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(CNN) -- Happy birthday, Catherine Zeta-Jones. You are turning 40 this month, joining an exclusive club of women in show business who are marking the same milestone this year.

Catherine Zeta-Jones arrives at a Hollywood event earlier this year. She turns 40 on September 25.

Think big names like Renee Zellweger, Jennifer Aniston, Mariah Carey, Jennifer Lopez and Cate Blanchett.

It's a birthday many actors -- but especially female stars -- in Hollywood would once dread, hide and agonize over.

At an age where men could comfortably play heroes and lovers in the prime of their life -- and could do so for many years to come -- women often found themselves starting to be cast in different roles.

(One example: "The Graduate," where 36-year-old Anne Bancroft played a frustrated "older woman" trying to seduce Dustin Hoffman, who was just six years younger than she at the time.)

No wonder some stayed mum about their age, but this generation of 40-something female entertainers is different.

They're holding birthday bashes, embracing the big four-oh and staying as busy and famous as ever. Their faces grace magazine covers, their bodies are the envy of women decades younger and their careers seem to be going strong.  See photos of stars who are 40 and still hot Â»

Zellweger herself has said she hasn't noticed good parts getting scarce.

"I don't see it. I don't know. I'm so spoiled with respect to the experiences I've had and the opportunities I've had that I don't see it," she said, according to published news reports.

So has anything changed for women hitting 40 in a business obsessed with youth?

Industry observers say stars like Zeta-Jones, Zellweger and Aniston have more options than ever to have long, distinguished careers thanks to independent films and television, but opinions are mixed on whether they can sustain a big Hollywood presence.

"These women are still among the most bankable, biggest stars in the industry and turning 40 isn't going to change that," said Kathy Heintzelman, entertainment director for More, a magazine geared toward women over 40.  Watch a report on the most rich and famous women over 40 Â»

Importance of box office

But others argue that the opportunity to land lead roles in major studio films for actresses like Aniston, Zeta-Jones and Zellweger is running out.

It's all about the global box office for Hollywood, which right now is most interested in making comic book movies or big-action, special-effect films in which women are mostly decorative, said Leah Rozen, film critic for People magazine. That often leaves few lead roles in big-budget Hollywood films for established female stars as they get older.

"They're going to work, but the entire movie will not be built around them. It will not be a Renee Zellweger vehicle or a Catherine Zeta-Jones vehicle, unless it's an indie film," Rozen said.

"I'm not saying anything about the quality of the movies they're making or their validity as actresses," Rozen said. "I am saying that viewed as box office -- or can they open a movie? -- the answer would be no right now."

Zellweger's most recent project, "My One and Only," which Rozen called a "very sweet little film," has grossed less than $1 million since it premiered last month (it opened in wide release last Friday.) Earlier this year, her film "New in Town" grossed about $16 million domestically, according to Boxofficemojo.com.

Zeta-Jones' last big Hollywood role was in the 2007 movie "No Reservations," which earned $43 million in the United States.

Aniston has had a better run. Last year's "Marley & Me" took in $143 million domestically and more recently, "He's Just Not That Into You" earned $93 million.

Men are viable as box office leads far longer than most women, Rozen said. Think Harrison Ford, who was still the action hero at 66 in last year's "Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull" (which earned $317 million domestically) or Sean Connery, who at 69 was paired with a then-30-year-old Zeta-Jones in 1999's "Entrapment" ($87 million domestic gross).

A big exception to this trend has been Meryl Streep.  Watch a report on women over 40 who make us laugh Â»

Streep, 60, has a great track record at the movies with films including the recent "Julie & Julia" and last year's "Mamma Mia!" She's part of a very successful run of female-centric movies that have starred women over 40, said Jane Fleming, president of the nonprofit organization Women In Film.

"That proves if you have an audience base that wants to see you, they're going to keep coming out to see you regardless your age," Fleming said.

"What's been nice about the last two years is that there's been economic proof that that audience exists and that given the right form of entertainment, it will be very lucrative for the studios."

Fleming believes this is a good time to be turning 40 in Hollywood, with popular films like "Sex and the City," "Marley & Me" and "The Proposal" starring 40-and-over actresses.  Watch a report on women over 40 who rock Â»

TV, indie films offer new options

It may be a big improvement over the options available to female stars not too long ago.

"There are only three ages for women in Hollywood: babe, district attorney, and 'Driving Miss Daisy,'" Goldie Hawn's character famously exclaimed in the 1996 comedy "The First Wives' Club."

Actresses like Sandra Bullock are redefining those stereotypes by playing lead roles in romantic comedies well into their 40s, sometimes paired with younger men. Just this year, Bullock, 45, has starred in "The Proposal" and "All About Steve."  Watch a report on women over 40 who've had work done Â»

Many actresses over 40 are also finding a new home on television, where there are many complex characters to choose from.

Glenn Close, 62; Kyra Sedgwick, 44; and Holly Hunter, 51, are just some of the stars who have made the move from the big screen to the small screen, earning critical and popular success.

"Cable has opened up enormous possibilities. In feature films, you're still lucky if you're not the girlfriend or the wife," Katey Sagal, 55, who stars in the TV series "Sons of Anarchy," recently told Oprah.com.

But she was also glad to note that there are more opportunities in general for female stars over 40.

"I don't know why it's changed, but I'm really grateful it has. Maybe it has to do with the fact that we're all living longer and suddenly it's OK to get older. Maybe there's a broader audience for these characters. The stories you can tell about older women are deeper," Sagal said.

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text: tell

text: about

text: older

text: women

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text: Sagal

text: said

question: What actresses turned 40 this year?

answer: Renee Zellweger, Jennifer Aniston, Mariah Carey, Jennifer

text: Renee Zellweger, Jennifer Aniston, Mariah Carey, Jennifer

question: What gives actors more options?

answer: long, distinguished careers thanks to independent films

text: long, distinguished careers thanks to independent films

question: Which actors have turned 40?

answer: Catherine Zeta-Jones.

text: Catherine Zeta-Jones.

question: What provides more option to actors than ever?

answer: independent films and television,

text: independent films and television,


text:
(CNN) -- For years after his NFL career ended, Ted Johnson could barely muster the energy to leave his house.

In healthy brain tissue, virtually no protein tangles, which show up as brown spots, are visible.

"I'd [leave to] go see my kids for maybe 15 minutes," said Johnson. "Then I would go back home and close the curtains, turn the lights off and I'd stay in bed. That was my routine for two years.

"Those were bad days."

These days, the former linebacker is less likely to recount the hundreds of tackles, scores of quarterback sacks or the three Super Bowl rings he earned as a linebacker for the New England Patriots. He is more likely to talk about suffering more than 100 concussions.

"I can definitely point to 2002 when I got back-to-back concussions. That's where the problems started," said Johnson, who retired after those two concussions. "The depression, the sleep disorders and the mental fatigue."

Until recently, the best medical definition for concussion was a jarring blow to the head that temporarily stunned the senses, occasionally leading to unconsciousness. It has been considered an invisible injury, impossible to test -- no MRI, no CT scan can detect it.  Watch more on what goes on in athlete's brains Â»

But today, using tissue from retired NFL athletes culled posthumously, the Center for the Study of Traumatic Encephalopathy (CSTE), at the Boston University School of Medicine, is shedding light on what concussions look like in the brain. The findings are stunning. Far from innocuous, invisible injuries, concussions confer tremendous brain damage. That damage has a name: chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE).

On Tuesday afternoon, researchers at the CSTE released a study about the sixth documented case of CTE in former NFL player Tom McHale, who died in 2008 at the age of 45, and the youngest case to date, an 18-year-old multi-sport athlete who suffered multiple concussions.

While CTE in an ex-NFL player's brain may have been expected, the beginnings of brain damage in an 18-year-old brain was a "shocking" finding, according to Dr. Ann McKee, a neuropathologist at the Veterans Administration Hospital in Bedford, Massachusetts, and co-director of the CSTE.

"We think this is how chronic traumatic encephalopathy starts," said McKee. "This is speculation, but I think we can assume that this would have continued to expand."

CTE has thus far been found in the brains of six out of six former NFL players.

"What's been surprising is that it's so extensive," said McKee. "It's throughout the brain, not just on the superficial aspects of the brain, but it's deep inside."

CSTE studies reveal brown tangles flecked throughout the brain tissue of former NFL players who died young -- some as early as their 30s or 40s.

McKee, who also studies Alzheimer's disease, says the tangles closely resemble what might be found in the brain of an 80-year-old with dementia.

"I knew what traumatic brain disease looked like in the very end stages, in the most severe cases," said McKee. "To see the kind of changes we're seeing in 45-year-olds is basically unheard of."

The damage affects the parts of the brain that control emotion, rage, hypersexuality, even breathing, and recent studies find that CTE is a progressive disease that eventually kills brain cells.

Chris Nowinski knows well the impact of concussions. He was a football star at Harvard before wrestling professionally with World Wrestling Entertainment.

In one moment, his dreams of a long career wrestling were dashed by a kick to his chin. That kick, which caused Nowinski to black out and effectively ended his career, capped a career riddled with concussions.

"My world changed," said Nowinski. "I had depression. I had memory problems. My head hurt for five years."

Nowinski began searching for studies, and what he found startled him.

"I realized when I was visiting a lot of doctors, they weren't giving me very good answers about what was wrong with my head," said Nowinski. "I read [every study I could find] and I realized there was a ton of evidence showing concussions lead to depression, and multiple concussion can lead to Alzheimer's."

Nowinski decided further study was needed, so he founded the Sports Legacy Institute along with Dr. Robert Cantu, a neurosurgeon and the co-director of the CSTE. The project solicits for study the brains of ex-athletes who suffered multiple concussions.

Once a family agrees to donate the brain, it is delivered to scientists at the CSTE to look for signs of damage.

So far, the evidence of CTE is compelling.

The Center for the Study of Traumatic Encephalopathy, along with other research institutions, has now identified traumatic encephalopathy in the brains of late NFL football players John Grimsley, Mike Webster, Andre Waters, Justin Strzelczyk and Terry Long, in addition to McHale.

Grimsley died of an accidental gunshot wound to the chest. Webster, Long and Strzelczyk all died after long bouts of depression, while Waters committed suicide in 2006 at age 44. McHale was found dead last year of an apparent drug overdose.

"Guys were dying," said Nowinski. "The fact of the matter was guys were dying because they played sports 10 or 20 years before."

So far, around 100 athletes have consented to have their brains studied after they die.

Ted Johnson was one of the first to sign up. He said he believes that concussions he suffered while playing football explain the anger, depression and throbbing headaches that occasionally still plague him.

Johnson said he played through concussions because he, like many other NFL athletes, did not understand the consequences. He has publicly criticized the NFL for not protecting players like him.

"They don't want you to know," said Johnson. "It's not like when you get into the NFL there's a handout that says 'These are the effects of multiple concussions so beware.' "

In a statement, the NFL indicated that their staffs take a cautious, conservative approach to managing concussions.

While they support research into the impact of concussions, they maintain that, "Hundreds of thousands of people have played football and other sports without experiencing any problem of this type and there continues to be considerable debate within the medical community on the precise long-term effects of concussions and how they relate to other risk factors."

The NFL is planning its own independent medical study of retired NFL players on the long-term effects of concussion.

"Really my main reason even for talking about this is to help the guys who are already retired," said Johnson. "[They] are getting divorced, going bankrupt, can't work, are depressed, and don't know what's wrong with them. [It is] to give them a name for it so they can go get help."

"The idea that you can whack your head hundreds of times in your life and knock yourself out and get up and be fine is gone," said Nowinski. "We know we can't do that anymore. This causes long-term damage."

text: CNN

text: For

text: years

text: after

text: his

text: NFL

text: career

text: ended

text: Ted

text: Johnson

text: could

text: barely

text: muster

text: the

text: energy

text: to

text: leave

text: his

text: house

text: In

text: healthy

text: brain

text: tissue

text: virtually

text: no

text: protein

text: tangles

text: which

text: show

text: up

text: as

text: brown

text: spots

text: are

text: visible

text: I

text: 'd

text: leave

text: to

text: go

text: see

text: my

text: kids

text: for

text: maybe

text: minutes

text: said

text: Johnson

text: Then

text: I

text: would

text: go

text: back

text: home

text: and

text: close

text: the

text: curtains

text: turn

text: the

text: lights

text: off

text: and

text: I

text: 'd

text: stay

text: in

text: bed

text: That

text: was

text: my

text: routine

text: for

text: two

text: years

text: Those

text: were

text: bad

text: days

text: These

text: days

text: the

text: former

text: linebacker

text: is

text: less

text: likely

text: to

text: recount

text: the

text: hundreds

text: of

text: tackles

text: scores

text: of

text: quarterback

text: sacks

text: or

text: the

text: three

text: Super

text: Bowl

text: rings

text: he

text: earned

text: as

text: a

text: linebacker

text: for

text: the

text: New

text: England

text: Patriots

text: He

text: is

text: more

text: likely

text: to

text: talk

text: about

text: suffering

text: more

text: than

text: concussions

text: I

text: can

text: definitely

text: point

text: to

text: when

text: I

text: got

text: back

text: to

text: back

text: concussions

text: That

text: 's

text: where

text: the

text: problems

text: started

text: said

text: Johnson

text: who

text: retired

text: after

text: those

text: two

text: concussions

text: The

text: depression

text: the

text: sleep

text: disorders

text: and

text: the

text: mental

text: fatigue

text: Until

text: recently

text: the

text: best

text: medical

text: definition

text: for

text: concussion

text: was

text: a

text: jarring

text: blow

text: to

text: the

text: head

text: that

text: temporarily

text: stunned

text: the

text: senses

text: occasionally

text: leading

text: to

text: unconsciousness

text: It

text: has

text: been

text: considered

text: an

text: invisible

text: injury

text: impossible

text: to

text: test

text: no

text: MRI

text: no

text: CT

text: scan

text: can

text: detect

text: it

text: Watch

text: more

text: on

text: what

text: goes

text: on

text: in

text: athlete

text: 's

text: brains

text: Â

text: But

text: today

text: using

text: tissue

text: from

text: retired

text: NFL

text: athletes

text: culled

text: posthumously

text: the

text: Center

text: for

text: the

text: Study

text: of

text: Traumatic

text: Encephalopathy

text: CSTE

text: at

text: the

text: Boston

text: University

text: School

text: of

text: Medicine

text: is

text: shedding

text: light

text: on

text: what

text: concussions

text: look

text: like

text: in

text: the

text: brain

text: The

text: findings

text: are

text: stunning

text: Far

text: from

text: innocuous

text: invisible

text: injuries

text: concussions

text: confer

text: tremendous

text: brain

text: damage

text: That

text: damage

text: has

text: a

text: name

text: chronic

text: traumatic

text: encephalopathy

text: CTE

text: On

text: Tuesday

text: afternoon

text: researchers

text: at

text: the

text: CSTE

text: released

text: a

text: study

text: about

text: the

text: sixth

text: documented

text: case

text: of

text: CTE

text: in

text: former

text: NFL

text: player

text: Tom

text: McHale

text: who

text: died

text: in

text: at

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: and

text: the

text: youngest

text: case

text: to

text: date

text: an

text: old

text: multi

text: sport

text: athlete

text: who

text: suffered

text: multiple

text: concussions

text: While

text: CTE

text: in

text: an

text: ex

text: NFL

text: player

text: 's

text: brain

text: may

text: have

text: been

text: expected

text: the

text: beginnings

text: of

text: brain

text: damage

text: in

text: an

text: old

text: brain

text: was

text: a

text: shocking

text: finding

text: according

text: to

text: Dr.

text: Ann

text: McKee

text: a

text: neuropathologist

text: at

text: the

text: Veterans

text: Administration

text: Hospital

text: in

text: Bedford

text: Massachusetts

text: and

text: co

text: director

text: of

text: the

text: CSTE

text: We

text: think

text: this

text: is

text: how

text: chronic

text: traumatic

text: encephalopathy

text: starts

text: said

text: McKee

text: This

text: is

text: speculation

text: but

text: I

text: think

text: we

text: can

text: assume

text: that

text: this

text: would

text: have

text: continued

text: to

text: expand

text: CTE

text: has

text: thus

text: far

text: been

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: brains

text: of

text: six

text: out

text: of

text: six

text: former

text: NFL

text: players

text: What

text: 's

text: been

text: surprising

text: is

text: that

text: it

text: 's

text: so

text: extensive

text: said

text: McKee

text: It

text: 's

text: throughout

text: the

text: brain

text: not

text: just

text: on

text: the

text: superficial

text: aspects

text: of

text: the

text: brain

text: but

text: it

text: 's

text: deep

text: inside

text: CSTE

text: studies

text: reveal

text: brown

text: tangles

text: flecked

text: throughout

text: the

text: brain

text: tissue

text: of

text: former

text: NFL

text: players

text: who

text: died

text: young

text: some

text: as

text: early

text: as

text: their

text: or

text: McKee

text: who

text: also

text: studies

text: Alzheimer

text: 's

text: disease

text: says

text: the

text: tangles

text: closely

text: resemble

text: what

text: might

text: be

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: brain

text: of

text: an

text: old

text: with

text: dementia

text: I

text: knew

text: what

text: traumatic

text: brain

text: disease

text: looked

text: like

text: in

text: the

text: very

text: end

text: stages

text: in

text: the

text: most

text: severe

text: cases

text: said

text: McKee

text: To

text: see

text: the

text: kind

text: of

text: changes

text: we

text: 're

text: seeing

text: in

text: olds

text: is

text: basically

text: unheard

text: of

text: The

text: damage

text: affects

text: the

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: brain

text: that

text: control

text: emotion

text: rage

text: hypersexuality

text: even

text: breathing

text: and

text: recent

text: studies

text: find

text: that

text: CTE

text: is

text: a

text: progressive

text: disease

text: that

text: eventually

text: kills

text: brain

text: cells

text: Chris

text: Nowinski

text: knows

text: well

text: the

text: impact

text: of

text: concussions

text: He

text: was

text: a

text: football

text: star

text: at

text: Harvard

text: before

text: wrestling

text: professionally

text: with

text: World

text: Wrestling

text: Entertainment

text: In

text: one

text: moment

text: his

text: dreams

text: of

text: a

text: long

text: career

text: wrestling

text: were

text: dashed

text: by

text: a

text: kick

text: to

text: his

text: chin

text: That

text: kick

text: which

text: caused

text: Nowinski

text: to

text: black

text: out

text: and

text: effectively

text: ended

text: his

text: career

text: capped

text: a

text: career

text: riddled

text: with

text: concussions

text: My

text: world

text: changed

text: said

text: Nowinski

text: I

text: had

text: depression

text: I

text: had

text: memory

text: problems

text: My

text: head

text: hurt

text: for

text: five

text: years

text: Nowinski

text: began

text: searching

text: for

text: studies

text: and

text: what

text: he

text: found

text: startled

text: him

text: I

text: realized

text: when

text: I

text: was

text: visiting

text: a

text: lot

text: of

text: doctors

text: they

text: were

text: n't

text: giving

text: me

text: very

text: good

text: answers

text: about

text: what

text: was

text: wrong

text: with

text: my

text: head

text: said

text: Nowinski

text: I

text: read

text: every

text: study

text: I

text: could

text: find

text: and

text: I

text: realized

text: there

text: was

text: a

text: ton

text: of

text: evidence

text: showing

text: concussions

text: lead

text: to

text: depression

text: and

text: multiple

text: concussion

text: can

text: lead

text: to

text: Alzheimer

text: 's

text: Nowinski

text: decided

text: further

text: study

text: was

text: needed

text: so

text: he

text: founded

text: the

text: Sports

text: Legacy

text: Institute

text: along

text: with

text: Dr.

text: Robert

text: Cantu

text: a

text: neurosurgeon

text: and

text: the

text: co

text: director

text: of

text: the

text: CSTE

text: The

text: project

text: solicits

text: for

text: study

text: the

text: brains

text: of

text: ex

text: athletes

text: who

text: suffered

text: multiple

text: concussions

text: Once

text: a

text: family

text: agrees

text: to

text: donate

text: the

text: brain

text: it

text: is

text: delivered

text: to

text: scientists

text: at

text: the

text: CSTE

text: to

text: look

text: for

text: signs

text: of

text: damage

text: So

text: far

text: the

text: evidence

text: of

text: CTE

text: is

text: compelling

text: The

text: Center

text: for

text: the

text: Study

text: of

text: Traumatic

text: Encephalopathy

text: along

text: with

text: other

text: research

text: institutions

text: has

text: now

text: identified

text: traumatic

text: encephalopathy

text: in

text: the

text: brains

text: of

text: late

text: NFL

text: football

text: players

text: John

text: Grimsley

text: Mike

text: Webster

text: Andre

text: Waters

text: Justin

text: Strzelczyk

text: and

text: Terry

text: Long

text: in

text: addition

text: to

text: McHale

text: Grimsley

text: died

text: of

text: an

text: accidental

text: gunshot

text: wound

text: to

text: the

text: chest

text: Webster

text: Long

text: and

text: Strzelczyk

text: all

text: died

text: after

text: long

text: bouts

text: of

text: depression

text: while

text: Waters

text: committed

text: suicide

text: in

text: at

text: age

text: McHale

text: was

text: found

text: dead

text: last

text: year

text: of

text: an

text: apparent

text: drug

text: overdose

text: Guys

text: were

text: dying

text: said

text: Nowinski

text: The

text: fact

text: of

text: the

text: matter

text: was

text: guys

text: were

text: dying

text: because

text: they

text: played

text: sports

text: or

text: years

text: before

text: So

text: far

text: around

text: athletes

text: have

text: consented

text: to

text: have

text: their

text: brains

text: studied

text: after

text: they

text: die

text: Ted

text: Johnson

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: to

text: sign

text: up

text: He

text: said

text: he

text: believes

text: that

text: concussions

text: he

text: suffered

text: while

text: playing

text: football

text: explain

text: the

text: anger

text: depression

text: and

text: throbbing

text: headaches

text: that

text: occasionally

text: still

text: plague

text: him

text: Johnson

text: said

text: he

text: played

text: through

text: concussions

text: because

text: he

text: like

text: many

text: other

text: NFL

text: athletes

text: did

text: not

text: understand

text: the

text: consequences

text: He

text: has

text: publicly

text: criticized

text: the

text: NFL

text: for

text: not

text: protecting

text: players

text: like

text: him

text: They

text: do

text: n't

text: want

text: you

text: to

text: know

text: said

text: Johnson

text: It

text: 's

text: not

text: like

text: when

text: you

text: get

text: into

text: the

text: NFL

text: there

text: 's

text: a

text: handout

text: that

text: says

text: These

text: are

text: the

text: effects

text: of

text: multiple

text: concussions

text: so

text: beware

text: In

text: a

text: statement

text: the

text: NFL

text: indicated

text: that

text: their

text: staffs

text: take

text: a

text: cautious

text: conservative

text: approach

text: to

text: managing

text: concussions

text: While

text: they

text: support

text: research

text: into

text: the

text: impact

text: of

text: concussions

text: they

text: maintain

text: that

text: Hundreds

text: of

text: thousands

text: of

text: people

text: have

text: played

text: football

text: and

text: other

text: sports

text: without

text: experiencing

text: any

text: problem

text: of

text: this

text: type

text: and

text: there

text: continues

text: to

text: be

text: considerable

text: debate

text: within

text: the

text: medical

text: community

text: on

text: the

text: precise

text: long

text: term

text: effects

text: of

text: concussions

text: and

text: how

text: they

text: relate

text: to

text: other

text: risk

text: factors

text: The

text: NFL

text: is

text: planning

text: its

text: own

text: independent

text: medical

text: study

text: of

text: retired

text: NFL

text: players

text: on

text: the

text: long

text: term

text: effects

text: of

text: concussion

text: Really

text: my

text: main

text: reason

text: even

text: for

text: talking

text: about

text: this

text: is

text: to

text: help

text: the

text: guys

text: who

text: are

text: already

text: retired

text: said

text: Johnson

text: They

text: are

text: getting

text: divorced

text: going

text: bankrupt

text: ca

text: n't

text: work

text: are

text: depressed

text: and

text: do

text: n't

text: know

text: what

text: 's

text: wrong

text: with

text: them

text: It

text: is

text: to

text: give

text: them

text: a

text: name

text: for

text: it

text: so

text: they

text: can

text: go

text: get

text: help

text: The

text: idea

text: that

text: you

text: can

text: whack

text: your

text: head

text: hundreds

text: of

text: times

text: in

text: your

text: life

text: and

text: knock

text: yourself

text: out

text: and

text: get

text: up

text: and

text: be

text: fine

text: is

text: gone

text: said

text: Nowinski

text: We

text: know

text: we

text: ca

text: n't

text: do

text: that

text: anymore

text: This

text: causes

text: long

text: term

text: damage

question: How many dead NFL players have now been found to have brain damage?

answer: six

text: six

question: Who else had that kind of brain damage?

answer: Tom McHale,

text: Tom McHale,

question: What did the researchers find in the athlete?

answer: chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE).

text: chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE).

question: What is damage from repeated concussions called?

answer: chronic traumatic encephalopathy

text: chronic traumatic encephalopathy

question: What did researchers find in the 18-year-old athlete?

answer: brain damage

text: brain damage


text:
Washington (CNN) -- The Obama administration made public all information available throughout the Gulf of Mexico oil spill, White House Press Secretary Robert Gibbs said Thursday in response to a preliminary report that criticized how it handled the disaster.

"This was an unprecedented environmental disaster met with an unprecedented federal response which prevented any of the worst-case scenarios from coming to fruition," Gibbs told reporters when asked about the report made public the previous day. "When we had information, we gave it to the public."

According to the working paper released Wednesday from the National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling, the administration vastly underestimated the tens of thousands of barrels of oil pouring into the Gulf after the April 20 oil rig explosion that caused the disaster, despite contrary information from scientists using better methodologies.

The explosion claimed 11 lives and led to more than 60,000 barrels of oil being spewed into the Gulf daily for almost three months.

According to the working paper, the White House Office of Management and Budget squelched higher worst-case estimates accepted by government officials, preventing the public from hearing them.

In addition, the commission staff sharply criticized later White House estimates that 75 percent of the oil had been scooped up, burned or naturally dispersed, saying an operational tool -- known as the oil budget -- used by responders failed to accurately account for biodegradation and was not peer-reviewed by scientists.

Gibbs acknowledged that some mistakes were made, in particular citing comments regarding the estimated oil dispersal by former White House environmental adviser Carol Browner in one of "hundreds" of interviews she gave.

However, he insisted that the administration worked with the information available at all times, noting that it was impossible to see or measure the oil spill rate in the initial weeks after the explosion.

"Throughout this process, we got better information," Gibbs said. "When the rig exploded and the blowout preventer failed 5,000 feet below the ocean, nobody could see what happened."

The installation of video cameras and other technology improved the ability to estimate the spill flow in ensuing months, Gibbs said. At the insistence of Energy Secretary Steven Chu, the administration required BP to install pressure monitors to provide the "best available data on the flow rate," he added.

The commission working paper said the government's low estimates of oil flow from the spill, as well as the apparent underestimation of how much oil remained in the Gulf, "created the impression that it was either not fully competent to handle the spill or not fully candid with the American people about the scope of the problem."

Gibbs echoed federal officials who say the low flow-rate estimates did not negatively affect their operations to stop the oil spill, describing the overall effort as the "most robust federal response that we've ever seen" to such an accident.

However, the 29-page report said: "Even if responders are correct, however, loss of the public's trust during a disaster is not an incidental public relations problem. The absence of trust fuels public fears, and those fears in turn can cause major harm, whether because the public loses confidence in the federal government's assurances that beaches or seafood are safe, or because the government's lack of credibility makes it harder to build relationships ... that are necessary for effective response actions."

The report is considered a working paper. The commission will issue a formal report on January 12, 2011.

The president appointed the commission in June and tasked it with providing recommendations on how to prevent future spills and mitigate the impact of any that do occur. The commission is headed by former Florida governor and former U.S. Sen. Bob Graham, a Democrat, and former Environmental Protection Agency administrator William K. Reilly from the Republican administration of President George H.W Bush.

Rep. Edward Markey, D-Massachusetts, chairman of the Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming, said BP was providing too-low figures for the oil flow in effort to escape liability.

"Low-balling the flow rate numbers was BP's attempt to hide both the truth and their wallet from the American people," Markey said.

After the oil rig sank, the U.S. Coast Guard and BP initially put the spill at 1,000 barrels per day.

The administration later derived a 5,000-barrels-per-day estimate, depending on an "unsolicited, one-page document" based on visual operation of the speed at which the oil was leaking from the end of the riser at the bottom of the Gulf.

Despite "inaccuracies" in  the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration scientists' estimate of 5,000 barrels, the government stuck with that number through May 27, despite estimates from outside experts suggesting a much higher figure, the report said.

The panel's staff wrote that in some cases, nongovernment scientists relied on more refined or better-established methodologies.

"It is possible that the early official flow estimates would have been more accurate if the government had either enlisted greater in-house scientific expertise, or enlisted outside scientific expertise by making available the data on which government estimates were based," the report said. "The government appears to have taken an overly casual approach to the calculation and release of the 5,000 barrels a day estimate -- which as the only official estimate for most of May, took on great importance," the report said.

Soon after the spill, the Minerals Management Service and BP reported a worst-case estimate of 162,000 barrels, but that was replaced by another estimate received by the Coast Guard and NOAA of 64,000 to 110,000 barrels per day. The actual figure turned out to be about 62,000 barrels per day.

According to the report, NOAA wanted to make public some of its worst-case models and requested approval from the Office of Management and Budget. That request was denied.

On Thursday, NOAA Administrator Jane Lubchenco challenged some of the working paper's assertions, saying the commission staff erroneously equated NOAA's worst-case scenarios with projections of flow rates. The two were different, she said in a letter to the commission.

Lubchenco also said the early flow-rate estimates did not hamper the government response, and that there was no unwarranted delay or squelching of NOAA's information by the Office of Management and Budget.

"The worst-case scenario models and documents had nothing to do with calculation of the flow rate, but they did help inform the Unified Command's preparations for possible eventualities," her letter said. "And the worst-case scenario paper was made public."

A member of the government team assembled to address the gulf between official and independent flow-rate estimates told CNN, "We were never pressured [by the government] that we should change our [flow rate] number."

Ira Leifer blamed the initially low oil flow-rate estimates on the poor quality of data the group of scientists had from BP. Better video and data led to the rise in the daily oil spill estimate, he said.

The report also faulted the government's tracking of the spill. It said a White House official in August claimed 75 percent of the oil was "gone." But the response team could not support that claim, panel staffers wrote.

That information was never meant "to be a precise tool," and the administration should not have used it as a scientific report, they said. "It did not attempt to quantify biodegradation, or the exact amounts of remaining, dissolved, and dispersed oil, which were not the targets of response action."

Further, it said, the government's failure to account for the stages of biodegradation increased public confusion of how much oil was actually "gone."

The federal government later Wednesday said it acted appropriately with regard to spill estimates and the cleanup.

"As for the predictions about the spill flow rate, senior government officials were clear with the public what the worst-case flow rate could be: in early May, [Interior] Secretary [Ken] Salazar and Admiral Thad Allen told the American people [in media interviews] that the worst case scenario could be more than 100,000 barrels a day," said a statement from OMB Acting Director Jeffrey Zients and Lubchenco of NOAA.

"The federal government response was full force and immediate, and the response focused on state and local plans and evolved when needed," the statement continued. "As directed by the President, the response was based on science, even when that pitted us against BP or state and local officials, and the response pushed BP every step of the way. Finally, and most importantly, the response provided results for the people of the Gulf Coast."

Regarding the flow and recovery of the spilled oil, Zients and Lubchenco said responders worked with best known information at the time and later came up with improved analysis.

"The facts bear out that the federal response significantly mitigated the impact of the spill," they said.

The report can be read online at http://www.oilspillcommission.gov/document/amount-and-fate-oil

CNN's Phil Gast contributed to this story.

text: Washington

text: CNN

text: The

text: Obama

text: administration

text: made

text: public

text: all

text: information

text: available

text: throughout

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Mexico

text: oil

text: spill

text: White

text: House

text: Press

text: Secretary

text: Robert

text: Gibbs

text: said

text: Thursday

text: in

text: response

text: to

text: a

text: preliminary

text: report

text: that

text: criticized

text: how

text: it

text: handled

text: the

text: disaster

text: This

text: was

text: an

text: unprecedented

text: environmental

text: disaster

text: met

text: with

text: an

text: unprecedented

text: federal

text: response

text: which

text: prevented

text: any

text: of

text: the

text: worst

text: case

text: scenarios

text: from

text: coming

text: to

text: fruition

text: Gibbs

text: told

text: reporters

text: when

text: asked

text: about

text: the

text: report

text: made

text: public

text: the

text: previous

text: day

text: When

text: we

text: had

text: information

text: we

text: gave

text: it

text: to

text: the

text: public

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: working

text: paper

text: released

text: Wednesday

text: from

text: the

text: National

text: Commission

text: on

text: the

text: BP

text: Deepwater

text: Horizon

text: Oil

text: Spill

text: and

text: Offshore

text: Drilling

text: the

text: administration

text: vastly

text: underestimated

text: the

text: tens

text: of

text: thousands

text: of

text: barrels

text: of

text: oil

text: pouring

text: into

text: the

text: Gulf

text: after

text: the

text: April

text: oil

text: rig

text: explosion

text: that

text: caused

text: the

text: disaster

text: despite

text: contrary

text: information

text: from

text: scientists

text: using

text: better

text: methodologies

text: The

text: explosion

text: claimed

text: lives

text: and

text: led

text: to

text: more

text: than

text: barrels

text: of

text: oil

text: being

text: spewed

text: into

text: the

text: Gulf

text: daily

text: for

text: almost

text: three

text: months

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: working

text: paper

text: the

text: White

text: House

text: Office

text: of

text: Management

text: and

text: Budget

text: squelched

text: higher

text: worst

text: case

text: estimates

text: accepted

text: by

text: government

text: officials

text: preventing

text: the

text: public

text: from

text: hearing

text: them

text: In

text: addition

text: the

text: commission

text: staff

text: sharply

text: criticized

text: later

text: White

text: House

text: estimates

text: that

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: oil

text: had

text: been

text: scooped

text: up

text: burned

text: or

text: naturally

text: dispersed

text: saying

text: an

text: operational

text: tool

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: oil

text: budget

text: used

text: by

text: responders

text: failed

text: to

text: accurately

text: account

text: for

text: biodegradation

text: and

text: was

text: not

text: peer

text: reviewed

text: by

text: scientists

text: Gibbs

text: acknowledged

text: that

text: some

text: mistakes

text: were

text: made

text: in

text: particular

text: citing

text: comments

text: regarding

text: the

text: estimated

text: oil

text: dispersal

text: by

text: former

text: White

text: House

text: environmental

text: adviser

text: Carol

text: Browner

text: in

text: one

text: of

text: hundreds

text: of

text: interviews

text: she

text: gave

text: However

text: he

text: insisted

text: that

text: the

text: administration

text: worked

text: with

text: the

text: information

text: available

text: at

text: all

text: times

text: noting

text: that

text: it

text: was

text: impossible

text: to

text: see

text: or

text: measure

text: the

text: oil

text: spill

text: rate

text: in

text: the

text: initial

text: weeks

text: after

text: the

text: explosion

text: Throughout

text: this

text: process

text: we

text: got

text: better

text: information

text: Gibbs

text: said

text: When

text: the

text: rig

text: exploded

text: and

text: the

text: blowout

text: preventer

text: failed

text: feet

text: below

text: the

text: ocean

text: nobody

text: could

text: see

text: what

text: happened

text: The

text: installation

text: of

text: video

text: cameras

text: and

text: other

text: technology

text: improved

text: the

text: ability

text: to

text: estimate

text: the

text: spill

text: flow

text: in

text: ensuing

text: months

text: Gibbs

text: said

text: At

text: the

text: insistence

text: of

text: Energy

text: Secretary

text: Steven

text: Chu

text: the

text: administration

text: required

text: BP

text: to

text: install

text: pressure

text: monitors

text: to

text: provide

text: the

text: best

text: available

text: data

text: on

text: the

text: flow

text: rate

text: he

text: added

text: The

text: commission

text: working

text: paper

text: said

text: the

text: government

text: 's

text: low

text: estimates

text: of

text: oil

text: flow

text: from

text: the

text: spill

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: apparent

text: underestimation

text: of

text: how

text: much

text: oil

text: remained

text: in

text: the

text: Gulf

text: created

text: the

text: impression

text: that

text: it

text: was

text: either

text: not

text: fully

text: competent

text: to

text: handle

text: the

text: spill

text: or

text: not

text: fully

text: candid

text: with

text: the

text: American

text: people

text: about

text: the

text: scope

text: of

text: the

text: problem

text: Gibbs

text: echoed

text: federal

text: officials

text: who

text: say

text: the

text: low

text: flow

text: rate

text: estimates

text: did

text: not

text: negatively

text: affect

text: their

text: operations

text: to

text: stop

text: the

text: oil

text: spill

text: describing

text: the

text: overall

text: effort

text: as

text: the

text: most

text: robust

text: federal

text: response

text: that

text: we

text: 've

text: ever

text: seen

text: to

text: such

text: an

text: accident

text: However

text: the

text: report

text: said

text: Even

text: if

text: responders

text: are

text: correct

text: however

text: loss

text: of

text: the

text: public

text: 's

text: trust

text: during

text: a

text: disaster

text: is

text: not

text: an

text: incidental

text: public

text: relations

text: problem

text: The

text: absence

text: of

text: trust

text: fuels

text: public

text: fears

text: and

text: those

text: fears

text: in

text: turn

text: can

text: cause

text: major

text: harm

text: whether

text: because

text: the

text: public

text: loses

text: confidence

text: in

text: the

text: federal

text: government

text: 's

text: assurances

text: that

text: beaches

text: or

text: seafood

text: are

text: safe

text: or

text: because

text: the

text: government

text: 's

text: lack

text: of

text: credibility

text: makes

text: it

text: harder

text: to

text: build

text: relationships

text: that

text: are

text: necessary

text: for

text: effective

text: response

text: actions

text: The

text: report

text: is

text: considered

text: a

text: working

text: paper

text: The

text: commission

text: will

text: issue

text: a

text: formal

text: report

text: on

text: January

text: The

text: president

text: appointed

text: the

text: commission

text: in

text: June

text: and

text: tasked

text: it

text: with

text: providing

text: recommendations

text: on

text: how

text: to

text: prevent

text: future

text: spills

text: and

text: mitigate

text: the

text: impact

text: of

text: any

text: that

text: do

text: occur

text: The

text: commission

text: is

text: headed

text: by

text: former

text: Florida

text: governor

text: and

text: former

text: U.S.

text: Sen.

text: Bob

text: Graham

text: a

text: Democrat

text: and

text: former

text: Environmental

text: Protection

text: Agency

text: administrator

text: William

text: K.

text: Reilly

text: from

text: the

text: Republican

text: administration

text: of

text: President

text: George

text: H.W

text: Bush

text: Rep.

text: Edward

text: Markey

text: D

text: Massachusetts

text: chairman

text: of

text: the

text: Select

text: Committee

text: on

text: Energy

text: Independence

text: and

text: Global

text: Warming

text: said

text: BP

text: was

text: providing

text: too

text: low

text: figures

text: for

text: the

text: oil

text: flow

text: in

text: effort

text: to

text: escape

text: liability

text: Low

text: balling

text: the

text: flow

text: rate

text: numbers

text: was

text: BP

text: 's

text: attempt

text: to

text: hide

text: both

text: the

text: truth

text: and

text: their

text: wallet

text: from

text: the

text: American

text: people

text: Markey

text: said

text: After

text: the

text: oil

text: rig

text: sank

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Coast

text: Guard

text: and

text: BP

text: initially

text: put

text: the

text: spill

text: at

text: barrels

text: per

text: day

text: The

text: administration

text: later

text: derived

text: a

text: per

text: day

text: estimate

text: depending

text: on

text: an

text: unsolicited

text: one

text: page

text: document

text: based

text: on

text: visual

text: operation

text: of

text: the

text: speed

text: at

text: which

text: the

text: oil

text: was

text: leaking

text: from

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: riser

text: at

text: the

text: bottom

text: of

text: the

text: Gulf

text: Despite

text: inaccuracies

text: in

text: the

text: National

text: Oceanic

text: and

text: Atmospheric

text: Administration

text: scientists

text: estimate

text: of

text: barrels

text: the

text: government

text: stuck

text: with

text: that

text: number

text: through

text: May

text: despite

text: estimates

text: from

text: outside

text: experts

text: suggesting

text: a

text: much

text: higher

text: figure

text: the

text: report

text: said

text: The

text: panel

text: 's

text: staff

text: wrote

text: that

text: in

text: some

text: cases

text: nongovernment

text: scientists

text: relied

text: on

text: more

text: refined

text: or

text: better

text: established

text: methodologies

text: It

text: is

text: possible

text: that

text: the

text: early

text: official

text: flow

text: estimates

text: would

text: have

text: been

text: more

text: accurate

text: if

text: the

text: government

text: had

text: either

text: enlisted

text: greater

text: in

text: house

text: scientific

text: expertise

text: or

text: enlisted

text: outside

text: scientific

text: expertise

text: by

text: making

text: available

text: the

text: data

text: on

text: which

text: government

text: estimates

text: were

text: based

text: the

text: report

text: said

text: The

text: government

text: appears

text: to

text: have

text: taken

text: an

text: overly

text: casual

text: approach

text: to

text: the

text: calculation

text: and

text: release

text: of

text: the

text: barrels

text: a

text: day

text: estimate

text: which

text: as

text: the

text: only

text: official

text: estimate

text: for

text: most

text: of

text: May

text: took

text: on

text: great

text: importance

text: the

text: report

text: said

text: Soon

text: after

text: the

text: spill

text: the

text: Minerals

text: Management

text: Service

text: and

text: BP

text: reported

text: a

text: worst

text: case

text: estimate

text: of

text: barrels

text: but

text: that

text: was

text: replaced

text: by

text: another

text: estimate

text: received

text: by

text: the

text: Coast

text: Guard

text: and

text: NOAA

text: of

text: to

text: barrels

text: per

text: day

text: The

text: actual

text: figure

text: turned

text: out

text: to

text: be

text: about

text: barrels

text: per

text: day

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: report

text: NOAA

text: wanted

text: to

text: make

text: public

text: some

text: of

text: its

text: worst

text: case

text: models

text: and

text: requested

text: approval

text: from

text: the

text: Office

text: of

text: Management

text: and

text: Budget

text: That

text: request

text: was

text: denied

text: On

text: Thursday

text: NOAA

text: Administrator

text: Jane

text: Lubchenco

text: challenged

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: working

text: paper

text: 's

text: assertions

text: saying

text: the

text: commission

text: staff

text: erroneously

text: equated

text: NOAA

text: 's

text: worst

text: case

text: scenarios

text: with

text: projections

text: of

text: flow

text: rates

text: The

text: two

text: were

text: different

text: she

text: said

text: in

text: a

text: letter

text: to

text: the

text: commission

text: Lubchenco

text: also

text: said

text: the

text: early

text: flow

text: rate

text: estimates

text: did

text: not

text: hamper

text: the

text: government

text: response

text: and

text: that

text: there

text: was

text: no

text: unwarranted

text: delay

text: or

text: squelching

text: of

text: NOAA

text: 's

text: information

text: by

text: the

text: Office

text: of

text: Management

text: and

text: Budget

text: The

text: worst

text: case

text: scenario

text: models

text: and

text: documents

text: had

text: nothing

text: to

text: do

text: with

text: calculation

text: of

text: the

text: flow

text: rate

text: but

text: they

text: did

text: help

text: inform

text: the

text: Unified

text: Command

text: 's

text: preparations

text: for

text: possible

text: eventualities

text: her

text: letter

text: said

text: And

text: the

text: worst

text: case

text: scenario

text: paper

text: was

text: made

text: public

text: A

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: government

text: team

text: assembled

text: to

text: address

text: the

text: gulf

text: between

text: official

text: and

text: independent

text: flow

text: rate

text: estimates

text: told

text: CNN

text: We

text: were

text: never

text: pressured

text: by

text: the

text: government

text: that

text: we

text: should

text: change

text: our

text: flow

text: rate

text: number

text: Ira

text: Leifer

text: blamed

text: the

text: initially

text: low

text: oil

text: flow

text: rate

text: estimates

text: on

text: the

text: poor

text: quality

text: of

text: data

text: the

text: group

text: of

text: scientists

text: had

text: from

text: BP

text: Better

text: video

text: and

text: data

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: rise

text: in

text: the

text: daily

text: oil

text: spill

text: estimate

text: he

text: said

text: The

text: report

text: also

text: faulted

text: the

text: government

text: 's

text: tracking

text: of

text: the

text: spill

text: It

text: said

text: a

text: White

text: House

text: official

text: in

text: August

text: claimed

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: oil

text: was

text: gone

text: But

text: the

text: response

text: team

text: could

text: not

text: support

text: that

text: claim

text: panel

text: staffers

text: wrote

text: That

text: information

text: was

text: never

text: meant

text: to

text: be

text: a

text: precise

text: tool

text: and

text: the

text: administration

text: should

text: not

text: have

text: used

text: it

text: as

text: a

text: scientific

text: report

text: they

text: said

text: It

text: did

text: not

text: attempt

text: to

text: quantify

text: biodegradation

text: or

text: the

text: exact

text: amounts

text: of

text: remaining

text: dissolved

text: and

text: dispersed

text: oil

text: which

text: were

text: not

text: the

text: targets

text: of

text: response

text: action

text: Further

text: it

text: said

text: the

text: government

text: 's

text: failure

text: to

text: account

text: for

text: the

text: stages

text: of

text: biodegradation

text: increased

text: public

text: confusion

text: of

text: how

text: much

text: oil

text: was

text: actually

text: gone

text: The

text: federal

text: government

text: later

text: Wednesday

text: said

text: it

text: acted

text: appropriately

text: with

text: regard

text: to

text: spill

text: estimates

text: and

text: the

text: cleanup

text: As

text: for

text: the

text: predictions

text: about

text: the

text: spill

text: flow

text: rate

text: senior

text: government

text: officials

text: were

text: clear

text: with

text: the

text: public

text: what

text: the

text: worst

text: case

text: flow

text: rate

text: could

text: be

text: in

text: early

text: May

text: Interior

text: Secretary

text: Ken

text: Salazar

text: and

text: Admiral

text: Thad

text: Allen

text: told

text: the

text: American

text: people

text: in

text: media

text: interviews

text: that

text: the

text: worst

text: case

text: scenario

text: could

text: be

text: more

text: than

text: barrels

text: a

text: day

text: said

text: a

text: statement

text: from

text: OMB

text: Acting

text: Director

text: Jeffrey

text: Zients

text: and

text: Lubchenco

text: of

text: NOAA

text: The

text: federal

text: government

text: response

text: was

text: full

text: force

text: and

text: immediate

text: and

text: the

text: response

text: focused

text: on

text: state

text: and

text: local

text: plans

text: and

text: evolved

text: when

text: needed

text: the

text: statement

text: continued

text: As

text: directed

text: by

text: the

text: President

text: the

text: response

text: was

text: based

text: on

text: science

text: even

text: when

text: that

text: pitted

text: us

text: against

text: BP

text: or

text: state

text: and

text: local

text: officials

text: and

text: the

text: response

text: pushed

text: BP

text: every

text: step

text: of

text: the

text: way

text: Finally

text: and

text: most

text: importantly

text: the

text: response

text: provided

text: results

text: for

text: the

text: people

text: of

text: the

text: Gulf

text: Coast

text: Regarding

text: the

text: flow

text: and

text: recovery

text: of

text: the

text: spilled

text: oil

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text: and

text: Lubchenco

text: said

text: responders

text: worked

text: with

text: best

text: known

text: information

text: at

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text: time

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text: later

text: came

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text: facts

text: bear

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text: federal

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text: significantly

text: mitigated

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text: impact

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text: spill

text: they

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text: The

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text: read

text: online

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text: CNN

text: 's

text: Phil

text: Gast

text: contributed

text: to

text: this

text: story

question: What did Gibbs said?

answer: "This was an unprecedented environmental disaster met with an unprecedented federal response which prevented any of the worst-case scenarios from coming to fruition,"

text: "This was an unprecedented environmental disaster met with an unprecedented federal response which prevented any of the worst-case scenarios from coming to fruition,"


text:
Warsaw, Poland (CNN) -- Polish legislators were planning Wednesday to hold a June election to choose a successor to President Lech Kaczynski, whose death in an air crash is generating unprecedented scenes of public grief.

Mourners lined up through the night outside Warsaw's Presidential Palace to pay respects to Kaczynski, whose body is lying in state alongside that of his wife.

However, amid national unity in the wake of the disaster, there were the first signs of discord with protests reported over a decision to bury the late president and his wife in a crypt previously reserved for monarchs and saints.

The couple were among 96 Polish dignitaries, military top brass and officials who died when the plane carrying them to a service commemorating Polish prisoners of war massacred in Russia during World War II crashed in bad weather.

Their bodies were repatriated earlier this week. Caskets carrying 30 more crash victims were returned to Poland on Wednesday aboard a military jet from Moscow. Draped in Polish flags the caskets were lined up side-by-side by an honor guard during a solemn ceremony at Warsaw's airport.

iReport: Share your photos, video and stories with CNN

The disaster has caused shockwaves through Poland, with thousands of people waiting up to eight hours to pay their respects to the first couple. Due to overwhelming demand, the palace was opened to the public through the night.

A line of up to 15,000 mourners, many dressed in black and carrying pictures of the deceased first couple, could be seen snaking through the center of Warsaw Wednesday.

Images of Poland's collective grief

"I think this is really unique to Poland," U.S. ambassador to Poland, Lee Feinstein told CNN, adding that the devastation to the country's leadership was unparalleled in the contemporary world.

Feinstein described Poland as one of the United States' "staunchest" allies, largely thanks to military support for U.S.-led operations in Iraq and Afghanistan.

U.S. President Barack Obama is expected to be among international figures attending the first couple's funeral service in Warsaw, scheduled for Saturday.

The Kremlin in Moscow said Russian President Dmitry Medvedev would also attend.

The service will be followed by the couple's burial on Sunday in Krakow's Wawel Castle.

The archbishop of Krakow said burying the late president in the historic crypt was the country's way of honoring him.

"I think in this way the Polish nation wants to include him among the greatest and most revered men in Polish history," Stanislaw Dziwisz said on Polish state television.

There have been reports of protests in Krakow over the decision, while debate has raged online as to whether Kaczynski, seen as unpopular prior to his death, should be buried in a national heroes' cemetery in Warsaw rather than at Wawel.

Biography: Lech Kaczynski

A Facebook group opposed to the castle burial had garnered 32,000 followers by late Wednesday.

According to Poland's PAP news agency, a date for the election that will choose Kaczynski's successor will be announced on April 21 by acting President Bronislaw Komorowski.

The agency said the date was likely to be June 13 or 20. Under Poland's constitution Komorowski must call the election within 14 days of the president's death with the vote taking place within 60 days.

CNN's Antonia Mortensen in Warsaw, Poland and Maxim Tkachenko in Moscow, Russia contributed to this story.

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text: Tkachenko

text: in

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text: this

text: story

question: How many hours did mourners line up?

answer: eight

text: eight

question: When will the election be held?

answer: June

text: June

question: What is there controversy over?

answer: a decision to bury the late president and his wife in a crypt previously reserved for monarchs and saints.

text: a decision to bury the late president and his wife in a crypt previously reserved for monarchs and saints.

question: What caused the presidents death?

answer: air crash

text: air crash

question: When is Poland set to hold elections?

answer: June

text: June

question: What happened to the president?

answer: death in an air crash

text: death in an air crash