text:
(CNN) -- The American Psychological Association concluded Wednesday that there is little evidence that efforts to change a person's sexual orientation from gay or lesbian to heterosexual are effective.

The report looks at 87 studies conducted between 1960 and 2007.

In addition, the 138-page report -- covering 87 peer-reviewed studies -- said that such efforts may cause harm.

"Contrary to claims of sexual orientation change advocates and practitioners, there is insufficient evidence to support the use of psychological interventions to change sexual orientation," said Judith M. Glassgold, chairwoman of the task force that presented the report at the group's annual meeting in Toronto, Canada. The Washington-based association represents more than 150,000 members.

"At most, certain studies suggested that some individuals learned how to ignore or not act on their homosexual attractions. Yet, these studies did not indicate for whom this was possible, how long it lasted or its long-term mental health effects. Also, this result was much less likely to be true for people who started out only attracted to people of the same sex."

In response, the group's governing Council of Representatives passed a resolution Wednesday urging mental health professionals not to recommend to their clients that they can change their sexual orientation through therapy or any other methods.

The group's Task Force on Appropriate Therapeutic Responses to Sexual Orientation reached its conclusion after its review of 87 studies conducted between 1960 and 2007 and finding "serious methodological problems" in the vast majority of them.

Those few studies that did have "high-quality" evidence "show that enduring change to an individual's sexual orientation is uncommon," it said.

In addition, the report cited evidence that efforts to switch a person's sexual orientation through aversive treatments might cause harm, including loss of sexual feeling, suicidality, depression and anxiety.

Many who tried to change and failed "described their experiences as a significant cause of emotional and spiritual distress and negative self-image," it said.

The six-member task force was appointed two years ago to address concerns about "efforts to promote the notion that sexual orientation can be changed through psychotherapy or approaches that mischaracterize homosexuality as a mental disorder."

The American Psychiatric Association removed homosexuality from its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders in 1975.

The task force noted that some people attempt to change their sexual orientation because it conflicts with their religious beliefs, and recommended that their mental health care providers help them "explore possible life paths that address the reality of their sexual orientation, reduce the stigma associated with homosexuality, respect the client's religious beliefs, and consider possibilities for a religiously and spiritually meaningful and rewarding life."

"In other words," said Glassgold, "we recommend that psychologists be completely honest about the likelihood of sexual orientation change, and that they help clients explore their assumptions and goals with respect to both religion and sexuality."

Alan Chambers, president of Exodus International, a network of more than 250 ministries that he said "reach out to men and women and families that are affected by what we call 'unwanted same-sex attraction'" disagrees.

He offered himself as proof that such efforts can work. "The fact is that there are tens of thousands of men and women just like me who once identified as gay," Chambers said in a telephone interview. "For me and for these people, the truth is change is possible."

Chambers said his transformation from gay man began more than 18 years ago, when he attended a support group at the organization he now leads. Chambers, who said he married a woman nearly 12 years ago, has written a book, "Leaving Homosexuality," which was published last month.

"You can't refute a personal story," he said, adding that about a third of those who try to switch their sexual orientation through the group's ministries wind up doing so.

"We're not talking a light switch that you turn on and off, we're talking about very deep and complex issues that, I think, take years to resolve."

Though all mainstream health and mental health organizations concluded years ago that homosexuality is not a mental disorder, the American Psychological Association formed the task force to work on the report two years ago after noting a resurgence of groups that identified homosexuality as a defect or spiritual or moral failing.

text: CNN

text: The

text: American

text: Psychological

text: Association

text: concluded

text: Wednesday

text: that

text: there

text: is

text: little

text: evidence

text: that

text: efforts

text: to

text: change

text: a

text: person

text: 's

text: sexual

text: orientation

text: from

text: gay

text: or

text: lesbian

text: to

text: heterosexual

text: are

text: effective

text: The

text: report

text: looks

text: at

text: studies

text: conducted

text: between

text: and

text: In

text: addition

text: the

text: report

text: covering

text: peer

text: reviewed

text: studies

text: said

text: that

text: such

text: efforts

text: may

text: cause

text: harm

text: Contrary

text: to

text: claims

text: of

text: sexual

text: orientation

text: change

text: advocates

text: and

text: practitioners

text: there

text: is

text: insufficient

text: evidence

text: to

text: support

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: psychological

text: interventions

text: to

text: change

text: sexual

text: orientation

text: said

text: Judith

text: M.

text: Glassgold

text: chairwoman

text: of

text: the

text: task

text: force

text: that

text: presented

text: the

text: report

text: at

text: the

text: group

text: 's

text: annual

text: meeting

text: in

text: Toronto

text: Canada

text: The

text: Washington

text: based

text: association

text: represents

text: more

text: than

text: members

text: At

text: most

text: certain

text: studies

text: suggested

text: that

text: some

text: individuals

text: learned

text: how

text: to

text: ignore

text: or

text: not

text: act

text: on

text: their

text: homosexual

text: attractions

text: Yet

text: these

text: studies

text: did

text: not

text: indicate

text: for

text: whom

text: this

text: was

text: possible

text: how

text: long

text: it

text: lasted

text: or

text: its

text: long

text: term

text: mental

text: health

text: effects

text: Also

text: this

text: result

text: was

text: much

text: less

text: likely

text: to

text: be

text: true

text: for

text: people

text: who

text: started

text: out

text: only

text: attracted

text: to

text: people

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: sex

text: In

text: response

text: the

text: group

text: 's

text: governing

text: Council

text: of

text: Representatives

text: passed

text: a

text: resolution

text: Wednesday

text: urging

text: mental

text: health

text: professionals

text: not

text: to

text: recommend

text: to

text: their

text: clients

text: that

text: they

text: can

text: change

text: their

text: sexual

text: orientation

text: through

text: therapy

text: or

text: any

text: other

text: methods

text: The

text: group

text: 's

text: Task

text: Force

text: on

text: Appropriate

text: Therapeutic

text: Responses

text: to

text: Sexual

text: Orientation

text: reached

text: its

text: conclusion

text: after

text: its

text: review

text: of

text: studies

text: conducted

text: between

text: and

text: and

text: finding

text: serious

text: methodological

text: problems

text: in

text: the

text: vast

text: majority

text: of

text: them

text: Those

text: few

text: studies

text: that

text: did

text: have

text: high

text: quality

text: evidence

text: show

text: that

text: enduring

text: change

text: to

text: an

text: individual

text: 's

text: sexual

text: orientation

text: is

text: uncommon

text: it

text: said

text: In

text: addition

text: the

text: report

text: cited

text: evidence

text: that

text: efforts

text: to

text: switch

text: a

text: person

text: 's

text: sexual

text: orientation

text: through

text: aversive

text: treatments

text: might

text: cause

text: harm

text: including

text: loss

text: of

text: sexual

text: feeling

text: suicidality

text: depression

text: and

text: anxiety

text: Many

text: who

text: tried

text: to

text: change

text: and

text: failed

text: described

text: their

text: experiences

text: as

text: a

text: significant

text: cause

text: of

text: emotional

text: and

text: spiritual

text: distress

text: and

text: negative

text: self

text: image

text: it

text: said

text: The

text: six

text: member

text: task

text: force

text: was

text: appointed

text: two

text: years

text: ago

text: to

text: address

text: concerns

text: about

text: efforts

text: to

text: promote

text: the

text: notion

text: that

text: sexual

text: orientation

text: can

text: be

text: changed

text: through

text: psychotherapy

text: or

text: approaches

text: that

text: mischaracterize

text: homosexuality

text: as

text: a

text: mental

text: disorder

text: The

text: American

text: Psychiatric

text: Association

text: removed

text: homosexuality

text: from

text: its

text: Diagnostic

text: and

text: Statistical

text: Manual

text: of

text: Mental

text: Disorders

text: in

text: The

text: task

text: force

text: noted

text: that

text: some

text: people

text: attempt

text: to

text: change

text: their

text: sexual

text: orientation

text: because

text: it

text: conflicts

text: with

text: their

text: religious

text: beliefs

text: and

text: recommended

text: that

text: their

text: mental

text: health

text: care

text: providers

text: help

text: them

text: explore

text: possible

text: life

text: paths

text: that

text: address

text: the

text: reality

text: of

text: their

text: sexual

text: orientation

text: reduce

text: the

text: stigma

text: associated

text: with

text: homosexuality

text: respect

text: the

text: client

text: 's

text: religious

text: beliefs

text: and

text: consider

text: possibilities

text: for

text: a

text: religiously

text: and

text: spiritually

text: meaningful

text: and

text: rewarding

text: life

text: In

text: other

text: words

text: said

text: Glassgold

text: we

text: recommend

text: that

text: psychologists

text: be

text: completely

text: honest

text: about

text: the

text: likelihood

text: of

text: sexual

text: orientation

text: change

text: and

text: that

text: they

text: help

text: clients

text: explore

text: their

text: assumptions

text: and

text: goals

text: with

text: respect

text: to

text: both

text: religion

text: and

text: sexuality

text: Alan

text: Chambers

text: president

text: of

text: Exodus

text: International

text: a

text: network

text: of

text: more

text: than

text: ministries

text: that

text: he

text: said

text: reach

text: out

text: to

text: men

text: and

text: women

text: and

text: families

text: that

text: are

text: affected

text: by

text: what

text: we

text: call

text: unwanted

text: same

text: sex

text: attraction

text: disagrees

text: He

text: offered

text: himself

text: as

text: proof

text: that

text: such

text: efforts

text: can

text: work

text: The

text: fact

text: is

text: that

text: there

text: are

text: tens

text: of

text: thousands

text: of

text: men

text: and

text: women

text: just

text: like

text: me

text: who

text: once

text: identified

text: as

text: gay

text: Chambers

text: said

text: in

text: a

text: telephone

text: interview

text: For

text: me

text: and

text: for

text: these

text: people

text: the

text: truth

text: is

text: change

text: is

text: possible

text: Chambers

text: said

text: his

text: transformation

text: from

text: gay

text: man

text: began

text: more

text: than

text: years

text: ago

text: when

text: he

text: attended

text: a

text: support

text: group

text: at

text: the

text: organization

text: he

text: now

text: leads

text: Chambers

text: who

text: said

text: he

text: married

text: a

text: woman

text: nearly

text: years

text: ago

text: has

text: written

text: a

text: book

text: Leaving

text: Homosexuality

text: which

text: was

text: published

text: last

text: month

text: You

text: ca

text: n't

text: refute

text: a

text: personal

text: story

text: he

text: said

text: adding

text: that

text: about

text: a

text: third

text: of

text: those

text: who

text: try

text: to

text: switch

text: their

text: sexual

text: orientation

text: through

text: the

text: group

text: 's

text: ministries

text: wind

text: up

text: doing

text: so

text: We

text: 're

text: not

text: talking

text: a

text: light

text: switch

text: that

text: you

text: turn

text: on

text: and

text: off

text: we

text: 're

text: talking

text: about

text: very

text: deep

text: and

text: complex

text: issues

text: that

text: I

text: think

text: take

text: years

text: to

text: resolve

text: Though

text: all

text: mainstream

text: health

text: and

text: mental

text: health

text: organizations

text: concluded

text: years

text: ago

text: that

text: homosexuality

text: is

text: not

text: a

text: mental

text: disorder

text: the

text: American

text: Psychological

text: Association

text: formed

text: the

text: task

text: force

text: to

text: work

text: on

text: the

text: report

text: two

text: years

text: ago

text: after

text: noting

text: a

text: resurgence

text: of

text: groups

text: that

text: identified

text: homosexuality

text: as

text: a

text: defect

text: or

text: spiritual

text: or

text: moral

text: failing

question: When has homosexuality de-listed as a mental disorder?

answer: 1975.

question: What is the effect of trying to change orientation?

answer: may cause harm.

text: may cause harm.


text:
JACKSONVILLE, Florida (CNN) -- Eduardo Gonzalez, a petty officer second class with the U.S. Navy, is about to be deployed overseas for a third time. Making his deployment even tougher is the fact his wife may not be around when he comes back.

Mildred and Eduardo Gonzalez worry about what would happen to their family if she is deported.

His wife faces deportation to Guatemala -- her home country that she hasn't seen since 1989. He also doesn't know what would happen to his young son, Eduardo Jr., if that happens.

"I like being in uniform and serving my country, but if she goes back I'm going to have to give it all up and just get out and take care of my son and get a job," he said.

"Defending the country that's trying to kick my family out is a thought that always runs through my mind."

Gonzalez, who works on helicopters that bring cargo, supplies and military personnel in and out of Iraq, testified before a House Judiciary Committee panel last month, detailing his situation and urging officials to consider some sort of policy to deal with cases like his, where military members' families could be deported while they're defending their country overseas.  Watch "they're tearing families apart" Â»

"I want to serve my country 100 percent. But with this issue in the back of my mind, I feel I can't do that," he testified on September 6.

The U.S. military does not have a policy to deal with such cases. Each is handled case-by-case, not by the military, but by immigration authorities. The government doesn't have numbers on how many military members are in predicaments similar  to Gonzalez's.

Immigration officials also said marrying a U.S. citizen does not mean the spouse is automatically entitled to U.S. citizenship or permanent legal status.

Lt. Col. Margaret Stock, a member of the U.S. Army Reserves who teaches immigration law at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, New York, said she believes there should be an overall policy dealing with the potential deportation of family members of active duty military members.

"You got to understand. When you're in a combat zone, you need to be focusing all of your energies on fighting the enemy. You can't be worried that your loved ones back home could be shipped off to a foreign country where you're never going to see them again," she said.

Stock also said the government is conflicted about how to treat such cases. On the one hand, the government is supposed to be providing military families with assistance, housing and other forms of benefits while their spouses are overseas. On the other hand, the same government is trying to deport the very same people.

"What's happening right now is, because of the dysfunction and complexity of our immigration laws, we've got people fighting overseas who are facing the impossible situation of having family members facing deportation back home," she said.

In Gonzalez's case, his wife, Mildred, came to the United States with her mother in 1989 when she was 5 years old. They were granted political asylum because of their status as war refugees from Guatemala.

In September 2000, Mildred's mother applied for legalization and included her daughter in that application. Her mother was granted legal status in July 2004, according to Gonzalez.

However, six weeks earlier, Gonzalez and Mildred got married, canceling Mildred's ability to apply for legal status through her mother because she was no longer an unmarried daughter under the age of 21. As a result, her legal status still remains in jeopardy.

A judge in June granted her a one-year extension to remain in the United States. If her legal status does not change by June 8, 2008, she will have 60 days to voluntarily leave the country or face deportation.

That's just fine, according to Mark Krikorian, the executive director of the Center for Immigration Studies, which lobbies for tougher laws on illegal immigration.

"What you're talking about is amnesty for illegal immigrants who have a relative in the armed forces, and that's just outrageous," he said. "What we're talking about here is letting lawbreakers get away with their actions just because they have a relative in the military. ... There's no justification for that kind of policy."

Gonzalez said that type of response is unjustified. "I'm trying to make his country better -- my country better -- and it should be her country too."

Gonzalez himself entered the country legally, crossing the Mexican border with his family when he was about 10. He joined the Navy as a so-called "green-card sailor" and became a U.S. citizen in July 2005. The military does accept some immigrants who aren't U.S. citizens.

"I understand the laws have to be followed and guidelines and a system must be maintained, but on the other token, there are times when the situation is just out of their reach," Gonzalez said.

His wife, Mildred, added, "We didn't come here to break the law. We just want to feel safe and have a home just like everybody else."

U.S. Army Sgt. Emmanuel Woko, a member of the Army's 2nd Brigade, 1st Infantry Division who faces his third tour in Iraq, understands just how Gonzalez and his family feel. His wife and children could be sent back to Nigeria.

"My heart is bleeding on the thought that my wife could be deported back to Nigeria while I am deployed in Iraq," he said. "I am extremely distressed and distracted by the thought."

That's a sentiment echoed by Gonzalez: "We are not asking for anything. We are just asking for our families to stay with us." E-mail to a friend

CNN's Gregg Canes contributed to this report.

text: JACKSONVILLE

text: Florida

text: CNN

text: Eduardo

text: Gonzalez

text: a

text: petty

text: officer

text: second

text: class

text: with

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Navy

text: is

text: about

text: to

text: be

text: deployed

text: overseas

text: for

text: a

text: third

text: time

text: Making

text: his

text: deployment

text: even

text: tougher

text: is

text: the

text: fact

text: his

text: wife

text: may

text: not

text: be

text: around

text: when

text: he

text: comes

text: back

text: Mildred

text: and

text: Eduardo

text: Gonzalez

text: worry

text: about

text: what

text: would

text: happen

text: to

text: their

text: family

text: if

text: she

text: is

text: deported

text: His

text: wife

text: faces

text: deportation

text: to

text: Guatemala

text: her

text: home

text: country

text: that

text: she

text: has

text: n't

text: seen

text: since

text: He

text: also

text: does

text: n't

text: know

text: what

text: would

text: happen

text: to

text: his

text: young

text: son

text: Eduardo

text: Jr.

text: if

text: that

text: happens

text: I

text: like

text: being

text: in

text: uniform

text: and

text: serving

text: my

text: country

text: but

text: if

text: she

text: goes

text: back

text: I

text: 'm

text: going

text: to

text: have

text: to

text: give

text: it

text: all

text: up

text: and

text: just

text: get

text: out

text: and

text: take

text: care

text: of

text: my

text: son

text: and

text: get

text: a

text: job

text: he

text: said

text: Defending

text: the

text: country

text: that

text: 's

text: trying

text: to

text: kick

text: my

text: family

text: out

text: is

text: a

text: thought

text: that

text: always

text: runs

text: through

text: my

text: mind

text: Gonzalez

text: who

text: works

text: on

text: helicopters

text: that

text: bring

text: cargo

text: supplies

text: and

text: military

text: personnel

text: in

text: and

text: out

text: of

text: Iraq

text: testified

text: before

text: a

text: House

text: Judiciary

text: Committee

text: panel

text: last

text: month

text: detailing

text: his

text: situation

text: and

text: urging

text: officials

text: to

text: consider

text: some

text: sort

text: of

text: policy

text: to

text: deal

text: with

text: cases

text: like

text: his

text: where

text: military

text: members

text: families

text: could

text: be

text: deported

text: while

text: they

text: 're

text: defending

text: their

text: country

text: overseas

text: Watch

text: they

text: 're

text: tearing

text: families

text: apart

text: Â

text: I

text: want

text: to

text: serve

text: my

text: country

text: percent

text: But

text: with

text: this

text: issue

text: in

text: the

text: back

text: of

text: my

text: mind

text: I

text: feel

text: I

text: ca

text: n't

text: do

text: that

text: he

text: testified

text: on

text: September

text: The

text: U.S.

text: military

text: does

text: not

text: have

text: a

text: policy

text: to

text: deal

text: with

text: such

text: cases

text: Each

text: is

text: handled

text: case

text: by

text: case

text: not

text: by

text: the

text: military

text: but

text: by

text: immigration

text: authorities

text: The

text: government

text: does

text: n't

text: have

text: numbers

text: on

text: how

text: many

text: military

text: members

text: are

text: in

text: predicaments

text: similar

text: to

text: Gonzalez

text: 's

text: Immigration

text: officials

text: also

text: said

text: marrying

text: a

text: U.S.

text: citizen

text: does

text: not

text: mean

text: the

text: spouse

text: is

text: automatically

text: entitled

text: to

text: U.S.

text: citizenship

text: or

text: permanent

text: legal

text: status

text: Lt

text: Col

text: Margaret

text: Stock

text: a

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Army

text: Reserves

text: who

text: teaches

text: immigration

text: law

text: at

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Military

text: Academy

text: at

text: West

text: Point

text: New

text: York

text: said

text: she

text: believes

text: there

text: should

text: be

text: an

text: overall

text: policy

text: dealing

text: with

text: the

text: potential

text: deportation

text: of

text: family

text: members

text: of

text: active

text: duty

text: military

text: members

text: You

text: got

text: to

text: understand

text: When

text: you

text: 're

text: in

text: a

text: combat

text: zone

text: you

text: need

text: to

text: be

text: focusing

text: all

text: of

text: your

text: energies

text: on

text: fighting

text: the

text: enemy

text: You

text: ca

text: n't

text: be

text: worried

text: that

text: your

text: loved

text: ones

text: back

text: home

text: could

text: be

text: shipped

text: off

text: to

text: a

text: foreign

text: country

text: where

text: you

text: 're

text: never

text: going

text: to

text: see

text: them

text: again

text: she

text: said

text: Stock

text: also

text: said

text: the

text: government

text: is

text: conflicted

text: about

text: how

text: to

text: treat

text: such

text: cases

text: On

text: the

text: one

text: hand

text: the

text: government

text: is

text: supposed

text: to

text: be

text: providing

text: military

text: families

text: with

text: assistance

text: housing

text: and

text: other

text: forms

text: of

text: benefits

text: while

text: their

text: spouses

text: are

text: overseas

text: On

text: the

text: other

text: hand

text: the

text: same

text: government

text: is

text: trying

text: to

text: deport

text: the

text: very

text: same

text: people

text: What

text: 's

text: happening

text: right

text: now

text: is

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: dysfunction

text: and

text: complexity

text: of

text: our

text: immigration

text: laws

text: we

text: 've

text: got

text: people

text: fighting

text: overseas

text: who

text: are

text: facing

text: the

text: impossible

text: situation

text: of

text: having

text: family

text: members

text: facing

text: deportation

text: back

text: home

text: she

text: said

text: In

text: Gonzalez

text: 's

text: case

text: his

text: wife

text: Mildred

text: came

text: to

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: with

text: her

text: mother

text: in

text: when

text: she

text: was

text: years

text: old

text: They

text: were

text: granted

text: political

text: asylum

text: because

text: of

text: their

text: status

text: as

text: war

text: refugees

text: from

text: Guatemala

text: In

text: September

text: Mildred

text: 's

text: mother

text: applied

text: for

text: legalization

text: and

text: included

text: her

text: daughter

text: in

text: that

text: application

text: Her

text: mother

text: was

text: granted

text: legal

text: status

text: in

text: July

text: according

text: to

text: Gonzalez

text: However

text: six

text: weeks

text: earlier

text: Gonzalez

text: and

text: Mildred

text: got

text: married

text: canceling

text: Mildred

text: 's

text: ability

text: to

text: apply

text: for

text: legal

text: status

text: through

text: her

text: mother

text: because

text: she

text: was

text: no

text: longer

text: an

text: unmarried

text: daughter

text: under

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: her

text: legal

text: status

text: still

text: remains

text: in

text: jeopardy

text: A

text: judge

text: in

text: June

text: granted

text: her

text: a

text: one

text: year

text: extension

text: to

text: remain

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: If

text: her

text: legal

text: status

text: does

text: not

text: change

text: by

text: June

text: she

text: will

text: have

text: days

text: to

text: voluntarily

text: leave

text: the

text: country

text: or

text: face

text: deportation

text: That

text: 's

text: just

text: fine

text: according

text: to

text: Mark

text: Krikorian

text: the

text: executive

text: director

text: of

text: the

text: Center

text: for

text: Immigration

text: Studies

text: which

text: lobbies

text: for

text: tougher

text: laws

text: on

text: illegal

text: immigration

text: What

text: you

text: 're

text: talking

text: about

text: is

text: amnesty

text: for

text: illegal

text: immigrants

text: who

text: have

text: a

text: relative

text: in

text: the

text: armed

text: forces

text: and

text: that

text: 's

text: just

text: outrageous

text: he

text: said

text: What

text: we

text: 're

text: talking

text: about

text: here

text: is

text: letting

text: lawbreakers

text: get

text: away

text: with

text: their

text: actions

text: just

text: because

text: they

text: have

text: a

text: relative

text: in

text: the

text: military

text: There

text: 's

text: no

text: justification

text: for

text: that

text: kind

text: of

text: policy

text: Gonzalez

text: said

text: that

text: type

text: of

text: response

text: is

text: unjustified

text: I

text: 'm

text: trying

text: to

text: make

text: his

text: country

text: better

text: my

text: country

text: better

text: and

text: it

text: should

text: be

text: her

text: country

text: too

text: Gonzalez

text: himself

text: entered

text: the

text: country

text: legally

text: crossing

text: the

text: Mexican

text: border

text: with

text: his

text: family

text: when

text: he

text: was

text: about

text: He

text: joined

text: the

text: Navy

text: as

text: a

text: so

text: called

text: green

text: card

text: sailor

text: and

text: became

text: a

text: U.S.

text: citizen

text: in

text: July

text: The

text: military

text: does

text: accept

text: some

text: immigrants

text: who

text: are

text: n't

text: U.S.

text: citizens

text: I

text: understand

text: the

text: laws

text: have

text: to

text: be

text: followed

text: and

text: guidelines

text: and

text: a

text: system

text: must

text: be

text: maintained

text: but

text: on

text: the

text: other

text: token

text: there

text: are

text: times

text: when

text: the

text: situation

text: is

text: just

text: out

text: of

text: their

text: reach

text: Gonzalez

text: said

text: His

text: wife

text: Mildred

text: added

text: We

text: did

text: n't

text: come

text: here

text: to

text: break

text: the

text: law

text: We

text: just

text: want

text: to

text: feel

text: safe

text: and

text: have

text: a

text: home

text: just

text: like

text: everybody

text: else

text: U.S.

text: Army

text: Sgt

text: Emmanuel

text: Woko

text: a

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Army

text: 's

text: Brigade

text: Infantry

text: Division

text: who

text: faces

text: his

text: third

text: tour

text: in

text: Iraq

text: understands

text: just

text: how

text: Gonzalez

text: and

text: his

text: family

text: feel

text: His

text: wife

text: and

text: children

text: could

text: be

text: sent

text: back

text: to

text: Nigeria

text: My

text: heart

text: is

text: bleeding

text: on

text: the

text: thought

text: that

text: my

text: wife

text: could

text: be

text: deported

text: back

text: to

text: Nigeria

text: while

text: I

text: am

text: deployed

text: in

text: Iraq

text: he

text: said

text: I

text: am

text: extremely

text: distressed

text: and

text: distracted

text: by

text: the

text: thought

text: That

text: 's

text: a

text: sentiment

text: echoed

text: by

text: Gonzalez

text: We

text: are

text: not

text: asking

text: for

text: anything

text: We

text: are

text: just

text: asking

text: for

text: our

text: families

text: to

text: stay

text: with

text: us

text: E

text: mail

text: to

text: a

text: friend

text: CNN

text: 's

text: Gregg

text: Canes

text: contributed

text: to

text: this

text: report

question: What does the sailor find tough

answer: the fact his wife may not be around when he comes back.

text: the fact his wife may not be around when he comes back.

question: What does the sailor's wife want

answer: to feel safe and have a home just like everybody else."

text: to feel safe and have a home just like everybody else."

question: What does the wife want to feel?

answer: safe

text: safe

question: When could a sailor's wife be deported?

answer: while they're defending their country overseas.

text: while they're defending their country overseas.

question: Whose wife could be deported while he's overseas?

answer: Eduardo Gonzalez

text: Eduardo Gonzalez

question: Who is the sailor?

answer: Gonzalez himself entered the country legally, crossing the Mexican border with his family when he was about 10. He joined the Navy as a so-called "green-card sailor"

text: Gonzalez himself entered the country legally, crossing the Mexican border with his family when he was about 10. He joined the Navy as a so-called "green-card sailor"

question: who wants to feel safe?

answer: His wife, Mildred,

text: His wife, Mildred,

question: What did the Sailor say?

answer: "Defending the country that's trying to kick my family out is a thought that always runs through my mind."

text: "Defending the country that's trying to kick my family out is a thought that always runs through my mind."

question: What will the military do?

answer: does not have a policy to deal with such cases.

text: does not have a policy to deal with such cases.

question: What did the wife say?

answer: "We didn't come here to break the law. We just want to feel safe and have a home just like everybody else."

text: "We didn't come here to break the law. We just want to feel safe and have a home just like everybody else."

question: What is tough for the sailor?

answer: his wife may not be around when he comes back.

text: his wife may not be around when he comes back.

question: Who wants to be safe?

answer: Mildred

text: Mildred

question: What country is the sailor defending?

answer: U.S.

text: U.S.

question: What could happen to the sailor's wife

answer: deportation

text: deportation

question: what did the wife said?

answer: "We didn't come here to break the law. We just want to feel safe and have a home just like everybody else."

text: "We didn't come here to break the law. We just want to feel safe and have a home just like everybody else."

question: what does US stand for?

answer: United States.

text: United States.

question: What is the sailor's wife in risk of?

answer: deportation

text: deportation

question: Who could be deported?

answer: His wife

text: His wife

question: Does the military have a policy for such situations?

answer: not

text: not


text:
Washington (CNN) -- A U.S. missile defense test failed Sunday when a long-range missile missed its target because of radar problems.

The Defense Department said a target missile was launched from an Army test site at Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshall Islands at 7:40 p.m.

Six minutes later, a second missile was launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California, to find the first one and destroy it.

Both missiles flew successfully, but missed each other because of a problem in the sea-based X-band radar, the department's Missile Defense Agency said.

The X-band radar sits atop a modified floating oil platform and provides information about incoming missiles so military officials can launch a response.

"Both the target missile and ground-based interceptor performed nominally after launch. However, the sea-based X-band radar did not perform as expected," the agency said.

Officials intend to investigate the cause of the interception failure.

text: Washington

text: CNN

text: A

text: U.S.

text: missile

text: defense

text: test

text: failed

text: Sunday

text: when

text: a

text: long

text: range

text: missile

text: missed

text: its

text: target

text: because

text: of

text: radar

text: problems

text: The

text: Defense

text: Department

text: said

text: a

text: target

text: missile

text: was

text: launched

text: from

text: an

text: Army

text: test

text: site

text: at

text: Kwajalein

text: Atoll

text: in

text: the

text: Marshall

text: Islands

text: at

text: p.m.

text: Six

text: minutes

text: later

text: a

text: second

text: missile

text: was

text: launched

text: from

text: Vandenberg

text: Air

text: Force

text: Base

text: in

text: California

text: to

text: find

text: the

text: first

text: one

text: and

text: destroy

text: it

text: Both

text: missiles

text: flew

text: successfully

text: but

text: missed

text: each

text: other

text: because

text: of

text: a

text: problem

text: in

text: the

text: sea

text: based

text: X

text: band

text: radar

text: the

text: department

text: 's

text: Missile

text: Defense

text: Agency

text: said

text: The

text: X

text: band

text: radar

text: sits

text: atop

text: a

text: modified

text: floating

text: oil

text: platform

text: and

text: provides

text: information

text: about

text: incoming

text: missiles

text: so

text: military

text: officials

text: can

text: launch

text: a

text: response

text: Both

text: the

text: target

text: missile

text: and

text: ground

text: based

text: interceptor

text: performed

text: nominally

text: after

text: launch

text: However

text: the

text: sea

text: based

text: X

text: band

text: radar

text: did

text: not

text: perform

text: as

text: expected

text: the

text: agency

text: said

text: Officials

text: intend

text: to

text: investigate

text: the

text: cause

text: of

text: the

text: interception

text: failure

question: What was fired from the California base?

answer: a long-range missile

text: a long-range missile

question: What happened at base

answer: second missile was launched

text: second missile was launched

question: What was led to test failure?

answer: radar problems.

text: radar problems.

question: What caused the test to fail?

answer: radar problems.

text: radar problems.

question: Where was the test missile fired from?

answer: Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshall Islands

text: Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshall Islands

question: What was fired from a Pacific atoll?

answer: target missile

text: target missile

question: What was fired from a California base?

answer: a second missile

text: a second missile


text:
(CNN) -- Iran is to send a female skier to the Winter Olympics for the first time at next year's Games in Vancouver, Canada, the head of the Islamic Republic's ski federation told state media Monday.

Fatemeh Kiadarbandsari, competing at last month's World Ski Championships, in France.

The chosen competitor will ski in "full Islamic dress," Iran's National News Agency reported.

Three women Fatemeh Kiadarbandsari, Mitra Kalhor and Marjan Kalhor are vying for the place on the national team alongside three male skiers, said Iranian Ski Federation head Isa Saveh-Shemshaki.

Trials for the team will be held in December, two months ahead of the event. Iran has sent male athletes to every Winter Games since 1956.

Skiing is hugely popular in Iran with some of the region's best slopes in the Zagros Mountains just a two-hour drive from the country's capital Tehran. At weekends during the seven-month ski season it is common to see long queues of traffic on routes to resorts.

With a growing ski tourism industry, the price of the sport has steadily increased. But with fewer social restrictions on the pistes than in other areas of Iranian life, the sport remains a popular pursuit for the country's youth.

Until recently, many slopes were strictly segregated with men and women skiing on different sides of the mountain. But while it is still illegal to travel in the same chair lift or gondola, the country's strict religious laws are visibly more lax at 3,000 meters.

Iran took just three women among 53 athletes to last year's Beijing Olympics but the choice of 19-year-old female rower Homa Hosseini to carry the flag during the opening ceremony infuriated strict Islamists.

Current president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, who faces an election this year, was forced to back down from an initiative ealry in his current term to encourage female participation in sport because of criticism from the country's religious leaders.

One mullah reportedly said that women should not ski because the movement of their knees looked "more like dancing than sport."

text: CNN

text: Iran

text: is

text: to

text: send

text: a

text: female

text: skier

text: to

text: the

text: Winter

text: Olympics

text: for

text: the

text: first

text: time

text: at

text: next

text: year

text: 's

text: Games

text: in

text: Vancouver

text: Canada

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: the

text: Islamic

text: Republic

text: 's

text: ski

text: federation

text: told

text: state

text: media

text: Monday

text: Fatemeh

text: Kiadarbandsari

text: competing

text: at

text: last

text: month

text: 's

text: World

text: Ski

text: Championships

text: in

text: France

text: The

text: chosen

text: competitor

text: will

text: ski

text: in

text: full

text: Islamic

text: dress

text: Iran

text: 's

text: National

text: News

text: Agency

text: reported

text: Three

text: women

text: Fatemeh

text: Kiadarbandsari

text: Mitra

text: Kalhor

text: and

text: Marjan

text: Kalhor

text: are

text: vying

text: for

text: the

text: place

text: on

text: the

text: national

text: team

text: alongside

text: three

text: male

text: skiers

text: said

text: Iranian

text: Ski

text: Federation

text: head

text: Isa

text: Saveh

text: Shemshaki

text: Trials

text: for

text: the

text: team

text: will

text: be

text: held

text: in

text: December

text: two

text: months

text: ahead

text: of

text: the

text: event

text: Iran

text: has

text: sent

text: male

text: athletes

text: to

text: every

text: Winter

text: Games

text: since

text: Skiing

text: is

text: hugely

text: popular

text: in

text: Iran

text: with

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: region

text: 's

text: best

text: slopes

text: in

text: the

text: Zagros

text: Mountains

text: just

text: a

text: two

text: hour

text: drive

text: from

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: capital

text: Tehran

text: At

text: weekends

text: during

text: the

text: seven

text: month

text: ski

text: season

text: it

text: is

text: common

text: to

text: see

text: long

text: queues

text: of

text: traffic

text: on

text: routes

text: to

text: resorts

text: With

text: a

text: growing

text: ski

text: tourism

text: industry

text: the

text: price

text: of

text: the

text: sport

text: has

text: steadily

text: increased

text: But

text: with

text: fewer

text: social

text: restrictions

text: on

text: the

text: pistes

text: than

text: in

text: other

text: areas

text: of

text: Iranian

text: life

text: the

text: sport

text: remains

text: a

text: popular

text: pursuit

text: for

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: youth

text: Until

text: recently

text: many

text: slopes

text: were

text: strictly

text: segregated

text: with

text: men

text: and

text: women

text: skiing

text: on

text: different

text: sides

text: of

text: the

text: mountain

text: But

text: while

text: it

text: is

text: still

text: illegal

text: to

text: travel

text: in

text: the

text: same

text: chair

text: lift

text: or

text: gondola

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: strict

text: religious

text: laws

text: are

text: visibly

text: more

text: lax

text: at

text: meters

text: Iran

text: took

text: just

text: three

text: women

text: among

text: athletes

text: to

text: last

text: year

text: 's

text: Beijing

text: Olympics

text: but

text: the

text: choice

text: of

text: old

text: female

text: rower

text: Homa

text: Hosseini

text: to

text: carry

text: the

text: flag

text: during

text: the

text: opening

text: ceremony

text: infuriated

text: strict

text: Islamists

text: Current

text: president

text: Mahmoud

text: Ahmadinejad

text: who

text: faces

text: an

text: election

text: this

text: year

text: was

text: forced

text: to

text: back

text: down

text: from

text: an

text: initiative

text: ealry

text: in

text: his

text: current

text: term

text: to

text: encourage

text: female

text: participation

text: in

text: sport

text: because

text: of

text: criticism

text: from

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: religious

text: leaders

text: One

text: mullah

text: reportedly

text: said

text: that

text: women

text: should

text: not

text: ski

text: because

text: the

text: movement

text: of

text: their

text: knees

text: looked

text: more

text: like

text: dancing

text: than

text: sport

question: what country does she represent

answer: Iran

text: Iran

question: What is hugely popular?

answer: Skiing

text: Skiing

question: who is going to the olympics

answer: Fatemeh Kiadarbandsari,

text: Fatemeh Kiadarbandsari,


text:
(CNN) -- Your saliva is doing all kinds of useful things for you all the time -- for instance, helping you chew and taste food. It's also home to more than 600 species of bacteria, which are harmlessly enjoying the moisture of your mouth.

There's a slew of bacteria floating around in your mouth, but it's generally harmless.

Since people have different eating habits in different places, you might think an American's saliva might look a lot different from, say, a South African's. But a new study published in the journal Genome Research finds that bacteria in saliva may not be as related to environment and diet as you might think.

In fact, researchers found that the human salivary microbiome -- that is, the community of bacteria in saliva -- does not vary greatly between different geographic locations. That means your saliva is just as different from your neighbor's as someone's on the other side of the planet.

"It was somewhat surprising to us, because in our sampling we didn't control for diet, or environment, or anything like that," said Mark Stoneking of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, and co-author of the study.

Now, Stoneking and colleagues are trying to figure out why. One theory is that since the researchers looked only at the genus of the bacteria in question, they might find more differences at the level of individual species. They are investigating this in a follow-up study.

Stoneking became interested in surveying the bacteria of saliva when he learned that saliva contains more DNA than blood, if you include DNA of bacteria and other organisms.  Human blood, as you might guess, still contains more human DNA than saliva.

Researchers took saliva samples from a total of 120 healthy subjects. The countries represented in this sample were Germany, Poland, Turkey, Georgia, China, Philippines, South Africa, Republic of the Congo, Argentina, Bolivia and the United States. This was the first global survey of bacteria diversity in human saliva.

The most common type of bacteria found in the survey of saliva was Streptococcus, Stoneking said. People typically have Streptococcus in their mouths living benignly, although certain species are responsible for diseases such as strep throat, meningitis and bacterial pneumonia.

Why do you need hundreds of bacteria species in your mouth? It turns out they're mostly not helping you at all -- you're just giving them a warm, moist home.

"Having those bacteria -- that's the price we have to pay for having a lot of saliva in the mouth to begin with," said Nate Dominy, anthropologist at the University of California, Santa Cruz.

Dominy, who has studied enzymes in saliva, found the results surprising, and said no one had previously surveyed the variety of bacteria in saliva.

What else is inside saliva?

One component of saliva that has been shown to vary according to diet is amylase, the only digestive enzyme that converts starch into sugar, Dominy said. Amylase is also found in the pancreas and the small intestine.

The human body evolved to start the digestive process early, in the mouth, so we can maximize the amount of sugar that we take in, Dominy said.

"Given that we have such large brains, and our brains are metabolically very demanding tissues, they're extremely costly and expensive to maintain, so we need a lot of sugar,"  he said.

Americans in particular have a lot of amylase in their saliva because their diets are full of starch: chips, rice and baked potatoes. But the Pygmies of central Africa, for example, eat mostly game animals, honey and fruit. They have relatively little amylase in their saliva.

Dominy and colleagues found these differences at the genetic level, meaning natural selection has favored large quantities of amylase in populations with starchy diets.

But there is also evidence that amylase levels can rise and fall within an individual's lifetime. A study on college students in Ghana, who typically eat a lot of meat at the university, found that students who had grown up eating traditional starchy Ghanaian home-cooked meals had lower levels of amylase after attending the school.

Humans have had starch as an important part of their diet for at least 12,000 years, since the advent of agriculture, he said.

So what else is spit good for?

Saliva spreads molecules to the taste receptors on the tongue so you can tell whether something is salty, sour, sweet or spicy, Dominy said. It also helps soften food and spread it to your teeth so that you don't have to chew as hard.

Compared with other animals, humans are not very good at detecting toxins, he said. As a result, humans vomit much more than other species, and saliva buffers the acid that results from throwing up -- meaning you'll likely salivate immediately beforehand to limit the damage.

"A lot of the value of saliva is attributable to the fact that, in human evolution, we've had to eat marginal plant foods, things that are marginal in quality and full of toxins, and we need these particular salivary adaptations to help cope with those types of food," he said.

text: CNN

text: Your

text: saliva

text: is

text: doing

text: all

text: kinds

text: of

text: useful

text: things

text: for

text: you

text: all

text: the

text: time

text: for

text: instance

text: helping

text: you

text: chew

text: and

text: taste

text: food

text: It

text: 's

text: also

text: home

text: to

text: more

text: than

text: species

text: of

text: bacteria

text: which

text: are

text: harmlessly

text: enjoying

text: the

text: moisture

text: of

text: your

text: mouth

text: There

text: 's

text: a

text: slew

text: of

text: bacteria

text: floating

text: around

text: in

text: your

text: mouth

text: but

text: it

text: 's

text: generally

text: harmless

text: Since

text: people

text: have

text: different

text: eating

text: habits

text: in

text: different

text: places

text: you

text: might

text: think

text: an

text: American

text: 's

text: saliva

text: might

text: look

text: a

text: lot

text: different

text: from

text: say

text: a

text: South

text: African

text: 's

text: But

text: a

text: new

text: study

text: published

text: in

text: the

text: journal

text: Genome

text: Research

text: finds

text: that

text: bacteria

text: in

text: saliva

text: may

text: not

text: be

text: as

text: related

text: to

text: environment

text: and

text: diet

text: as

text: you

text: might

text: think

text: In

text: fact

text: researchers

text: found

text: that

text: the

text: human

text: salivary

text: microbiome

text: that

text: is

text: the

text: community

text: of

text: bacteria

text: in

text: saliva

text: does

text: not

text: vary

text: greatly

text: between

text: different

text: geographic

text: locations

text: That

text: means

text: your

text: saliva

text: is

text: just

text: as

text: different

text: from

text: your

text: neighbor

text: 's

text: as

text: someone

text: 's

text: on

text: the

text: other

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: planet

text: It

text: was

text: somewhat

text: surprising

text: to

text: us

text: because

text: in

text: our

text: sampling

text: we

text: did

text: n't

text: control

text: for

text: diet

text: or

text: environment

text: or

text: anything

text: like

text: that

text: said

text: Mark

text: Stoneking

text: of

text: the

text: Max

text: Planck

text: Institute

text: for

text: Evolutionary

text: Anthropology

text: in

text: Leipzig

text: Germany

text: and

text: co

text: author

text: of

text: the

text: study

text: Now

text: Stoneking

text: and

text: colleagues

text: are

text: trying

text: to

text: figure

text: out

text: why

text: One

text: theory

text: is

text: that

text: since

text: the

text: researchers

text: looked

text: only

text: at

text: the

text: genus

text: of

text: the

text: bacteria

text: in

text: question

text: they

text: might

text: find

text: more

text: differences

text: at

text: the

text: level

text: of

text: individual

text: species

text: They

text: are

text: investigating

text: this

text: in

text: a

text: follow

text: up

text: study

text: Stoneking

text: became

text: interested

text: in

text: surveying

text: the

text: bacteria

text: of

text: saliva

text: when

text: he

text: learned

text: that

text: saliva

text: contains

text: more

text: DNA

text: than

text: blood

text: if

text: you

text: include

text: DNA

text: of

text: bacteria

text: and

text: other

text: organisms

text: Human

text: blood

text: as

text: you

text: might

text: guess

text: still

text: contains

text: more

text: human

text: DNA

text: than

text: saliva

text: Researchers

text: took

text: saliva

text: samples

text: from

text: a

text: total

text: of

text: healthy

text: subjects

text: The

text: countries

text: represented

text: in

text: this

text: sample

text: were

text: Germany

text: Poland

text: Turkey

text: Georgia

text: China

text: Philippines

text: South

text: Africa

text: Republic

text: of

text: the

text: Congo

text: Argentina

text: Bolivia

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: This

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: global

text: survey

text: of

text: bacteria

text: diversity

text: in

text: human

text: saliva

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: type

text: of

text: bacteria

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: survey

text: of

text: saliva

text: was

text: Streptococcus

text: Stoneking

text: said

text: People

text: typically

text: have

text: Streptococcus

text: in

text: their

text: mouths

text: living

text: benignly

text: although

text: certain

text: species

text: are

text: responsible

text: for

text: diseases

text: such

text: as

text: strep

text: throat

text: meningitis

text: and

text: bacterial

text: pneumonia

text: Why

text: do

text: you

text: need

text: hundreds

text: of

text: bacteria

text: species

text: in

text: your

text: mouth

text: It

text: turns

text: out

text: they

text: 're

text: mostly

text: not

text: helping

text: you

text: at

text: all

text: you

text: 're

text: just

text: giving

text: them

text: a

text: warm

text: moist

text: home

text: Having

text: those

text: bacteria

text: that

text: 's

text: the

text: price

text: we

text: have

text: to

text: pay

text: for

text: having

text: a

text: lot

text: of

text: saliva

text: in

text: the

text: mouth

text: to

text: begin

text: with

text: said

text: Nate

text: Dominy

text: anthropologist

text: at

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: California

text: Santa

text: Cruz

text: Dominy

text: who

text: has

text: studied

text: enzymes

text: in

text: saliva

text: found

text: the

text: results

text: surprising

text: and

text: said

text: no

text: one

text: had

text: previously

text: surveyed

text: the

text: variety

text: of

text: bacteria

text: in

text: saliva

text: What

text: else

text: is

text: inside

text: saliva

text: One

text: component

text: of

text: saliva

text: that

text: has

text: been

text: shown

text: to

text: vary

text: according

text: to

text: diet

text: is

text: amylase

text: the

text: only

text: digestive

text: enzyme

text: that

text: converts

text: starch

text: into

text: sugar

text: Dominy

text: said

text: Amylase

text: is

text: also

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: pancreas

text: and

text: the

text: small

text: intestine

text: The

text: human

text: body

text: evolved

text: to

text: start

text: the

text: digestive

text: process

text: early

text: in

text: the

text: mouth

text: so

text: we

text: can

text: maximize

text: the

text: amount

text: of

text: sugar

text: that

text: we

text: take

text: in

text: Dominy

text: said

text: Given

text: that

text: we

text: have

text: such

text: large

text: brains

text: and

text: our

text: brains

text: are

text: metabolically

text: very

text: demanding

text: tissues

text: they

text: 're

text: extremely

text: costly

text: and

text: expensive

text: to

text: maintain

text: so

text: we

text: need

text: a

text: lot

text: of

text: sugar

text: he

text: said

text: Americans

text: in

text: particular

text: have

text: a

text: lot

text: of

text: amylase

text: in

text: their

text: saliva

text: because

text: their

text: diets

text: are

text: full

text: of

text: starch

text: chips

text: rice

text: and

text: baked

text: potatoes

text: But

text: the

text: Pygmies

text: of

text: central

text: Africa

text: for

text: example

text: eat

text: mostly

text: game

text: animals

text: honey

text: and

text: fruit

text: They

text: have

text: relatively

text: little

text: amylase

text: in

text: their

text: saliva

text: Dominy

text: and

text: colleagues

text: found

text: these

text: differences

text: at

text: the

text: genetic

text: level

text: meaning

text: natural

text: selection

text: has

text: favored

text: large

text: quantities

text: of

text: amylase

text: in

text: populations

text: with

text: starchy

text: diets

text: But

text: there

text: is

text: also

text: evidence

text: that

text: amylase

text: levels

text: can

text: rise

text: and

text: fall

text: within

text: an

text: individual

text: 's

text: lifetime

text: A

text: study

text: on

text: college

text: students

text: in

text: Ghana

text: who

text: typically

text: eat

text: a

text: lot

text: of

text: meat

text: at

text: the

text: university

text: found

text: that

text: students

text: who

text: had

text: grown

text: up

text: eating

text: traditional

text: starchy

text: Ghanaian

text: home

text: cooked

text: meals

text: had

text: lower

text: levels

text: of

text: amylase

text: after

text: attending

text: the

text: school

text: Humans

text: have

text: had

text: starch

text: as

text: an

text: important

text: part

text: of

text: their

text: diet

text: for

text: at

text: least

text: years

text: since

text: the

text: advent

text: of

text: agriculture

text: he

text: said

text: So

text: what

text: else

text: is

text: spit

text: good

text: for

text: Saliva

text: spreads

text: molecules

text: to

text: the

text: taste

text: receptors

text: on

text: the

text: tongue

text: so

text: you

text: can

text: tell

text: whether

text: something

text: is

text: salty

text: sour

text: sweet

text: or

text: spicy

text: Dominy

text: said

text: It

text: also

text: helps

text: soften

text: food

text: and

text: spread

text: it

text: to

text: your

text: teeth

text: so

text: that

text: you

text: do

text: n't

text: have

text: to

text: chew

text: as

text: hard

text: Compared

text: with

text: other

text: animals

text: humans

text: are

text: not

text: very

text: good

text: at

text: detecting

text: toxins

text: he

text: said

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: humans

text: vomit

text: much

text: more

text: than

text: other

text: species

text: and

text: saliva

text: buffers

text: the

text: acid

text: that

text: results

text: from

text: throwing

text: up

text: meaning

text: you

text: 'll

text: likely

text: salivate

text: immediately

text: beforehand

text: to

text: limit

text: the

text: damage

text: A

text: lot

text: of

text: the

text: value

text: of

text: saliva

text: is

text: attributable

text: to

text: the

text: fact

text: that

text: in

text: human

text: evolution

text: we

text: 've

text: had

text: to

text: eat

text: marginal

text: plant

text: foods

text: things

text: that

text: are

text: marginal

text: in

text: quality

text: and

text: full

text: of

text: toxins

text: and

text: we

text: need

text: these

text: particular

text: salivary

text: adaptations

text: to

text: help

text: cope

text: with

text: those

text: types

text: of

text: food

text: he

text: said

question: Streptococcus is what kind of living thing?

answer: bacteria

text: bacteria

question: What contains more DNA than blood??

answer: saliva

text: saliva

question: What contains more DNA?

answer: saliva

text: saliva

question: What is the most common bacteria in saliva?

answer: Streptococcus,

text: Streptococcus,

question: What causes there to be more DNA in spit than blood?

answer: of bacteria and other organisms.

text: of bacteria and other organisms.

question: What is the most common type of bacteria?

answer: Streptococcus,

text: Streptococcus,

question: Where are your taste receptors?

answer: on the tongue

text: on the tongue

question: What does saliva spread to the taste receptors?

answer: molecules

text: molecules

question: What spreads molecules to taste receptors?

answer: Saliva

text: Saliva

question: What is the most common type of bacteria in saliva?

answer: Streptococcus,

text: Streptococcus,


text:
LONDON, England (CNN) -- The court battle may finally be over, but there is still a great mystery hanging over the next America's Cup event: What will the holders use to defend the trophy?

America's Cup team Oracle has trialed a trimaran which it revealed in September 2008

Established in 1851, the America's Cup is the oldest active trophy of any sport and by far the most prestigious match race sailing event in the world.

Scheduled for February 2010, the 33rd edition of the America's Cup will be contested by the holders -- Swiss syndicate Alinghi, and U.S. challenger Oracle, owned by Larry Ellison.

The date follows protracted court battles which saw both teams fighting over the terms of the next event.

Last month's New York Supreme Court ruling which finally decided the terms and date of the regatta also announced that the contest is to be decided in a one-off series in multihull boats.

While Oracle revealed a 90 ft trimaran last year, defenders Alinghi are still building their boat for the event -- and they are refusing to give away any secrets about it.

CNN's MainSail show visited the Alinghi base in Switzerland to try to catch a glimpse of the mystery vessel -- but they came no closer to seeing the boat under construction.

MainSail presenter Shirley Robertson only got as far as the compound gates in her quest to see the vessel.

Watch video of CNN visiting the Alinghi team base Â»  The team's design co-coordinator, Grant Simms, told CNN that the design would not be revealed until the latest possible point.

"It's quite unusual and we are trying to keep it a secret as long as we can.

"We are hoping to stop our opponents from seeing it and reacting to it," he said.

The design of the boat is generally a crucial part of any America's Cup regatta -- and none more so than this one, where a different type of boat is being introduced.

Also, the size and shape of the boat could indicate where the regatta may be held -- something that doesn't need to be announced by defenders Alinghi until six months before it is set to begin.

The cup holders can set the terms of the next defense, in conjunction with the "challenger of record" -- whichever team signs up as the first challenger.

This is important as different locations can have a wide variety of wind strengths and sea swells, which can suit varying sizes of boat and types of sail.

You can watch this month's MainSail show in full on CNN International or on the MainSail Web site from Thursday 18th June.

text: LONDON

text: England

text: CNN

text: The

text: court

text: battle

text: may

text: finally

text: be

text: over

text: but

text: there

text: is

text: still

text: a

text: great

text: mystery

text: hanging

text: over

text: the

text: next

text: America

text: 's

text: Cup

text: event

text: What

text: will

text: the

text: holders

text: use

text: to

text: defend

text: the

text: trophy

text: America

text: 's

text: Cup

text: team

text: Oracle

text: has

text: trialed

text: a

text: trimaran

text: which

text: it

text: revealed

text: in

text: September

text: Established

text: in

text: the

text: America

text: 's

text: Cup

text: is

text: the

text: oldest

text: active

text: trophy

text: of

text: any

text: sport

text: and

text: by

text: far

text: the

text: most

text: prestigious

text: match

text: race

text: sailing

text: event

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: Scheduled

text: for

text: February

text: the

text: edition

text: of

text: the

text: America

text: 's

text: Cup

text: will

text: be

text: contested

text: by

text: the

text: holders

text: Swiss

text: syndicate

text: Alinghi

text: and

text: U.S.

text: challenger

text: Oracle

text: owned

text: by

text: Larry

text: Ellison

text: The

text: date

text: follows

text: protracted

text: court

text: battles

text: which

text: saw

text: both

text: teams

text: fighting

text: over

text: the

text: terms

text: of

text: the

text: next

text: event

text: Last

text: month

text: 's

text: New

text: York

text: Supreme

text: Court

text: ruling

text: which

text: finally

text: decided

text: the

text: terms

text: and

text: date

text: of

text: the

text: regatta

text: also

text: announced

text: that

text: the

text: contest

text: is

text: to

text: be

text: decided

text: in

text: a

text: one

text: off

text: series

text: in

text: multihull

text: boats

text: While

text: Oracle

text: revealed

text: a

text: ft

text: trimaran

text: last

text: year

text: defenders

text: Alinghi

text: are

text: still

text: building

text: their

text: boat

text: for

text: the

text: event

text: and

text: they

text: are

text: refusing

text: to

text: give

text: away

text: any

text: secrets

text: about

text: it

text: CNN

text: 's

text: MainSail

text: show

text: visited

text: the

text: Alinghi

text: base

text: in

text: Switzerland

text: to

text: try

text: to

text: catch

text: a

text: glimpse

text: of

text: the

text: mystery

text: vessel

text: but

text: they

text: came

text: no

text: closer

text: to

text: seeing

text: the

text: boat

text: under

text: construction

text: MainSail

text: presenter

text: Shirley

text: Robertson

text: only

text: got

text: as

text: far

text: as

text: the

text: compound

text: gates

text: in

text: her

text: quest

text: to

text: see

text: the

text: vessel

text: Watch

text: video

text: of

text: CNN

text: visiting

text: the

text: Alinghi

text: team

text: base

text: Â

text: The

text: team

text: 's

text: design

text: co

text: coordinator

text: Grant

text: Simms

text: told

text: CNN

text: that

text: the

text: design

text: would

text: not

text: be

text: revealed

text: until

text: the

text: latest

text: possible

text: point

text: It

text: 's

text: quite

text: unusual

text: and

text: we

text: are

text: trying

text: to

text: keep

text: it

text: a

text: secret

text: as

text: long

text: as

text: we

text: can

text: We

text: are

text: hoping

text: to

text: stop

text: our

text: opponents

text: from

text: seeing

text: it

text: and

text: reacting

text: to

text: it

text: he

text: said

text: The

text: design

text: of

text: the

text: boat

text: is

text: generally

text: a

text: crucial

text: part

text: of

text: any

text: America

text: 's

text: Cup

text: regatta

text: and

text: more

text: so

text: than

text: this

text: one

text: where

text: a

text: different

text: type

text: of

text: boat

text: is

text: being

text: introduced

text: Also

text: the

text: size

text: and

text: shape

text: of

text: the

text: boat

text: could

text: indicate

text: where

text: the

text: regatta

text: may

text: be

text: held

text: something

text: that

text: does

text: n't

text: need

text: to

text: be

text: announced

text: by

text: defenders

text: Alinghi

text: until

text: six

text: months

text: before

text: it

text: is

text: set

text: to

text: begin

text: The

text: cup

text: holders

text: can

text: set

text: the

text: terms

text: of

text: the

text: next

text: defense

text: in

text: conjunction

text: with

text: the

text: challenger

text: of

text: record

text: whichever

text: team

text: signs

text: up

text: as

text: the

text: first

text: challenger

text: This

text: is

text: important

text: as

text: different

text: locations

text: can

text: have

text: a

text: wide

text: variety

text: of

text: wind

text: strengths

text: and

text: sea

text: swells

text: which

text: can

text: suit

text: varying

text: sizes

text: of

text: boat

text: and

text: types

text: of

text: sail

text: You

text: can

text: watch

text: this

text: month

text: 's

text: MainSail

text: show

text: in

text: full

text: on

text: CNN

text: International

text: or

text: on

text: the

text: MainSail

text: Web

text: site

text: from

text: Thursday

text: June

question: How long is the boat?

answer: 90 ft

text: 90 ft

question: Length of team Oracle's boat?

answer: 90 ft

text: 90 ft

question: When will the Cup be decided?

answer: February 2010,

text: February 2010,

question: What kind of boats are in the race?

answer: multihull

text: multihull

question: What is the US team?

answer: Oracle

text: Oracle

question: Who tried to get a sneak preview of the Alinghi boat?

answer: Shirley Robertson

text: Shirley Robertson

question: Month that Next America's Cup will be held?

answer: September 2008

text: September 2008


text:
(CNN) -- President Obama has repeatedly stated, "We are tougher than the times we live in." Although the president may not have intended to signal a whole new approach to our future, the line has Churchillian implications. Speaking of tough times, he could call on Americans to recognize we face at least a decade of rough sledding, ask us to face the challenges and express confidence that we shall prevail.

The tough times approach differs radically from the prevailing wisdom that if we merely did X, Y or Z, we would be rolling in clover again. All we need to do is cut deficits, reduce taxes some more and lighten up on regulations, and the nation will be back on the right course.

Others foresee the bottoming out of the housing market, within two years or so, as the turning point to recovery. Harvard economist Kenneth Rogoff argues that intentionally inflating the dollar is the "the only practical way to shorten the coming period of painful deleveraging and slow growth."

In general, politicians prefer President Reagan's manner, which was oozing with optimism. And they are leery of sounding like President Carter, who spoke of malaise and called for sacrifices.

But times have changed. The American people must be prepared for what is coming, or they will lash out with even more anger against failed promises. Take the most elementary issue: Nobody reasonable, on the right or the left, denies that we lived beyond our means for decades, financing our indulgence by taking loans from the Chinese, Japanese and British, among others, as well as hocking the assets of our future generations. Now the time has come that we must pay back, and that means reducing the deficit.

Such payback means, by definition, that while we once could float a lifestyle that cost, say, 120% of what we earned, now we shall have to do with lifestyle that costs, say, 80% of our income, with the rest going to pay down what we owe.

After decades of indulgence and accumulating debt, our accounts cannot be settled in a few years. According to a report in NPR, using recent Congressional Budget Office projections, the debt could reach $13 trillion in 10 years. Even if we get the "grand bargain" and $2 trillion to $4 trillion is cut, that means the 10-year deficit could still remain between $9 trillion and $11 trillion. True, we do not have to bring it down to zero, but we still have quite a burden with which to contend.

If we must pay for that deficit by raising taxes, we will have less money. If we must cut services, such as health care, to pay down the debt, people will have to buy these services themselves. And we should pay down our personal debt for our own future and that of our children.

That means for the next decade or even longer, Americans will have to do with less, from buying new clothes to going on vacations.

I am hardly the only one who foresees a "lost decade." A recent Atlantic magazine article argues that even by 2011, 2012, even 2014, the employment rate may decline very little and describes the current economic climate as "a trauma that will remain heavy for quite some time."

Heidi Shierholtz of the Economic Policy Institute predicts that "many factors are pushing against a quick recovery. ... Things will come back. But it's going to take a long time."

Frustration to such shortfalls is mounting. A recent Bloomberg poll found that 72% of the people who responded think the country is on the wrong course economically. The president's approval rating is tanking, but that of Congress is even lower. A New York Times/CBS poll found that only a paltry 12% of respondents approved of Congress.

As I see it, "Washington" can do relatively little to spare Americans at least 10 years of austerity. But, public leaders can prepare people for what is coming and make a virtue out of doing with less, of paying back what we owe even if it hurts Ã¢â¬â without implying that recovery is right around the corner or that something drastic can be done so we will not have to pay more taxes and do with less services.

If it turns out that Easy Street is much nearer than I expect, then people prepared for "tough times" will rejoice. But if they believe the economy will bounce back quickly, and in reality face prolonged austerity, we must expect even more angry outbursts.

We've avoided the violent demonstrations seen in Greece, the massive demonstrations against inequality seen in Tel Aviv and the random torching of cars common in riots in Germany, France or Britain. If Obama can speak candidly about the coming tough times and the shortfalls we all will have to accept as part of the cure, he may do better; we most assuredly will.

The opinions in this commentary are solely those of Amitai Etzioni.

text: CNN

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text: the

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text: most

text: assuredly

text: will

text: The

text: opinions

text: in

text: this

text: commentary

text: are

text: solely

text: those

text: of

text: Amitai

text: Etzioni

question: How long will the sacrifice need to last?

answer: for the next decade or even longer,

text: for the next decade or even longer,

question: What is Obama quoted as saying about the times?

answer: "We are tougher than the

text: "We are tougher than the