text:
New York (CNN) -- Like most people, I'd given some thought to what meat actually is, but until I became a father and faced the prospect of having to make food choices on someone else's behalf, there was no urgency to get to the bottom of things.

I'm a novelist and never had it in mind to write nonfiction. Frankly, I doubt I'll ever do it again. But the subject of animal agriculture, at this moment, is something no one should ignore. As a writer, putting words on the page is how I pay attention.

If the way we raise animals for food isn't the most important problem in the world right now, it's arguably the No. 1 cause of global warming: The United Nations reports the livestock business generates more greenhouse gas emissions than all forms of transportation combined.

It's the No. 1 cause of animal suffering, a decisive factor in the creation of zoonotic diseases like bird and swine flu, and the list goes on. It is the problem with the most deafening silence surrounding it.

Even the most political people, the most thoughtful and engaged, tend not to "go there." And for good reason. Going there can be extremely uncomfortable. Food is not just what we put in our mouths to fill up; it is culture and identity. Reason plays some role in our decisions about food, but it's rarely driving the car.

We need a better way to talk about eating animals, a way that doesn't ignore or even just shruggingly accept things like habits, cravings, family and history but rather incorporates them into the conversation. The more they are allowed in, the more able we will be to follow our best instincts. And although there are many respectable ways to think about meat, there is not a person on Earth whose best instincts would lead him or her to factory farming.

My book, "Eating Animals," addresses factory farming from numerous perspectives: animal welfare, the environment, the price paid by rural communities, the economic costs. In two essays, I will share some of what I've learned about how the way we raise animals for food affects human health.

What we eat and what we are

Why aren't more people aware of, and angry about, the rates of avoidable food-borne illness? Perhaps it doesn't seem obvious that something is amiss simply because anything that happens all the time -- like meat, especially poultry, becoming infected by pathogens -- tends to fade into the background.

Whatever the case, if you know what to look for, the pathogen problem comes into terrifying focus. For example, the next time a friend has a sudden "flu" -- what folks sometimes misdescribe as "the stomach flu" -- ask a few questions. Was your friend's illness one of those "24-hour flus" that come and go quickly: retch or crap, then relief? The diagnosis isn't quite so simple, but if the answer to this question is yes, your friend probably didn't have the flu at all.

He or she was probably suffering from one of the 76 million cases of food-borne illness the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has estimated happen in America each year. Your friend didn't "catch a bug" so much as eat a bug. And in all likelihood, that bug was created by factory farming.

Beyond the sheer number of illnesses linked to factory farming, we know that factory farms are contributing to the growth of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens simply because these farms consume so many antimicrobials.

We have to go to a doctor to obtain antibiotics and other antimicrobials as a public-health measure to limit the number of such drugs being taken by humans. We accept this inconvenience because of its medical importance. Microbes eventually adapt to antimicrobials, and we want to make sure it is the truly sick who benefit from the finite number of uses any antimicrobial will have before the microbes learn how to survive it.

On a typical factory farm, drugs are fed to animals with every meal. In poultry factory farms, they almost have to be. It's a perfect storm: The animals have been bred to such extremes that sickness is inevitable, and the living conditions promote illness.

Industry saw this problem from the beginning, but rather than accept less-productive animals, it compensated for the animals' compromised immunity with drugs. As a result, farmed animals are fed antibiotics nontherapeutically: that is, before they get sick.

In the United States, about 3 million pounds of antibiotics are given to humans each year, but a whopping 17.8 million pounds are fed to livestock -- at least, that is what the industry claims.

The Union of Concerned Scientists estimated that the industry underreported its antibiotic use by at least 40 percent.

The group calculated that 24.6 million pounds of antibiotics were fed to chickens, pigs and other farmed animals, counting only nontherapeutic uses. And that was in 2001. In other words, for every dose of antibiotics taken by a sick human, eight doses are given to a "healthy" animal.

The implications for creating drug-resistant pathogens are quite straightforward. Study after study has shown that antimicrobial resistance follows quickly on the heels of the introduction of new drugs on factory farms.

For example, in 1995, when the Food and Drug Administration approved fluoroquinolones -- such as Cipro -- for use in chickens against the protest of the Centers for Disease Control, the percentage of bacteria resistant to this powerful new class of antibiotics rose from almost zero to 18 percent by 2002.

A broader study in the  New England Journal of Medicine showed an eightfold increase in antimicrobial resistance from 1992 to 1997 and linked this increase to the use of antimicrobials in farmed chickens. As far back as the late 1960s, scientists have warned against the nontherapeutic use of antibiotics in farmed-animal feed.

Today, institutions as diverse as the American Medical Association; the Centers for Disease Control; the Institute of Medicine, a division of the National Academy of Sciences; and the World Health Organization have linked nontherapeutic antibiotic use on factory farms with increased antimicrobial resistance and called for a ban.

Still, the factory farm industry has effectively opposed such a ban in the United States. And, unsurprisingly, the limited bans in other countries are only a limited solution.

There is a glaring reason that the necessary total ban on nontherapeutic use of antibiotics hasn't happened: The factory farm industry, allied with the pharmaceutical industry, has more power than public-health professionals.

What is the source of the industry's immense power? We give it to them. We have chosen, unwittingly, to fund this industry on a massive scale by eating factory-farmed animal products. And we do so daily.

The same conditions that lead at least 76 million Americans to become ill from their food annually and that promote antimicrobial resistance also contribute to the risk of a pandemic.

At a remarkable 2004 conference, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the World Health Organization and the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) put their tremendous resources together to evaluate the available information on "emerging zoonotic diseases" or those spread by humans-to- animals and animals-to-humans.

At the time of the conference, H5N1 and SARS topped the list of feared emerging zoonotic diseases. Today, the H1N1 swine flu would be the pathogen enemy No. 1.

The scientists distinguished between "primary risk factors" for zoonotic diseases and mere "amplification risk factors," which affect only the rate at which a disease spreads. Their examples of primary risk factors were "change to an agricultural production system or consumption patterns." What particular agricultural and consumer changes did they have in mind?

First in a list of four main risk factors was "increasing demand for animal protein," which is a way of saying that demand for meat, eggs, and dairy is a "primary factor" influencing emerging zoonotic diseases. This demand for animal products, the report continues, leads to "changes in farming practices." Lest we have any confusion about the "changes" that are relevant, poultry factory farms are singled out.

Similar conclusions were reached by the Council for Agricultural Science and Technology, which brought together industry experts and experts from the WHO, OIE and USDA. Their 2005 report argued that a major impact of factory farming is "the rapid selection and amplification of pathogens that arise from a virulent ancestor (frequently by subtle mutation), thus there is increasing risk for disease entrance and/or dissemination."

Breeding genetically uniform and sickness-prone birds in the overcrowded, stressful, feces-infested and artificially lit conditions of factory farms promotes the growth and mutation of pathogens. The "cost of increased efficiency," the report concludes, is increased global risk for diseases. Our choice is simple: cheap chicken or our health.

Today, the factory farm-pandemic link couldn't be more lucid. The primary ancestor of the recent H1N1 swine flu outbreak originated at a hog factory farm in America's most hog-factory-rich state, North Carolina, and then quickly spread throughout the Americas.

It was in these factory farms that scientists saw, for the first time, viruses that combined genetic material from bird, pig and human viruses. Scientists at Columbia and Princeton Universities have actually been able to trace six of the eight genetic segments of the most feared virus in the world directly to U.S. factory farms.

Perhaps in the back of our minds we already understand, without all the science, that something terribly wrong is happening. We know that it cannot possibly be healthy to raise such grotesque animals in such grossly unnatural conditions. We know that if someone offers to show us a film on how our meat is produced, it will be a horror film.

We perhaps know more than we care to admit, keeping it down in the dark places of our memory -- disavowed. When we eat factory-farmed meat, we live on tortured flesh. Increasingly, those sick animals are making us sick.

The opinions expressed in this commentary are solely those of Jonathan Safran Foer.

text: New

text: York

text: CNN

text: Like

text: most

text: people

text: I

text: 'd

text: given

text: some

text: thought

text: to

text: what

text: meat

text: actually

text: is

text: but

text: until

text: I

text: became

text: a

text: father

text: and

text: faced

text: the

text: prospect

text: of

text: having

text: to

text: make

text: food

text: choices

text: on

text: someone

text: else

text: 's

text: behalf

text: there

text: was

text: no

text: urgency

text: to

text: get

text: to

text: the

text: bottom

text: of

text: things

text: I

text: 'm

text: a

text: novelist

text: and

text: never

text: had

text: it

text: in

text: mind

text: to

text: write

text: nonfiction

text: Frankly

text: I

text: doubt

text: I

text: 'll

text: ever

text: do

text: it

text: again

text: But

text: the

text: subject

text: of

text: animal

text: agriculture

text: at

text: this

text: moment

text: is

text: something

text: no

text: one

text: should

text: ignore

text: As

text: a

text: writer

text: putting

text: words

text: on

text: the

text: page

text: is

text: how

text: I

text: pay

text: attention

text: If

text: the

text: way

text: we

text: raise

text: animals

text: for

text: food

text: is

text: n't

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: problem

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: right

text: now

text: it

text: 's

text: arguably

text: the

text: No

text: cause

text: of

text: global

text: warming

text: The

text: United

text: Nations

text: reports

text: the

text: livestock

text: business

text: generates

text: more

text: greenhouse

text: gas

text: emissions

text: than

text: all

text: forms

text: of

text: transportation

text: combined

text: It

text: 's

text: the

text: No

text: cause

text: of

text: animal

text: suffering

text: a

text: decisive

text: factor

text: in

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: zoonotic

text: diseases

text: like

text: bird

text: and

text: swine

text: flu

text: and

text: the

text: list

text: goes

text: on

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: problem

text: with

text: the

text: most

text: deafening

text: silence

text: surrounding

text: it

text: Even

text: the

text: most

text: political

text: people

text: the

text: most

text: thoughtful

text: and

text: engaged

text: tend

text: not

text: to

text: go

text: there

text: And

text: for

text: good

text: reason

text: Going

text: there

text: can

text: be

text: extremely

text: uncomfortable

text: Food

text: is

text: not

text: just

text: what

text: we

text: put

text: in

text: our

text: mouths

text: to

text: fill

text: up

text: it

text: is

text: culture

text: and

text: identity

text: Reason

text: plays

text: some

text: role

text: in

text: our

text: decisions

text: about

text: food

text: but

text: it

text: 's

text: rarely

text: driving

text: the

text: car

text: We

text: need

text: a

text: better

text: way

text: to

text: talk

text: about

text: eating

text: animals

text: a

text: way

text: that

text: does

text: n't

text: ignore

text: or

text: even

text: just

text: shruggingly

text: accept

text: things

text: like

text: habits

text: cravings

text: family

text: and

text: history

text: but

text: rather

text: incorporates

text: them

text: into

text: the

text: conversation

text: The

text: more

text: they

text: are

text: allowed

text: in

text: the

text: more

text: able

text: we

text: will

text: be

text: to

text: follow

text: our

text: best

text: instincts

text: And

text: although

text: there

text: are

text: many

text: respectable

text: ways

text: to

text: think

text: about

text: meat

text: there

text: is

text: not

text: a

text: person

text: on

text: Earth

text: whose

text: best

text: instincts

text: would

text: lead

text: him

text: or

text: her

text: to

text: factory

text: farming

text: My

text: book

text: Eating

text: Animals

text: addresses

text: factory

text: farming

text: from

text: numerous

text: perspectives

text: animal

text: welfare

text: the

text: environment

text: the

text: price

text: paid

text: by

text: rural

text: communities

text: the

text: economic

text: costs

text: In

text: two

text: essays

text: I

text: will

text: share

text: some

text: of

text: what

text: I

text: 've

text: learned

text: about

text: how

text: the

text: way

text: we

text: raise

text: animals

text: for

text: food

text: affects

text: human

text: health

text: What

text: we

text: eat

text: and

text: what

text: we

text: are

text: Why

text: are

text: n't

text: more

text: people

text: aware

text: of

text: and

text: angry

text: about

text: the

text: rates

text: of

text: avoidable

text: food

text: borne

text: illness

text: Perhaps

text: it

text: does

text: n't

text: seem

text: obvious

text: that

text: something

text: is

text: amiss

text: simply

text: because

text: anything

text: that

text: happens

text: all

text: the

text: time

text: like

text: meat

text: especially

text: poultry

text: becoming

text: infected

text: by

text: pathogens

text: tends

text: to

text: fade

text: into

text: the

text: background

text: Whatever

text: the

text: case

text: if

text: you

text: know

text: what

text: to

text: look

text: for

text: the

text: pathogen

text: problem

text: comes

text: into

text: terrifying

text: focus

text: For

text: example

text: the

text: next

text: time

text: a

text: friend

text: has

text: a

text: sudden

text: flu

text: what

text: folks

text: sometimes

text: misdescribe

text: as

text: the

text: stomach

text: flu

text: ask

text: a

text: few

text: questions

text: Was

text: your

text: friend

text: 's

text: illness

text: one

text: of

text: those

text: flus

text: that

text: come

text: and

text: go

text: quickly

text: retch

text: or

text: crap

text: then

text: relief

text: The

text: diagnosis

text: is

text: n't

text: quite

text: so

text: simple

text: but

text: if

text: the

text: answer

text: to

text: this

text: question

text: is

text: yes

text: your

text: friend

text: probably

text: did

text: n't

text: have

text: the

text: flu

text: at

text: all

text: He

text: or

text: she

text: was

text: probably

text: suffering

text: from

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: million

text: cases

text: of

text: food

text: borne

text: illness

text: the

text: Centers

text: for

text: Disease

text: Control

text: and

text: Prevention

text: has

text: estimated

text: happen

text: in

text: America

text: each

text: year

text: Your

text: friend

text: did

text: n't

text: catch

text: a

text: bug

text: so

text: much

text: as

text: eat

text: a

text: bug

text: And

text: in

text: all

text: likelihood

text: that

text: bug

text: was

text: created

text: by

text: factory

text: farming

text: Beyond

text: the

text: sheer

text: number

text: of

text: illnesses

text: linked

text: to

text: factory

text: farming

text: we

text: know

text: that

text: factory

text: farms

text: are

text: contributing

text: to

text: the

text: growth

text: of

text: antimicrobial

text: resistant

text: pathogens

text: simply

text: because

text: these

text: farms

text: consume

text: so

text: many

text: antimicrobials

text: We

text: have

text: to

text: go

text: to

text: a

text: doctor

text: to

text: obtain

text: antibiotics

text: and

text: other

text: antimicrobials

text: as

text: a

text: public

text: health

text: measure

text: to

text: limit

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: such

text: drugs

text: being

text: taken

text: by

text: humans

text: We

text: accept

text: this

text: inconvenience

text: because

text: of

text: its

text: medical

text: importance

text: Microbes

text: eventually

text: adapt

text: to

text: antimicrobials

text: and

text: we

text: want

text: to

text: make

text: sure

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: truly

text: sick

text: who

text: benefit

text: from

text: the

text: finite

text: number

text: of

text: uses

text: any

text: antimicrobial

text: will

text: have

text: before

text: the

text: microbes

text: learn

text: how

text: to

text: survive

text: it

text: On

text: a

text: typical

text: factory

text: farm

text: drugs

text: are

text: fed

text: to

text: animals

text: with

text: every

text: meal

text: In

text: poultry

text: factory

text: farms

text: they

text: almost

text: have

text: to

text: be

text: It

text: 's

text: a

text: perfect

text: storm

text: The

text: animals

text: have

text: been

text: bred

text: to

text: such

text: extremes

text: that

text: sickness

text: is

text: inevitable

text: and

text: the

text: living

text: conditions

text: promote

text: illness

text: Industry

text: saw

text: this

text: problem

text: from

text: the

text: beginning

text: but

text: rather

text: than

text: accept

text: less

text: productive

text: animals

text: it

text: compensated

text: for

text: the

text: animals

text: compromised

text: immunity

text: with

text: drugs

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: farmed

text: animals

text: are

text: fed

text: antibiotics

text: nontherapeutically

text: that

text: is

text: before

text: they

text: get

text: sick

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: about

text: million

text: pounds

text: of

text: antibiotics

text: are

text: given

text: to

text: humans

text: each

text: year

text: but

text: a

text: whopping

text: million

text: pounds

text: are

text: fed

text: to

text: livestock

text: at

text: least

text: that

text: is

text: what

text: the

text: industry

text: claims

text: The

text: Union

text: of

text: Concerned

text: Scientists

text: estimated

text: that

text: the

text: industry

text: underreported

text: its

text: antibiotic

text: use

text: by

text: at

text: least

text: percent

text: The

text: group

text: calculated

text: that

text: million

text: pounds

text: of

text: antibiotics

text: were

text: fed

text: to

text: chickens

text: pigs

text: and

text: other

text: farmed

text: animals

text: counting

text: only

text: nontherapeutic

text: uses

text: And

text: that

text: was

text: in

text: In

text: other

text: words

text: for

text: every

text: dose

text: of

text: antibiotics

text: taken

text: by

text: a

text: sick

text: human

text: eight

text: doses

text: are

text: given

text: to

text: a

text: healthy

text: animal

text: The

text: implications

text: for

text: creating

text: drug

text: resistant

text: pathogens

text: are

text: quite

text: straightforward

text: Study

text: after

text: study

text: has

text: shown

text: that

text: antimicrobial

text: resistance

text: follows

text: quickly

text: on

text: the

text: heels

text: of

text: the

text: introduction

text: of

text: new

text: drugs

text: on

text: factory

text: farms

text: For

text: example

text: in

text: when

text: the

text: Food

text: and

text: Drug

text: Administration

text: approved

text: fluoroquinolones

text: such

text: as

text: Cipro

text: for

text: use

text: in

text: chickens

text: against

text: the

text: protest

text: of

text: the

text: Centers

text: for

text: Disease

text: Control

text: the

text: percentage

text: of

text: bacteria

text: resistant

text: to

text: this

text: powerful

text: new

text: class

text: of

text: antibiotics

text: rose

text: from

text: almost

text: zero

text: to

text: percent

text: by

text: A

text: broader

text: study

text: in

text: the

text: New

text: England

text: Journal

text: of

text: Medicine

text: showed

text: an

text: eightfold

text: increase

text: in

text: antimicrobial

text: resistance

text: from

text: to

text: and

text: linked

text: this

text: increase

text: to

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: antimicrobials

text: in

text: farmed

text: chickens

text: As

text: far

text: back

text: as

text: the

text: late

text: scientists

text: have

text: warned

text: against

text: the

text: nontherapeutic

text: use

text: of

text: antibiotics

text: in

text: farmed

text: animal

text: feed

text: Today

text: institutions

text: as

text: diverse

text: as

text: the

text: American

text: Medical

text: Association

text: the

text: Centers

text: for

text: Disease

text: Control

text: the

text: Institute

text: of

text: Medicine

text: a

text: division

text: of

text: the

text: National

text: Academy

text: of

text: Sciences

text: and

text: the

text: World

text: Health

text: Organization

text: have

text: linked

text: nontherapeutic

text: antibiotic

text: use

text: on

text: factory

text: farms

text: with

text: increased

text: antimicrobial

text: resistance

text: and

text: called

text: for

text: a

text: ban

text: Still

text: the

text: factory

text: farm

text: industry

text: has

text: effectively

text: opposed

text: such

text: a

text: ban

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: And

text: unsurprisingly

text: the

text: limited

text: bans

text: in

text: other

text: countries

text: are

text: only

text: a

text: limited

text: solution

text: There

text: is

text: a

text: glaring

text: reason

text: that

text: the

text: necessary

text: total

text: ban

text: on

text: nontherapeutic

text: use

text: of

text: antibiotics

text: has

text: n't

text: happened

text: The

text: factory

text: farm

text: industry

text: allied

text: with

text: the

text: pharmaceutical

text: industry

text: has

text: more

text: power

text: than

text: public

text: health

text: professionals

text: What

text: is

text: the

text: source

text: of

text: the

text: industry

text: 's

text: immense

text: power

text: We

text: give

text: it

text: to

text: them

text: We

text: have

text: chosen

text: unwittingly

text: to

text: fund

text: this

text: industry

text: on

text: a

text: massive

text: scale

text: by

text: eating

text: factory

text: farmed

text: animal

text: products

text: And

text: we

text: do

text: so

text: daily

text: The

text: same

text: conditions

text: that

text: lead

text: at

text: least

text: million

text: Americans

text: to

text: become

text: ill

text: from

text: their

text: food

text: annually

text: and

text: that

text: promote

text: antimicrobial

text: resistance

text: also

text: contribute

text: to

text: the

text: risk

text: of

text: a

text: pandemic

text: At

text: a

text: remarkable

text: conference

text: the

text: Food

text: and

text: Agriculture

text: Organization

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: the

text: World

text: Health

text: Organization

text: and

text: the

text: World

text: Organization

text: for

text: Animal

text: Health

text: OIE

text: put

text: their

text: tremendous

text: resources

text: together

text: to

text: evaluate

text: the

text: available

text: information

text: on

text: emerging

text: zoonotic

text: diseases

text: or

text: those

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text: the

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text: conference

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text: the

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text: zoonotic

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text: swine

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text: the

text: pathogen

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text: The

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text: primary

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text: agricultural

text: production

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text: consumption

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text: list

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text: risk

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text: primary

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text: zoonotic

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text: demand

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text: conclusions

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text: factory

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text: bird

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text: genetic

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text: the

text: most

text: feared

text: virus

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text: the

text: world

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text: U.S.

text: factory

text: farms

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text: in

text: the

text: back

text: of

text: our

text: minds

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text: already

text: understand

text: without

text: all

text: the

text: science

text: that

text: something

text: terribly

text: wrong

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text: happening

text: We

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text: that

text: it

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text: not

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text: be

text: healthy

text: to

text: raise

text: such

text: grotesque

text: animals

text: in

text: such

text: grossly

text: unnatural

text: conditions

text: We

text: know

text: that

text: if

text: someone

text: offers

text: to

text: show

text: us

text: a

text: film

text: on

text: how

text: our

text: meat

text: is

text: produced

text: it

text: will

text: be

text: a

text: horror

text: film

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text: perhaps

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text: more

text: than

text: we

text: care

text: to

text: admit

text: keeping

text: it

text: down

text: in

text: the

text: dark

text: places

text: of

text: our

text: memory

text: disavowed

text: When

text: we

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text: factory

text: farmed

text: meat

text: we

text: live

text: on

text: tortured

text: flesh

text: Increasingly

text: those

text: sick

text: animals

text: are

text: making

text: us

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text: The

text: opinions

text: expressed

text: in

text: this

text: commentary

text: are

text: solely

text: those

text: of

text: Jonathan

text: Safran

text: Foer

question: What kind of conditions do these animals live under?

answer: grossly unnatural

text: grossly unnatural

question: What factors are controlling the system?

answer: the way we raise animals for food

text: the way we raise animals for food

question: What risks are attached to factory farming?

answer: an agricultural production system or consumption patterns."

text: an agricultural production system or consumption patterns."

question: what is tied to global warming

answer: the way we raise animals for food

text: the way we raise animals for food

question: What are the animals loaded with?

answer: antibiotics

text: antibiotics

question: What is factory farming tied to?

answer: animal welfare, the environment, the price paid by rural communities, the economic costs.

text: animal welfare, the environment, the price paid by rural communities, the economic costs.


text:
Perugia, Italy (CNN) -- Family members of Meredith Kercher said Saturday they were satisfied with the verdict that found American Amanda Knox and her Italian ex-boyfriend, Raffaele Sollecito, guilty of the fatal knifing of the British student.

"Ultimately we are pleased with the decision," said Lyle Kercher, Meredith Kercher's brother. "But it was not a moment of celebration. We are here because our sister was brutally murdered."

The victim's sister, Stephanie Kercher, talked Friday about her family's grief.

"Our lives have been on hold, really. You can't really carry on as normal," she said. "You have to take each day as it comes. It's not ever going to be the same without [Meredith]."

Knox and Sollecito were found guilty of murder Friday after a lengthy, sensational trial. Knox was given a 26-year sentence; Sollecito was sentenced to 25 years. Both will appeal, attorneys said.

Knox and Sollecito were convicted on all charges except theft. The pair was accused of staging a theft to cover up the killing. Authorities said 300 euros (about $444) was discovered missing from Kercher's purse.

The pair must pay 5 million euros ($7.4 million) to Kercher's family. In addition, Knox must pay 40,000 euros (nearly $60,000) to a man whom she falsely accused of the killing.

One of Knox's sisters said Saturday that Amanda "had a rough night."

Her mother, Edda Mellas, said, "She had a lot of support. The inmates and the guards were all taking great care of her. They care a lot.

"Amanda, like the rest of us, is extremely disappointed -- upset about the decision," Mellas said. "We're all in shock; we're all heartened by the support" that she said residents of Perugia and other Italians had shown.

"People from all over the world have been sending us messages of support all through the night," Mellas said. "We told her she's going to get out of there. It's [just] going to take a little longer."

Sollecito's lawyer, Luca Maori, criticized his client's punishment -- less than the life sentence the prosecution requested but far short of exonerating Sollecito -- as making no sense.

"For the grave crimes they claimed, you either sentence them to life. ... or you acquit. There is no middle way," Maori said.

Public prosecutor Giuliano Mignini told CNN he feels he presented a strong case. He said about 20 magistrates worked alongside police during the investigation. However, he said that in the face of the planned appeals, clearly the conviction is not final.

Learn how the murder case played out

People who disagree with the verdict should at least respect it, because so many professionals were involved in the investigation, Mignini said.

"I believe, evidently, that they think there was violence. They are the deputies who establish the foundation" of charges, he said. "And they did this."

The victim's mother said she believed the defendants were guilty of the slaying.

"You have to go with the evidence," Arline Kercher said.

Take a look at the evidence against Knox

Knox's lead defense attorney, Luciano Ghirga, said that when he met with his client Saturday morning, she was angry and continued to proclaim her innocence.

He told CNN the situation has been a trying experience, and Knox hardly slept Friday night after the verdict. She was consoled by the other prisoners, who managed get her a cup of warm milk, Ghirga said.

The jury reached its verdict after deliberating nearly 11 hours on the 11 counts. Jurors must submit an explanation of how they reached their decision to the judge within 90 days, and this "jury motivation" will be made public.

Prosecutors had asked for a sentence of life in prison. Italy does not have the death penalty.

CNN's Richard Greene and Hada Messia contributed to this report.

text: Perugia

text: Italy

text: CNN

text: Family

text: members

text: of

text: Meredith

text: Kercher

text: said

text: Saturday

text: they

text: were

text: satisfied

text: with

text: the

text: verdict

text: that

text: found

text: American

text: Amanda

text: Knox

text: and

text: her

text: Italian

text: ex

text: boyfriend

text: Raffaele

text: Sollecito

text: guilty

text: of

text: the

text: fatal

text: knifing

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: student

text: Ultimately

text: we

text: are

text: pleased

text: with

text: the

text: decision

text: said

text: Lyle

text: Kercher

text: Meredith

text: Kercher

text: 's

text: brother

text: But

text: it

text: was

text: not

text: a

text: moment

text: of

text: celebration

text: We

text: are

text: here

text: because

text: our

text: sister

text: was

text: brutally

text: murdered

text: The

text: victim

text: 's

text: sister

text: Stephanie

text: Kercher

text: talked

text: Friday

text: about

text: her

text: family

text: 's

text: grief

text: Our

text: lives

text: have

text: been

text: on

text: hold

text: really

text: You

text: ca

text: n't

text: really

text: carry

text: on

text: as

text: normal

text: she

text: said

text: You

text: have

text: to

text: take

text: each

text: day

text: as

text: it

text: comes

text: It

text: 's

text: not

text: ever

text: going

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: same

text: without

text: Meredith

text: Knox

text: and

text: Sollecito

text: were

text: found

text: guilty

text: of

text: murder

text: Friday

text: after

text: a

text: lengthy

text: sensational

text: trial

text: Knox

text: was

text: given

text: a

text: sentence

text: Sollecito

text: was

text: sentenced

text: to

text: years

text: Both

text: will

text: appeal

text: attorneys

text: said

text: Knox

text: and

text: Sollecito

text: were

text: convicted

text: on

text: all

text: charges

text: except

text: theft

text: The

text: pair

text: was

text: accused

text: of

text: staging

text: a

text: theft

text: to

text: cover

text: up

text: the

text: killing

text: Authorities

text: said

text: euros

text: about

text: was

text: discovered

text: missing

text: from

text: Kercher

text: 's

text: purse

text: The

text: pair

text: must

text: pay

text: million

text: euros

text: million

text: to

text: Kercher

text: 's

text: family

text: In

text: addition

text: Knox

text: must

text: pay

text: euros

text: nearly

text: to

text: a

text: man

text: whom

text: she

text: falsely

text: accused

text: of

text: the

text: killing

text: One

text: of

text: Knox

text: 's

text: sisters

text: said

text: Saturday

text: that

text: Amanda

text: had

text: a

text: rough

text: night

text: Her

text: mother

text: Edda

text: Mellas

text: said

text: She

text: had

text: a

text: lot

text: of

text: support

text: The

text: inmates

text: and

text: the

text: guards

text: were

text: all

text: taking

text: great

text: care

text: of

text: her

text: They

text: care

text: a

text: lot

text: Amanda

text: like

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: us

text: is

text: extremely

text: disappointed

text: upset

text: about

text: the

text: decision

text: Mellas

text: said

text: We

text: 're

text: all

text: in

text: shock

text: we

text: 're

text: all

text: heartened

text: by

text: the

text: support

text: that

text: she

text: said

text: residents

text: of

text: Perugia

text: and

text: other

text: Italians

text: had

text: shown

text: People

text: from

text: all

text: over

text: the

text: world

text: have

text: been

text: sending

text: us

text: messages

text: of

text: support

text: all

text: through

text: the

text: night

text: Mellas

text: said

text: We

text: told

text: her

text: she

text: 's

text: going

text: to

text: get

text: out

text: of

text: there

text: It

text: 's

text: just

text: going

text: to

text: take

text: a

text: little

text: longer

text: Sollecito

text: 's

text: lawyer

text: Luca

text: Maori

text: criticized

text: his

text: client

text: 's

text: punishment

text: less

text: than

text: the

text: life

text: sentence

text: the

text: prosecution

text: requested

text: but

text: far

text: short

text: of

text: exonerating

text: Sollecito

text: as

text: making

text: no

text: sense

text: For

text: the

text: grave

text: crimes

text: they

text: claimed

text: you

text: either

text: sentence

text: them

text: to

text: life

text: or

text: you

text: acquit

text: There

text: is

text: no

text: middle

text: way

text: Maori

text: said

text: Public

text: prosecutor

text: Giuliano

text: Mignini

text: told

text: CNN

text: he

text: feels

text: he

text: presented

text: a

text: strong

text: case

text: He

text: said

text: about

text: magistrates

text: worked

text: alongside

text: police

text: during

text: the

text: investigation

text: However

text: he

text: said

text: that

text: in

text: the

text: face

text: of

text: the

text: planned

text: appeals

text: clearly

text: the

text: conviction

text: is

text: not

text: final

text: Learn

text: how

text: the

text: murder

text: case

text: played

text: out

text: People

text: who

text: disagree

text: with

text: the

text: verdict

text: should

text: at

text: least

text: respect

text: it

text: because

text: so

text: many

text: professionals

text: were

text: involved

text: in

text: the

text: investigation

text: Mignini

text: said

text: I

text: believe

text: evidently

text: that

text: they

text: think

text: there

text: was

text: violence

text: They

text: are

text: the

text: deputies

text: who

text: establish

text: the

text: foundation

text: of

text: charges

text: he

text: said

text: And

text: they

text: did

text: this

text: The

text: victim

text: 's

text: mother

text: said

text: she

text: believed

text: the

text: defendants

text: were

text: guilty

text: of

text: the

text: slaying

text: You

text: have

text: to

text: go

text: with

text: the

text: evidence

text: Arline

text: Kercher

text: said

text: Take

text: a

text: look

text: at

text: the

text: evidence

text: against

text: Knox

text: Knox

text: 's

text: lead

text: defense

text: attorney

text: Luciano

text: Ghirga

text: said

text: that

text: when

text: he

text: met

text: with

text: his

text: client

text: Saturday

text: morning

text: she

text: was

text: angry

text: and

text: continued

text: to

text: proclaim

text: her

text: innocence

text: He

text: told

text: CNN

text: the

text: situation

text: has

text: been

text: a

text: trying

text: experience

text: and

text: Knox

text: hardly

text: slept

text: Friday

text: night

text: after

text: the

text: verdict

text: She

text: was

text: consoled

text: by

text: the

text: other

text: prisoners

text: who

text: managed

text: get

text: her

text: a

text: cup

text: of

text: warm

text: milk

text: Ghirga

text: said

text: The

text: jury

text: reached

text: its

text: verdict

text: after

text: deliberating

text: nearly

text: hours

text: on

text: the

text: counts

text: Jurors

text: must

text: submit

text: an

text: explanation

text: of

text: how

text: they

text: reached

text: their

text: decision

text: to

text: the

text: judge

text: within

text: days

text: and

text: this

text: jury

text: motivation

text: will

text: be

text: made

text: public

text: Prosecutors

text: had

text: asked

text: for

text: a

text: sentence

text: of

text: life

text: in

text: prison

text: Italy

text: does

text: not

text: have

text: the

text: death

text: penalty

text: CNN

text: 's

text: Richard

text: Greene

text: and

text: Hada

text: Messia

text: contributed

text: to

text: this

text: report

question: Who is sentenced for Merideth Kercher's murder?

answer: Amanda Knox and her Italian ex-boyfriend, Raffaele Sollecito,

text: Amanda Knox and her Italian ex-boyfriend, Raffaele Sollecito,

question: who were sentenced for Meredith Kercher's murder?

answer: Amanda Knox and her Italian ex-boyfriend, Raffaele Sollecito,

text: Amanda Knox and her Italian ex-boyfriend, Raffaele Sollecito,

question: what makes no sense?

answer: less than the life sentence the prosecution requested but far short of exonerating Sollecito

text: less than the life sentence the prosecution requested but far short of exonerating Sollecito

question: Who was murdered?

answer: Meredith Kercher

text: Meredith Kercher

question: What does the appeals mean?

answer: the conviction is not final.

text: the conviction is not final.

question: Did the Italian prosecutor say the convictions were final?

answer: However, he said that in the face of the planned appeals, clearly the conviction is not final.

text: However, he said that in the face of the planned appeals, clearly the conviction is not final.

question: What was the name of Knox's former boyfriend?

answer: Raffaele Sollecito,

text: Raffaele Sollecito,

question: what does Italian prosecutor say?

answer: he feels he presented a strong case. He said about 20 magistrates worked alongside police during the investigation. However, he said that in the face of the planned appeals, clearly the conviction is not final.

text: he feels he presented a strong case. He said about 20 magistrates worked alongside police during the investigation. However, he said that in the face of the planned appeals, clearly the conviction is not final.


text:
(CNN) -- In a field largely still in its infancy, scientists are making headway toward using stem cells to treat heart ailments.

The FDA regulates which adult stem cell techniques are allowed to go into clinical trials.

The major focus of stem cell research in cardiology is promoting regeneration of the heart or preventing scar formation, said Jeffrey Karp, who runs a stem cell biology lab at Harvard University.

One study reporting successful results in humans involves harvesting patients' own stem cells, purifying them, and injecting them directly into the heart muscle. The stem cells have a surface marker called CD34, which means they are capable of growing new blood vessels.

The study, sponsored by Baxter Inc., is the largest adult stem cell study for  heart disease in the U.S., said Dr. Douglas Losordo, cardiologist at Northwestern Memorial Hospital in Chicago, Illinois, who is leading the trial. The researchers will present their one-year findings from Phase II of the trial in September, Losordo said.

"It's important to point out that this is a use of a patient's own body's repair capabilities," Losordo said.

If everything goes well, it's conceivable this treatment could be widely available in a little over four years, he said. The target patient population, consisting of end-stage cardiac patients who have tried all other available therapies, is about 300,000 to 900,000 people, he said.

So far, researchers have not found side effects from this method, Losordo said. However, because it is an invasive surgical procedure in which stem cells are delivered through a catheter, there is a risk of perforation of about 1 percent, he said. There is also a small risk of blood clotting from the drug, GCSF, which mobilizes stem cells.

Injecting stem cells into the heart muscle carries the risk of arrhythmia, said Techung Lee, associate professor of biochemistry at the State University New York at Buffalo. But Losordo said this risk is theoretical in his trial, and is believed to be very low with CD34 cells in general.

Lee and colleagues are working on a less-invasive technique. In a study in mice, they injected stem cells from bone marrow into skeletal muscles of limbs. They found that the stem cells produced growth factors that traveled to the heart, in addition to stimulating the muscle itself to make growth factors that also improved cardiac function.

The challenge for translating this method to humans would be that, while each mouse needed only a few million stem cells, each human patient would need close to a billion stem cells for the therapy -- which would be far too expensive and logistically difficult.

"This is a problem that's been experienced by everyone in the field," Lee said. He estimates that his method could be available clinically in five years, after researchers find ways to reduce the required number of cells by a factor of 10 or even 100.

Another therapeutic possibility is giving a patient an IV of stem cells, which would come from a stem cell bank or a company. The challenge is that the cells may not have the right homing receptors to land in the heart, Karp said.

Karp's group is working on an approach to chemically modify the surface of cells to enhance their targeting to specific sites. Results from animal models have shown promising results for targeting sites of inflammation, he said.

"Essentially we know the ZIP code of vessels within a certain tissue, we can program the address on the surface of the cell," he said.

Lee's and Karp's teams use adult mesenchymal stem cells, which may develop into connective tissue, lymphatic tissue, and blood vessels. These stem cells are largely interchangeable between patients and don't require matching, as organ transplants do. However, as more becomes known about the relatively new field of stem cell therapy, a more specific matching system may be required, said Dr. Joon Lee, cardiologist at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center.

Some stem cell therapies for the heart are being tested in human clinical trials. Osiris Therapeutics Inc. is enrolling patients in a phase II trial for Prochymal, which contains mesenchymal stem cells. The company intends to use this drug, which gets injected into the vein, to repair heart damage in patients who have just experienced their first heart attack.

More than 90 percent of research on using stem cells to repair the human heart involves adult stem cells, Lee said.

That means the controversy about using stem cells derived from human embryos is largely absent from this line of research. For developing treatments that involve transplanting stem cells from adults, there is no ethical concern about the use of embryos, Lee said.

Embryonic stem cells are advantageous in research because they can be grown more easily than adult stem cells in a culture, and are pluripotent, meaning they can develop into any of the various cell types of the body, according to the National Institutes of Health. But it is not yet known whether tissues derived from embryonic stem cells would cause transplant rejection, whereas this does not seem to be a problem with adult stem cells.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulates which adult stem cell techniques are allowed to go into clinical trials and sets the requirements for more routine use. Whether the FDA will become more or less lenient in these respects is unclear, Lee said.

It's not unfathomable that within the next two to five years, some FDA-approved stem cell treatments will be available for cardiovascular disease, Lee said.

Karp has a longer view -- five to 10 years before stem cell treatments become widely available for heart problems, he said.

The biology of stem cell treatments for the heart is not well understood, said Dr. Ronald Crystal, chief of the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine at New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center.

One of the challenges is that once a stem cell gets put into a person's body, no one can get it out, Crystal said. This is the opposite of other kinds of medications -- for instance, a person may get sick from taking too many aspirin, but eventually the drug leaves the system. Not so with stem cells, he said.

Crystal expressed general caution about the future of stem cell research, which is still experimental, for heart patients.

"This is a good idea, but patients and families should not expect immediate results," he said.

text: CNN

text: In

text: a

text: field

text: largely

text: still

text: in

text: its

text: infancy

text: scientists

text: are

text: making

text: headway

text: toward

text: using

text: stem

text: cells

text: to

text: treat

text: heart

text: ailments

text: The

text: FDA

text: regulates

text: which

text: adult

text: stem

text: cell

text: techniques

text: are

text: allowed

text: to

text: go

text: into

text: clinical

text: trials

text: The

text: major

text: focus

text: of

text: stem

text: cell

text: research

text: in

text: cardiology

text: is

text: promoting

text: regeneration

text: of

text: the

text: heart

text: or

text: preventing

text: scar

text: formation

text: said

text: Jeffrey

text: Karp

text: who

text: runs

text: a

text: stem

text: cell

text: biology

text: lab

text: at

text: Harvard

text: University

text: One

text: study

text: reporting

text: successful

text: results

text: in

text: humans

text: involves

text: harvesting

text: patients

text: own

text: stem

text: cells

text: purifying

text: them

text: and

text: injecting

text: them

text: directly

text: into

text: the

text: heart

text: muscle

text: The

text: stem

text: cells

text: have

text: a

text: surface

text: marker

text: called

text: which

text: means

text: they

text: are

text: capable

text: of

text: growing

text: new

text: blood

text: vessels

text: The

text: study

text: sponsored

text: by

text: Baxter

text: Inc.

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: adult

text: stem

text: cell

text: study

text: for

text: heart

text: disease

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: said

text: Dr.

text: Douglas

text: Losordo

text: cardiologist

text: at

text: Northwestern

text: Memorial

text: Hospital

text: in

text: Chicago

text: Illinois

text: who

text: is

text: leading

text: the

text: trial

text: The

text: researchers

text: will

text: present

text: their

text: one

text: year

text: findings

text: from

text: Phase

text: II

text: of

text: the

text: trial

text: in

text: September

text: Losordo

text: said

text: It

text: 's

text: important

text: to

text: point

text: out

text: that

text: this

text: is

text: a

text: use

text: of

text: a

text: patient

text: 's

text: own

text: body

text: 's

text: repair

text: capabilities

text: Losordo

text: said

text: If

text: everything

text: goes

text: well

text: it

text: 's

text: conceivable

text: this

text: treatment

text: could

text: be

text: widely

text: available

text: in

text: a

text: little

text: over

text: four

text: years

text: he

text: said

text: The

text: target

text: patient

text: population

text: consisting

text: of

text: end

text: stage

text: cardiac

text: patients

text: who

text: have

text: tried

text: all

text: other

text: available

text: therapies

text: is

text: about

text: to

text: people

text: he

text: said

text: So

text: far

text: researchers

text: have

text: not

text: found

text: side

text: effects

text: from

text: this

text: method

text: Losordo

text: said

text: However

text: because

text: it

text: is

text: an

text: invasive

text: surgical

text: procedure

text: in

text: which

text: stem

text: cells

text: are

text: delivered

text: through

text: a

text: catheter

text: there

text: is

text: a

text: risk

text: of

text: perforation

text: of

text: about

text: percent

text: he

text: said

text: There

text: is

text: also

text: a

text: small

text: risk

text: of

text: blood

text: clotting

text: from

text: the

text: drug

text: GCSF

text: which

text: mobilizes

text: stem

text: cells

text: Injecting

text: stem

text: cells

text: into

text: the

text: heart

text: muscle

text: carries

text: the

text: risk

text: of

text: arrhythmia

text: said

text: Techung

text: Lee

text: associate

text: professor

text: of

text: biochemistry

text: at

text: the

text: State

text: University

text: New

text: York

text: at

text: Buffalo

text: But

text: Losordo

text: said

text: this

text: risk

text: is

text: theoretical

text: in

text: his

text: trial

text: and

text: is

text: believed

text: to

text: be

text: very

text: low

text: with

text: cells

text: in

text: general

text: Lee

text: and

text: colleagues

text: are

text: working

text: on

text: a

text: less

text: invasive

text: technique

text: In

text: a

text: study

text: in

text: mice

text: they

text: injected

text: stem

text: cells

text: from

text: bone

text: marrow

text: into

text: skeletal

text: muscles

text: of

text: limbs

text: They

text: found

text: that

text: the

text: stem

text: cells

text: produced

text: growth

text: factors

text: that

text: traveled

text: to

text: the

text: heart

text: in

text: addition

text: to

text: stimulating

text: the

text: muscle

text: itself

text: to

text: make

text: growth

text: factors

text: that

text: also

text: improved

text: cardiac

text: function

text: The

text: challenge

text: for

text: translating

text: this

text: method

text: to

text: humans

text: would

text: be

text: that

text: while

text: each

text: mouse

text: needed

text: only

text: a

text: few

text: million

text: stem

text: cells

text: each

text: human

text: patient

text: would

text: need

text: close

text: to

text: a

text: billion

text: stem

text: cells

text: for

text: the

text: therapy

text: which

text: would

text: be

text: far

text: too

text: expensive

text: and

text: logistically

text: difficult

text: This

text: is

text: a

text: problem

text: that

text: 's

text: been

text: experienced

text: by

text: everyone

text: in

text: the

text: field

text: Lee

text: said

text: He

text: estimates

text: that

text: his

text: method

text: could

text: be

text: available

text: clinically

text: in

text: five

text: years

text: after

text: researchers

text: find

text: ways

text: to

text: reduce

text: the

text: required

text: number

text: of

text: cells

text: by

text: a

text: factor

text: of

text: or

text: even

text: Another

text: therapeutic

text: possibility

text: is

text: giving

text: a

text: patient

text: an

text: IV

text: of

text: stem

text: cells

text: which

text: would

text: come

text: from

text: a

text: stem

text: cell

text: bank

text: or

text: a

text: company

text: The

text: challenge

text: is

text: that

text: the

text: cells

text: may

text: not

text: have

text: the

text: right

text: homing

text: receptors

text: to

text: land

text: in

text: the

text: heart

text: Karp

text: said

text: Karp

text: 's

text: group

text: is

text: working

text: on

text: an

text: approach

text: to

text: chemically

text: modify

text: the

text: surface

text: of

text: cells

text: to

text: enhance

text: their

text: targeting

text: to

text: specific

text: sites

text: Results

text: from

text: animal

text: models

text: have

text: shown

text: promising

text: results

text: for

text: targeting

text: sites

text: of

text: inflammation

text: he

text: said

text: Essentially

text: we

text: know

text: the

text: ZIP

text: code

text: of

text: vessels

text: within

text: a

text: certain

text: tissue

text: we

text: can

text: program

text: the

text: address

text: on

text: the

text: surface

text: of

text: the

text: cell

text: he

text: said

text: Lee

text: 's

text: and

text: Karp

text: 's

text: teams

text: use

text: adult

text: mesenchymal

text: stem

text: cells

text: which

text: may

text: develop

text: into

text: connective

text: tissue

text: lymphatic

text: tissue

text: and

text: blood

text: vessels

text: These

text: stem

text: cells

text: are

text: largely

text: interchangeable

text: between

text: patients

text: and

text: do

text: n't

text: require

text: matching

text: as

text: organ

text: transplants

text: do

text: However

text: as

text: more

text: becomes

text: known

text: about

text: the

text: relatively

text: new

text: field

text: of

text: stem

text: cell

text: therapy

text: a

text: more

text: specific

text: matching

text: system

text: may

text: be

text: required

text: said

text: Dr.

text: Joon

text: Lee

text: cardiologist

text: at

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Pittsburgh

text: Medical

text: Center

text: Some

text: stem

text: cell

text: therapies

text: for

text: the

text: heart

text: are

text: being

text: tested

text: in

text: human

text: clinical

text: trials

text: Osiris

text: Therapeutics

text: Inc.

text: is

text: enrolling

text: patients

text: in

text: a

text: phase

text: II

text: trial

text: for

text: Prochymal

text: which

text: contains

text: mesenchymal

text: stem

text: cells

text: The

text: company

text: intends

text: to

text: use

text: this

text: drug

text: which

text: gets

text: injected

text: into

text: the

text: vein

text: to

text: repair

text: heart

text: damage

text: in

text: patients

text: who

text: have

text: just

text: experienced

text: their

text: first

text: heart

text: attack

text: More

text: than

text: percent

text: of

text: research

text: on

text: using

text: stem

text: cells

text: to

text: repair

text: the

text: human

text: heart

text: involves

text: adult

text: stem

text: cells

text: Lee

text: said

text: That

text: means

text: the

text: controversy

text: about

text: using

text: stem

text: cells

text: derived

text: from

text: human

text: embryos

text: is

text: largely

text: absent

text: from

text: this

text: line

text: of

text: research

text: For

text: developing

text: treatments

text: that

text: involve

text: transplanting

text: stem

text: cells

text: from

text: adults

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: ethical

text: concern

text: about

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: embryos

text: Lee

text: said

text: Embryonic

text: stem

text: cells

text: are

text: advantageous

text: in

text: research

text: because

text: they

text: can

text: be

text: grown

text: more

text: easily

text: than

text: adult

text: stem

text: cells

text: in

text: a

text: culture

text: and

text: are

text: pluripotent

text: meaning

text: they

text: can

text: develop

text: into

text: any

text: of

text: the

text: various

text: cell

text: types

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: National

text: Institutes

text: of

text: Health

text: But

text: it

text: is

text: not

text: yet

text: known

text: whether

text: tissues

text: derived

text: from

text: embryonic

text: stem

text: cells

text: would

text: cause

text: transplant

text: rejection

text: whereas

text: this

text: does

text: not

text: seem

text: to

text: be

text: a

text: problem

text: with

text: adult

text: stem

text: cells

text: The

text: U.S.

text: Food

text: and

text: Drug

text: Administration

text: regulates

text: which

text: adult

text: stem

text: cell

text: techniques

text: are

text: allowed

text: to

text: go

text: into

text: clinical

text: trials

text: and

text: sets

text: the

text: requirements

text: for

text: more

text: routine

text: use

text: Whether

text: the

text: FDA

text: will

text: become

text: more

text: or

text: less

text: lenient

text: in

text: these

text: respects

text: is

text: unclear

text: Lee

text: said

text: It

text: 's

text: not

text: unfathomable

text: that

text: within

text: the

text: next

text: two

text: to

text: five

text: years

text: some

text: FDA

text: approved

text: stem

text: cell

text: treatments

text: will

text: be

text: available

text: for

text: cardiovascular

text: disease

text: Lee

text: said

text: Karp

text: has

text: a

text: longer

text: view

text: five

text: to

text: years

text: before

text: stem

text: cell

text: treatments

text: become

text: widely

text: available

text: for

text: heart

text: problems

text: he

text: said

text: The

text: biology

text: of

text: stem

text: cell

text: treatments

text: for

text: the

text: heart

text: is

text: not

text: well

text: understood

text: said

text: Dr.

text: Ronald

text: Crystal

text: chief

text: of

text: the

text: Division

text: of

text: Pulmonary

text: and

text: Critical

text: Care

text: Medicine

text: at

text: New

text: York

text: Presbyterian

text: Hospital

text: Weill

text: Cornell

text: Medical

text: Center

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: challenges

text: is

text: that

text: once

text: a

text: stem

text: cell

text: gets

text: put

text: into

text: a

text: person

text: 's

text: body

text: no

text: one

text: can

text: get

text: it

text: out

text: Crystal

text: said

text: This

text: is

text: the

text: opposite

text: of

text: other

text: kinds

text: of

text: medications

text: for

text: instance

text: a

text: person

text: may

text: get

text: sick

text: from

text: taking

text: too

text: many

text: aspirin

text: but

text: eventually

text: the

text: drug

text: leaves

text: the

text: system

text: Not

text: so

text: with

text: stem

text: cells

text: he

text: said

text: Crystal

text: expressed

text: general

text: caution

text: about

text: the

text: future

text: of

text: stem

text: cell

text: research

text: which

text: is

text: still

text: experimental

text: for

text: heart

text: patients

text: This

text: is

text: a

text: good

text: idea

text: but

text: patients

text: and

text: families

text: should

text: not

text: expect

text: immediate

text: results

text: he

text: said

question: What organization regulates stem cell research in clinical trials?

answer: The FDA

text: The FDA

question: What does most stem cell research target?

answer: promoting regeneration of the heart or preventing scar formation,

text: promoting regeneration of the heart or preventing scar formation,

question: When will therapies be available?

answer: in a little over four years,

text: in a little over four years,

question: What can be given to any patient?

answer: own stem cells,

text: own stem cells,

question: Who regulates these techniques?

answer: FDA

text: FDA


text:
(CNN) -- Although most Swedes would be too modest to say so themselves, Stockholm can stake a decent claim to being the capital of Scandinavia.

Built on 14 islands, Stockholm seems to float on water.

Built on 14 islands where Lake MÃ¤laren meets the Baltic Sea, Stockholm is a soft-hued vision of light and water, the bewitching start to an archipelago of some 24,000 islands and islets.

Sweden's neutrality during World War II means Stockholm was spared the bombing inflicted on most European capitals; the result is the unspoiled old town of Gamla Stan, with its winding, cobbled streets.

Despite a post-war building blitz that saw the construction of some particularly uninspiring modernist architecture, it is a city where gray concrete facades are largely eschewed in favor of a smorgasbord of pastel colors, rusty reds and glowing ochres.

For a capital city it's unusually green -- not just leafy and dotted with verdant parks, but environmentally sound. Stockholm proper has a population of just 800,000, avoiding the congestion and pollution that plague larger cities -- so much so that you can fish from, and swim in, the waters surrounding the city center.

Cold and sometimes bleak during its long, dark winters, Stockholm comes alive during the summer, when the Scandinavian sun barely sets. As temperatures rise the city's cafe culture blossoms, only for Stockholm to become a ghost town during July, when the locals make the most of their generous holiday entitlement and slip off to holiday cottages in the archipelago.

But beyond its historic heart Stockholm is a progressive, evolving city. Its financial fortunes grew with the mid '90s IT boom and shrank when the dotcom bubble burst, but it remains a hotbed of technology and communications companies.

Watch ABBA's Bjorn Ulvaeus take CNN on a tour of Stockholm Â»

Around 20 percent of the residents of greater Stockholm are of foreign descent, giving a sense of cultural diversity -- not to mention some welcome variety to the city's thriving restaurant scene.

Despite Sweden's largely anti-EU stance, Stockholm is cosmopolitan and outward looking, with a keen eye for the latest international trends. Its shops are filled with the latest in functional, minimalist Swedish design and there are enough boutiques boasting hip New York brands and cool Swedish labels to indulge Stockholmers' obsession with style. It's also the city where Swedish global exports H&M and IKEA have their flagship stores.

For all its picture-postcard pleasantness and progressive civic planning, Stockholm can seem a little sterile. It's not the kind of place likely to be described as "edgy."

Stockholmers themselves can come across as standoffish, but that's not say that they are unfriendly -- just politely reserved. Small talk is regarded with a certain suspicion meaning the locals can be hard to get to know, but it's amazing what a difference a couple of glasses of akvavit can make.

Puritan legal regulations mean that high-alcohol drinks (that's anything with more than 3.5 percent alcohol) are heavily taxed and can only be bought in bars and government-run "Systembolaget" shops. The result is that a night on the town is expensive enough to make anyone teetotal, with Stockholmers often avoiding midweek drinking, saving their krona for weekend partying.

But what Stockholm lacks in grit it more than makes up for in style. From its artfully designed coffee shops to the classic contours of its baroque and rococo buildings, this island city is endlessly pleasing to behold, especially when viewed from the water that flows like blood through its veins.

text: CNN

text: Although

text: most

text: Swedes

text: would

text: be

text: too

text: modest

text: to

text: say

text: so

text: themselves

text: Stockholm

text: can

text: stake

text: a

text: decent

text: claim

text: to

text: being

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: Scandinavia

text: Built

text: on

text: islands

text: Stockholm

text: seems

text: to

text: float

text: on

text: water

text: Built

text: on

text: islands

text: where

text: Lake

text: MÃ¤laren

text: meets

text: the

text: Baltic

text: Sea

text: Stockholm

text: is

text: a

text: soft

text: hued

text: vision

text: of

text: light

text: and

text: water

text: the

text: bewitching

text: start

text: to

text: an

text: archipelago

text: of

text: some

text: islands

text: and

text: islets

text: Sweden

text: 's

text: neutrality

text: during

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: means

text: Stockholm

text: was

text: spared

text: the

text: bombing

text: inflicted

text: on

text: most

text: European

text: capitals

text: the

text: result

text: is

text: the

text: unspoiled

text: old

text: town

text: of

text: Gamla

text: Stan

text: with

text: its

text: winding

text: cobbled

text: streets

text: Despite

text: a

text: post

text: war

text: building

text: blitz

text: that

text: saw

text: the

text: construction

text: of

text: some

text: particularly

text: uninspiring

text: modernist

text: architecture

text: it

text: is

text: a

text: city

text: where

text: gray

text: concrete

text: facades

text: are

text: largely

text: eschewed

text: in

text: favor

text: of

text: a

text: smorgasbord

text: of

text: pastel

text: colors

text: rusty

text: reds

text: and

text: glowing

text: ochres

text: For

text: a

text: capital

text: city

text: it

text: 's

text: unusually

text: green

text: not

text: just

text: leafy

text: and

text: dotted

text: with

text: verdant

text: parks

text: but

text: environmentally

text: sound

text: Stockholm

text: proper

text: has

text: a

text: population

text: of

text: just

text: avoiding

text: the

text: congestion

text: and

text: pollution

text: that

text: plague

text: larger

text: cities

text: so

text: much

text: so

text: that

text: you

text: can

text: fish

text: from

text: and

text: swim

text: in

text: the

text: waters

text: surrounding

text: the

text: city

text: center

text: Cold

text: and

text: sometimes

text: bleak

text: during

text: its

text: long

text: dark

text: winters

text: Stockholm

text: comes

text: alive

text: during

text: the

text: summer

text: when

text: the

text: Scandinavian

text: sun

text: barely

text: sets

text: As

text: temperatures

text: rise

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: cafe

text: culture

text: blossoms

text: only

text: for

text: Stockholm

text: to

text: become

text: a

text: ghost

text: town

text: during

text: July

text: when

text: the

text: locals

text: make

text: the

text: most

text: of

text: their

text: generous

text: holiday

text: entitlement

text: and

text: slip

text: off

text: to

text: holiday

text: cottages

text: in

text: the

text: archipelago

text: But

text: beyond

text: its

text: historic

text: heart

text: Stockholm

text: is

text: a

text: progressive

text: evolving

text: city

text: Its

text: financial

text: fortunes

text: grew

text: with

text: the

text: mid

text: IT

text: boom

text: and

text: shrank

text: when

text: the

text: dotcom

text: bubble

text: burst

text: but

text: it

text: remains

text: a

text: hotbed

text: of

text: technology

text: and

text: communications

text: companies

text: Watch

text: ABBA

text: 's

text: Bjorn

text: Ulvaeus

text: take

text: CNN

text: on

text: a

text: tour

text: of

text: Stockholm

text: Â

text: Around

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: residents

text: of

text: greater

text: Stockholm

text: are

text: of

text: foreign

text: descent

text: giving

text: a

text: sense

text: of

text: cultural

text: diversity

text: not

text: to

text: mention

text: some

text: welcome

text: variety

text: to

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: thriving

text: restaurant

text: scene

text: Despite

text: Sweden

text: 's

text: largely

text: anti

text: EU

text: stance

text: Stockholm

text: is

text: cosmopolitan

text: and

text: outward

text: looking

text: with

text: a

text: keen

text: eye

text: for

text: the

text: latest

text: international

text: trends

text: Its

text: shops

text: are

text: filled

text: with

text: the

text: latest

text: in

text: functional

text: minimalist

text: Swedish

text: design

text: and

text: there

text: are

text: enough

text: boutiques

text: boasting

text: hip

text: New

text: York

text: brands

text: and

text: cool

text: Swedish

text: labels

text: to

text: indulge

text: Stockholmers

text: obsession

text: with

text: style

text: It

text: 's

text: also

text: the

text: city

text: where

text: Swedish

text: global

text: exports

text: H&M

text: and

text: IKEA

text: have

text: their

text: flagship

text: stores

text: For

text: all

text: its

text: picture

text: postcard

text: pleasantness

text: and

text: progressive

text: civic

text: planning

text: Stockholm

text: can

text: seem

text: a

text: little

text: sterile

text: It

text: 's

text: not

text: the

text: kind

text: of

text: place

text: likely

text: to

text: be

text: described

text: as

text: edgy

text: Stockholmers

text: themselves

text: can

text: come

text: across

text: as

text: standoffish

text: but

text: that

text: 's

text: not

text: say

text: that

text: they

text: are

text: unfriendly

text: just

text: politely

text: reserved

text: Small

text: talk

text: is

text: regarded

text: with

text: a

text: certain

text: suspicion

text: meaning

text: the

text: locals

text: can

text: be

text: hard

text: to

text: get

text: to

text: know

text: but

text: it

text: 's

text: amazing

text: what

text: a

text: difference

text: a

text: couple

text: of

text: glasses

text: of

text: akvavit

text: can

text: make

text: Puritan

text: legal

text: regulations

text: mean

text: that

text: high

text: alcohol

text: drinks

text: that

text: 's

text: anything

text: with

text: more

text: than

text: percent

text: alcohol

text: are

text: heavily

text: taxed

text: and

text: can

text: only

text: be

text: bought

text: in

text: bars

text: and

text: government

text: run

text: Systembolaget

text: shops

text: The

text: result

text: is

text: that

text: a

text: night

text: on

text: the

text: town

text: is

text: expensive

text: enough

text: to

text: make

text: anyone

text: teetotal

text: with

text: Stockholmers

text: often

text: avoiding

text: midweek

text: drinking

text: saving

text: their

text: krona

text: for

text: weekend

text: partying

text: But

text: what

text: Stockholm

text: lacks

text: in

text: grit

text: it

text: more

text: than

text: makes

text: up

text: for

text: in

text: style

text: From

text: its

text: artfully

text: designed

text: coffee

text: shops

text: to

text: the

text: classic

text: contours

text: of

text: its

text: baroque

text: and

text: rococo

text: buildings

text: this

text: island

text: city

text: is

text: endlessly

text: pleasing

text: to

text: behold

text: especially

text: when

text: viewed

text: from

text: the

text: water

text: that

text: flows

text: like

text: blood

text: through

text: its

text: veins

question: What is dubbed the capital city of Scandinavia?

answer: Stockholm

text: Stockholm

question: When the city blossoms?

answer: summer,

text: summer,

question: What is the capital of Scandinavia?

answer: Stockholm

text: Stockholm

question: Where is Stockholm?

answer: Scandinavia.

text: Scandinavia.

question: When does the city blossom?

answer: during the summer,

text: during the summer,

question: What city exudes cool?

answer: Stockholm

text: Stockholm


text:
ATLANTA, Georgia (CNN) -- For more than a year, the criminal justice students jotted details of Chandra Levy's final movements onto a huge timeline taped to a classroom wall, culled the Internet and public records for scraps of information, and pored over the model skeleton laid out on a table in their lab at Bauder College in Atlanta, Georgia.

Antonio Wilson, from left clockwise, Lashaun Bates, Jennifer Gosdin and Charna-Marie Dixon.

They spent hours with the slain intern's mother, Susan Levy, who flew from her home in California to Atlanta just to talk to them. Chandra Levy had studied criminal justice in college, too.

They began with a list of five suspects, then narrowed it down to one. On December 28, they mailed their findings to the police chief in Washington, D.C. They never heard back.

But on Saturday, the text and phone messages began to fly. There's a suspect, they told each other with excitement. An arrest is imminent.

"It completely validates 15 months of work," their teacher, Sheryl McCollum, said that Saturday morning. "We knew this case was solvable. There was no reason for it not to be solved."  Meet the members of the campus crime club Â»

A week ago, the police chief in Washington, D.C., called Levy's parents and told them a suspect in the 2001 slaying soon would be arrested.

"I got a call from the Washington police department, just to give me a heads up that there's a warrant out for the arrest," said Susan Levy, the victim's mother. She added that police did not provide a name, but sources later identified him to CNN as Ingmar Guandique.

Guandique is serving a 10-year prison sentence for two assaults in Washington's Rock Creek Park that occurred around the time of Levy's disappearance. Levy's remains were found in the park.

For the Bauder College students, the break in the case was no cause for self-congratulations. They can't disclose their findings to the public.

It's part of the deal they make at the start of each investigation. Even though they couldn't name their suspect, or even discuss details of what they found, they didn't carry themselves like people who had missed the mark when they met with CNN on Monday.

There were big smiles and, in more reflective moments, small tears.

Antonio Wilson and Jennifer Gosdin, two students who last year shared logs of their progress with CNN, said they hoped Levy's mother, father and brother can now find some comfort and peace. If they were able to help the Levys in some way, they are glad.

Wilson, who hopes to be a probation officer, said he got more out of the experience than he ever expected. "It's not my area, but I loved it," he said.

"Once you get involved in it, it becomes personal," Gosdin agreed.

For Naomi Barkley and La-Shawn Bates, the case got personal when they met Susan Levy. "You could see the hurt in her face," Bates recalled. "You can't help but want to make it right for her.

McCollum was in Florida with her family when the news of a suspect broke. She was on the phone with Susan Levy before the sun came up in California. Yes, Levy said, it's true, adding that she was grateful to the students for keeping people focused on her daughter's case, McCollum recalled.

McCollum worked as a victims' advocate in the criminal justice system in Fulton County, Georgia, for 25 years before taking a teaching job at Bauder College. In 2005, she launched the Cold Case Investigations Research Institute. It's a fancy name for a campus crime club.

The students aren't graded, and they don't receive class credits. But the payoff for the hours they invest includes hands-on experience working real cases and access to experts and criminal justice professionals.

Using real-life cases is the best way to groom the next generation of crime-solvers, McCollum believes.

Many of the 850 students at Bauder College juggle full-time jobs and families with their course work. About 80 of them are members of the crime club. They are joined by students at two other campuses: Auburn University-Montgomery and Faulkner University in Alabama.

Auburn students examined crime scene and geographic details, while Faulkner students delved into the victim's profile. The Bauder students focused on the suspects.

Past cases include Tupac Shakur, the hip-hop artist gunned down in Las Vegas, Nevada, and Wayne Williams, the man convicted in the Atlanta child murders case. Students found the Williams case solvable, but Shakur's slaying was ruled "undetermined."

The Levy investigation was deemed "solvable." It seemed to carry special meaning for the students.

"With Chandra, she was a criminal justice major at one time, and she had aspirations of going into the federal government; a lot of our students do as well," McCollum said at the outset of the project.

"The students became completely dedicated once they met the family members of the victims," McCollum said. "The victims are real people, the cases are real cases, and the research is real investigative work."

text: ATLANTA

text: Georgia

text: CNN

text: For

text: more

text: than

text: a

text: year

text: the

text: criminal

text: justice

text: students

text: jotted

text: details

text: of

text: Chandra

text: Levy

text: 's

text: final

text: movements

text: onto

text: a

text: huge

text: timeline

text: taped

text: to

text: a

text: classroom

text: wall

text: culled

text: the

text: Internet

text: and

text: public

text: records

text: for

text: scraps

text: of

text: information

text: and

text: pored

text: over

text: the

text: model

text: skeleton

text: laid

text: out

text: on

text: a

text: table

text: in

text: their

text: lab

text: at

text: Bauder

text: College

text: in

text: Atlanta

text: Georgia

text: Antonio

text: Wilson

text: from

text: left

text: clockwise

text: Lashaun

text: Bates

text: Jennifer

text: Gosdin

text: and

text: Charna

text: Marie

text: Dixon

text: They

text: spent

text: hours

text: with

text: the

text: slain

text: intern

text: 's

text: mother

text: Susan

text: Levy

text: who

text: flew

text: from

text: her

text: home

text: in

text: California

text: to

text: Atlanta

text: just

text: to

text: talk

text: to

text: them

text: Chandra

text: Levy

text: had

text: studied

text: criminal

text: justice

text: in

text: college

text: too

text: They

text: began

text: with

text: a

text: list

text: of

text: five

text: suspects

text: then

text: narrowed

text: it

text: down

text: to

text: one

text: On

text: December

text: they

text: mailed

text: their

text: findings

text: to

text: the

text: police

text: chief

text: in

text: Washington

text: D.C.

text: They

text: never

text: heard

text: back

text: But

text: on

text: Saturday

text: the

text: text

text: and

text: phone

text: messages

text: began

text: to

text: fly

text: There

text: 's

text: a

text: suspect

text: they

text: told

text: each

text: other

text: with

text: excitement

text: An

text: arrest

text: is

text: imminent

text: It

text: completely

text: validates

text: months

text: of

text: work

text: their

text: teacher

text: Sheryl

text: McCollum

text: said

text: that

text: Saturday

text: morning

text: We

text: knew

text: this

text: case

text: was

text: solvable

text: There

text: was

text: no

text: reason

text: for

text: it

text: not

text: to

text: be

text: solved

text: Meet

text: the

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: campus

text: crime

text: club

text: Â

text: A

text: week

text: ago

text: the

text: police

text: chief

text: in

text: Washington

text: D.C.

text: called

text: Levy

text: 's

text: parents

text: and

text: told

text: them

text: a

text: suspect

text: in

text: the

text: slaying

text: soon

text: would

text: be

text: arrested

text: I

text: got

text: a

text: call

text: from

text: the

text: Washington

text: police

text: department

text: just

text: to

text: give

text: me

text: a

text: heads

text: up

text: that

text: there

text: 's

text: a

text: warrant

text: out

text: for

text: the

text: arrest

text: said

text: Susan

text: Levy

text: the

text: victim

text: 's

text: mother

text: She

text: added

text: that

text: police

text: did

text: not

text: provide

text: a

text: name

text: but

text: sources

text: later

text: identified

text: him

text: to

text: CNN

text: as

text: Ingmar

text: Guandique

text: Guandique

text: is

text: serving

text: a

text: prison

text: sentence

text: for

text: two

text: assaults

text: in

text: Washington

text: 's

text: Rock

text: Creek

text: Park

text: that

text: occurred

text: around

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: Levy

text: 's

text: disappearance

text: Levy

text: 's

text: remains

text: were

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: park

text: For

text: the

text: Bauder

text: College

text: students

text: the

text: break

text: in

text: the

text: case

text: was

text: no

text: cause

text: for

text: self

text: congratulations

text: They

text: ca

text: n't

text: disclose

text: their

text: findings

text: to

text: the

text: public

text: It

text: 's

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: deal

text: they

text: make

text: at

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: each

text: investigation

text: Even

text: though

text: they

text: could

text: n't

text: name

text: their

text: suspect

text: or

text: even

text: discuss

text: details

text: of

text: what

text: they

text: found

text: they

text: did

text: n't

text: carry

text: themselves

text: like

text: people

text: who

text: had

text: missed

text: the

text: mark

text: when

text: they

text: met

text: with

text: CNN

text: on

text: Monday

text: There

text: were

text: big

text: smiles

text: and

text: in

text: more

text: reflective

text: moments

text: small

text: tears

text: Antonio

text: Wilson

text: and

text: Jennifer

text: Gosdin

text: two

text: students

text: who

text: last

text: year

text: shared

text: logs

text: of

text: their

text: progress

text: with

text: CNN

text: said

text: they

text: hoped

text: Levy

text: 's

text: mother

text: father

text: and

text: brother

text: can

text: now

text: find

text: some

text: comfort

text: and

text: peace

text: If

text: they

text: were

text: able

text: to

text: help

text: the

text: Levys

text: in

text: some

text: way

text: they

text: are

text: glad

text: Wilson

text: who

text: hopes

text: to

text: be

text: a

text: probation

text: officer

text: said

text: he

text: got

text: more

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: experience

text: than

text: he

text: ever

text: expected

text: It

text: 's

text: not

text: my

text: area

text: but

text: I

text: loved

text: it

text: he

text: said

text: Once

text: you

text: get

text: involved

text: in

text: it

text: it

text: becomes

text: personal

text: Gosdin

text: agreed

text: For

text: Naomi

text: Barkley

text: and

text: La

text: Shawn

text: Bates

text: the

text: case

text: got

text: personal

text: when

text: they

text: met

text: Susan

text: Levy

text: You

text: could

text: see

text: the

text: hurt

text: in

text: her

text: face

text: Bates

text: recalled

text: You

text: ca

text: n't

text: help

text: but

text: want

text: to

text: make

text: it

text: right

text: for

text: her

text: McCollum

text: was

text: in

text: Florida

text: with

text: her

text: family

text: when

text: the

text: news

text: of

text: a

text: suspect

text: broke

text: She

text: was

text: on

text: the

text: phone

text: with

text: Susan

text: Levy

text: before

text: the

text: sun

text: came

text: up

text: in

text: California

text: Yes

text: Levy

text: said

text: it

text: 's

text: true

text: adding

text: that

text: she

text: was

text: grateful

text: to

text: the

text: students

text: for

text: keeping

text: people

text: focused

text: on

text: her

text: daughter

text: 's

text: case

text: McCollum

text: recalled

text: McCollum

text: worked

text: as

text: a

text: victims

text: advocate

text: in

text: the

text: criminal

text: justice

text: system

text: in

text: Fulton

text: County

text: Georgia

text: for

text: years

text: before

text: taking

text: a

text: teaching

text: job

text: at

text: Bauder

text: College

text: In

text: she

text: launched

text: the

text: Cold

text: Case

text: Investigations

text: Research

text: Institute

text: It

text: 's

text: a

text: fancy

text: name

text: for

text: a

text: campus

text: crime

text: club

text: The

text: students

text: are

text: n't

text: graded

text: and

text: they

text: do

text: n't

text: receive

text: class

text: credits

text: But

text: the

text: payoff

text: for

text: the

text: hours

text: they

text: invest

text: includes

text: hands

text: on

text: experience

text: working

text: real

text: cases

text: and

text: access

text: to

text: experts

text: and

text: criminal

text: justice

text: professionals

text: Using

text: real

text: life

text: cases

text: is

text: the

text: best

text: way

text: to

text: groom

text: the

text: next

text: generation

text: of

text: crime

text: solvers

text: McCollum

text: believes

text: Many

text: of

text: the

text: students

text: at

text: Bauder

text: College

text: juggle

text: full

text: time

text: jobs

text: and

text: families

text: with

text: their

text: course

text: work

text: About

text: of

text: them

text: are

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: crime

text: club

text: They

text: are

text: joined

text: by

text: students

text: at

text: two

text: other

text: campuses

text: Auburn

text: University

text: Montgomery

text: and

text: Faulkner

text: University

text: in

text: Alabama

text: Auburn

text: students

text: examined

text: crime

text: scene

text: and

text: geographic

text: details

text: while

text: Faulkner

text: students

text: delved

text: into

text: the

text: victim

text: 's

text: profile

text: The

text: Bauder

text: students

text: focused

text: on

text: the

text: suspects

text: Past

text: cases

text: include

text: Tupac

text: Shakur

text: the

text: hip

text: hop

text: artist

text: gunned

text: down

text: in

text: Las

text: Vegas

text: Nevada

text: and

text: Wayne

text: Williams

text: the

text: man

text: convicted

text: in

text: the

text: Atlanta

text: child

text: murders

text: case

text: Students

text: found

text: the

text: Williams

text: case

text: solvable

text: but

text: Shakur

text: 's

text: slaying

text: was

text: ruled

text: undetermined

text: The

text: Levy

text: investigation

text: was

text: deemed

text: solvable

text: It

text: seemed

text: to

text: carry

text: special

text: meaning

text: for

text: the

text: students

text: With

text: Chandra

text: she

text: was

text: a

text: criminal

text: justice

text: major

text: at

text: one

text: time

text: and

text: she

text: had

text: aspirations

text: of

text: going

text: into

text: the

text: federal

text: government

text: a

text: lot

text: of

text: our

text: students

text: do

text: as

text: well

text: McCollum

text: said

text: at

text: the

text: outset

text: of

text: the

text: project

text: The

text: students

text: became

text: completely

text: dedicated

text: once

text: they

text: met

text: the

text: family

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: victims

text: McCollum

text: said

text: The

text: victims

text: are

text: real

text: people

text: the

text: cases

text: are

text: real

text: cases

text: and

text: the

text: research

text: is

text: real

text: investigative

text: work

question: who was a suspect?

answer: Ingmar Guandique.

text: Ingmar Guandique.

question: What number of students at Bauder College are members of the crime club?

answer: About 80

text: About 80

question: Who recalls Levy's mother being grateful that students kept spotlight on case?

answer: Sheryl McCollum,

text: Sheryl McCollum,

question: who was arrested?

answer: Ingmar Guandique.

text: Ingmar Guandique.

question: How many students belong to Crime Club?

answer: 80