text: The campus also houses several performing arts facilities. The de Jong Concert Hall seats 1282 people and is named for Gerrit de Jong Jr. The Pardoe Theatre is named for T. Earl and Kathryn Pardoe. Students use its stage in a variety of theatre experiments, as well as for Pardoe Series performances. It seats 500 people, and has quite a large stage with a proscenium opening of 19 by 55 feet (17 m). The Margetts Theatre was named for Philip N. Margetts, a prominent Utah theatre figure. A smaller, black box theater, it allows a variety of seating and staging formats. It seats 125, and measures 30 by 50 feet (15 m). The Nelke Theatre, named for one of BYU's first drama teachers, is used largely for instruction in experimental theater. It seats 280.

title: Brigham_Young_University

title: Brigham_Young_University

text: The

text: campus

text: also

text: houses

text: several

text: performing

text: arts

text: facilities

text: The

text: de

text: Jong

text: Concert

text: Hall

text: seats

text: people

text: and

text: is

text: named

text: for

text: Gerrit

text: de

text: Jong

text: Jr.

text: The

text: Pardoe

text: Theatre

text: is

text: named

text: for

text: T.

text: Earl

text: and

text: Kathryn

text: Pardoe

text: Students

text: use

text: its

text: stage

text: in

text: a

text: variety

text: of

text: theatre

text: experiments

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: for

text: Pardoe

text: Series

text: performances

text: It

text: seats

text: people

text: and

text: has

text: quite

text: a

text: large

text: stage

text: with

text: a

text: proscenium

text: opening

text: of

text: by

text: feet

text: m

text: The

text: Margetts

text: Theatre

text: was

text: named

text: for

text: Philip

text: N.

text: Margetts

text: a

text: prominent

text: Utah

text: theatre

text: figure

text: A

text: smaller

text: black

text: box

text: theater

text: it

text: allows

text: a

text: variety

text: of

text: seating

text: and

text: staging

text: formats

text: It

text: seats

text: and

text: measures

text: by

text: feet

text: m

text: The

text: Nelke

text: Theatre

text: named

text: for

text: one

text: of

text: BYU

text: 's

text: first

text: drama

text: teachers

text: is

text: used

text: largely

text: for

text: instruction

text: in

text: experimental

text: theater

text: It

text: seats

question: How many people does the de Jong Concert Hall seat?

answer: 1282

question: What building is named after Earl and Kathryn Pardoe?

answer: The Pardoe Theatre

text: The Pardoe Theatre

question: What building was named after prominent Utah theater figure Philip N. Margetts?

answer: The Margetts Theatre

text: The Margetts Theatre

question: Who was the Nelke Theatre named for?

answer: one of BYU's first drama teachers

text: one of BYU's first drama teachers

question: What type of theater is Nelke Theatre primarily used for?

answer: experimental

text: experimental


text: Lancashire had a lively culture of choral and classical music, with very large numbers of local church choirs from the 17th century, leading to the foundation of local choral societies from the mid-18th century, often particularly focused on performances of the music of Handel and his contemporaries. It also played a major part in the development of brass bands which emerged in the county, particularly in the textile and coalfield areas, in the 19th century. The first open competition for brass bands was held at Manchester in 1853, and continued annually until the 1980s. The vibrant brass band culture of the area made an important contribution to the foundation and staffing of the Hallé Orchestra from 1857, the oldest extant professional orchestra in the United Kingdom. The same local musical tradition produced eminent figures such as Sir William Walton (1902–88), son of an Oldham choirmaster and music teacher, Sir Thomas Beecham (1879–1961), born in St. Helens, who began his career by conducting local orchestras and Alan Rawsthorne (1905–71) born in Haslingden. The conductor David Atherton, co-founder of the London Sinfonietta, was born in Blackpool in 1944. Lancashire also produced more populist figures, such as early musical theatre composer Leslie Stuart (1863–1928), born in Southport, who began his musical career as organist of Salford Cathedral.

title: Lancashire

title: Lancashire

text: Lancashire

text: had

text: a

text: lively

text: culture

text: of

text: choral

text: and

text: classical

text: music

text: with

text: very

text: large

text: numbers

text: of

text: local

text: church

text: choirs

text: from

text: the

text: century

text: leading

text: to

text: the

text: foundation

text: of

text: local

text: choral

text: societies

text: from

text: the

text: century

text: often

text: particularly

text: focused

text: on

text: performances

text: of

text: the

text: music

text: of

text: Handel

text: and

text: his

text: contemporaries

text: It

text: also

text: played

text: a

text: major

text: part

text: in

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: brass

text: bands

text: which

text: emerged

text: in

text: the

text: county

text: particularly

text: in

text: the

text: textile

text: and

text: coalfield

text: areas

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: The

text: first

text: open

text: competition

text: for

text: brass

text: bands

text: was

text: held

text: at

text: Manchester

text: in

text: and

text: continued

text: annually

text: until

text: the

text: The

text: vibrant

text: brass

text: band

text: culture

text: of

text: the

text: area

text: made

text: an

text: important

text: contribution

text: to

text: the

text: foundation

text: and

text: staffing

text: of

text: the

text: Hallé

text: Orchestra

text: from

text: the

text: oldest

text: extant

text: professional

text: orchestra

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: The

text: same

text: local

text: musical

text: tradition

text: produced

text: eminent

text: figures

text: such

text: as

text: Sir

text: William

text: Walton

text: son

text: of

text: an

text: Oldham

text: choirmaster

text: and

text: music

text: teacher

text: Sir

text: Thomas

text: Beecham

text: born

text: in

text: St.

text: Helens

text: who

text: began

text: his

text: career

text: by

text: conducting

text: local

text: orchestras

text: and

text: Alan

text: Rawsthorne

text: born

text: in

text: Haslingden

text: The

text: conductor

text: David

text: Atherton

text: co

text: founder

text: of

text: the

text: London

text: Sinfonietta

text: was

text: born

text: in

text: Blackpool

text: in

text: Lancashire

text: also

text: produced

text: more

text: populist

text: figures

text: such

text: as

text: early

text: musical

text: theatre

text: composer

text: Leslie

text: Stuart

text: born

text: in

text: Southport

text: who

text: began

text: his

text: musical

text: career

text: as

text: organist

text: of

text: Salford

text: Cathedral

question: Where was the first open competition for brass bands held?

answer: Manchester

text: Manchester

question: What year was the first open competition for brass bands held?

answer: 1853

question: Where was David Atherton born?

answer: Blackpool

text: Blackpool

question: What did David Atherton co-found?

answer: the London Sinfonietta

text: the London Sinfonietta

question: Who began their musical career as organist of Salford Cathedral?

answer: Leslie Stuart

text: Leslie Stuart


text: The cardinal protodeacon, the senior cardinal deacon in order of appointment to the College of Cardinals, has the privilege of announcing a new pope's election and name (once he has been ordained to the Episcopate) from the central balcony at the Basilica of Saint Peter in Vatican City State. In the past, during papal coronations, the proto-deacon also had the honor of bestowing the pallium on the new pope and crowning him with the papal tiara. However, in 1978 Pope John Paul I chose not to be crowned and opted for a simpler papal inauguration ceremony, and his three successors followed that example. As a result, the Cardinal protodeacon's privilege of crowning a new pope has effectively ceased although it could be revived if a future Pope were to restore a coronation ceremony. However, the proto-deacon still has the privilege of bestowing the pallium on a new pope at his papal inauguration. “Acting in the place of the Roman Pontiff, he also confers the pallium upon metropolitan bishops or gives the pallium to their proxies.” The current cardinal proto-deacon is Renato Raffaele Martino.

title: Cardinal_(Catholicism)

title: Cardinal_(Catholicism

text: The

text: cardinal

text: protodeacon

text: the

text: senior

text: cardinal

text: deacon

text: in

text: order

text: of

text: appointment

text: to

text: the

text: College

text: of

text: Cardinals

text: has

text: the

text: privilege

text: of

text: announcing

text: a

text: new

text: pope

text: 's

text: election

text: and

text: name

text: once

text: he

text: has

text: been

text: ordained

text: to

text: the

text: Episcopate

text: from

text: the

text: central

text: balcony

text: at

text: the

text: Basilica

text: of

text: Saint

text: Peter

text: in

text: Vatican

text: City

text: State

text: In

text: the

text: past

text: during

text: papal

text: coronations

text: the

text: proto

text: deacon

text: also

text: had

text: the

text: honor

text: of

text: bestowing

text: the

text: pallium

text: on

text: the

text: new

text: pope

text: and

text: crowning

text: him

text: with

text: the

text: papal

text: tiara

text: However

text: in

text: Pope

text: John

text: Paul

text: I

text: chose

text: not

text: to

text: be

text: crowned

text: and

text: opted

text: for

text: a

text: simpler

text: papal

text: inauguration

text: ceremony

text: and

text: his

text: three

text: successors

text: followed

text: that

text: example

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: the

text: Cardinal

text: protodeacon

text: 's

text: privilege

text: of

text: crowning

text: a

text: new

text: pope

text: has

text: effectively

text: ceased

text: although

text: it

text: could

text: be

text: revived

text: if

text: a

text: future

text: Pope

text: were

text: to

text: restore

text: a

text: coronation

text: ceremony

text: However

text: the

text: proto

text: deacon

text: still

text: has

text: the

text: privilege

text: of

text: bestowing

text: the

text: pallium

text: on

text: a

text: new

text: pope

text: at

text: his

text: papal

text: inauguration

text: Acting

text: in

text: the

text: place

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Pontiff

text: he

text: also

text: confers

text: the

text: pallium

text: upon

text: metropolitan

text: bishops

text: or

text: gives

text: the

text: pallium

text: to

text: their

text: proxies

text: The

text: current

text: cardinal

text: proto

text: deacon

text: is

text: Renato

text: Raffaele

text: Martino

question: Who announces the election of a new pope?

answer: The cardinal protodeacon

text: The cardinal protodeacon

question: Where does this person announce the election of the new pope?

answer: from the central balcony at the Basilica of Saint Peter in Vatican City State

text: from the central balcony at the Basilica of Saint Peter in Vatican City State

question: Who was the first pope who chose not to be crowned?

answer: Pope John Paul I

text: Pope John Paul I


text: Charles Peirce (1839–1914) was highly influential in laying the groundwork for today's empirical scientific method.[citation needed] Although Peirce severely criticized many elements of Descartes' peculiar brand of rationalism, he did not reject rationalism outright. Indeed, he concurred with the main ideas of rationalism, most importantly the idea that rational concepts can be meaningful and the idea that rational concepts necessarily go beyond the data given by empirical observation. In later years he even emphasized the concept-driven side of the then ongoing debate between strict empiricism and strict rationalism, in part to counterbalance the excesses to which some of his cohorts had taken pragmatism under the "data-driven" strict-empiricist view.

title: Empiricism

title: Empiricism

text: Charles

text: Peirce

text: was

text: highly

text: influential

text: in

text: laying

text: the

text: groundwork

text: for

text: today

text: 's

text: empirical

text: scientific

text: method.[citation

text: needed

text: Although

text: Peirce

text: severely

text: criticized

text: many

text: elements

text: of

text: Descartes

text: peculiar

text: brand

text: of

text: rationalism

text: he

text: did

text: not

text: reject

text: rationalism

text: outright

text: Indeed

text: he

text: concurred

text: with

text: the

text: main

text: ideas

text: of

text: rationalism

text: most

text: importantly

text: the

text: idea

text: that

text: rational

text: concepts

text: can

text: be

text: meaningful

text: and

text: the

text: idea

text: that

text: rational

text: concepts

text: necessarily

text: go

text: beyond

text: the

text: data

text: given

text: by

text: empirical

text: observation

text: In

text: later

text: years

text: he

text: even

text: emphasized

text: the

text: concept

text: driven

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: then

text: ongoing

text: debate

text: between

text: strict

text: empiricism

text: and

text: strict

text: rationalism

text: in

text: part

text: to

text: counterbalance

text: the

text: excesses

text: to

text: which

text: some

text: of

text: his

text: cohorts

text: had

text: taken

text: pragmatism

text: under

text: the

text: data

text: driven

text: strict

text: empiricist

text: view

question: When was Peirce born?

answer: 1839

question: When did Peirce die?

answer: 1914

question: What view did Peirce think had been driven to excess?

answer: the "data-driven" strict-empiricist view

text: the "data-driven" strict-empiricist view

question: Who formed the basis for modern scientific method?

answer: Charles Peirce

text: Charles Peirce

question: Whose rationalism did Peirce criticize?

answer: Descartes

text: Descartes


text: The purpose of these instruments was to address the various forms of corruption (involving the public sector, the private sector, the financing of political activities, etc.) whether they had a strictly domestic or also a transnational dimension. To monitor the implementation at national level of the requirements and principles provided in those texts, a monitoring mechanism – the Group of States Against Corruption (also known as GRECO) (French: Groupe d'Etats contre la corruption) was created.

title: Political_corruption

title: Political_corruption

text: The

text: purpose

text: of

text: these

text: instruments

text: was

text: to

text: address

text: the

text: various

text: forms

text: of

text: corruption

text: involving

text: the

text: public

text: sector

text: the

text: private

text: sector

text: the

text: financing

text: of

text: political

text: activities

text: etc

text: whether

text: they

text: had

text: a

text: strictly

text: domestic

text: or

text: also

text: a

text: transnational

text: dimension

text: To

text: monitor

text: the

text: implementation

text: at

text: national

text: level

text: of

text: the

text: requirements

text: and

text: principles

text: provided

text: in

text: those

text: texts

text: a

text: monitoring

text: mechanism

text: the

text: Group

text: of

text: States

text: Against

text: Corruption

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: GRECO

text: French

text: Groupe

text: d'Etats

text: contre

text: la

text: corruption

text: was

text: created

question: What does GRECO stand for?

answer: Group of States Against Corruption

text: Group of States Against Corruption

question: What is the name of the French equivalent of GRECO?

answer: Groupe d'Etats contre la corruption

text: Groupe d'Etats contre la corruption

question: The instruments used to point out the different corrupt forms looked to see if they were rigidly domestic or what?

answer: transnational

text: transnational


text: In the Presidential primary elections of February 5, 2008, Sen. Clinton won 61.2% of the Bronx's 148,636 Democratic votes against 37.8% for Barack Obama and 1.0% for the other four candidates combined (John Edwards, Dennis Kucinich, Bill Richardson and Joe Biden). On the same day, John McCain won 54.4% of the borough's 5,643 Republican votes, Mitt Romney 20.8%, Mike Huckabee 8.2%, Ron Paul 7.4%, Rudy Giuliani 5.6%, and the other candidates (Fred Thompson, Duncan Hunter and Alan Keyes) 3.6% between them.

title: The_Bronx

title: The_Bronx

text: In

text: the

text: Presidential

text: primary

text: elections

text: of

text: February

text: Sen.

text: Clinton

text: won

text: of

text: the

text: Bronx

text: 's

text: Democratic

text: votes

text: against

text: for

text: Barack

text: Obama

text: and

text: for

text: the

text: other

text: four

text: candidates

text: combined

text: John

text: Edwards

text: Dennis

text: Kucinich

text: Bill

text: Richardson

text: and

text: Joe

text: Biden

text: On

text: the

text: same

text: day

text: John

text: McCain

text: won

text: of

text: the

text: borough

text: 's

text: Republican

text: votes

text: Mitt

text: Romney

text: Mike

text: Huckabee

text: Ron

text: Paul

text: Rudy

text: Giuliani

text: and

text: the

text: other

text: candidates

text: Fred

text: Thompson

text: Duncan

text: Hunter

text: and

text: Alan

text: Keyes

text: between

text: them

question: In the 2008 primary, how much of the Bronx vote did Clinton get?

answer: 61.2%

question: In the 2008 primary, how much of the Bronx vote did Obama get?

answer: 37.8%

question: In the 2008 primary, how much of the Bronx vote did McCain get?

answer: 54.4%

question: In the 2008 primary, how much of the Bronx vote did Huckabee get?

answer: 8.2%

question: In the 2008 primary, how much of the Bronx vote did Romney get?

answer: 20.8%


text: Polish composers of the following generation included virtuosi such as Moritz Moszkowski, but, in the opinion of J. Barrie Jones, his "one worthy successor" among his compatriots was Karol Szymanowski (1882–1937). Edvard Grieg, Antonín Dvořák, Isaac Albéniz, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and Sergei Rachmaninoff, among others, are regarded by critics as having been influenced by Chopin's use of national modes and idioms. Alexander Scriabin was devoted to the music of Chopin, and his early published works include nineteen mazurkas, as well as numerous études and preludes; his teacher Nikolai Zverev drilled him in Chopin's works to improve his virtuosity as a performer. In the 20th century, composers who paid homage to (or in some cases parodied) the music of Chopin included George Crumb, Bohuslav Martinů, Darius Milhaud, Igor Stravinsky and Heitor Villa-Lobos.

title: Frédéric_Chopin

title: Frédéric_Chopin

text: Polish

text: composers

text: of

text: the

text: following

text: generation

text: included

text: virtuosi

text: such

text: as

text: Moritz

text: Moszkowski

text: but

text: in

text: the

text: opinion

text: of

text: J.

text: Barrie

text: Jones

text: his

text: one

text: worthy

text: successor

text: among

text: his

text: compatriots

text: was

text: Karol

text: Szymanowski

text: Edvard

text: Grieg

text: Antonín

text: Dvořák

text: Isaac

text: Albéniz

text: Pyotr

text: Ilyich

text: Tchaikovsky

text: and

text: Sergei

text: Rachmaninoff

text: among

text: others

text: are

text: regarded

text: by

text: critics

text: as

text: having

text: been

text: influenced

text: by

text: Chopin

text: 's

text: use

text: of

text: national

text: modes

text: and

text: idioms

text: Alexander

text: Scriabin

text: was

text: devoted

text: to

text: the

text: music

text: of

text: Chopin

text: and

text: his

text: early

text: published

text: works

text: include

text: nineteen

text: mazurkas

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: numerous

text: études

text: and

text: preludes

text: his

text: teacher

text: Nikolai

text: Zverev

text: drilled

text: him

text: in

text: Chopin

text: 's

text: works

text: to

text: improve

text: his

text: virtuosity

text: as

text: a

text: performer

text: In

text: the

text: century

text: composers

text: who

text: paid

text: homage

text: to

text: or

text: in

text: some

text: cases

text: parodied

text: the

text: music

text: of

text: Chopin

text: included

text: George

text: Crumb

text: Bohuslav

text: Martinů

text: Darius

text: Milhaud

text: Igor

text: Stravinsky

text: and

text: Heitor

text: Villa

text: Lobos

question: According to J. Barrie Jones who was the only true successor to Chopin?

answer: Karol Szymanowski

text: Karol Szymanowski

question: Many people were considered influenced by Chopin's what?

answer: national modes and idioms

text: national modes and idioms

question: Who was Alexander Scriabin's teacher?

answer: Nikolai Zverev

text: Nikolai Zverev

question: Who was Chopin's worthy successor according to Jones?

answer: Karol Szymanowski

text: Karol Szymanowski

question: Who was devoted to the music of Chopin?

answer: Alexander Scriabin

text: Alexander Scriabin

question: Who was Alexander Scriabin's teacher?

answer: Nikolai Zverev

text: Nikolai Zverev


text: Modern Chinese has many homophones; thus the same spoken syllable may be represented by many characters, depending on meaning. A single character may also have a range of meanings, or sometimes quite distinct meanings; occasionally these correspond to different pronunciations. Cognates in the several varieties of Chinese are generally written with the same character. They typically have similar meanings, but often quite different pronunciations. In other languages, most significantly today in Japanese and sometimes in Korean, characters are used to represent Chinese loanwords, to represent native words independent of the Chinese pronunciation, and as purely phonetic elements based on their pronunciation in the historical variety of Chinese from which they were acquired. These foreign adaptations of Chinese pronunciation are known as Sino-Xenic pronunciations, and have been useful in the reconstruction of Middle Chinese.

title: Chinese_characters

title: Chinese_characters

text: Modern

text: Chinese

text: has

text: many

text: homophones

text: thus

text: the

text: same

text: spoken

text: syllable

text: may

text: be

text: represented

text: by

text: many

text: characters

text: depending

text: on

text: meaning

text: A

text: single

text: character

text: may

text: also

text: have

text: a

text: range

text: of

text: meanings

text: or

text: sometimes

text: quite

text: distinct

text: meanings

text: occasionally

text: these

text: correspond

text: to

text: different

text: pronunciations

text: Cognates

text: in

text: the

text: several

text: varieties

text: of

text: Chinese

text: are

text: generally

text: written

text: with

text: the

text: same

text: character

text: They

text: typically

text: have

text: similar

text: meanings

text: but

text: often

text: quite

text: different

text: pronunciations

text: In

text: other

text: languages

text: most

text: significantly

text: today

text: in

text: Japanese

text: and

text: sometimes

text: in

text: Korean

text: characters

text: are

text: used

text: to

text: represent

text: Chinese

text: loanwords

text: to

text: represent

text: native

text: words

text: independent

text: of

text: the

text: Chinese

text: pronunciation

text: and

text: as

text: purely

text: phonetic

text: elements

text: based

text: on

text: their

text: pronunciation

text: in

text: the

text: historical

text: variety

text: of

text: Chinese

text: from

text: which

text: they

text: were

text: acquired

text: These

text: foreign

text: adaptations

text: of

text: Chinese

text: pronunciation

text: are

text: known

text: as

text: Sino

text: Xenic

text: pronunciations

text: and

text: have

text: been

text: useful

text: in

text: the

text: reconstruction

text: of

text: Middle

text: Chinese

question: What has many homophones?

answer: Modern Chinese

text: Modern Chinese

question: What may have a wide range of meanings?

answer: single character

text: single character

question: What have been beneficial in the reconstruction of Middle Chinese?

answer: Sino-Xenic pronunciations

text: Sino-Xenic pronunciations


text: For over 40 years, the FBI crime lab in Quantico believed lead in bullets had unique chemical signatures. It analyzed the bullets with the goal of matching them chemically, not only to a single batch of ammunition coming out of a factory, but also to a single box of bullets. The National Academy of Sciences conducted an 18-month independent review of comparative bullet-lead analysis. In 2003, its National Research Council published a report whose conclusions called into question 30 years of FBI testimony. It found the analytic model used by the FBI for interpreting results was deeply flawed, and the conclusion, that bullet fragments could be matched to a box of ammunition, was so overstated that it was misleading under the rules of evidence. One year later, the FBI decided to stop doing bullet lead analysis.

title: Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation

title: Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation

text: For

text: over

text: years

text: the

text: FBI

text: crime

text: lab

text: in

text: Quantico

text: believed

text: lead

text: in

text: bullets

text: had

text: unique

text: chemical

text: signatures

text: It

text: analyzed

text: the

text: bullets

text: with

text: the

text: goal

text: of

text: matching

text: them

text: chemically

text: not

text: only

text: to

text: a

text: single

text: batch

text: of

text: ammunition

text: coming

text: out

text: of

text: a

text: factory

text: but

text: also

text: to

text: a

text: single

text: box

text: of

text: bullets

text: The

text: National

text: Academy

text: of

text: Sciences

text: conducted

text: an

text: independent

text: review

text: of

text: comparative

text: bullet

text: lead

text: analysis

text: In

text: its

text: National

text: Research

text: Council

text: published

text: a

text: report

text: whose

text: conclusions

text: called

text: into

text: question

text: years

text: of

text: FBI

text: testimony

text: It

text: found

text: the

text: analytic

text: model

text: used

text: by

text: the

text: FBI

text: for

text: interpreting

text: results

text: was

text: deeply

text: flawed

text: and

text: the

text: conclusion

text: that

text: bullet

text: fragments

text: could

text: be

text: matched

text: to

text: a

text: box

text: of

text: ammunition

text: was

text: so

text: overstated

text: that

text: it

text: was

text: misleading

text: under

text: the

text: rules

text: of

text: evidence

text: One

text: year

text: later

text: the

text: FBI

text: decided

text: to

text: stop

text: doing

text: bullet

text: lead

text: analysis

question: What precision did the FBI believe they could reach with chemical signatures?

answer: single box of bullets

text: single box of bullets

question: How long was the National Academy of Sciences independent review?

answer: 18-month

question: What did the National Academy of Sciences independent review discover about the FBIs analytical model?

answer: deeply flawed

text: deeply flawed

question: Why did the FBI stop doing bullet lead analysis?

answer: National Research Council

text: National Research Council


text: There are several other important art museums in Montevideo. The National Museum of Visual Arts in Parque Rodó has Uruguay's largest collection of paintings. The Juan Manuel Blanes Museum was founded in 1930, the 100th anniversary of the first Constitution of Uruguay, significant with regard to the fact that Juan Manuel Blanes painted Uruguayan patriotic themes. In back of the museum is a beautiful Japanese Garden with a pond where there are over a hundred carp. The Museo de Historia del Arte, located in the Palacio Municipal, features replicas of ancient monuments and exhibits a varied collection of artifacts from Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia, Greece, Rome and Native American cultures including local finds of the pre-Columbian period. The Museo Municipal Precolombino y Colonial, in the Ciudad Vieja, has preserved collections of the archaeological finds from excavations carried out by Uruguayan archaeologist Antonio Taddei. These antiquaries are exhibits of pre-Columbian art of Latin America, painting and sculpture from the 17th and 18th century mostly from Mexico, Peru and Brazil. The Museo de Arte Contempo has small but impressive exhibits of modern Uruguayan painting and sculpture.

title: Montevideo

title: Montevideo

text: There

text: are

text: several

text: other

text: important

text: art

text: museums

text: in

text: Montevideo

text: The

text: National

text: Museum

text: of

text: Visual

text: Arts

text: in

text: Parque

text: Rodó

text: has

text: Uruguay

text: 's

text: largest

text: collection

text: of

text: paintings

text: The

text: Juan

text: Manuel

text: Blanes

text: Museum

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: the

text: anniversary

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: Constitution

text: of

text: Uruguay

text: significant

text: with

text: regard

text: to

text: the

text: fact

text: that

text: Juan

text: Manuel

text: Blanes

text: painted

text: Uruguayan

text: patriotic

text: themes

text: In

text: back

text: of

text: the

text: museum

text: is

text: a

text: beautiful

text: Japanese

text: Garden

text: with

text: a

text: pond

text: where

text: there

text: are

text: over

text: a

text: hundred

text: carp

text: The

text: Museo

text: de

text: Historia

text: del

text: Arte

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: Palacio

text: Municipal

text: features

text: replicas

text: of

text: ancient

text: monuments

text: and

text: exhibits

text: a

text: varied

text: collection

text: of

text: artifacts

text: from

text: Egypt

text: Mesopotamia

text: Persia

text: Greece

text: Rome

text: and

text: Native

text: American

text: cultures

text: including

text: local

text: finds

text: of

text: the

text: pre

text: Columbian

text: period

text: The

text: Museo

text: Municipal

text: Precolombino

text: y

text: Colonial

text: in

text: the

text: Ciudad

text: Vieja

text: has

text: preserved

text: collections

text: of

text: the

text: archaeological

text: finds

text: from

text: excavations

text: carried

text: out

text: by

text: Uruguayan

text: archaeologist

text: Antonio

text: Taddei

text: These

text: antiquaries

text: are

text: exhibits

text: of

text: pre

text: Columbian

text: art

text: of

text: Latin

text: America

text: painting

text: and

text: sculpture

text: from

text: the

text: and

text: century

text: mostly

text: from

text: Mexico

text: Peru

text: and

text: Brazil

text: The

text: Museo

text: de

text: Arte

text: Contempo

text: has

text: small

text: but

text: impressive

text: exhibits

text: of

text: modern

text: Uruguayan

text: painting

text: and

text: sculpture

question: Where is the National Museum of Visual Arts located?

answer: Parque Rodó

text: Parque Rodó

question: What does the National Museum of Visual Arts have the largest collection of in Uruguay?

answer: paintings

text: paintings

question: When was the Juan Manuel Blanes Museum founded?

answer: 1930

question: Who painted Uruguayan patriotic themes?

answer: Juan Manuel Blanes

text: Juan Manuel Blanes

question: Where is the Museo de Historia del Arte located?

answer: the Palacio Municipal

text: the Palacio Municipal


text: Southampton is home to Southampton Football Club—nicknamed "The Saints"—who play in the Premier League at St Mary's Stadium, having relocated in 2001 from their 103-year-old former stadium, "The Dell". They reached the top flight of English football (First Division) for the first time in 1966, staying there for eight years. They lifted the FA Cup with a shock victory over Manchester United in 1976, returned to the top flight two years later, and stayed there for 27 years (becoming founder members of the Premier League in 1992) before they were relegated in 2005. The club was promoted back to the Premier League in 2012 following a brief spell in the third-tier and severe financial difficulties. In 2015, "The Saints" finished 7th in the Premier League, their highest league finish in 30 years, after a remarkable season under new manager Ronald Koeman. Their highest league position came in 1984 when they were runners-up in the old First Division. They were also runners-up in the 1979 Football League Cup final and 2003 FA Cup final. Notable former managers include Ted Bates, Lawrie McMenemy, Chris Nicholl, Ian Branfoot and Gordon Strachan. There is a strong rivalry between Portsmouth F.C. ("South Coast derby") which is located only about 30 km (19 mi) away.

title: Southampton

title: Southampton

text: Southampton

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: Southampton

text: Football

text: Club

text: nicknamed

text: The

text: Saints

text: who

text: play

text: in

text: the

text: Premier

text: League

text: at

text: St

text: Mary

text: 's

text: Stadium

text: having

text: relocated

text: in

text: from

text: their

text: old

text: former

text: stadium

text: The

text: Dell

text: They

text: reached

text: the

text: top

text: flight

text: of

text: English

text: football

text: First

text: Division

text: for

text: the

text: first

text: time

text: in

text: staying

text: there

text: for

text: eight

text: years

text: They

text: lifted

text: the

text: FA

text: Cup

text: with

text: a

text: shock

text: victory

text: over

text: Manchester

text: United

text: in

text: returned

text: to

text: the

text: top

text: flight

text: two

text: years

text: later

text: and

text: stayed

text: there

text: for

text: years

text: becoming

text: founder

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: Premier

text: League

text: in

text: before

text: they

text: were

text: relegated

text: in

text: The

text: club

text: was

text: promoted

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: Premier

text: League

text: in

text: following

text: a

text: brief

text: spell

text: in

text: the

text: third

text: tier

text: and

text: severe

text: financial

text: difficulties

text: In

text: The

text: Saints

text: finished

text: in

text: the

text: Premier

text: League

text: their

text: highest

text: league

text: finish

text: in

text: years

text: after

text: a

text: remarkable

text: season

text: under

text: new

text: manager

text: Ronald

text: Koeman

text: Their

text: highest

text: league

text: position

text: came

text: in

text: when

text: they

text: were

text: runners

text: up

text: in

text: the

text: old

text: First

text: Division

text: They

text: were

text: also

text: runners

text: up

text: in

text: the

text: Football

text: League

text: Cup

text: final

text: and

text: FA

text: Cup

text: final

text: Notable

text: former

text: managers

text: include

text: Ted

text: Bates

text: Lawrie

text: McMenemy

text: Chris

text: Nicholl

text: Ian

text: Branfoot

text: and

text: Gordon

text: Strachan

text: There

text: is

text: a

text: strong

text: rivalry

text: between

text: Portsmouth

text: F.C.

text: South

text: Coast

text: derby

text: which

text: is

text: located

text: only

text: about

text: km

text: mi

text: away

question: What's the nickname of the Southampton Football Club?

answer: The Saints

text: The Saints

question: What stadium has been home to The Saints since 2001?

answer: St Mary's Stadium

text: St Mary's Stadium

question: What year did Southampton Football Club first reach the top level of English football?

answer: 1966

question: Who did The Saints beat in 1976 to win the FA Cup?

answer: Manchester United

text: Manchester United

question: What league did Southampton Football Club become founding members of in 1992?

answer: the Premier League

text: the Premier League


text: Almost two thousand years after Plato, René Descartes also proposed a geometrically based alternative theory of atomism, without the problematic nothing–everything dichotomy of void and atom. Although Descartes agreed with the contemporary position, that a vacuum does not occur in nature, the success of his namesake coordinate system and more implicitly, the spatial–corporeal component of his metaphysics would come to define the philosophically modern notion of empty space as a quantified extension of volume. By the ancient definition however, directional information and magnitude were conceptually distinct. With the acquiescence of Cartesian mechanical philosophy to the "brute fact" of action at a distance, and at length, its successful reification by force fields and ever more sophisticated geometric structure, the anachronism of empty space widened until "a seething ferment" of quantum activity in the 20th century filled the vacuum with a virtual pleroma.

title: Vacuum

title: Vacuum

text: Almost

text: two

text: thousand

text: years

text: after

text: Plato

text: René

text: Descartes

text: also

text: proposed

text: a

text: geometrically

text: based

text: alternative

text: theory

text: of

text: atomism

text: without

text: the

text: problematic

text: nothing

text: everything

text: dichotomy

text: of

text: void

text: and

text: atom

text: Although

text: Descartes

text: agreed

text: with

text: the

text: contemporary

text: position

text: that

text: a

text: vacuum

text: does

text: not

text: occur

text: in

text: nature

text: the

text: success

text: of

text: his

text: namesake

text: coordinate

text: system

text: and

text: more

text: implicitly

text: the

text: spatial

text: corporeal

text: component

text: of

text: his

text: metaphysics

text: would

text: come

text: to

text: define

text: the

text: philosophically

text: modern

text: notion

text: of

text: empty

text: space

text: as

text: a

text: quantified

text: extension

text: of

text: volume

text: By

text: the

text: ancient

text: definition

text: however

text: directional

text: information

text: and

text: magnitude

text: were

text: conceptually

text: distinct

text: With

text: the

text: acquiescence

text: of

text: Cartesian

text: mechanical

text: philosophy

text: to

text: the

text: brute

text: fact

text: of

text: action

text: at

text: a

text: distance

text: and

text: at

text: length

text: its

text: successful

text: reification

text: by

text: force

text: fields

text: and

text: ever

text: more

text: sophisticated

text: geometric

text: structure

text: the

text: anachronism

text: of

text: empty

text: space

text: widened

text: until

text: a

text: seething

text: ferment

text: of

text: quantum

text: activity

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: filled

text: the

text: vacuum

text: with

text: a

text: virtual

text: pleroma

question: What did Descartes believe about vacuums in nature?

answer: that a vacuum does not occur in nature

text: that a vacuum does not occur in nature

question: Whose work with metaphysics would come to define the notion of empty space?

answer: Descartes

text: Descartes

question: What philosophy combined with Descartes to push quantum activity in the 20th century?

answer: Cartesian mechanical philosophy

text: Cartesian mechanical philosophy


text: By 17 May, the main Austrian army under Charles had arrived on the Marchfeld. Charles kept the bulk of his troops several miles away from the river bank in hopes of concentrating them at the point where Napoleon decided to cross. On 21 May, the French made their first major effort to cross the Danube, precipitating the Battle of Aspern-Essling. The Austrians enjoyed a comfortable numerical superiority over the French throughout the battle; on the first day, Charles disposed of 110,000 soldiers against only 31,000 commanded by Napoleon. By the second day, reinforcements had boosted French numbers up to 70,000. The battle was characterized by a vicious back-and-forth struggle for the two villages of Aspern and Essling, the focal points of the French bridgehead. By the end of the fighting, the French had lost Aspern but still controlled Essling. A sustained Austrian artillery bombardment eventually convinced Napoleon to withdraw his forces back onto Lobau Island. Both sides inflicted about 23,000 casualties on each other. It was the first defeat Napoleon suffered in a major set-piece battle, and it caused excitement throughout many parts of Europe because it proved that he could be beaten on the battlefield.

title: Napoleon

title: Napoleon

text: By

text: May

text: the

text: main

text: Austrian

text: army

text: under

text: Charles

text: had

text: arrived

text: on

text: the

text: Marchfeld

text: Charles

text: kept

text: the

text: bulk

text: of

text: his

text: troops

text: several

text: miles

text: away

text: from

text: the

text: river

text: bank

text: in

text: hopes

text: of

text: concentrating

text: them

text: at

text: the

text: point

text: where

text: Napoleon

text: decided

text: to

text: cross

text: On

text: May

text: the

text: French

text: made

text: their

text: first

text: major

text: effort

text: to

text: cross

text: the

text: Danube

text: precipitating

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Aspern

text: Essling

text: The

text: Austrians

text: enjoyed

text: a

text: comfortable

text: numerical

text: superiority

text: over

text: the

text: French

text: throughout

text: the

text: battle

text: on

text: the

text: first

text: day

text: Charles

text: disposed

text: of

text: soldiers

text: against

text: only

text: commanded

text: by

text: Napoleon

text: By

text: the

text: second

text: day

text: reinforcements

text: had

text: boosted

text: French

text: numbers

text: up

text: to

text: The

text: battle

text: was

text: characterized

text: by

text: a

text: vicious

text: back

text: and

text: forth

text: struggle

text: for

text: the

text: two

text: villages

text: of

text: Aspern

text: and

text: Essling

text: the

text: focal

text: points

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: bridgehead

text: By

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: fighting

text: the

text: French

text: had

text: lost

text: Aspern

text: but

text: still

text: controlled

text: Essling

text: A

text: sustained

text: Austrian

text: artillery

text: bombardment

text: eventually

text: convinced

text: Napoleon

text: to

text: withdraw

text: his

text: forces

text: back

text: onto

text: Lobau

text: Island

text: Both

text: sides

text: inflicted

text: about

text: casualties

text: on

text: each

text: other

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: defeat

text: Napoleon

text: suffered

text: in

text: a

text: major

text: set

text: piece

text: battle

text: and

text: it

text: caused

text: excitement

text: throughout

text: many

text: parts

text: of

text: Europe

text: because

text: it

text: proved

text: that

text: he

text: could

text: be

text: beaten

text: on

text: the

text: battlefield

question: On what date did the main Austrian army arrive at the Marchfield?

answer: 17 May

text: 17 May

question: Who led the main Austrian army?

answer: Charles

text: Charles

question: On what date did French forces make their first significant attempt to cross the Danube?

answer: 21 May

text: 21 May

question: How many soldiers did Charles initially lead against the French at the Battle of Aspern-Essling?

answer: 110,000

question: Around how many casualties did the French experience at the Battle of Aspern-Essling?

answer: 23,000


text: Some rock formations in the path of a glacier are sculpted into small hills called roche moutonnée, or "sheepback" rock. Roche moutonnée are elongated, rounded, and asymmetrical bedrock knobs that can be produced by glacier erosion. They range in length from less than a meter to several hundred meters long. Roche moutonnée have a gentle slope on their up-glacier sides and a steep to vertical face on their down-glacier sides. The glacier abrades the smooth slope on the upstream side as it flows along, but tears loose and carries away rock from the downstream side via plucking.

title: Glacier

title: Glacier

text: Some

text: rock

text: formations

text: in

text: the

text: path

text: of

text: a

text: glacier

text: are

text: sculpted

text: into

text: small

text: hills

text: called

text: roche

text: moutonnée

text: or

text: sheepback

text: rock

text: Roche

text: moutonnée

text: are

text: elongated

text: rounded

text: and

text: asymmetrical

text: bedrock

text: knobs

text: that

text: can

text: be

text: produced

text: by

text: glacier

text: erosion

text: They

text: range

text: in

text: length

text: from

text: less

text: than

text: a

text: meter

text: to

text: several

text: hundred

text: meters

text: long

text: Roche

text: moutonnée

text: have

text: a

text: gentle

text: slope

text: on

text: their

text: up

text: glacier

text: sides

text: and

text: a

text: steep

text: to

text: vertical

text: face

text: on

text: their

text: down

text: glacier

text: sides

text: The

text: glacier

text: abrades

text: the

text: smooth

text: slope

text: on

text: the

text: upstream

text: side

text: as

text: it

text: flows

text: along

text: but

text: tears

text: loose

text: and

text: carries

text: away

text: rock

text: from

text: the

text: downstream

text: side

text: via

text: plucking

question: What is another name for roche moutonnee?

answer: "sheepback" rock

text: "sheepback" rock

question: What are roche moutonnee?

answer: elongated, rounded, and asymmetrical bedrock knobs that can be produced by glacier erosion

text: elongated, rounded, and asymmetrical bedrock knobs that can be produced by glacier erosion

question: How large are roche moutonnee?

answer: less than a meter to several hundred meters long

text: less than a meter to several hundred meters long

question: What shape do roche moutonnee have on their "up" side?

answer: gentle slope

text: gentle slope

question: What shape do roche moutonnee have on their "down" side?

answer: steep to vertical face

text: steep to vertical face


text: While the republican government was amenable to war reparations or ceding colonial territories in Africa or in South East Asia to Prussia, Favre on behalf of the Government of National Defense, declared on 6 September that France would not "yield an inch of its territory nor a stone of its fortresses." The republic then renewed the declaration of war, called for recruits in all parts of the country and pledged to drive the German troops out of France by a guerre à outrance. Under these circumstances, the Germans had to continue the war, yet could not pin down any proper military opposition in their vicinity. As the bulk of the remaining French armies were digging-in near Paris, the German leaders decided to put pressure upon the enemy by attacking Paris. By September 15, German troops reached the outskirts of the fortified city. On September 19, the Germans surrounded it and erected a blockade, as already established at Metz.

title: Franco-Prussian_War

title: Franco

title: Prussian_War

text: While

text: the

text: republican

text: government

text: was

text: amenable

text: to

text: war

text: reparations

text: or

text: ceding

text: colonial

text: territories

text: in

text: Africa

text: or

text: in

text: South

text: East

text: Asia

text: to

text: Prussia

text: Favre

text: on

text: behalf

text: of

text: the

text: Government

text: of

text: National

text: Defense

text: declared

text: on

text: September

text: that

text: France

text: would

text: not

text: yield

text: an

text: inch

text: of

text: its

text: territory

text: nor

text: a

text: stone

text: of

text: its

text: fortresses

text: The

text: republic

text: then

text: renewed

text: the

text: declaration

text: of

text: war

text: called

text: for

text: recruits

text: in

text: all

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: and

text: pledged

text: to

text: drive

text: the

text: German

text: troops

text: out

text: of

text: France

text: by

text: a

text: guerre

text: à

text: outrance

text: Under

text: these

text: circumstances

text: the

text: Germans

text: had

text: to

text: continue

text: the

text: war

text: yet

text: could

text: not

text: pin

text: down

text: any

text: proper

text: military

text: opposition

text: in

text: their

text: vicinity

text: As

text: the

text: bulk

text: of

text: the

text: remaining

text: French

text: armies

text: were

text: digging

text: in

text: near

text: Paris

text: the

text: German

text: leaders

text: decided

text: to

text: put

text: pressure

text: upon

text: the

text: enemy

text: by

text: attacking

text: Paris

text: By

text: September

text: German

text: troops

text: reached

text: the

text: outskirts

text: of

text: the

text: fortified

text: city

text: On

text: September

text: the

text: Germans

text: surrounded

text: it

text: and

text: erected

text: a

text: blockade

text: as

text: already

text: established

text: at

text: Metz

question: What was the republican government amenable to?

answer: war reparations

text: war reparations

question: Who declared that France would not yield "an inch of its territory?"

answer: Favre

text: Favre

question: Who was Favre speaking on behalf of?

answer: Government of National Defense

text: Government of National Defense

question: When did Favre make the declaration concerning colonial territories?

answer: 6 September

text: 6 September

question: What did this cause the Republic to renew?

answer: declaration of war

text: declaration of war


text: The Historic center of Mexico City (Centro Histórico) and the "floating gardens" of Xochimilco in the southern borough have been declared World Heritage Sites by UNESCO. Famous landmarks in the Historic Center include the Plaza de la Constitución (Zócalo), the main central square with its epoch-contrasting Spanish-era Metropolitan Cathedral and National Palace, ancient Aztec temple ruins Templo Mayor ("Major Temple") and modern structures, all within a few steps of one another. (The Templo Mayor was discovered in 1978 while workers were digging to place underground electric cables).

title: Mexico_City

title: Mexico_City

text: The

text: Historic

text: center

text: of

text: Mexico

text: City

text: Centro

text: Histórico

text: and

text: the

text: floating

text: gardens

text: of

text: Xochimilco

text: in

text: the

text: southern

text: borough

text: have

text: been

text: declared

text: World

text: Heritage

text: Sites

text: by

text: UNESCO

text: Famous

text: landmarks

text: in

text: the

text: Historic

text: Center

text: include

text: the

text: Plaza

text: de

text: la

text: Constitución

text: Zócalo

text: the

text: main

text: central

text: square

text: with

text: its

text: epoch

text: contrasting

text: Spanish

text: era

text: Metropolitan

text: Cathedral

text: and

text: National

text: Palace

text: ancient

text: Aztec

text: temple

text: ruins

text: Templo

text: Mayor

text: Major

text: Temple

text: and

text: modern

text: structures

text: all

text: within

text: a

text: few

text: steps

text: of

text: one

text: another

text: The

text: Templo

text: Mayor

text: was

text: discovered

text: in

text: while

text: workers

text: were

text: digging

text: to

text: place

text: underground

text: electric

text: cables

question: Who designated the floating gardens as a World Heritage site?

answer: UNESCO

text: UNESCO

question: The Historic Center and the floating gardens are both examples of what?

answer: World Heritage Sites

text: World Heritage Sites

question: When was the Templo Mayor found?

answer: 1978

question: How was Templo Mayor discovered?

answer: workers were digging to place underground electric cables

text: workers were digging to place underground electric cables


text: Obesity can unfavourably alter hormonal and metabolic status via resistance to the hormone leptin, and a vicious cycle may occur in which insulin/leptin resistance and obesity aggravate one another. The vicious cycle is putatively fuelled by continuously high insulin/leptin stimulation and fat storage, as a result of high intake of strongly insulin/leptin stimulating foods and energy. Both insulin and leptin normally function as satiety signals to the hypothalamus in the brain; however, insulin/leptin resistance may reduce this signal and therefore allow continued overfeeding despite large body fat stores. In addition, reduced leptin signalling to the brain may reduce leptin's normal effect to maintain an appropriately high metabolic rate.

title: Nutrition

title: Nutrition

text: Obesity

text: can

text: unfavourably

text: alter

text: hormonal

text: and

text: metabolic

text: status

text: via

text: resistance

text: to

text: the

text: hormone

text: leptin

text: and

text: a

text: vicious

text: cycle

text: may

text: occur

text: in

text: which

text: insulin

text: leptin

text: resistance

text: and

text: obesity

text: aggravate

text: one

text: another

text: The

text: vicious

text: cycle

text: is

text: putatively

text: fuelled

text: by

text: continuously

text: high

text: insulin

text: leptin

text: stimulation

text: and

text: fat

text: storage

text: as

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: high

text: intake

text: of

text: strongly

text: insulin

text: leptin

text: stimulating

text: foods

text: and

text: energy

text: Both

text: insulin

text: and

text: leptin

text: normally

text: function

text: as

text: satiety

text: signals

text: to

text: the

text: hypothalamus

text: in

text: the

text: brain

text: however

text: insulin

text: leptin

text: resistance

text: may

text: reduce

text: this

text: signal

text: and

text: therefore

text: allow

text: continued

text: overfeeding

text: despite

text: large

text: body

text: fat

text: stores

text: In

text: addition

text: reduced

text: leptin

text: signalling

text: to

text: the

text: brain

text: may

text: reduce

text: leptin

text: 's

text: normal

text: effect

text: to

text: maintain

text: an

text: appropriately

text: high

text: metabolic

text: rate

question: Obesity can cause resistance to which hormone?

answer: leptin

text: leptin

question: In the so called vicious cycle, what aggravates obesity to continue the cycle?

answer: insulin/leptin resistance

text: insulin/leptin resistance

question: A characteristic of the cycle other than fat storage is a continuously high stimulation of what?

answer: insulin/leptin

text: insulin/leptin

question: What function do insulin and leptin normally provide in the body?

answer: satiety signals to the hypothalamus

text: satiety signals to the hypothalamus

question: What effect does insulin/leptin resistance have on the function of insulin/leptin?

answer: reduce this signal

text: reduce this signal


text: A more sophisticated MP3 encoder can produce variable bitrate audio. MPEG audio may use bitrate switching on a per-frame basis, but only layer III decoders must support it. VBR is used when the goal is to achieve a fixed level of quality. The final file size of a VBR encoding is less predictable than with constant bitrate. Average bitrate is VBR implemented as a compromise between the two: the bitrate is allowed to vary for more consistent quality, but is controlled to remain near an average value chosen by the user, for predictable file sizes. Although an MP3 decoder must support VBR to be standards compliant, historically some decoders have bugs with VBR decoding, particularly before VBR encoders became widespread.

title: MP3

title: MP3

text: A

text: more

text: sophisticated

text: encoder

text: can

text: produce

text: variable

text: bitrate

text: audio

text: MPEG

text: audio

text: may

text: use

text: bitrate

text: switching

text: on

text: a

text: per

text: frame

text: basis

text: but

text: only

text: layer

text: III

text: decoders

text: must

text: support

text: it

text: VBR

text: is

text: used

text: when

text: the

text: goal

text: is

text: to

text: achieve

text: a

text: fixed

text: level

text: of

text: quality

text: The

text: final

text: file

text: size

text: of

text: a

text: VBR

text: encoding

text: is

text: less

text: predictable

text: than

text: with

text: constant

text: bitrate

text: Average

text: bitrate

text: is

text: VBR

text: implemented

text: as

text: a

text: compromise

text: between

text: the

text: two

text: the

text: bitrate

text: is

text: allowed

text: to

text: vary

text: for

text: more

text: consistent

text: quality

text: but

text: is

text: controlled

text: to

text: remain

text: near

text: an

text: average

text: value

text: chosen

text: by

text: the

text: user

text: for

text: predictable

text: file

text: sizes

text: Although

text: an

text: decoder

text: must

text: support

text: VBR

text: to

text: be

text: standards

text: compliant

text: historically

text: some

text: decoders

text: have

text: bugs

text: with

text: VBR

text: decoding

text: particularly

text: before

text: VBR

text: encoders

text: became

text: widespread

question: What kind of audio can a sophisticated MP3 encoder produce?

answer: variable bitrate audio

text: variable bitrate audio

question: Which type of decoder must support bitrate switching on a per-frame basis?

answer: layer III

text: layer III

question: What do encoders use when the goal is to achieve a fixed level of quality?

answer: VBR

text: VBR

question: Using VBR instead of a constant bit rate encoding makes which part of encoding less predictable?

answer: final file size

text: final file size

question: An average bit rate is used when who choses an average value for the encoder to use?

answer: the user

text: the user


text: Despite the rampant romanticism of the 20th century, samurai could be disloyal and treacherous (e.g., Akechi Mitsuhide), cowardly, brave, or overly loyal (e.g., Kusunoki Masashige). Samurai were usually loyal to their immediate superiors, who in turn allied themselves with higher lords. These loyalties to the higher lords often shifted; for example, the high lords allied under Toyotomi Hideyoshi (豊臣秀吉) were served by loyal samurai, but the feudal lords under them could shift their support to Tokugawa, taking their samurai with them. There were, however, also notable instances where samurai would be disloyal to their lord or daimyo, when loyalty to the Emperor was seen to have supremacy.

title: Samurai

title: Samurai

text: Despite

text: the

text: rampant

text: romanticism

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: samurai

text: could

text: be

text: disloyal

text: and

text: treacherous

text: e.g.

text: Akechi

text: Mitsuhide

text: cowardly

text: brave

text: or

text: overly

text: loyal

text: e.g.

text: Kusunoki

text: Masashige

text: Samurai

text: were

text: usually

text: loyal

text: to

text: their

text: immediate

text: superiors

text: who

text: in

text: turn

text: allied

text: themselves

text: with

text: higher

text: lords

text: These

text: loyalties

text: to

text: the

text: higher

text: lords

text: often

text: shifted

text: for

text: example

text: the

text: high

text: lords

text: allied

text: under

text: Toyotomi

text: Hideyoshi

text: 豊臣秀吉

text: were

text: served

text: by

text: loyal

text: samurai

text: but

text: the

text: feudal

text: lords

text: under

text: them

text: could

text: shift

text: their

text: support

text: to

text: Tokugawa

text: taking

text: their

text: samurai

text: with

text: them

text: There

text: were

text: however

text: also

text: notable

text: instances

text: where

text: samurai

text: would

text: be

text: disloyal

text: to

text: their

text: lord

text: or

text: daimyo

text: when

text: loyalty

text: to

text: the

text: Emperor

text: was

text: seen

text: to

text: have

text: supremacy

question: Who was an example of a disloyal samurai?

answer: Akechi Mitsuhide

text: Akechi Mitsuhide

question: Who was an example of an excessively loyal samurai?

answer: Kusunoki Masashige)

text: Kusunoki Masashige)

question: Some feudal lords shifted loyalties from Toyotomi to whom?

answer: Tokugawa

text: Tokugawa

question: What sometimes overrode samurais' loyalty to the daimyo?

answer: loyalty to the Emperor was seen to have supremacy

text: loyalty to the Emperor was seen to have supremacy


text: The PlayStation 3 Slim received extremely positive reviews as well as a boost in sales; less than 24 hours after its announcement, PS3 Slim took the number-one bestseller spot on Amazon.com in the video games section for fifteen consecutive days. It regained the number-one position again one day later. PS3 Slim also received praise from PC World giving it a 90 out of 100 praising its new repackaging and the new value it brings at a lower price as well as praising its quietness and the reduction in its power consumption. This is in stark contrast to the original PS3's launch in which it was given position number-eight on their "The Top 21 Tech Screwups of 2006" list.

title: PlayStation_3

title: PlayStation_3

text: The

text: PlayStation

text: Slim

text: received

text: extremely

text: positive

text: reviews

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: a

text: boost

text: in

text: sales

text: less

text: than

text: hours

text: after

text: its

text: announcement

text: Slim

text: took

text: the

text: number

text: one

text: bestseller

text: spot

text: on

text: Amazon.com

text: in

text: the

text: video

text: games

text: section

text: for

text: fifteen

text: consecutive

text: days

text: It

text: regained

text: the

text: number

text: one

text: position

text: again

text: one

text: day

text: later

text: Slim

text: also

text: received

text: praise

text: from

text: PC

text: World

text: giving

text: it

text: a

text: out

text: of

text: praising

text: its

text: new

text: repackaging

text: and

text: the

text: new

text: value

text: it

text: brings

text: at

text: a

text: lower

text: price

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: praising

text: its

text: quietness

text: and

text: the

text: reduction

text: in

text: its

text: power

text: consumption

text: This

text: is

text: in

text: stark

text: contrast

text: to

text: the

text: original

text: 's

text: launch

text: in

text: which

text: it

text: was

text: given

text: position

text: number

text: eight

text: on

text: their

text: The

text: Top

text: Tech

text: Screwups

text: of

text: list

question: With a day of its release, on what website did the PS3 Slim become the number-one bestseller?

answer: Amazon.com

text: Amazon.com

question: For how many consecutive days did the PS3 Slim hold the number-one spot on Amazon.com?

answer: fifteen

text: fifteen

question: What score did the PS3 Slim earn from PC World?

answer: 90 out of 100

text: 90 out of 100

question: PC World's rave review of the PS3 Slim was a complete turnaround from their thoughts on what older model console?

answer: PS3

question: Along with the PS Slim's value, quietness, and lower power usage, what superficial quality did PC World praise?

answer: repackaging

text: repackaging


text: From 1966, Witness publications and convention talks built anticipation of the possibility that Christ's thousand-year reign might begin in late 1975 or shortly thereafter. The number of baptisms increased significantly, from about 59,000 in 1966 to more than 297,000 in 1974. By 1975, the number of active members exceeded two million. Membership declined during the late 1970s after expectations for 1975 were proved wrong. Watch Tower Society literature did not state dogmatically that 1975 would definitely mark the end, but in 1980 the Watch Tower Society admitted its responsibility in building up hope regarding that year.

title: Jehovah%27s_Witnesses

title: Jehovah%27s_Witnesses

text: From

text: Witness

text: publications

text: and

text: convention

text: talks

text: built

text: anticipation

text: of

text: the

text: possibility

text: that

text: Christ

text: 's

text: thousand

text: year

text: reign

text: might

text: begin

text: in

text: late

text: or

text: shortly

text: thereafter

text: The

text: number

text: of

text: baptisms

text: increased

text: significantly

text: from

text: about

text: in

text: to

text: more

text: than

text: in

text: By

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: active

text: members

text: exceeded

text: two

text: million

text: Membership

text: declined

text: during

text: the

text: late

text: after

text: expectations

text: for

text: were

text: proved

text: wrong

text: Watch

text: Tower

text: Society

text: literature

text: did

text: not

text: state

text: dogmatically

text: that

text: would

text: definitely

text: mark

text: the

text: end

text: but

text: in

text: the

text: Watch

text: Tower

text: Society

text: admitted

text: its

text: responsibility

text: in

text: building

text: up

text: hope

text: regarding

text: that

text: year

question: From 1966, what did Witness publications and conventions think would happen in late 1975?

answer: Christ's thousand-year reign

text: Christ's thousand-year reign

question: How many baptisms were there in 1974?

answer: more than 297,000

text: more than 297,000

question: How many active members were there in 1975?

answer: two million

text: two million

question: Why did membership decline in the late 1970s?

answer: after expectations for 1975 were proved wrong

text: after expectations for 1975 were proved wrong

question: What did the Watch Tower Society admit in 1980?

answer: its responsibility in building up hope

text: its responsibility in building up hope


text: Cultural and career issues in the U.S. Air Force have been cited as one of the reasons for the shortfall in needed UAV operators. In spite of an urgent need for UAVs or drones to provide round the clock coverage for American troops during the Iraq War, the USAF did not establish a new career field for piloting them until the last year of that war and in 2014 changed its RPA training syllabus again, in the face of large aircraft losses in training, and in response to a GAO report critical of handling of drone programs. Paul Scharre has reported that the cultural divide between the USAF and US Army has kept both services from adopting each other's drone handing innovations.

title: United_States_Air_Force

title: United_States_Air_Force

text: Cultural

text: and

text: career

text: issues

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Air

text: Force

text: have

text: been

text: cited

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: reasons

text: for

text: the

text: shortfall

text: in

text: needed

text: UAV

text: operators

text: In

text: spite

text: of

text: an

text: urgent

text: need

text: for

text: UAVs

text: or

text: drones

text: to

text: provide

text: round

text: the

text: clock

text: coverage

text: for

text: American

text: troops

text: during

text: the

text: Iraq

text: War

text: the

text: USAF

text: did

text: not

text: establish

text: a

text: new

text: career

text: field

text: for

text: piloting

text: them

text: until

text: the

text: last

text: year

text: of

text: that

text: war

text: and

text: in

text: changed

text: its

text: RPA

text: training

text: syllabus

text: again

text: in

text: the

text: face

text: of

text: large

text: aircraft

text: losses

text: in

text: training

text: and

text: in

text: response

text: to

text: a

text: GAO

text: report

text: critical

text: of

text: handling

text: of

text: drone

text: programs

text: Paul

text: Scharre

text: has

text: reported

text: that

text: the

text: cultural

text: divide

text: between

text: the

text: USAF

text: and

text: US

text: Army

text: has

text: kept

text: both

text: services

text: from

text: adopting

text: each

text: other

text: 's

text: drone

text: handing

text: innovations

question: What is the reason for the shortage of UAV operators in the US Air Force?

answer: Cultural and career issues

text: Cultural and career issues

question: During what war the the USAF establish a new career field for piloting UAVs and drones?

answer: Iraq War

text: Iraq War

question: Why did the USAF change its training methods on UAVs in 2014?

answer: large aircraft losses in training

text: large aircraft losses in training

question: What branch of the US Military does a cultural divide prevent the US Air Force from adopting their drone protocols?

answer: US Army

text: US Army


text: During the 1990s, several research papers and popular books wrote on what came to be called the "Mozart effect": an observed temporary, small elevation of scores on certain tests as a result of listening to Mozart's works. The approach has been popularized in a book by Don Campbell, and is based on an experiment published in Nature suggesting that listening to Mozart temporarily boosted students' IQ by 8 to 9 points. This popularized version of the theory was expressed succinctly by the New York Times music columnist Alex Ross: "researchers... have determined that listening to Mozart actually makes you smarter." Promoters marketed CDs claimed to induce the effect. Florida passed a law requiring toddlers in state-run schools to listen to classical music every day, and in 1998 the governor of Georgia budgeted $105,000 per year to provide every child born in Georgia with a tape or CD of classical music. One of the co-authors of the original studies of the Mozart effect commented "I don't think it can hurt. I'm all for exposing children to wonderful cultural experiences. But I do think the money could be better spent on music education programs."

title: Classical_music

title: Classical_music

text: During

text: the

text: several

text: research

text: papers

text: and

text: popular

text: books

text: wrote

text: on

text: what

text: came

text: to

text: be

text: called

text: the

text: Mozart

text: effect

text: an

text: observed

text: temporary

text: small

text: elevation

text: of

text: scores

text: on

text: certain

text: tests

text: as

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: listening

text: to

text: Mozart

text: 's

text: works

text: The

text: approach

text: has

text: been

text: popularized

text: in

text: a

text: book

text: by

text: Don

text: Campbell

text: and

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: an

text: experiment

text: published

text: in

text: Nature

text: suggesting

text: that

text: listening

text: to

text: Mozart

text: temporarily

text: boosted

text: students

text: IQ

text: by

text: to

text: points

text: This

text: popularized

text: version

text: of

text: the

text: theory

text: was

text: expressed

text: succinctly

text: by

text: the

text: New

text: York

text: Times

text: music

text: columnist

text: Alex

text: Ross

text: researchers

text: have

text: determined

text: that

text: listening

text: to

text: Mozart

text: actually

text: makes

text: you

text: smarter

text: Promoters

text: marketed

text: CDs

text: claimed

text: to

text: induce

text: the

text: effect

text: Florida

text: passed

text: a

text: law

text: requiring

text: toddlers

text: in

text: state

text: run

text: schools

text: to

text: listen

text: to

text: classical

text: music

text: every

text: day

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: governor

text: of

text: Georgia

text: budgeted

text: per

text: year

text: to

text: provide

text: every

text: child

text: born

text: in

text: Georgia

text: with

text: a

text: tape

text: or

text: CD

text: of

text: classical

text: music

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: co

text: authors

text: of

text: the

text: original

text: studies

text: of

text: the

text: Mozart

text: effect

text: commented

text: I

text: do

text: n't

text: think

text: it

text: can

text: hurt

text: I

text: 'm

text: all

text: for

text: exposing

text: children

text: to

text: wonderful

text: cultural

text: experiences

text: But

text: I

text: do

text: think

text: the

text: money

text: could

text: be

text: better

text: spent

text: on

text: music

text: education

text: programs

question: Which composer had an effect named after him?

answer: Mozart

text: Mozart

question: Who wrote a book on the Mozart effect?

answer: Don Campbell

text: Don Campbell

question: Where was the experiment originally published?

answer: Nature

text: Nature

question: How many IQ points of a students' does the Mozart effect temporarily boost?

answer: 8 to 9 points

text: 8 to 9 points

question: How much did the Governor of Georgia budget per year to provide every child with a CD of classical music?

answer: $105,000


text: From November 1940 – February 1941, the Luftwaffe shifted its strategy and attacked other industrial cities. In particular, the West Midlands were targeted. On the night of 13/14 November, 77 He 111s of Kampfgeschwader 26 (26th Bomber Wing, or KG 26) bombed London while 63 from KG 55 hit Birmingham. The next night, a large force hit Coventry. "Pathfinders" from 12 Kampfgruppe 100 (Bomb Group 100 or KGr 100) led 437 bombers from KG 1, KG 3, KG 26, KG 27, KG 55 and Lehrgeschwader 1 (1st Training Wing, or LG 1) which dropped 394 short tons (357 t) of high explosive, 56 short tons (51 t) of incendiaries, and 127 parachute mines. Other sources say 449 bombers and a total of 530 short tons (480 t) of bombs were dropped. The raid against Coventry was particularly devastating, and led to widespread use of the phrase "to conventrate". Over 10,000 incendiaries were dropped. Around 21 factories were seriously damaged in Coventry, and loss of public utilities stopped work at nine others, disrupting industrial output for several months. Only one bomber was lost, to anti-aircraft fire, despite the RAF flying 125 night sorties. No follow up raids were made, as OKL underestimated the British power of recovery (as Bomber Command would do over Germany from 1943–1945). The Germans were surprised by the success of the attack. The concentration had been achieved by accident. The strategic effect of the raid was a brief 20 percent dip in aircraft production.

title: The_Blitz

title: The_Blitz

text: From

text: November

text: February

text: the

text: Luftwaffe

text: shifted

text: its

text: strategy

text: and

text: attacked

text: other

text: industrial

text: cities

text: In

text: particular

text: the

text: West

text: Midlands

text: were

text: targeted

text: On

text: the

text: night

text: of

text: November

text: He

text: of

text: Kampfgeschwader

text: Bomber

text: Wing

text: or

text: KG

text: bombed

text: London

text: while

text: from

text: KG

text: hit

text: Birmingham

text: The

text: next

text: night

text: a

text: large

text: force

text: hit

text: Coventry

text: Pathfinders

text: from

text: Kampfgruppe

text: Bomb

text: Group

text: or

text: KGr

text: led

text: bombers

text: from

text: KG

text: KG

text: KG

text: KG

text: KG

text: and

text: Lehrgeschwader

text: Training

text: Wing

text: or

text: LG

text: which

text: dropped

text: short

text: tons

text: t

text: of

text: high

text: explosive

text: short

text: tons

text: t

text: of

text: incendiaries

text: and

text: parachute

text: mines

text: Other

text: sources

text: say

text: bombers

text: and

text: a

text: total

text: of

text: short

text: tons

text: t

text: of

text: bombs

text: were

text: dropped

text: The

text: raid

text: against

text: Coventry

text: was

text: particularly

text: devastating

text: and

text: led

text: to

text: widespread

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: phrase

text: to

text: conventrate

text: Over

text: incendiaries

text: were

text: dropped

text: Around

text: factories

text: were

text: seriously

text: damaged

text: in

text: Coventry

text: and

text: loss

text: of

text: public

text: utilities

text: stopped

text: work

text: at

text: nine

text: others

text: disrupting

text: industrial

text: output

text: for

text: several

text: months

text: Only

text: one

text: bomber

text: was

text: lost

text: to

text: anti

text: aircraft

text: fire

text: despite

text: the

text: RAF

text: flying

text: night

text: sorties

text: No

text: follow

text: up

text: raids

text: were

text: made

text: as

text: OKL

text: underestimated

text: the

text: British

text: power

text: of

text: recovery

text: as

text: Bomber

text: Command

text: would

text: do

text: over

text: Germany

text: from

text: The

text: Germans

text: were

text: surprised

text: by

text: the

text: success

text: of

text: the

text: attack

text: The

text: concentration

text: had

text: been

text: achieved

text: by

text: accident

text: The

text: strategic

text: effect

text: of

text: the

text: raid

text: was

text: a

text: brief

text: percent

text: dip

text: in

text: aircraft

text: production

question: The Luftwaffe's change in strategy targeted what primarily?

answer: the West Midlands

text: the West Midlands

question: How many parachute mines were dropped?

answer: 127

question: The Coventry raid led to what phrase being in widespread use?

answer: "to conventrate"

text: "to conventrate"

question: What stopped work in 9 factories in Coventry?

answer: loss of public utilities

text: loss of public utilities

question: What effect did the raid have strategically?

answer: a brief 20 percent dip in aircraft production

text: a brief 20 percent dip in aircraft production


text: The characteristic forms that were to define Gothic architecture grew out of Romanesque architecture and developed at several different geographic locations, as the result of different influences and structural requirements. While barrel vaults and groin vaults are typical of Romanesque architecture, ribbed vaults were used in the naves of two Romanesque churches in Caen, Abbey of Saint-Étienne and Abbaye aux Dames in 1120. Another early example is the nave and apse area of the Cathedral of Cefalù in 1131. The ribbed vault over the north transept at Durham Cathedral in England, built from 1128 to 1133, is probably earlier still and was the first time pointed arches were used in a high vault.

title: Gothic_architecture

title: Gothic_architecture

text: The

text: characteristic

text: forms

text: that

text: were

text: to

text: define

text: Gothic

text: architecture

text: grew

text: out

text: of

text: Romanesque

text: architecture

text: and

text: developed

text: at

text: several

text: different

text: geographic

text: locations

text: as

text: the

text: result

text: of

text: different

text: influences

text: and

text: structural

text: requirements

text: While

text: barrel

text: vaults

text: and

text: groin

text: vaults

text: are

text: typical

text: of

text: Romanesque

text: architecture

text: ribbed

text: vaults

text: were

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: naves

text: of

text: two

text: Romanesque

text: churches

text: in

text: Caen

text: Abbey

text: of

text: Saint

text: Étienne

text: and

text: Abbaye

text: aux

text: Dames

text: in

text: Another

text: early

text: example

text: is

text: the

text: nave

text: and

text: apse

text: area

text: of

text: the

text: Cathedral

text: of

text: Cefalù

text: in

text: The

text: ribbed

text: vault

text: over

text: the

text: north

text: transept

text: at

text: Durham

text: Cathedral

text: in

text: England

text: built

text: from

text: to

text: is

text: probably

text: earlier

text: still

text: and

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: time

text: pointed

text: arches

text: were

text: used

text: in

text: a

text: high

text: vault

question: The distinctive forms that describe Gothic architecture developed out of which style?

answer: Romanesque

text: Romanesque

question: Barrel and groin vaults are examples of what kind of architecture?

answer: Romanesque architecture

text: Romanesque architecture

question: What type of vaults were used in the Abbey of Saint-Étienne and Abbaye aux Dames?

answer: ribbed vaults

text: ribbed vaults

question: When was Durham Cathedral constructed?

answer: from 1128 to 1133

text: from 1128 to 1133

question: What cathedral first made use of pointed arches in high vaults?

answer: Durham Cathedral in England

text: Durham Cathedral in England


text: In the mid-fifteenth century, the religion of Sikhism was born. During the Mughal empire, many Hindus increasingly adopted Sikhism. These became a formidable military force against the Mughals and later against the Afghan Empire. After fighting Ahmad Shah Durrani in the later eighteenth century, the Sikhs took control of Punjab and managed to establish the Sikh Empire under Maharaja Ranjit Singh, which lasted from 1799 to 1849. The capital of Ranjit Singh's empire was Lahore, and the empire also extended into Afghanistan and Kashmir. Bhangi Misl was the fist Sikh band to conquer Lahore and other towns of Punjab. Syed Ahmad Barelvi a Muslim, waged jihad and attempted to create an Islamic state with strict enforcement of Islamic law. Syed Ahmad Barelvi in 1821 with many supporters and spent two years organising popular and material support for his Punjab campaign. He carefully developed a network of people through the length and breadth of India to collect funds and encourage volunteers, travelling widely throughout India attracting a following among pious Muslims. In December 1826 Sayyid Ahmad and his followers clashed with Sikh troops at Akora Khattak, but with no decisive result. In a major battle near the town of Balakot in 1831, Sayyid Ahmad and Shah Ismail Shaheed with volunteer Muslims were defeated by the professional Sikh Army.

title: Punjab,_Pakistan

title: Punjab,_Pakistan

text: In

text: the

text: mid

text: fifteenth

text: century

text: the

text: religion

text: of

text: Sikhism

text: was

text: born

text: During

text: the

text: Mughal

text: empire

text: many

text: Hindus

text: increasingly

text: adopted

text: Sikhism

text: These

text: became

text: a

text: formidable

text: military

text: force

text: against

text: the

text: Mughals

text: and

text: later

text: against

text: the

text: Afghan

text: Empire

text: After

text: fighting

text: Ahmad

text: Shah

text: Durrani

text: in

text: the

text: later

text: eighteenth

text: century

text: the

text: Sikhs

text: took

text: control

text: of

text: Punjab

text: and

text: managed

text: to

text: establish

text: the

text: Sikh

text: Empire

text: under

text: Maharaja

text: Ranjit

text: Singh

text: which

text: lasted

text: from

text: to

text: The

text: capital

text: of

text: Ranjit

text: Singh

text: 's

text: empire

text: was

text: Lahore

text: and

text: the

text: empire

text: also

text: extended

text: into

text: Afghanistan

text: and

text: Kashmir

text: Bhangi

text: Misl

text: was

text: the

text: fist

text: Sikh

text: band

text: to

text: conquer

text: Lahore

text: and

text: other

text: towns

text: of

text: Punjab

text: Syed

text: Ahmad

text: Barelvi

text: a

text: Muslim

text: waged

text: jihad

text: and

text: attempted

text: to

text: create

text: an

text: Islamic

text: state

text: with

text: strict

text: enforcement

text: of

text: Islamic

text: law

text: Syed

text: Ahmad

text: Barelvi

text: in

text: with

text: many

text: supporters

text: and

text: spent

text: two

text: years

text: organising

text: popular

text: and

text: material

text: support

text: for

text: his

text: Punjab

text: campaign

text: He

text: carefully

text: developed

text: a

text: network

text: of

text: people

text: through

text: the

text: length

text: and

text: breadth

text: of

text: India

text: to

text: collect

text: funds

text: and

text: encourage

text: volunteers

text: travelling

text: widely

text: throughout

text: India

text: attracting

text: a

text: following

text: among

text: pious

text: Muslims

text: In

text: December

text: Sayyid

text: Ahmad

text: and

text: his

text: followers

text: clashed

text: with

text: Sikh

text: troops

text: at

text: Akora

text: Khattak

text: but

text: with

text: no

text: decisive

text: result

text: In

text: a

text: major

text: battle

text: near

text: the

text: town

text: of

text: Balakot

text: in

text: Sayyid

text: Ahmad

text: and

text: Shah

text: Ismail

text: Shaheed

text: with

text: volunteer

text: Muslims

text: were

text: defeated

text: by

text: the

text: professional

text: Sikh

text: Army

question: When did Sikhism begin?

answer: mid-fifteenth century

text: mid-fifteenth century

question: In which empire did many Hindus become Sikhs?

answer: Mughal empire

text: Mughal empire

question: When did Ahmad fight at Akora Khattak?

answer: December 1826

text: December 1826

question: When did Ahmad fight at Balakot?

answer: 1831

question: Who won at Balakot?

answer: the professional Sikh Army

text: the professional Sikh Army


text: Utrecht's cityscape is dominated by the Dom Tower, the tallest belfry in the Netherlands and originally part of the Cathedral of Saint Martin. An ongoing debate is over whether any building in or near the centre of town should surpass the Dom Tower in height (112 m). Nevertheless, some tall buildings are now being constructed that will become part of the skyline of Utrecht. The second tallest building of the city, the Rabobank-tower, was completed in 2010 and stands 105 m (344.49 ft) tall. Two antennas will increase that height to 120 m (393.70 ft). Two other buildings were constructed around the Nieuw Galgenwaard stadium (2007). These buildings, the 'Kantoortoren Galghenwert' and 'Apollo Residence', stand 85.5 and 64.5 metres high respectively.

title: Utrecht

title: Utrecht

text: Utrecht

text: 's

text: cityscape

text: is

text: dominated

text: by

text: the

text: Dom

text: Tower

text: the

text: tallest

text: belfry

text: in

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: and

text: originally

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Cathedral

text: of

text: Saint

text: Martin

text: An

text: ongoing

text: debate

text: is

text: over

text: whether

text: any

text: building

text: in

text: or

text: near

text: the

text: centre

text: of

text: town

text: should

text: surpass

text: the

text: Dom

text: Tower

text: in

text: height

text: m

text: Nevertheless

text: some

text: tall

text: buildings

text: are

text: now

text: being

text: constructed

text: that

text: will

text: become

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: skyline

text: of

text: Utrecht

text: The

text: second

text: tallest

text: building

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: the

text: Rabobank

text: tower

text: was

text: completed

text: in

text: and

text: stands

text: m

text: ft

text: tall

text: Two

text: antennas

text: will

text: increase

text: that

text: height

text: to

text: m

text: ft

text: Two

text: other

text: buildings

text: were

text: constructed

text: around

text: the

text: Nieuw

text: Galgenwaard

text: stadium

text: These

text: buildings

text: the

text: Kantoortoren

text: Galghenwert

text: and

text: Apollo

text: Residence

text: stand

text: and

text: metres

text: high

text: respectively

question: what dominates the cityscape

answer: Utrecht's cityscape is dominated by the Dom Tower, the tallest belfry in the Netherlands and originally part of the Cathedral of Saint Martin

text: Utrecht's cityscape is dominated by the Dom Tower, the tallest belfry in the Netherlands and originally part of the Cathedral of Saint Martin

question: What is being debated in Utrecht

answer: An ongoing debate is over whether any building in or near the centre of town should surpass the Dom Tower in height (112 m)

text: An ongoing debate is over whether any building in or near the centre of town should surpass the Dom Tower in height (112 m)

question: What is the name of the stadium

answer: the Nieuw Galgenwaard stadium (2007)

text: the Nieuw Galgenwaard stadium (2007)


text: The main mode of transportation, however, relies on Seattle's streets, which are laid out in a cardinal directions grid pattern, except in the central business district where early city leaders Arthur Denny and Carson Boren insisted on orienting their plats relative to the shoreline rather than to true North. Only two roads, Interstate 5 and State Route 99 (both limited-access highways), run uninterrupted through the city from north to south. State Route 99 runs through downtown Seattle on the Alaskan Way Viaduct, which was built in 1953. However, due to damage sustained during the 2001 Nisqually earthquake the viaduct will be replaced by a tunnel. The 2-mile (3.2 km) Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel was originally scheduled to be completed in December 2015 at a cost of US$4.25 billion. Unfortunately, due to issues with the worlds largest tunnel boring machine (TBM), which is nicknamed "Bertha" and is 57 feet (17 m) in diameter, the projected date of completion has been pushed back to 2017. Seattle has the 8th worst traffic congestion of all American cities, and is 10th among all North American cities.

title: Seattle

title: Seattle

text: The

text: main

text: mode

text: of

text: transportation

text: however

text: relies

text: on

text: Seattle

text: 's

text: streets

text: which

text: are

text: laid

text: out

text: in

text: a

text: cardinal

text: directions

text: grid

text: pattern

text: except

text: in

text: the

text: central

text: business

text: district

text: where

text: early

text: city

text: leaders

text: Arthur

text: Denny

text: and

text: Carson

text: Boren

text: insisted

text: on

text: orienting

text: their

text: plats

text: relative

text: to

text: the

text: shoreline

text: rather

text: than

text: to

text: true

text: North

text: Only

text: two

text: roads

text: Interstate

text: and

text: State

text: Route

text: both

text: limited

text: access

text: highways

text: run

text: uninterrupted

text: through

text: the

text: city

text: from

text: north

text: to

text: south

text: State

text: Route

text: runs

text: through

text: downtown

text: Seattle

text: on

text: the

text: Alaskan

text: Way

text: Viaduct

text: which

text: was

text: built

text: in

text: However

text: due

text: to

text: damage

text: sustained

text: during

text: the

text: Nisqually

text: earthquake

text: the

text: viaduct

text: will

text: be

text: replaced

text: by

text: a

text: tunnel

text: The

text: km

text: Alaskan

text: Way

text: Viaduct

text: replacement

text: tunnel

text: was

text: originally

text: scheduled

text: to

text: be

text: completed

text: in

text: December

text: at

text: a

text: cost

text: of

text: US$

text: billion

text: Unfortunately

text: due

text: to

text: issues

text: with

text: the

text: worlds

text: largest

text: tunnel

text: boring

text: machine

text: TBM

text: which

text: is

text: nicknamed

text: Bertha

text: and

text: is

text: feet

text: m

text: in

text: diameter

text: the

text: projected

text: date

text: of

text: completion

text: has

text: been

text: pushed

text: back

text: to

text: Seattle

text: has

text: the

text: worst

text: traffic

text: congestion

text: of

text: all

text: American

text: cities

text: and

text: is

text: among

text: all

text: North

text: American

text: cities

question: What is mainly used for transportation in Seattle?

answer: streets

text: streets

question: What road was built in 1953 and later damaged by an earthquake?

answer: Alaskan Way Viaduct

text: Alaskan Way Viaduct

question: What is planned to replace the Alaska Way Viaduct?

answer: tunnel

text: tunnel

question: When is the tunnel now expected to be finished?

answer: 2017

question: What was the original projected cost of the viaduct replacement tunnel?

answer: $4.25 billion

text: $4.25 billion


text: In 1981, large sections of the SEPTA Regional Rail service to the far suburbs of Philadelphia were discontinued due to lack of funding. Several projects have been proposed to extend rail service back to these areas, but lack of funding has again been the chief obstacle to implementation. These projects include the proposed Schuylkill Valley Metro to Wyomissing, PA, and extension of the Media/Elwyn line back to Wawa, PA. SEPTA's Airport Regional Rail Line Regional Rail offers direct service to the Philadelphia International Airport.

title: Philadelphia

title: Philadelphia

text: In

text: large

text: sections

text: of

text: the

text: SEPTA

text: Regional

text: Rail

text: service

text: to

text: the

text: far

text: suburbs

text: of

text: Philadelphia

text: were

text: discontinued

text: due

text: to

text: lack

text: of

text: funding

text: Several

text: projects

text: have

text: been

text: proposed

text: to

text: extend

text: rail

text: service

text: back

text: to

text: these

text: areas

text: but

text: lack

text: of

text: funding

text: has

text: again

text: been

text: the

text: chief

text: obstacle

text: to

text: implementation

text: These

text: projects

text: include

text: the

text: proposed

text: Schuylkill

text: Valley

text: Metro

text: to

text: Wyomissing

text: PA

text: and

text: extension

text: of

text: the

text: Media

text: Elwyn

text: line

text: back

text: to

text: Wawa

text: PA

text: SEPTA

text: 's

text: Airport

text: Regional

text: Rail

text: Line

text: Regional

text: Rail

text: offers

text: direct

text: service

text: to

text: the

text: Philadelphia

text: International

text: Airport

question: When did SEPTA service get cut?

answer: 1981

question: Why did SEPTA rail service get cut?

answer: lack of funding

text: lack of funding

question: Has service ever been restored?

answer: but lack of funding has again been the chief obstacle to implementation

text: but lack of funding has again been the chief obstacle to implementation

question: Name a proposed project to repalce it?

answer: Schuylkill Valley Metro to Wyomissing, PA, and extension of the Media/Elwyn line back to Wawa, PA. SEPTA's Airport Regional Rail Line Regional Rail

text: Schuylkill Valley Metro to Wyomissing, PA, and extension of the Media/Elwyn line back to Wawa, PA. SEPTA's Airport Regional Rail Line Regional Rail


text: Even prior to the penetration of European interests, Southeast Asia was a critical part of the world trading system. A wide range of commodities originated in the region, but especially important were spices such as pepper, ginger, cloves, and nutmeg. The spice trade initially was developed by Indian and Arab merchants, but it also brought Europeans to the region. First Spaniards (Manila galleon) and Portuguese, then the Dutch, and finally the British and French became involved in this enterprise in various countries. The penetration of European commercial interests gradually evolved into annexation of territories, as traders lobbied for an extension of control to protect and expand their activities. As a result, the Dutch moved into Indonesia, the British into Malaya and parts of Borneo, the French into Indochina, and the Spanish and the US into the Philippines.

title: Southeast_Asia

title: Southeast_Asia

text: Even

text: prior

text: to

text: the

text: penetration

text: of

text: European

text: interests

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: was

text: a

text: critical

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: trading

text: system

text: A

text: wide

text: range

text: of

text: commodities

text: originated

text: in

text: the

text: region

text: but

text: especially

text: important

text: were

text: spices

text: such

text: as

text: pepper

text: ginger

text: cloves

text: and

text: nutmeg

text: The

text: spice

text: trade

text: initially

text: was

text: developed

text: by

text: Indian

text: and

text: Arab

text: merchants

text: but

text: it

text: also

text: brought

text: Europeans

text: to

text: the

text: region

text: First

text: Spaniards

text: Manila

text: galleon

text: and

text: Portuguese

text: then

text: the

text: Dutch

text: and

text: finally

text: the

text: British

text: and

text: French

text: became

text: involved

text: in

text: this

text: enterprise

text: in

text: various

text: countries

text: The

text: penetration

text: of

text: European

text: commercial

text: interests

text: gradually

text: evolved

text: into

text: annexation

text: of

text: territories

text: as

text: traders

text: lobbied

text: for

text: an

text: extension

text: of

text: control

text: to

text: protect

text: and

text: expand

text: their

text: activities

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: the

text: Dutch

text: moved

text: into

text: Indonesia

text: the

text: British

text: into

text: Malaya

text: and

text: parts

text: of

text: Borneo

text: the

text: French

text: into

text: Indochina

text: and

text: the

text: Spanish

text: and

text: the

text: US

text: into

text: the

text: Philippines

question: Name some important commodities that originated in Southeast asian region?

answer: pepper, ginger, cloves, and nutmeg

text: pepper, ginger, cloves, and nutmeg

question: Who developed the spice trade initially?

answer: Indian and Arab merchants

text: Indian and Arab merchants

question: Which European traders moved into Indonesia?

answer: Dutch

text: Dutch