: Bulgaria

text: Thus

text: he

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Turcophile

text: Pope

text: by

text: the

text: Turkish

text: society

text: which

text: is

text: predominantly

text: Muslim

text: Roncalli

text: took

text: up

text: this

text: post

text: in

text: and

text: used

text: his

text: office

text: to

text: help

text: the

text: Jewish

text: underground

text: in

text: saving

text: thousands

text: of

text: refugees

text: in

text: Europe

text: leading

text: some

text: to

text: consider

text: him

text: to

text: be

text: a

text: Righteous

text: Gentile

text: see

text: Pope

text: John

text: XXIII

text: and

text: Judaism

text: In

text: October

text: he

text: led

text: Bulgarian

text: pilgrims

text: to

text: Rome

text: and

text: introduced

text: them

text: to

text: Pope

text: Pius

text: XI

text: on

text: October

question: When was he appointed Apostolic Delegate to Turkey and Greece?

answer: 30 November 1934

text: 30 November 1934

question: He was appointed titular archbishop of where?

answer: Mesembria, Bulgaria

text: Mesembria, Bulgaria

question: What ws he known by in the Turkish community?

answer: the Turcophile Pope

text: the Turcophile Pope

question: When did he take that position?

answer: 1935

question: Who did he introduce Bulgarian pilgrims to?

answer: Pope Pius XI

text: Pope Pius XI


text: The regions in their inventory were Assyria, Chaldea, Mesopotamia, Persia, Armenia, Egypt, Arabia, Syria, Palestine, Ethiopia, Caucasus, Libya, Anatolia and Abyssinia. Explicitly excluded is India. No mention is made of the Balkans.

title: Near_East

title: Near_East

text: The

text: regions

text: in

text: their

text: inventory

text: were

text: Assyria

text: Chaldea

text: Mesopotamia

text: Persia

text: Armenia

text: Egypt

text: Arabia

text: Syria

text: Palestine

text: Ethiopia

text: Caucasus

text: Libya

text: Anatolia

text: and

text: Abyssinia

text: Explicitly

text: excluded

text: is

text: India

text: No

text: mention

text: is

text: made

text: of

text: the

text: Balkans

question: What region was explicitly excluded?

answer: India

text: India

question: What region has no mention?

answer: the Balkans

text: the Balkans

question: Assyria, Chaldea, Mesopotamia, Persia, Armenia, Egypt, Arabia, Syria, Palestine, Ethiopia, Caucasus, Libya, Anatolia, and Abyssinia were all what?

answer: regions in their inventory

text: regions in their inventory


text: Historical definitions of Jewish identity have traditionally been based on halakhic definitions of matrilineal descent, and halakhic conversions. Historical definitions of who is a Jew date back to the codification of the Oral Torah into the Babylonian Talmud, around 200 CE. Interpretations of sections of the Tanakh, such as Deuteronomy 7:1–5, by Jewish sages, are used as a warning against intermarriage between Jews and Canaanites because "[the non-Jewish husband] will cause your child to turn away from Me and they will worship the gods (i.e., idols) of others." Leviticus 24:10 says that the son in a marriage between a Hebrew woman and an Egyptian man is "of the community of Israel." This is complemented by Ezra 10:2–3, where Israelites returning from Babylon vow to put aside their gentile wives and their children. Since the anti-religious Haskalah movement of the late 18th and 19th centuries, halakhic interpretations of Jewish identity have been challenged.

title: Jews

title: Jews

text: Historical

text: definitions

text: of

text: Jewish

text: identity

text: have

text: traditionally

text: been

text: based

text: on

text: halakhic

text: definitions

text: of

text: matrilineal

text: descent

text: and

text: halakhic

text: conversions

text: Historical

text: definitions

text: of

text: who

text: is

text: a

text: Jew

text: date

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: codification

text: of

text: the

text: Oral

text: Torah

text: into

text: the

text: Babylonian

text: Talmud

text: around

text: CE

text: Interpretations

text: of

text: sections

text: of

text: the

text: Tanakh

text: such

text: as

text: Deuteronomy

text: by

text: Jewish

text: sages

text: are

text: used

text: as

text: a

text: warning

text: against

text: intermarriage

text: between

text: Jews

text: and

text: Canaanites

text: because

text: the

text: non

text: Jewish

text: husband

text: will

text: cause

text: your

text: child

text: to

text: turn

text: away

text: from

text: Me

text: and

text: they

text: will

text: worship

text: the

text: gods

text: i.e.

text: idols

text: of

text: others

text: Leviticus

text: says

text: that

text: the

text: son

text: in

text: a

text: marriage

text: between

text: a

text: Hebrew

text: woman

text: and

text: an

text: Egyptian

text: man

text: is

text: of

text: the

text: community

text: of

text: Israel

text: This

text: is

text: complemented

text: by

text: Ezra

text: where

text: Israelites

text: returning

text: from

text: Babylon

text: vow

text: to

text: put

text: aside

text: their

text: gentile

text: wives

text: and

text: their

text: children

text: Since

text: the

text: anti

text: religious

text: Haskalah

text: movement

text: of

text: the

text: late

text: and

text: centuries

text: halakhic

text: interpretations

text: of

text: Jewish

text: identity

text: have

text: been

text: challenged

question: What have historical definitions of Jewish identity been based on?

answer: halakhic definitions of matrilineal descent, and halakhic conversions

text: halakhic definitions of matrilineal descent, and halakhic conversions

question: Historical definitions of who a Jew is dates back to what year?

answer: 200 CE

text: 200 CE

question: What is used as a warning against intermarriage between Jews and Canaanites?

answer: Jewish sages

text: Jewish sages


text: Voiceless consonants are produced with the vocal folds open (spread) and not vibrating, and voiced consonants are produced when the vocal folds are fractionally closed and vibrating (modal voice). Voiceless aspiration occurs when the vocal cords remain open after a consonant is released. An easy way to measure this is by noting the consonant's voice-onset time, as the voicing of a following vowel cannot begin until the vocal cords close.

title: Aspirated_consonant

title: Aspirated_consonant

text: Voiceless

text: consonants

text: are

text: produced

text: with

text: the

text: vocal

text: folds

text: open

text: spread

text: and

text: not

text: vibrating

text: and

text: voiced

text: consonants

text: are

text: produced

text: when

text: the

text: vocal

text: folds

text: are

text: fractionally

text: closed

text: and

text: vibrating

text: modal

text: voice

text: Voiceless

text: aspiration

text: occurs

text: when

text: the

text: vocal

text: cords

text: remain

text: open

text: after

text: a

text: consonant

text: is

text: released

text: An

text: easy

text: way

text: to

text: measure

text: this

text: is

text: by

text: noting

text: the

text: consonant

text: 's

text: voice

text: onset

text: time

text: as

text: the

text: voicing

text: of

text: a

text: following

text: vowel

text: can

text: not

text: begin

text: until

text: the

text: vocal

text: cords

text: close

question: What is created when the vocal folds are spread and do not vibrate?

answer: Voiceless consonants

text: Voiceless consonants

question: What is created when vocal folds are slightly closed and vibrate?

answer: voiced consonants

text: voiced consonants

question: What is it called when a person's vocal cords stay open after a consonant?

answer: Voiceless aspiration

text: Voiceless aspiration


text: Under New York State's gradual abolition act of 1799, children of slave mothers were born to be eventually liberated but were held in indentured servitude until their mid-to-late twenties. Together with slaves freed by their masters after the Revolutionary War and escaped slaves, a significant free-black population gradually developed in Manhattan. Under such influential United States founders as Alexander Hamilton and John Jay, the New York Manumission Society worked for abolition and established the African Free School to educate black children. It was not until 1827 that slavery was completely abolished in the state, and free blacks struggled afterward with discrimination. New York interracial abolitionist activism continued; among its leaders were graduates of the African Free School. The city's black population reached more than 16,000 in 1840.

title: New_York_City

title: New_York_City

text: Under

text: New

text: York

text: State

text: 's

text: gradual

text: abolition

text: act

text: of

text: children

text: of

text: slave

text: mothers

text: were

text: born

text: to

text: be

text: eventually

text: liberated

text: but

text: were

text: held

text: in

text: indentured

text: servitude

text: until

text: their

text: mid

text: to

text: late

text: twenties

text: Together

text: with

text: slaves

text: freed

text: by

text: their

text: masters

text: after

text: the

text: Revolutionary

text: War

text: and

text: escaped

text: slaves

text: a

text: significant

text: free

text: black

text: population

text: gradually

text: developed

text: in

text: Manhattan

text: Under

text: such

text: influential

text: United

text: States

text: founders

text: as

text: Alexander

text: Hamilton

text: and

text: John

text: Jay

text: the

text: New

text: York

text: Manumission

text: Society

text: worked

text: for

text: abolition

text: and

text: established

text: the

text: African

text: Free

text: School

text: to

text: educate

text: black

text: children

text: It

text: was

text: not

text: until

text: that

text: slavery

text: was

text: completely

text: abolished

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: and

text: free

text: blacks

text: struggled

text: afterward

text: with

text: discrimination

text: New

text: York

text: interracial

text: abolitionist

text: activism

text: continued

text: among

text: its

text: leaders

text: were

text: graduates

text: of

text: the

text: African

text: Free

text: School

text: The

text: city

text: 's

text: black

text: population

text: reached

text: more

text: than

text: in

question: In what year did the state of New York pass a law to free the slaves?

answer: 1799

question: What borough was home to a notable population of free African-Americans?

answer: Manhattan

text: Manhattan

question: Along with John Jay, who founded the New York Manumission Society?

answer: Alexander Hamilton

text: Alexander Hamilton

question: In what year did the state of New York eliminate slavery?

answer: 1827

question: In 1840, about how many African-Americans lived in New York City?

answer: 16,000

question: The gradual abolition act in New York was formed in what year?

answer: 1799

question: When was slavery completely outlawed in the state of New York?

answer: 1827


text: The major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals. From about 900 CE onwards, the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across Europe, resulting in the pan-European styles Romanesque and Gothic.

title: Architecture

title: Architecture

text: The

text: major

text: architectural

text: undertakings

text: were

text: the

text: buildings

text: of

text: abbeys

text: and

text: cathedrals

text: From

text: about

text: CE

text: onwards

text: the

text: movements

text: of

text: both

text: clerics

text: and

text: tradesmen

text: carried

text: architectural

text: knowledge

text: across

text: Europe

text: resulting

text: in

text: the

text: pan

text: European

text: styles

text: Romanesque

text: and

text: Gothic

question: What type of buildings were took the most effort to build?

answer: abbeys and cathedrals.

text: abbeys and cathedrals.

question: What were the most important buildings of the time?

answer: abbeys and cathedrals

text: abbeys and cathedrals

question: What two groups spread knowledge of architecture in Europe?

answer: clerics and tradesmen

text: clerics and tradesmen

question: What style is Gothic?

answer: pan-European

text: pan-European

question: What is another pan-European style?

answer: Romanesque

text: Romanesque

question: When did the clerics and tradesmen start spreading architectural information?

answer: 900 CE onwards

text: 900 CE onwards


text: The word "emotion" dates back to 1579, when it was adapted from the French word émouvoir, which means "to stir up". The term emotion was introduced into academic discussion to replace passion. According to one dictionary, the earliest precursors of the word likely dates back to the very origins of language. The modern word emotion is heterogeneous In some uses of the word, emotions are intense feelings that are directed at someone or something. On the other hand, emotion can be used to refer to states that are mild (as in annoyed or content) and to states that are not directed at anything (as in anxiety and depression). One line of research thus looks at the meaning of the word emotion in everyday language and this usage is rather different from that in academic discourse. Another line of research asks about languages other than English, and one interesting finding is that many languages have a similar but not identical term

title: Emotion

title: Emotion

text: The

text: word

text: emotion

text: dates

text: back

text: to

text: when

text: it

text: was

text: adapted

text: from

text: the

text: French

text: word

text: émouvoir

text: which

text: means

text: to

text: stir

text: up

text: The

text: term

text: emotion

text: was

text: introduced

text: into

text: academic

text: discussion

text: to

text: replace

text: passion

text: According

text: to

text: one

text: dictionary

text: the

text: earliest

text: precursors

text: of

text: the

text: word

text: likely

text: dates

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: very

text: origins

text: of

text: language

text: The

text: modern

text: word

text: emotion

text: is

text: heterogeneous

text: In

text: some

text: uses

text: of

text: the

text: word

text: emotions

text: are

text: intense

text: feelings

text: that

text: are

text: directed

text: at

text: someone

text: or

text: something

text: On

text: the

text: other

text: hand

text: emotion

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: states

text: that

text: are

text: mild

text: as

text: in

text: annoyed

text: or

text: content

text: and

text: to

text: states

text: that

text: are

text: not

text: directed

text: at

text: anything

text: as

text: in

text: anxiety

text: and

text: depression

text: One

text: line

text: of

text: research

text: thus

text: looks

text: at

text: the

text: meaning

text: of

text: the

text: word

text: emotion

text: in

text: everyday

text: language

text: and

text: this

text: usage

text: is

text: rather

text: different

text: from

text: that

text: in

text: academic

text: discourse

text: Another

text: line

text: of

text: research

text: asks

text: about

text: languages

text: other

text: than

text: English

text: and

text: one

text: interesting

text: finding

text: is

text: that

text: many

text: languages

text: have

text: a

text: similar

text: but

text: not

text: identical

text: term

question: When did the word emotion enter the English language?

answer: 1579

question: From what French word is emotion derived?

answer: émouvoir

text: émouvoir

question: What does émouvoir mean in English?

answer: to stir up

text: to stir up

question: Prior to the introduction of the word emotion, what word was used in its place?

answer: passion

text: passion

question: Along with anxiety, what is an example of directionless emotion?

answer: depression

text: depression


text: Radiocarbon dated charcoal placed around 50,000 years ago was found in the Drachloch (Dragon's Hole) cave above the village of Vattis in the canton of St. Gallen, proving that the high peaks were visited by prehistoric people. Seven bear skulls from the cave may have been buried by the same prehistoric people. The peaks, however, were mostly ignored except for a few notable examples, and long left to the exclusive attention of the people of the adjoining valleys. The mountain peaks were seen as terrifying, the abode of dragons and demons, to the point that people blindfolded themselves to cross the Alpine passes. The glaciers remained a mystery and many still believed the highest areas to be inhabited by dragons.

title: Alps

title: Alps

text: Radiocarbon

text: dated

text: charcoal

text: placed

text: around

text: years

text: ago

text: was

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: Drachloch

text: Dragon

text: 's

text: Hole

text: cave

text: above

text: the

text: village

text: of

text: Vattis

text: in

text: the

text: canton

text: of

text: St.

text: Gallen

text: proving

text: that

text: the

text: high

text: peaks

text: were

text: visited

text: by

text: prehistoric

text: people

text: Seven

text: bear

text: skulls

text: from

text: the

text: cave

text: may

text: have

text: been

text: buried

text: by

text: the

text: same

text: prehistoric

text: people

text: The

text: peaks

text: however

text: were

text: mostly

text: ignored

text: except

text: for

text: a

text: few

text: notable

text: examples

text: and

text: long

text: left

text: to

text: the

text: exclusive

text: attention

text: of

text: the

text: people

text: of

text: the

text: adjoining

text: valleys

text: The

text: mountain

text: peaks

text: were

text: seen

text: as

text: terrifying

text: the

text: abode

text: of

text: dragons

text: and

text: demons

text: to

text: the

text: point

text: that

text: people

text: blindfolded

text: themselves

text: to

text: cross

text: the

text: Alpine

text: passes

text: The

text: glaciers

text: remained

text: a

text: mystery

text: and

text: many

text: still

text: believed

text: the

text: highest

text: areas

text: to

text: be

text: inhabited

text: by

text: dragons

question: How old was the charcoal placed in the Drachloch cave?

answer: 50,000 years

text: 50,000 years

question: What does the finding of charcoal in Dragon's Hole prove?

answer: the high peaks were visited by prehistoric people

text: the high peaks were visited by prehistoric people

question: What may have been buried by the same prehistoric people?

answer: Seven bear skulls

text: Seven bear skulls

question: People blindfolded themselves to cross what?

answer: Alpine passes

text: Alpine passes


text: From European settlement in 1888, child convicts were occasionally sent to Australia where they were made to work. Child labour was not as excessive in Australia as in Britain. With a low population, agricultural productivity was higher and families did not face starvation as in established industrialised countries. Australia also did not have significant industry until the later part of the 20th century when child labour laws, and compulsory schooling had developed under the influence of Britain. From the 1870s Child labour was restricted by compulsorry schooling.

title: Child_labour

title: Child_labour

text: From

text: European

text: settlement

text: in

text: child

text: convicts

text: were

text: occasionally

text: sent

text: to

text: Australia

text: where

text: they

text: were

text: made

text: to

text: work

text: Child

text: labour

text: was

text: not

text: as

text: excessive

text: in

text: Australia

text: as

text: in

text: Britain

text: With

text: a

text: low

text: population

text: agricultural

text: productivity

text: was

text: higher

text: and

text: families

text: did

text: not

text: face

text: starvation

text: as

text: in

text: established

text: industrialised

text: countries

text: Australia

text: also

text: did

text: not

text: have

text: significant

text: industry

text: until

text: the

text: later

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: when

text: child

text: labour

text: laws

text: and

text: compulsory

text: schooling

text: had

text: developed

text: under

text: the

text: influence

text: of

text: Britain

text: From

text: the

text: Child

text: labour

text: was

text: restricted

text: by

text: compulsorry

text: schooling

question: In 1888 what country were child convicts sent to the most?

answer: Australia

text: Australia

question: What restricted the 1870s Child labour in Australia?

answer: compulsorry schooling

text: compulsorry schooling

question: Was child labour rampagnt in Australia?

answer: Child labour was not as excessive in Australia

text: Child labour was not as excessive in Australia

question: When did industrailization take off in Australia?

answer: 20th century

text: 20th century


text: Goodluck Jonathan served as Nigeria's president till 16 April 2011, when a new presidential election in Nigeria was conducted. Jonathan of the PDP was declared the winner on 19 April 2011, having won the election with a total of 22,495,187 of the 39,469,484 votes cast, to stand ahead of Muhammadu Buhari from the main opposition party, the Congress for Progressive Change (CPC), which won 12,214,853 of the total votes cast. The international media reported the elections as having run smoothly with relatively little violence or voter fraud, in contrast to previous elections.

title: Nigeria

title: Nigeria

text: Goodluck

text: Jonathan

text: served

text: as

text: Nigeria

text: 's

text: president

text: till

text: April

text: when

text: a

text: new

text: presidential

text: election

text: in

text: Nigeria

text: was

text: conducted

text: Jonathan

text: of

text: the

text: PDP

text: was

text: declared

text: the

text: winner

text: on

text: April

text: having

text: won

text: the

text: election

text: with

text: a

text: total

text: of

text: of

text: the

text: votes

text: cast

text: to

text: stand

text: ahead

text: of

text: Muhammadu

text: Buhari

text: from

text: the

text: main

text: opposition

text: party

text: the

text: Congress

text: for

text: Progressive

text: Change

text: CPC

text: which

text: won

text: of

text: the

text: total

text: votes

text: cast

text: The

text: international

text: media

text: reported

text: the

text: elections

text: as

text: having

text: run

text: smoothly

text: with

text: relatively

text: little

text: violence

text: or

text: voter

text: fraud

text: in

text: contrast

text: to

text: previous

text: elections

question: Who won the 2011 election?

answer: Goodluck Jonathan

text: Goodluck Jonathan

question: Who was the CPC's 2011 candidate?

answer: Muhammadu Buhari

text: Muhammadu Buhari

question: How many votes did Goodluck get in 2011?

answer: 22,495,187

question: How many votes did Buhari get?

answer: 12,214,853

question: What was the main opposition political party in 2011?

answer: Congress for Progressive Change

text: Congress for Progressive Change


text: In the early 21st century, the population of Paris began to increase slowly again, as more young people moved into the city. It reached 2.25 million in 2011. In March 2001, Bertrand Delanoë became the first socialist mayor of Paris. In 2007, in an effort to reduce car traffic in the city, he introduced the Vélib', a system which rents bicycles for the use of local residents and visitors. Bertrand Delanoë also transformed a section of the highway along the left bank of the Seine into an urban promenade and park, the Promenade des Berges de la Seine, which he inaugurated in June 2013.

title: Paris

title: Paris

text: In

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: the

text: population

text: of

text: Paris

text: began

text: to

text: increase

text: slowly

text: again

text: as

text: more

text: young

text: people

text: moved

text: into

text: the

text: city

text: It

text: reached

text: million

text: in

text: In

text: March

text: Bertrand

text: Delanoë

text: became

text: the

text: first

text: socialist

text: mayor

text: of

text: Paris

text: In

text: in

text: an

text: effort

text: to

text: reduce

text: car

text: traffic

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: he

text: introduced

text: the

text: Vélib

text: a

text: system

text: which

text: rents

text: bicycles

text: for

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: local

text: residents

text: and

text: visitors

text: Bertrand

text: Delanoë

text: also

text: transformed

text: a

text: section

text: of

text: the

text: highway

text: along

text: the

text: left

text: bank

text: of

text: the

text: Seine

text: into

text: an

text: urban

text: promenade

text: and

text: park

text: the

text: Promenade

text: des

text: Berges

text: de

text: la

text: Seine

text: which

text: he

text: inaugurated

text: in

text: June

question: What was the population of Paris in 2011?

answer: 2.25 million

text: 2.25 million

question: Who was the first socialist mayor of Paris?

answer: Bertrand Delanoë

text: Bertrand Delanoë

question: What is the system called that allows local residents to rent bicycles?

answer: Vélib'

text: Vélib'

question: When was the Promenade des Berges de la Seine inaugurated?

answer: June 2013

text: June 2013


text: Hellenistic military equipment was generally characterized by an increase in size. Hellenistic-era warships grew from the trireme to include more banks of oars and larger numbers of rowers and soldiers as in the Quadrireme and Quinquereme. The Ptolemaic Tessarakonteres was the largest ship constructed in Antiquity. New siege engines were developed during this period. An unknown engineer developed the torsion-spring catapult (ca. 360) and Dionysios of Alexandria designed a repeating ballista, the Polybolos. Preserved examples of ball projectiles range from 4.4 kg to 78 kg (or over 170 lbs). Demetrius Poliorcetes was notorious for the large siege engines employed in his campaigns, especially during the 12-month siege of Rhodes when he had Epimachos of Athens build a massive 160 ton siege tower named Helepolis, filled with artillery.

title: Hellenistic_period

title: Hellenistic_period

text: Hellenistic

text: military

text: equipment

text: was

text: generally

text: characterized

text: by

text: an

text: increase

text: in

text: size

text: Hellenistic

text: era

text: warships

text: grew

text: from

text: the

text: trireme

text: to

text: include

text: more

text: banks

text: of

text: oars

text: and

text: larger

text: numbers

text: of

text: rowers

text: and

text: soldiers

text: as

text: in

text: the

text: Quadrireme

text: and

text: Quinquereme

text: The

text: Ptolemaic

text: Tessarakonteres

text: was

text: the

text: largest

text: ship

text: constructed

text: in

text: Antiquity

text: New

text: siege

text: engines

text: were

text: developed

text: during

text: this

text: period

text: An

text: unknown

text: engineer

text: developed

text: the

text: torsion

text: spring

text: catapult

text: ca

text: and

text: Dionysios

text: of

text: Alexandria

text: designed

text: a

text: repeating

text: ballista

text: the

text: Polybolos

text: Preserved

text: examples

text: of

text: ball

text: projectiles

text: range

text: from

text: kg

text: to

text: kg

text: or

text: over

text: lbs

text: Demetrius

text: Poliorcetes

text: was

text: notorious

text: for

text: the

text: large

text: siege

text: engines

text: employed

text: in

text: his

text: campaigns

text: especially

text: during

text: the

text: siege

text: of

text: Rhodes

text: when

text: he

text: had

text: Epimachos

text: of

text: Athens

text: build

text: a

text: massive

text: ton

text: siege

text: tower

text: named

text: Helepolis

text: filled

text: with

text: artillery

question: What was the largest ship constructed in Antiquity?

answer: Ptolemaic Tessarakonteres

text: Ptolemaic Tessarakonteres

question: Who invented the Polybolos?

answer: Dionysios of Alexandria

text: Dionysios of Alexandria

question: What type of weapon is the Polybolos?

answer: ballista

text: ballista

question: Who heavy was the Helepolis siege tower?

answer: 160 ton

text: 160 ton

question: How long was Demetrius Poliorcetes siege of Rhodes?

answer: 12-month


text: Feminist anthropology is a four field approach to anthropology (archeological, biological, cultural, linguistic) that seeks to reduce male bias in research findings, anthropological hiring practices, and the scholarly production of knowledge. Anthropology engages often with feminists from non-Western traditions, whose perspectives and experiences can differ from those of white European and American feminists. Historically, such 'peripheral' perspectives have sometimes been marginalized and regarded as less valid or important than knowledge from the western world. Feminist anthropologists have claimed that their research helps to correct this systematic bias in mainstream feminist theory. Feminist anthropologists are centrally concerned with the construction of gender across societies. Feminist anthropology is inclusive of birth anthropology as a specialization.

title: Anthropology

title: Anthropology

text: Feminist

text: anthropology

text: is

text: a

text: four

text: field

text: approach

text: to

text: anthropology

text: archeological

text: biological

text: cultural

text: linguistic

text: that

text: seeks

text: to

text: reduce

text: male

text: bias

text: in

text: research

text: findings

text: anthropological

text: hiring

text: practices

text: and

text: the

text: scholarly

text: production

text: of

text: knowledge

text: Anthropology

text: engages

text: often

text: with

text: feminists

text: from

text: non

text: Western

text: traditions

text: whose

text: perspectives

text: and

text: experiences

text: can

text: differ

text: from

text: those

text: of

text: white

text: European

text: and

text: American

text: feminists

text: Historically

text: such

text: peripheral

text: perspectives

text: have

text: sometimes

text: been

text: marginalized

text: and

text: regarded

text: as

text: less

text: valid

text: or

text: important

text: than

text: knowledge

text: from

text: the

text: western

text: world

text: Feminist

text: anthropologists

text: have

text: claimed

text: that

text: their

text: research

text: helps

text: to

text: correct

text: this

text: systematic

text: bias

text: in

text: mainstream

text: feminist

text: theory

text: Feminist

text: anthropologists

text: are

text: centrally

text: concerned

text: with

text: the

text: construction

text: of

text: gender

text: across

text: societies

text: Feminist

text: anthropology

text: is

text: inclusive

text: of

text: birth

text: anthropology

text: as

text: a

text: specialization

question: What type of anthropology focuses on a political agenda rather than on contributing to science?

answer: Feminist

text: Feminist

question: What does feminist anthropology self-reports as seeking to reduce in research findings?

answer: male bias

text: male bias

question: What do feminist anthropologists claim their research helps to correct?

answer: systematic bias

text: systematic bias

question: What are feminist anthropologists centrally concerned about?

answer: gender

text: gender

question: What type of anthropology do feminist anthropologists inclusively specialize in?

answer: birth anthropology

text: birth anthropology


text: Bilateral treaties are concluded between two states or entities. It is possible, however, for a bilateral treaty to have more than two parties; consider for instance the bilateral treaties between Switzerland and the European Union (EU) following the Swiss rejection of the European Economic Area agreement. Each of these treaties has seventeen parties. These however are still bilateral, not multilateral, treaties. The parties are divided into two groups, the Swiss ("on the one part") and the EU and its member states ("on the other part"). The treaty establishes rights and obligations between the Swiss and the EU and the member states severally—it does not establish any rights and obligations amongst the EU and its member states.[citation needed]

title: Treaty

title: Treaty

text: Bilateral

text: treaties

text: are

text: concluded

text: between

text: two

text: states

text: or

text: entities

text: It

text: is

text: possible

text: however

text: for

text: a

text: bilateral

text: treaty

text: to

text: have

text: more

text: than

text: two

text: parties

text: consider

text: for

text: instance

text: the

text: bilateral

text: treaties

text: between

text: Switzerland

text: and

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: EU

text: following

text: the

text: Swiss

text: rejection

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Economic

text: Area

text: agreement

text: Each

text: of

text: these

text: treaties

text: has

text: seventeen

text: parties

text: These

text: however

text: are

text: still

text: bilateral

text: not

text: multilateral

text: treaties

text: The

text: parties

text: are

text: divided

text: into

text: two

text: groups

text: the

text: Swiss

text: on

text: the

text: one

text: part

text: and

text: the

text: EU

text: and

text: its

text: member

text: states

text: on

text: the

text: other

text: part

text: The

text: treaty

text: establishes

text: rights

text: and

text: obligations

text: between

text: the

text: Swiss

text: and

text: the

text: EU

text: and

text: the

text: member

text: states

text: severally

text: it

text: does

text: not

text: establish

text: any

text: rights

text: and

text: obligations

text: amongst

text: the

text: EU

text: and

text: its

text: member

text: states.[citation

text: needed

question: Bilateral treaties are concluded between how many states or entities?

answer: two

text: two

question: Is it possible for a bilateral treaty to have more than two parties?

answer: It is possible

text: It is possible

question: The bilateral treaties between Switzerland and the European Union followed the Swiss rejection of what?

answer: the European Economic Area agreement

text: the European Economic Area agreement

question: Does the bilateral treaty between Switzerland and the European Union establish rights or obligations amongst the EU and its member states?

answer: it does not

text: it does not

question: The treaty between Switzerland and the European Union is an example of what kind of treaty?

answer: bilateral

text: bilateral


text: The investigation of the transmitted signals started immediately after the launch of Compass -M1 on 14 April 2007. Soon after in June 2007, engineers at CNES reported the spectrum and structure of the signals. A month later, researchers from Stanford University reported the complete decoding of the “I” signals components. The knowledge of the codes allowed a group of engineers at Septentrio to build the COMPASS receiver and report tracking and multipath characteristics of the “I” signals on E2 and E5B.

title: BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System

title: BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System

text: The

text: investigation

text: of

text: the

text: transmitted

text: signals

text: started

text: immediately

text: after

text: the

text: launch

text: of

text: Compass

text: on

text: April

text: Soon

text: after

text: in

text: June

text: engineers

text: at

text: CNES

text: reported

text: the

text: spectrum

text: and

text: structure

text: of

text: the

text: signals

text: A

text: month

text: later

text: researchers

text: from

text: Stanford

text: University

text: reported

text: the

text: complete

text: decoding

text: of

text: the

text: I

text: signals

text: components

text: The

text: knowledge

text: of

text: the

text: codes

text: allowed

text: a

text: group

text: of

text: engineers

text: at

text: Septentrio

text: to

text: build

text: the

text: COMPASS

text: receiver

text: and

text: report

text: tracking

text: and

text: multipath

text: characteristics

text: of

text: the

text: I

text: signals

text: on

text: and

question: When did the investigation of the signals transmitted by Compass -M1 begin?

answer: immediately after the launch of Compass -M1 on 14 April 2007

text: immediately after the launch of Compass -M1 on 14 April 2007

question: What did engineers at CNES report in June 2007?

answer: the spectrum and structure of the signals

text: the spectrum and structure of the signals

question: Who reported the complete decoding of the “I” signals components?

answer: researchers from Stanford University

text: researchers from Stanford University

question: Who built the COMPASS receiver?

answer: a group of engineers at Septentrio

text: a group of engineers at Septentrio

question: What was the purpose of building the COMPASS receiver?

answer: report tracking and multipath characteristics of the “I” signals on E2 and E5B

text: report tracking and multipath characteristics of the “I” signals on E2 and E5B


text: The act created the National Military Establishment (renamed Department of Defense in 1949), which was composed of three subordinate Military Departments, namely the Department of the Army, the Department of the Navy, and the newly created Department of the Air Force. Prior to 1947, the responsibility for military aviation was shared between the Army (for land-based operations), the Navy (for sea-based operations from aircraft carriers and amphibious aircraft), and the Marine Corps (for close air support of infantry operations). The 1940s proved to be important in other ways as well. In 1947, Captain Chuck Yeager broke the sound barrier in his X-1 rocket-powered aircraft, beginning a new era of aeronautics in America.

title: United_States_Air_Force

title: United_States_Air_Force

text: The

text: act

text: created

text: the

text: National

text: Military

text: Establishment

text: renamed

text: Department

text: of

text: Defense

text: in

text: which

text: was

text: composed

text: of

text: three

text: subordinate

text: Military

text: Departments

text: namely

text: the

text: Department

text: of

text: the

text: Army

text: the

text: Department

text: of

text: the

text: Navy

text: and

text: the

text: newly

text: created

text: Department

text: of

text: the

text: Air

text: Force

text: Prior

text: to

text: the

text: responsibility

text: for

text: military

text: aviation

text: was

text: shared

text: between

text: the

text: Army

text: for

text: land

text: based

text: operations

text: the

text: Navy

text: for

text: sea

text: based

text: operations

text: from

text: aircraft

text: carriers

text: and

text: amphibious

text: aircraft

text: and

text: the

text: Marine

text: Corps

text: for

text: close

text: air

text: support

text: of

text: infantry

text: operations

text: The

text: proved

text: to

text: be

text: important

text: in

text: other

text: ways

text: as

text: well

text: In

text: Captain

text: Chuck

text: Yeager

text: broke

text: the

text: sound

text: barrier

text: in

text: his

text: rocket

text: powered

text: aircraft

text: beginning

text: a

text: new

text: era

text: of

text: aeronautics

text: in

text: America

question: What was the National Military Establishment renamed in 1949?

answer: Department of Defense

text: Department of Defense

question: How many subordinate divisions did the National Military Establishment contain?

answer: three

text: three

question: What does the US Navy's responsibilities include?

answer: sea-based operations from aircraft carriers and amphibious aircraft

text: sea-based operations from aircraft carriers and amphibious aircraft

question: Who is in charge of closed air support of infantry operations?

answer: Marine Corps

text: Marine Corps

question: What American broke the sound barrier in 1947?

answer: Captain Chuck Yeager

text: Captain Chuck Yeager


text: Reptiles such as adders and vipers live up to the snow line; because they cannot bear the cold temperatures they hibernate underground and soak up the warmth on rocky ledges. The high-altitude Alpine salamanders have adapted to living above the snow line by giving birth to fully developed young rather than laying eggs. Brown trout can be found in the streams up to the snow line. Molluscs such as the wood snail live up the snow line. Popularly gathered as food, the snails are now protected.

title: Alps

title: Alps

text: Reptiles

text: such

text: as

text: adders

text: and

text: vipers

text: live

text: up

text: to

text: the

text: snow

text: line

text: because

text: they

text: can

text: not

text: bear

text: the

text: cold

text: temperatures

text: they

text: hibernate

text: underground

text: and

text: soak

text: up

text: the

text: warmth

text: on

text: rocky

text: ledges

text: The

text: high

text: altitude

text: Alpine

text: salamanders

text: have

text: adapted

text: to

text: living

text: above

text: the

text: snow

text: line

text: by

text: giving

text: birth

text: to

text: fully

text: developed

text: young

text: rather

text: than

text: laying

text: eggs

text: Brown

text: trout

text: can

text: be

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: streams

text: up

text: to

text: the

text: snow

text: line

text: Molluscs

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: wood

text: snail

text: live

text: up

text: the

text: snow

text: line

text: Popularly

text: gathered

text: as

text: food

text: the

text: snails

text: are

text: now

text: protected

question: Why do reptiles only live up to the snow line?

answer: they cannot bear the cold temperatures

text: they cannot bear the cold temperatures

question: What do reptiles due since they cannot bear the cold temperatures?

answer: they hibernate underground

text: they hibernate underground

question: How have the Alpine salamanders adapted to living above the snow line?

answer: by giving birth to fully developed young rather than laying eggs

text: by giving birth to fully developed young rather than laying eggs

question: What can be found in the streams up to the snow line?

answer: Brown trout

text: Brown trout


text: An alloy of aluminium and gallium in pellet form added to water can be used to generate hydrogen. The process also produces alumina, but the expensive gallium, which prevents the formation of an oxide skin on the pellets, can be re-used. This has important potential implications for a hydrogen economy, as hydrogen can be produced on-site and does not need to be transported.

title: Hydrogen

title: Hydrogen

text: An

text: alloy

text: of

text: aluminium

text: and

text: gallium

text: in

text: pellet

text: form

text: added

text: to

text: water

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: generate

text: hydrogen

text: The

text: process

text: also

text: produces

text: alumina

text: but

text: the

text: expensive

text: gallium

text: which

text: prevents

text: the

text: formation

text: of

text: an

text: oxide

text: skin

text: on

text: the

text: pellets

text: can

text: be

text: re

text: used

text: This

text: has

text: important

text: potential

text: implications

text: for

text: a

text: hydrogen

text: economy

text: as

text: hydrogen

text: can

text: be

text: produced

text: on

text: site

text: and

text: does

text: not

text: need

text: to

text: be

text: transported

question: When you combine an alloy of alluminum and gallium to water, what do you get?

answer: hydrogen

text: hydrogen

question: What else can it produce?

answer: alumina

text: alumina

question: What can be reused after the formation?

answer: the expensive gallium

text: the expensive gallium


text: Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body. Most infections do not have symptoms, known as latent tuberculosis. About 10% of latent infections progress to active disease which, if left untreated, kills about half of those infected. The classic symptoms of active TB are a chronic cough with blood-containing sputum, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. The historical term "consumption" came about due to the weight loss. Infection of other organs can cause a wide range of symptoms.

title: Tuberculosis

title: Tuberculosis

text: Tuberculosis

text: TB

text: is

text: an

text: infectious

text: disease

text: usually

text: caused

text: by

text: the

text: bacterium

text: Mycobacterium

text: tuberculosis

text: MTB

text: Tuberculosis

text: generally

text: affects

text: the

text: lungs

text: but

text: can

text: also

text: affect

text: other

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: Most

text: infections

text: do

text: not

text: have

text: symptoms

text: known

text: as

text: latent

text: tuberculosis

text: About

text: of

text: latent

text: infections

text: progress

text: to

text: active

text: disease

text: which

text: if

text: left

text: untreated

text: kills

text: about

text: half

text: of

text: those

text: infected

text: The

text: classic

text: symptoms

text: of

text: active

text: TB

text: are

text: a

text: chronic

text: cough

text: with

text: blood

text: containing

text: sputum

text: fever

text: night

text: sweats

text: and

text: weight

text: loss

text: The

text: historical

text: term

text: consumption

text: came

text: about

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: weight

text: loss

text: Infection

text: of

text: other

text: organs

text: can

text: cause

text: a

text: wide

text: range

text: of

text: symptoms

question: What bacterium causes tuberculosis infection?

answer: Mycobacterium tuberculosis

text: Mycobacterium tuberculosis

question: What primary body part is affected by tuberculosis?

answer: lungs

text: lungs

question: Roughly, what percentage of latent tuberculosis infections result in active tuberculosis?

answer: 10%

question: Along with cough, weight loss, and night sweats, what's the fourth classic symptom of the disease?

answer: fever

text: fever

question: What name has been used to refer to tuberculosis because of associated weight loss?

answer: consumption

text: consumption


text: On May 12, 2009, China marked the first anniversary of the quake with a moment of silence as people across the nation remembered the dead. The government also opened access to the sealed ruins of the Beichuan county seat for three days, after which it will be frozen in time as a state earthquake relic museum, to remind people of the terrible disaster. There were also several concerts across the country to raise money for the survivors of the quake.

title: 2008_Sichuan_earthquake

title: 2008_Sichuan_earthquake

text: On

text: May

text: China

text: marked

text: the

text: first

text: anniversary

text: of

text: the

text: quake

text: with

text: a

text: moment

text: of

text: silence

text: as

text: people

text: across

text: the

text: nation

text: remembered

text: the

text: dead

text: The

text: government

text: also

text: opened

text: access

text: to

text: the

text: sealed

text: ruins

text: of

text: the

text: Beichuan

text: county

text: seat

text: for

text: three

text: days

text: after

text: which

text: it

text: will

text: be

text: frozen

text: in

text: time

text: as

text: a

text: state

text: earthquake

text: relic

text: museum

text: to

text: remind

text: people

text: of

text: the

text: terrible

text: disaster

text: There

text: were

text: also

text: several

text: concerts

text: across

text: the

text: country

text: to

text: raise

text: money

text: for

text: the

text: survivors

text: of

text: the

text: quake

question: What was done for the anniversary?

answer: a moment of silence

text: a moment of silence

question: Where did the government open access to?

answer: the sealed ruins of the Beichuan county seat

text: the sealed ruins of the Beichuan county seat

question: How long was it opened for?

answer: three days

text: three days

question: What did China do to mark the first anniversary of the quake?

answer: a moment of silence

text: a moment of silence

question: What will the Beichuan county seat be used for?

answer: earthquake relic museum

text: earthquake relic museum

question: What kind of event were given to raise money for quake survivors?

answer: several concerts

text: several concerts

question: What is the Beichuan museum meant to remind people of?

answer: the terrible disaster

text: the terrible disaster


text: Kathmandu valley is described as "an enormous treasure house of art and sculptures", which are made of wood, stone, metal, and terracotta, and found in profusion in temples, shrines, stupas, gompas, chaityasm and palaces. The art objects are also seen in street corners, lanes, private courtyards and in open ground. Most art is in the form of icons of gods and goddesses. Kathmandu valley has had this art treasure for a very long time, but received worldwide recognition only after the country opened to the outside world in 1950.

title: Kathmandu

title: Kathmandu

text: Kathmandu

text: valley

text: is

text: described

text: as

text: an

text: enormous

text: treasure

text: house

text: of

text: art

text: and

text: sculptures

text: which

text: are

text: made

text: of

text: wood

text: stone

text: metal

text: and

text: terracotta

text: and

text: found

text: in

text: profusion

text: in

text: temples

text: shrines

text: stupas

text: gompas

text: chaityasm

text: and

text: palaces

text: The

text: art

text: objects

text: are

text: also

text: seen

text: in

text: street

text: corners

text: lanes

text: private

text: courtyards

text: and

text: in

text: open

text: ground

text: Most

text: art

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: icons

text: of

text: gods

text: and

text: goddesses

text: Kathmandu

text: valley

text: has

text: had

text: this

text: art

text: treasure

text: for

text: a

text: very

text: long

text: time

text: but

text: received

text: worldwide

text: recognition

text: only

text: after

text: the

text: country

text: opened

text: to

text: the

text: outside

text: world

text: in

question: Kathmandu valley contains art made of metal, terracotta, wood and what other substance?

answer: stone

text: stone

question: What is the most typical type of art in the Kathmandu valley?

answer: icons

text: icons

question: In what year could Nepal be said to have been discovered by the outside world?

answer: 1950


text: The government broadened land ownership by returning land that had been sold to large landowners in the late Ming period by families unable to pay the land tax. To give people more incentives to participate in the market, they reduced the tax burden in comparison with the late Ming, and replaced the corvée system with a head tax used to hire laborers. The administration of the Grand Canal was made more efficient, and transport opened to private merchants. A system of monitoring grain prices eliminated severe shortages, and enabled the price of rice to rise slowly and smoothly through the 18th century. Wary of the power of wealthy merchants, Qing rulers limited their trading licenses and usually refused them permission to open new mines, except in poor areas. These restrictions on domestic resource exploration, as well as on foreign trade, are held by some scholars as a cause of the Great Divergence, by which the Western world overtook China economically.

title: Qing_dynasty

title: Qing_dynasty

text: The

text: government

text: broadened

text: land

text: ownership

text: by

text: returning

text: land

text: that

text: had

text: been

text: sold

text: to

text: large

text: landowners

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: Ming

text: period

text: by

text: families

text: unable

text: to

text: pay

text: the

text: land

text: tax

text: To

text: give

text: people

text: more

text: incentives

text: to

text: participate

text: in

text: the

text: market

text: they

text: reduced

text: the

text: tax

text: burden

text: in

text: comparison

text: with

text: the

text: late

text: Ming

text: and

text: replaced

text: the

text: corvée

text: system

text: with

text: a

text: head

text: tax

text: used

text: to

text: hire

text: laborers

text: The

text: administration

text: of

text: the

text: Grand

text: Canal

text: was

text: made

text: more

text: efficient

text: and

text: transport

text: opened

text: to

text: private

text: merchants

text: A

text: system

text: of

text: monitoring

text: grain

text: prices

text: eliminated

text: severe

text: shortages

text: and

text: enabled

text: the

text: price

text: of

text: rice

text: to

text: rise

text: slowly

text: and

text: smoothly

text: through

text: the

text: century

text: Wary

text: of

text: the

text: power

text: of

text: wealthy

text: merchants

text: Qing

text: rulers

text: limited

text: their

text: trading

text: licenses

text: and

text: usually

text: refused

text: them

text: permission

text: to

text: open

text: new

text: mines

text: except

text: in

text: poor

text: areas

text: These

text: restrictions

text: on

text: domestic

text: resource

text: exploration

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: on

text: foreign

text: trade

text: are

text: held

text: by

text: some

text: scholars

text: as

text: a

text: cause

text: of

text: the

text: Great

text: Divergence

text: by

text: which

text: the

text: Western

text: world

text: overtook

text: China

text: economically

question: What did the Qing do to reform land ownership?

answer: reduced the tax burden

text: reduced the tax burden

question: What happened to the price of rice during the 18th century?

answer: rise slowly and smoothly

text: rise slowly and smoothly

question: What was the Great Divergence?

answer: Western world overtook China economically

text: Western world overtook China economically


text: Baird Television Ltd. made Britain's first television broadcast, on 30 September 1929 from its studio in Long Acre, London, via the BBC's London transmitter, using the electromechanical system pioneered by John Logie Baird. This system used a vertically-scanned image of 30 lines – just enough resolution for a close-up of one person, and with a bandwidth low enough to use existing radio transmitters. Simultaneous transmission of sound and picture was achieved on 30 March 1930, by using the BBC's new twin transmitter at Brookmans Park. By late 1930, 30 minutes of morning programmes were broadcast Monday to Friday, and 30 minutes at midnight on Tuesdays and Fridays, after BBC radio went off the air. Baird broadcasts via the BBC continued until June 1932.

title: BBC_Television

title: BBC_Television

text: Baird

text: Television

text: Ltd.

text: made

text: Britain

text: 's

text: first

text: television

text: broadcast

text: on

text: September

text: from

text: its

text: studio

text: in

text: Long

text: Acre

text: London

text: via

text: the

text: BBC

text: 's

text: London

text: transmitter

text: using

text: the

text: electromechanical

text: system

text: pioneered

text: by

text: John

text: Logie

text: Baird

text: This

text: system

text: used

text: a

text: vertically

text: scanned

text: image

text: of

text: lines

text: just

text: enough

text: resolution

text: for

text: a

text: close

text: up

text: of

text: one

text: person

text: and

text: with

text: a

text: bandwidth

text: low

text: enough

text: to

text: use

text: existing

text: radio

text: transmitters

text: Simultaneous

text: transmission

text: of

text: sound

text: and

text: picture

text: was

text: achieved

text: on

text: March

text: by

text: using

text: the

text: BBC

text: 's

text: new

text: twin

text: transmitter

text: at

text: Brookmans

text: Park

text: By

text: late

text: minutes

text: of

text: morning

text: programmes

text: were

text: broadcast

text: Monday

text: to

text: Friday

text: and

text: minutes

text: at

text: midnight

text: on

text: Tuesdays

text: and

text: Fridays

text: after

text: BBC

text: radio

text: went

text: off

text: the

text: air

text: Baird

text: broadcasts

text: via

text: the

text: BBC

text: continued

text: until

text: June

question: On what date was the first TV show seen in the UK?

answer: 30 September 1929

text: 30 September 1929

question: From where was the first TV show in the UK broadcasted?

answer: Long Acre, London

text: Long Acre, London

question: How many lines made up the picture on Britain's earliest TV broadcasts?

answer: 30

question: When did Baird cease showing its programs on BBC?

answer: June 1932

text: June 1932

question: When were both audio and video first broadcasted at the same time?

answer: 30 March 1930

text: 30 March 1930


text: During the last century, decreases in biodiversity have been increasingly observed. In 2007, German Federal Environment Minister Sigmar Gabriel cited estimates that up to 30% of all species will be extinct by 2050. Of these, about one eighth of known plant species are threatened with extinction. Estimates reach as high as 140,000 species per year (based on Species-area theory). This figure indicates unsustainable ecological practices, because few species emerge each year.[citation needed] Almost all scientists acknowledge that the rate of species loss is greater now than at any time in human history, with extinctions occurring at rates hundreds of times higher than background extinction rates. As of 2012, some studies suggest that 25% of all mammal species could be extinct in 20 years.

title: Biodiversity

title: Biodiversity

text: During

text: the

text: last

text: century

text: decreases

text: in

text: biodiversity

text: have

text: been

text: increasingly

text: observed

text: In

text: German

text: Federal

text: Environment

text: Minister

text: Sigmar

text: Gabriel

text: cited

text: estimates

text: that

text: up

text: to

text: of

text: all

text: species

text: will

text: be

text: extinct

text: by

text: Of

text: these

text: about

text: one

text: eighth

text: of

text: known

text: plant

text: species

text: are

text: threatened

text: with

text: extinction

text: Estimates

text: reach

text: as

text: high

text: as

text: species

text: per

text: year

text: based

text: on

text: Species

text: area

text: theory

text: This

text: figure

text: indicates

text: unsustainable

text: ecological

text: practices

text: because

text: few

text: species

text: emerge

text: each

text: year.[citation

text: needed

text: Almost

text: all

text: scientists

text: acknowledge

text: that

text: the

text: rate

text: of

text: species

text: loss

text: is

text: greater

text: now

text: than

text: at

text: any

text: time

text: in

text: human

text: history

text: with

text: extinctions

text: occurring

text: at

text: rates

text: hundreds

text: of

text: times

text: higher

text: than

text: background

text: extinction

text: rates

text: As

text: of

text: some

text: studies

text: suggest

text: that

text: of

text: all

text: mammal

text: species

text: could

text: be

text: extinct

text: in

text: years

question: Who is the German Federal Environment Minister?

answer: Sigmar Gabriel

text: Sigmar Gabriel

question: What year did Gabriel estimate 30% of of all species will be extinct by?

answer: 2050

question: How many plant species are close to extinction?

answer: about one eighth

text: about one eighth

question: 2012 studies estimated what percentage of mammals could be extinct in 20 years?

answer: 25%


text: Israel is one of the world's technological leaders in water technology. In 2011, its water technology industry was worth around $2 billion a year with annual exports of products and services in the tens of millions of dollars. The ongoing shortage of water in the country has spurred innovation in water conservation techniques, and a substantial agricultural modernization, drip irrigation, was invented in Israel. Israel is also at the technological forefront of desalination and water recycling. The Ashkelon seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) plant, the largest in the world, was voted 'Desalination Plant of the Year' in the Global Water Awards in 2006. Israel hosts an annual Water Technology Exhibition and Conference (WaTec) that attracts thousands of people from across the world. By 2014, Israel's desalination programs provided roughly 35% of Israel's drinking water and it is expected to supply 40% by 2015 and 70% by 2050. As of May 29, 2015 more than 50 percent of the water for Israeli households, agriculture and industry is artificially produced. As a result of innovations in reverse osmosis technology, Israel is set to become a net exporter of water in the coming years.

title: Israel

title: Israel

text: Israel

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: technological

text: leaders

text: in

text: water

text: technology

text: In

text: its

text: water

text: technology

text: industry

text: was

text: worth

text: around

text: billion

text: a

text: year

text: with

text: annual

text: exports

text: of

text: products

text: and

text: services

text: in

text: the

text: tens

text: of

text: millions

text: of

text: dollars

text: The

text: ongoing

text: shortage

text: of

text: water

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: has

text: spurred

text: innovation

text: in

text: water

text: conservation

text: techniques

text: and

text: a

text: substantial

text: agricultural

text: modernization

text: drip

text: irrigation

text: was

text: invented

text: in

text: Israel

text: Israel

text: is

text: also

text: at

text: the

text: technological

text: forefront

text: of

text: desalination

text: and

text: water

text: recycling

text: The

text: Ashkelon

text: seawater

text: reverse

text: osmosis

text: SWRO

text: plant

text: the

text: largest

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: was

text: voted

text: Desalination

text: Plant

text: of

text: the

text: Year

text: in

text: the

text: Global

text: Water

text: Awards

text: in

text: Israel

text: hosts

text: an

text: annual

text: Water

text: Technology

text: Exhibition

text: and

text: Conference

text: WaTec

text: that

text: attracts

text: thousands

text: of

text: people

text: from

text: across

text: the

text: world

text: By

text: Israel

text: 's

text: desalination

text: programs

text: provided

text: roughly

text: of

text: Israel

text: 's

text: drinking

text: water

text: and

text: it

text: is

text: expected

text: to

text: supply

text: by

text: and

text: by

text: As

text: of

text: May

text: more

text: than

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: water

text: for

text: Israeli

text: households

text: agriculture

text: and

text: industry

text: is

text: artificially

text: produced

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: innovations

text: in

text: reverse

text: osmosis

text: technology

text: Israel

text: is

text: set

text: to

text: become

text: a

text: net

text: exporter

text: of

text: water

text: in

text: the

text: coming

text: years

question: How much is Israel's water technology industry worth?

answer: $2 billion a year

text: $2 billion a year

question: What's the largest desalination plant in the world?

answer: The Ashkelon seawater reverse osmosis

text: The Ashkelon seawater reverse osmosis

question: How much drinking water is produced by Israel's desalination programs?

answer: 35%