text: The first part of the campaign went well, with John outmanoeuvring the forces under the command of Prince Louis and retaking the county of Anjou by the end of June. John besieged the castle of Roche-au-Moine, a key stronghold, forcing Louis to give battle against John's larger army. The local Angevin nobles refused to advance with the king; left at something of a disadvantage, John retreated back to La Rochelle. Shortly afterwards, Philip won the hard-fought battle of Bouvines in the north against Otto and John's other allies, bringing an end to John's hopes of retaking Normandy. A peace agreement was signed in which John returned Anjou to Philip and paid the French king compensation; the truce was intended to last for six years. John arrived back in England in October.

title: John,_King_of_England

title: John,_King_of_England

text: The

text: first

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: campaign

text: went

text: well

text: with

text: John

text: outmanoeuvring

text: the

text: forces

text: under

text: the

text: command

text: of

text: Prince

text: Louis

text: and

text: retaking

text: the

text: county

text: of

text: Anjou

text: by

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: June

text: John

text: besieged

text: the

text: castle

text: of

text: Roche

text: au

text: Moine

text: a

text: key

text: stronghold

text: forcing

text: Louis

text: to

text: give

text: battle

text: against

text: John

text: 's

text: larger

text: army

text: The

text: local

text: Angevin

text: nobles

text: refused

text: to

text: advance

text: with

text: the

text: king

text: left

text: at

text: something

text: of

text: a

text: disadvantage

text: John

text: retreated

text: back

text: to

text: La

text: Rochelle

text: Shortly

text: afterwards

text: Philip

text: won

text: the

text: hard

text: fought

text: battle

text: of

text: Bouvines

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: against

text: Otto

text: and

text: John

text: 's

text: other

text: allies

text: bringing

text: an

text: end

text: to

text: John

text: 's

text: hopes

text: of

text: retaking

text: Normandy

text: A

text: peace

text: agreement

text: was

text: signed

text: in

text: which

text: John

text: returned

text: Anjou

text: to

text: Philip

text: and

text: paid

text: the

text: French

text: king

text: compensation

text: the

text: truce

text: was

text: intended

text: to

text: last

text: for

text: six

text: years

text: John

text: arrived

text: back

text: in

text: England

text: in

text: October

question: John besieged what castle?

answer: Roche-au-Moine

text: Roche-au-Moine

question: Who refused to advance with the king?

answer: The local Angevin nobles

text: The local Angevin nobles

question: Who won the battle of Bouvines?

answer: Philip

text: Philip

question: How long was the truce intended to last for?

answer: six years

text: six years


text: Instead, Nanjing, as a popular tourist destination, hosts a series of government-organised events throughout the year. The annual International Plum Blossom Festival held in Plum Blossom Hill, the largest plum collection in China, attracts thousands of tourists both domestically and internationally. Other events include Nanjing Baima Peach Blossom and Kite Festival, Jiangxin Zhou Fruit Festival and Linggu Temple Sweet Osmanthus Festival.

title: Nanjing

title: Nanjing

text: Instead

text: Nanjing

text: as

text: a

text: popular

text: tourist

text: destination

text: hosts

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: government

text: organised

text: events

text: throughout

text: the

text: year

text: The

text: annual

text: International

text: Plum

text: Blossom

text: Festival

text: held

text: in

text: Plum

text: Blossom

text: Hill

text: the

text: largest

text: plum

text: collection

text: in

text: China

text: attracts

text: thousands

text: of

text: tourists

text: both

text: domestically

text: and

text: internationally

text: Other

text: events

text: include

text: Nanjing

text: Baima

text: Peach

text: Blossom

text: and

text: Kite

text: Festival

text: Jiangxin

text: Zhou

text: Fruit

text: Festival

text: and

text: Linggu

text: Temple

text: Sweet

text: Osmanthus

text: Festival

question: What city is considered to be a place that is popular with tourists?

answer: Nanjing

text: Nanjing

question: Rather than host the old festivals, what type of events does Nanjing host each year?

answer: a series of government-organised events

text: a series of government-organised events

question: What area holds the largest collection of plum blossoms in all of China?

answer: Plum Blossom Hill

text: Plum Blossom Hill

question: Where do the tourists for the Plum Blossom Festival come from?

answer: domestically and internationally

text: domestically and internationally

question: What festival involves kites and fruit trees?

answer: Nanjing Baima Peach Blossom and Kite Festival

text: Nanjing Baima Peach Blossom and Kite Festival


text: IBM was among the first corporations to provide group life insurance (1934), survivor benefits (1935) and paid vacations (1937). In 1932 IBM created an Education Department to oversee training for employees, which oversaw the completion of the IBM Schoolhouse at Endicott in 1933. In 1935, the employee magazine Think was created. Also that year, IBM held its first training class for female systems service professionals. In 1942, IBM launched a program to train and employ disabled people in Topeka, Kansas. The next year classes began in New York City, and soon the company was asked to join the President's Committee for Employment of the Handicapped. In 1946, the company hired its first black salesman, 18 years before the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In 1947, IBM announced a Total and Permanent Disability Income Plan for employees. A vested rights pension was added to the IBM retirement plan. During IBM's management transformation in the 1990s revisions were made to these pension plans to reduce IBM's pension liabilities.

title: IBM

title: IBM

text: IBM

text: was

text: among

text: the

text: first

text: corporations

text: to

text: provide

text: group

text: life

text: insurance

text: survivor

text: benefits

text: and

text: paid

text: vacations

text: In

text: IBM

text: created

text: an

text: Education

text: Department

text: to

text: oversee

text: training

text: for

text: employees

text: which

text: oversaw

text: the

text: completion

text: of

text: the

text: IBM

text: Schoolhouse

text: at

text: Endicott

text: in

text: In

text: the

text: employee

text: magazine

text: Think

text: was

text: created

text: Also

text: that

text: year

text: IBM

text: held

text: its

text: first

text: training

text: class

text: for

text: female

text: systems

text: service

text: professionals

text: In

text: IBM

text: launched

text: a

text: program

text: to

text: train

text: and

text: employ

text: disabled

text: people

text: in

text: Topeka

text: Kansas

text: The

text: next

text: year

text: classes

text: began

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: and

text: soon

text: the

text: company

text: was

text: asked

text: to

text: join

text: the

text: President

text: 's

text: Committee

text: for

text: Employment

text: of

text: the

text: Handicapped

text: In

text: the

text: company

text: hired

text: its

text: first

text: black

text: salesman

text: years

text: before

text: the

text: Civil

text: Rights

text: Act

text: of

text: In

text: IBM

text: announced

text: a

text: Total

text: and

text: Permanent

text: Disability

text: Income

text: Plan

text: for

text: employees

text: A

text: vested

text: rights

text: pension

text: was

text: added

text: to

text: the

text: IBM

text: retirement

text: plan

text: During

text: IBM

text: 's

text: management

text: transformation

text: in

text: the

text: revisions

text: were

text: made

text: to

text: these

text: pension

text: plans

text: to

text: reduce

text: IBM

text: 's

text: pension

text: liabilities

question: In what year did IBM begin to provide group life insurance?

answer: 1934

question: IBM created a school house in 1933, what was its name?

answer: IBM Schoolhouse at Endicott

text: IBM Schoolhouse at Endicott

question: IBM employees created a magazine in 1935, what was its name?

answer: Think

text: Think

question: What program did IBM launch in 1942?

answer: program to train and employ disabled people

text: program to train and employ disabled people

question: What year did IBM hire its first black salesman?

answer: 1946


text: Following World War II, Britain retained control of both British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland as protectorates. In 1945, during the Potsdam Conference, the United Nations granted Italy trusteeship of Italian Somaliland, but only under close supervision and on the condition — first proposed by the Somali Youth League (SYL) and other nascent Somali political organizations, such as Hizbia Digil Mirifle Somali (HDMS) and the Somali National League (SNL) — that Somalia achieve independence within ten years. British Somaliland remained a protectorate of Britain until 1960.

title: Somalis

title: Somalis

text: Following

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: Britain

text: retained

text: control

text: of

text: both

text: British

text: Somaliland

text: and

text: Italian

text: Somaliland

text: as

text: protectorates

text: In

text: during

text: the

text: Potsdam

text: Conference

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: granted

text: Italy

text: trusteeship

text: of

text: Italian

text: Somaliland

text: but

text: only

text: under

text: close

text: supervision

text: and

text: on

text: the

text: condition

text: first

text: proposed

text: by

text: the

text: Somali

text: Youth

text: League

text: SYL

text: and

text: other

text: nascent

text: Somali

text: political

text: organizations

text: such

text: as

text: Hizbia

text: Digil

text: Mirifle

text: Somali

text: HDMS

text: and

text: the

text: Somali

text: National

text: League

text: SNL

text: that

text: Somalia

text: achieve

text: independence

text: within

text: ten

text: years

text: British

text: Somaliland

text: remained

text: a

text: protectorate

text: of

text: Britain

text: until

question: Along with British Somaliland, what country in the region was a British protectorate after the Second World War?

answer: Italian Somaliland

text: Italian Somaliland

question: At what meeting did the United Nations give Italy trusteeship of Italian Somaliland?

answer: the Potsdam Conference

text: the Potsdam Conference

question: Along with the Somali Youth League and Somali National League, what was an early Somali political organization?

answer: Hizbia Digil Mirifle Somali

text: Hizbia Digil Mirifle Somali

question: How many years would Italy have to allow Italian Somaliland to become independent?

answer: ten

text: ten

question: In what year was the British protectorate over British Somaliland ended?

answer: 1960


text: The last king of the Roman Kingdom, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, was overthrown in 509 BC by a group of noblemen led by Lucius Junius Brutus. Tarquin made a number of attempts to retake the throne, including the Tarquinian conspiracy, the war with Veii and Tarquinii and finally the war between Rome and Clusium, all of which failed to achieve Tarquin's objectives. The most important constitutional change during the transition from kingdom to republic concerned the chief magistrate. Before the revolution, a king would be elected by the senators for a life term. Now, two consuls were elected by the citizens for an annual term. Each consul would check his colleague, and their limited term in office would open them up to prosecution if they abused the powers of their office. Consular political powers, when exercised conjointly with a consular colleague, were no different from those of the old king.

title: Roman_Republic

title: Roman_Republic

text: The

text: last

text: king

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Kingdom

text: Lucius

text: Tarquinius

text: Superbus

text: was

text: overthrown

text: in

text: BC

text: by

text: a

text: group

text: of

text: noblemen

text: led

text: by

text: Lucius

text: Junius

text: Brutus

text: Tarquin

text: made

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: attempts

text: to

text: retake

text: the

text: throne

text: including

text: the

text: Tarquinian

text: conspiracy

text: the

text: war

text: with

text: Veii

text: and

text: Tarquinii

text: and

text: finally

text: the

text: war

text: between

text: Rome

text: and

text: Clusium

text: all

text: of

text: which

text: failed

text: to

text: achieve

text: Tarquin

text: 's

text: objectives

text: The

text: most

text: important

text: constitutional

text: change

text: during

text: the

text: transition

text: from

text: kingdom

text: to

text: republic

text: concerned

text: the

text: chief

text: magistrate

text: Before

text: the

text: revolution

text: a

text: king

text: would

text: be

text: elected

text: by

text: the

text: senators

text: for

text: a

text: life

text: term

text: Now

text: two

text: consuls

text: were

text: elected

text: by

text: the

text: citizens

text: for

text: an

text: annual

text: term

text: Each

text: consul

text: would

text: check

text: his

text: colleague

text: and

text: their

text: limited

text: term

text: in

text: office

text: would

text: open

text: them

text: up

text: to

text: prosecution

text: if

text: they

text: abused

text: the

text: powers

text: of

text: their

text: office

text: Consular

text: political

text: powers

text: when

text: exercised

text: conjointly

text: with

text: a

text: consular

text: colleague

text: were

text: no

text: different

text: from

text: those

text: of

text: the

text: old

text: king

question: Who would elect a king in the Roman Kingdom prior to the revolution?

answer: senators

text: senators

question: What was the length of a term that a king would be elected for in the Roman Kingdom?

answer: life term

text: life term

question: When did the last king of the Roman Kingdom lose his seat of power?

answer: 509 BC

text: 509 BC

question: Who was considered to be the last king of the Roman Kingdom?

answer: Lucius Tarquinius Superbus

text: Lucius Tarquinius Superbus

question: Who were the joint consulars considered to be an equal of politically?

answer: old king

text: old king


text: In the Treaty of Fontainebleau, the Allies exiled him to Elba, an island of 12,000 inhabitants in the Mediterranean, 20 km (12 mi) off the Tuscan coast. They gave him sovereignty over the island and allowed him to retain the title of Emperor. Napoleon attempted suicide with a pill he had carried after nearly being captured by the Russians during the retreat from Moscow. Its potency had weakened with age, however, and he survived to be exiled while his wife and son took refuge in Austria. In the first few months on Elba he created a small navy and army, developed the iron mines, and issued decrees on modern agricultural methods.

title: Napoleon

title: Napoleon

text: In

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Fontainebleau

text: the

text: Allies

text: exiled

text: him

text: to

text: Elba

text: an

text: island

text: of

text: inhabitants

text: in

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: km

text: mi

text: off

text: the

text: Tuscan

text: coast

text: They

text: gave

text: him

text: sovereignty

text: over

text: the

text: island

text: and

text: allowed

text: him

text: to

text: retain

text: the

text: title

text: of

text: Emperor

text: Napoleon

text: attempted

text: suicide

text: with

text: a

text: pill

text: he

text: had

text: carried

text: after

text: nearly

text: being

text: captured

text: by

text: the

text: Russians

text: during

text: the

text: retreat

text: from

text: Moscow

text: Its

text: potency

text: had

text: weakened

text: with

text: age

text: however

text: and

text: he

text: survived

text: to

text: be

text: exiled

text: while

text: his

text: wife

text: and

text: son

text: took

text: refuge

text: in

text: Austria

text: In

text: the

text: first

text: few

text: months

text: on

text: Elba

text: he

text: created

text: a

text: small

text: navy

text: and

text: army

text: developed

text: the

text: iron

text: mines

text: and

text: issued

text: decrees

text: on

text: modern

text: agricultural

text: methods

question: In which treaty was Napoleon exiled?

answer: the Treaty of Fontainebleau

text: the Treaty of Fontainebleau

question: What is the name of the island Napoleon was exiled to?

answer: Elba

text: Elba

question: In what sea is Elba located?

answer: the Mediterranean

text: the Mediterranean

question: The allies permitted Napoleon to keep what title?

answer: Emperor

text: Emperor

question: When Napoleon was exiled, where did his wife and son go for shelter?

answer: Austria

text: Austria


text: During the Gorbachev era of the 1980s, with the reforms of Glasnost and Perestroika, Armenians began to demand better environmental care for their country, opposing the pollution that Soviet-built factories brought. Tensions also developed between Soviet Azerbaijan and its autonomous district of Nagorno-Karabakh, a majority-Armenian region separated by Stalin from Armenia in 1923. About 484,000 Armenians lived in Azerbaijan in 1970. The Armenians of Karabakh demanded unification with Soviet Armenia. Peaceful protests in Yerevan supporting the Karabakh Armenians were met with anti-Armenian pogroms in the Azerbaijani city of Sumgait. Compounding Armenia's problems was a devastating earthquake in 1988 with a moment magnitude of 7.2.

title: Armenia

title: Armenia

text: During

text: the

text: Gorbachev

text: era

text: of

text: the

text: with

text: the

text: reforms

text: of

text: Glasnost

text: and

text: Perestroika

text: Armenians

text: began

text: to

text: demand

text: better

text: environmental

text: care

text: for

text: their

text: country

text: opposing

text: the

text: pollution

text: that

text: Soviet

text: built

text: factories

text: brought

text: Tensions

text: also

text: developed

text: between

text: Soviet

text: Azerbaijan

text: and

text: its

text: autonomous

text: district

text: of

text: Nagorno

text: Karabakh

text: a

text: majority

text: Armenian

text: region

text: separated

text: by

text: Stalin

text: from

text: Armenia

text: in

text: About

text: Armenians

text: lived

text: in

text: Azerbaijan

text: in

text: The

text: Armenians

text: of

text: Karabakh

text: demanded

text: unification

text: with

text: Soviet

text: Armenia

text: Peaceful

text: protests

text: in

text: Yerevan

text: supporting

text: the

text: Karabakh

text: Armenians

text: were

text: met

text: with

text: anti

text: Armenian

text: pogroms

text: in

text: the

text: Azerbaijani

text: city

text: of

text: Sumgait

text: Compounding

text: Armenia

text: 's

text: problems

text: was

text: a

text: devastating

text: earthquake

text: in

text: with

text: a

text: moment

text: magnitude

text: of

question: In what year did Armenia suffer from a catastrophic earthquake?

answer: 1988

question: How man Armenians resided in Azerbaijan in 1970?

answer: 484,000

question: When was Nagorno-Karabakh removed from Armenia?

answer: 1923

question: Who partitioned Nagorno-Karabakh from Armenia?

answer: Stalin

text: Stalin


text: Protestantism also spread from the German lands into France, where the Protestants were nicknamed Huguenots. Calvin continued to take an interest in the French religious affairs from his base in Geneva. He regularly trained pastors to lead congregations there. Despite heavy persecution, the Reformed tradition made steady progress across large sections of the nation, appealing to people alienated by the obduracy and the complacency of the Catholic establishment. French Protestantism came to acquire a distinctly political character, made all the more obvious by the conversions of nobles during the 1550s. This established the preconditions for a series of conflicts, known as the French Wars of Religion. The civil wars gained impetus with the sudden death of Henry II of France in 1559. Atrocity and outrage became the defining characteristics of the time, illustrated at their most intense in the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre of August 1572, when the Roman Catholic party annihilated between 30,000 and 100,000 Huguenots across France. The wars only concluded when Henry IV of France issued the Edict of Nantes, promising official toleration of the Protestant minority, but under highly restricted conditions. Roman Catholicism remained the official state religion, and the fortunes of French Protestants gradually declined over the next century, culminating in Louis XIV's Edict of Fontainebleau which revoked the Edict of Nantes and made Roman Catholicism the sole legal religion once again. In response to the Edict of Fontainebleau, Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg declared the Edict of Potsdam, giving free passage to Huguenot refugees. In the late 17th century many Huguenots fled to England, the Netherlands, Prussia, Switzerland, and the English and Dutch overseas colonies. A significant community in France remained in the Cévennes region.

title: Protestantism

title: Protestantism

text: Protestantism

text: also

text: spread

text: from

text: the

text: German

text: lands

text: into

text: France

text: where

text: the

text: Protestants

text: were

text: nicknamed

text: Huguenots

text: Calvin

text: continued

text: to

text: take

text: an

text: interest

text: in

text: the

text: French

text: religious

text: affairs

text: from

text: his

text: base

text: in

text: Geneva

text: He

text: regularly

text: trained

text: pastors

text: to

text: lead

text: congregations

text: there

text: Despite

text: heavy

text: persecution

text: the

text: Reformed

text: tradition

text: made

text: steady

text: progress

text: across

text: large

text: sections

text: of

text: the

text: nation

text: appealing

text: to

text: people

text: alienated

text: by

text: the

text: obduracy

text: and

text: the

text: complacency

text: of

text: the

text: Catholic

text: establishment

text: French

text: Protestantism

text: came

text: to

text: acquire

text: a

text: distinctly

text: political

text: character

text: made

text: all

text: the

text: more

text: obvious

text: by

text: the

text: conversions

text: of

text: nobles

text: during

text: the

text: This

text: established

text: the

text: preconditions

text: for

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: conflicts

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: French

text: Wars

text: of

text: Religion

text: The

text: civil

text: wars

text: gained

text: impetus

text: with

text: the

text: sudden

text: death

text: of

text: Henry

text: II

text: of

text: France

text: in

text: Atrocity

text: and

text: outrage

text: became

text: the

text: defining

text: characteristics

text: of

text: the

text: time

text: illustrated

text: at

text: their

text: most

text: intense

text: in

text: the

text: St.

text: Bartholomew

text: 's

text: Day

text: massacre

text: of

text: August

text: when

text: the

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: party

text: annihilated

text: between

text: and

text: Huguenots

text: across

text: France

text: The

text: wars

text: only

text: concluded

text: when

text: Henry

text: IV

text: of

text: France

text: issued

text: the

text: Edict

text: of

text: Nantes

text: promising

text: official

text: toleration

text: of

text: the

text: Protestant

text: minority

text: but

text: under

text: highly

text: restricted

text: conditions

text: Roman

text: Catholicism

text: remained

text: the

text: official

text: state

text: religion

text: and

text: the

text: fortunes

text: of

text: French

text: Protestants

text: gradually

text: declined

text: over

text: the

text: next

text: century

text: culminating

text: in

text: Louis

text: XIV

text: 's

text: Edict

text: of

text: Fontainebleau

text: which

text: revoked

text: the

text: Edict

text: of

text: Nantes

text: and

text: made

text: Roman

text: Catholicism

text: the

text: sole

text: legal

text: religion

text: once

text: again

text: In

text: response

text: to

text: the

text: Edict

text: of

text: Fontainebleau

text: Frederick

text: William

text: I

text: Elector

text: of

text: Brandenburg

text: declared

text: the

text: Edict

text: of

text: Potsdam

text: giving

text: free

text: passage

text: to

text: Huguenot

text: refugees

text: In

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: many

text: Huguenots

text: fled

text: to

text: England

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: Prussia

text: Switzerland

text: and

text: the

text: English

text: and

text: Dutch

text: overseas

text: colonies

text: A

text: significant

text: community

text: in

text: France

text: remained

text: in

text: the

text: Cévennes

text: region

question: What was the nickname for French Protestants?

answer: Huguenots

text: Huguenots

question: What did the French find alienating about Catholicism?

answer: the obduracy and the complacency of the Catholic establishment

text: the obduracy and the complacency of the Catholic establishment

question: When were French nobles converted to Protestantism?

answer: the 1550s

text: the 1550s

question: When was the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre?

answer: August 1572

text: August 1572

question: Whose death caused an increase in the French civil wars?

answer: Henry II

text: Henry II


text: Egyptian President Anwar Sadat had a mother who was a dark-skinned Nubian Sudanese woman and a father who was a lighter-skinned Egyptian. In response to an advertisement for an acting position, as a young man he said, "I am not white but I am not exactly black either. My blackness is tending to reddish".

title: Black_people

title: Black_people

text: Egyptian

text: President

text: Anwar

text: Sadat

text: had

text: a

text: mother

text: who

text: was

text: a

text: dark

text: skinned

text: Nubian

text: Sudanese

text: woman

text: and

text: a

text: father

text: who

text: was

text: a

text: lighter

text: skinned

text: Egyptian

text: In

text: response

text: to

text: an

text: advertisement

text: for

text: an

text: acting

text: position

text: as

text: a

text: young

text: man

text: he

text: said

text: I

text: am

text: not

text: white

text: but

text: I

text: am

text: not

text: exactly

text: black

text: either

text: My

text: blackness

text: is

text: tending

text: to

text: reddish

question: Who was the Egyptian President?

answer: Anwar Sadat

text: Anwar Sadat

question: What ethnicity was his mother?

answer: Nubian Sudanese

text: Nubian Sudanese

question: What ethnicity was his father?

answer: Egyptian

text: Egyptian

question: What color did he refer to himself as?

answer: reddish

text: reddish


text: The International Association of Lighting Designers (IALD) is an organization which focuses on the advancement of lighting design education and the recognition of independent professional lighting designers. Those fully independent designers who meet the requirements for professional membership in the association typically append the abbreviation IALD to their name.

title: Lighting

title: Lighting

text: The

text: International

text: Association

text: of

text: Lighting

text: Designers

text: IALD

text: is

text: an

text: organization

text: which

text: focuses

text: on

text: the

text: advancement

text: of

text: lighting

text: design

text: education

text: and

text: the

text: recognition

text: of

text: independent

text: professional

text: lighting

text: designers

text: Those

text: fully

text: independent

text: designers

text: who

text: meet

text: the

text: requirements

text: for

text: professional

text: membership

text: in

text: the

text: association

text: typically

text: append

text: the

text: abbreviation

text: IALD

text: to

text: their

text: name

question: What does IALD stand for?

answer: The International Association of Lighting Designers

text: The International Association of Lighting Designers


text: The Eastern Roman Empire – today conventionally named the Byzantine Empire, a name not in use during its own time – became increasingly influenced by Greek culture after the 7th century, when Emperor Heraclius (AD 575 - 641) decided to make Greek the empire's official language. Certainly from then on, but likely earlier, the Roman and Greek cultures were virtually fused into a single Greco-Roman world. Although the Latin West recognized the Eastern Empire's claim to the Roman legacy for several centuries, after Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne, king of the Franks, as the "Roman Emperor" on 25 December 800, an act which eventually led to the formation of the Holy Roman Empire, the Latin West started to favour the Franks and began to refer to the Eastern Roman Empire largely as the Empire of the Greeks (Imperium Graecorum).

title: Greeks

title: Greeks

text: The

text: Eastern

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: today

text: conventionally

text: named

text: the

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: a

text: name

text: not

text: in

text: use

text: during

text: its

text: own

text: time

text: became

text: increasingly

text: influenced

text: by

text: Greek

text: culture

text: after

text: the

text: century

text: when

text: Emperor

text: Heraclius

text: AD

text: decided

text: to

text: make

text: Greek

text: the

text: empire

text: 's

text: official

text: language

text: Certainly

text: from

text: then

text: on

text: but

text: likely

text: earlier

text: the

text: Roman

text: and

text: Greek

text: cultures

text: were

text: virtually

text: fused

text: into

text: a

text: single

text: Greco

text: Roman

text: world

text: Although

text: the

text: Latin

text: West

text: recognized

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Empire

text: 's

text: claim

text: to

text: the

text: Roman

text: legacy

text: for

text: several

text: centuries

text: after

text: Pope

text: Leo

text: III

text: crowned

text: Charlemagne

text: king

text: of

text: the

text: Franks

text: as

text: the

text: Roman

text: Emperor

text: on

text: December

text: an

text: act

text: which

text: eventually

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: formation

text: of

text: the

text: Holy

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: the

text: Latin

text: West

text: started

text: to

text: favour

text: the

text: Franks

text: and

text: began

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: largely

text: as

text: the

text: Empire

text: of

text: the

text: Greeks

text: Imperium

text: Graecorum

question: When did the Byzantine Kingdom come under the impact of the Greeks.

answer: influenced by Greek culture after the 7th century,

text: influenced by Greek culture after the 7th century,

question: Who ruled Rome during this time period ?

answer: Emperor Heraclius (AD 575 - 641)

text: Emperor Heraclius (AD 575 - 641)

question: What decision did he make that influenced the culture in an attempt to make things more homogeneous ?

answer: decided to make Greek the empire's official language.

text: decided to make Greek the empire's official language.

question: What made the Eastern Empire be known as the Imperium Graecorum ?

answer: Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne, king of the Franks, as the "Roman Emperor"

text: Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne, king of the Franks, as the "Roman Emperor"

question: Who was favored by those who lived in the west and mainly used another form of well know verbal language ?

answer: the Latin West started to favour the Franks

text: the Latin West started to favour the Franks


text: In addition, Hegel does believe we can know the structure of God's mind, or ultimate reality. Hegel agrees with Kierkegaard that both reality and humans are incomplete, inasmuch as we are in time, and reality develops through time. But the relation between time and eternity is outside time and this is the "logical structure" that Hegel thinks we can know. Kierkegaard disputes this assertion, because it eliminates the clear distinction between ontology and epistemology. Existence and thought are not identical and one cannot possibly think existence. Thought is always a form of abstraction, and thus not only is pure existence impossible to think, but all forms in existence are unthinkable; thought depends on language, which merely abstracts from experience, thus separating us from lived experience and the living essence of all beings. In addition, because we are finite beings, we cannot possibly know or understand anything that is universal or infinite such as God, so we cannot know God exists, since that which transcends time simultaneously transcends human understanding.

title: Idealism

title: Idealism

text: In

text: addition

text: Hegel

text: does

text: believe

text: we

text: can

text: know

text: the

text: structure

text: of

text: God

text: 's

text: mind

text: or

text: ultimate

text: reality

text: Hegel

text: agrees

text: with

text: Kierkegaard

text: that

text: both

text: reality

text: and

text: humans

text: are

text: incomplete

text: inasmuch

text: as

text: we

text: are

text: in

text: time

text: and

text: reality

text: develops

text: through

text: time

text: But

text: the

text: relation

text: between

text: time

text: and

text: eternity

text: is

text: outside

text: time

text: and

text: this

text: is

text: the

text: logical

text: structure

text: that

text: Hegel

text: thinks

text: we

text: can

text: know

text: Kierkegaard

text: disputes

text: this

text: assertion

text: because

text: it

text: eliminates

text: the

text: clear

text: distinction

text: between

text: ontology

text: and

text: epistemology

text: Existence

text: and

text: thought

text: are

text: not

text: identical

text: and

text: one

text: can

text: not

text: possibly

text: think

text: existence

text: Thought

text: is

text: always

text: a

text: form

text: of

text: abstraction

text: and

text: thus

text: not

text: only

text: is

text: pure

text: existence

text: impossible

text: to

text: think

text: but

text: all

text: forms

text: in

text: existence

text: are

text: unthinkable

text: thought

text: depends

text: on

text: language

text: which

text: merely

text: abstracts

text: from

text: experience

text: thus

text: separating

text: us

text: from

text: lived

text: experience

text: and

text: the

text: living

text: essence

text: of

text: all

text: beings

text: In

text: addition

text: because

text: we

text: are

text: finite

text: beings

text: we

text: can

text: not

text: possibly

text: know

text: or

text: understand

text: anything

text: that

text: is

text: universal

text: or

text: infinite

text: such

text: as

text: God

text: so

text: we

text: can

text: not

text: know

text: God

text: exists

text: since

text: that

text: which

text: transcends

text: time

text: simultaneously

text: transcends

text: human

text: understanding

question: What sort of reality did Hegel perceive God's mind to be?

answer: ultimate

text: ultimate

question: Along with Hegel, who also argued for human incompleteness?

answer: Kierkegaard

text: Kierkegaard

question: According to Hegel, what form does thought necessarily take?

answer: abstraction

text: abstraction

question: Why does Hegel believe we cannot know God?

answer: we are finite beings

text: we are finite beings

question: If something transcends time, what does it, according to Hegel, also transcend?

answer: human understanding

text: human understanding


text: As of 2008[update], geothermal power development was under way in more than 40 countries, partially attributable to the development of new technologies, such as Enhanced Geothermal Systems. The development of binary cycle power plants and improvements in drilling and extraction technology may enable enhanced geothermal systems over a much greater geographical range than "traditional" Geothermal systems. Demonstration EGS projects are operational in the USA, Australia, Germany, France, and The United Kingdom.

title: Renewable_energy_commercialization

title: Renewable_energy_commercialization

text: As

text: of

text: geothermal

text: power

text: development

text: was

text: under

text: way

text: in

text: more

text: than

text: countries

text: partially

text: attributable

text: to

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: new

text: technologies

text: such

text: as

text: Enhanced

text: Geothermal

text: Systems

text: The

text: development

text: of

text: binary

text: cycle

text: power

text: plants

text: and

text: improvements

text: in

text: drilling

text: and

text: extraction

text: technology

text: may

text: enable

text: enhanced

text: geothermal

text: systems

text: over

text: a

text: much

text: greater

text: geographical

text: range

text: than

text: traditional

text: Geothermal

text: systems

text: Demonstration

text: EGS

text: projects

text: are

text: operational

text: in

text: the

text: USA

text: Australia

text: Germany

text: France

text: and

text: The

text: United

text: Kingdom

question: As of 2008, geothermal power development was underway in more than how many countries?

answer: 40

question: What is one new technology attributed to the growth of geothermal power?

answer: Enhanced Geothermal Systems

text: Enhanced Geothermal Systems

question: What is operational in the USA, Australia, Germany, France and The United Kingdom?

answer: Demonstration EGS projects

text: Demonstration EGS projects


text: The Assembly consisted of nine seats, with electors casting nine equal votes, of which no more than two could be given to any individual candidate. It is a method of voting called a "weighted first past the post system". Four of the members of the Assembly formed the Executive Council, which devised policy and acted as an advisory body to the Administrator. The last Chief Minister of Norfolk Island was Lisle Snell. Other ministers included: Minister for Tourism, Industry and Development; Minister for Finance; Minister for Cultural Heritage and Community Services; and Minister for Environment.

title: Norfolk_Island

title: Norfolk_Island

text: The

text: Assembly

text: consisted

text: of

text: nine

text: seats

text: with

text: electors

text: casting

text: nine

text: equal

text: votes

text: of

text: which

text: no

text: more

text: than

text: two

text: could

text: be

text: given

text: to

text: any

text: individual

text: candidate

text: It

text: is

text: a

text: method

text: of

text: voting

text: called

text: a

text: weighted

text: first

text: past

text: the

text: post

text: system

text: Four

text: of

text: the

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: Assembly

text: formed

text: the

text: Executive

text: Council

text: which

text: devised

text: policy

text: and

text: acted

text: as

text: an

text: advisory

text: body

text: to

text: the

text: Administrator

text: The

text: last

text: Chief

text: Minister

text: of

text: Norfolk

text: Island

text: was

text: Lisle

text: Snell

text: Other

text: ministers

text: included

text: Minister

text: for

text: Tourism

text: Industry

text: and

text: Development

text: Minister

text: for

text: Finance

text: Minister

text: for

text: Cultural

text: Heritage

text: and

text: Community

text: Services

text: and

text: Minister

text: for

text: Environment

question: The Assembly of Norfolk Island is made of how many seats?

answer: nine

text: nine

question: What method of voting does Norfolk Island use for it's Assembly?

answer: a "weighted first past the post system"

text: a "weighted first past the post system"

question: Four members of the Assembly made up what Council, responsible for devising policy for Norfolk Island?

answer: Executive

text: Executive

question: Who was the last Chief Minister of Norfolk Island?

answer: Lisle Snell

text: Lisle Snell

question: What is the official name for the Minister in charge of tourism on Norfolk Island?

answer: Minister for Tourism, Industry and Development

text: Minister for Tourism, Industry and Development


text: The remainder was the world-ocean known as Panthalassa ("all the sea"). All the deep-ocean sediments laid down during the Triassic have disappeared through subduction of oceanic plates; thus, very little is known of the Triassic open ocean. The supercontinent Pangaea was rifting during the Triassic—especially late in the period—but had not yet separated. The first nonmarine sediments in the rift that marks the initial break-up of Pangea—which separated New Jersey from Morocco—are of Late Triassic age; in the U.S., these thick sediments comprise the Newark Supergroup. Because of the limited shoreline of one super-continental mass, Triassic marine deposits are globally relatively rare; despite their prominence in Western Europe, where the Triassic was first studied. In North America, for example, marine deposits are limited to a few exposures in the west. Thus Triassic stratigraphy is mostly based on organisms living in lagoons and hypersaline environments, such as Estheria crustaceans and terrestrial vertebrates.

title: Geological_history_of_Earth

title: Geological_history_of_Earth

text: The

text: remainder

text: was

text: the

text: world

text: ocean

text: known

text: as

text: Panthalassa

text: all

text: the

text: sea

text: All

text: the

text: deep

text: ocean

text: sediments

text: laid

text: down

text: during

text: the

text: Triassic

text: have

text: disappeared

text: through

text: subduction

text: of

text: oceanic

text: plates

text: thus

text: very

text: little

text: is

text: known

text: of

text: the

text: Triassic

text: open

text: ocean

text: The

text: supercontinent

text: Pangaea

text: was

text: rifting

text: during

text: the

text: Triassic

text: especially

text: late

text: in

text: the

text: period

text: but

text: had

text: not

text: yet

text: separated

text: The

text: first

text: nonmarine

text: sediments

text: in

text: the

text: rift

text: that

text: marks

text: the

text: initial

text: break

text: up

text: of

text: Pangea

text: which

text: separated

text: New

text: Jersey

text: from

text: Morocco

text: are

text: of

text: Late

text: Triassic

text: age

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: these

text: thick

text: sediments

text: comprise

text: the

text: Newark

text: Supergroup

text: Because

text: of

text: the

text: limited

text: shoreline

text: of

text: one

text: super

text: continental

text: mass

text: Triassic

text: marine

text: deposits

text: are

text: globally

text: relatively

text: rare

text: despite

text: their

text: prominence

text: in

text: Western

text: Europe

text: where

text: the

text: Triassic

text: was

text: first

text: studied

text: In

text: North

text: America

text: for

text: example

text: marine

text: deposits

text: are

text: limited

text: to

text: a

text: few

text: exposures

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: Thus

text: Triassic

text: stratigraphy

text: is

text: mostly

text: based

text: on

text: organisms

text: living

text: in

text: lagoons

text: and

text: hypersaline

text: environments

text: such

text: as

text: Estheria

text: crustaceans

text: and

text: terrestrial

text: vertebrates

question: Which ocean name is translated to mean "all the sea?"

answer: Panthalassa

text: Panthalassa

question: What process obscures information aboutt he ocean during the Triassic period from inspection?

answer: subduction of oceanic plates

text: subduction of oceanic plates

question: What was occurring to Pangaea in the late Triassic?

answer: Pangaea was rifting

text: Pangaea was rifting

question: Which sediements in the US are an indication of the break up of Pangaea?

answer: Newark Supergroup

text: Newark Supergroup

question: What type of terrestrial animals are found from the Triassic period?

answer: terrestrial vertebrates

text: terrestrial vertebrates


text: In the following year, Bell became professor of Vocal Physiology and Elocution at the Boston University School of Oratory. During this period, he alternated between Boston and Brantford, spending summers in his Canadian home. At Boston University, Bell was "swept up" by the excitement engendered by the many scientists and inventors residing in the city. He continued his research in sound and endeavored to find a way to transmit musical notes and articulate speech, but although absorbed by his experiments, he found it difficult to devote enough time to experimentation. While days and evenings were occupied by his teaching and private classes, Bell began to stay awake late into the night, running experiment after experiment in rented facilities at his boarding house. Keeping "night owl" hours, he worried that his work would be discovered and took great pains to lock up his notebooks and laboratory equipment. Bell had a specially made table where he could place his notes and equipment inside a locking cover. Worse still, his health deteriorated as he suffered severe headaches. Returning to Boston in fall 1873, Bell made a fateful decision to concentrate on his experiments in sound.

title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

text: In

text: the

text: following

text: year

text: Bell

text: became

text: professor

text: of

text: Vocal

text: Physiology

text: and

text: Elocution

text: at

text: the

text: Boston

text: University

text: School

text: of

text: Oratory

text: During

text: this

text: period

text: he

text: alternated

text: between

text: Boston

text: and

text: Brantford

text: spending

text: summers

text: in

text: his

text: Canadian

text: home

text: At

text: Boston

text: University

text: Bell

text: was

text: swept

text: up

text: by

text: the

text: excitement

text: engendered

text: by

text: the

text: many

text: scientists

text: and

text: inventors

text: residing

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: He

text: continued

text: his

text: research

text: in

text: sound

text: and

text: endeavored

text: to

text: find

text: a

text: way

text: to

text: transmit

text: musical

text: notes

text: and

text: articulate

text: speech

text: but

text: although

text: absorbed

text: by

text: his

text: experiments

text: he

text: found

text: it

text: difficult

text: to

text: devote

text: enough

text: time

text: to

text: experimentation

text: While

text: days

text: and

text: evenings

text: were

text: occupied

text: by

text: his

text: teaching

text: and

text: private

text: classes

text: Bell

text: began

text: to

text: stay

text: awake

text: late

text: into

text: the

text: night

text: running

text: experiment

text: after

text: experiment

text: in

text: rented

text: facilities

text: at

text: his

text: boarding

text: house

text: Keeping

text: night

text: owl

text: hours

text: he

text: worried

text: that

text: his

text: work

text: would

text: be

text: discovered

text: and

text: took

text: great

text: pains

text: to

text: lock

text: up

text: his

text: notebooks

text: and

text: laboratory

text: equipment

text: Bell

text: had

text: a

text: specially

text: made

text: table

text: where

text: he

text: could

text: place

text: his

text: notes

text: and

text: equipment

text: inside

text: a

text: locking

text: cover

text: Worse

text: still

text: his

text: health

text: deteriorated

text: as

text: he

text: suffered

text: severe

text: headaches

text: Returning

text: to

text: Boston

text: in

text: fall

text: Bell

text: made

text: a

text: fateful

text: decision

text: to

text: concentrate

text: on

text: his

text: experiments

text: in

text: sound

question: With what school did Bell get his next teaching job?

answer: Boston University School of Oratory.

text: Boston University School of Oratory.

question: What was Bell's discipline?

answer: Vocal Physiology and Elocution

text: Vocal Physiology and Elocution

question: What did Bell do late at night?

answer: experiments

text: experiments

question: What health condition did Bell start to have?

answer: headaches

text: headaches

question: In what year did Bell start to focus on research into sound?

answer: 1873


text: With continuing European integration, the European Union is increasingly being seen as a great power in its own right, with representation at the WTO and at G8 and G-20 summits. This is most notable in areas where the European Union has exclusive competence (i.e. economic affairs). It also reflects a non-traditional conception of Europe's world role as a global "civilian power", exercising collective influence in the functional spheres of trade and diplomacy, as an alternative to military dominance. The European Union is a supranational union and not a sovereign state, and has limited scope in the areas of foreign affairs and defence policy. These remain largely with the member states of the European Union, which include the three great powers of France, Germany and the United Kingdom (referred to as the "EU three").

title: Great_power

title: Great_power

text: With

text: continuing

text: European

text: integration

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: is

text: increasingly

text: being

text: seen

text: as

text: a

text: great

text: power

text: in

text: its

text: own

text: right

text: with

text: representation

text: at

text: the

text: WTO

text: and

text: at

text: and

text: summits

text: This

text: is

text: most

text: notable

text: in

text: areas

text: where

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: has

text: exclusive

text: competence

text: i.e.

text: economic

text: affairs

text: It

text: also

text: reflects

text: a

text: non

text: traditional

text: conception

text: of

text: Europe

text: 's

text: world

text: role

text: as

text: a

text: global

text: civilian

text: power

text: exercising

text: collective

text: influence

text: in

text: the

text: functional

text: spheres

text: of

text: trade

text: and

text: diplomacy

text: as

text: an

text: alternative

text: to

text: military

text: dominance

text: The

text: European

text: Union

text: is

text: a

text: supranational

text: union

text: and

text: not

text: a

text: sovereign

text: state

text: and

text: has

text: limited

text: scope

text: in

text: the

text: areas

text: of

text: foreign

text: affairs

text: and

text: defence

text: policy

text: These

text: remain

text: largely

text: with

text: the

text: member

text: states

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: which

text: include

text: the

text: three

text: great

text: powers

text: of

text: France

text: Germany

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: EU

text: three

question: What organization is often seen as a great power in addition to member counties?

answer: European Union

text: European Union

question: What other tools are used as alternative to military force?

answer: trade and diplomacy

text: trade and diplomacy

question: How many great powers are members of Europian Union?

answer: three

text: three

question: What summits does EU have membership?

answer: WTO and at G8 and G-20

text: WTO and at G8 and G-20


text: Interstate 95 runs through the city along the Delaware River as a main north-south artery known as the Delaware Expressway. The city is also served by the Schuylkill Expressway, a portion of Interstate 76 that runs along the Schuylkill River. It meets the Pennsylvania Turnpike at King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, providing access to Harrisburg, Pennsylvania and points west. Interstate 676, the Vine Street Expressway, was completed in 1991 after years of planning. A link between I-95 and I-76, it runs below street level through Center City, connecting to the Ben Franklin Bridge at its eastern end.

title: Philadelphia

title: Philadelphia

text: Interstate

text: runs

text: through

text: the

text: city

text: along

text: the

text: Delaware

text: River

text: as

text: a

text: main

text: north

text: south

text: artery

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Delaware

text: Expressway

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: also

text: served

text: by

text: the

text: Schuylkill

text: Expressway

text: a

text: portion

text: of

text: Interstate

text: that

text: runs

text: along

text: the

text: Schuylkill

text: River

text: It

text: meets

text: the

text: Pennsylvania

text: Turnpike

text: at

text: King

text: of

text: Prussia

text: Pennsylvania

text: providing

text: access

text: to

text: Harrisburg

text: Pennsylvania

text: and

text: points

text: west

text: Interstate

text: the

text: Vine

text: Street

text: Expressway

text: was

text: completed

text: in

text: after

text: years

text: of

text: planning

text: A

text: link

text: between

text: and

text: it

text: runs

text: below

text: street

text: level

text: through

text: Center

text: City

text: connecting

text: to

text: the

text: Ben

text: Franklin

text: Bridge

text: at

text: its

text: eastern

text: end

question: What is the main north-south freeway called?

answer: Delaware Expressway

text: Delaware Expressway

question: What is part of I-76 called?

answer: Schuylkill Expressway

text: Schuylkill Expressway

question: When was the Vine Street Expressway finished?

answer: 1991

question: Name a bridge in the city?

answer: Ben Franklin Bridge

text: Ben Franklin Bridge


text: While he was imprisoned in the castle of Fardajan near Hamadhan, Avicenna wrote his famous "Floating Man" – literally falling man – thought experiment to demonstrate human self-awareness and the substantiality and immateriality of the soul. Avicenna believed his "Floating Man" thought experiment demonstrated that the soul is a substance, and claimed humans cannot doubt their own consciousness, even in a situation that prevents all sensory data input. The thought experiment told its readers to imagine themselves created all at once while suspended in the air, isolated from all sensations, which includes no sensory contact with even their own bodies. He argued that, in this scenario, one would still have self-consciousness. Because it is conceivable that a person, suspended in air while cut off from sense experience, would still be capable of determining his own existence, the thought experiment points to the conclusions that the soul is a perfection, independent of the body, and an immaterial substance. The conceivability of this "Floating Man" indicates that the soul is perceived intellectually, which entails the soul's separateness from the body. Avicenna referred to the living human intelligence, particularly the active intellect, which he believed to be the hypostasis by which God communicates truth to the human mind and imparts order and intelligibility to nature. Following is an English translation of the argument:

title: Avicenna

title: Avicenna

text: While

text: he

text: was

text: imprisoned

text: in

text: the

text: castle

text: of

text: Fardajan

text: near

text: Hamadhan

text: Avicenna

text: wrote

text: his

text: famous

text: Floating

text: Man

text: literally

text: falling

text: man

text: thought

text: experiment

text: to

text: demonstrate

text: human

text: self

text: awareness

text: and

text: the

text: substantiality

text: and

text: immateriality

text: of

text: the

text: soul

text: Avicenna

text: believed

text: his

text: Floating

text: Man

text: thought

text: experiment

text: demonstrated

text: that

text: the

text: soul

text: is

text: a

text: substance

text: and

text: claimed

text: humans

text: can

text: not

text: doubt

text: their

text: own

text: consciousness

text: even

text: in

text: a

text: situation

text: that

text: prevents

text: all

text: sensory

text: data

text: input

text: The

text: thought

text: experiment

text: told

text: its

text: readers

text: to

text: imagine

text: themselves

text: created

text: all

text: at

text: once

text: while

text: suspended

text: in

text: the

text: air

text: isolated

text: from

text: all

text: sensations

text: which

text: includes

text: no

text: sensory

text: contact

text: with

text: even

text: their

text: own

text: bodies

text: He

text: argued

text: that

text: in

text: this

text: scenario

text: one

text: would

text: still

text: have

text: self

text: consciousness

text: Because

text: it

text: is

text: conceivable

text: that

text: a

text: person

text: suspended

text: in

text: air

text: while

text: cut

text: off

text: from

text: sense

text: experience

text: would

text: still

text: be

text: capable

text: of

text: determining

text: his

text: own

text: existence

text: the

text: thought

text: experiment

text: points

text: to

text: the

text: conclusions

text: that

text: the

text: soul

text: is

text: a

text: perfection

text: independent

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: and

text: an

text: immaterial

text: substance

text: The

text: conceivability

text: of

text: this

text: Floating

text: Man

text: indicates

text: that

text: the

text: soul

text: is

text: perceived

text: intellectually

text: which

text: entails

text: the

text: soul

text: 's

text: separateness

text: from

text: the

text: body

text: Avicenna

text: referred

text: to

text: the

text: living

text: human

text: intelligence

text: particularly

text: the

text: active

text: intellect

text: which

text: he

text: believed

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: hypostasis

text: by

text: which

text: God

text: communicates

text: truth

text: to

text: the

text: human

text: mind

text: and

text: imparts

text: order

text: and

text: intelligibility

text: to

text: nature

text: Following

text: is

text: an

text: English

text: translation

text: of

text: the

text: argument

question: Where was Avicenna once imprisoned?

answer: the castle of Fardajan

text: the castle of Fardajan

question: What did Avicenna write while he was imprisoned?

answer: "Floating Man"

text: "Floating Man"

question: What was the soul according to Avicenna?

answer: a substance

text: a substance

question: How is the soul perceived according to Avicenna's work "Floating Man"?

answer: intellectually

text: intellectually

question: How did Avicenna want man to think of themselves as?

answer: suspended in the air, isolated from all sensations

text: suspended in the air, isolated from all sensations


text: The end of World War II set the stage for the East–West confrontation known as the Cold War. With the outbreak of the Korean War, concerns over the defense of Western Europe rose. Two corps, V and VII, were reactivated under Seventh United States Army in 1950 and American strength in Europe rose from one division to four. Hundreds of thousands of U.S. troops remained stationed in West Germany, with others in Belgium, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, until the 1990s in anticipation of a possible Soviet attack.

title: United_States_Army

title: United_States_Army

text: The

text: end

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: set

text: the

text: stage

text: for

text: the

text: East

text: West

text: confrontation

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Cold

text: War

text: With

text: the

text: outbreak

text: of

text: the

text: Korean

text: War

text: concerns

text: over

text: the

text: defense

text: of

text: Western

text: Europe

text: rose

text: Two

text: corps

text: V

text: and

text: VII

text: were

text: reactivated

text: under

text: Seventh

text: United

text: States

text: Army

text: in

text: and

text: American

text: strength

text: in

text: Europe

text: rose

text: from

text: one

text: division

text: to

text: four

text: Hundreds

text: of

text: thousands

text: of

text: U.S.

text: troops

text: remained

text: stationed

text: in

text: West

text: Germany

text: with

text: others

text: in

text: Belgium

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: until

text: the

text: in

text: anticipation

text: of

text: a

text: possible

text: Soviet

text: attack

question: What war occurred after the end of World War II?

answer: Cold War

text: Cold War

question: In what year were corps V and corps VII reactivated?

answer: 1950

question: How many divisions of the U.S. Army were in Europe?

answer: four

text: four


text: The term "Islamic education" means education in the light of Islam itself, which is rooted in the teachings of the Quran - holy book of Muslims. Islamic education and Muslim education are not the same. Because Islamic education has epistemological integration which is founded on Tawhid - Oneness or monotheism. For details Read "A Qur’anic Methodology for Integrating Knowledge and Education: Implications for Malaysia’s Islamic Education Strategy" written Tareq M Zayed  and "Knowledge of Shariah and Knowledge to Manage ‘Self’ and ‘System’: Integration of Islamic Epistemology with the Knowledge and Education" authored by Tareq M Zayed

title: Madrasa

title: Madrasa

text: The

text: term

text: Islamic

text: education

text: means

text: education

text: in

text: the

text: light

text: of

text: Islam

text: itself

text: which

text: is

text: rooted

text: in

text: the

text: teachings

text: of

text: the

text: Quran

text: holy

text: book

text: of

text: Muslims

text: Islamic

text: education

text: and

text: Muslim

text: education

text: are

text: not

text: the

text: same

text: Because

text: Islamic

text: education

text: has

text: epistemological

text: integration

text: which

text: is

text: founded

text: on

text: Tawhid

text: Oneness

text: or

text: monotheism

text: For

text: details

text: Read

text: A

text: Qur’anic

text: Methodology

text: for

text: Integrating

text: Knowledge

text: and

text: Education

text: Implications

text: for

text: Malaysia

text: ’s

text: Islamic

text: Education

text: Strategy

text: written

text: Tareq

text: M

text: Zayed

text: and

text: Knowledge

text: of

text: Shariah

text: and

text: Knowledge

text: to

text: Manage

text: Self’

text: and

text: System’

text: Integration

text: of

text: Islamic

text: Epistemology

text: with

text: the

text: Knowledge

text: and

text: Education

text: authored

text: by

text: Tareq

text: M

text: Zayed

question: What is the meaning of Islamic education?

answer: education in the light of Islam itself

text: education in the light of Islam itself

question: What book is the basis for education in Islamic traditions?

answer: Quran

text: Quran

question: What types of education greatly differs from Islamic education?

answer: Muslim education

text: Muslim education

question: What is Islamic religion traditionally considered as far as theology is concerned?

answer: monotheism

text: monotheism


text: John Locke, one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers, based his governance philosophy in social contract theory, a subject that permeated Enlightenment political thought. The English philosopher Thomas Hobbes ushered in this new debate with his work Leviathan in 1651. Hobbes also developed some of the fundamentals of European liberal thought: the right of the individual; the natural equality of all men; the artificial character of the political order (which led to the later distinction between civil society and the state); the view that all legitimate political power must be "representative" and based on the consent of the people; and a liberal interpretation of law which leaves people free to do whatever the law does not explicitly forbid.

title: Age_of_Enlightenment

title: Age_of_Enlightenment

text: John

text: Locke

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: influential

text: Enlightenment

text: thinkers

text: based

text: his

text: governance

text: philosophy

text: in

text: social

text: contract

text: theory

text: a

text: subject

text: that

text: permeated

text: Enlightenment

text: political

text: thought

text: The

text: English

text: philosopher

text: Thomas

text: Hobbes

text: ushered

text: in

text: this

text: new

text: debate

text: with

text: his

text: work

text: Leviathan

text: in

text: Hobbes

text: also

text: developed

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: fundamentals

text: of

text: European

text: liberal

text: thought

text: the

text: right

text: of

text: the

text: individual

text: the

text: natural

text: equality

text: of

text: all

text: men

text: the

text: artificial

text: character

text: of

text: the

text: political

text: order

text: which

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: later

text: distinction

text: between

text: civil

text: society

text: and

text: the

text: state

text: the

text: view

text: that

text: all

text: legitimate

text: political

text: power

text: must

text: be

text: representative

text: and

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: consent

text: of

text: the

text: people

text: and

text: a

text: liberal

text: interpretation

text: of

text: law

text: which

text: leaves

text: people

text: free

text: to

text: do

text: whatever

text: the

text: law

text: does

text: not

text: explicitly

text: forbid

question: Who developed some of the fundamentals of European liberal thought?

answer: Thomas Hobbes

text: Thomas Hobbes

question: Thomas Hobbes ushered in the new debate of social contract theory through which work of his?

answer: Leviathan

text: Leviathan

question: What did John Locke base his governance philosophy on?

answer: social contract theory

text: social contract theory

question: What did John Locke base his governance philosphy in?

answer: social contract theory

text: social contract theory

question: Which English philosopher wrote Leviathan in 1651?

answer: Thomas Hobbes

text: Thomas Hobbes

question: Who developed the view that all legitimate political power must be "representative?"

answer: Thomas Hobbes

text: Thomas Hobbes

question: Which of Hobbes' ideas led to the distinction between civil society and the state?

answer: the artificial character of the political order

text: the artificial character of the political order


text: According to FIG rules, only women compete in rhythmic gymnastics. This is a sport that combines elements of ballet, gymnastics, dance, and apparatus manipulation. The sport involves the performance of five separate routines with the use of five apparatus; ball, ribbon, hoop, clubs, rope—on a floor area, with a much greater emphasis on the aesthetic rather than the acrobatic. There are also group routines consisting of 5 gymnasts and 5 apparatuses of their choice. Rhythmic routines are scored out of a possible 30 points; the score for artistry (choreography and music) is averaged with the score for difficulty of the moves and then added to the score for execution.

title: Gymnastics

title: Gymnastics

text: According

text: to

text: FIG

text: rules

text: only

text: women

text: compete

text: in

text: rhythmic

text: gymnastics

text: This

text: is

text: a

text: sport

text: that

text: combines

text: elements

text: of

text: ballet

text: gymnastics

text: dance

text: and

text: apparatus

text: manipulation

text: The

text: sport

text: involves

text: the

text: performance

text: of

text: five

text: separate

text: routines

text: with

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: five

text: apparatus

text: ball

text: ribbon

text: hoop

text: clubs

text: rope

text: on

text: a

text: floor

text: area

text: with

text: a

text: much

text: greater

text: emphasis

text: on

text: the

text: aesthetic

text: rather

text: than

text: the

text: acrobatic

text: There

text: are

text: also

text: group

text: routines

text: consisting

text: of

text: gymnasts

text: and

text: apparatuses

text: of

text: their

text: choice

text: Rhythmic

text: routines

text: are

text: scored

text: out

text: of

text: a

text: possible

text: points

text: the

text: score

text: for

text: artistry

text: choreography

text: and

text: music

text: is

text: averaged

text: with

text: the

text: score

text: for

text: difficulty

text: of

text: the

text: moves

text: and

text: then

text: added

text: to

text: the

text: score

text: for

text: execution

question: Only women compete in rhythmic gymnastics according to what rules?

answer: FIG

text: FIG

question: What combines elements of ballet, gymnastics, dance, and apparatus manipulation?

answer: rhythmic gymnastics

text: rhythmic gymnastics

question: What 5 items are used in rhythmic gymnastic routines?

answer: ball, ribbon, hoop, clubs, rope

text: ball, ribbon, hoop, clubs, rope

question: Rhythmic gymnastics places greater emphaises on aesthetics rather than what?

answer: the acrobatic

text: the acrobatic

question: What is the maximum number of points possible for a rhythmic gymnastic routine?

answer: 30

question: What rules state that only women can compete in rhythmic gymastics?

answer: FIG

text: FIG

question: What does rhythmic gymastics combine together?

answer: ballet, gymnastics, dance, and apparatus manipulation

text: ballet, gymnastics, dance, and apparatus manipulation

question: What five seperate apparatuses are used in the five separate routines?

answer: ball, ribbon, hoop, clubs, rope

text: ball, ribbon, hoop, clubs, rope

question: Which is more focused on, aesthetics or acrobatics?

answer: aesthetic

text: aesthetic

question: How many possible points are there for rhythmic routines?

answer: 30 points

text: 30 points


text: University education includes teaching, research, and social services activities, and it includes both the undergraduate level (sometimes referred to as tertiary education) and the graduate (or postgraduate) level (sometimes referred to as graduate school). Universities are generally composed of several colleges. In the United States, universities can be private and independent like Yale University; public and state-governed like the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education; or independent but state-funded like the University of Virginia. A number of career specific courses are now available to students through the Internet.

title: Education

title: Education

text: University

text: education

text: includes

text: teaching

text: research

text: and

text: social

text: services

text: activities

text: and

text: it

text: includes

text: both

text: the

text: undergraduate

text: level

text: sometimes

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: tertiary

text: education

text: and

text: the

text: graduate

text: or

text: postgraduate

text: level

text: sometimes

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: graduate

text: school

text: Universities

text: are

text: generally

text: composed

text: of

text: several

text: colleges

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: universities

text: can

text: be

text: private

text: and

text: independent

text: like

text: Yale

text: University

text: public

text: and

text: state

text: governed

text: like

text: the

text: Pennsylvania

text: State

text: System

text: of

text: Higher

text: Education

text: or

text: independent

text: but

text: state

text: funded

text: like

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Virginia

text: A

text: number

text: of

text: career

text: specific

text: courses

text: are

text: now

text: available

text: to

text: students

text: through

text: the

text: Internet

question: What does University education include?

answer: teaching, research, and social services activities,

text: teaching, research, and social services activities,

question: What are usually Universities made up of?

answer: several colleges

text: several colleges

question: What type of University would Yale fall under?

answer: independent

text: independent


text: The assembly of the tribes (i.e. the citizens of Rome), the Comitia Tributa, was presided over by a consul, and was composed of 35 tribes. The tribes were not ethnic or kinship groups, but rather geographical subdivisions. The order that the thirty-five tribes would vote in was selected randomly by lot. Once a measure received support from a majority of the tribes, the voting would end. While it did not pass many laws, the Comitia Tributa did elect quaestors, curule aediles, and military tribunes. The Plebeian Council was identical to the assembly of the tribes, but excluded the patricians (the elite who could trace their ancestry to the founding of Rome). They elected their own officers, plebeian tribunes and plebeian aediles. Usually a plebeian tribune would preside over the assembly. This assembly passed most laws, and could also act as a court of appeal.

title: Roman_Republic

title: Roman_Republic

text: The

text: assembly

text: of

text: the

text: tribes

text: i.e.

text: the

text: citizens

text: of

text: Rome

text: the

text: Comitia

text: Tributa

text: was

text: presided

text: over

text: by

text: a

text: consul

text: and

text: was

text: composed

text: of

text: tribes

text: The

text: tribes

text: were

text: not

text: ethnic

text: or

text: kinship

text: groups

text: but

text: rather

text: geographical

text: subdivisions

text: The

text: order

text: that

text: the

text: thirty

text: five

text: tribes

text: would

text: vote

text: in

text: was

text: selected

text: randomly

text: by

text: lot

text: Once

text: a

text: measure

text: received

text: support

text: from

text: a

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: tribes

text: the

text: voting

text: would

text: end

text: While

text: it

text: did

text: not

text: pass

text: many

text: laws

text: the

text: Comitia

text: Tributa

text: did

text: elect

text: quaestors

text: curule

text: aediles

text: and

text: military

text: tribunes

text: The

text: Plebeian

text: Council

text: was

text: identical

text: to

text: the

text: assembly

text: of

text: the

text: tribes

text: but

text: excluded

text: the

text: patricians

text: the

text: elite

text: who

text: could

text: trace

text: their

text: ancestry

text: to

text: the

text: founding

text: of

text: Rome

text: They

text: elected

text: their

text: own

text: officers

text: plebeian

text: tribunes

text: and

text: plebeian

text: aediles

text: Usually

text: a

text: plebeian

text: tribune

text: would

text: preside

text: over

text: the

text: assembly

text: This

text: assembly

text: passed

text: most

text: laws

text: and

text: could

text: also

text: act

text: as

text: a

text: court

text: of

text: appeal

question: How many tribes were considered to be in the Comitia Tributa?

answer: 35 tribes

text: 35 tribes

question: How were the assembly of tribes segregated into specific tribes?

answer: geographical subdivisions

text: geographical subdivisions

question: What assembly was responsible for the election of quaestors?

answer: the Comitia Tributa

text: the Comitia Tributa

question: When would the assembly of tribes cease voting?

answer: Once a measure received support from a majority of the tribes

text: Once a measure received support from a majority of the tribes

question: Who would be responsible for the election of a plebeian tribune?

answer: a plebeian

text: a plebeian


text: Since the founding of Freemasonry, many Bishops of the Church of England have been Freemasons, such as Archbishop Geoffrey Fisher. In the past, few members of the Church of England would have seen any incongruity in concurrently adhering to Anglican Christianity and practicing Freemasonry. In recent decades, however, reservations about Freemasonry have increased within Anglicanism, perhaps due to the increasing prominence of the evangelical wing of the church. The former Archbishop of Canterbury, Dr Rowan Williams, appeared to harbour some reservations about Masonic ritual, whilst being anxious to avoid causing offence to Freemasons inside and outside the Church of England. In 2003 he felt it necessary to apologise to British Freemasons after he said that their beliefs were incompatible with Christianity and that he had barred the appointment of Freemasons to senior posts in his diocese when he was Bishop of Monmouth.

title: Freemasonry

title: Freemasonry

text: Since

text: the

text: founding

text: of

text: Freemasonry

text: many

text: Bishops

text: of

text: the

text: Church

text: of

text: England

text: have

text: been

text: Freemasons

text: such

text: as

text: Archbishop

text: Geoffrey

text: Fisher

text: In

text: the

text: past

text: few

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: Church

text: of

text: England

text: would

text: have

text: seen

text: any

text: incongruity

text: in

text: concurrently

text: adhering

text: to

text: Anglican

text: Christianity

text: and

text: practicing

text: Freemasonry

text: In

text: recent

text: decades

text: however

text: reservations

text: about

text: Freemasonry

text: have

text: increased

text: within

text: Anglicanism

text: perhaps

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: increasing

text: prominence

text: of

text: the

text: evangelical

text: wing

text: of

text: the

text: church

text: The

text: former

text: Archbishop

text: of

text: Canterbury

text: Dr

text: Rowan

text: Williams

text: appeared

text: to

text: harbour

text: some

text: reservations

text: about

text: Masonic

text: ritual

text: whilst

text: being

text: anxious

text: to

text: avoid

text: causing

text: offence

text: to

text: Freemasons

text: inside

text: and

text: outside

text: the

text: Church

text: of

text: England

text: In

text: he

text: felt

text: it

text: necessary

text: to

text: apologise

text: to

text: British

text: Freemasons

text: after

text: he

text: said

text: that

text: their

text: beliefs

text: were

text: incompatible

text: with

text: Christianity

text: and

text: that

text: he

text: had

text: barred

text: the

text: appointment

text: of

text: Freemasons

text: to

text: senior

text: posts

text: in

text: his

text: diocese

text: when

text: he

text: was

text: Bishop

text: of

text: Monmouth

question: What English Archbishop was a member of the Freemasons?

answer: Geoffrey Fisher

text: Geoffrey Fisher

question: What former Archbishop of Canterbury has reservations about the Freemasons?

answer: Dr Rowan Williams

text: Dr Rowan Williams

question: What year did Dr. Rowan Williams apologize to the Freemasons?

answer: 2003

question: Dr. Rowan Williams was also Bishop of what?

answer: Bishop of Monmouth

text: Bishop of Monmouth


text: Humans would also have derived enormous benefit from the dogs associated with their camps. For instance, dogs would have improved sanitation by cleaning up food scraps. Dogs may have provided warmth, as referred to in the Australian Aboriginal expression "three dog night" (an exceptionally cold night), and they would have alerted the camp to the presence of predators or strangers, using their acute hearing to provide an early warning.

title: Dog

title: Dog

text: Humans

text: would

text: also

text: have

text: derived

text: enormous

text: benefit

text: from

text: the

text: dogs

text: associated

text: with

text: their

text: camps

text: For

text: instance

text: dogs

text: would

text: have

text: improved

text: sanitation

text: by

text: cleaning

text: up

text: food

text: scraps

text: Dogs

text: may

text: have

text: provided

text: warmth

text: as

text: referred

text: to

text: in

text: the

text: Australian

text: Aboriginal

text: expression

text: three

text: dog

text: night

text: an

text: exceptionally

text: cold

text: night

text: and

text: they

text: would

text: have

text: alerted

text: the

text: camp

text: to

text: the

text: presence

text: of

text: predators

text: or

text: strangers

text: using

text: their

text: acute

text: hearing

text: to

text: provide

text: an

text: early

text: warning

question: What did dogs clean up to help with keeping habitations of people clean?

answer: food scraps.

text: food scraps.

question: What do Australian aborigines call a frigid night?

answer: three dog night

text: three dog night

question: What did a dog's good hearing help humans with?

answer: early warning.

text: early warning.

question: How could dogs have helped with sanitation issues in camps?

answer: cleaning up food scraps

text: cleaning up food scraps

question: What is the Australian Aboriginal expression that indicates a very cold night?

answer: three dog night

text: three dog night


text: NASCAR (headquartered in Daytona Beach) begins all three of its major auto racing series in Florida at Daytona International Speedway in February, featuring the Daytona 500, and ends all three Series in November at Homestead-Miami Speedway. Daytona also has the Coke Zero 400 NASCAR race weekend around Independence Day in July. The 24 Hours of Daytona is one of the world's most prestigious endurance auto races. The Grand Prix of St. Petersburg and Grand Prix of Miami have held IndyCar races as well.

title: Florida

title: Florida

text: NASCAR

text: headquartered

text: in

text: Daytona

text: Beach

text: begins

text: all

text: three

text: of

text: its

text: major

text: auto

text: racing

text: series

text: in

text: Florida

text: at

text: Daytona

text: International

text: Speedway

text: in

text: February

text: featuring

text: the

text: Daytona

text: and

text: ends

text: all

text: three

text: Series

text: in

text: November

text: at

text: Homestead

text: Miami

text: Speedway

text: Daytona

text: also

text: has

text: the

text: Coke

text: Zero

text: NASCAR

text: race

text: weekend

text: around

text: Independence

text: Day

text: in

text: July

text: The

text: Hours

text: of

text: Daytona

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: prestigious

text: endurance

text: auto

text: races

text: The

text: Grand

text: Prix

text: of

text: St.

text: Petersburg

text: and

text: Grand

text: Prix

text: of

text: Miami

text: have

text: held

text: IndyCar

text: races

text: as

text: well

question: What is headquartered in Daytona

answer: NASCAR (headquartered in Daytona Beach) begins all three of its major auto racing series in Florida at Daytona International Speedway in February

text: NASCAR (headquartered in Daytona Beach) begins all three of its major auto racing series in Florida at Daytona International Speedway in February

question: Name another race in florida

answer: Daytona also has the Coke Zero 400 NASCAR race weekend around Independence Day in July

text: Daytona also has the Coke Zero 400 NASCAR race weekend around Independence Day in July

question: What is the 24 hours of Daytona

answer: The 24 Hours of Daytona is one of the world's most prestigious endurance auto races

text: The 24 Hours of Daytona is one of the world's most prestigious endurance auto races

question: What does St Pete feature for a race

answer: The Grand Prix of St. Petersburg

text: The Grand Prix of St. Petersburg


text: Ducks are medium-sized aquatic birds with broad bills, eyes on the side of the head, fairly long necks, short legs set far back on the body, and webbed feet. Males, known as drakes, are often larger than females (simply known as ducks) and are differently coloured in some breeds. Domestic ducks are omnivores, eating a variety of animal and plant materials such as aquatic insects, molluscs, worms, small amphibians, waterweeds, and grasses. They feed in shallow water by dabbling, with their heads underwater and their tails upended. Most domestic ducks are too heavy to fly, and they are social birds, preferring to live and move around together in groups. They keep their plumage waterproof by preening, a process that spreads the secretions of the preen gland over their feathers.

title: Poultry

title: Poultry

text: Ducks

text: are

text: medium

text: sized

text: aquatic

text: birds

text: with

text: broad

text: bills

text: eyes

text: on

text: the

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: head

text: fairly

text: long

text: necks

text: short

text: legs

text: set

text: far

text: back

text: on

text: the

text: body

text: and

text: webbed

text: feet

text: Males

text: known

text: as

text: drakes

text: are

text: often

text: larger

text: than

text: females

text: simply

text: known

text: as

text: ducks

text: and

text: are

text: differently

text: coloured

text: in

text: some

text: breeds

text: Domestic

text: ducks

text: are

text: omnivores

text: eating

text: a

text: variety

text: of

text: animal

text: and

text: plant

text: materials

text: such

text: as

text: aquatic

text: insects

text: molluscs

text: worms

text: small

text: amphibians

text: waterweeds

text: and

text: grasses

text: They

text: feed

text: in

text: shallow

text: water

text: by

text: dabbling

text: with

text: their

text: heads

text: underwater

text: and

text: their

text: tails

text: upended

text: Most

text: domestic

text: ducks

text: are

text: too

text: heavy

text: to

text: fly

text: and

text: they

text: are

text: social

text: birds

text: preferring

text: to

text: live

text: and

text: move

text: around

text: together

text: in

text: groups

text: They

text: keep

text: their

text: plumage

text: waterproof

text: by

text: preening

text: a

text: process

text: that

text: spreads

text: the

text: secretions

text: of

text: the

text: preen

text: gland

text: over

text: their

text: feathers

question: How can you identify a duck from other poultry?

answer: medium-sized aquatic birds with broad bills, eyes on the side of the head, fairly long necks, short legs set far back on the body, and webbed feet.

text: medium-sized aquatic birds with broad bills, eyes on the side of the head, fairly long necks, short legs set far back on the body, and webbed feet.

question: What do you call a male duck?

answer: drakes

text: drakes

question: How can you identify a drake from a the female of the species?

answer: larger than females (simply known as ducks) and are differently coloured in some breeds

text: larger than females (simply known as ducks) and are differently coloured in some breeds

question: What does the diet of cultivated ducks consistof ?

answer: aquatic insects, molluscs, worms, small amphibians, waterweeds, and grasses.

text: aquatic insects, molluscs, worms, small amphibians, waterweeds, and grasses.

question: Do all ducks fly south for the winter?

answer: Most domestic ducks are too heavy to fly

text: Most domestic ducks are too heavy to fly


text: Often, large multinational corporations exhibit vertical integration, participating in a broad range of drug discovery and development, manufacturing and quality control, marketing, sales, and distribution. Smaller organizations, on the other hand, often focus on a specific aspect such as discovering drug candidates or developing formulations. Often, collaborative agreements between research organizations and large pharmaceutical companies are formed to explore the potential of new drug substances. More recently, multi-nationals are increasingly relying on contract research organizations to manage drug development.

title: Pharmaceutical_industry

title: Pharmaceutical_industry

text: Often

text: large

text: multinational

text: corporations

text: exhibit

text: vertical

text: integration

text: participating

text: in

text: a

text: broad

text: range

text: of

text: drug

text: discovery

text: and

text: development

text: manufacturing

text: and

text: quality

text: control

text: marketing

text: sales

text: and

text: distribution

text: Smaller

text: organizations

text: on

text: the

text: other

text: hand

text: often

text: focus

text: on

text: a

text: specific

text: aspect

text: such

text: as

text: discovering

text: drug

text: candidates

text: or

text: developing

text: formulations

text: Often

text: collaborative

text: agreements

text: between

text: research

text: organizations

text: and

text: large

text: pharmaceutical

text: companies

text: are

text: formed

text: to

text: explore

text: the

text: potential

text: of

text: new

text: drug

text: substances

text: More

text: recently

text: multi

text: nationals

text: are

text: increasingly

text: relying

text: on

text: contract

text: research

text: organizations

text: to

text: manage

text: drug

text: development

question: Why are collaborative agreements important?

answer: to explore the potential of new drug substances

text: to explore the potential of new drug substances

question: How do large corporations show vertical integration?

answer: participating in a broad range of drug discovery and development, manufacturing and quality control, marketing, sales, and distribution

text: participating in a broad range of drug discovery and development, manufacturing and quality control, marketing, sales, and distribution

question: What are large companies relying on outside organizations for?

answer: to manage drug development

text: to manage drug development

question: What are smaller organizations responsible for?

answer: focus on a specific aspect such as discovering drug candidates or developing formulations

text: focus on a specific aspect such as discovering drug candidates or developing formulations

question: What type of integration do large corporations often do?

answer: vertical

text: vertical

question: What type of integration do smaller organizations do?

answer: a specific aspect

text: a specific aspect

question: What type of agreements are made to research potential new drugs?

answer: collaborative agreements

text: collaborative agreements

question: What type of organizations are multinational corporations increasingly rely on?

answer: contract research

text: contract research


text: At the end of the 1980s, Estonians perceived their demographic change as a national catastrophe. This was a result of the migration policies essential to the Soviet Nationalisation Programme aiming to russify Estonia – administrative and military immigration of non-Estonians from the USSR coupled with the deportation of Estonians to the USSR. In the decade following the reconstitution of independence, large-scale emigration by ethnic Russians and the removal of the Russian military bases in 1994 caused the proportion of ethnic Estonians in Estonia to increase from 61% to 69% in 2006.

title: Estonia

title: Estonia

text: At

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Estonians

text: perceived

text: their

text: demographic

text: change

text: as

text: a

text: national

text: catastrophe

text: This

text: was

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: the

text: migration

text: policies

text: essential

text: to

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Nationalisation

text: Programme

text: aiming

text: to

text: russify

text: Estonia

text: administrative

text: and

text: military

text: immigration

text: of

text: non

text: Estonians

text: from

text: the

text: USSR

text: coupled

text: with

text: the

text: deportation

text: of

text: Estonians

text: to

text: the

text: USSR

text: In

text: the

text: decade

text: following

text: the

text: reconstitution

text: of

text: independence

text: large

text: scale

text: emigration

text: by

text: ethnic

text: Russians

text: and

text: the

text: removal

text: of

text: the

text: Russian

text: military

text: bases

text: in

text: caused

text: the

text: proportion

text: of

text: ethnic

text: Estonians

text: in

text: Estonia

text: to

text: increase

text: from

text: to

text: in

question: How did Estonians view the demographic change of less ethnic Estonians?

answer: a national catastrophe

text: a national catastrophe

question: What Russian institutions were removed in the decade following Estonia's reclaim of independence?

answer: Russian military bases

text: Russian military bases

question: What percentage of Estonians were ethnic in 2006?

answer: 69%


text: The universal emergence of atomic hydrogen first occurred during the recombination epoch. At standard temperature and pressure, hydrogen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, nonmetallic, highly combustible diatomic gas with the molecular formula H2. Since hydrogen readily forms covalent compounds with most non-metallic elements, most of the hydrogen on Earth exists in molecular forms such as in the form of water or organic compounds. Hydrogen plays a particularly important role in acid–base reactions as many acid-base reactions involve the exchange of protons between soluble molecules. In ionic compounds, hydrogen can take the form of a negative charge (i.e., anion) when it is known as a hydride, or as a positively charged (i.e., cation) species denoted by the symbol H+. The hydrogen cation is written as though composed of a bare proton, but in reality, hydrogen cations in ionic compounds are always more complex species than that would suggest. As the only neutral atom for which the Schrödinger equation can be solved analytically, study of the energetics and bonding of the hydrogen atom has played a key role in the development of quantum mechanics.

title: Hydrogen

title: Hydrogen

text: The

text: universal

text: emergence

text: of

text: atomic

text: hydrogen

text: first

text: occurred

text: during

text: the

text: recombination

text: epoch

text: At

text: standard

text: temperature

text: and

text: pressure

text: hydrogen

text: is

text: a

text: colorless

text: odorless

text: tasteless

text: non

text: toxic

text: nonmetallic

text: highly

text: combustible

text: diatomic

text: gas

text: with

text: the

text: molecular

text: formula

text: Since

text: hydrogen

text: readily

text: forms

text: covalent

text: compounds

text: with

text: most

text: non

text: metallic

text: elements

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: hydrogen

text: on

text: Earth

text: exists

text: in

text: molecular

text: forms

text: such

text: as

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: water

text: or

text: organic

text: compounds

text: Hydrogen

text: plays

text: a

text: particularly

text: important

text: role

text: in

text: acid

text: base

text: reactions

text: as

text: many

text: acid

text: base

text: reactions

text: involve

text: the

text: exchange

text: of

text: protons

text: between

text: soluble

text: molecules

text: In

text: ionic

text: compounds

text: hydrogen

text: can

text: take

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: a

text: negative

text: charge

text: i.e.

text: anion

text: when

text: it

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: a

text: hydride

text: or

text: as

text: a

text: positively

text: charged

text: i.e.

text: cation

text: species

text: denoted

text: by

text: the

text: symbol

text: H+

text: The

text: hydrogen

text: cation

text: is

text: written

text: as

text: though

text: composed

text: of

text: a

text: bare

text: proton

text: but

text: in

text: reality

text: hydrogen

text: cations

text: in

text: ionic

text: compounds

text: are

text: always

text: more

text: complex

text: species

text: than

text: that

text: would

text: suggest

text: As

text: the

text: only

text: neutral

text: atom

text: for

text: which

text: the

text: Schrödinger

text: equation

text: can

text: be

text: solved

text: analytically

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: energetics

text: and

text: bonding

text: of

text: the

text: hydrogen

text: atom

text: has

text: played

text: a

text: key

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: quantum

text: mechanics

question: What form can you find hydrogen is on Earth?

answer: molecular

text: molecular

question: What is the molecular make-up of hydrogen?

answer: H2

question: What are three properties of hydrogen at normal temperature and normal pressure?

answer: colorless, odorless, tasteless

text: colorless, odorless, tasteless

question: What charge does hydrogen display in ionic compounds when it is called a hydride?

answer: negative

text: negative

question: What field of study has hydrogen and it's properties played a key role in development?

answer: quantum mechanics

text: quantum mechanics